z

See also: Appendix:Variations of "z"

z U+007A, z LATIN SMALL LETTER Z ← y [U+0079] Basic Latin { → [U+007B]

Character variations

ᶻ U+1DBB, ᶻ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL Z ← ᶺ [U+1DBA] Phonetic Extensions Supplement ᶼ → [U+1DBC]

𝆎 U+1D18E, 𝆎 MUSICAL SYMBOL Z ← 𝆍 [U+1D18D] Musical Symbols 𝆏 → [U+1D18F]

ｚ U+FF5A, ｚ FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER Z ← ｙ [U+FF59] Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms ｛ → [U+FF5B]

Languages (52)

Translingual • English

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Albanian • Alemannic German • Azerbaijani • Basque • Central Mazahua • Cimbrian • Czech • Dutch • Egyptian • Esperanto • Estonian • Finnish • French • Gothic • Heiltsuk • Hungarian • Ido • Indonesian • Italian • Kankanaey • Kashubian • Latin • Latvian • Livonian • Lower Sorbian • Malay • Maltese • Navajo • Norwegian • Nupe • Old Czech • Old Polish • Polish • Portuguese • Romani • Romanian • Sani • Serbo-Croatian • Seri • Silesian • Skolt Sami • Slovak • Slovene • Spanish • Swedish • Tagalog • Turkish • Turkmen • Upper Sorbian • Zulu

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Page categories

Translingual

Pronunciation

• Pronunciation of IPA [zɑː, ɑzzɑː] with the sound [z]:

  (file)

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. The twenty-sixth and last letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.

See also

• (Latin script):  Aa  Bb  Cc  Dd  Ee  Ff  Gg  Hh  Ii  Jj  Kk  Ll  Mm  Nn  Oo  Pp  Qq  Rr  Sſs  Tt  Uu  Vv  Ww  Xx  Yy  Zz
• (Variations of letter Z):  Źź  Ẑẑ  Žž  Żż  Ẓẓ  Ẕẕ  Ƶƶ  Ȥȥ  Ⱬⱬ  ᵶ  ᶎ  ʐ  ʑ  ɀ  ᴢ  Ｚｚ  DZDzdz  DZDzdz  DŽDždž  DŽDždž
• Greek ζ, Hebrew ז.

Symbol

z

1. (metrology) Symbol for the prefix zepto-.
2. (astronomy) Symbol for the redshift.
3. (mathematics) Used to denote a real variable when x and y are already in use.

   $f\left(x,y,z\right)=\sin x+\cos y+\tan z$

4. (mathematics) Used to denote the third coordinate in three-dimensional Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems.

   $x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=1$

5. (mathematics) Used to denote a complex variable.

   $\left\Vert z\right\Vert =z\cdot {\bar {z}}$

6. (statistics) Used to denote a value of a standard normal random variable.

   $P[Z>z]=1-P[Z<z]=1-\Phi (z)$

7. (chemistry) Symbol for atomic number.
8. (IPA) a voiced alveolar sibilant.
9. (superscript ⟨ᶻ⟩, IPA) [z]-fricated release of a plosive (e.g. [dᶻ], sometimes implying an affricate [d͜z]); [z]-coloring; or a weak, fleeting or epenthetic [z].

   Lushootseed uses the affricate convention for its alphabetic letter ⟨dᶻ⟩.

Derived terms

Prefix zepto-

• zA
• zcd
• zK
• zkg
• zm
• zmol
• zs

• zBq
• zC
• zF
• zGy
• zH
• zHz
• zJ
• zkat
• zlm
• zlx
• zN
• zΩ
• zPa
• zrad
• zS
• zSv
• zsr
• zT
• zV
• zW
• zWb

Gallery

• Letter styles
• 
  Uppercase and lowercase versions of Z, in normal and italic type
• 
  Uppercase and lowercase Z in Fraktur

See also

Other representations of Z:

NATO phonetic: Zulu Morse code: ––·· Braille: ⠵ ASL Manual: Z

Signal flag:

Semaphore:

English

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Letter name

• (UK) IPA^(key): /zɛd/

• Audio (UK):

  (file)

• (US) IPA^(key): /ziː/

• Audio (California):

  (file)

• (Hong Kong) IPA^(key): /iˈzɛd/, /ɪˈzɛd/ (from izzard)
• (India) IPA^(key): /ɪˈzɛd/, /ɪˈzɛɖ/
• Rhymes: -ɛd, -iː

Phoneme

• IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z, plural zs or z's)

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the English alphabet, called zed, zee, or izzard and written in the Latin script.

