Module 3a- Acids and Bases

FEDERICO O. PEREZ, Ph.D.

Professor
Thanks to Pearson Education, Inc.
Publishing and Benjamin Cummings

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Intended Learning Outcomes

After successful completion of the module, the

student must be able to:
1. Differentiate acids and bases based on the theory of
Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis;
2. Distinguish and characterize conjugate-acid;
conjugate-base and conjugate acid-base pairs;
3. Name correctly the different acids and bases formed in
a reaction;
4. Calculate pH and pOH as well as unknown hydrogen
or hydroxyl ion concentration; and
5. Determine pH of different substances, solutions and
compounds available in the laboratory.

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WE WILL STUDY ACIDITY
AND BASICITY AND
TRY TO RELATE IT WITH
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

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Acids

Arrhenius acids
• produce H+ ions in water.
H2O
HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

• are electrolytes.
• have a sour taste.
• turn litmus red.
• neutralize bases.

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Arrhenius Acids and Bases
➢ acids release H+ ions in aqueous solutions
➢ bases release OH- ions in aqueous solutions
➢ water is required, so only allows for aqueous
solutions
➢ only protic acids are allowed; required to release
hydrogen ions
➢ only hydroxide bases are allowed
➢ Examples:
● Acid: HCl, H2SO4
● Base: NaOH, Ca(OH)2

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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

According to the BrØnsted-Lowry theory,

• acids donate a proton (H+).
• bases accept a proton (H+).

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Bronsted-Lowry Base

In the reaction of ammonia and water,

• NH3 is the base that accept H+.
• H2O is the acid that donates H+.

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Properties of Acids and Bases
Properties of Acids
Properties of Bases
➢ taste sour: the word 'acid'
comes from the Latin acere, ➢ taste bitter
which means 'sour' ➢ feel slippery or soapy
➢ acids change litmus (a blue ➢ bases don't change the
vegetable dye) from blue to color of litmus; they can turn
red red (acidified) litmus back to
➢ their aqueous (water) solutions blue
conduct electric current (are ➢ their aqueous (water)
electrolytes) solutions conduct and
➢ react with bases to form salts electric current (are
and water electrolytes)
➢ evolve hydrogen gas (H2) upon ➢ react with acids to form salts
and water
reaction with an active metal
➢ (such as alkali metals, alkaline
earth metals, zinc, aluminum)

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Amphiprotic Molecules
➢ Amphiprotic
● Species that can either accept or donate a
proton
● Water is an important example

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Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

In any acid-base reaction, there are two conjugate acid-

base pairs.
• Each pair is related by the loss and gain of H+ .
• One pair occurs in the forward direction.
• One pair occurs in the reverse direction.
conjugate acid-base pair 1

HA +B A− + BH+

conjugate acid-base pair 2

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Conjugate Acids and Bases

In this acid-base
reaction,
• an acid, HF, donates
H+ to form its
conjugate base, F−.
• a base, H2O, accepts
H+ to form its
conjugate acid, H3O+.
• there are two
conjugate acid-base
pairs.

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Conjugate Acids and Bases

In the reaction of HF and H2O,

• one conjugate acid-base pair is HF/F−.
• the other conjugate acid-base pair is H2O/H3O+.
• each pair is related by a loss and gain of H+.

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 Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Conjugate acid Conjugate base

H3O+ H2O
H2O OH-
H2SO4 HSO4-
HSO4- SO42-
NH4+ NH3
NH3 NH2- The stronger the acid, the
H3PO4 H2PO4- weaker the conjugate base
H2PO4- HPO42- (and vice versa!)
HPO42- PO43-
CH3COOH CH3COO-
CH3NH3+ CH3NH2

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Relative Acid-Base Strength

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Water as an Acid

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Water as a Base

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Ionization of Water

➢ Water molecules can react with each other to exchange a

proton (hydrogen ion)
● One acts as Bronsted acid, one as Bronsted Base

● H2O + H2O ⬄ H3O+ + OH-

➢ More simply represented as the ionization of a water

molecule into hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion
● H2O ⬄ H+ + OH-

➢ An equilibrium is established between molecular and

ionized forms

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Learning Check

A. The conjugate base of HCO3− is

1. CO32− 2. HCO3− 3. H2CO3
B. The conjugate acid of HCO3- is
1. CO32− 2. HCO3− 3. H2CO3
C. The conjugate base of H2O is
1. OH− 2. H2O 3. H3O+
D. The conjugate acid of H2O is
1. OH− 2. H2O 3. H3O+

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Solutions

A. The conjugate base of HCO3 − is

1. CO32−
B. The conjugate acid of HCO3− is
3. H2CO3
C. The conjugate base of H2O is
1. OH−
D. The conjugate acid of H2O is
3. H3O+

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Acids and Bases

NAMING OF
ACIDS AND
BASES

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Names of Acids

• Acids with H and a nonmetal are named with the prefix

hydro and end with ic acid.
HCl hydrochloric acid

• Acids with H and a polyatomic ion are named by

changing the end of the name of the polyatomic ion
from ate to ic acid or ite to ous acid.
ClO3− chlorate HClO3 chloric acid
ClO2− chlorite HClO2 chlorous acid

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Names of Some Common Acids

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Learning Check

Select the correct name for each of the following acids.

