4. Inbuilt Functions and Format Specifiers (1)

Inbuilt Functions and
Format Specifiers
Format Specifiers
 The format specifiers are used in C for input and

output purposes. Using this concept the compiler can
understand that what type of data is in a variable
during taking input using the scanf() function and
printing using printf() function. Here is a list of format
specifiers.
Format Specifiers
Format Specifier Type
%c Character
%d Signed integer
%e or %E Scientific notation of floats
%f Float values
%g or %G Similar as %e or %E
%l or %ld or %li Long
%lf Double
%Lf Long double
%lu Unsigned int or unsigned long
%llu Unsigned long long
%o Octal representation
%p Pointer
%s String
%u Unsigned int
%x or %X Hexadecimal representation
%n Prints nothing
%% Prints % character
#include <stdio.h> Format Specifiers
main()
{
char ch = 'B';
printf("%c", ch); //printing character data
//print decimal or integer data with d and i
int x = 45, y = 90;
printf("\n%d", x);
printf("\n%i", y);
float f = 12.67;
printf("\n%f", f); //print float value
printf("\n%e", f); //print in scientific notation
int a = 67;
printf("\n%o", a); //print in octal format
printf("\n%x", a); //print in hex format
char str[] = "Hello World";
printf("\n%s", str);
printf("\n%20s", str); //shift to the right 20 characters including the string
printf("\n%-20s", str); //left align
printf("\n%20.5s", str); //shift to the right 20 characters including the string, and print
string up to 5 character
printf("\n%-20.5s", str); //shift to the right 20 characters including the string, and print
string up to 5 character
}
Functions
 In c, we can divide a large program into the basic building blocks known as function. The
function contains the set of programming statements enclosed by {}. A function can be called
multiple times to provide reusability and modularity to the C program. In other words, we
can say that the collection of functions creates a program. The function is also known
as procedure or subroutine in other programming languages.
 A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. A complex problem is often easier
to solve by dividing it into several smaller parts, each of which can be solved by itself.
Advantages of functions
 Functions support modular programming in which a large program is divided into smaller self contained parts,
each of which has a unique identifiable purpose. This helps the program easier to write, understand, debug and
maintain.
 It helps in reducing the overall size of the program as repetitive set of instructions are written only once in the
function.
 Use of functions enhances the readability of a program. A big code is always difficult to read. Breaking the
code in smaller Functions keeps the program organized, easy to understand and makes it reusable.
 A function can be used to create our own header file which can be used in any number of programs i.e. the
reusability.
 In C, a function can call itself again, this is known as recursion. Using recursion many calculations can be
done very easily.
Classification of functions
 Functions can be classified broadly in two categories: Library functions (or in-built functions) and user-defined
functions.
Library Functions
 Library functions are those functions which are already defined in C library, example printf(), scanf(), strcat()
etc. The programmers need to include appropriate header files to use these functions. These are already
declared and defined in C libraries.
 There functions are already defined in the C compilers. They are used for String handling, I/O operations, etc.
These functions are defined in the header file. To use these functions in a program particular header file in
which the function definition is present should be added.

Library Functions
 Some examples of Library Functions are
 pow() finds the power of the given number.
 sin() finds the sine of the given number.
 exp() finds the exponent of the given number.
 cos() finds the cosine of the given number.
 sqrt() finds the square root of the number.
 log() finds the logarithmic value of the number.

Program of Square root without using Inbuilt
Function */
for(i=0;i<num;i=i+j)
void main() {
{ if((i*i)>num)
float i,j; {
float num; i=i-j;
j=0.1; break;
clrscr(); }
}
scanf("%f",&num); printf(“Square root
of the number is %.2f",i);
Program of Square root with using Inbuilt Function
void main() */
{
int x,f;
scanf("%d",&x);
f=sqrt(x);
printf("%d",f);
getch();

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Inbuilt Functions and

 The format specifiers are used in C for input and

as procedure or subroutine in other programming languages.

declared and defined in C libraries.

which the function definition is present should be added.

 pow() finds the power of the given number.

 sin() finds the sine of the given number.

 exp() finds the exponent of the given number.

 cos() finds the cosine of the given number.

 sqrt() finds the square root of the number.

 log() finds the logarithmic value of the number.

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