Teacher Introduction

 Cesar Jacinto P. Salazar, RChT (23M)

 ICT Graduate With Honors Graduate at Isabel
National Comprehensive School (2019)
 BSChemistry Cum Laude Graduate at Eastern
Visayas State University – Main Campus
(2023)
 Registered Chemical Technician (2023)
 2nd Best Paper and Presenter at the 2nd
DABEST National Research Congress. (2023)
 Cosplayer, Anime Lover,
Manga/Manhwa/Novel Reader, Poet (Self-
proclaimed)
 Basics of
Biology
Cesar Jacinto P. Salazar, RChT
Special Science Teacher 1
Content Outline
Introduction to Biology
What is Biology?
Types of Biology
Tools of Biologists
Critical Thinking in Biology
Characteristics of Life
 Cell Theory
What is Biology?
Biology is the study of life and living
things.
Also known as Life Science or Natural Science
Comes from the Greek words “bios”, meaning
“Life”, and “logia”, meaning “the study of”
Biologists refer to scientists who study
biology.
They refer to living things as Organisms.
 Jean-Baptiste de
Lamarck and Gottfried
Reinhold Treviranus
Coined the term “Biology” around
1802. The word comes from the Greek
words bios which means “life” and
logos which means “the study of” or
“discourse”.
Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)
Aristotle is said to
be the first
biologist. He
developed the first
organized study of
the natural world.
Life Cycle
Many organisms
grow, change,
reproduce, and die.
The series of
changes that an
organism can go
through are called
the Life Cycle.
 Types of Biology
BRANCH The Study of…
Anatomy …the bodily structure of
organisms.
Botany …plants.
Ecology …the relationships
between various
organisms.
Microbiology …tiny organisms.
Pathology …the causes and effects
of diseases
 BRANCH The Study of…
Pharmacology …the uses and effects of
drugs.
Physiology …the functions of living
organisms and their parts.
Taxonomy …the classification of
organisms.
Toxicology …the nature and effects of
poisons.
Zoology …animals
Tools of the Biologists
The Microscope was the first imaging
tool invented.
Is a tool that provides an enlarged image of
an object.
The most basic concept in biology–that
organisms are made up of cells–would not
have been discovered with microscopes.
Types of Microscopes
Two types of Microscopes:
COMPOUND microscopes use visible light as a
source of illumination and have multiple lenses
(usually two) that can MAGNIFY specimens up to
1,500 times their actual size.
ELECTRON microscopes use electron beams as
a source of illumination and electron lenses to
help magnify specimens up to 100,000 times
their actual size.
 Other
Imaging Tools
X-Rays are a type of
Radiation that are Radiation – the
absorbed by various things.
transmission of
energy in the
There are many types of X-
form of waves
Ray machines, but they all
through an object
work in the same way: by
sending x-ray radiation and
displaying an image.
 Other
Imaging Tools
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging Scans
(MRIs) use a magnet
and radio waves to
produce detailed
images of internal
organs and muscles
that might not show
up in an x-ray
Check your Knowledge

1.What is Biology?
2.Biology is also known
as ___________ science.
Check your Knowledge
3. What is the Life Cycle? Name
the stages of the Human life
cycle.
4. Anatomy is a discipline that
studies _________.
Check your Knowledge
5. Why do scientists need
tools?
6. What is the purpose of the
microscope?
Check your Knowledge
7. What is the purpose of
having different disciplines
in biology?
8. How can you magnify a
specimen using a compound
microscope?
Check your Knowledge
9. Why do bones appear
white on an X-ray image?
10. What does magnetic
resonance imaging show in a
body?
 Critical Thinking in
Biology
Scientists use evidence from observations
and experiments to create an explanation
of an event. This process is called
Scientific Inquiry.
Scientists follow an organized system to
conduct their research of an unknown
factor.
This system is known as the SCIENTIFIC
METHOD.
 Observation
& Question
 Scientists use the scientific
method to help them find
evidence, make observations,
and organize new information.
 The scientific method starts
with a single question.
 The type of question asked
creates boundaries for the
experiment. The more
specific the question is, the
more focused the
experiment will be.
 Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a possible explanation
for an observation or problem that can
further be tested by experimentation.
The proposed answer to a scientific
question.
Plural: Hypotheses
 Types of Hypothesis
Two types of hypotheses:
• Null hypothesis: States that there is
no difference between two groups of
data.
• Alternative hypothesis: States that
there is a difference between two
groups of data. It is contradictory to the
null hypothesis and is what a researcher
is testing in hypothesis testing.
 EXAMPLES OF
HYPOTHESES
“There are no significant differences between the zones of
inhibitions of the oregano essential oil and ethanol
combination against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus.”