A. HBr 1. bromic acid
2. bromous acid
3. hydrobromic acid

B. H2CO3 1. carbonic acid

2. hydrocarbonic acid
3. carbonous acid

C. HBrO2 1. bromic acid

2. hydrobromous acid
3. bromous acid

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Solution

A. HBr 3. hydrobromic acid

The name of an acid with H and one nonmetal uses
the prefix hydro and ends with ic acid.

B. H2CO3 1. carbonic acid

An acid with H and a polyatomic ion is named by
changing the end of an ate ion to ic acid.

C. HBrO2 3. bromous acid

This acid of bromite (BrO2-) is bromous acid.

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Bases

Arrhenius bases
• produce OH− ions in
water.
• taste bitter or chalky.
• are electrolytes.
• feel soapy and slippery.
• neutralize acids.

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Some Common Bases

Bases with OH- ions are named as the

hydroxide of the metal in the formula.

NaOH sodium hydroxide

KOH potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide
Fe(OH)3 iron(III) hydroxide

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Learning Check

Match the formulas with the names.

A. ___HNO2 1) iodic acid

B. ___Ca(OH)2 2) sulfuric acid
C. ___H2SO4 3) sodium hydroxide
D. ___HIO3 4) nitrous acid
E. ___NaOH 5) calcium hydroxide

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Solution

Match the formulas with the names.

A. 4 HNO2 nitrous acid

B. 5 Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
C. 2 H2SO4 sulfuric acid
D. 1 HIO3 iodic acid
E. 3 NaOH sodium hydroxide

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Comparing Acids and Bases

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Solution

Identify each as a characteristic of an

A) acid or B) base.

A 1. has a sour taste

B 2. produces OH- in aqueous solutions
B 3. has a chalky taste
A, B 4. is an electrolyte
A 5. produces H+ in aqueous solutions

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Amphiprotic Molecules

➢ Amphiprotic
● Species that can either accept or donate a
proton
● Water is an important examplemple

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The pH Concept

 pH is a measure of acidity

➢ relative amounts of H+ and OH- in aqueous

solution expressed using the pH scale:
● pH = 0 most acidic
● pH = 7 neutral
● pH = 14 most basic
➢ A logarithmic scale is used to simplify the
numbers since the range of concentrations
is so large!

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The pH Scale

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Measuring pH

➢pH meter
●Instrument that translates H+ ion
concentration into an electrical signal and
reads pH directly

➢Acid-base indicators
●Compounds that change color in different
pH ranges
●Generally weak acids/bases themselves

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The pH meter

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Using pH paper/Indicators

BRA – Blue to Red =Acid

RBB – Red to Blue = Base

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Measuring pH-Indicators

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Universal Indicator

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Calculation of pH

 The pH is defined as the negative

logarithm of proton/hydronium ion
concentration:

 For example, if [H+] = 10-4 mol/l, the pH will

be:

 pH = -log 10-4 = 4 (acidic)
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pOH and Basicity

The pOH values also describe the

acidity/basicity of the solution. It is again the
negative log which is a convenient method for
expressing small numbers.
pOH = – log [OH–]

Calculate the pOH of a solution

with [OH–] = 10-2 (basic).

pOH = – log [OH–] = -log 10-2 = 2

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Exercises

Example:
Find the pH of a 0.0025 M HCl solution. The HCl is a
strong acid and is 100%. ionized in water. The hydronium
ion concentration is 0.0025 M. Thus:
pH = - log (0.0025) = - ( - 2.60) = 2.60

What is the pOH of a solution that has a hydroxide ion

concentration of
4.82 x 10-5 M?
pOH = - log [4.82 x 10-5] = - ( - 4.32) = 4.32

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Exercises cont…

What is the hydronium ion concentration in a solution that

has a pH of 8.34?
8.34 = - log [H3O+]
- 8.34 = log [H3O+]
[H3O+] = 10-8.34 = 4.57 x 10-9 M
What is the hydroxide ion concentration in a solution that has
a pOH of 5.70?
5.70 = - log [OH-]
-5.70 = log[OH-]
[OH-] = 10-5.70 = 2.00 x 10-6 M

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Exercise Problem
1) If hydronium ion concentration = 4.5 x 10–9 M,
find hydroxide ion concentration.

