L'afrique Malade de Ses Militaires

Etudes
Souka Souka
L’Afrique malade africaines Série Défense
de ses militaires
Les pères des indépendances en Afrique appartenaient tous à la
société civile. Leur subrogation par les militaires dans des conditions
souvent antidémocratiques a propulsé au sommet des États, en un
demi-siècle, une centaine de présidents en treillis pour un résultat
déplorable.
Souka Souka
Coups d’État, corruption, violences contre le peuple et déroute au
combat ternissent l’image des armées africaines. Dans le même
temps, les nations n’ont cessé de s’appauvrir…
L’Afrique malade
de ses militaires
Retrouver le patriotisme, le professionnalisme et l’empathie qui sied
L’Afrique malade de ses militaires

au bon soldat oblige les armées africaines à recourir au processus
qui a permis la réussite des pays émancipés, loin des thérapies
cathartiques à l’africaine.
Des solutions simples et efﬁcaces existent. Cet ouvrage les expose

avec concision et clarté.
Souka SOUKA est diplômé de Saint-Cyr (promotion 1977-

1979), breveté de l’École supérieure de Guerre (Paris, 1994)
et ancien professeur à l’Université Paris XIII (Villetaneuse).
Etudes africaines
Préface de Bernard Commins
Série Défense
Couverture : Soldats de la MISCA en Centrafrique (2013). Minusca/Flickr, CC BY-SA
ISBN : 978-2-343-19832-3
23 €
Licence accordée à Sidy Ba sidy.ba@usherbrooke.ca - ip:102.213.139.122

/¶$IULTXHPDODGH
GHVHVPLOLWDLUHV

&ROOHFWLRQ©eWXGHVDIULFDLQHVª
dirigée par Denis Pryen et son équipe
)RUWH GH SOXV GH PLOOH WLWUHV SXEOLpV j FH MRXU OD FROOHFWLRQ
©eWXGHVDIULFDLQHVªIDLWSHDXQHXYH(OOHSUpVHQWHUDWRXMRXUVOHV
HVVDLV JpQpUDX[ TXL RQW IDLW VRQ VXFFqV PDLV VH GpFOLQHUD
GpVRUPDLV pJDOHPHQW SDU VpULHV WKpPDWLTXHV GURLW pFRQRPLH
SROLWLTXHVRFLRORJLHHWF
'HUQLqUHVSDUXWLRQV
%HUQDGHWWH&ODUD$OYLQH$<20%$5*$La mission de la femme

dans le processus de réconciliation
-RVHSKeULF 1120(1.2¶2 Problématique foncière et
trajectoires de développement en Afrique subsaharienne, L’exemple
du Cameroun,
%ULFH325($8Rwanda : une ère nouvelle. Comprendre le travail
de reconnaissance (nouvelle édition)
+RO\ +2/(18 0$1*(1'$ Kinshasa. Urbanisation et enjeux
écologiques durables
-HDQ&ODXGH (/281'28 Afrique : ton développement en
question
%RXUHwPD1LNLHPD28e'5$2*2Sociologie des violences contre
l’État au Burkina Faso. Question nationale et identités
-HDQ)HUQDQG %e',$, Lumières postcoloniales, Pour un nouvel
esprit critique littéraire en Afrique francophone
6LPRQ 1*212 GLU La communication de l’État en Afrique.
Discours, ressorts et positionnements
0DUWLQ )RUWXQp 08.(1'-, 0%$1'$.8/8 L’éthique de
l’enseignant. Le contexte de la République démocratique du Congo,

6RXND628.$

/¶$IULTXHPDODGH
GHVHVPLOLWDLUHV

3UpIDFHGH
%HUQDUG&RPPLQV


© L’Harmattan, 2020
5-7, rue de l’École-Polytechnique, 75005 Paris
http://www.editions-harmattan.fr
ISBN : 978-2-343-19832-3
EAN : 9782343198323
35()$&(
6¶DSSX\DQW VXU XQH pFULWXUH FLVHOpH QRXUUL GH ULFKHV UpIpUHQFHV

6RXND6RXNDSRVHXQUHJDUGVDQVFRPSODLVDQFHVXUTXHOTXHVRL[DQWH
DQQpHVGHO¶KLVWRLUH©PLOLWDLUHªGXFRQWLQHQWDIULFDLQ
$ OD GLIIpUHQFH GH O¶KLVWRLUH PLOLWDLUH G¶DXWUHV &RQWLQHQWV IDLWH GH

OHQWHFRQVWUXFWLRQG¶RXWLOVGH'pIHQVHDXILOG¶DIIURQWHPHQWVHQWUH
(WDWV GH FRQTXrWHV WHUULWRULDOHV GH YRORQWp GH FRQVWUXLUH XQ (WDW
1DSROpRQ GH *DXOOH O¶KLVWRLUH LFL GpFULWH UHOqYH KpODV EHDXFRXS
WURSVRXYHQWGHODFRQTXrWHGXSRXYRLUSRXUOHSRXYRLUSDURXSRXU
OHVPLOLWDLUHVHX[PrPHVVDQVTX¶jODILQOHXUVSURSUHVSRSXODWLRQV
HQUHoRLYHQWG¶DXWUHVGLYLGHQGHVTXHFHOXLGXVDQJRXGHODSDXYUHWp
(QFRUH IDXWLO VH ©UpMRXLUª TXH OHV DIIURQWHPHQWV HQWUH (WDWV GX
FRQWLQHQWDIULFDLQVRLHQWUHVWpVH[FHSWLRQQHOVjODGLIIpUHQFHGHFH
TX¶D YpFX OH FRQWLQHQW HXURSpHQ ,O Q¶HPSrFKH PrPH VDQV FH
SDUR[\VPH GH YLROHQFH OHV JXHUUHV DIULFDLQHV RQW HQWUDLQp HOOHV
DXVVLOHXUVPRUWVSDUPLOOLRQV
'HUULqUHFHSDQRUDPDTXLSHXWODLVVHUXQJRWDPHU6RXND6RXND
GpYHORSSHHQPLURLUXQFRQVWDQWSODLGR\HUSRXUODGpPRFUDWLHSRXU
OHUHWRXUjODQREOHVVHGXVHUYLFHGHVDUPHVSRXUOHUHWRXUDXVHQV
GX6HUYLFHDYHFXQJUDQG6GDQVWRXWHVDQREOHVVHHWVRQH[LJHQFH
DXVVL GH OD SDUW GH FHX[ TXL RFFXSHQW GHV IRQFWLRQV DX VHLQ GH
O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ \ FRPSULV HW VXUWRXW OHV SOXV KDXWHV FKDUJHV GH
O¶(WDW
$UHERXUVVDQVGRXWHGHVPRGHVGHSHQVpHGRPLQDQWV6RXND6RXND
RVH GDQV VD FRQFOXVLRQ SURSRVHU XQ PRGqOH SURFKH GH PRGqOH
VXLVVH GHV DUPpHV FLWR\HQQHV XQ UpVHDX DIULFDLQ G¶DUPpHV
FLWR\HQQHV EpQpILFLDQW VL QpFHVVDLUH GX SDUDSOXLH G¶XQ SD\V DPL
3HUVSHFWLYHDXGDFLHXVHQRQGpQXpHGHPpULWHVHWGHULVTXHVDXVVL
jELHQ\UpIOpFKLU
7RXWOHFWHXULQWpUHVVpSDUO¶KLVWRLUHGHWHORXWHOSD\VWURXYHUDGDQV
FHW RXYUDJH OH YROHW ©PLOLWDLUHª VWUXFWXUHOOHPHQW FRQVWLWXWLI GHV
KLVWRLUHV LQGLYLGXHOOHV GH PLOOLRQV GH SHUVRQQHV PDLV DXVVL GHV
FRQVWUXFWLRQVQDWLRQDOHV(QFHVHQVLOPpULWHUDLWGHWHQLUXQHERQQH
ϳ

SODFHGDQVOHVELEOLRWKqTXHVGHQRVpFROHVPLOLWDLUHVHWGHUHFKHUFKH
XQLYHUVLWDLUH
4XHO¶DXWHXUPHSHUPHWWHHQFRQFOXVLRQGHFHWWHFRXUWHLQWURGXFWLRQ
GH PHQWLRQQHU O¶LPSRUWDQFH GH OD VFRODULVDWLRQ TXL SHUPHWWUD
O¶pGXFDWLRQ j OD FLWR\HQQHWp UHVSRQVDEOH 3RXU DFFRPSDJQHU VRQ
SODLGR\HU M¶RVH DIILUPHU TXH F¶HVW j O¶pFROH SULPDLUH ORQJWHPSV
O¶pFROHGXSHXSOHTXHVHIRUPHODFLWR\HQQHWpHWTXHV¶DFTXLqUHQW
OHVFRQQDLVVDQFHVIDYRULVDQWOHVDYRLUrWUHKDELWXGHVLQWpULRULVDWLRQ
GHQRUPHVHWGHUqJOHV
(W SXLVTXH pGXFDWLRQ HW KLVWRLUH PLOLWDLUH GHV SD\V DIULFDLQV VH
UHMRLJQHQWLFLODLVVRQVXQ6DJHFRQFOXUH
« L’éducation est l’arme la plus puissante qu’on puisse utiliser
pour changer le monde »
1HOVRQ0DQGHOD