“There are significant differences between the zones of

inhibitions of the oregano essential oil and ethanol
combination against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus.”
 Experimentation
Scientists use Experiments to test
hypotheses.
During experiments, they study Variables.
Two Types of Variables
Independent Variable – A change is made
to a condition.
Dependent Variable – The result showing
the effect of the change made.
Results
Any data from the experiment, even if
that the data proves the hypothesis
wrong, is collected and analyzed in the
RESULTS.
After the results are gathered and
analyzed, conclusions can be made.
After the analysis scientists often ask, “Does
the conclusion support the hypothesis?”
 Theory
When a hypothesis is supported by
the results of an experiment, the
hypothesis becomes a THEORY.
If the hypothesis is not supported, a
new hypothesis must be made and
tested
 You have a
theory!
Does the Yes
conclusion
support the
hypothesis? Back to the
No drawing board
with a new
hypothesis!
 Sharing of Results
The final step in the scientific method is
the SHARING OF RESULTS.
Publishing results enables the scientific
and medical communities to evaluate
the findings of the research.
Results are often shared in Scientific
Journals and Thesis Papers.
Check your Knowledge
1. What is the purpose of the
scientific method?
2. A(n) _________ must be
created before the scientific
method can be used.
Check your
Knowledge
3. What helps with focusing
the scope of the experiment?
4. What is the purpose of
doing background research?
Check your
Knowledge
5. How do scientists conduct
experimentation?
6. What happens to the dependent
variable when a change is made to
the independent variable?
Check your
Knowledge
7. What is the purpose of
the sharing results step?
8. What is the purpose of
the analysis step?
Check your Knowledge
9. If the conclusion proved the
hypothesis wrong. What is the
next step?
10. The process of scientific
inquiry can be a _______.
Checking
1. The scientific method helps
scientist structure their
research.
2. Scientific Inquiry or Question
Checking
3. A specific question.
4. Background Research is
used to make an assumption
about the answer to the
question.
Checking
5. By using scientific tools and
observation.
6. The dependent variable will also
change.
Checking
7. The sharing results step exists for
scientists to share their results with
the public and fellow researchers.
8. Allows you to examine your
results to see if your hypothesis is
supported.
Checking
9. The next step would be to
restart the scientific method
with a new hypothesis.
10. Cycle
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
All living things share the same
characteristics of life:
They are made up of one or more CELLS, the
basic units of life.
They need ENERGY to live.
They respond to STIMULI, anything that causes
a response, they react to their environment. (i.e.
light, temperature, and touch)
 LIFE FUNCTIONS
All organisms must have the potential to
carry out certain behaviors known as LIFE
FUNCTIONS.
The Life Functions are as follows:
Growth: an increase in the number of cells
 Ex. Adults are larger in size than babies because
they have more cells.
 LIFE FUNCTIONS
Reproduction: the creation of a new organism
with its own cells.
 The new organism is described as the OFFSPRING,
some offsprings are born looking like their parents,
others are born in one form and change over time.
 Two types of Reproduction:
 Asexual Reproduction: When one parent
organism reproduces by itself.
 Sexual Reproduction: When two parent
organisms reproduce.
 LIFE FUNCTIONS
Nutrition:
The taking in
of food
(nutrients).
Nutrient –
Any substance
that promotes
life and
provides
energy.
 LIFE FUNCTIONS
 Respiration: the breakdown of nutrients to get
energy.
 After nutrients are ingested, METABOLISM
begins.
 Two types of Metabolism
 DIGESTION: where nutrients are broken down
into simpler forms that are easier for the
organism to use.
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: using glucose and
oxygen along with chemical reactions to
produce energy from the nutrients.
 LIFE FUNCTIONS
Excretion: Removes waste products from the
body.
 Water is an example of a material that humans ingest
that is also a waste product. (i.e. sweat)
 Regulation: Organisms survive in changing
environments by changing the conditions within their
bodies.
 Organisms sense what is happening in their environment and
adapt to any changes in order to maintain HOMEOSTASIS.
 HOMEOSTASIS – a state of steady internal physical and
chemical conditions set by the body. State that remains the
same.
 LIFE FUNCTIONS
Continuation:
An example of
Homeostasis in humans:
When it’s hot, we sweat to
cool down our bodies, when
it’s cold, we shiver, which
helps warm up our bodies.
 LIFE FUNCTIONS
 An organism’s body can also
change over time to better fit a
new environment. This process is
called ADAPTATION.
 Example of Adaptation:
Camels have adapted to living
in the desert. They are known
to be able to survive without
drinking water for over six to
seven months.
Check your Knowledge

1. What are the three

characteristics of all living
things?
2. What are life functions?
Check your Knowledge
3. Growth is the increase in
the amount of _____.
4. What is the outcome of
reproduction?
Check your Knowledge
5. What form of reproduction
do bacteria usually undergo?
6. Why are nutrients
important?
Check your Knowledge
7. What are the methods by
which nutrients can be gained?
8. When a substance is not
useful to the body, it is ________.
Check your Knowledge
9. What is the meaning of
homeostasis?
10. How does adaptation
impact an organism’s ability to
survive in their environment?
 CELL STRUCTURE

AND FUNCTION
The cell is the foundation of life.
Cells perform most of the chemistry
within an organism, and they also
make up the structures within the
body.

Cell Principles
These are the principles that are
true to ALL cells:
1. They make up all organisms (one or
more cells).
2. The cell is the basic building block of the
structure and function of life.
3. Every cell comes from another existing
cell (cell division to form new cells)
 Cells work together in groups
called TISSUES. These tissues
work together to form ORGANS,
like the heart and brain.

