13.09.2024 Editorial
13.09.2024 Editorial
13.09.2024 Editorial
5 நேரடி பலன் பரிமாற்றம் (Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT)) எப்படி பெண்களுக்கு The Indian 32
அதிகாரம் அளிக்கிறது? Express
-டெரெக் ஓ பிரையன்
Due to the phenomenon of jobless growth, i.e., the rise in output and labour productivity
without the commensurate growth in employment generation, several countries have
mooted the idea of a universal basic income (UBI). This idea has gained traction, especially
since the International Labour Organization (ILO)’s most recent World Employment and
Social Outlooklinks the decrease in jobs growth and the increase in inequality to a surge
in automation and the use of artificial intelligence (AI).
Among the several suggestions on the ways to address this is a UBI. Is it time for India to
introduce a UBI? N.R. Bhanumurthy and Arun Kumar discuss the question in a
conversation moderated by Kunal Shankar.
Professor Bhanumurthy, the ILO says 83% of the unemployed population in India are the
youth. Given this grim scenario, it is time to introduce a UBI?
N.R. Bhanumurthy: We must understand the concept of UBI. It is universal and covers the
basic needs of the people. In India, we actually have different forms of UBI. Perhaps we
can call this a semi-UBI. In the last few years, various versions of a UBI have been
implemented in India, such as cash transfer schemes for farmers and women. Many
States have begun cash transfers even for unemployed youth. A type of basic income
support need not be universal. So, in that context, I am not sure whether we can
implement the pure concept of a UBI in India.
I think proponents of UBI make a distinction between social safety nets like the ones you
point out and a base income regardless of employment status. Professor Arun Kumar,
your response?
So, how do we generate demand? How do we generate incomes in the hands of people
who don’t have employment? That is where the idea of a UBI comes in, I think. I agree
with Bhanu that goods or money is being given by the state to the people. That is
semi-UBI. And that is where the problem lies. In capitalist philosophy, you pay for work
done. You don’t pay for work not done. So, in a sense, it is a failure of the capitalist
system that it is unable to generate enough employment and incomes.
In the 1980s, the World Bank had warned that several Indians would fall behind and
suggested the creation of safety nets. This was tried in the mid-2000s in India with the
right to employment, food, education, and so on. But the problem is, if you give money
for no work, that doesn’t give the person dignity.
So, providing work is essential. Otherwise it will lead to alienation in society, because
those who have incomes and those who don’t will be divided and those who don’t have
incomes will be labelled as ‘good for nothing’. There will also be political and social
implications. So, I think we must generate enough employment. We can do this provided
our policies are structured right.
The ILO report suggests that the reasons for slow growth in jobs creation lie in the surge
in digital industries where the assembly line is not the shop floor, but software and
applications, and the use of technologies such as AI. India’s Finance Minister and the Chief
Economic Adviser have emphasised that private industry should invest more in
labour-intensive sectors. Is that really enough to generate the kind of mass employment
required in India?
Arun Kumar: The government needs to do more. If you look at the Budget, capital
investment has gone up, but it is going into capital-intensive sectors. There have been
You pointed out the ILO report. There is not only AI but a lot of automation taking place.
Think about the banking sector, for instance. Its work has expanded enormously, but the
staff strength has been cut to half because we don’t need to go into the bank branch any
longer. We can do all our banking work on our laptops and mobile phones.
If we look at the trade sector, too, which is the second biggest employer after agriculture
in India, e-commerce has been growing exponentially in the last few years at the
expense of neighbourhood stores.
Twenty years ago, people talked about jobless growth. Now, they talk about job-loss
growth. People who are getting displaced are unable to find work elsewhere, so they
have to generate work for themselves. And that is why there has been a growth in the
self-employment sector at very low income levels.
The phenomenon that you just called as job-loss growth is what the proponents of UBI
point to. Professor Bhanumurthy, your response?
Where I don’t agree with Professor Arun Kumar is yes, there is uneven distribution of
incomes because of the kind of growth he described, but there has been growth in
wages, though this is much smaller than the growth in profits. That is what the Economic
Survey graph suggests. So, in that sense, some of us have been suggesting a re-look at
the production-linked incentives schemes that the government announced that is being
given for some parts of the manufacturing sector post-COVID-19.