/H1RYHPEUHj*RPDHQ5'&

*pQpUDO%HUQDUG&RPPLQV

ϴ

,1752'8&7,21
$SUqVXQHYLHVDQVKLVWRLUHDXVHUYLFHGXSD\VSRXUTXRLPHVXLVMH
SHQFKp VXU O¶LPSOLFDWLRQ GHV PLOLWDLUHV GDQV OHV PDOKHXUV GH
O¶$IULTXHௗ" 3DUFH TXH G¶XQH SDUW O¶HQJDJHPHQW GH O¶LQVWLWXWLRQ
PLOLWDLUH GDQV OD VSKqUH SROLWLTXH HW OH FRPSRUWHPHQW GpOR\DO GH
FHUWDLQVGHVHVPHPEUHVHQDFFpOpUDQWOHSURFHVVXVGHODJXHUUHFLYLOH
DX &RQJR RQW FRWp OD YLH j GHV GL]DLQHV GH PLOOLHUV GH QRV
FRQFLWR\HQV '¶DXWUH SDUW OHV DERPLQDWLRQV FRPPLVHV VXU OHXUV
FRPSDWULRWHV GRQW LOV DYDLHQW OD FKDUJH GH SURWpJHU RQW ILQL SDU
UHQIRUFHU XQH GpVLOOXVLRQ SOXVLHXUV IRLV UHIRXOpH GDQV PRQ
VXEFRQVFLHQW (QILQ OHV VLPLOLWXGHV GH VLWXDWLRQV GDQV WRXW OH
FRQWLQHQWSRXVVHQWDXGpVHVSRLU3RXUWDQWO¶DYHQLUHVWUDGLHX[VLOHV
$IULFDLQVDSSOLTXHQWMXGLFLHXVHPHQWOHVUHFHWWHVTXLIRQWOHERQKHXU
GHVDXWUHVFRQWLQHQWV
'pFRXYUH] GRQF PD YpULWp VXU OD SUREOpPDWLTXH GHV DUPpHV
DIULFDLQHV

7HOOHSUrWUHTXLDSUqVVRQRUGLQDWLRQUHoRLWXQSRXYRLUVDFUpFHOXL
GHSHVHUVXUOHVFRQVFLHQFHVGXFRPPXQGHVPRUWHOVOHVROGDWUHoRLW
GHODSDWULHOHSRXYRLUGHOLEpUHUQRVFRQVFLHQFHVHQGRQQDQWODPRUW
HQQRWUHQRP&RPPHOHSUpODWTXLRIIUHj'LHXFHTX¶LODGHSOXV
FKHUVDYLHOHPLOLWDLUHGRQQHODVLHQQHDYHFODPrPHGpYRWLRQDX
QRPGHVRQSHXSOH
/HVROGDWHWOHSUrWUHVHFDUDFWpULVHQWSDUOHGpVLQWpUHVVHPHQW1LO¶XQ
QLO¶DXWUHQHIDLWXQPpWLHUTXLDSULRULOHXUUDSSRUWHGHO¶DUJHQWSOXV
TXH GH UDLVRQ HX pJDUG DX[ VDFULILFHV TX¶LOV FRQVHQWHQW 3RXU O¶XQ
O¶DVFpWLVPHHWO¶HIIRUWSK\VLTXHVRQWOHORWTXRWLGLHQSRXUO¶DXWUHOH
GpQXHPHQWSURSUHjO¶pOpYDWLRQGHO¶HVSULWHVWVDYHUWX3RXUOHVGHX[
ODGLVFLSOLQHHWODVRXPLVVLRQVRQWODEDVHGHOHXUUqJOHPHQWLQWpULHXU
/¶DVVRFLDWLRQ GH OHXU VLWXDWLRQ D FRQGXLW j O¶H[SUHVVLRQ ©PRLQH
VROGDWªTXLSRXVVHOHIDQDWLVPHHWOHSDWULRWLVPHjVHVOLPLWHV
ϵ

/¶DOOpJUHVVH GX VROGDW VH GpILQLW SDU GHV VHQWLPHQWV VLPSOHV PDLV
WUqV IRUWV FRPPH OH GpYRXHPHQW OD FDPDUDGHULH HW OD QREOHVVH GH
O¶DUPpHTX¶LOFRQWULEXHjIRUJHUGDQVOHVHVSULWV3RUWHUOHVDUPHVGH
ODQDWLRQFRQIqUHXQHIRUPHGHJUDQGHXUHWGHGLJQLWpFDUOHUpVXOWDW
F¶HVWO¶DFFHSWDWLRQGHODPRUWODVLHQQHPDLVDXVVLFHOOHGHO¶DXWUH
/DPRUWTXHO¶RQUHoRLWHWFHOOHTXHO¶RQGRQQHGDQVOHVFLUFRQVWDQFHV
OpJDOHV VRQWSDUFRQVpTXHQWjO¶RULJLQHGHO¶KRQQHXUHWOHSUHVWLJH
GRQWMRXLWOHPLOLWDLUH/DFDPDUDGHULHXQVHQWLPHQWG¶XQHJUDQGHXU
PRUDOHLQILQLHQpHGDQVOHVDE\VVHVGHODVRXIIUDQFHGHVFKDPSVGH
EDWDLOOH R O¶RQ SDUWDJH WRXW \ FRPSULV VD SURSUH YLH SRXU VDXYHU
FHOOHGXFRPSDJQRQ'DQVFHVPRPHQWVG¶XQHSXUHWpVDQVpJDOXQ
pODQGHIUDWHUQLWpHWGHVROLGDULWpDEVRUEHWRXWHVOHVEDUULqUHV6HXOH
O¶DUPpHPDJQLILHDXSOXVKDXWSRLQWFHWWHIUDWHUQLWp
&HWWHLPDJHLG\OOLTXHV¶HVWIUDFDVVpHDXFRQWDFWGHODUpDOLWpDIULFDLQH
DXSRLQWTXHO¶RQHQYLHQWjVHGHPDQGHUVLOHVROGDWDIULFDLQQ¶HVW
SDV OH SULQFLSDO DUWLVDQ GHV DIIUHV GH WRXW OH FRQWLQHQW /¶DFWXDOLWp
EUODQWH HW O¶KLVWRLUH WRXUPHQWpH GH O¶$IULTXH GpPRQWUHQW
VXIILVDPPHQW TXH FH SHUVRQQDJH XWLOLVH VRQ pQRUPH SRXYRLU GH
FRHUFLWLRQ SDU DLOOHXUV LQFRQWHVWp HW DVVXPp SDU OD QDWLRQ SRXU
EORTXHU VRXYHQW j VRQ SURSUH SURILW OD PDUFKH WLWXEDQWH GH O¶eWDW
&RPPHQW H[SOLTXHU TX¶HQ GpSLW GHV UHVVRXUFHV KXPDLQHV HW
QDWXUHOOHVDERQGDQWHVQRQREVWDQWO¶H[HPSOHGXGpYHORSSHPHQWGHV
SHXSOHV G¶2ULHQW HW G¶$PpULTXH DXWUHIRLV DVVXMHWWLV FRPPH QRXV
PDOJUp OH KDXW QLYHDX GH FXOWXUH GHV JpQpUDWLRQV DFWXHOOHV OHV
$IULFDLQV SURJUHVVHQW GDQV WRXV OHV GRPDLQHV j O¶DOOXUH GX
FDPpOpRQௗ"4XHOOHHVWODSDUWGHUHVSRQVDELOLWpGHVPLOLWDLUHVGDQVOH
UHWDUGGHO¶$IULTXHHWTXHIDXWLOLQYHQWHUSRXUVHGpSrWUHUGHOHXU
HPSULVHௗ" 'HSXLV TXH OH VROGDW HVW VRUWL GH VRQ RUELWH VD SDUW GH
UHVSRQVDELOLWp GDQV OH UHWDUG GH O¶$IULTXH Q¶D FHVVp GH VH UpYpOHU
RVWHQVLEOHPHQW3RXUWDQWWRXWDYDLWVLELHQFRPPHQFpjODVRUWLHGH
OHXUFKU\VDOLGH

