以

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以 U+4EE5, 以
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE5
← 令
[U+4EE4] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 仦 →
[U+4EE6]

Translingual

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Stroke order
4 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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以 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3 in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 人+2 in simplified Chinese, 5 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 4 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 女戈人 (VIO), four-corner 28100, composition ⿲𠄌丶人 or ⿲⿱丨㇀丶人)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 94, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 388
  • Dae Jaweon: page 199, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 105, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+4EE5

Chinese

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trad. 以
simp. # 以
alternative forms 㠯
㕥
叱
𠙋

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 以
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j31039
j31040
j31041
j31042
j31043
j31044
j31045
j31046
j31047
j31048
j31049
j31050
j31051
j31052
j31053
j31054
j31055
j31056
j31057
j31058
j31059
j31060
j31061
j31062
j31063
j31064
j31065
j31066
j31067
j31068
j31069
j31070
j31071
j31072
j31073
j31074
j31075
b21167
b21168
b21169
b21170
b21171
b21172
b21173
b21174
b21175
b21176
b21177
b21178
b21179
b21180
b21181
b21182
b21183
b21184
b21185
b21186
b21187
b21188
b21189
b21190
b21191
b21192
b21193
b21194
b21195
b21196
b21197
b21198
b21199
b21200
b21201
b21202
b21203
b21204
b21205
b21206
b21207
b21208
b21209
b21210
b21211
b21212
b21213
b21214
b21215
b21216
b21217
b21218
s11013
Transcribed ancient scripts
L34134
L34135
L34136
L13617
L13618
L13619
L13620
L13621
L13622
L13623
L13624
L13625
L13626
L13627
L13628
L13616
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (以) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
似 *ljɯʔ
姒 *ljɯʔ
耜 *ljɯʔ
佀 *ljɯʔ
以 *lɯʔ
苡 *lɯʔ
苢 *lɯʔ

Pictogram (象形) – a person (人) carrying something. It is often simplified to 㠯 in pre-Qin ancient scripts. Today, the person is partly visibile on the right (see also the stylization in 从).

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-k (“to take; to fetch”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with 式 (OC *hljɯɡ, “model; form; rule”), 試 (OC *hljɯɡs, “to test; to try”).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羊己切
Baxter yiX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/jɨX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/jɨX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/jɨX/
Li
Rong 		/iəX/
Wang
Li 		/jĭəX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ji5
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ yiX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ləʔ/
English take, use

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
No. 14929
Phonetic
component 		以
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		以
Old
Chinese 		/*lɯʔ/

Definitions

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以

  1. a preposition that expresses a boundary in time, orientation, direction or quantity
    以前  ―  yǐqián  ―  before
    自古以來／自古以来  ―  zìgǔ yǐlái  ―  since time immemorial
    長安東路以西／长安东路以西  ―  cháng'ān dōng lù yǐxī  ―  west of Chang’an East Road
    價格在一千元以上。 [MSC, trad.]
    价格在一千元以上。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiàgé zài yīqiān yuán yǐshàng. [Pinyin]
    The price is above one thousand yuan.
  2. by; with; by means of
    以少勝多／以少胜多  ―  yǐ shǎo shèng duō  ―  to defeat (enemy troops) with a force inferior in number
    以德報怨／以德报怨  ―  yǐdébàoyuàn  ―  to return good for evil (literally, “to recompense injury with kindness”)
    以賣衣服為生／以卖衣服为生  ―  yǐ mài yīfú wéi shēng  ―  to make a living by selling clothes
    以大局為重／以大局为重  ―  yǐ dàjú wéi zhòng  ―  to focus on the big picture (literally, “to treat the big picture as [something] serious”)
    彼此以同樣的態度對待對方。 [MSC, trad.]
    彼此以同样的态度对待对方。 [MSC, simp.]
    Bǐcǐ yǐ tóngyàng de tàidù duìdài duìfāng. [Pinyin]
    One another treating an opposing side with the same attitude.
  3. according to
    以大小排列  ―  yǐ dàxiǎo páiliè  ―  to arrange by size
    物以類聚／物以类聚  ―  wùyǐlèijù  ―  birds of a feather flock together (lit. things will be gathered together according to category)
  4. so as to; in order to
    以正視聽／以正视听  ―  yǐzhèngshìtīng  ―  in order to ensure a correct understanding of the facts
    以防萬一／以防万一  ―  yǐfángwànyī  ―  just in case (literally, “to protect against a contingency”)
    市民對惡劣天氣要作出適當的預防措施，以減低可能引致的人命傷亡及財物損失。 [MSC, trad.]
    市民对恶劣天气要作出适当的预防措施，以减低可能引致的人命伤亡及财物损失。 [MSC, simp.]
    Shìmín duì èliè tiānqì yào zuòchū shìdāng de yùfáng cuòshī, yǐ jiǎndī kěnéng yǐnzhì de rénmìng shāngwáng jí cáiwù sǔnshī. [Pinyin]
    The public should take appropriate preventive measures against severe weather in order to minimize possible loss of life, injury and property damage.
  5. because; because of
    勿以善小而不為 [MSC, trad.]
    勿以善小而不为 [MSC, simp.]
    wù yǐ shàn xiǎo ér bù wéi [Pinyin]
    do not fail to commit a good act just because it is small in scale.
  6. (literary) therefore; thus
  7. to use
  8. (literary) to consider as
  9. (literary) and
  10. Short for 以色列 (Yǐsèliè, “Israel”).
    以巴衝突／以巴冲突  ―  Yǐ Bā chōngtū  ―  Israel-Palestinian conflict
  11. a surname
  12. (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 以 (MC yiX), equivalent to the 4th 等 (děng) of the initial 喻 (MC yuH)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 以 – see 似 (“to be like; to be similar to; to resemble; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 似).