In terms of AI leading to job loss... I don’t think the ILO says there is job-loss growth or
jobless growth. I think what it says is that going forward, there could be an impact on
employment opportunities because of this. I am sure the labour market will adjust to
those innovations. Right now, I think there is a mismatch between the skills demanded
and the skills supplied.
Right, so you’re suggesting an intervention in education to upgrade skills. Even so, jobs
created in the fourth industrial revolution, to use Klaus Schwab’s phrase, are either
extremely well paying, or highly precarious, like gig work, leading to massive income
inequality. Do we not need a UBI to bridge this gap?
N.R. Bhanumurthy: Well, I think we need to be clear about whether India is ready for UBI.
In my opinion, we need to focus more on universal basic social safety nets. We are not
there. Social safety nets are very skewed between States or even within States. So, I
suggest that the the Central and State governments focus more on social safety net
universalisation.
Arun Kumar: If the government raises more funds from direct taxes, it is possible to
bridge this gap, because our direct tax to GDP ratio is only about 6.25%. Many developed
countries have a much higher percentage. While we cannot compete with the developed
countries, we can raise the direct tax to GDP ratio marginally at least. It is not that we
can’t do it, it is a question of the political will to do it.
© The Hindu, First published on: September 13, 2024 01:31 am IST
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/is-it-time-for-india-to-introduce-a-universal-bas
ic-income/article68635738.ece
Extension of free health coverage to all over 70 years is good, but more needs to be
done.
The absence of coverage for outpatient care, diagnostics and medicines is particularly
concerning as chronic diseases have increased sharply in India in the last few decades.
Increased life expectancy and an early onset of these diseases would mean that people
over 70 may very often suffer from multiple chronic diseases. Most of the health-care
expenditure by the elderly will, therefore, be through outpatient care (40%-80%), which
will not be covered by the scheme.
Since its launch in 2018, the penetration of PM-JAY into smaller cities and towns has
been low in most States. Unlike in most of the southern States, primary and secondary
health care in the public sector has been largely neglected and is inadequate and ill
equipped to meet the demand in other parts. Robust primary and secondary public health
care will sharply cut the load on tertiary health care and hence the need for curative
care; a reduced curative care load at tertiary hospitals will make the PM-JAY scheme
succeed.
Though there is waning enthusiasm in the private sector due to low treatment rates and
delayed payment, as per media reports, since its launch, two-thirds of the total money
spent each year under the PM-JAY scheme went to private hospitals; it was 53% in the
case of the southern States. Weakened primary and secondary health care will result in
an overload in tertiary health care, which the private players will be well poised to take
advantage of.
This can lead to a further shrinking of the government’s commitment to strengthen the
public health-care system by over-relying on the insurance modality which is neither
affordable nor will provide appropriate health care for the needy. In its present form,
PM-JAY is a measure that is essential, but is incomplete.
© The Hindu, First published on: September 13, 2024 02:08 am IST
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/%E2%80%8Bessential-but-not-enough-on-the
-extended-coverage-of-the-ayushman-bharat-pradhan-mantri-jan-arogya-yojana/article
68634754.ece
India cannot jump into AI-driven health care without first addressing the foundational
issues within its health system.
Primary health care (PHC) ensures the right to the highest attainable level of health by
bringing integrated services closer to communities. It addresses health needs, tackles
broader health determinants through multisectoral action, and empowers individuals to
manage their health. We risk undermining this fundamental aspect of PHC by relying on
Artificial Intelligence (AI) as it is impersonal, making people passive recipients of care
rather than active participants.
Naegele’s rule from obstetrics, which has been in use for over 200 years, can be used to
highlight the challenges in health care. It is based on 18th century reproductive habits of
European women, which may not be applicable today. This method is used to predict the
birth date of a child during pregnancy. It relies solely on the length of the last menstrual
cycle and has a 4% accuracy. It fails to account for critical factors such as maternal age,
The costs involved in establishing infrastructure to capture, collect, and train this data
are substantial. As reproductive health and fertility rates change over time, constant
fine-tuning of AI models is necessary, leading to recurring expenses. Health-care data is
complex and personal, making it difficult to standardise it across populations.
India’s diversity complicates the issue further. This diversity means that data for AI
models must be extensive and deeply contextualised, but generating such data requires
access to personal and behavioural information.