ϭϬ

/DJHQqVHGHPRQKLVWRLUH
'H QRV MRXUV O¶DUPpH HVW YpFXH FRPPH XQ PpWLHU RUGLQDLUH VDQV
JUDQGHV FRQWUDLQWHV /¶RLVLYHWp SXLV O¶LQGLJHQFH GX VROGDW RQW
IUDFDVVpO¶LGpHGHQREOHVVHHWG¶HQJDJHPHQWDOWUXLVWHDXVHUYLFHGX
SD\V(QXQPRWO¶+RQQHXUKpULWpGHQRVDvQpVDXPRPHQWFUXFLDO
GXFKRL[GHFDUULqUHPRWLYDLWQRWUHLQFRUSRUDWLRQ
3RXUTXRLXQKRPPHDUULYHjFRQVDFUHUVDYLHjODSDWULHVDFKDQWTX¶LO
Q¶HQWLUHUDDXFXQSURILWPDWpULHOௗ"
(KELHQௗ3HXWrWUHOHVUrYHVGHJRVVH«&RPELHQGHIRLVQHVXLVMH
SDVWRPEpHQSkPRLVRQjODYXHG¶XQXQLIRUPHௗ"/¶DUPpHSRXUPRL
F¶pWDLWODEHDXWpGHODULJXHXUODVROLGLWpGHODGLVFLSOLQHHWODIRUFH
GH OD MHXQHVVH &¶pWDLW WHOOHPHQW pPRXYDQW OD YLVLRQ GH FHV WRUVHV
QXV FHV SRLWULQHV ERPEpHV HQ UDQJV VHUUpV DOLJQpHV FRPPH XQ
GDPLHU FUDFKDQW WHOV GHV YROFDQV HQ pUXSWLRQ GHV FKDQWV WRXV WUqV
EHDX[HWKDUPRQLHX[
/¶DUPpH SRXU PRL F¶pWDLW OD WHQXH LPSHFFDEOH GH IUDvFKHXU HW
VWULFWHPHQW XQLIRUPH SRXU WRXV DYHF OHV DWWULEXWV GLVWLQFWLIV TXL
pWDEOLVVDLHQWXQHKLpUDUFKLHIRUWUHVSHFWpH
/¶DUPpH SRXU PRL F¶pWDLW O¶eFROH PLOLWDLUH SUpSDUDWRLUH *pQpUDO
/HFOHUF XQH DUPpH HQ PLQLDWXUH (OOH UHJURXSDLW OD FUqPH GHV
DGROHVFHQWVGXSD\VVpOHFWLRQQpVjODIDYHXUGXWDPLVG¶XQFRQFRXUV
H[WUrPHPHQWVpOHFWLIHWGHVWHVWVGHVDQWpH[LJHDQWV/DFDPDUDGHULH
HWOHEUDVVDJHGHVRULJLQHVVRFLDOHVHWWHUULWRULDOHVDXVHLQGHFHWWH
UHPDUTXDEOHLQVWLWXWLRQpWDLHQWjO¶LPDJHGHQRWUH&RQJRXQHSHWLWH
UpSXEOLTXHHQSOHLQpYHLO
/¶DUPpH SRXU PRL F¶pWDLW OD SURELWp OH GRQ GH VRL OD GLJQLWp OH
VDFHUGRFH TXL FRQGXLW j OD UHFRQQDLVVDQFH pWHUQHOOH GH VHV
FRQFLWR\HQV
/DSUHPLqUHIXOJXUDQFHGHFHWDPRXUIXWGpFOHQFKpHORUVTX¶XQH[
FRQGLVFLSOHGHPRQpFROHSULPDLUHUHYLQWVDOXHUVHVDQFLHQVPDvWUHV
$ORUVTX¶LOWUDYHUVDLWODFRXUGHO¶pFROHYLGHGHWRXWpOqYHPDFODVVH
QHSXWUpSULPHUO¶HQYLHGHVHPHWWUHjODIHQrWUHSRXUDGPLUHUFHOXL
TXLO¶DQQpHSUpFpGHQWHHQFRUHpWDLWSDUPLQRXV,OPDUFKDLWTXHGLV
MH LO IORWWDLW FRPPH XQ GHPLGLHX FHLQW GDQV VD VDKDULHQQH
LPSHFFDEOH/DILFHOOHWRPEDQWjO¶DUULqUHGHVRQEpUHWOXLFDUHVVDLW
ϭϭ

ODQXTXHjFKDTXHSDV,ODYDLWGHVpSDXOHWWHVURXJHHWQRLUHHWXQ
LQVLJQHGHSRFKHHPEOqPHGHVRQXQLWpFRPPHOHVYUDLVPLOLWDLUHV
(QILQLOpWDLWELHQFRLIIpWUqVSURSUHHWV\PEROLVDLWODGLJQLWpPrPH
-H SULV DORUV OD UpVROXWLRQ G¶pWXGLHU DUGHPPHQW SRXU GHYHQLU PRL
DXVVLHQIDQWGHWURXSHHWHPEUDVVHUODFDUULqUHPLOLWDLUH/DILHUWpOH
GpYRXHPHQW OD IRUFH DX VHUYLFH GH OD SDWULH OH SUHVWLJH GH
O¶XQLIRUPHGHVYDOHXUVVLPSOHVPDLVIRUWHVWHOOHVRQWpWpVRXYHQW
OHV PRWLYDWLRQV TXL DQLPDLHQW OHV MHXQHV GH PRQ pSRTXH -H PH
GHPDQGHVLDXMRXUG¶KXLHQFRUHO¶DUPpHVXVFLWHGHVYRFDWLRQVSRXU
GHV UDLVRQV SXUHPHQW LGpDOLVWHV 'H QRV MRXUV OHV PLOLWDLUHV VRQW
FHUWDLQHPHQWWDQWHQYLpVSDUFHTX¶LOVVRQWGHYHQXVSRXUFHUWDLQVWRXW
DXPRLQVLPPHQVpPHQWULFKHV/¶DUPpHDIDLWGHVIRUWXQHVHWEkWL
GHV UpSXWDWLRQV SDV WRXMRXUV DX SOXV PpULWDQW HQWUDvQDQW XQH
YpULWDEOHFXUpHGRQWOHSHXSOHSD\HVRXYHQWOHSUL[IRUW
/¶pFROH PLOLWDLUH pWDLW OH FUHXVHW GHV PHLOOHXUV G¶XQH FODVVH G¶kJH
SDUWRXWRHOOHIXWLQVWLWXpH8QHIRLVGDQVFHWWHJORULHXVHLQVWLWXWLRQ
MHSXLVFRQVWDWHUTXHSUHVTXHWRXVOHVHQIDQWVGHWURXSHpWDLHQWLVVXV
GH OD SD\VDQQHULH RX ILOV GH VROGDWV V¶LOV Q¶pWDLHQW SDV HQIDQWV GH
IRQFWLRQQDLUHV GH OD WUqV EDVVH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ *UkFH j OHXU
LQWHOOLJHQFH LOV VH VRQW H[WUDLWV GH OHXU GHVWLQ G¶LQGLJHQW GH WRXWH
pYLGHQFHWUDFpG¶DYDQFH
/¶eFROH*pQpUDO/HFOHUFLQLWLDOHPHQW OHFRPPDQGHPHQWIUDQoDLV
GDQVOHVRXFLG¶DIULFDQLVHUOHVIRQFWLRQVVXEDOWHUQHVGDQVOHVXQLWpV
GHO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVHG¶RXWUHPHUDYDLWLQVWDXUpGHVpFROHVG¶HQIDQWV
GH WURXSH $YHF O¶DFFpOpUDWLRQ GH OD PDUFKH GHV WHUULWRLUHV YHUV
O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH OD QpFHVVLWp GH OD VpFXULWp GHV QRXYHDX[ eWDWV HW
O¶DXJPHQWDWLRQGHVHIIHFWLIVGHVWURXSHVLQGLJqQHVFHWWHLQVWDXUDWLRQ
V¶HVW DYpUpH LQGLVSHQVDEOH /D IRUPDWLRQ H[FOXVLYHPHQW PLOLWDLUH
HQGXUpH SDU QRV DvQpV IXW DWWpQXpH DX SURILW G¶XQ HQVHLJQHPHQW
VFRODLUH SRXVVp MXVTX¶DX EUHYHW G¶pWXGHV ¬ OD ILQ GHV DQQpHV
VRL[DQWH O¶eFROH PLOLWDLUH SUpSDUDWRLUH (03 TXL UHJURXSDLW OHV
pOqYHVLVVXVGHWRXWHO¶H[$()$IULTXHeTXDWRULDOH)UDQoDLVHQH
FRPSWDLWSOXVTXHGHV&RQJRODLVjUDLVRQG¶XQHVRL[DQWDLQHG
HQIDQWV
GHWURXSHSDUSURPRWLRQV¶pFKHORQQDQWGHODVL[LqPHjODWURLVLqPH
/H FRQFRXUV G¶HQWUpH pWDLW j O¶LPDJH GH OD SHUIHFWLRQ H[LJpH WUqV
VpOHFWLI6RXVODUHVSRQVDELOLWpG¶XQHGLUHFWLRQGHO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWHW
G¶XQ HQFDGUHPHQW PLOLWDLUH WRWDOHPHQW IUDQoDLV SDU FRQVpTXHQW
VFUXSXOHX[HWREMHFWLIVOHVpSUHXYHVGXFRQFRXUVVHGpURXODLHQWGDQV
ϭϮ