Derived terms

• catch some z's
• grab some z's
• stack z's
• z-average
• z-axis
• z-buffer
• z car
• z-culling
• z-direction
• z-fighting
• z-index
• z-intercept
• z-order
• z-test
• z-variant
• z-word

 

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letter; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Etymology 2

Abbreviations.

z

1. (stenoscript) the sound /z/, regardless of spelling.

   Note: plural /s/, /z/ or /əz/ in nouns is instead indicated by an optional dot under last letter; 3sg /s/, /z/ or /əz/ in verbs is not written at all, except for hz 'has', sz 'says', dz 'does'

2. (stenoscript) the sound /ʃ/, /ʒ/, or the sequence /ziː/.
3. (stenoscript) Abbreviation of as, was, his, she.

Albanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. The thirty-fifth letter of the Albanian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) shkronjë; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, Dh dh, E e, Ë ë, F f, G g, Gj gj, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Nj nj, O o, P p, Q q, R r, Rr rr, S s, Sh sh, T t, Th th, U u, V v, X x, Xh xh, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Alemannic German

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡s/

Etymology 1

Article

z n

1. Synonym of s: the

   Gfallt der z Huus? ― Do you like the house?

Etymology 2

Preposition

z

1. unstressed form of of zue

   Mir wonen z Züri. ― We live in Zurich.

Etymology 3

Preposition

z

1. unstressed form of of zu

   Das isch z vill. ― This is too much.

Azerbaijani

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z lower case (upper case Z)

1. The thirty-second letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) hərf; A a, B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ə ə, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, X x, I ı, İ i, J j, K k, Q q, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, V v, Y y, Z z

Basque

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /s̻eta/, [s̻e̞.t̪a]

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-seventh letter of the Basque alphabet, called zeta and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ü ü), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Central Mazahua

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ⱥ ⱥ, A̱ a̱, B b, C c, Cꞌ cꞌ, Cj cj, Cu cu, Cꞌu cꞌu, Cju cju, Ch ch, Chꞌ chꞌ, Chj chj, D d, Dy dy, E e, Ɇ ɇ, E̱ e̱, G g, Gu gu, Hu hu, ꞌHu ꞌhu, I i, I̱ i̱, J j, Jꞌ jꞌ, Jm jm, Jn jn, Jñ jñ, Ju ju, Jy jy, L l, M m, Mꞌ mꞌ, N n, Nꞌ nꞌ, Ñ ñ, Ñꞌ ñꞌ, O o, Ø ø, O̱ o̱, P p, Pj pj, R r, S s, T t, Tꞌ tꞌ, Tj tj, Ts ts, Tsꞌ tsꞌ, Tsj tsj, U u, Ꞹ ꞹ, U̱ u̱, X x, Z z, Zh zh, ꞌ

Cimbrian

Alternative forms

• 's (Sette Comuni)

Article

z

1. (Luserna) the; definite article for two declensions:
   1. nominative singular neuter
   2. accusative singular neuter

See also

Cimbrian definite articles
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	dar	de / di	's / z	de / di
Accusative	in	de / di	's / z	de / di
Dative	me	dar	me	in

References

• Patuzzi, Umberto, ed., (2013) Luserna / Lusérn: Le nostre parole / Ünsarne börtar / Unsere Wörter [Our Words], Luserna, Italy: Comitato unitario delle isole linguistiche storiche germaniche in Italia / Einheitskomitee der historischen deutschen Sprachinseln in Italien

Czech

Alternative forms

• ze

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech z, ze, from Proto-Slavic *jьz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

• Audio:

  (file)

Preposition

z [with genitive]

1. from

   Toto víno pochází z Francie. ― This wine comes from France.

2. out of

   Pět z deseti doktorů doporučuje tuto zubní pastu. ― Five out of ten doctors recommend this toothpaste.