AI can play a crucial role in specific, well-defined tasks within health care, particularly
through narrow intelligence, diffusion models and transformers. Narrow intelligence
focuses on specialised tasks such as predicting hospital kitchen supply needs, managing
biomedical waste, or optimising drug procurement. Diffusion models, which are adept at
predicting patterns from complex datasets, can help screen histopathology slides or
screen only a subset of the population using medical images.
Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) are emerging as
powerful tools in medical education and research writing. These can provide rapid access
to medical knowledge, simulate patient interactions, and support the training of
health-care professionals. By offering personalised learning experiences and simulating
complex clinical scenarios, LLMs and LMMs can complement traditional medical education
A significant issue with AI in health care is the “black box” problem, where the
decision-making processes of AI algorithms are not transparent or easily understood.
This poses risks in health care, where understanding the rationale behind a diagnosis or
© The Hindu, First published on: September 13, 2024 01:48 am IST
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/health-care-using-ai-is-bold-but-much-caution-f
irst/article68635181.ece
In both political party and democratic theories, election campaigns play a significant role.
Democratic theorists have assumed that politicians are and ought to be attentive to the
views of the electorate during campaigns.
Election campaigns begin with the proper input received by the political parties related to
any particular region where they want to contest elections. These inputs come from
various sources, such as movements, issues raised by interest groups or pressure
groups, debates, and discussions of media channels. Opposition parties also participate in
setting the agenda by creating public opinion on various matters.
Core Message: The candidate or party creates a core message showcasing their policies,
values, and goals that distinguish them from their opponents. The message is carefully
crafted to connect with the electorate by addressing their concerns, needs and
expectations, and distinguish them from their opponents. Then campaigns are also
Campaign Team: A well-managed team is crucial. This group includes campaign managers,
strategists, communication directors, volunteers, and field organisers. The
Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RP Act) specifies legislation governing expenses
incurred by individuals identified as ‘leaders of a political party’. The ‘leaders of a political
party’ are referred to as ‘star campaigners’. Although ‘star campaigners’ are usually the
top leaders of a political party, other celebrities can be considered for the same. The only
requirement is that these individuals have to be members of the political party that
designates them as ‘star campaigners’.
In addition, the RP Act stipulates that a registered unrecognised political party can name
up to 20 star campaigners, while a recognised political party (federal or state) can
designate up to 40. These names must be provided to the Election Commission (EC) and,
if applicable, the State Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) within seven days of the election
notification date. In case of multi-phase election, a political party can submit a list of star
campaigners for each phase.
Campaigns require cash to run efficiently. Fundraising efforts involve seeking donations
from individuals and organisations as well as occasionally hosting fundraising events; and
logistics involves planning rallies, events, and outreach programs, ensuring the candidate
can effectively reach voters.
Campaign via advertising: This includes TV ads, radio spots, online ads, and print
materials. Effective advertising can help define the candidate’s image and highlight key
issues. The new media can also be used for this purpose. Online platforms like Facebook,
Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube are essential for reaching a broad audience, especially
younger voters. Digital campaigns also include targeted email campaigns and SMS
outreach.
1. Since the 1998 Lok Sabha elections, recognised political parties in India have been
allowed to freely use state-owned radio and television during elections. The Election
Commission of India (ECI) determines the length of time for each officially recognised
national and state party to broadcast prior to the start of the election campaign.
3. Media engagement: Engaging with the media is critical. Candidates give interviews, hold
press conferences, and use media coverage to amplify their message.
4. Campaign policy proposals: Candidates often focus on key issues like the economy,
healthcare, education, national security, and social justice. They present their policies as
solutions to the problems faced by voters.
5. Negative campaigning: Sometimes, campaigns use negative tactics, such as attack ads
or criticisms of their opponents’ records or personal characteristics. While controversial,
these tactics can be effective if used strategically.
6. Get Out the Vote (GOTV) efforts through voter mobilisation: As election day
approaches, campaigns intensify efforts to ensure their supporters turn out to vote. This
includes organising transportation to polling stations, reminding voters of polling dates
and locations, and addressing any last-minute concerns.
However, while participating in the election through campaigning, candidates along with
political parties have to follow a moral code of conduct. But what is the moral code of
conduct?