WRXWHOD5pSXEOLTXHGDQVGHVFRQGLWLRQVG¶pTXLWpLQFRQWHVWDEOH&H
TXL Q¶HVW SOXV OH FDV GHSXLV TXH O¶pFROH HVW SDVVpH VRXV
FRPPDQGHPHQW FRQJRODLV HW G¶DYDQWDJH HQFRUH GH QRV MRXUV /D
VpOHFWLRQSDUOHSRUWHPRQQDLHSDUHQWDORXOHSULYLOqJHUpVHUYpjOD
FODVVH GLULJHDQWH HQILQ OD FRWHULH HWKQLTXH RQW WUDQVIRUPp FHWWH
SpSLQLqUHG¶pOLWHVHQSpWDXGLqUHG¶HQIDQWVLQIDWXpVGpMjVUVGHOHXU
DSSDUWHQDQFH j O¶RUGUH GRPLQDQW SDU OD JUkFH GH OHXU VLPSOH
QDLVVDQFH
'DQVOHVWHPSVDQFLHQVOHV\VWqPHGXFRQFRXUVGUDVWLTXHDWWLUDLWOHV
PHLOOHXUV pOqYHV GX &RQJR 'HV ILOV GH SD\VDQV GpEDUTXDLHQW GHV
UpJLRQVOHVSOXVUHFXOpHVGXSD\VFRQVFLHQWVGHV¶H[WUDLUHG¶XQHYLH
PLVpUDEOHDQQRQFpHjODIDYHXUGHOHXUSURSUHLQWHOOLJHQFH3RXUV¶HQ
DVVXUHU O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ GH O¶pFROH HW OH FRUSV HQVHLJQDQW
SURFpGDLHQWjXQVHFRQGWULVXUODEDVHG¶H[DPHQVPpGLFDX[HWGH
WHVWVSK\VLTXHV,ODUULYDTXHOTXHIRLVORUVTX¶LO\DYDLWXQGRXWHVXU
OD UpJXODULWp GX FRQFRXUV TXH OHV VRL[DQWH DGPLV UHSDVVHQW OHV
pSUHXYHV GX FRQFRXUV SDU VXUSULVH /HV FRSLHV pWDLHQW FRPSDUpHV
8QHWURSJUDQGHGLVWRUVLRQDYHFOHVFRSLHVGXFRQFRXUVpWDLWXQPRWLI
G¶H[FOXVLRQ
/¶pSUHXYH GH OD EULPDGH RUFKHVWUpH SDU OHV DQFLHQV IXW VRXYHQW OH
SOXVPDOYpFXH¬GRX]HRXWUHL]HDQVQRXVQRXVSOLLRQVDXEL]XWDJH
SRXUQRXVODYHUGHO¶HVSULWSpNLQ7RXWpWDLWDFFHSWpDYHFUpVLJQDWLRQ
PDLV DYHF OD IHUPH YRORQWp GH VH VROLGDULVHU HW V¶HQWUDLGHU HQWUH
FDPDUDGHV GH SURPRWLRQ /D UpVXOWDQWH GH FHWWH pGXFDWLRQ WRXWH
PDUWLDOHIXWQRWUHFRQFHSWLRQGHODFDPDUDGHULHTXHQRXVDSSHOLRQV
GDQVQRWUHMDUJRQOHGRZQDJH,OV¶DJLWGHO¶pPHUJHQFHG¶XQFXULHX[
SKpQRPqQH GH JURXSH VSRQWDQp VXU OD EDVH GH O¶DIIHFWLI SXU 'HV
ELQ{PHVVHIRUPDLHQWVDQVTXHO¶RQQHVDFKHSRXUTXRLHWFRPPHQW
/HVGRZQVVHSDUWDJHDLHQWWRXW'HVDQQpHVDSUqVjODOXPLqUHGHV
UDYDJHV GX WULEDOLVPH DPELDQW GDQV OD 5pSXEOLTXH DFWXHOOH FHV
DPLWLpVRQWUpVLVWpDX[FRXSVGHERXWRLUGHODSUpIpUHQFHHWKQLTXH
FRQVDFUpH SDU OH SRXYRLU SROLWLTXH &¶pWDLW GH O¶DPLWLp SDUIDLWH
TXDQGSDUH[HPSOHMHSHQVHj$ULVWLGHHW3LHUUHj%ODLVHHW-HDQ
YHQXVGHVFRQWUpHVVLWXpHVDX[DQWLSRGHV

ϭ
CivilSDURSSRVLWLRQjmilitaireHQDUJRWGH6DLQW&\U
ϭϯ

/HVSURPRWLRQVVHGLVWLQJXDLHQWSDUGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHJURXSH
VSpFLILTXHV /D Q{WUH Moboka Flavien ©02)/$ª SRXU OHV
LQWLPHVpWDLWGqVODFODVVHGHFLQTXLqPHKRPRJqQHVRXGpHHWWUqV
PDWXUH(OOHDOODLWrWUHFHOOHTXLUpDOLVHUDSRXUODSUHPLqUHIRLVGDQV
O¶KLVWRLUHGHO¶pFROHOHJUDQGFKHOHPF¶HVWjGLUHFHQWSRXUFHQWGH
UpXVVLWHDXEUHYHWHWDXEDFFDODXUpDW&LQTXDQWHDQVDSUqVODVRUWLH
GHO¶pFROHHOOHHVWXQLHHWIDLWSDUOHUG¶HOOH-HQHVDXUDLVP¶H[RQpUHU
GH O¶REOLJDWLRQ PRUDOH GH UHQGUH XQ YLEUDQW KRPPDJH j QRV
pGXFDWHXUVHWO¶HQFDGUHPHQWPLOLWDLUH1RXVQ¶DYRQVPDQTXpGHULHQ
/HVEXDQGLHUVDX[SHWLWVVRLQVYHLOODLHQWjODSURSUHWpGHQRVHIIHWV
YHVWLPHQWDLUHVHWGUDSVGHOLWUpJXOLqUHPHQWFKDQJpV/DUHVWDXUDWLRQ
pWDLWPDJQLILTXH/HVUHSDVFRSLHX[HWYDULpVpWDLHQWjKHXUHIL[HVDQV
TXHQRXVQHQRXVVRXFLLRQVGHVFRUYpHV)RUPXORQVXQWpPRLJQDJH
G¶HVWLPHSDUWLFXOLqUHSRXUPDvWUH-XYHQLDX[OHSURIHVVHXUGHVSRUW
TXL WRXW VHXO DVVXUDLW OHV FRXUV j WRXWHV OHV FODVVHV HQWUHWHQDLW OD
UpVHUYHELHQIRXUQLHG¶DUWLFOHVG¶pGXFDWLRQSK\VLTXHHWVSRUWLYH(Q
SOXVGHFHVKHXUHVG¶HQVHLJQHPHQWLOHQWUDvQDLWWRXWHVOHVpTXLSHV
UHSUpVHQWDQWO¶pFROHDX[FRPSpWLWLRQVVSRUWLYHVDXGHPHXUDQWDYHF
EHDXFRXS GH UpXVVLWH 7RXV OHV DSUqVPLGLV j OD VXLWH GHV GHX[
KHXUHVG¶pWXGHOHSURJUDPPHpWDLWFRQVDFUpDXVSRUWSRXUWRXVOHV
HQIDQWVGHWURXSH
1RXV DYRQV WRXW DSSULV GDQV FHWWH LQVWLWXWLRQ -H PH VRXYLHQV GH
FHUWDLQVFDPDUDGHVTXLFKDXVVDLHQWOHVERWWLQHVSRXUODSUHPLqUHIRLV
,OVVRXIIUDLHQWOHPDUW\UHHQPDUFKDQWDYHFFHWDUWLILFHYHVWLPHQWDLUH
TX¶LOV MXJHDLHQW LQXWLOH $X SUL[ GH PXOWLSOHV WHQGLQLWHV HW GH FRUV
DERPLQDEOHV LOV OHV SRUWDLHQW SRXU DVVRXSOLU OH FXLU SXU E°XI
&HUWDLQVDXWUHVUHFUDFKDLHQWODPDUPHODGHTX¶LOVGpFRXYUDLHQWDYDQW
GH O¶DSSUpFLHU SOXV WDUG 0DLV WRXV pWDLHQW GHV ©ERVVHXUVª
'LVFUqWHPHQW QRXV QRXV DGPLULRQV &RPPHQW SRXYDLWLO HQ rWUH
DXWUHPHQWORUVTX¶RQHVWHQWRXUpGHVPHLOOHXUVHQWRXWHVOHVPDWLqUHV
\FRPSULVOHVpSUHXYHVPLOLWDLUHV©7RXMRXUVMR\HX[HWILHUVFHX[
GHO¶eFROH/HFOHUFª FRPPHOHFODPHO¶K\PQHGHO¶pFROH
'H.DGLRJRj.DWLGH%LQJHUYLOOHj%UD]]DYLOOHGH6DLQW/RXLVj
)LDQDUDQWVRDF¶pWDLWODPrPHDWPRVSKqUHHPSUHLQWHGHFRQVFLHQFH
SUpPLOLWDLUH HW GH TXDOLWp GDQV OD IRUPDWLRQ GH O¶KRPPH 3DU XQ
PLPpWLVPH DYHF O¶HQYLURQQHPHQW PLOLWDLUH O¶HQIDQW GH WURXSH VH
SUpSDUDLWDX[IRQFWLRQVGHFKHIGHJXHUUH&¶pWDLWVDQVVXUSULVHTX¶LO
GpFRXYUDLW OHV GLIIpUHQWHV LQVWLWXWLRQV TXL DOODLHQW SDUIDLUH VD
ϭϰ