[ H3O1+ ] [ OH1– ] = 1 x 10–14

-14 -14
1 x 10 1 x 10
[ OH1- ]  1
 -9
[ H3O ] 4.5 x 10 M
= 2.2 x 10–6 M

= 0.0000022 M

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Exercise Problem
If pH = 4.87, [ H3O1+ ] = 10–pH
find [ H3O1+ ]. pH
pH = –log [ H3O1+ ]
[ H3O1+ ]

[ H3O1+ ] = 10–pH
pH + pOH = 14 [ H3O1+ ] [ OH1– ] = 1 x 10–14
= 10 –4.87

[ OH1– ] = 10–pOH
pOH [ OH1– ]
pOH = –log [ OH ] 1–

[ H3O1+ ] = 1.35 x 10–5 M

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Exercise Problem
[ H3O1+ ] = 10–
If [ OH ] = 5.6 x 10
1– –11
M, pH pH [ H3O1+ ]
pH = –log
find pH. [ H3O1+ ]

pH + pOH = 14 [ H3O1+ ] [ OH1– ] = 1 x 10–

Find [ H3O ]1+
= 1.79 x 10 M –4
14

pH = 3.75 [ OH1– ] = 10–pOH

pOH [ OH1–
pOH = –log [ OH ] 1–
]
Find pOH = 10.25
pH = 3.75

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Reactions of Acids and Bases

Acids react with metals

• such as K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, and Sn.
• to produce hydrogen gas and the salt of the metal.

Molecular equations:
2K(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2KCl(aq) + H2(g)

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

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Acids and Carbonates

Acids react
• with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
• to produce carbon dioxide gas, a salt, and water.

2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) CO2(g) + CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(s) CO2(g) + NaCl (aq) +

H2O(l)

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Neutralization Reaction

In a neutralization reaction
• an acid such as HCl reacts with a base such as
NaOH.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl−
NaOH Na+ + OH−

• the H3O+ from the acid and the OH− from the
base form water.
H3O+ + OH− 2 H 2O

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Neutralization Equations

In the equation for neutralization, an acid and a base

produce a salt and water.
acid base salt water

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2O

2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O

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Neutralization Reaction

HOW TO BALANCE
NEUTRALIZATION
REACTION?

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Example

Write the balanced equation for the neutralization of

magnesium hydroxide and nitric acid.
STEP 1 Write the acid and base.
Mg(OH)2 + HNO3
STEP 2 Balance H+ in acid with OH- in base.
Mg(OH)2+ 2HNO3
STEP 3 Balance with H2O.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3 salt + 2H2O
STEP 4 Write the salt from remaining ions.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O

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Basic Compounds in Some Antacids

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Acid-Base Titration

Titration
• is a laboratory Base
procedure used to (NaOH)
determine the molarity
of an acid.

• uses a base such as

NaOH to neutralize a
measured volume of Acid
an acid. solution

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Indicator

An indicator

• is added to the acid in

the flask.

• causes the solution to

change color when the
acid is neutralized.

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End-point Titration

At the end point,

• the indicator gives the solution
a permanent pink color.
• the volume of the base used to
reach the end point is
measured.
• the molarity of the acid is
calculated using the
neutralization equation for the
reaction.

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Calculating molarity
What is the molarity of an HCl solution if 18.5 mL of a
0.225 M NaOH are required to neutralize 10.0 mL HCl?
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

STEP 1 Given: 18.5 mL of 0.225 M NaOH; 10.0 mL HCl

Need: Molarity of HCl

STEP 2 18.5 mL L moles NaOH moles HCl M

HCl
L HCl
STEP 3 1 L = 1000 mL 0.225 mole NaOH/1 L NaOH
1 mole HCl/1 mole NaOH
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Molarity cont…

STEP 4 Calculate the molarity of HCl.

18.5 mL NaOH x 1 L NaOH x 0.225 mole NaOH
1000 mL NaOH 1 L NaOH
L moles NaOH
x 1 mole HCl = 0.00416 mole HCl
1 mole NaOH

MHCl = 0.00416 mole HCl = 0.416 M HCl

0.0100 L HCl

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Example

Calculate the mL of 2.00 M H2SO4 required to

neutralize 50.0 mL of 1.00 M KOH.

H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

1) 12.5 mL
2) 50.0 mL
3) 200. mL

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Solution

1) 12.5 mL
0.0500 L KOH x 1.00 mole KOH x 1 mole H2SO4 x

1 L KOH 2 mole KOH

1 L H2SO4 x 1000 mL = 12.5 mL

2.00 mole H2SO4 1 L H2SO4

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Example 2

A 25.0 mL sample of phosphoric acid is neutralized by

42.6 mL of 1.45 M NaOH. What is the molarity of the
phosphoric acid solution?

3NaOH(aq) + H3PO4 (aq) Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)

1) 0.620 M
2) 0.824 M
3) 0.185 M

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Solution

2) 0.824 M
0.0426 L x 1.45 mole NaOH x 1 mole H3PO4
1 L 3 mole NaOH
= 0.0206 mole H3PO4

0.0206 mole H3PO4 = 0.824 mole/L = 0.824

M
0.0250 L

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Acid-base Reaction

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End of module

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

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