The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) consists of guidelines issued by the ECI to regulate the
behaviour of political parties and candidates in the lead-up to elections. It assists the ECI
in fulfilling its responsibilities under Article 324 of the Constitution, which empowers the
body to oversee and ensure free and fair elections for Parliament and State Legislatures.
The MCC takes effect from the moment the election schedule is announced and remains
in force until the election results are declared.
The MCC originated during the 1960 Assembly elections in Kerala, where the state
administration developed a ‘Code of Conduct’ for political participants. This code was later
distributed by the ECI during the 1962 Lok Sabha elections to all recognised political
parties and state governments that adhered to it.
In 1991, due to repeated violations of election rules and ongoing corruption, the ECI
decided to enforce the MCC more rigorously. During bye-elections, the MCC would be
applicable in the area of the concerned constituency only. MCC keeps checks on the
derogatory or hate speeches sometimes made by the leaders.
© The Indian Express (P) Ltd, First published on: September 12, 2024 18:34 IST
https://indianexpress.com/article/upsc-current-affairs/upsc-essentials/crucial-role-of-ele
ction-campaigns-in-shaping-voters-decision-upsc-9564169/
By placing cash directly in the hands of women, it offers financial autonomy, improving
their position in the family.
Let me begin by sharing a few startling statistics. India’s female labour force participation
rate is just 28 per cent. One out of three young people is not engaged in education,
employment or training, with women making up 95 per cent of this group. For every five
men in managerial positions, only one is a woman. India ranked 127th out of 146 countries
in the Global Gender Gap Index 2023. Three out of 10 women in the age group of 18-49
years have experienced violence from their spouses as per a survey by Niti Aayog.
All the data from ground research that your columnist has gleaned on this subject
indicates one important trend: Much of the income that comes through DBT is spent by
the woman at her own discretion. Targeting low-income households through these
schemes is especially beneficial as these households allocate a larger proportion of their
income to basic necessities like food and fuel. This is evident from the fact that the
bottom 20 per cent of rural households spend 53 per cent of their income on food, while
urban households in the same bracket allocate 49 per cent. Given these patterns of high
consumption, much of the money provided through DBT circulates back into the
economy.
Now to the politics of DBT, which is not so cut and dried. Rolling out the scheme does not
guarantee an election win. YSRCP’s Jagananna Amma Vodi, launched in January 2020, did
not do the magic for Jagan Mohan Reddy in Andhra Pradesh in June 2024. In Telangana,
the story was different. KTR’s BRS must be ruing the fact that they didn’t have a similar
DBT scheme in place. Congress’ Mahalakshmi Scheme, adapted from their own Karnataka
(Gruha Lakshmi) model and swiftly introduced after the big Telangana Assembly win in
2023, paid rich electoral dividends in the 18th Lok Sabha election.
Let’s look at Maharashtra and the DBT play. The state government announced the Ladki
Bahin scheme in the budget this June. The first tranche reached the bank accounts of
women in August. The second tranche is likely to reach beneficiaries mid-October. Is this
the primary reason why the Maharashtra elections were not announced along with
elections in Haryana, and Jammu & Kashmir? Will the Ladki Bahin scheme be enough to
secure the NDA government? Or will the heinous sexual assault on two children in
Badlapur be a flashpoint? Let your columnist stick his neck out and call a win for the
Maha Vikas Aghadi coalition later this year.
Besides Maharashtra, NDA states like Assam and Madhya Pradesh run similar schemes.
Opposition states running DBT schemes for women are Tamil Nadu, Himachal Pradesh,
Karnataka and Punjab. West Bengal has Lakshmir Bhandar. Amartya Sen’s Pratichi Trust,
All these schemes are fully sponsored by the states. Then there are 53 ministries under
the Union government that run 315 DBT schemes. Of these, 13 are related to the Ministry
of Women and Child Development. The ministry has an abysmal track record in
implementing the schemes and ranks 31 in the DBT Performance Rankings. Intriguingly,
there is no central scheme that directly transfers financial support universally to all
women or specifically targets low-income women (the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana
Yojana gives financial support to pregnant and lactating mothers).
