03 Sistema Solar Exoplanetas
03 Sistema Solar Exoplanetas
Desafíos de la Ciencia
Bloque: ASTROFÍSICA
Bloque: ASTROFÍSICA
3.- Cualquier otro objeto excepto los satélites, se debe denominar “pequeño cuerpo del
Sistema Solar”, incluyendo la mayor parte de los objetos transneptunianos.
Sistema Solar
Plutón planeta enano
Plutón pierde su estatus de planeta debido a varias características, entre las que se hallan:
- su órbita, altamente elíptica y fuera del plano de la eclíptica;
- la presencia de un compañero, Caronte (descubierto en 1978),
de tamaño y masa del mismo orden de magnitud,
- y la compañía de otros dos objetos de menor masa
(Nix e Hydra, avistados por primera vez en el año 2005).
Definición de Planeta
NASA Scientists Have Proposed a New Definition of Planets, and Pluto Could Soon Be Back (20 Feb 2017)
Could our Moon get planetary status?
http://www.sciencealert.com/nasa-scientists-have-proposed-a-new-definition-for-planets-and-it-could-change-everything
A GEOPHYSICAL PLANET DEFINITION, K.D. Runyon, S.A. Stern, T.R. Lauer, Lunar and Planetary Science XLVIII (2017)
http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2017/pdf/1448.pdf
Sistema Solar
Parámetros básicos de los planetas
Sistema Solar
La mayor parte de la materia del Sistema Solar esta concentrada en el Sol y no
llega a las dos milésimas de la masa de éste la correspondiente al conjunto de los
restantes objetos, planetas y sus satélites, asteroides, que están inmersos en un
medio interplanetario de muy baja densidad, constituido por granos de polvo y gas.
Sistema Solar
Todos los planetas del Sistema Solar caben entre la Tierra y la Luna
Sistema Solar
Distancias y escalas
Todos los planetas del Sistema Solar caben entre la Tierra y la Luna
Total: 380.008 km
También habría espacio para Plutón, ya que su diámetro medio es de 2.390 km.
Sistema Solar
Distancias y escalas
Diámetro del Sol: 1.39 x106 km = 1.39 Mkm = 4.6 segundos luz
Sistema Solar
Distancias y escalas
Distancia Sol - Tierra: 1 UA (Unidad Astronómica) = 149.6 Mkm = 08 min 19 sec luz
Velocidad de la lud: c = 299792,458 km/s,
Distancia Sol - Mercurio: 0.3871 UA = 57.9 x106 km = 57.9 Mkm = 03 min 13 sec luz
Sistema Solar
Distancias y escalas
Distancias y escalas
Distancia Sol - Tierra: 1 UA (Unidad Astronómica) = 149.6 Mkm = 08 min 19 sec luz
Sistema Solar
Distancias y escalas
Distancias y escalas
Distancias y escalas
Distancias y escalas
Distancias y escalas
Distancias y escalas
Sistema Solar
Distancias y escalas
Sistema Solar
Distancias y escalas
Sistema Solar
Evidence for 'Planet Nine' in Our Solar System
Planet X: Evidence for a distant giant planet in the Solar System (Batygin & Brown, 2016, AJ 151, 2)
Sistema Solar
Planet X: Evidence for a distant giant planet in the Solar System (Batygin & Brown, 2016, AJ 151, 2)
Sistema Solar
http://kokogiak.com/solarsystembodieslargerthan200miles.html
Sistema Solar
http://kokogiak.com/solarsystembodieslargerthan200miles.html
Objetos del
El Sol Sistema Solar Sistema Solar
4 planetas gaseosos gigantes: ordenados
Júpiter, Saturno, Urano, Neptuno (R¤ = 696342 km = 109.3 R = 10.97 RJup por tamaño
Objetos del
El Sol Sistema Solar Sistema Solar
4 planetas gaseosos gigantes: ordenados
Júpiter, Saturno, Urano, Neptuno por tamaño
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size
4 planetas terrestres: Objetos del
La Tierra: 1 R Sistema Solar Sistema Solar
Venus: 0.950 R ordenados
por tamaño
4 planetas terrestres: Objetos del
Venus: 0.950 R Sistema Solar Sistema Solar
Marte: 0.532 R ordenados
por tamaño
Marte: 0.532 R Objetos del
Ganimedes (Jup III): 0.413 R Sistema Solar Sistema Solar
Titan (Sat VI): 0.404 R ordenados
Mercurio: 0.383 R por tamaño
Mercurio: 0.383 R Objetos del
Calisto (Jup IV): 0.378 R Sistema Solar Sistema Solar
Io (Jup I): 0.286 R ordenados
por tamaño
Sistema Solar
Eris: 0.182 R
Pluton: 0.180 R
Makemake (2005 FY9): 0.141 R
Titania (Ura III): 0.124 R
Rhea (Sat V): 0.120 R
Sistema Solar
• Estructura interna;
• Atmósfera y oceanosfera;
• Campo magnético interno y externo;
• Tiempo geológico;
• Paleontología;
• La Luna.