IRUPDWLRQ HW OH IDoRQQHU 6RLW GLW HQ SDVVDQW OH V\VWqPH SROLWLTXH
DFWXHO D SHUYHUWL FHW pWDW G¶HVSULW SDU IDLEOHVVH PRUDOH &HWWH
pYRFDWLRQ PHW HQ UHOLHI OD VLWXDWLRQ SUpVHQWH IDLWH G¶DEDQGRQ GHV
REOLJDWLRQV GH O¶eWDW DX SURILW GH OD GpEURXLOODUGLVH GHV IDPLOOHV
'pVRUPDLV VHXOV OHV SOXV IRUWXQpV SHXYHQW SUHQGUH HQ FKDUJH OD
VFRODULWpHWOHVGpSHQVHVOLpHVjODYLHGHOHXUSURJpQLWXUHjO¶eFROH
*pQpUDO/HFOHUF(QHIIHWXQHJpQpUDWLRQSOXVWDUGQRVHQIDQWVILOV
GHQDQWLVQpVDYHFODFXLOOqUHGRUpHGHSDSDGDQVODERXFKHLQWqJUHQW
FH PLOLHX HQ EpQpILFLDQW GH SDVVHGURLWV /D VpOHFWLRQ VH IDLW SDU
O¶DUJHQW OD SRVLWLRQ VRFLDOH GHV SDUHQWV RX SOXV JUDYH OD ILOLDWLRQ
FODQLTXH 'qV ORUV SRXU HX[ LO Q¶HVW SOXV TXHVWLRQ G¶HIIRUW GH
FRXUDJH HW G¶DEQpJDWLRQ /H JUDGH G¶RIILFLHU HVW DVVXUp G¶DYDQFH
$SUqVSOXVLHXUVDQQpHVGHOpWKDUJLHXQFRPPDQGDQWGHFHWWHpFROH
FRPPHSDUKDVDUGXQ02)/$V¶HVWGpPHQpFHVGHUQLqUHVDQQpHV
SRXUUHGRUHUOHEODVRQWHUQLGHO¶pFROH
'DQVFHSDUFRXUVW\SHTXLSHUPHWG¶DFFpGHUjO¶pSDXOHWWH MHQHSXLV
RPHWWUH OH VRXYHQLU GH OD FRUQLFKH PLOLWDLUH GH 7RXORQ DYHF VD
WUDGLWLRQ LVVXH GHV 7URXSHV GH PDULQH HOOHPrPH KpULWLqUH GHV
7URXSHVFRORQLDOHV'DQVO¶DYHQWXUHYHUVODYUDLHYLHPLOLWDLUHFHWWH
pWDSH P¶D FRQGXLW j YLYUH FRPPH XQ VROGDWpWXGLDQW GDQV XQH
FDVHUQH 3HXWRQ V¶LPDJLQHU TXH NKkJQHX[ QRXV DOOLRQV IDLUH DYHF
1LFPRQFRQGLVFLSOHGHIRUWXQHOHEUHYHWGHSDUDFKXWLVWHj3DXWLUHU
DX[DUPHVGHGRWDWLRQGDQVO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVHRXIDLUHGHVH[HUFLFHV
FRPPDQGR HQ PrPH WHPSV TXH QRXV pWXGLLRQV j KDXWH GRVH
6KDNHVSHDUHHWOHVLQWpJUDOHVௗ"7RXWHXQHGpFHQQLHGHIRUPDWDJHGH
PRQ kPH GH PLOLWDLUH D pWp YpFXH GDQV OD VRXIIUDQFH SK\VLTXH OD
ERQQHKXPHXUHWO¶LQVRXFLDQFHDXVHLQGHO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVH
/H QHF SOXV XOWUD GH OD IRUPDWLRQ PLOLWDLUH F¶HVW 6DLQW&\U j
&RsWTXLGDQ $SUqV GHX[ DQQpHV G¶LQWHQVH EDFKRWDJH HQ FODVVH
SUpSDUDWRLUHDX[JUDQGHVpFROHVHWODUpXVVLWHDXkhal4M¶DLLQWpJUp

Ϯ
(QMDUJRQGH6DLQW&\U« accéder au corps des officiers »
ϯ
&ODVVHSUpSDUDWRLUHj6DLQW&\ULQWpJUpHDXH5pJLPHQWG¶LQIDQWHULHGHPDULQHGH
7RXORQ/HVpOqYHVPLOLWDLUHVpWDLHQWGHVHQJDJpVWRXWHQIDLVDQWPDWKVVXSPDWKV
VSpRXNKkJQH
ϰ
/HFRQFRXUVGH6DLQW&\UGDQVOHMDUJRQGHODFRUQLFKHPLOLWDLUH

ϭϱ

6DLQW&\USURPRWLRQ0DUpFKDO'DYRXW-¶\DLSDVVpGHV
PRPHQWV VXEOLPHV ULFKHV HQ VRXIIUDQFH SRVLWLYH WRXMRXUV ELHQ
RUJXHLOOHX[ GH IDLUH SDUWLH GHV PHLOOHXUV /H IDoRQQDJH GH PD
VXEVWDQFHPLOLWDLUHV¶HVWSDVVpGDQVXQVXSSOLFHSK\VLTXHFRQVHQWL
XQH ERQQH KXPHXU VDOXWDLUH HW XQH LQVRXFLDQFH MXYpQLOH /HV
SUpGLVSRVLWLRQVH[FHSWLRQQHOOHVTXLQRXVKDELWDLHQWjO¶LVVXHGHFHWWH
H[SpULHQFH IDQWDVWLTXH O¶DEQpJDWLRQ OD FDPDUDGHULH OH
GpVLQWpUHVVHPHQWODOR\DXWpHXUHQWjSkWLUDXVHLQGHV)RUFHVDUPpHV
FRQJRODLVHV DX FRQWDFW GX SUDJPDWLVPH GH O¶DUULYLVPH HW GH
O¶RSSRUWXQLVPH GHV mamadou HQ ODQJDJH $(7 GH %UD]]DYLOOH LO
V¶DJLW G¶XQ HXSKpPLVPH SRXU GpVLJQHU VDQV DQLPRVLWp QRV IUqUHV
G¶DUPHVRIILFLHUVQRQHQIDQWVGHWURXSH,OVIXUHQWUHFUXWpVjWRXU
GHEUDVSHQGDQWODSpULRGHGHGpOLWHPHQWUpYROXWLRQQDLUHGX&RQJR
HW WUDQVIRUPqUHQW j PRQ KXPEOH DYLV OH FRQFHSW GH O¶DUPpH
&HSHQGDQW6DLQW&\UGHPHXUHOHOLHXDEVROXGHODUHFWLWXGHHWGHOD
GLVFLSOLQHRQRXVIRUJLRQVQRWUHSHUVRQQDOLWpHWQRWUHFDUDFWqUHHQ
DFFHSWDQWOHVRUGUHVVWULFWVHWOHVUqJOHVGHYLHGUDFRQLHQQHPpODQJH
GH O¶DXVWpULWp PLOLWDLUH GH O¶H[DOWDWLRQ GH OD MHXQHVVH HW GH OD
UHFKHUFKH FRQWLQXH GH O¶H[FHOOHQFH 6DLQW&\U XQH pFROH FKDUJpH
G¶KLVWRLUHVGHVDQFLHQVFpOqEUHVRXSDVPRUWVDXFRPEDWHQEUDYDQW
OH GDQJHU 6DLQW&\U pWLQFHODQW SDU VRQ XQLIRUPH WUDGLWLRQQHO GX
6HFRQG(PSLUHIUDQoDLVGRQWODVHXOHYDULDQWHLPSRUWDQWHGHSXLVORUV
DpWpVDIpPLQLVDWLRQHQ/HVSULQFLSHVGHIRUPDWLRQTXHFHWWH
LQVWLWXWLRQGpYHORSSHIRQWQDvWUHOHVHQVGXGHYRLUODGLVFLSOLQHHWOH
JRWGHVUHVSRQVDELOLWpV&RQVFLHQWVG¶rWUHGHVIXWXUVUHVSRQVDEOHV
GHQRVDUPpHVUHVSHFWLYHVOHVpOqYHVRIILFLHUVDYDLHQWOHGpVLUGHQH
SDVGpODLVVHUO¶REMHFWLIGHIRUPDWLRQGHO¶HVSULWJUkFHjODSULVHHQ
FRPSWH GX KDXW QLYHDX GH FXOWXUH JpQpUDOH SDUDFKHYDQW XQ
HQVHLJQHPHQW PLOLWDLUH GH JUDQGH FODVVH 6DLQW&\U XQH pFROH GH
O¶DFWLRQ TXL QRXV D SUpSDUpV j O¶H[HUFLFH GX FRPPDQGHPHQW GDQV
WRXV OHV GRPDLQHV GX PpWLHU GHV DUPHV /H VDLQWF\ULHQ DIULFDLQ
SRVVqGHOHVPrPHVTXDOLWpVTXHVRQFRQGLVFLSOHIUDQoDLVjODVRUWLH
GH O¶pFROH ,OV RQW YpFX HQVHPEOH GHV H[SpULHQFHV PXOWLSOHV HW
VXUPRQWp WDQW G¶REVWDFOHV (Q SULQFLSH FHV IDFXOWpV GpYHORSSpHV
GDQVGHVFRQGLWLRQVH[WUrPHVQHVHSHUGHQWSDVDXVVLIDFLOHPHQW,O
DUULYHWUqVVRXYHQWDXVDLQWF\ULHQDIULFDLQTX¶jPLSDUFRXUVGHVD
FDUULqUH DORUV TX¶LO VH KLVVH GDQV OD KLpUDUFKLH GH VRQ DUPpH LO
ϭϲ

