Student Copy 3. Balancing Chemical Equations (1)

BALANCING
CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
•Directions: Identify what kind of
change occurs by writing the
word Physical change or Chemical
change.
•1. Baking a pie
•2. Burning a paper

Directions: Identify what kind of change occurs by writing
the word Physical change or Chemical change.
3. Dissolving coffee in hot water
4. Dissolving sugar in water
5. Mixing paint to make a new color

Chemical Changes
• A chemical change is a change of materials into another, new materials
with different properties and one or more than one new substances
are formed.
• It results when a substance combines with another to form a new
substance (synthesis or either decomposes to form more substances).
• Reactants are substances that start a chemical reaction.
• Products are substances that are produced in the reaction..
• The chemical change or chemical reaction can be expressed with the
help of chemical equation.
• Chemical equation is used to describe the chemical reaction with the
help of atomic and molecular formulas.
Main types Chemical reactions
based on the nature of the reactants
and the products
1. Combination Reaction (Synthesis Reaction)
• Two or more reactants combine to form a single product.
• General form:
• Example:
Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen:
and the products
2. Decomposition Reaction
• A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler
substances.
• General form:
Example:
Decomposition of calcium carbonate:
Decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a single
compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances (elements or
compounds). This process typically requires energy in the form of heat, light, or
electricity.
Examples:
• Thermal Decomposition:
When calcium carbonate is heated:
• Electrolytic Decomposition:
Decomposition of water by passing electricity:
• Photolytic Decomposition:
Decomposition of silver chloride in sunlight:
and the products
3. Displacement Reaction (Single Replacement)
• A more reactive element replaces a less reactive one in a compound.
• General form:
and the products
and the products
and the products
and the products
and the products
Indicators of a chemical
1. Color Change reaction
• A change in color indicates the formation of a new substance.
Example: When iron rusts, it changes from metallic gray to reddish-brown (iron
oxide).
2. Formation of a Gas
The production of bubbles or fizzing is a sign of gas formation.
Example: Reaction of vinegar produces carbon
dioxide gas:
3. Temperature Change
• Heat is either absorbed (endothermic reaction) or released (exothermic reaction).
Example:
• Exothermic: Combustion of wood releases heat.
• Endothermic: Decomposition of calcium carbonate absorbs heat.
4. Formation of a Precipitate
• A solid forms when two solutions are mixed, indicating a chemical
reaction.
• Example: Mixing barium chloride
produces a white precipitate of barium sulfate
5. Change in Odor
• The production of a new smell often accompanies a chemical
reaction.
• Example: Spoiling food gives off a foul odor due to chemical
changes in the food molecules.
6. Emission of Light
• Light production, such as in combustion or certain chemical reactions,
indicates a reaction.
• Example: Burning magnesium ribbon produces bright white light
7. Change in pH
• A change in acidity or basicity (measured by pH) can indicate a
chemical reaction.
• Example: Neutralization reactions between acids and bases.
• Balanced Chemical Equation.
A balanced chemical equation has
equal numbers of atoms for each
species involved in the reaction both on
the reactant and product sides.
Balancing Chemical Equations
• When balancing chemical equations:
• - our goal is to have the same number of each type of atom
on both sides of the equation.
• - Only change the coefficients (these are the numbers in
front substances).
• - Never change the subscripts (the small numbers after
elements).
• Coefficients are the numbers in front of the molecule.
• Subscripts are the smaller numbers found after atoms. These
cannot be changed when balancing chemical equations.
A chemical equation shows us the substances involved in a chemical reaction - the
substances that react (reactants) and the substances that are produced (products). In
general, a chemical equation looks like this:
According to the law of conservation of mass, when a chemical reaction occurs, the mass
of the products should be equal to the mass of the reactants. Therefore, the amount of the
atoms in each element does not change in the chemical reaction. As a result, the chemical
equation that shows the chemical reaction needs to be balanced. A balanced chemical
equation occurs when the number of the atoms involved in the reactants side is equal to
the number of atoms in the products side.
Let's take a look at an equation representing a chemical reaction:
• In the chemical equation above, we can
see two distinct numbers that appear.
• subscript, which is a part of the chemical
formula of the reactants and the products.
• Second is the coefficients which are
placed in front of the formulas to indicate
the number of molecules of that
substance being used or produced.
• Shown is a sample chemical equation
that illustrates the difference between the
subscripts and coefficients in a chemical
reaction.
• In the example below, the equation above
indicates that one hydrogen gas and one
oxygen gas reacts to produce two water
molecules.
• Chemical equations: A chemical equation shows what reactants are
needed to make specific products. Reactions are balanced by adding
coefficients so that there are the same number of atoms of each
element on both sides of the reaction.
So the left side of the equation, H2 + O2 H2 O
2H2 + O2 2H2 O
has four hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms, as does the right side
of the equation
BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
1. Write the Reactants and Products
• The reactants are:
Hydrogen gas: H
Oxygen gas: O 2
• The product is:
Water: H2O
2. Write the Unbalanced
Chemical Equation
3. Balance the Equation

