-us
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
See also: Appendix:Variations of "us"
Translingual
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Learned borrowing from Latin -us.
Suffix
[edit]-us m
- (taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names.
Derived terms
[edit]Esperanto
[edit]Etymology
[edit]The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:
- This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)
In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.
Pronunciation
[edit]Audio: (file)
Suffix
[edit]-us
- Ending of the conditional in verbs.
Estonian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]A merger of Proto-Finnic *-us (in the first sense) and Proto-Finnic *-uc (in the second sense). Cognate with Finnish -us.
Suffix
[edit]-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)
- Derives nouns from verbs.
- Derives nouns from adjectives.
Declension
[edit]| Declension of -us (ÕS type 11/harjutus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -used | |
| accusative | nom. | ||
| gen. | -use | ||
| genitive | -uste | ||
| partitive | -ust | -usi | |
| illative | -usse -usesse |
-ustesse -usisse | |
| inessive | -uses | -ustes -usis | |
| elative | -usest | -ustest -usist | |
| allative | -usele | -ustele -usile | |
| adessive | -usel | -ustel -usil | |
| ablative | -uselt | -ustelt -usilt | |
| translative | -useks | -usteks -usiks | |
| terminative | -useni | -usteni | |
| essive | -usena | -ustena | |
| abessive | -useta | -usteta | |
| comitative | -usega | -ustega | |
| Declension of -us (ÕS type 9/katus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -used | |
| accusative | nom. | ||
| gen. | -use | ||
| genitive | -uste | ||
| partitive | -ust | -useid | |
| illative | -usesse | -ustesse -useisse | |
| inessive | -uses | -ustes -useis | |
| elative | -usest | -ustest -useist | |
| allative | -usele | -ustele -useile | |
| adessive | -usel | -ustel -useil | |
| ablative | -uselt | -ustelt -useilt | |
| translative | -useks | -usteks -useiks | |
| terminative | -useni | -usteni | |
| essive | -usena | -ustena | |
| abessive | -useta | -usteta | |
| comitative | -usega | -ustega | |
Derived terms
[edit]Finnish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-us, generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys). Compare -os.
Suffix
[edit]-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)
- Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event.
Usage notes
[edit]- With -ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final -ht- may disappear entirely (through *-AhdUs > *-AhUs (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > *-AUs). This has led to -AUs (-aus/-äys) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with -AhdUs and one with -AUs, exist in parallel.
Declension
[edit]| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -ukset |
| gen. | -uksen | ||
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -uksessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -uksesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -uksella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -ukselta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -ukselle | -uksille | |
| essive | -uksena | -uksina | |
| translative | -ukseksi | -uksiksi | |
| abessive | -uksetta | -uksitta | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alternative forms
[edit]- -tus (used with the verb types rohkaista (66) and valita (69))
Synonyms
[edit]- -mus (used with the verb types sallia (61), and in some cases, sanoa (52) and muistaa (53))
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-us. Probably generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus), and thus identical to -us (etymology 1). In some cases potentially by confusion with -uus, -us (etymology 3). Alternatively from Proto-Uralic *-wikse.
Suffix
[edit]-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)
- Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.
Declension
[edit]| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ukset | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -ukset |
| gen. | -uksen | ||
| genitive | -uksen | -usten -uksien | |
| partitive | -usta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -uksessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -uksesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -ukseen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -uksella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -ukselta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -ukselle | -uksille | |
| essive | -uksena | -uksina | |
| translative | -ukseksi | -uksiksi | |
| abessive | -uksetta | -uksitta | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]See the etymology of -uus.
Suffix
[edit]-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)
- Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.
Declension
[edit]| Inflection of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -udet | |
| genitive | -uden | -uksien | |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia | |
| illative | -uteen | -uksiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -udet | |
| accusative | nom. | -us | -udet |
| gen. | -uden | ||
| genitive | -uden | -uksien | |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia | |
| inessive | -udessa | -uksissa | |
| elative | -udesta | -uksista | |
| illative | -uteen | -uksiin | |
| adessive | -udella | -uksilla | |
| ablative | -udelta | -uksilta | |
| allative | -udelle | -uksille | |
| essive | -utena | -uksina | |
| translative | -udeksi | -uksiksi | |
| abessive | -udetta | -uksitta | |
| instructive | — | -uksin | |
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | ||
| Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Anagrams
[edit]Hungarian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From -u (diminutive suffix) + -s (diminutive suffix).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.
- A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix.