UHoRLYH XQ bazar5 IUDQoDLV FRPPH FRQVHLOOHU 4XHOTXHIRLV XQ

FDPDUDGH GH SURPRWLRQ IUDQoDLV VRXYHQW PRLQV JUDGp F¶HVW GH
QRWRULpWpRQDYDQFHSOXVYLWHGDQVOHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHVHVWDIIHFWp
SDU OH ELDLV GH OD FRRSpUDWLRQ PLOLWDLUH DXSUqV GHV SOXV KDXWHV
DXWRULWpV GH QRV SD\V ,O OHV LQVSLUH GH VHV FRQVHLOV FRPPH VL
O¶DXWRFKWRQH QH SRXYDLW SDV OH IDLUH /¶LURQLH GH OD VLWXDWLRQ HVW
SDWHQWH (Q TXHOTXHV DQQpHV G¶pYROXWLRQ OH VDLQWF\ULHQ IUDQoDLV
VHUDLW GHYHQX SOXV FDSDEOH SOXV HIILFLHQW TXH VRQ KRPRORJXH
DIULFDLQ6HSRVHQWOjSOXVLHXUVLQWHUURJDWLRQV/DSUHPLqUHHVWXQH
TXHVWLRQ GH FRQILDQFH FDU LO DSSDUDvW pYLGHQW TXH SRXU QRV
UHVSRQVDEOHV SROLWLTXHV O¶DYLV GH ©O¶2FFLGHQWDOª HVW SDUROH
G¶pYDQJLOH HW SqVH SOXV TXH FHOXL G¶XQ FDGUH DXWKLJqQH GH PrPH
QLYHDX
'HX[LqPHPHQWLOHVWjQRWHUODWUqVIDLEOHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHVVDLQW
F\ULHQV XQ RX GHX[ GDQV OHV PHLOOHXUV GHV FDV SDU FODVVH
G¶LQWpJUDWLRQ GHV RIILFLHUV GDQV OHV DUPpHV DIULFDLQHV 3RXU FDXVH
FHWWHpFROHQHSHXWSDVUHFHYRLUQRVUHSUpVHQWDQWVDXWDQWTXHQRXVOH
YRXORQV 3RXU WUDQVIRUPHU OHV SUDWLTXHV HW OHV FRXWXPHV GH QRV
LQVWLWXWLRQVPLOLWDLUHVFHWWHSDUFLPRQLHUHVVHPEOHjXQHJRXWWHG¶HDX
GRXFHGDQVO¶RFpDQ&HVMHXQHVRIILFLHUVQ¶DUULYHQWSDVjWUDQVPHWWUH
GXUDEOHPHQW OHXU pêche HW OHXU ULJXHXU GX IDLW GH FHWWH GLOXWLRQ
(QILQ LOV VRQW FUXHOOHPHQW MDORXVpV SDU OD PDVVH GHV RIILFLHUV
RUGLQDLUHV$X&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHHQWUHHWjGHX[RXWURLV
H[FHSWLRQVSUqVWRXVOHVVDLQWF\ULHQVRQWHXOHXUFDUULqUHEULVpHSDU
GHV pSXUDWLRQV FLEOpHV OD SULVRQ RX XQH PLVH j O¶pFDUW SRXU GHV
UDLVRQV SROLWLTXHV VRXYHQW IDOODFLHXVHV $X %XUNLQD )DVR DSUqV OD
SXUJHGDQVO¶DUPpHTXLDYDLWVXLYLODPRUWGH7KRPDV6DQNDUDM¶DL
PRLPrPHpSURXYpGHVGLIILFXOWpVSRXUUHQFRQWUHUGHVVDLQWF\ULHQV
\ FRPSULV PRQSURSUH SDUUDLQ FDU LOV Q¶RVDLHQWSDVGpFOLQHUOHXU
RULJLQH FRPPH VL F¶pWDLW XQH PDODGLH KRQWHXVH $X %pQLQ DX
&DPHURXQDX7RJRDX*DERQHWFQRPEUHG¶HQWUHHX[RQWHXGHV
WUDMHFWRLUHV VHPpHV G¶HPEFKHV 'DQV FHUWDLQV SD\V OHV VDLQW
F\ULHQVVRQWFRQVLGpUpVjWRUWELHQpYLGHPPHQWFRPPHXQJURXSH
jULVTXH&¶HVWODUDLVRQSRXUODTXHOOHM¶DLFUppHWIDLWDFFHSWHUSDUOHV
DXWRULWpVSROLWLTXHVFRQJRODLVHVHQODSUHPLqUHDVVRFLDWLRQGH

ϱ
%D]DUpOqYHGHSUHPLqUHDQQpH3DUH[WHQVLRQXQVDLQWF\ULHQG¶XQHSURPRWLRQ
SOXVMHXQH
ϭϳ

VDLQWF\ULHQV HQ $IULTXH -H WHQDLV j VRXOLJQHU FH SDUDGR[H HQWUH

O¶LQYHVWLVVHPHQWSRXUDFTXpULUXQKDXWFDGUHPLOLWDLUHHWO¶XVDJHTXH
O¶RQHQIDLW
4XHSXLVMHGLUHjSURSRVGHO¶eFROHG¶pWDWPDMRUGH&RPSLqJQHHW
VXUWRXW GH O¶eFROH VXSpULHXUH GH *XHUUH GH 3DULV VLQRQ TXH O¶RQ
DFFqGH DX QLUYDQDௗ" ¬ FHWWH RFFDVLRQ M¶DL F{WR\p OHV PHLOOHXUV
RIILFLHUV VXSpULHXUV G¶XQH VRL[DQWDLQH GH SD\V DJUpJpV GDQV XQ
PrPH VWDJH -¶DL SX PHVXUHU OD SXLVVDQFH GH FHUWDLQHV QDWLRQV j
WUDYHUVODYDOHXUGHOHXUVUHSUpVHQWDQWV(QFHTXLQRXVFRQFHUQHOHV
FKRL[ GHV IXWXUV DXGLWHXUV DSSHOpV j LQWpJUHU FHV SUHVWLJLHXVHV
LQVWLWXWLRQV VRQW VRXYHQW JXLGpV SDU GHV FRQVLGpUDWLRQV WULEDOHV ¬
OHXU FRUSV GpIHQGDQW FHV RIILFLHUV GpVLJQpV G¶DXWRULWp DX GHVWLQ
SUpFRQoX GpEDUTXHQW j 3DULV VDQV OH QLYHDX QpFHVVDLUH SRXU
DSSUpKHQGHUOHVHQVHLJQHPHQWV,OVVHFRQWHQWHQWGRQFGHIDLUHGX
WRXULVPH GDQV OD 9LOOH OXPLqUH 8Q GH PHV SUpGpFHVVHXUV SUHVTXH
LQFXOWHpWDLWVXUQRPPp©O¶(PSHUHXUªHQUpIpUHQFHj%RNDVVDVDQV
TX¶LOQHFRPSUHQQHHWQHUHOqYHOHVDUFDVPHGHPDXYDLVJRW&¶HVW
XQ YpULWDEOH JkFKLV WDQW LO \ D GHV SHUOHV j H[WUDLUH GH FHV
HQVHLJQHPHQWV PLOLWDLUHV GH KDXW QLYHDX SRXU QRV JUDQGV RIILFLHUV
PpULWDQWV 3HXWrWUH TXH FHWWH PpILDQFH D SRXU RULJLQH OHV FRXSV
G¶eWDW IRPHQWpV SDU G¶DQFLHQV DXGLWHXUV FRPPH ,GULVV 'pE\ RX
0DKLQDVVDUD%DUp7RXPDQL7RXUp5REHUW*XpL%HQ$OL*LOEHUW
'LHQGpUpHWF/¶eFROHVXSpULHXUHGH*XHUUHGH3DULVQ¶HVWSDVXQH
VXFFXUVDOHGHODSUpVLGHQFHGHOD5pSXEOLTXHHQ$IULTXHFRPPHLO
SDUDvW DX[ \HX[ GHV $IULFDLQV 6LPSOHPHQW FHUWDLQV RIILFLHUV
DIULFDLQVD\DQWSULVSDUWDXF\FOHGHIRUPDWLRQVHVHQWHQWWRXFKpVSDU
O¶RQFWLRQGH0DUVOHGLHXGHODJXHUUHSqUHGH5RPXOXVHW5pPXV
IRQGDWHXUGH5RPHV\PEROLVpSDUODIRXGUHUHSUpVHQWpHVXUO¶LQVLJQH
GH O¶(6* 1XO QH QRXV SUpSDUH DX[ SOXV KDXWHV FKDUJHV GH O¶eWDW
5LHQQHVXJJqUHTXHQRXVD\RQVODFDSDFLWpGHJpUHUXQSD\VHWIDLUH
GH OD SROLWLTXH GH IDoRQ DSSURSULpH PLHX[ TXH OHV FLYLOV 'DQV OD
VRFLpWpPRGHUQHSRVWFRORQLDOHFKDFXQGRLWJDUGHUVDSODFH