Usage notes

• The more usual form is z, while ze is used before words starting with s, z and certain consonant clusters.
• In certain contexts (in the meaning "out of the surface" or "down from the surface") the preposition s, which normally requires instrumental case, can be used synonymously requiring the genitive case. This use of the preposition s is dated though and is mainly seen in older literature.
  • spadnout z/s kopce ― to fall down the hill
  • sundat něco ze/se skříně ― to take something off the cupboard

Further reading

• “z”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “z”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Dutch

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛt
• (letter name): IPA^(key): /zɛt/

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the Dutch alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• Previous letter: y

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /zɛ/, /zɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ze, za

Noun

 m

1. door bolt of wood or copper [since the Pyramid Texts]

Inflection

Declension of z (masculine)

singular	z
dual	zwj
plural	zw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of z  

[Old Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[Late Period]	[Late Period]

See also

• 𓊃

Etymology 2

Speculatively, Ehret hypothesizes an origin in Proto-Afroasiatic *ji (one, someone, somebody); as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking. Compare Hebrew זֶה.

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /zuʀ/ → /suʀ/ → /suʔ/ → /søʔ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /zuʀ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ˈzuʀwaw/ (plural)
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /suʀ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ˈsuʀwaw/ (plural)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /suʔ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /ˈsuːwə/ (plural)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /søʔ/ (singular); IPA^(key): /seːw/ (plural)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /zɛ/, /zɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ze, za

Noun

 m

1. man (male person) [since the Old Kingdom]
2. someone, anyone
   • c. 1944 BCE, (year 17 of the reign of Senusret I), Stela of Mentuwoser (MMA 12.184), lines 11–12:

     nj sḏr z ḥqr.w r dmj.j

     No one went to bed hungry in my district.

Usage notes

This word can be placed after a type of person and before a number to indicate that many prisoners of that type were taken.

Inflection

Declension of z (masculine)

singular	z
dual	zwj
plural	zw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of z  

z	z	z	z	s	s	sj	sꜣ
[Old Kingdom]	[since the Old Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[since the Middle Kingdom]	[since the 19th Dynasty]	[since the 19th Dynasty]	[Late Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]

See also

• 𓀀

Derived terms

• z jm
• z-n-wsrt

 

Descendants

• Coptic: ⲥⲁ- (sa-)

Noun

 m

1. being, creature (used of a snake) [Pyramid Texts]

Inflection

Declension of z (masculine)

singular	z
dual	zwj
plural	zw

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /zɛ/, /zɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: ze, za

Noun

 m

1. A type of fish [22nd dynasty]

Inflection

Declension of z (masculine)

singular	z
dual	zwj
plural	zw

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926–1961) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN

Esperanto

Pronunciation

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /zo/
• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /z/

• Audio:

  (file)

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-eighth letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called zo and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, Ĉ ĉ, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ĝ ĝ, H h, Ĥ ĥ, I i, J j, Ĵ ĵ, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, Ŝ ŝ, T t, U u, Ŭ ŭ, V v, Z z

Estonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈtsetː/

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-first letter of the Estonian alphabet, called tsett and written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• Used only in loanwords.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) täht; A a, B b (C c), D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Š š, Z z, Ž ž, T t, U u, V v (W w), Õ õ, Ä ä, Ö ö, Ü ü (X x, Y y)

Finnish

Etymology

The Finnish orthography using the Latin script was based on those of Swedish, German and Latin, and was first used in the mid-16th century. No earlier script is known. See the Wikipedia article on Finnish for more information, and z for information on the development of the glyph itself.

Pronunciation

• Audio (letter name); “tset”:

  (file)

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-fifth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called tseta or tset and written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• Used only in loanwords. In more established loanwords replaced with ts.