- agronómus (“agronomist”)
Usage notes
[edit]- (diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in -a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006
- ^ -us in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Ingrian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us (front vowel variant -ys)
Declension
[edit]| Declension of -us (type 2/petos, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -us | -ukset |
| genitive | -uksen | -uksiin |
| partitive | -usta, -ust | -uksia |
| illative | -uksee | -uksii |
| inessive | -uksees | -uksiis |
| elative | -uksest | -uksist |
| allative | -ukselle | -uksille |
| adessive | -ukseel | -uksiil |
| ablative | -ukselt | -uksilt |
| translative | -ukseks | -uksiks |
| essive | -uksenna, -ukseen | -uksinna, -uksiin |
| exessive1) | -uksent | -uksint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us (front vowel variant -ys)
- Alternative form of -uus
Declension
[edit]| Declension of -us (type 2/oikehus, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -us | -uet |
| genitive | -uen | -uksiin |
| partitive | -utta | -uksia |
| illative | -uee | -uksii |
| inessive | -uees | -uksiis |
| elative | -uest | -uksist |
| allative | -uelle | -uksille |
| adessive | -ueel | -uksiil |
| ablative | -uelt | -uksilt |
| translative | -ueks | -uksiks |
| essive | -uenna, -ueen | -uksinna, -uksiin |
| exessive1) | -uent | -uksint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 57
Latin
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Germanic *-az, Icelandic -ur, Sanskrit -अः (-aḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /us/, [ʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /us/, [us]
Suffix
[edit]-us
- suffix of nouns in the second declension.
- (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
- (not productive) nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us for second-declension neuter nouns.
- suffix of adjectives in the first/second declension.
- (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
- (New Latin) suffix used to Latinize names ending in consonants.
Declension
[edit]Second-declension noun forms
Second-declension noun, with locative.
Second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative plural in -a).
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -ī |
| genitive | -ī | -ōrum |
| dative | -ō | -īs |
| accusative | -um | -ōs |
| ablative | -ō | -īs |
| vocative | -e | -ī |
| locative | -ī | -īs |
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -a |
| genitive | -ī | -ōrum |
| dative | -ō | -īs |
| accusative | -us | -a |
| ablative | -ō | -īs |
| vocative | -us | -a |
Note: The plural exists for New Latin vīrus.
Adjective forms
First/second-declension adjective, with locative.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Generally from Proto-Indo-European *-os (suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs), as in genus n from *ǵénh₁os n (“race”). Not a productive derivational suffix in Latin. The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as as decus, decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /us/, [ʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /us/, [us]
Suffix
[edit]-us
- ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension.
- nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us
Declension
[edit]Third-declension noun forms
Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -ora |
| genitive | -oris | -orum |
| dative | -orī | -oribus |
| accusative | -us | -ora |
| ablative | -ore | -oribus |
| vocative | -us | -ora |
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -era |
| genitive | -eris | -erum |
| dative | -erī | -eribus |
| accusative | -us | -era |
| ablative | -ere | -eribus |
| vocative | -us | -era |
From the noun tempus, the locative forms temperī and temporī were used adverbially, as well as the ablative tempore.
Descendants
[edit]From the plural -ora:
- Romanian: -uri (final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural forms)[1][2]
- Sicilian: -ura, -ira, -ara[3]
Etymology 3
[edit]Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most words, from Old Latin -us, from Proto-Italic *-us, from Proto-Indo-European *-us as the final part of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /us/, [ʊs̠]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /us/, [us]
Suffix
[edit]-us
- nominative/vocative singular of -us for nouns in the fourth declension.
Declension
[edit]Fourth-declension noun forms
Fourth-declension noun.
Fourth-declension noun (dative/ablative plural in -ubus).
