Community Waste Management

COMMUNITY WASTES
MANAGEMENT
1
Prepared by
Ms. Maira
OBJECTIVES
By the end of the presentation students will be
able to:
Definition of refuse, solid waste and sewage
 Discuss methods for solid waste and sewage
disposal
 Explain types of latrines used in communities
 Elaborate fecal borne diseases and their control
 Discuss types of rodents, disease transmission
and control of rodents

2
SOLID WASTE
Waste
 Unwanted or discarded material
 Solid waste includes garbage (food waste),
rubbish (paper, plastics, wood, metal, throw

away containers, glass), dead animals, manure
and other discarded material.
 It is health hazard because
 It decomposes and favours fly breeding
 It attracts rodents
 Possibility of water and soil pollution

3
 Increases incidence of vector born diseases
CONT…
Refuse
 The solid discarded material produced by human
habitation except human excreta

Sources of refuse
 Street refuse (leaves, straw, paper and litter of
all kinds)
 Market refuse (large proportion of putrid
vegetable and animal matter)

 Industrial refuse (calcium carbonate to highly
toxic) 4
 Domestic refuse (ash, rubbish and garbage
REFUSE CONT…
 Storage of refuse
 Galvanized steel dust bin
 Paper sack
 Public bins
 Collection of refuse:
 House to house
 Collection from public bins
5
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CONCEPT
 The 3Rs
 Reduce
 Reuse
 Recycle
6
7
METHODS OF REFUSE
DISPOSAL
1) Dumping
2) Sanitary land fill or controlled tipping
3) Incineration
4) Composting
5) Manure pits
6) Burial
8
DUMPING
 Low lying areas
 Mainly for dry refuses
 Cheapest method
Disadvantages
 Refuse is exposed to flies and rodents
 Dispersed by wind
 Pollution of surface water
9
CONTROLLED TIPPING/
SANITARY LANDFILL
 Satisfactorymethod
 Material placed in a trench
 Compacted with earth at the end of the working
day
 3 methods
 Trench method
 Ramp method
 Area method
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TRENCH METHOD
 Long trench of 6-10 feet deep and 12-36 feet
wide
 Refuse is compacted and covered with
excavated earth
 Refuse is filled up to 6 feet
Ramp method
 Suited where the terrain is moderately slopping
11
AREA METHOD
 Used for filling land depressions and clay pits
 Refuse is deposited, packed and consolidated in
uniform layers for 6-8 feet

 Each layer is sealed with a mud cover at least 12
inches
 Sealing prevents infestation by flies and rodents
 Chemical, bacteriological and physical changes
 Temperature rises to over 60 C within 7 days and
kill pathogens
12
INCINERATION
 It is a disposal method in which solid organic
wastes are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous products
 Reduces volumes of solid waste to 20-30%
 Where hospital land is not available
 Hospital waste
13
COMPOSTING
 Method of combined disposal of refuse and
night soil
 Principle by products are CO2, water and heat
 End product-compost
Methods
 Mechanical composting
14
 Vermicomposting
MANURE PITS
 Mostly used in rural areas
 Digging manure pits is to prevent refuses
thrown around the houses
 Garbage, cattle dunk, straw and leaves should be
dumped into pits
 In 5-6 months time refuse is converted into
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manure
BURIAL
 Suitable for small camps
 A trench 1.5m wide and 2m deep is excavated
 The refuse is covered with 20-30cm of earth
 When the level in the trench is 40cm from
ground level trench is filled with earth and
compacted
16
SEWAGE
 Sewage is waste water from a community,
containing solid and liquid excreta, derived from
houses, street, factories and industries
 Dirty water with unpleasant smell
Sullage
 Waste water from kitchen and bathrooms which
17
does not contain human excreta
METHODS OF
SEWAGE DISPOSAL
 The goal of this treatment is to stabilize the
organic matter so that it can be disposed off
safely
 Standard test which is indicator of organic
content of sewage is BOD( biochemical oxygen

demand)
 Direct land treatment
 Chemical treatment
 Biological treatment
 Septic tank 18
TYPES OF LATRINES
 Bore hole latrine
 Pit latrine
 Water seal type of latrines
 Aqua privacy
 Shallow trench latrines
19
FECAL BORNE
DISEASES AND THEIR
CONTROL
 The diseases caused because of human excreta
 Diseases caused are
 Typhoid
 Paratyphoid fever
 Dysenteries
 Diarrheas
 Cholera
 Viral hepatitis
 Intestinal infections
20
TRANSMISSION
 Water
 Flies
 Soil
 Food
21
22
CONTROL
 Segregation of faeces
 Protection of water supplies
 Protection of foods
 Personal hygiene
 Control of flies
23
RODENTS
 Rodents are gnawing( persistently biting)
mammals
 Rats, rabbits and squirrels
 Black or roof rats, Rattans also called ship rat
 Black, 16-21cm long and weigh 80-300 grams.
Tail longer. Nose pointed

 Brown or Norway rats, sewer or wild rat. Rattus
norvegicus. Greyish brown, 18-26 cm long and

weigh 400-600 gm. Short tail nose is blunt
24
25
DISEASES CAUSED BY RODENTS
 Disease spread through bite wounds, consuming
food or water that is contaminated with rodent
feces and urine
 Infected rodents spread disease indirectly to
humans by ways of ticks, mites and fleas that

transmit infection to human after feeding on
infected rodents
 Plague • Typhus fever • Salmonella • Weils
disease • Tuberculosis • Brucellosis • Meloidosis

• Trichinosis 26
PREVENTION FROM RODENTS
 Keep food and water covered
 Dispose of garbage on regular basis
 Wash dishes, pans and cooking utensils after use
 Remove leftover food
 Door windows and screens should be closed
tightly
 Rodent traps should be placed
 Spray on rodents droppings
 Wear gloves when in touch with rodents

27
 Hand hygiene
REFERENCE
 Basavanthappa, BT.(1999).Community
Health Nursing(1st ED.)Jaypee New Delhi:
Jaypee Brothers
 Google Images
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COMMUNITY WASTES

 Elaborate fecal borne diseases and their control

 Discuss types of rodents, disease transmission

and control of rodents

 Solid waste includes garbage (food waste),

rubbish (paper, plastics, wood, metal, throw

 It decomposes and favours fly breeding

 Possibility of water and soil pollution

habitation except human excreta

vegetable and animal matter)

 Collection from public bins

 Pollution of surface water

 Compacted with earth at the end of the working

uniform layers for 6-8 feet

 Chemical, bacteriological and physical changes

 Temperature rises to over 60 C within 7 days and

content of sewage is BOD( biochemical oxygen

 Water seal type of latrines

 Shallow trench latrines

 Black or roof rats, Rattans also called ship rat

 Black, 16-21cm long and weigh 80-300 grams.

Tail longer. Nose pointed

norvegicus. Greyish brown, 18-26 cm long and

humans by ways of ticks, mites and fleas that

disease • Tuberculosis • Brucellosis • Meloidosis

 Wash dishes, pans and cooking utensils after use

 Remove leftover food

 Door windows and screens should be closed

 Spray on rodents droppings

 Wear gloves when in touch with rodents

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