Computer Programming

An Introductory Training Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Schema of Discussion

Logical Operators Equality Operator == Logical Not Operator ! Inequality Operator != Comparison for a Lower Value Equality and Lower
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The The The The

<
Combining

Value <=

Logical Operators
A

program is a series of instructions that ask the computer (actually the compiler) to check some situations and to act accordingly. To check such situations, the computer spends a great deal of its time performing comparisons between values. comparison is performed between two values of the same type; for example, you can compare two numbers, two
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The Equality Operator ==

compare two variables for equality, C++ uses the == operator. Its syntax is: == Value2The equality operation is used to find out whether two variables (or one variable and a constant) hold the same value. From our syntax, the compiler would compare the value of Value1 with that of Value2. If Value1 and Value2 hold the same
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Value1

The Equality Operator ==

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The Equality Operator ==

#include <iostream> using namespace std;

int main() { int Value1 = 15; int Value2 = (Value1 == 24);

cout << "Value 1 = " << Value1 << "\n"; cout << "Value 2 = " << Value2 << "\n"; cout << "Comparison of Value1 == 15 produces " << (Value1 == 15) << "\n\n";

return 0;

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The Equality Operator ==

Very important equality operator and the assignment operator are different.

The

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The Logical Not Operator !

The compiler keeps track of every variable that exists in the program being processed. When a variable is not being used or is not available for processing (in visual programming, it would be considered as disabled) to make a variable (temporarily) unusable, you can nullify its value. C++ considers that a variable whose value is null is stern. To render a variable unavailable during the evolutionof a program, apply the logical not operator which is !. Its syntax is: !Value There are two main ways you can use the logical not operator. As we will learn when studying conditional statements, the most classic way of using the logical not operator is to check the state of a variable. To nullify a variable, you can write the exclamation point to its left. When used like that, you can display its value using the cout extractor. You can even assign it to another variable. Here is an example: 3/17/12

The Logical Not Operator !

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() { int Value1 = 250; int Value2 = 32; int Value3 = !Value1;

// Display the value of a variable cout << "Value1 = " << Value1 << "\n"; // Logical Not a variable and display its value cout << "!Value2 = " << !Value2 << "\n";

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The Logical Not Operator !

When a variable holds a value, it is "alive". To make it not available, you can "not" it. When a variable has been "notted", its logical value has changed. If the logical value was true, which is 1, it would be changed to false, which is 0. Therefore, you can inverse the logical value of a variable by "notting" or not "notting" it. This is illustrated in the following example:
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The Logical Not Operator !

#include <iostream> using namespace std;

int main() { int Value1 = 482; int Value2 = !Value1;

cout << " Value1 = " << Value1 << "\n"; cout << " Value2 = " << Value2 << "\n"; cout << "!Value2 = " << !Value2 << "\n\n"; 3/17/12

The Inequality Operator ! =

opposed to Equality, C++ provides another operator used to compare two values for inequality. This operation uses a combination of equality and logical not operators. It combines the logical not ! and a simplified == to produce !=. Its syntax is: != Value2The != is a binary operator (like all logical operator except the logical not, which is a unary
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Value1

The Inequality Operator ! =

<iostream>

namespace std;

int {

main()

int Value1 = 212; int Value2 = -46; int Value3 = (Value1 != Value2); 3/17/12

The Comparison for a Lower Value <

find out whether one value is lower than another, use the < operator. Its syntax is: < Value2 value held by Value1 is compared to that of Value2. As it would be done with other operations, the comparison can be made between two variables, as in Variable1 < Variable2. If the value held by Variable1 is lower than that of 3/17/12

Value1 The

The Comparison for a Lower Value <

<iostream>

namespace std;

int {

main()

int Value1 = 15; int Value2 = (Value1 < 24);

Combining Equality and Lower Value <=

previous two operations can be combined to compare two values. This allows you to know if two values are the same or if the first is less than the second. The operator used is <= and its syntax is: <= Value2The <= operation performs a comparison as any of the last two. If both Value1 and Value2 hold the same value, the 3/17/12

Value1

Combining Equality and Lower Value <=

<iostream>

namespace std;

int {

main()

int Value1 = 15;

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Schema of Discussion
The

Comparison for a Greater Value Greater Than or Equal Operator for Logical Conditions

>
The

>=
Accessories Boolean

Variables

Enumerations

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The Comparison for a Greater Value >

two values of the same type are distinct, one of them is usually higher than the other. C++ provides a logical operator that allows you to find out if one of two values is greater than the other. The operator used for this operation uses the > symbol. Its syntax is: > Value2 operands, in this case Value1 and 3/17/12

Value1 Both

The Comparison for a Greater Value >=

greater than and the equality operators can be combined to produce an operator as follows: >=. This is the "greater than or equal to" operator. Its syntax is: >= Value2 comparison is performed on both operands: Value1 and Value2. If the value of Value1 and that of Value2 are the same, the comparison produces a 3/17/12

Value1 A

Boolean Variables
The

Booleandatatypeis used to declare a variable whose value would be set as true (1) or false (0). To declare such a value, you use the bool keyword. The variable can then be initialized with a starting value. The Boolean constant is used to check that the state of a variable (or a function) is true or false. You can declare such a variable as: GotThePassingGrade = true;
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bool

Boolean Variables
Here

is an example: <iostream>

#include using

namespace std;

int {

main()

bool MachineIsWorking = true; 3/17/12

Enumerations
An

enumeration provides a technique of setting a list of integers where each item of the list is ranked and has a specific name. For example, instead of numbers that represent players of a football (soccer) game such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, you can use names instead. This would produce GoalKeeper, RightDefender, LeftDefender, Stopper, Libero. The syntax of creating an enumeration is 3/17/12

Enumerations
Each

name in this list represents a constant number. Since the enumeration list is created in the beginning of the program, or at least before using any of the values in the list, each item in the list is assigned a constant number. The items are counted starting at 0, then 1, etc. By default, the first item in the list is assigned the number 0, the second is 1, etc. Just like in a game, you do not have 3/17/12

Enumerations
You

still can assign any value of your choice to any item in the list, or you can set different ranges of values to various items. You can create a list like this: Days { Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun = 0 }; Sun is No. 0, Sat would be No. 1, Fri would be 2 and so on. On the other hand, you can set values to your liking. Here is an example: 3/17/12

enum Since

Enumerations
Once

the list has been created, the name you give to the list, such as Players, becomes an identifier of its own, and its can be used to declare a variable. Therefore, a variable of the enumerated type would be declared as: Variable;You can declare more than one variable of such a type. An example of the type of our list of players would be:
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Series_Name

Enumerations
include using

<iostream>

namespace std;

main() {

enum PizzaSize {psSmall, psMedium, psLarge, psJumbo};

Enumerations
To

assign your own values to the list, you could change the enumeration as follows: PizzaSize {psSmall = 4, psMedium = 10, psLarge = 16, psJumbo = 24}; get the starting as you want, change the enumeration as follows:
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enum

To

Enumerations
#include using

<iostream>

namespace std;

main() {

enum PizzaSize {psSmall = 4, psMedium, psLarge, psJumbo};

Enumerations
To

assign values at random, you could change the list of pizzas as follows: PizzaSize {psSmall = 2, psMedium, psLarge = 14, psJumbo = -5}; would produce: small pizza has a value of 2 The medium pizza has a value of 3 The large pizza has a value of 14 The jumbo pizza 3/17/12 has a value of -5

enum

This The