La Tierra
Estructura interna
y atmósfera:
Composición química:
Atmósfera
Sistema Solar
La Tierra
Magnetosfera de la Tierra (auroras boreales y australes)
Sistema Solar
La Tierra
Magnetosfera de la Tierra (auroras boreales y australes)
Sistema Solar
La Tierra
Magnetosfera de la Tierra (auroras boreales y australes)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_k92H7KQAg
Sistema Solar La Tierra
y La Luna
Sistema Solar La Tierra
y La Luna
La Luna.
Movimiento orbital Tierra -Luna:
Periodo sidéreo: 27.3 días = Periodo Rotación
Inclinación eje rotación: 1.54º
Orbita elíptica:
Perigeo: 362300 km “Earthrise” astronaut William Anders. Apollo 8 mission, 24 Dic 1968
Apogeo: 405400 km
Imagen de Sistema Tierra – Luna tomada por la sonda China Chang'e 5T1 (Oct 2014)
Sistema Solar La Tierra
y La Luna
La Luna.
Ciclo de fases:
Movimiento Tierra-Sol
+ orbital Tierra-Luna
Periodo: 29.5 días
(varia hasta 13h debido al
movimiento no cte de La
Tierra en su orbita alrededor
del Sol)
Sistema Solar La Tierra
y La Luna
La Luna.
à Fases y Libración - Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) video durante un año (2015)
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4404
Sistema Solar La Tierra
y La Luna
La Luna.
à Cara Oculta- Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR)
http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/DSCOVR/
http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/from-a-million-miles-away-nasa-camera-shows-moon-crossing-face-of-earth
Sistema Solar La Tierra
y La Luna
La Tierra y La Luna.
http://latamsatelital.com/primeras-imagenes-del-longjiang-2/
Sistema Solar La Tierra
y La Luna
La Luna.
à Cara Oculta- China's LongJiang-2 satellite
Sistema Solar La Tierra
y La Luna
La Luna.
à Cara Oculta- Full rotation of the moon as seen from the LRO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNUNB6CMnE8
La Luna.
Sistema Solar La Tierra
y La Luna
Imágenes de alta resolución de NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance orbiter (LRO)
Sistema Solar
Planetas telúricos
Mercurio
R = 0.383 R
M = 0.0553 M
d = 0.3871 UA
Porb = 0.24084 años
87.969 días
Mercurio
R = 0.383 R
M = 0.0553 M
d = 0.3871 UA
Porb = 0.24084 años
87.969 días
Mercurio
Mapa de Mercurio obtenidos por la sonda de la NASA MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment,
GEochemistry, and Ranging mission), orbitando Merucrio desde 2011,
Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
Mercurio
Mapa de Mercurio obtenidos por la sonda de la NASA MESSENGER (MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment,
GEochemistry, and Ranging mission), orbitando Merucrio desde 2011,
Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
Venus
R = 0.950 R
M = 0.815 M
d = 0.7273 UA
Porb = 0.61515 años
224.68 días
Prot =
-243.019 días
Rotación
retrograda
- impacto con algún
asteroide.
- fricción entre la
densa atmósfera y
el propio planeta
Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
Venus
R = 0.950 R
M = 0.815 M
d = 0.7273 UA
P = 0.61515 años
224.68 días
La superficie de Venus es
relativamente joven, entre
300 y 500 millones de años.
Tiene amplísimas llanuras,
atravesadas por enormes
Venus es más semejante a La Tierra por su tamaño,
rios de lava, y algunas
masa, densidad y volumen. Los dos se formaron en la
montañas.
misma época, a partir de la misma nebulosa.
Sin embargo, es diferente de la Tierra. No tiene océanos
y su densa atmósfera provoca un efecto invernadero
que eleva la temperatura hasta los 480 ºC.
Venus Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
Venus Express
A highly unusual infrared view of Venus, taken by the Japanese Akatsuki probe.
Venus Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
Obervaciones de Akatsuki
“Large stationary gravity wave in the atmosphere of Venus”, Fukuhara et al. Nature Geoscience (2017)
A new look at Venus with Akatsuki
(16 Jan 2018)
This image shows the night side of Venus in thermal infrared. It is a false-colour image using data from Akatsuki's IR2 camera
in two wavelengths, 1.74 and 2.26 microns. Darker regions denote thicker clouds, but changes in color can also denote
differences in cloud particle size or composition from place to place.
