Rocks 11th Grade

11th
Grade
ROCKS AND
MINERALS
Sir Kean Remzel L. Oraa
ROCKS AND
MINERALS ARE ALL
AROUND US!
They are significant building blocks of
our dynamic earth. Make up the solid
part of lithosphere and provide us with
valuable resources. Over 5,000
minerals but only few occur as rock-
forming minerals
3 Main Categories
of Rocks
• Igneous Rock
• Sedimentary rock
• Metamorphic Rocks
Igneous Sedimentary
Metamorphic
01
MINERALS
Igneous
Rocks
IGNEOUS ROCKS
● From a Latin word “Ignis” which means
“Fire”.
● Parent material of igneous rocks is
usually magma.
● It is an exothermic process and involves
a change of phase from liquid to a solid
state.
● Generally hard and though.
Varieties of IGNEOUS ROCKS
TEXTURE
COMPOSITION
TEXTURE
●Relates to the
general
appearance of an
Igneous Rock.
Fine-grained
(“Aphanitic”)
- has smaller
crystal due to
the faster rate
of cooling of
the magma
Coarse-grained
(“Phaneritic”)
- has larger
crystal due to
the slower rate
of cooling of
the magma.
Composition
- Refers to the elements in the
magma that directly affect the
kind of mineral that is formed
when the magma cools.
Mafic
Magmas
associated
with crystal
Spreading.
Felsic
Magmas
associated
with crystal
Compressio
n
Types of IGNEOUS ROCKS
Intrusive
Extrusive
Intrusive
● Cool Slowly
● Forms Coarse
grained rock.
● Presence of
crystal growth.
Extrusive
● Cool Quickly.
● Forms fine-
grained rock.
● Lack of crystal
growth.
Igneous Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous
● This are magmas that rise and flow into the

cracks in the crust but did not reach the
surface.
● They harden deep inside the crust.
● Takes thousands or even millions of years to
solidify.
● Usually coarse-grained.
● With large crystals often form the core of
mountains or volcanoes.
Igneous Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous
Most common Example:
● Granite
● Gabbro
● Diorite
● Andesite
Igneous Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous
● These are magmas erupted onto the
surface from volcanoes called lava.
● It is a cooled lava at the surface of the
earth.
● Cools faster and solidifies quickly if
exposed in atmosphere or into the water.
● Have small crystals that gives fine-grained
texture.
Igneous Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous
Most Common Examples
● Basalt
● Obsidian
● Pumice
● Scoria
02
MINERALS
Sedimentary
Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
● Form from “lithification”, a process

of sementing soft, unconsolidated
sendiments into hard rocks.
● Deposition is the process when
rocks are fragmented into tiny bits,
then carried to low areas and settled
at the bottom.
Sedimentary Rocks
● Sedimentation is the process of

building up of deposited rocks after
many years.
Sedimentary Rocks
3 Main Types of Sedimentary Rocks
1. Classic Sedimentary Rocks

2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
3. Organic Sedimentary Rocks

- mechanical weathering that involves the
breakdown of rocks into smaller ones at the
surface of the crust, piled on top of one
another and “lithified”.


- When dissolved materials
precipitate. Precipitation is separation
of solid substance from a liquid.


- Formed by accumulated sedimentary
debris caused by organic processes.

03
MINERALS
Metamorphic
Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
● The metamorphic rocks get their name
from “meta” (changed) and “morph”
(form). Movement of earth causes rock to
be pressed or buried that leads to an
increase in temperature and pressure. This
causes physical and chemical changes in
the original rock-prolith.
Metamorphic Rocks
● Metamorphism is the transformation of
rock’s minerology and physical
characteristics.
Types of Metamorphic Rocks
A. Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks

- Rocks that are formed around the igneous
intrusive.
- Their atoms recognize while becoming
more compact and dense.
- Shows color bands that reflects very small
impurities.
Examples of Non-Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
1. Marble
- Derived from limestone (Parent
rock).
- A hard crystalline rock and the most
beautiful rock because of its
shimmering luster.
Marble
2. Quartzite
- Derived from sandstone, it is hard
and durable.
- It is not always white, SOME ARE
REDDISH
Quartzite
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks formed within the
earth’s interior.
- Extremely high temperature and
unequal pressure.
- Better identified on the basis of their
texture.
1. Slate
- Derived from shale. A fine-grained
rock. Made of minerals quartz and
muscovite along with hematite, biotite
and pyrite.
2. Serpentine
- Used both mineral and metamorphic
rock. It originates from basalt.
Types of Metamorphism
● Contact (Thermal) metamorphism
- Evolves when rock near igneous
intrusive gets heated.
- Produces non foliated metamorphic
rocks.
Types of Metamorphism
● Regional Metamorphism (Pressure)
- Affects a large area due to mountain
formation.
Foliated rocks are produced and
strong pressure effects.
Rock Cycle
The transformational processes that change rocks from one
kind to antoher
Rock Cycle

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11th

● This are magmas that rise and flow into the

Most Common Examples

● Form from “lithification”, a process

● Sedimentation is the process of

1. Classic Sedimentary Rocks

1. Classic Sedimentary Rocks

1. Classic Sedimentary Rocks

2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

3. Organic Sedimentary Rocks

3. Organic Sedimentary Rocks

A. Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks

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