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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以

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. compared to
  2. than
  3. by means of
  4. because
  5. in view of
  6. compared with

Readings

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  • Go-on: い (i, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: い (i, Jōyō)
  • Kun: おもう (omou, 以う)、ゆえに (yueni, 以に)、もって (motte, 以て)

Compounds

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
以
い
Grade: 4
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 以 (MC yiX).

Prefix

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以(い) • (i-) 

  1. from (this reference point) and (more)
    以(い)後(ご) ― igo ― from now on
    その以(い)後(ご) ― sono igo ― from then on; since then
    この日(ひ)以(い)後(ご) ― kono hi igo ― from this day on; ever since this day
    • 2008 March 15, “ジャンク・ウォリアー [Junk Warrior]”, in STARTER(スターター) DECK(デッキ), Konami:
      「ジャンク・シンクロン」＋チューナー以(い)外(がい)のモンスター１(いっ)体(たい)以(い)上(じょう)
      “Janku Shinkuron” purasu Chūnā igai no monsutā ittai ijō
      “Junk Synchron” plus 1 or more non-Tuner monsters
    • 2017 March 25, “リンク・スパイダー [Link Spider]”, in STARTER(スターター) DECK(デッキ), Konami:
      通(つう)常(じょう)モンスター１(いっ)体(たい)
      ①(いち)：１(いっ)ターンに１(いち)度(ど)、自(じ)分(ぶん)メインフェイズに発(はつ)動(どう)できる。手(て)札(ふだ)からレベル４(よん)以(い)下(か)の通(つう)常(じょう)モンスター１(いっ)体(たい)をこのカードのリンク先(さき)に特(とく)殊(しゅ)召(しょう)喚(かん)する。
      Tsūjō Monsutā ittaī
      Chi: Ittān ni ichi-do, jibun Mein Feizu ni hatsudō dekiru. tefuda kara Reberu yon ika no Tsūjō Monsutā ittai o kono kādo no rinku-saki ni Tokushu Shōkan suru.
      1 or more Normal Monsters
      1: Once per turn, can be activated during your Main Phase. Special Summons 1 Normal Monster of Level 4 or lower from your hand to where this card is linked to.
  2. by, with, by means of
    Synonym: …をもって (… o motte)

Usage notes

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  • An expression prefixed with 以 means "from this reference point, and more". It can only be translated upon contexts. The reference point can be understood as "now", "here", "this", or aforementioned.
    • 以(い)上(じょう) (ijō): "or more/higher/above"; literally "from this point, and anything more/higher/above"
    • 以(い)下(か) (ika): "or less/lower/below"; literally "from this point, and anything less/lower/below"
    • 以(い)内(ない) (inai): "within"; literally "from this range, and anything within"
    • 以(い)外(がい) (igai): "outside, other than"; literally "from this range, and anything outside"
    • 以(い)前(ぜん) (izen): "ago"; literally "from this point, and anything before"
    • 以(い)後(ご) (igo): "later; ever since"; literally "from this point, and anything later"

Korean

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Hanja

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以 (eumhun 써 이 (sseo i))

  1. hanja form? of 이 (“compared to”)
  2. hanja form? of 이 (“than”)
  3. hanja form? of 이 (“by means of”)
  4. hanja form? of 이 (“because”)
  5. hanja form? of 이 (“in view of”)
  6. hanja form? of 이 (“compared with”)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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以: Hán Nôm readings: dĩ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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