A new look at Venus with Akatsuki
(16 Jan 2018)
False-color image using two ultraviolet channels from Akatsuki's UVI camera, showing details along a colourful band
encircling Venus' south polar vortex in morning daylight.
Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
Marte
R = 0.532 R
M = 0.107 M
d = 1.5237 UA
Porb = 1.8808 años
686.95 días
Prot=1.0260 días
Marte Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
R = 0.532 R
M = 0.107 M
d = 1.5237 UA
P = 1.8808 años
686.95 días
Misiones a Marte:
http://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/
Marte Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=5749
Marte Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
Spacecraft
Launch: March 14, 2016
Schiaparelli EDL Demonstration Module Landing: October 19, 2016
Orbiter Mars Arrival: October 19, 2016
http://mars.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/
Marte Sistema Solar Planetas
telúricos
Spacecraft
Launch: March 14, 2016
Detailed images of Schiaparelli and its descent hardware on Mars (27 oct
2016)
ESA’s new ExoMars orbiter has tested its suite of instruments in orbit for the first time, hinting at a great potential for future
observations. Video: http://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2016/11/First_images_from_ExoMars
First views of Mars
show potential
for ESA’s new orbiter (29 November 2016)
Arsia Chasmata
ESA’s new ExoMars orbiter has tested its suite of instruments in orbit for the first time, hinting at a great potential for future
observations. Video: http://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2016/11/First_images_from_ExoMars
ExoMars orbiter
images Phobos
(6 December 2016)
The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has imaged the martian moon Phobos as part of a second set of test science measurements
made since it arrived at the Red Planet on 19 October.
ExoMars
Noctis Labyrinthus
region of Mars. (13 March 2017)
The images together form a stereo pair of part of the Noctis Labyrinthus region of Mars. The camera takes one image looking
slightly forwards (bottom image in this orientation), and then, after having flown over the area, it rotates to look ‘back’ to take
the second part of the image (top), in order to see the same region of the surface from two different angles.
Sistema Solar
Planetas jovianos
• Estructura interna;
• Atmósferas;
• Campos magnéticos;
• Anillos;
• Satélites.
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Júpiter
R = 10.97 R
M = 317.87 M
d = 5.2028 UA
Porb = 11.867 años
4334.3 días
Júpiter
Estructura en la Atmósfera:
- Bandas ecuatoriales
- Gran Mancha Roja
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Júpiter
Júpiter
Misiones a Júpiter:
Galileo
Júpiter
- Anillos
A diferencia de Saturno, el cual tiene anillos de hielo brillantes, Júpiter tiene anillos oscuros los cuales
están hechos de polvo y de pequeñas piezas de piedra.
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Júpiter
- Anillos
Júpiter
Misiones a Júpiter:
Juno
NASA's Juno spacecraft arrived at Jupiter on the 4th of July 2016 to study our solar system's largest planet. From a unique
polar orbit, Juno will repeatedly dive between the planet and its intense belts of charged particle radiation, coming only about
3,000 miles (5,000 kilometers) from the cloud tops at closest approach.
Jupiter’s North Pole Unlike Anything Encountered in Solar
System (2 Sep 2016)
NASA's Juno spacecraft captured this view as it closed in on Jupiter's north pole, about two hours before closest approach on
Aug. 27, 2016.
Crescent Jupiter Is Covered in Storms in Gorgeous New Photo
(14 Jan 2017)
NASA's Juno spacecraft captured this view as it closed in on Jupiter's north pole, about two hours before closest approach on
Aug. 27, 2016.
Juno’s Close Look at a Little Red Spot
(25 Jan 2017)
The JunoCam imager on NASA’s Juno spacecraft snapped this shot of Jupiter’s northern latitudes on Dec. 11, 2016 at 8:47
a.m. PST (11:47 a.m. EST), as the spacecraft performed a close flyby of the gas giant planet.
Juno’s Close Look at a Little Red Spot
(25 Jan 2017)
The JunoCam imager on NASA’s Juno spacecraft snapped this stunning view of the high north temperate latitudes fortuitously
shows NN-LRS-1, a giant storm known as a Little Red Spot
Jovian Tempest
(16 Nov 2017)
This color-enhanced image of a massive, raging storm in Jupiter’s northern hemisphere was captured by NASA’s Juno
spacecraft during its ninth close flyby of the gas giant planet.