In a chemical reaction, the number of atoms of each
element must be the same on both sides of the equation
(law of conservation of mass).
•On the left (reactants): H2has 2 hydrogen atoms, and O2has 2
oxygen atoms.
•On the right (products): H2O has 2 hydrogen atoms and 1
oxygen atom.
Notice that the oxygen atoms are not balanced. To
balance them:
•Place a coefficient of 2 in front of H2O: H2+O2→2H2O
•Now, there are 4 hydrogen atoms on the product side,
so place a coefficient of 2 in front of H2:
2H2+O2→2H2O. The balanced equation is:
4. Verify the Balancing 2H 2 +O 2 → 2H 2O
•Hydrogen: 4 atoms on both sides.
•Oxygen: 2 atoms on both sides.
1.Write down the number of atoms that comprise each compound on either side of the
equation. Using the chemical equation you can identify the atoms of each element in the reaction.
Because a chemical reaction can never create or destroy new matter, a given equation is unbalanced if
the number (and types) of atoms on each side of the equation don't perfectly match. Don’t forget to
multiply through by a coefficient or subscript if one is present.
•For example, H2SO4 + Fe ---> Fe2(SO4)3 + H2
•On the reactant (left) side of the equation there are 2 H atoms (H 2), 1 S atom, 4 O atoms (O4), and 1 Fe
atom.
•On the product (right) side of the equation there are 2H atoms (H 2), 3 S atoms (S3), 12 O atoms (O 12),
and 2 Fe atoms (Fe2).
1. Write the Unbalanced Equation
Start with the given equation as it is.
2. Balance Metals First
•The iron (Fe) atom appears on both sides.
•On the left side, there is 1 Fe, and on the right side, there are 2 Fe
• Multiply Fe on the left by 2:

3. Balance the Polyatomic Ions as a Whole (if Unchanged)
 The sulfate ion appears as a group on both sides of the equation. Treat it as
a single unit.
 On the left side, there is On the right side, there are
 Multiply
4. Balance Hydrogen (H)
On the left side, there are 6H atoms in
On the right side, there are 2 H atoms in H2
Multiply H2 on the right by 3
5. Check All Atoms for Balance
•H: 6 H on both sides.
•S: 3 S on both sides (in SO 4 ).
•O: 12 O(in SO4) on both sides.
•Fe: 2 Fe on both sides.
Balanced Chemical Equation
Mole relationship in a balanced equation show
the masses of the reactants and product
Example:
calculate the mole relationship and mass relationship for the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
• Steps to Find Mass Relationships
Step 1: Calculate Molar Masses
Step 2: Mass Relationships
1. From the balanced equation: 4. Verify Conservation of Mass:
2. Mass of Reactants:
Final Mass Relationship

3. Mass of Products:
Steps construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction
and calculate the amount of reactant needed
1. Write the Balanced Chemical Equation
• For example, consider the reaction:
2. Use Mole Ratios to Relate Reactants and Products

• The mole ratio is derived from the coefficients in the balanced equation. For this
reaction:
3. Convert Mass to Moles (if needed)
• If given mass, convert to moles using:
4. Use Mole Ratios to Find Moles of Reactant or Product

5. Convert Moles Back to Mass (if needed)
• Convert moles back to mass using:
• Final Ratios for Calculations

1. Mole ratio (from the balanced equation):
2. Mass ratio (calculated using molar masses):

LIMITING REACTANT
• There are some reactions that involve reactants. These reactants are
not used in mass calculation. It is therefore important to identify the
limiting reactant, which is the reactant that is consumed first and
which limits the amount of products that can formed. In any
stoichiometry calculation a chemical reaction, it is essential to
determine which reactant is limiting in order calculate correctly the
amount of product that will be formed.
Sample Exercise
1. Nitrogen gas can be prepared by passing gaseous ammonia over solid
copper (II) oxide at high temperature. The other products of the reaction
are solid copper and water vapor. A sample containing 18.1 g of NH₃ is
reacted with 90.4 g CuO. Find out which of the two is the
limiting reactant. How much of nitrogen gas is formed?
Sample Exercise
Sample Exercise
The reaction will form 14.8 g N₂

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
HAVE A GOOD DAY.

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BALANCING

•2. Burning a paper

4. Dissolving sugar in water

5. Mixing paint to make a new color

3. Balance the Equation

• Multiply Fe on the left by 2:

Final Mass Relationship

2. Use Mole Ratios to Relate Reactants and Products

4. Use Mole Ratios to Find Moles of Reactant or Product

• Final Ratios for Calculations

2. Mass ratio (calculated using molar masses):

The reaction will form 14.8 g N₂

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