Derived terms

compounds

• hattu-z
• suhu-z
• z-akseli
• z-suunta

 

See also

• (Latin-script letters) kirjain; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s (Š š), T t, U u, V v (W w), X x, Y y, Z z (Ž ž), Å å, Ä ä, Ö ö

French

Pronunciation

• (letter name) IPA^(key): /zɛd/

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the French alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Gothic

Romanization

z

1. Romanization of 𐌶

Heiltsuk

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͜s/

Letter

z (uppel case Z)

1. A letter of the Heiltsuk alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Á á, A̓ a̓, B b, C c, C̓ c̓, D d, Ꟛ ꟛ, G g, Gv gv, Ǧ ǧ, Ǧv ǧv, H h, H̓ h̓, Ħ ħ, I i, Í í, I̓ i̓, K k, Kv kv, K̓ k̓, K̓v k̓v, L l, ʼL l̓, Ḷ ḷ, Ḷ́ ḷ́, ʼḶ ḷ̓, Ɫ ɫ, M m, ʼM m̓, Ṃ ṃ, Ṃ́ ṃ́, ʼṂ ṃ̓, N n, ʼN n̓, Ṇ ṇ, Ṇ́ ṇ́, ʼṆ ṇ̓, P p, P̓ p̓, Q q, Qv qv, Q̓ q̓, Q̓v q̓v, S s, T t, T̓ t̓, Ƛ ƛ, Ƛ̓ ƛ̓, U u, Ú ú, U̓ u̓, W w, ʼW w̓, X x, Xv xv, X̌ x̌, X̌v x̌v, Y y, ʼY y̓, Z z, ʔ

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): [ˈz]
• (letter name): IPA^(key): [ˈzeː]

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The thirty-ninth letter of the Hungarian alphabet, called zé and written in the Latin script.

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	z	z-k
accusative	z-t	z-ket
dative	z-nek	z-knek
instrumental	z-vel	z-kkel
causal-final	z-ért	z-kért
translative	z-vé	z-kké
terminative	z-ig	z-kig
essive-formal	z-ként	z-kként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	z-ben	z-kben
superessive	z-n	z-ken
adessive	z-nél	z-knél
illative	z-be	z-kbe
sublative	z-re	z-kre
allative	z-hez	z-khez
elative	z-ből	z-kből
delative	z-ről	z-kről
ablative	z-től	z-ktől
non-attributive possessive - singular	z-é	z-ké
non-attributive possessive - plural	z-éi	z-kéi

Possessive forms of z
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	z-m	z-im
2nd person sing.	z-d	z-id
3rd person sing.	z-je	z-i
1st person plural	z-nk	z-ink
2nd person plural	z-tek	z-itek
3rd person plural	z-jük	z-ik

See also

• (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.

Further reading

• z in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Ido

Pronunciation

• (context pronunciation) IPA^(key): /z/
• (letter name) IPA^(key): /ze/

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) litero; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/ (usually unless before a voiced consonant)
• IPA^(key): /s/ (sometimes before a voiced consonant e.g. Mazmur)

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the Indonesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• Used only in loanwords from Arabic, English, etc.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) huruf; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Italian

Letter

z f or m (invariable, lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-first letter of the Italian alphabet, called zeta and written in the Latin script.

Kankanaey

Etymology

Borrowed from Tagalog z. Letter pronunciation is influenced by English z.

Pronunciation

• (letter name) IPA^(key): /zi/ [zi̞]
  • IPA^(key): (more native-sounding) /si/ [si̞]
  • Rhymes: -i
• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /z/ [z]
  • IPA^(key): (more native-sounding) /s/ [s]

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-eighth letter of the Kankanaey alphabet, called zi and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letra; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

References

• Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (2016) Ortograpiya di Kankanaëy [Kankanaey Orthography]‎^[1] (in Kankanaey and Tagalog), →ISBN, pages 10-11

Kashubian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈz/ (before a voiced consonant)
• IPA^(key): /ˈs/ (before a voiceless consonant)
• Syllabification: w

Etymology 1

The Kashubian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Kashubian alphabet article on Wikipedia for more, and z for development of the glyph itself.

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The thirty-second letter of the Kashubian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, àã, B b, C c, D d, E e, É é, Ë ë, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, O o, Ò ò, Ó ó, Ô ô, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, Ù ù, W w, Y y, Z z, Ż ż

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz.

Preposition

z

1. from, out of [with genitive]

Alternative forms

• ze, zez

Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n).

Preposition

z

1. denotes comitative or sociative relation; with, alongside [with instrumental]

Alternative forms

• ze, zez

Further reading

• Stefan Ramułt (1893) “z”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 258
• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “z”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[2]
• “z”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022

Latin

Etymology

The minuscule form derives from the majuscule Z.