The writer is MP and leader, All India Trinamool Congress Parliamentary Party (Rajya
Sabha). Research by Dheemunt Jain
© The Indian Express (P) Ltd, First published on:September 13, 2024 12:28 IST
https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/derek-obrien-writes-how-direct-benefi
t-transfer-empowers-women-9564741/
India has big renewable potential but land conflict, population density could hamper boost
-Jayashree Nandi
India currently has an installed RE capacity of 150 GW, and up to 1,500 GW, the
constraints are relatively manageable, the report said.
Land conflicts further restrict deployment, with only about 35% of onshore wind potential
and 41% of solar potential located in areas free from historical land conflicts. However,
earthquakes are less of a concern, as 83% of onshore wind and 77% of solar potential are
located in low to moderate seismic zones.
The CEEW study also identified states with high unconstrained RE potential including
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Ladakh.
“India stands at a pivotal juncture in its energy transition. It has set out to do the near
impossible: provide energy access to millions of people, clean up one of the world’s
largest energy systems, and become a green industrial powerhouse. While our RE
“The CEEW study goes into granular details of the county’s landmass to map out where
we can build out renewable energy and green hydrogen projects while addressing the
challenges of land, people, and compounding, non-linear climate risks. The scale of the
task ahead is monumental, yet it is precisely this challenge that will define India’s legacy
as a trailblazer for the Global South — a country that charts a low-carbon pathway to
prosperity against all odds,” he added.
The analysis projects that the first 60 GW deployment has no significant constraints;
between 60 GW and 300 GW capacity, the intermittency of renewable energy increases
slightly, with locations experiencing two months of generation lower than one standard
deviation from the median. Additionally, locations with existing conflicts will have to be
used for renewable energy deployment.In the 300-750 GW range, there is a trade-off
between significantly higher land prices (between ₹8 and 16 lakhs per acre) and higher
population density (between 250 and 400 people per square kilometre). Additionally,
areas with higher population density are also associated with higher climate risk and
conflicts. Beyond 750–1,500 GW, RE will need to be deployed in areas characterised as
earthquake-prone zone 4 or in areas with higher seasonality, where generation is
marginally lower than one.
“And finally, beyond 3,000 GW, there is an increase in challenges associated with all
constraints, from land price to population density and conflicts. At the extremity of more
than 5,000 GW, we need to deploy RE in highly earthquake-prone zones. Additionally,
climate risks are quite high in some areas as we reach higher capacity requirements,” the
study states. India currently has an installed RE capacity of 150 GW, and up to 1,500 GW,
the constraints are relatively manageable, CEEW said.
© Hindustan Times, First Published on: Sep 12, 2024 06:02 PM IST
https://www.hindustantimes.com/environment/india-has-big-renewable-potential-but-land
-conflict-population-density-could-hamper-boost-report-101726143719561.html
Every State must have a Water Regulatory Authority, which should ideally follow the
volumetric system of pricing.
More than 40 per cent of India is arid and semi-arid with erratic and scanty rainfall
leading to water stress/scarcity situations that impact lives and livelihoods in these
regions. With climate change, the rainfall pattern is changing and water shortage is visible
in many parts of the country. Also, there are wide spatial and temporal variations in the
distribution of water. Eighty per cent of rainfall occurs in nearly four months of the year.
A NITI Aayog study (2019) estimates that by 2050, water availability (supply) in India will
reduce to half of the demand. Thus, demand side water management is extremely
important.
For many years, water was considered a free or non-economic good such as air.
However, due to exponential growth of population, increased food demand, lifestyle
changes, and high economic growth, water is now considered an economic good in
addition to being a social good in some cases. The UN Dublin Principle (1992) emphasised
on the importance of economic value of water in general and irrigation water in particular.
If water is treated as an economic good, some price should be attached to it. Domestic
water and water for industries are charged, but irrigation water is considered a non-merit
good, often supported by government funds.
The National Water Policy (NWP) 1987 mandated that water rates should convey the
scarcity value of the resource to users, foster motivation for economy in water use, and
The NWP 2002 suggested that water rates should cover at least O&M cost initially and
part of capital costs subsequently. The rates should be linked to the quality of service
provided. Subsidy on water rates should be well-targeted and transparent. The NWP 2012
suggested that in order to meet equity, efficiency and economic principles, water pricing
should, as a rule, be determined on volumetric basis.