Jupiter’s Colorful Cloud Belts
(12 Jan 2018)
Colorful swirling cloud belts dominate Jupiter’s southern hemisphere in this image captured by NASA’s Juno spacecraft.
El polo norte de Júpiter
(Marzo 2018)
El polo norte de Júpiter visto en infrarrojo por JIRAM. Se aprecia el vórtice central y los ciclones en forma de octógino (NASA/
JPL-Caltech/SwRI/ASI/INAF/JIRAM).
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Saturno
R = 9.14 R
M = 95.159 M
d = 9.5388 UA
Porb = 29.461 años
10760 días
Saturno
Anillos
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Saturno
Anillos y Lunas
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Saturno
Misiones a Saturno
Cassini 2004
A Raging Storm System on Saturn (28 April 2013)
False colored infrared, orange colors indicate clouds deep in the atmosphere, while light colors highlight clouds higher up. The
rings of Saturn are seen nearly edge-on as the thin blue horizontal line. The warped dark bands are the shadows of the rings
cast onto the cloud tops by the Sun to the upper left.
Saturn and Titan (5 March 2012)
Titan, Saturn’s largest moon at 5150 km across, looks small here, pictured to the right of the gas giant in this infrared image
taken by the Cassini spacecraft.
Saturn's Rings and Enceladus
(8 February 2012)
A crescent Enceladus appears with Saturn’s rings in this Cassini spacecraft view of the moon. The famed jets of water ice
emanating from the south polar region of the 504 km-diameter moon are faintly visible.
Groovy Rings of Saturn (16 Mar 2015)
Structures in the rings can be caused by many things, but often times Saturn's many moons are the culprits. The dark gaps
near the left edge of the A ring (the broad, outermost ring here) are caused by the moons (Pan and Daphnis) embedded in the
gaps, while the wider Cassini division (dark area between the B ring and A ring here) is created by a resonance with the
medium-sized moon Mimas (which orbits well outside the rings). Prometheus is seen orbiting just outside the A ring in the
lower left quadrant of this image; the F ring can be faintly seen to the left of Prometheus.
Close Views Show Saturn's Rings (18 Jan 2017)
Daphnis moon
2009
Vertical structures created by Saturn's small moon Daphnis cast long shadows across the rings in this dramatic image taken
as the planet approaches its mid-August 2009 equinox.
Close Views Show Saturn's Rings (18 Jan 2017)
Daphnis moon
Jan. 16, 2017
The wavemaker moon, Daphnis, is featured in this view, taken as NASA's Cassini spacecraft made one of its ring-grazing
passes over the outer edges of Saturn's rings on Jan. 16, 2017. This is the closest view of the small moon obtained yet.
Close Views Show Saturn's Rings (30 Jan 2017)
Saturn's
A ring
This Cassini image features a density wave in Saturn's A ring that lies around 134,500 km from Saturn. Density waves are
accumulations of particles at certain distances from the planet. This feature is filled with clumpy perturbations, "straw." The
wave itself is created by the gravity of the moons Janus and Epimetheus, which share the same orbit around Saturn.
Elsewhere, the scene is dominated by "wakes" from a recent pass of the ring moon Pan.
Close Views Show Saturn's Rings (30 Jan 2017)
Saturn's
outer B ring
This Cassini image shows a region in Saturn's outer B ring. NASA's Cassini spacecraft viewed this area at a level of detail
twice as high as it had ever been observed before. And from this view, it is clear that there are still finer details to uncover.
NASA's Cassini Spacecraft Obtains
Best Views of Saturn Hexagon (4 December 2013)
NASA's Cassini spacecraft has obtained the highest-resolution movie yet of a unique six-sided jet stream, known as the
hexagon, around Saturn's north pole.
Cassini eyes a powerful hurricane at
Saturn’s north pole (29 April 2013)
The international Cassini spacecraft has found a powerful hurricane at Saturn's north pole, surrounded by the curious rotating
hexagonal band of clouds.
Cassini eyes a powerful hurricane at
Saturn’s north pole (29 April 2013)
The international Cassini spacecraft has found a powerful hurricane at Saturn's north pole, surrounded by the curious rotating
hexagonal band of clouds.
Cassini eyes a powerful hurricane at
Saturn’s north pole (29 April 2013)
The international Cassini spacecraft has found a powerful hurricane at Saturn's north pole, surrounded by the curious rotating
hexagonal band of clouds.
Cassini Beams Back First Images
from New Orbit (7 Dec 2016)
Saturn hexagon-
shaped jet
stream
This view from NASA's Cassini spacecraft was obtained about two days before its first close pass by the outer edges of
Saturn's main rings during its penultimate mission phase.
