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Lecture 7

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16 views22 pages

Lecture 7

Uploaded by

elitelife029
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Programming

Fundamentals

By: Engr. Raheel Zaman


1. Conditional Operator in C++
 The conditional operator in C++ is a ternary
operator that allows you to evaluate a
condition and return one of two values based
on whether the condition is true or false. It is a
shorthand for an if-else statement and is often
used for simple decisions.
Syntax
 condition ? expression1 : expression2;

 condition: A Boolean expression that evaluates


to true or false.
 expression1: Executed and returned if the
condition is true.
 expression2: Executed and returned if the
condition is false.
 How It Works:

 The condition is evaluated.


 If condition is true, expression1 is executed.
 If condition is false, expression2 is executed.
Example 1
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 int a = 10, b = 20;

 // Using the conditional operator


 int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
 cout << "The larger value is: " << max << endl;
 return 0; }
 Output:

 The larger value is: 20


Example 2
 #include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 int num = 5;
 // Using the conditional operator
 string result = (num % 2 == 0) ? "Even" : "Odd";

 cout << num << " is " << result << endl;
 return 0; }
 Output:

5 is Odd
2. Switch statement in C++
 The switch statement in C++ is a control
structure that allows you to choose one block
of code to execute out of many possible
options, based on the value of an expression.
It is an alternative to a series of if-else
statements when you are checking the same
variable for multiple values.
Syntax:
 switch (expression) {
 case constant1:
 // Code to execute if expression == constant1
 break;
 case constant2:
 // Code to execute if expression == constant2
 break;
 // Additional cases as needed
 default:
 // Code to execute if no case matches
 }
 expression: An integral or enumerated
type( user-defined data type) (e.g., int, char,
enum) whose value is compared against
constants.
 case constant:: Defines a specific value to
compare the expression against.
 break: Exits the switch statement. If omitted,
execution will "fall through" to the next case.
 default: Optional; executed if none of the case
values match the expression.
How It Works
 The expression is evaluated.
 The program compares the value of
expression with each case constant.
 When a match is found, the corresponding
code block is executed.
 If no match is found, the default block (if
present) is executed.
 The break statement stops execution of the
switch and prevents fall-through.
Example 1: Days of the Week
 int main() {
 int day = 3;

 switch (day) {
 case 1:
 cout << "Monday" << endl;
 break;
 case 2:
 cout << "Tuesday" << endl;
 break;
 case 3:
 cout << "Wednesday" << endl;
 break;
 case 4:
 cout << "Thursday" << endl;
 break;
 case 5:
 cout << "Friday" << endl;
 break;
 case 6:
 cout << "Saturday" << endl;
 break;
 case 7:
 cout << "Sunday" << endl;
 break;
 default:
 cout << "Invalid day" << endl; }
 return 0; }
Output:

 Wednesday
Limitations of switch

 Cannot use floating-point types (e.g., float,


double) in the expression.
 Cannot use complex conditions or ranges
(e.g., x > 5).
 Does not support string comparisons directly.
3. goto Statement in C++

 The goto statement in C++ is a control flow


statement that allows you to jump to a labeled
part of the code. It can be used to transfer
control unconditionally to a predefined label
within the same function. While it can simplify
certain types of code, its overuse is
discouraged as it often makes the program
harder to understand and debug.
Syntax

 goto label;
 // Some code
 label:
 // Code to execute

 label: A user-defined identifier followed by a


colon (:) that serves as the target of the goto
statement.
How It Works:
 When the goto statement is encountered,
control jumps to the line identified by the
label.
 The program skips over any code between the
goto statement and the label.
Example : Using goto to Jump
Forward
#include <iostream>
 using namespace std;

 int main() {
 cout << "Start of the program." << endl;
 goto skip; // Jump to the label 'skip'
 cout << "This line will be skipped." << endl;
 skip:
 cout << "This line is executed after the jump." <<
endl;
 return 0; }
Output:
 Start of the program.
 This line is executed after the jump.

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