ϭϴ

5HWRXUVXUO¶RULJLQHGHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHV
(Q$IULTXHIUDQFRSKRQHHWDQJORSKRQHOHVDUPpHVRQWXQHILOLDWLRQ
FRORQLDOH DYHF WRXW FH TXH FHOD FRPSRUWH GH UXGHVVH HW GH
FLUFRQVSHFWLRQ1RXVVRPPHVWRXVILHUVGHFHTXHQRVSUpFXUVHXUV
RQW DFFRPSOL 2Q QH SHXW SDV HQ GLUH DXWDQW GHV PLOLWDLUHV
G¶DXMRXUG¶KXL
(Q HIIHW DSUqV OD FRQIpUHQFH GH %HUOLQ OHV eWDWV HXURSpHQV
H[SDQVLRQQLVWHVHQ$IULTXHVHYLUHQWREOLJHUG¶RFFXSHUO¶KLQWHUODQG
GH OHXUV SRVVHVVLRQV F{WLqUHV &HWWH FRXUVH IROOH QH SRXYDLW rWUH
DFFRPSOLHDYHFHIILFDFLWpTXHSDUGHVPLOLWDLUHV3RXUOD)UDQFHOD
PDULQHQDWLRQDOHGHSXLVOHVIRUWHUHVVHVGX*DERQGX6pQpJDOHWGX
'DKRPH\VXUODF{WHDWODQWLTXHSHUPLWDX[WURXSHVSOXVDJXHUULHVGH
V¶pWHQGUH ORLQ j O¶LQWpULHXU GX FRQWLQHQW 4XDQG OHXUV ORQJXHV
PDUFKHVUHQFRQWUDLHQWGHVULYDX[HXURSpHQVLODUULYDLWTX¶LOHWGHV
pWLQFHOOHVFRPPHj)DFKRGD/DFRQFXUUHQFHHXURSpHQQHQpFHVVLWDLW
DXVVLTXHOHWHUULWRLUHFRQTXLVVRLWJDUGpHWVXUWRXWFRQVHUYp,OIDOODLW
ODLVVHU GHV WURXSHV j GHPHXUH /HV SRSXODWLRQV VRXPLVHV Q¶pWDLHQW
SDVWRXMRXUVFRRSpUDWLYHV'DQVFHFDVVHXOVGHVKRPPHVHQDUPHV
SRXYDLHQW YHQLU j ERXW GHV UpYROWHV 3RXU pWRIIHU OHV HIIHFWLIV OHV
WLUDLOOHXUV LQGLJqQHV IXUHQW HQU{OpV HW DMRXWpV DX[ VROGDWV
PpWURSROLWDLQV /¶HIILFDFLWp GH OD FRHUFLWLRQ QpFHVVLWDLW TX¶LOV
VpYLVVHQWHQWRWDODOORFKWRQLHKRUVGHOHXUWHUULWRLUHG¶RULJLQH
'DQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVFHVKRPPHVIRUPqUHQWGHVXQLWpVGHGpIHQVH
GHVFRORQLHVSXLVLOVSDUWLFLSqUHQWDX[JXHUUHVHQ(XURSH¬ODYHLOOH
GHOD3UHPLqUH*XHUUHPRQGLDOHOHVWURXSHVFRORQLDOHVFRPSWDLHQW
XQH FHQWDLQH GH EDWDLOORQV G¶LQIDQWHULH HW TXDUDQWH EDWWHULHV
G¶DUWLOOHULH&¶pWDLWOD©IRUFHQRLUHªGH0DQJLQHW&OpPHQFHDXTXL
SD\D XQ ORXUG WULEXW j OD YLFWRLUH GH OD )UDQFH (OOH PRQWUD VD
EUDYRXUH HW VRQ GpYRXHPHQW SHQGDQW OD EDWDLOOH GX &KHPLQ GHV
'DPHVHQDYULO
3HXWRQ VH UHSUpVHQWHU XQ MHXQH JDUoRQ YHQX GX ERUG GX IOHXYH
6pQpJDO RX FHOXL GX IOHXYH &RQJR WUDQVSODQWp VDQV SUpSDUDWLRQ QL
DFFOLPDWDWLRQDXPLOLHXGXERXUELHUGH9HUGXQௗ"/HFOLPDWG¶DERUG
FKH]OXLLOQ¶DMDPDLVFRQQXFHIURLGSRODLUHTXLSpQpWUDLWMXVTX¶j
O¶RV/HVFRQGLWLRQVpWDLHQWGDQWHVTXHVGDQVFHVWUDQFKpHVYpULWDEOHV
WURXVjUDWVDYHFTXLLOFRKDELWDLWHIIHFWLYHPHQW/DJUHQDLOOHHWPrPH
OH FXLU GHV EURGHTXLQV pWDLHQW DXVVL LQFRPPRGHV TXH OHV DXWUHV
ϭϵ

IDFWHXUVGHODYLHGDQVFHWHQIHU/HPDOGXSD\VDSXOXLVDSHUOH
PRUDO FDU HOOH pWDLW ELHQ ORLQ VD FRQWUpH HQVROHLOOpH R OD
WHPSpUDWXUHQHEDLVVDLWMDPDLVHWOXLSHUPHWWDLWGHVHPHUSrFKHUHW
FKDVVHUOHWRUVHQX6DPLVVLRQHQVXLWHTX¶pWDLWLOYHQXIDLUHGDQV
FHWWHJDOqUHௗ"(QYpULWpLOQ¶DYDLWULHQGHPDQGpOHSDXYUHERXJUH8Q
PDWLQDORUVTX¶LOVHSUpSDUDLWjDOOHUjODFKDVVHVRQSqUHO¶DSSHOD
,O pWDLW OH FKHI GX YLOODJH 'HV pPLVVDLUHV GH OD JUDQGH YLOOH GHV
%ODQFV DFFRPSDJQpV GH PLOLFLHQV HQ DUPHV VH SUpVHQWDLHQW SRXU
UpTXLVLWLRQQHU XQH TXLQ]DLQH GH MHXQHV JHQV 0DLV R GRQF OHV
HPPHQDLWRQௗ" 3RXU IDLUH TXRLௗ" 2Q O¶LJQRUDLW 6XUWRXW QH SDV VH
GpILOHU SRXU TXH FHWWH RSpUDWLRQ QH WRXUQH SDV j O¶DIIURQWHPHQW
FRPPH SDU OH SDVVp 2Q DYDLW OH VRXYHQLU FXLVDQW GHV UD]]LDV TXL
DYDLHQW GpYDVWp OH YLOODJH GDQV OHV FLUFRQVWDQFHV LGHQWLTXHV 3RXU
O¶H[HPSOHVRQSqUHO¶DYDLWGRQFGpVLJQpHQSUHPLHUOXLO¶KpULWLHUGX
SRXYRLUDXYLOODJH7HOOHDVRXYHQWpWpYpFXHO¶LQFRUSRUDWLRQHQFHV
WHPSVG¶DXWRULWDULVPHFRORQLDO
'DQVFHWHQYLURQQHPHQWOXQDLUHVXUOHTXHOLOSOHXYDLWUpJXOLqUHPHQW
GHV REXV OHV WLUDLOOHXUV VpQpJDODLV IHUPDLHQW OHXU ©JXHXOHª
DWWHQGDQWOHVRUGUHVSRXUPRQWHUjO¶DVVDXWHWSUHQGUHOHER\DXGHV
©%RFKHVª MXVWH VLWXp j XQH FHQWDLQH GH PqWUHV /¶DUWLOOHULH GHV
WUDQFKpHV UHLQH GX FKDPS GH EDWDLOOH UDYDJHDLW PpWKRGLTXHPHQW
WRXW O¶HVSDFH '¶DXWUHV PR\HQV GH GHVWUXFWLRQ PDVVLYH V¶pWDLHQW
DMRXWpVODQFHIODPPHVJD]GHFRPEDW«&HWWHJXHUUHQ¶DXUDLWSDV
G rWUH OHXU SUpRFFXSDWLRQ PDLV LOV IDLVDLHQW YDLOODPPHQW IDFH
3OXVLHXUV G¶HQWUH HX[ pWDLHQW WRPEpV /XL HW VHV FRQJpQqUHV
UHSUHQDLHQW LQODVVDEOHPHQW OH FRPEDW VDFKDQW TXH F¶pWDLW OD VHXOH
IDoRQ GH VDXYHU OHXU SHDX ,OV REpLVVDLHQW VDQV UHJLPEHU FDU LOV
pWDLHQWORLQGHFKH]HX[3RXUFHMHXQHJDUoRQODSDUROHGRQQpHGH
VRQ SqUH DX ©%ODQF UHFUXWHXUª O¶HQJDJHDLW DX SOXV KDXW SRLQW
0DOJUp OHV FRQGLWLRQV HIIUR\DEOHV OH IURLG OD ERXH OD SXDQWHXU
GLRGHPpODQJpHjODSHVWLOHQFHGHVFDGDYUHVOHFKDRVOHIDWUDVGHV
H[SORVLRQV SDUWRXW UpJQDLW OH VRXIIOH GH OD PRUW /XL HW OHV DXWUHV
VRXIIUDLHQWHQVLOHQFH8QMRXUOHV$OOHPDQGVPRQWqUHQWjO¶DVVDXWHW
SpQpWUqUHQW GDQV OD WUDQFKpH GH QRV WLUDLOOHXUV &H IXW XQH EDWDLOOH
pSLTXHTXLWRXUQDDXSXJLODW,OVVHKHXUWqUHQWjODIRUFHSXUHGHFHWWH
XQLWp GH 1RLUV ¬ OD PDFKHWWH FRPPH GHV IRUFHQpV OHV WLUDLOOHXUV
VpQpJDODLVGpFROOqUHQWOHVWrWHVGXWURQFGHOHXUVHQQHPLVDYHFXQH
WHOOH IDFLOLWp TXH OHV VXUYLYDQWV GpWDOqUHQW KRUULILpV &HW pSLVRGH
ϮϬ

HQJHQGUDXQHKDLQHWHQDFHGHVBoches'HSXLVOHXU]RQHIXWSLORQQpH
DYHFFRQVWDQFHFRPPHSDUYHQJHDQFH'HFHWWHDYHQWXUHQDvWUDOD
SHXUGX1RLUHQ$OOHPDJQH&OpPHQFHDXGDQVVDYRORQWpG¶KXPLOLHU
OHV YDLQFXV RUGRQQD OH VWDWLRQQHPHQW GHV WURXSHV QRLUHV GDQV OD
5XKU DSUqV OH WUDLWp GH 9HUVDLOOHV &¶HVW DORUV TXH OHV $OOHPDQGV
TXDOLILqUHQW FHWWH PHVXUH GH ©GLH VFKZDU]H VFKDQGHª OD KRQWH
QRLUH &H SRLQW G¶KLVWRLUH PLV HQ H[HUJXH SDU OD SURSDJDQGH
DOOHPDQGH VHUD O¶XQ GHV pOpPHQWV H[SORLWpV SDU OHV QD]LV SRXU VH
YHQJHUFRQWUHOD)UDQFH
$SUqV XQ UHIOX[ GDQV O¶HQWUHGHX[JXHUUHV OHV $IULFDLQV VRQW

