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    Els q1w2.3 Rocks-humss

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    Joanna Cantos

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    Els q1w2.3 Rocks-humss

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    Joanna Cantos
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    3 views27 pages

    Els q1w2.3 Rocks-humss

    Uploaded by

    Joanna Cantos

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

    Earth Materials and


    Processes:
    Rocks
    QUARTER 1 – LESSON 4
    Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and
    metamorphic. (S11/12ES-Ib-10)

    o Classify and describe the three basic rock types.


    o Establish relationships between rock types and the
    origin and environment of deposition/formation.
    o Appreciate the different geologic processes involved in
    rock formation.
    Rocks are
    aggregate or
    clumps of one or
    more different
    types of minerals.
    PETROLOGY
    • (from Greek:
    Petra, rock; and logos,
    knowledge)
    • branch of geology that
    studies rock, and the
    conditions in which
    rocks form.
    TYPES OF ROCKS
    IGNEOUS ROCK

    ❑formed from hardening and crystallization of


    magma or molten material that originates deep
    within the earth.
    Extrusive Rocks
    Two Types of
    Igneous Rocks
    Intrusive Rocks
    EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK
    • These rocks are formed above the ground when
    lava flows or explodes from a volcano.
    Basalt
    “Volcanic rock”

    Obsidian

    The crystals are very small (fine grained) since the


    cooling process is fast.
    INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK
    • These rocks are formed when molten magma
    within the Earth’s crust slowly cools and
    crystallizes.
    “Plutonic rock”

    Granite Gabbro
    The intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals
    (coarse grained).
    IGNEOUS ROCKS
    classified based on

    Composition Texture
    ▪ Felsic ▪ Aphanitic
    ▪ Mafic ▪ Phaneritic
    ▪ Intermediate ▪ Porphyritic
    ▪ Ultramafic ▪ Glassy
    ▪ Pyroclastic
    Mineral Composite of Igneous Rocks

    Low Silicates: High Silicates:


    Igneous rocks with low Igneous rocks high in
    amounts of silica usually silica usually appear
    produce dark colored light in color.
    rocks.

    Peridotite Pumice
    Composition of Igneous rocks
    FELSIC INTERMEDIATE MAFIC ULTRAMAFIC
    with 65% silica having 55-65% having 45-55% with <45%
    content, silica, generally silica content, silica, generally
    generally light- medium colored usually dark very dark
    colored (medium gray) colored colored

    feldspar and made up of


    silicates magnesium and
    iron
    Texture of Igneous Rocks
    depends on the size and shape of the crystals when the rock forms

    Rapid Cooling: Slow Cooling:


    fine grains and small coarse grains with large crystals.
    crystals. “intrusive rocks”
    “extrusive rocks”

    Andesite Diorite
    Texture of Igneous Rocks
    • Aphanitic – very fine-grained rock
    • Phaneritic – coarse-grained
    • Porphyritic – large crystals with small crystals
    • Glassy – non-ordered solid from rapid quenching
    • Pyroclastic – composite of ejected fragments
    Obsidian

    • Obsidian is formed
    above ground and
    cools quickly, but it
    forms no crystals and
    has a glassy texture.
    What is the difference between extrusive
    and intrusive igneous rocks?
    SEDIMENTARY ROCK

    ❑formed by the compaction and cementing


    together of sediments, broken pieces of rock-
    like gravel, sand, silt, and clay.
    SEDIMENTARY
    ROCK
    TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
    according to the type of sediments they have

    Clastic Sedimentary Rocks


    Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
    Organic Sedimentary Rocks
    Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
    • formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of
    broken rocks and shells.

    EXAMPLES:

    Sandstone Shale
    Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
    • formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a
    solution.
    EXAMPLES:

    Halite rock Dolomite


    Organic Sedimentary Rocks
    • formed from the accumulation of plant and animal debris

    EXAMPLES :

    Coal Limestone
    METAMORPHIC ROCK

    ❑formed through the transformation of preexisting


    rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks)
    through the process of metamorphism.
    METAMORPHIC PROCESSES
    Two types
    • Regional
    - due to changes in
    pressure and
    temperature over large
    region of the crust
    • Contact
    - mainly by heat due to
    contact with magma
    TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

    Foliated Metamorphic Rocks


    Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
    Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
    • mineral grains are arranged in parallel layers or
    bands
    EXAMPLES:
    Foliation occurs when
    pressure forces compress
    minerals within a rock to align
    in an elongate or flat way.
    Mica Gneiss
    Non-foliated Metamorphic Rocks
    • mineral grains are random. They do not split into
    layers.
    EXAMPLES :

    Marble Quartzite
    ROCK CYCLE

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