Cassini Beams Back First Images
from New Orbit (7 Dec 2016)
Saturn hexagon-
shaped jet
stream
This images from NASA's Cassini spacecraft shows Saturn's northern hemisphere and rings as viewed with four different
spectral filters. Each filter is sensitive to different wavelengths of light and reveals clouds and hazes at different altitudes.
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Saturno
The Great White Spot
Cassini
Saturno
The Great White SpotMay be caused by the weight of the water molecules in the planet's
atmosphere. Because these water molecules are heavy compared to the
hydrogen and helium that comprise most of the gas-giant planet's
Cassini
atmosphere, they make the upper atmosphere lighter when they rain out, and
that suppresses convection.
Cassini Makes First Ring-Grazing Plunge
(5 Dec 2016)
Cassini
- Launched in 1997
- Arriving in 2004
- Final plunge in Sept.
2017
This graphic shows the closest approaches of Cassini's final two orbital phases. Ring-grazing orbits are shown in gray (at left);
Grand Finale orbits are shown in blue. The orange line shows the spacecraft's Sept. 2017 final plunge into Saturn.
Primer paso de Cassini entre Saturno y sus anillos
(27 Apr 2017)
Cassini atravesó por primera vez el hueco existente entre los anillos y el planeta. Fue el primero de los 22 pasos previstos
antes de que la veterana nave se destruya en la atmósfera de Saturno el próximo 15 de septiembre.
Primer paso de Cassini entre Saturno y sus anillos
(27 Apr 2017)
El huracán del polo norte de Saturno visto por Cassini el 26 de abril (NASA/JPL-Caltech/Jason Major).
Cassini Reveals Strange Shape of Saturn's Moon Pan (9 Mar 2017)
Pan, the innermost of Saturn's known moons, has a mean radius of 14.1 km
and orbits 134,000 km away from Saturn, within the Encke Gap of Saturn's A-
ring. As it orbits Saturn every 13.8 hours, it acts as a shepherd moon and is
responsible for keeping the Encke Gap open. The gap is 325 km opening in
Saturn's A ring.
These raw, unprocessed images of Saturn's tiny moon, Pan, were taken on March 7, 2017, by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. The
flyby had a close-approach distance of 24,572 kilometers (15,268 miles).
Pan, la luna de Saturno con forma de ravioli
(9 Mar 2017)
Pan es la segunda luna más interna de Saturno y aunque ya sabíamos que presentaba un abultamiento alrededor de su
ecuador nunca lo habíamos visto con tanto detalle. Pan está en la que se conoce como división Encke, un hueco dentro del
Anillo A de Saturno creado precisamente por la presencia de Pan. Pero no todas las partículas que estaban en la división de
Encke fueron empujadas hacia dentro o hacia fuera: algunas se fueron depositando sobre el ecuador de Pan creando esa
especie de disco que le da esa forma tan peculiar y que técnicamente se conoce como disco de acreción ecuatorial.
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Urano
R = 3.98 R
M = 14.536 M
d = 19.18 UA
Porb = 84.013 años
30685 días
Prot= -17h 14m
Urano
Urano
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Urano
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Urano
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Neptuno
R = 3.86 R
M = 17.147 M
d = 30.06 UA
Porb = 164.793 años
60189 días
Neptuno
Atmósfera
En la atmósfera de
Neptuno se llega a
temperaturas cercanas
a los 260 ºC bajo cero.
Las nubes, de metano
congelado, cambian con
rapidez. La coloración
azulada se debe
principalmente al
metano, CH4.
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Neptuno
Atmósfera
En la atmósfera de Neptuno se
llega a temperaturas cercanas a
los 260 ºC bajo cero. Las nubes,
de metano congelado, cambian
con rapidez.
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
Satélites: Lunas
Sistema Solar Planetas
jovianos
The Solar System's Major Moons (sorted by location)
(12 January 2014)
The Solar System contains 18 or 19 natural satellites of planets that are large enough for self-gravity to make them round.
(Why the uncertain number? Neptune’s moon Proteus is on the edge.) They are shown here to scale with each other. Two of
them are larger than Mercury; seven are larger than Pluto and Eris. If they were not orbiting planets, many of these worlds
would be called “planets,” and scientists who study them are called “planetary scientists.”
The Solar System's Major Moons (ordered by size)
(12 January 2014)
The Solar System contains 18 or 19 natural satellites of planets that are large enough for self-gravity to make them round.