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -us | -ūs |
| genitive | -ūs | -uum |
| dative | -uī | -ibus |
| accusative | -um | -ūs |
| ablative | -ū | -ibus |
| vocative | -us | -ūs |
Suffix
[edit]-ūs
- nominative/vocative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
- genitive singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
- accusative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Nicolae, Andreea and Scontras, Gregory, 2015. "The Progression of Gender from Latin to Romanian," page 87
- ^ Maiden, Martin. January 2016. "Ambiguity in Romanian word-structure. The structure of plurals in ...uri" Revue Roumaine de Linguistique 61(1):3-12
- ^ Cruschina, Silvio (2021) “Language contact and morphological competition: Plurals in central Sicily”, in Word Structure[1], volume 14, number 2, pages 174-194
- “-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Lithuanian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-ùs m stress pattern 4
- Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something
Declension
[edit]Non-pronominal forms (neįvardžiuotinės formos) of -us
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neuter | -ù | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ùs | -ūs | -ì | -ios | |
| genitive | -aũs | -ių̃ | -iõs | -ių̃ | |
| dative | -iám | -íems | -iai | -ióms | |
| accusative | -ų | -iùs | -ią | -iàs | |
| instrumental | -iù | -iaĩs | -ià | -iomìs | |
| locative | -iamè | -iuosè | -iojè | -iosè | |
| vocative | -ùs | -ūs | -ì | -ios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iaũ | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -èsnis | -esnì | -èsnė | -èsnės | |
| genitive | -èsnio | -esnių̃ | -esnė̃s | -esnių̃ | |
| dative | -esniám | -esníems | -èsnei | -esnė̃ms | |
| accusative | -èsnį | -esniùs | -èsnę | -esnès | |
| instrumental | -esniù | -esniaĩs | -esnè | -esnėmìs | |
| locative | -esniamè | -esniuosè | -èsnėje | -esnėsè | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iáusia | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusias | -iáusi | -iáusia | -iáusios | |
| genitive | -iáusio | -iáusių | -iáusios | -iáusių | |
| dative | -iáusiam | -iáusiems | -iáusiai | -iáusioms | |
| accusative | -iáusią | -iáusius | -iáusią | -iáusias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiu | -iáusiais | -iáusia | -iáusiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiame | -iáusiuose | -iáusioje | -iáusiose | |
Pronominal forms (įvardžiuotinės formos) of -us
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us, -ùs m
- Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.
- alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)
- sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)
Declension
[edit](noun):
Declension of -ùs
| singular (vienaskaita) | plural (daugiskaita) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative (vardininkas) | -ùs | -ūs |
| genitive (kilmininkas) | -aũs | -ų̃ |
| dative (naudininkas) | -ui | -ùms |
| accusative (galininkas) | -ų | -ùs |
| instrumental (įnagininkas) | -umì | -umìs |
| locative (vietininkas) | -ujè | -uosè |
| vocative (šauksmininkas) | -aũ | -ūs |
(adjective):
Non-pronominal forms (neįvardžiuotinės formos) of -us
| positive degree | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neuter | -u | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -us | -ūs | -i | -ios | |
| genitive | -aus | -ių | -ios | -ių | |
| dative | -iam | -iems | -iai | -ioms | |
| accusative | -ų | -ius | -ią | -ias | |
| instrumental | -iu | -iais | -ia | -iomis | |
| locative | -iame | -iuose | -ioje | -iose | |
| vocative | -us | -ūs | -i | -ios | |
| comparative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iaũ | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -èsnis | -esnì | -èsnė | -èsnės | |
| genitive | -èsnio | -esnių̃ | -esnė̃s | -esnių̃ | |
| dative | -esniám | -esníems | -èsnei | -esnė̃ms | |
| accusative | -èsnį | -esniùs | -èsnę | -esnès | |
| instrumental | -esniù | -esniaĩs | -esnè | -esnėmìs | |
| locative | -esniamè | -esniuosè | -èsnėje | -esnėsè | |
| superlative degree | |||||
| neuter | -iáusia | ||||
| masculine | feminine | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -iáusias | -iáusi | -iáusia | -iáusios | |
| genitive | -iáusio | -iáusių | -iáusios | -iáusių | |
| dative | -iáusiam | -iáusiems | -iáusiai | -iáusioms | |
| accusative | -iáusią | -iáusius | -iáusią | -iáusias | |
| instrumental | -iáusiu | -iáusiais | -iáusia | -iáusiomis | |
| locative | -iáusiame | -iáusiuose | -iáusioje | -iáusiose | |
Pronominal forms (įvardžiuotinės formos) of -us
Etymology 3
[edit]From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us, -ùs
- Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
- Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *-wōs. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *-vъ. See also -usi.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us
- Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Eugen Hill. (2013) 'Historical phonology in service of subgrouping. Two laws of final syllables in the common prehistory of baltic and slavonic'. Baltistica, volume 48, number 2, p. 161-204
Livvi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us and Estonian -us.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us (front vowel variant -ys)
- Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion
Derived terms
[edit]Middle English
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us
- Alternative form of -ous
Middle Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.[1] Cognate with Cornish -us.