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-third letter of the Classical Latin alphabet, called zēta.

References

• z in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “z”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers

Latvian

Etymology

Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [z]

Letter

Z

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The thirty-second letter of the Latvian alphabet, called zē and written in the Latin script.

See also

• Letters of the Latvian alphabet:

  burti: Aa, Āā, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Ēē, Ff, Gg, Ģģ, Hh, Ii, Īī, Jj, Kk, Ķķ, Ll, Ļļ, Mm, Nn, Ņņ, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Ūū, Vv, Zz, Žž

Livonian

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. The thirty-eighth letter of the Livonian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) kēratēd̦; A a, Ā ā, Ä ä, Ǟ ǟ, B b, D d, D̦ d̦, E e, Ē ē, F f, G g, H h, I i, Ī ī, J j, K k, L l, Ļ ļ, M m, N n, Ņ ņ, O o, Ō ō, Ȯ ȯ, Ȱ ȱ, Õ õ, Ȭ ȭ, P p, R r, Ŗ ŗ, S s, Š š, T t, Ț ț, U u, Ū ū, V v, Z z, Ž ž

Lower Sorbian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. The thirty-second letter of the Lower Sorbian alphabet, called zet and written in the Latin script.

See also

• See Template:list:Latin script letters/dsb.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *jьz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.

Alternative forms

• ze (used before sibilants and certain consonant clusters)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/, (before a voiceless consonant) /s/

Preposition

z (with genitive)

1. from, out of

Etymology 3

From Proto-Slavic *sъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom.

Alternative forms

• ze (used before sibilants and certain consonant clusters)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/, (before a voiceless consonant) /s/

Preposition

z (with instrumental)

1. with

   Stej bratš ze sotšu.

   They are brother and sister

   (literally, “brother with sister”)

Malay

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Maltese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /t͡s/, /d͡z/
• Simple z is almost always /t͡s/. Geminated zz is also predominantly voiceless, but intervocalically it may represent /dd͡z/, notably in the verbal suffix -izza.

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. The thirtieth letter of the Maltese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) ittra; A a, B b, Ċ ċ, D d, E e, F f, Ġ ġ, G g, Għ għ, H h, Ħ ħ, I i, Ie ie, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Ż ż, Z z

Navajo

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a (Á á, Ą ą, Ą́ ą́), B b, Ch ch, Chʼ chʼ, D d, Dl dl, Dz dz, E e (É é, Ę ę, Ę́ ę́), G g, Gh gh, H h, Hw hw, X x, I i (Í í, Į į, Į́ į́), J j, K k, Kʼ kʼ, Kw kw, ʼ, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n (Ń ń), O o (Ó ó, Ǫ ǫ, Ǫ́ ǫ́), S s, Sh sh, T t, Tʼ tʼ, Tł tł, Tłʼ tłʼ, Ts ts, Tsʼ tsʼ, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Norwegian

Pronunciation

• (letter name): IPA^(key): /set/, /sɛt/
• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /s/, /ʃ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Letter

z

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the Norwegian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• Not used in Norwegian, only appears in loanwords from e.g. Slavic.
• Used interchangeably with s in Internet slang and informal writing.

Nupe

Pronunciation

• (phoneme): IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-ninth letter of the Nupe alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) banki; A a (Á á, À à), B b, C c, D d, Dz dz, E e (É é, È è), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì), J j, K k, Kp kp, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò), P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, Ts ts, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù), V v, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Old Czech

Alternative forms

• ze

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs.

Preposition

z

1. from, out of [with genitive]

Descendants

• Czech: z

References

• Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “z”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění

Old Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/, /s/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz. First attested in the 14th century.

Preposition

z [with genitive]

1. denotes delative movement; off of
2. denotes elative movement; out of
3. denotes duration; since
4. denotes a change of state; from
5. denotes the composition of an item; from, out of, of
6. denotes origin or cause; because of, from
7. with a noun, denotes manner; by means of, from

Preposition

z [with accusative]

1. denotes delative movement; off of

Preposition

z [with accusative]

1. denotes delative movement; off of

Particle

z

1. approximately, about

Alternative forms

• s, se, ze

Descendants

• Polish: z
• Silesian: z

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n). First attested in the 14th century.