(Why the uncertain number? Neptune’s moon Proteus is on the edge.) They are shown here to scale with each other. Two of
them are larger than Mercury; seven are larger than Pluto and Eris. If they were not orbiting planets, many of these worlds
would be called “planets,” and scientists who study them are called “planetary scientists.”
Sistema Solar Planetas
Ceres enanos
NASA's Dawn spacecraft has begun approaching Ceres ahead of a historic March arrival at the mysterious dwarf planet.
Dawn should enter orbit around Ceres — the largest object in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter — on March 6,
2015. When that happens, the spacecraft will become the first ever to orbit two different unexplored solar system bodies.
Sistema Solar Planetas
enanos
Ceres
(NASA's Dawn spacecraft)
Sistema Solar Planetas
enanos
Ceres
(NASA's
Dawn spacecraft)
19 de febrero de 2015,
Sistema Solar Planetas
enanos
Ceres
(NASA's
Dawn spacecraft)
Ceres
(NASA's
Dawn spacecraft)
Ceres' Bright Spots Seen in Striking New Detail - These closest-yet views of Occator crater, with a resolution of 140 m per
pixel, give scientists a deeper perspective on these very unusual features.
Dwan images of Dwarf Planet Ceres
(9 Dec 2015)
The bright material is consistent with a type of magnesium sulfate called hexahydrite.
A different type of magnesium sulfate is familiar on Earth as Epsom salt.
This representation of Ceres' Occator Crater in false colors shows differences in the surface composition. Red corresponds to
a wavelength range around 0.97 micrometers (near infrared), green to a wavelength range around 0.75 micrometers (red,
visible light) and blue to a wavelength range of around 0.44 micrometers (blue, visible light).
Dwan images of Dwarf Planet Ceres
(9 Dec 2015)
These salt-rich areas were left behind when water-ice sublimated in the past.
Impacts from asteroids would have unearthed the mixture of ice and salt.
An image of Occator Crater draped over a digital terrain model provides a 3-D-like perspective view of the impact structure.
Several bright areas can be seen in this crater. The inner part of the crater forms a type of "crater within a crater" measuring
about 10 km in diameter and 0.5 km in depth, and contains the brightest material on all of Ceres.
Dwan images of Dwarf Planet Ceres
(9 Dec 2015)
Ceres' lonely mountain, Ahuna Mons, is seen in this simulated perspective view. The elevation has been exaggerated by a
factor of two. The view was made using enhanced-color images from NASA's Dawn mission.
Flight Over Dwarf Planet Ceres
(29 Jan 2016)
NASA's Dawn spacecraft shows Kupalo Crater, one of the youngest craters on Ceres. The crater has bright material exposed
on its rim and walls, which could be salts. Its flat floor likely formed from impact melt and debris.
New Ceres Images Show Bright Craters
(19 Apr 2016)
Ceres' Haulani Crater, with a diameter of 34 km shows evidence of landslides from its crater rim.
Flight Over Dwarf Planet Ceres
(19 Apr 2016)
https://youtu.be/nJiw2NxqoBU
NASA's Dawn spacecraft has revealed marvelous sights on dwarf planet Ceres during its first year in orbit.
Dawn Discovers Evidence for Organic Material on
Ceres (17 Feb 2017)
R = 0.085 R
M = 0.022 M
d = 39.53 UA
Porb = 248,54 años
x días
Prot= 153h
Es el planeta más pequeño (ahora, ex-
planeta) y el que se aleja más del Sol. Se
descubrió en 1930 (por Clyde William
Tombaugh), pero está tan lejos que, de
momento, tenemos poca información. Es el
único que todavía no ha sido visitado por una
nave terrestre. New Horizons llegó en 2015.
Sistema Solar Planetas
enanos
Sistema Solar Planetas
enanos
Pluton
El telescopio Hubble (HST) captó estas imágenes que muestran la rotación de Plutón.
Sistema Solar Planetas
enanos
Pluton
Pluton
Pluton
Sistema Solar Planetas
enanos
Pluton
New Horizons (Nuevos Horizontes, en idioma español), la nave espacial de la NASA que está camino a Plutón, ha
atravesado la órbita de Neptuno. Este es su último cruce importante en su camino a convertirse en la primera sonda en
realizar un acercamiento al distante Plutón, el 14 de julio de 2015.
New Horizons se despierta en el
umbral de Plutón (7 Dec 2014)
Después de un viaje de casi nueve años y aproximadamente cuatro mil ochocientos millones de kilómetros (tres mil
millones de millas), la distancia más larga que alguna vez ha recorrido una misión espacial para llegar a su objetivo
principal, la nave espacial New Horizons, de la NASA, dejó la hibernación el 6 de diciembre 2014 para encaminarse
hacia su tan esperado encuentro con el sistema de Plutón, el cual tendrá lugar en el año 2015.
