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C++ Preprocessors
C++ Preprocessors
• As the name suggests Preprocessors are
programs that process our source code before compilation. • There are a number of steps involved between writing a program and executing a program in C++. • There are 4 main types of preprocessor directives: • Macros • File Inclusion • Conditional Compilation • Other directives What is Macros?
• Macros: Macros are a piece of code in a program which is
given some name. Whenever this name is encountered by the compiler the compiler replaces the name with the actual piece of code. The ‘#define’ directive is used to define a macro. • #define MAX 5 Example: #include <iostream>
// macro definition #define LIMIT 5 int main() { for (int i = 0; i < LIMIT; i++) {// LIMIT =5 std :: cout << i << "\n"; } return 0; } The word ‘LIMIT’ in the macro definition is called a macro template and ‘5’ is macro expansion. Note: There is no semi-colon(‘;’) at the end of macro definition. Macro definitions do not need a semi-colon to end. Macros with arguments • We can also pass arguments to macros. Macros defined with arguments works similarly as functions. Let us understand this with a program: #include <iostream> // macro with parameter #define AREA(l, b) (l + b) //LIMIT =5 AREA(10,4) int main() { int l1 = 10, l2 = 5, area;
area = AREA(l1, l2);
std::cout << "Area of rectangle is: " << area;
return 0; } File Inclusion
• This type of preprocessor directive tells the compiler to
include a file in the source code program. There are two types of files which can be included by the user in the program. • 1. Header File or Standard files. • 2. user defined files. Header File or Standard files • These files contains definition of pre-defined functions like printf(), scanf() etc. These files must be included for working with these functions. Different function are declared in different header files. For example standard I/O functions are in ‘iostream’ file whereas functions which perform string operations are in ‘string’file. Syntax: • #include< file_name > • Example: • #include<string> user defined files
• When a program becomes very large, it is good
practice to divide it into smaller files and include whenever needed. These types of files are user defined files. • Syntax:
directives which helps to compile a specific portion of the program or to skip compilation of some specific part of the program based on some conditions • This can be done with the help of two preprocessing commands ‘ifdef‘ and ‘endif‘. Syntax:
#ifdef macro_name statement1; statement2; statement3; . . . statementN; #endif 2. Array is used for storing _________
A. Similar type of elements C. Different data
type of elements
B. Store in same memory location D. All of the
mentioned MCQ
Find out the error
#include<iostream> int main() { std::cout<<”hello world”; cout<<” welcome”; return 0; } 3. What is the output of the following #include <iostream> using namespace std; main() { Int a[]={1,2},*p=a; Cout<<p[1]; } A. 1 C. 2
B. Compile time error D. Run time error
4. What will be the output of the following code? class Abc { int a=23; float f=30; void display() { cout<< “value of a==”<<a<<endl; cout<<”value of f==”<<f; }}; Int main() { Abc obj; obj.display(); } A. 23 C. Logical error 30 B. Private data member are not initialize in directly D. None 5. Predict the output #include<iostream> #include<string> using namespace std; int main() { string x("My "); char y[]= "school"; string s= x+y; cout<<"s="<<s<<endl;
A. s=My school C. Will generate error
at cout<<"s="<<s<<en dl; statement B. Will generate error at string s= x+y; statement D. Will generate error at string x("My "); statement 6. Which is incorrect about 2D array A. int arr[2][2]={1,2,3,4}; C. int arr[] [2]={1,2,3,4};
B. int arr[2][]={1,2,3,4}; D. All are correct
initializations of 2D Array 7. Constructor can be called A. By compiler C. By user B. Both D. None
8. Is it possible to declare inline function as a static .
A. Not possible C. Yes It is
B. Depends on D. Depends on compiler
programmer 9. In CPP, cin and cout are the predefined stream __________ .
• A. Operator • b. Functions • c. Objects • d. Data types 10. When a class is defined inside any function or block, it is called ___________ . 11. Logical expressions produce ____________ type results. 12. Static variable declared in a class are also called_________ . 12. If a class contains static variable, then every object of the class has its copy of static variable. a. True b. False 13. __________________ is the OOP feature and mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates, and keep both safe from outside world. 14. ____________ refers to the act of representing only essential features without including the background details. 15. Static variable must be declared in public section of the class. Thank you