Preposition

z [with instrumental]

1. denotes comitative or sociative relation; with, alongside
2. denotes instrumental relation; with, by means of
3. denotes origin or cause; because of, from

Alternative forms

• s, se, ze

Descendants

• Polish: z
• Silesian: z

References

• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “z”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Polish

Etymology 1

The Polish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the history of Polish orthography article on Wikipedia for more, and z for development of the glyph itself.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈzɛt/

Letter

z (upper case Z, lower case)

1. The thirtieth letter of the Polish alphabet, called zet and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ą ą, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, Ę ę, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ó ó, P p (Q q), R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u (V v), W w (X x), Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *jьz.

Alternative forms

• ze
• s (obsolete) [19th c.]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -z
• Syllabification: z
• Homophones: s-, z-

Preposition

z [with genitive]

1. denotes delative movement; off of

   Jesteś z przodu czy z tyłu? ― Are you at the front or at the back?

2. denotes duration; since
3. denotes a change of state; from
4. denotes origin or cause; because of, from
5. denotes elative movement; out of

   Jestem z Polski. ― I'm from Poland.

   jeden z dziesięciu ― one out of ten

6. denotes the composition of an item; from, out of, of

   motyka z drewna ― a hoe made of wood

Particle

z

1. (colloquial) approximately, about, around, ish, or so

   Synonyms: mniej więcej, około

   Mam z pięć jabłek ― I have five ish apples.

Etymology 3

Inherited from Old Polish z, from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n).

Alternative forms

• ze
• s (obsolete) [19th c.]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -z
• Syllabification: z
• Homophones: s-, z-

Preposition

z [with instrumental]

1. denotes comitative or sociative relation; with, alongside

   Antonym: bez

2. denotes instrumental relation; with, by means of

   Podróżuje z prędkością światła! ― It's travelling at the speed of light?

Usage notes

• The preposition or particle generally changes to ze when the pronunciation of the two consecutive words becomes problematic. Some dictionaries claim that this rule applies to words starting with one of the following consonants: s, z, ś, ź, ż, rz, sz that are followed by another consonant. Examples include:

  Ten pręt jest z żelaza. ― This rod is made of iron.

  Ten pręt jest ze stali. ― This rod is made of steel.

  Pochodzę z Francji. ― I come from France.

  Pochodzę ze Szwecji. ― I come from Sweden.

• The form ze is used also before mnie, mną, and forms of wszystko.

• Both z and ze can be used before sobą.

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), z is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 1744 times in scientific texts, 1828 times in news, 1527 times in essays, 1920 times in fiction, and 1291 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 8310 times, making it the 7th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

Further reading

• z in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• z in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• “Z”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 20.02.2014
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “z”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “z”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1927), “z”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 8, Warsaw, page 1

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): (letter name) /ˈze/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): (letter name) /ˈze/

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) letra; A a (Á á, À à,  â, àã), B b, C c (Ç ç), D d, E e (É é, Ê ê), F f, G g, H h, I i (Í í), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ô ô, Õ õ), P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u (Ú ú), V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Romani

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. (International Standard) The thirtieth letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
2. (Pan-Vlax) The thirty-first letter of the Romani alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).

Romanian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The thirty-first letter of the Romanian alphabet, called ze, zet, zed, or zî and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, Ă ă,  â, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, Πî, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, Ș ș, T t, Ț ț, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Sani

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z̊³³/

Noun

z

1. water

References

• Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, volumes 26-27 (2003, Department of Linguistics, University of California), page 74
• Huang Bufan (editor), Xu Shouchun, Chen Jiaying, Wan Huiyin, A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon (1992; Central Minorities University, Beijing) (has z̊³³)

Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

• Z (uppercase)

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /z/

Preposition

z (Cyrillic spelling з)

1. (Kajkavian, Chakavian, Croatia) (+ instrumental case) with
   • 1501, Marko Marulić, Judita:

     požgat su pritili sela naša stane,
     žene z dicom htili vest u svoje strane,
     inim dati rane, svih smrtno sikući;

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1622, Ivan Gundulić, Suze sina razmetnoga:

     od svjetlosti zrak otvori,
     i ostaše razlučene,
     z bielim danom noćne sjene:

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1927, Dragutin Domjanić, Kaj:

     I srce mi greje
     I z menom se smeje
     I v žalosti plače takaj.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. (Kajkavian) (+ genitive case) from, out of
   • 1927, Dragutin Domjanić, Kaj vrt si senja:

     Oblaček po nebu
     Si stiha putuje,
     A z trave još samo
     Šćurica se čuje.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Synonyms

• iz, s, sa, š

Letter

z (Cyrillic spelling з)

1. The 29th letter of the Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet (gajica), preceded by v and followed by ž.