Many cells Tissues

Many Tissues Organs
All organs Organism
 Cells are able to perform
different functions because
of ORGANELLES. These are
parts of a cell, each having
different jobs.
Destroy
Produce Make new
and digest
Energy proteins
objects
Animal
Cell
 Animal Cells
A typical animal cell is made up of
these organelles:
Cell Membrane
The outer boundary of the cell in humans
and animals.
The cell membrane is SEMIPERMEABLE.
 Animal Cells
Cytoplasm
Within the cell membrane, a jellylike
substance exists in which all the
organelles float known as the CYTOSOL.
Cytosols are mostly made of water.
Cytoplasm also contains
CYTOSKELETON
 Animal Cells
Ribosome
A small organelle that produces proteins.
The proteins are based on information
given to the ribosomes by the organism’s
nucleic acid.
The suffix “-some” comes from the Greek
word soma, which means “body”. “ribo-”
refers to the carbohydrate ribose.
 Animal Cells
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Is composed of flat sacs and tubes that
package proteins, transport materials
throughout the cytoplasm, and get rid of
waste that builds up within the cell from
other organelles.

Animal
Golgi Apparatus
Cells
Works closely with the ER. These
organelles are flat sacs that temporarily
store, package, and transport materials
through and out of the cell.

Animal
Lysosome
Cells
Is like a sac that contains enzymes that
breakdown any kind of food, cell waste, or
destroyed foreign organisms, such as
bacteria and viruses. If the waste products
of the cell need to be disposed, the Golgi
Apparatus will bring them the lysosome.
 Animal Cells
Vacuole
Help by storing water and nutrients
until the cell needs them.
Also provides space for waste
 Animal Cells
Mitochondria
Is the powerhouse of the cell.
In the mitochondria, oxygen and
sugars from food react in a series of
chemical reactions to create energy.

Animal
Nucleus
Cells
Is called the “BRAIN” of the cell because it
holds the information needed to conduct
most of the cell’s functions.
In healthy cells, the nucleus contains
CHROMATIN, which are tightly wound
strands of DNA.
Animal Cells
 Animal Cells
Nuclear Membrane
The nucleus has its own nuclear
membrane.
This membrane is different from that
of the other organelles, it’s similar to
the cell membrane.
 Animal Cells
The NUCLEOLUS, which creates
RIBOSOMAL RNA. RNA exists to read
and carry out the instructions given in
DNA. Unlike DNA, which is trapped
within the nucleus, RNA can leave
through the openings in the nuclear
membrane to deliver the instructions.
Animal Cells
Plant Cell
 Plant Cells
Plant Cells contain the same
organelles that animal cells
have, but they have two
additional organelles.
 Plant Cells
A typical plant cell is made up of
these organelles:
Cell Wall
This lies outside the cell membrane.
Behaves like the cell’s shield and plant’s
skeleton.
These are made of a carbohydrate called
CELLULOSE.
 Plant Cells
Cellulose is the major
component of cotton fiber
and wood, and it is used in
paper production.
Cells in fungi, bacteria, algae, and some
archaea also have cell walls.
However, their cell walls are composed
of different materials. Bacteria cell walls,
for example, are composed of sugar-
and-amino-acid polymer called
PEPTIDOGLYCAN.

Plant
Chloroplasts
Cells
Plant use light and carbon dioxide to
generate glucose through photosynthesis.
The process happens in the
CHLOROPLAST, which contain
CHLOROPHYLL, the substance that
powers synthesis.
 Chloroplasts are natural
solar panel. Like solar panels
on houses, chloroplasts use
the light of the sun to create
energy.
 Plant Cells
VS Animal
Cells
Plant cells and animal cells
contrast in a few keyways,
reflecting their capacities in
life forms.
 Plant Cells VS
Animal Cells
Fundamentally, plant cells have
an unbending cell wall made of
cellulose that gives support and
security, though animal cells
need a cell wall and have as it
was an adaptable plasma layer.
 Plant Cells VS
Animal Cells
Plant cells contain chloroplasts,
which are fundamental for
photosynthesis, whereas
creature cells depend
exclusively on mitochondria for
vitality generation.
 Plant Cells VS
Animal Cells
Moreover, plant cells have a
huge central vacuole that stores
supplements and keeps up
turgor weight, while creature
cells may have little, transitory
vacuoles, in case any.
 Cell Theory
Video Lectures:
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=8IlzKri08kk&t=194s
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=6mgkoqcm6Sg
Check your Knowledge

1. All organs are made of

___.
2. What is the function of an
organelles?
Check your Knowledge
3. What does it mean to say
that a cell is membrane is
semipermeable?
4. What organelle do many
ribosomes attach themselves
to?
Check your Knowledge
5. Which organelles transport
waste outside the cell?
6. How do lysosomes break
down various materials?
Check your Knowledge
7. What is the function of the
mitochondria?
8. What role does the nucleus
play in the cell?
Check your Knowledge
9. What substance reads the
instructions that the DNA
contains?
10. What organelle allows
plants to create their glucose?