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    Genetic Variation

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    Kevin Eder

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Genetic Variation

    Uploaded by

    Kevin Eder
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1 views22 pages

    Genetic Variation

    Uploaded by

    Kevin Eder

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    Genetic Variation

    www.alsa.org
    Goal

    To learn the basic genetic


    mechanisms that determines the
    traits expressed by individuals in a
    population
    Natural Selection Theory

    Variation in a population of organisms


    Results of Mutations
    Results of Immigration
    Result of survival features of individual
    organisms
    Natural Selection Theory

    Environments are dynamic


    Changing resources
    Climate (long term weather)
    Natural disasters
    Natural Selection Theory

    Selective Pressure
    Environmental changes can cause
    pressure
    Organisms unable to adapt quickly
    enough will die
    Organisms that adapt are able to pass
    on their successful traits to future
    generations
    Natural Selection Theory

    Isolation
    If one portion of a population is
    separated from another portion then a
    new species may evolve
    Natural Selection Theory

    Mechanisms for population change


    Key to change is variation among the
    individuals in the population
    Individuals are unique due to their genes
    Genetics
    Genetics
    Nucleic Acids
    Huge molecules that
    hold information

    DNA
    (deoxyribonucleic
    acid) is the nucleic
    acid that holds all
    the genetic
    information for
    organisms
    ghr.nlm.nih.gov
    DNA
    Genetic code of all living things
    Complete set of blueprints and operating
    instructions for assembling and managing
    one particular kind of organism
    Has four basic building blocks
    Adenine (A)
    Thymine (T)
    Guanine (G)
    Cytosine (C)
    DNA
    A and T can only bond with each
    other
    G and C can only bond with each
    other
    When four bases bond together in a
    long chain they form a double helix
    (ladder)
    Typical DNA molecule may be about
    5 cm long
    DNA
    DNA found in the nucleus of the cell

    DNA is coiled into a compact structure


    called a chromosome

    Every cell in every plant and animal has a


    completed set of chromosomes that define
    the organism

    Every time the cell divides to produce two


    daughter cells the complete set of
    chromosomes is produced
    Chromosome, Gene, DNA

    www.phoenix5.org
    Genes determine traits
    Genes: are the units of heredity that is a
    sequence of bases (A,T,G,C) that give
    instructions on how to assemble a certain
    protein

    Genes are the sugars, phosphates, and


    bases along the DNA strand in the
    chromosome

    The proteins go to the cells to make things


    such as fats, bone, muscle, nerves, and
    everything else in a living organism
    Alleles

    www.monteweston.com
    Alleles
    Each gene has two copies which are called
    the alleles.

    (2 alleles= 1 gene)

    Dominant allele the allele that controls


    what will happen or which trait will be
    exhibited (Capital Letter)

    Recessive allele the allele that is


    “overruled” and this trait or function will not
    be seen because of the dominant allele
    (Lower case letter).
    Punnett Squares
    A technique for predicting the
    characteristics of offspring

    Example of Punnett Square


    Punnett Square

    Always put the dominant allele (G)


    before the recessive allele (g) so
    you would write Gg
    Results:
    One homozygous dominant (GG)
    Two heterozygous (Gg)
    One homozygous recessive (gg)
    .
    u
    w
    i
    n

    Discovery of Heredity
    n
    i
    p
    e
    g
    .
    c
    a

    Gregor Mendel
    Scientist pioneer to work with
    pea plants to show how a
    species can exhibit certain history.nih.gov

    characteristics from one


    generation to the next.

    He was the scientist to support


    the idea of dominant (capital
    letter) and recessive (lower case
    letter) traits.
    kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca
    Genotype
    Genotype
    Genotype is the genetic makeup
    of the organism (genes/letters)
    Example:
    (letters represent trait…color in this
    case)
    Pea flower color B=dominant
    allele (purple), b=recessive allele
    (white)
    A purple offspring would have www.eastbaymom.com
    either a BB or Bb genotype
    A white offspring would only have
    a bb genotype
    Phenotype
    Phenotype: how the
    organisms looks
    (trait/picture)

    Example: purple flower,


    white flower, tall plant,
    short plant
    Inheritance

    Inheritance is passing genetic


    information from one generation to
    the next

    You inherited alleles from your


    parents

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