Seri

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʃ/

Etymology 1

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. The twenty-third letter of the Seri alphabet, called seta and written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

Article

z

1. Pre-vocalic form of zo (“a, an”)

References

• Moser, Mary B., Marlett, Stephen A. (2010) Comcaac quih yaza quih hant ihiip hac: cmiique iitom - cocsar iitom - maricaana iitom [Seri-Spanish-English Dictionary], 2nd edition, Hermosillo: Plaza y Valdés Editores, →ISBN, page 609.

Silesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/, IPA^(key): /zɨ/
• Syllabification: z

Etymology 1

The Silesian orthography is based on the Latin alphabet. No earlier script is known. See the Silesian language article on Wikipedia for more, and z for development of the glyph itself.

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The thirty-second letter of the Silesian alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, àã, B b, C c, Ć ć, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, Ł ł, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ŏ ŏ, Ō ō, Ô ô, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Ś ś, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ź ź, Ż ż

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish z.

Preposition

z [with genitive]

1. denotes a point in space or time from which movement or an action starts; from

   Antonym: do

2. denotes a material from which something is made; from, out of, made of

Alternative forms

• ze, ś, zy, s

Etymology 3

Inherited from Old Polish z.

Preposition

z [with instrumental]

1. denotes that something is a component; with

   Antonym: bez

2. denotes that something is the contents of a container; with

   Antonym: bez

3. denotes comitative or sociative relation; with, alongside

   Antonym: bez

4. denotes conditions or environment in which something occurs; with

   Antonym: bez

Alternative forms

• ze, ś, zy, s

Further reading

• z in silling.org

Skolt Sami

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. The thirty-third letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) bukva; A a,  â, B b, C c, Č č, Ʒ ʒ, Ǯ ǯ, D d, Đ đ, E e, F f, G g, Ǧ ǧ, Ǥ ǥ, H h, I i, J j, K k, Ǩ ǩ, L l, M m, N n, Ŋ ŋ, O o, Õ õ, P p, R r, S s, Š š, T t, U u, V v, Z z, Ž ž, Å å, Ä ä, ʹ

Slovak

Alternative forms

• zo

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Preposition

z (+ genitive)

1. from

Further reading

• “z”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2024

Slovene

Etymology 1

See Translingual section.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Letter

z

1. The twenty-fourth letter of the Slovene alphabet, written in the Latin script.
2. The thirty-fourth letter of the Slovene alphabet (Resian), written in the Latin script.
3. The twenty-fifth letter of the Slovene alphabet (Natisone Valley dialect), written in the Latin script.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *sъ(n), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱom.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Preposition

z

1. (with instrumental) with, by means of, using
2. (with instrumental) (together) with, in the company of
3. (with genitive) from

Alternative forms

• s (before a voiceless consonant)

Further reading

• “z”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
• “z”, in Termania, Amebis
• See also the general references

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (phoneme) /s/, /θ/
• IPA^(key): (letter name, Spain) /ˈθeta/ [ˈθe.t̪a]
• IPA^(key): (letter name, Latin America, Philippines) /ˈseta/ [ˈse.t̪a]

  • Audio (Spain):

    (file)

  • Rhymes: -eta

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-seventh letter of the Spanish alphabet, called zeta and written in the Latin script.

Swedish

Pronunciation

Letter name

• IPA^(key): /ˈsɛ̂ːˌta/

Phoneme

• IPA^(key): /s/
  • Homophones: c (before front vowels), s

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the Swedish alphabet, called säta or zäta and written in the Latin script.