Suffix
[edit]-us
- -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Welsh: -us
References
[edit]- ^ J. Morris Jones, A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative (Oxford 1913), § 153 i 13.
Northern Sami
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Samic *-ōksë.
Pronunciation
[edit]
Suffix
[edit]-us
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.
When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.
Inflection
[edit]For even-syllable stems:
| Odd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -us | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | -us | -usat | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | -usa | -usiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | -usiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Illative | -usii | -usiidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | -usis | -usiin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Comitative | -usiin | -usiiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Essive | -usin | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
For odd-syllable stems:
| Even a-stem, ss-s gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -us | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | -us | -usat | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accusative | -usa | -usaid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | -usa | -usaid | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Illative | -ussii | -usaide | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | -usas | -usain | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Comitative | -usain | -usaiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Essive | -ussan | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived terms
[edit]Old French
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us
- -ous, used for forming adjectives
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Middle French: -eux, -eulx
- Norman: -eux
- → Middle English: -ous, -os, -ose, -ouse, -ows, -owse, -us, -ws
- English: -ous
Old Irish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Celtic *-es-tus.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us
- Alternative form of -as
Etymology 2
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-us (suffixed pronoun)
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Old Irish affixed pronouns
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
| Person | Infixed | Suffixed | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Class A | Class B | Class C | ||
| 1 sing. | m-L | dom-L, dam-L | -um | |
| 2 sing. | t-L | dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L | -ut | |
| 3 sing. m. | a-N, e-N | d-N | id-N, did-N, d-N | -i, -it |
| 3 sing. f. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| 3 sing. n. | a-L, e-L | d-L | id-L, did-L, d-L | -i, -it |
| 1 pl. | n- | don-, dun-, dan- | -unn | |
| 2 pl. | b- | dob-, dub-, dab- | -uib | |
| 3 pl. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
| L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others. | ||||
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-us
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- -us in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Welsh -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus.[1] Cognate with Cornish -us, Breton -us and English -ous.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ɨ̞s/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /ɪs/
Suffix
[edit]-us
- adjectival suffix often indicating a characteristic, propensity or abundance
- (chemistry) -ous, Used in chemical nomenclature to name chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a lower oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -ig. For example asid nitrus (“nitrous acid, HNO2”) has fewer oxygen atoms per molecule than asid nitrig (“nitric acid, HNO3”).
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Morris Jones, John (1913) A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 153 i 13
Further reading
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-us”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Categories:
- Translingual terms borrowed from Latin
- Translingual learned borrowings from Latin
- Translingual terms derived from Latin
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual suffixes
- Translingual masculine suffixes
- mul:Taxonomy
- Esperanto terms with audio pronunciation
- Esperanto lemmas
- Esperanto suffixes
- Esperanto 1894 Universala Vortaro
- Words approved by the Akademio de Esperanto
- Esperanto BRO1
- Estonian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Estonian lemmas
- Estonian suffixes
- Estonian noun-forming suffixes
- Estonian harjutus-type nominals
- Estonian katus-type nominals
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish suffixes
- Finnish noun-forming suffixes
- Finnish vastaus-type nominals
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish kalleus-type nominals
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian diminutive suffixes
- Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian suffixes
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Latin terms derived from Old Latin
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin lemmas
- Latin suffixes
- Latin noun-forming suffixes
- Latin adjective-forming suffixes
- Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Lithuanian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Lithuanian lemmas
- Lithuanian suffixes
- Lithuanian masculine suffixes
- Lithuanian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic
- Livvi terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Livvi terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Livvi terms with IPA pronunciation
- Livvi lemmas
- Livvi suffixes
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English suffixes
- Middle Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Middle Welsh terms derived from Latin
- Middle Welsh lemmas
- Middle Welsh suffixes
- Northern Sami terms inherited from Proto-Samic
- Northern Sami terms derived from Proto-Samic
- Northern Sami lemmas
- Northern Sami suffixes
- Northern Sami noun-forming suffixes
- Northern Sami odd nouns
- Northern Sami non-gradating odd nouns
- Northern Sami even nouns
- Northern Sami even a-stem nouns
- Old French terms inherited from Latin
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French suffixes
- Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Irish lemmas
- Old Irish suffixes
- Old Irish personal pronouns
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/us
- Rhymes:Polish/us/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish suffixes
- Welsh terms inherited from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms derived from Middle Welsh
- Welsh terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Welsh terms derived from Latin
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh suffixes
- cy:Chemistry