New Horizons returns first images from
mission's Pluto approach phase (4 Feb 2015)
The two images in this animation were taken on January 25 and 27, 2015. They were the first acquired during the spacecraft's
2015 approach to the Pluto system. New Horizons was about 203 million kilometers from Pluto when the frames to make the
first image were taken; about 2.5 million kilometers closer for the second set.
Master Universitario en Astrofísica Tema 5
planetas
Sistema Solar y Exoplanetas enanos
asteroides
Puton
Four images from New Horizons’ Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) were combined with color data from the
Ralph instrument to create this sharper global view of Pluto.
Psychedelic Pluto
(12 Nov 2015)
New Horizons scientists made this false color image of Pluto using a technique called principal component analysis to
highlight the many subtle color differences between Pluto's distinct regions. The image data were collected by the spacecraft’s
Ralph/MVIC color camera on July 14 at 11:11 AM UTC, from a range of 22,000 miles (35,000 kilometers).
Pluto’s Mysterious, Floating Hills
(5 Feb 2016)
The nitrogen ice glaciers on Pluto appear to carry an intriguing cargo: numerous, isolated hills that may be fragments of water
ice from Pluto’s surrounding uplands. These hills individually measure one to several miles or kilometers across, according to
images and data from NASA’s New Horizons mission.
The Mountainous Shoreline of Sputnik
Planum
(4 Dec 2015)
In this highest-resolution image from NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft, great blocks of Pluto’s water-ice crust appear jammed
together in the informally named al-Idrisi mountains.
Pluto’s Wright Mons in Color (14 Jan 2016)
Scientists with NASA’s New Horizons mission have assembled this highest-resolution color view of one of two potential
cryovolcanoes spotted on the surface of Pluto by the New Horizons spacecraft in July 2015.
Pluto’s Widespread Water Ice
(29 January 2016)
Data from NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft point to more prevalent water ice on Pluto’s surface than previously thought. This
false-color image, derived from observations in infrared light by the Ralph/Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array (LEISA)
instrument, shows where the spectral features of water ice are abundant on Pluto’s surface. It is based on two LEISA scans of
Pluto obtained on July 14, 2015, from a range of about 67,000 miles (108,000 kilometers).
Putting Pluto’s Geology on the Map
(29 January 2016)
This geological map covers a portion of Pluto’s surface that measures 1,290 miles (2,070 kilometers) from top to bottom, and
includes the vast nitrogen-ice plain informally named Sputnik Planum and surrounding terrain. The key explains the colors that
represent different geological terrains. Each terrain, or unit, is defined by its texture and morphology – smooth, pitted, craggy,
hummocky or ridged, for example.
Putting Pluto’s Geology on the Map
(29 January 2016)
This geological map covers a portion of Pluto’s surface that measures 1,290 miles (2,070 kilometers) from top to bottom, and
includes the vast nitrogen-ice plain informally named Sputnik Planum and surrounding terrain. The key explains the colors that
represent different geological terrains. Each terrain, or unit, is defined by its texture and morphology – smooth, pitted, craggy,
hummocky or ridged, for example.
Pluto Global Color Map (19 Jan 2017)
This new, detailed global mosaic color map of Pluto is based on a series of three color filter images obtained by the Ralph/
Multispectral Visual Imaging Camera aboard New Horizons during the NASA spacecraft’s close flyby of Pluto in July 2015.
The mosaic shows how Pluto’s large-scale color patterns extend beyond the hemisphere facing New Horizons at closest
approach, which were imaged at the highest resolution. North is up; Pluto’s equator roughly bisects the band of dark red
terrains running across the lower third of the map. Pluto’s giant, informally named Sputnik Planitia glacier – the left half of
Pluto’s signature “heart” feature – is at the center of this map.
Pluto Global Color Map (19 Jan 2017)
Ultima Thule Looks Like a Bowling Pin in Space in New Horizons Flyby Photo. The most distant object ever visited by a
spacecraft looks a lot like a bowling pin, or perhaps a chicken drumstick.
2014 MU69, nicknamed Ultima Thule
(1 Jan 2019)
Ultima Thule Looks Like a Bowling Pin in Space in New Horizons Flyby Photo. The most distant object ever visited by a
spacecraft looks a lot like a bowling pin, or perhaps a chicken drumstick.