Per NWP 2012, water pricing should be under the domain of the Water Regulatory
Authority (WRA). There are no independent WRAs in many States and, as a result, the
mechanism of fixing water charges is ad hoc, non-consultative and non-transparent.
Revision of water rates by States is often outdated; in Kerala, for 47 years there were no
changes in water rates. In Karnataka, there are water rates for 16 crops with respect to
flow irrigation and lift irrigation; for sugarcane, the rate for lift irrigation is ₹2,965.16 per
hectare, and for flow irrigation it is ₹988.39 per hectare. For manurial crops in Karnataka,
for lift irrigation it is ₹74.13 per hectare and for flow irrigation, ₹37.06 .
For others, groundwater rates are linked to the quantum of withdrawal and criticality of
aquifers. Groundwater rates are applicable to category of areas (i.e., safe, semi-critical,
critical, over-exploited). For example, if the quantum of withdrawal is up to 50 m3/day,
the abstraction charges for safe areas is ₹1 per m3, and for overexploited area (existing
industries), ₹8 per m3. However, the largest consumer, agriculture, is not under the net
of groundwater regulation.
In the case of groundwater, volumetric water pricing is adopted in China, South Africa,
Australia, Israel, Chile. In South Africa, there is seasonal pricing based on groundwater
availability, and incentive for adopting water saving practices. In Australia, market-based
mechanism such as water trading ensures water entitlement and flexibility for users to
buy and sell water allocations.
Future steps
First, the concept of water as an economic good should be adopted in all cases; the cost
recovery in irrigation sector should cover O&M costs and at least 1 per cent interest on
capital employed, as recommended by the erstwhile Planning Commission.
Third, more and more users of groundwater should be brought under the ambit of water
pricing. Volumetric pricing should be introduced for all uses including irrigation. There
should be incentive for adopting metering of infrastructure, for water conservation, and
for introducing water audit-based credit.
The writer is a Distinguished Fellow, TERI, New Delhi, and a former Secretary, Ministry of
Water Resources
© The Hindu Business Line (P) Ltd, First published on: September 12, 2024 at 09:00 PM.
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/water-pricing-should-reflect-its-true-value
/article68635361.ece
The Group of Ministers constituted by the GST Council under Minister of State, Pankaj
Chaudhary, should not find it too difficult to decide the future of the compensation cess.
The compensation payments, included in the GST Act, 2017, was the carrot held out to
States to make them transition to the new indirect tax regime.
It promised States a generous 14 per cent growth in taxes subsumed under GST in the
first five years and sought to meet the shortfalls in this promise through the cess levied
on sin and luxury goods. It is well that the compensation payments to States have ended
With the GST regime quite firmly in place and most States having adapted to the new
indirect tax regime fairly well, the idea of compensating the States should be put to rest.
That said, the primary task before the GoM will be to recommend the way the levies
under compensation cess can be assimilated into the GST rates.
The collections from this cess averaged around ₹12,000 crore every month in 2023-24
and the Centre and the States can benefit from the continuation of this levy, albeit with
more rational rates of taxes and in a different form. The GoM should keep the consumers
in mind while suggesting the way forward.
There is a strong case for retaining higher taxes on tobacco, pan masala and related
products to deter the consumption of these products which have debilitating impact on
health. Similarly, there is a case for higher levy on coal to attain our sustainability goals.
But the cess levied on motor vehicles needs to be rationalised. While the cess on small
and medium sized cars is not too high, the compensation cess on larger cars ranges from
20 to 22 per cent, taking the overall GST levy to 50 per cent for these vehicles.
Some of these cars cannot be classified as luxury vehicles and are used by the
middle-class. Reducing the GST rates on such goods of mass consumption can increase
demand, giving a boost to the automobile and ancillary industries.
Besides reviewing these levies, the rate rationalisation committee should act quickly on
readjusting the GST slabs and rationalising all the other GST rates too, to make the entire
regime simpler.
If the GOM recommends higher levy on goods currently subject to compensation cess, it
should be mindful not to classify it as cess. This is to ensure that the revenue earned
from these goods are equitably shared between the Centre and the States.
© The Hindu Business Line (P) Ltd, First published on: September 12, 2024 at 09:10 PM.
https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/editorial/end-compensation-cess/article68
634760.ece
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