Tagalog

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish z. Each pronunciation has a different source:

• Filipino alphabet pronunciation is influenced by English z.
• Abecedario pronunciation is from Spanish z.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog)
  • IPA^(key): /ˈzi/ [ˈzi] (letter name, Filipino alphabet)
    • IPA^(key): (more native-sounding) /ˈsi/ [ˈsi] (letter name, Filipino alphabet)
    • Rhymes: -i
  • IPA^(key): /ˈzeta/ [ˈzɛː.t̪ɐ] (letter name, Abecedario)
    • IPA^(key): (more native-sounding) /ˈseta/ [ˈsɛː.t̪ɐ] (letter name, Abecedario)
    • Rhymes: -eta
  • IPA^(key): /z/ [z] (phoneme)
    • IPA^(key): (more native-sounding) /s/ [s] (phoneme)

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒ)

1. The twenty-eighth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Filipino alphabet), called zi and written in the Latin script.

Usage notes

• This letter is mostly used only in proper nouns, unadapted loanwords, or Spanish-based spellings.
• Some purists of Tagalog replace z in words with s.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) titik; A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ñ ñ, Ng ng, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z, Baybayin spelling ᜐᜒᜆ)

1. (historical) The twenty-eighth letter of the Tagalog alphabet (the Abecedario), called zeta and written in the Latin script.

Further reading

• “z”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Turkish

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-ninth letter of the Turkish alphabet, called ze and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) harf; A a ( â), B b, C c, Ç ç, D d, E e, F f, G g, Ğ ğ, H h, I ı, İ i (Πî), J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u (Û û), Ü ü, V v, Y y, Z z

Turkmen

Pronunciation

• (phoneme) IPA^(key): /ð/, /z/

Letter

z (upper case Z)

1. The thirtieth letter of the Turkmen alphabet, called ze and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) harp; A a, B b, Ç ç, D d, E e, Ä ä, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, Ž ž, K k, L l, M m, N n, Ň ň, O o, Ö ö, P p, R r, S s, Ş ş, T t, U u, Ü ü, W w, Y y, Ý ý, Z z

Upper Sorbian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈzɛt/

Letter

z (upper case Z, lower case)

1. The thirty-third letter of the Upper Sorbian alphabet, called zet and written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, Č č, Ć ć, D d, Dź dź, E e, Ě ě, F f, G g, H h, Ch ch, I i, J j, K k, Ł ł, L l, M m, N n, Ń ń, O o, Ó ó, P p, R r, Ř ř, S s, Š š, T t, U u, W w, Y y, Z z, Ž ž

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *jьz.

Alternative forms

• ze
• zes (colloquial)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Preposition

z [with genitive]

1. denotes time; from

   mólba z baroka ― painting from the Baroque [period]

2. denotes a change of state; from
3. denotes origin; because of, from

   informacije z interneta ― informations from the internet

4. denotes elative movement; out of

   ja přińdu z Budyšina ― I'm from Bautzen

   jedyn z pjećoch ― one out of five

5. denotes the composition of an item; from, out of, of

   mječ z bronzy ― bronze sword (literally, “sword out of bronze”)

Etymology 3

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *sъ(n).

Alternative forms

• ze
• zes (colloquial)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /z/

Preposition

z [with instrumental]

1. denotes comitative or sociative relation; with, alongside

   Antonym: bez

2. denotes instrumental relation; with, by means of

   kaž psyk z kóčku ― like a dog with a cat

3. denotes cause; because of, from, of

   z hłodom wumrěć ― [to] die of hunger

Usage notes

• The preposition generally changes to ze when the pronunciation of the two consecutive words becomes problematic. This rule applies to words starting with one of the following consonants: s, z, š, ž. Examples include:

  ze swětłowej spěšnosću ― with/at the speed of light

  ze sotru ― with sister

  ze šule brać ― take from school

  woda ze žórła ― water from the spring

• The form ze is used also before mnje, mnu (genitive and instrumental of ja (“I”)), and forms of wšón (“all”).

• Both z and ze can be used before sobu.

• The form zes is colloquial and generally preffered in oral language when there is a special emphasis on it.

References

• “z” in Soblex

Zulu

Letter

z (lower case, upper case Z)

1. The twenty-sixth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.

See also

• (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z