2014 MU69, nicknamed Ultima Thule
(2 Jan 2019)
'Meet Ultima Thule': 1st Color Photo of New Horizons Target Reveals a Red 'Snowman'
The latest picture of Ultima Thule reveals a remarkably smooth
face (29 Jan 2019)
The object’s lack of craters suggests the Kuiper Belt isn’t filled with lots of space hazards
2014 MU69, nicknamed Ultima Thule
(2 Jan 2019)
With Ultima Thule Flyby, NASA Probe Helps Unlock Secrets of Planetary Formation
2014 MU69, nicknamed Ultima Thule
(2 Jan 2019)
With Ultima Thule Flyby, NASA Probe Helps Unlock Secrets of Planetary Formation
2014 MU69, nicknamed Ultima Thule
(2 Jan 2019)
With Ultima Thule Flyby, NASA Probe Helps Unlock Secrets of Planetary Formation
Sistema Solar Planetas
enanos
Planetas enanos
Confirmados por la IAU
Sistema Solar Planetas
enanos
Cometa Hale-Bopp.
Sistema Solar
Cometas
Rosetta was launched in 2004 and has since travelled around the Sun five times, picking up energy from
Earth and Mars to line it up with its final destination: comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
Philae: life and times of a comet lander
Cometa 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
A big
bounce
Cometa 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
NAVCAM image of Comet 67P/C-G taken on 6 February from a distance of 124 km to the comet centre. In
this orientation, the small comet lobe is to the left of the image and the large lobe is to the right. The image
has been processed to bring out the details of the comet’s activity.
ROSETTA'S lander Philae wakes up from
hibernation (14 June 2015)
Rosetta's lander Philae has woken up after seven months in hibernation on the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-
Gerasimenko.
Rosetta’s OSIRIS camera 10 December 2015
There are no large caverns inside Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. ESA’s Rosetta mission has made measurements
that clearly demonstrate this, solving a long-standing mystery.
Exoplanetas
• Introducción.
• Definición de exoplaneta.
• Métodos de detección.
• Diferentes tipos de exoplanetas.
• Formación y evolución.
• Caracterización de exoatmósferas.
• Zona de habitabilidad.
Exoplanetas
Exoplanetas 1.
• Definición de exoplaneta.
• Planetas asociados a estrellas
• Objetos de masa planetaria aislados.
Planetas asociados a estrellas.
Objetos de masa planetaria aislados.
Exoplanetas
Exoplanetas 2. **************************************
* . . .... .... *
* .. .. . . *
Métodos de detección: *
* .
. .
. .
. . .
. .
. *
*
* .. .. *
• velocidad radial, * *
• tránsitos, **************************************
• microlentes gravitacionales,
• timing (púlsares, estrellas pulsantes, binarias eclipsantes),
• imagen directa, astrometría.
https://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1035g/
8
. .
.. ..
*******************
* . . *
* .. .. *
* . . . . *
* . . . *
* .. *
* *
*******************
.... ....
. .
. .
..
********************
* .... .... *
* . . *
* . . *
* . . *
* .. *
* *
********************
. . .... ....
.. .. . .
. .
..
. . .... ....
.. .. . .
. .
..
Exoplanetas
Exoplanetas 3.
Diferentes tipos de exoplanetas:
• júpiteres calientes,
• neptunos calientes,
• minineptunos,
• supertierras,
• tierras.
Exoplanetas 4.
Formación y evolución:
Exoplanetas 5.
Caracterización de exoatmósferas:
• Espectroscopia de transmisión y emisión.
• Planetas cubiertos de agua y núcleos rocosos que han perdido
su atmósfera.
Espectroscopia de transmisión y emisión
Espectroscopia de transmisión y emisión
Exoplanetas
Exoplanetas 6.
Zona de habitabilidad:
2011
Exoplanetas potencialmente habitables
2014
Exoplanetas potencialmente habitables
VOTA por Estrella Cervantes
http://estrellacervantes.es
Spain
mu Arae
Star: Cervantes
Planets:
b: Quijote
c: Dulcinea
d:: Rocinante
e Sancho
Edasich
(iota Draconis)
Planet:
B: Hypatia
La estrella Cervantes y los planetas del Quijote ya
lucen en el cielo
Desde ahora, Cervantes dará nombre a la lejana estrella μ Arae, y Quijote, Rocinante, Sancho y Dulcinea serán sus
cuatro planetas. Esta propuesta de la Sociedad Española de Astronomía y el Planetario de Pamplona ha ganado en
el concurso internacional NameExoWorlds organizado por la Unión Astronómica Internacional (IAU). Hay otro
vencedor español: un planeta se llamará Hypatia, como la asociación cultural de la facultad de Física de la
Universidad Complutense de Madrid.