UHPRELOLVpV j O¶DSSURFKH GH OD 'HX[LqPH *XHUUH PRQGLDOH &HWWH
IRLV GHV UpJLPHQWV GH VROGDWV LQGLJqQHV VRQW FRQVWLWXpV VRXV OH
YRFDEOHGHUpJLPHQWVGHWLUDLOOHXUVVpQpJDODLV&HWWHGpQRPLQDWLRQ
HQJOREDLWWRXV OHV $IULFDLQV QRLUV VDQVGLVWLQFWLRQ G¶RULJLQH 'HX[
+DXWVFRPPDQGHPHQWVVRQWFUppVSRXUOHVGHX[HQWLWpVWHUULWRULDOHV
O¶$2)HW$()
3HQGDQW OD 6HFRQGH *XHUUH PRQGLDOH OD )UDQFH VXEPHUJpH SDU OH
URXOHDXFRPSUHVVHXUDOOHPDQGpWRXIIpHSDUODPDVVHHWO¶DUURJDQFH
GHVDOOLpVHOOHQHGXWVRQVDOXWTXHJUkFHjO¶HPSLUHFRPPHDLPDLWj
OHGLUHOHJpQpUDOGH*DXOOH(QHIIHWjSDUWLUGXWHUULWRLUHDIULFDLQ
XQHPEU\RQG¶XQLWpFRQVWLWXpHDX7FKDGSHUPLWjOD)UDQFHOLEUHGH
SUHQGUH SDUW DX[ FRPEDWV GH OD UHFRQTXrWH HW DSSRUWHU VD SLHUUH
EODQFKHjO¶pGLILFHGHODOLEpUDWLRQGHO¶(XURSHGXMRXJQD]L$LQVL
TXH O¶RQ VH VRXYLHQQH GH FHV KRPPHV TXL IRUPqUHQW OD FRORQQH
/HFOHUFYLFWRULHXVHj.RXIUD4XHO¶RQSHQVHVXUWRXWjODUpVLVWDQFH
DX[ FRXSV GH ERXWRLU GH 5RPPHO DFFRPSOLH SDU OD qUHEULJDGH
IUDQoDLVH OLEUH VRXV OH FRPPDQGHPHQW GH .°QLJ TXL DVVXUD DX[
%ULWDQQLTXHV HQ PDXYDLVH SRVWXUH XQ UHSOL HQ ERQ RUGUH DYDQW GH
EDWWUHOHV3DQ]HUVDOOHPDQGVj(O$ODPHLQ
9RLOjGHTXHOERLVQRXVVRPPHVIDLWVGHFHERLVGRQWRQPRGqOHOHV
FURVVHV GH IXVLOV FRPPH OH GpPRQWUH O¶KLVWRLUH GH QRV SqUHV GRQW
QRXV VRPPHV OHV OpJDWDLUHV GH OD WUDGLWLRQ JXHUULqUH 'DQV OD
VRXIIUDQFH GHYDQW OD PRUW LOV PRQWUqUHQW OHXU GLVFLSOLQH HW OHXU
EUDYRXUH/HVVXUYLYDQWVUHYLHQGURQWGXIURQWKXPEOHPHQWDYHFGHV
PpGDLOOHV HW PrPH SDV OD UHFRQQDLVVDQFH GH O¶eWDW IUDQoDLV
/¶LQpJDOLWp GHYDQW OHV SHQVLRQV GH UHWUDLWH LQVWLWXpH SDU OH
JRXYHUQHPHQWIUDQoDLVVLJQLILHUDLWTXHOHVEDOOHVDOOHPDQGHVTXLOHV
Ϯϭ

DYDLHQW pSDUJQpV pWDLHQW OHXU VHXOH UpFRPSHQVH 4XH OHXU YLH QH
YDODLW SDV FHOOH GH OHXUV FRPSDJQRQV GH WUDQFKpH EODQFV HX[ TXL
Q¶DYDLHQWULHQGHPDQGpjOD)UDQFH$XUHJDUGGHOHXUFRPSRUWHPHQW
H[HPSODLUHLO\DEHDXFRXSjGLUHVXUO¶DWWLWXGHGXPLOLWDLUHDIULFDLQ
GH QRV MRXUV SOHLQH GH FRXDUGLVH GH GpOR\DXWp HW G¶LPPRUDOLWp
&HUWHV OHV WHPSV RQW FKDQJp /¶DUJHQW UpJHQWH WRXW /HV ELHQV
PDWpULHOV pWRXIIHQW OHV ERQQHV FRQVFLHQFHV /H PHUFDQWLOLVPH HVW
GHYHQXXQHQRUPHVRFLpWDOH'DQVFHWHQYLURQQHPHQWLOQ¶\DSOXV
GH SODFH SRXU O¶DOWUXLVPH GH QRV ELVDwHXOV YDLOODQWV WLUDLOOHXUV
$FWXHOOHPHQWO¶DFFHSWDWLRQGHVDFRQGLWLRQHVWFRQVLGpUpHFRPPH
XQH LQFRQJUXLWp &¶HVW OD FRXUVH DX[ JDORQV 1¶REVHUYHWRQ SDV
FHUWDLQVKRPPHVGHWURXSHTXLVHSUHQQHQWSRXUGHVRIILFLHUVHWGHV
RIILFLHUVTXLEDIRXHQWOHXUGLJQLWpHQVHFRPSRUWDQWjODPDQLqUHGX
FLYLOOHSOXVLQGLJQH/HPLOLWDLUHVHGRLWGHUHYHQLUjO¶H[HPSODULWp
GHQRVDQFLHQV

/H WRXU G¶KRUL]RQ GHV IRUFHV PLOLWDLUHV HQ $IULTXH QRLUH j OHXU
FUpDWLRQ UpYqOH OH SpFKp RULJLQHO TXL YD OHVWHU OHV SROLWLTXHV
DIULFDLQHVHWH[SOLTXHUOHFRPSRUWHPHQWVRXYHQWQpJDWLIGHVKRPPHV
HQDUPH
3RXUOHVEHVRLQVGXPDLQWLHQGHO¶RUGUHGDQVOHVWHUULWRLUHVG¶$IULTXH
UpFHPPHQWFRORQLVpV/RXLV)DLGKHUEHPDQTXDLWG
HIIHFWLIV,OFUpD
OH FRUSV GHV WLUDLOOHXUV VpQpJDODLV /H GpFUHW IXW VLJQp OH
MXLOOHW j 3ORPELqUHVOHV%DLQV SDU 1DSROpRQ,,, -XVTX
HQ
FHFRUSVLQWpJUDGHVHVFODYHVUDFKHWpVjOHXUVPDvWUHVORFDX[
HWGHVSULVRQQLHUVGHODJXHUUHGHFRQTXrWHGHVYLOODJHV3OXVWDUG
IDXWH GH YRORQWDLUHV O¶HQU{OHPHQW VHUD IRQGp VXU OH GpFUHW GX
IpYULHUTXLLQVWLWXHUDOHUHFUXWHPHQWSDUYRLHGHUpTXLVLWLRQ
&HVRSpUDWLRQVIXUHQWG¶DXWDQWSOXVHIIUR\DEOHVTXHOHVSRSXODWLRQV
pWDLHQWUpWLYHV/HVWLUDLOOHXUVVpQpJDODLVpWDLHQWUHFUXWpVGDQVWRXWH

ϲ
%HUQDQG &DUPHQ HW 6WHOOD $OOHVVDQGUR D'esclaves à soldats : Miliciens et
soldats d'origine servile-XIIIè-XXIè siècleseG/
+DUPDWWDQ
ϮϮ

O
$IULTXHQRLUH/HWHUPH©VpQpJDODLVªOHXUHVWGRQQpSDUFHTXHOH
SUHPLHU UpJLPHQW GH WLUDLOOHXUV D pWp FUpp DX 6pQpJDO 2Q SHXW
DIILUPHUDXVVLTX¶LOYLHQWGHVVWpUpRW\SHVUDFLVWHVGHO¶pSRTXH/HV
SUHPLHUV HW OHV SOXV SURFKHV QRLUV DIULFDLQV IDPLOLHUV GHV )UDQoDLV
IXUHQWOHV6pQpJDODLV3RXUSUHXYH'qVOD5pYROXWLRQIUDQoDLVHOHV
KDELWDQWVGH6DLQW/RXLVGX6pQpJDOHXUHQWXQVWDWXWGHFLWR\HQQHWp
HWGHYLQUHQWFLWR\HQVIUDQoDLV
$YDQWPrPHGHSDUWLFLSHUDX[JXHUUHVPRQGLDOHVSRXUOD)UDQFHOHV
WLUDLOOHXUVVpQpJDODLVSUHQDLHQWSDUWjODFRQTXrWHGH0DGDJDVFDUGH
j (Q $IULTXH IUDQoDLVH GX 1RUG $)1 VHV XQLWpV RQW
VHUYL GDQV OH FDGUH GH OD GRXORXUHXVH ©SDFLILFDWLRQª GX 0DURF
-XVTX¶j OD YHLOOH GHV LQGpSHQGDQFHV O¶DUPpH FRORQLDOH VH
FDUDFWpULVDLWSDUVDEUXWDOLWpHQYHUVOHVSRSXODWLRQV\FRPSULVFHOOHV
GHVWHUULWRLUHVGHFDQWRQQHPHQW
1pHV GDQV OD YLROHQFH SRXU OH EHVRLQ G¶XQH FDXVH DXMRXUG¶KXL
GpFULpH OHV IRUFHV PLOLWDLUHV G¶$IULTXH QRLUH VRXIIUHQW GH FHWWH
ILOLDWLRQ /D UpSUHVVLRQ OHV VpYLFHV HW OH EHOOLFLVPH GHV DUPpHV
DFWXHOOHVFRQWUHOHXUVVHPEODEOHV\WURXYHUDLHQWOHXUVRXUFH
/HV WLUDLOOHXUV VpQpJDODLV VRQW WRXMRXUV UHVWpV ILGqOHV j O¶(PSLUH
FRORQLDOIUDQoDLVHWRQWpWpHQJDJpVGDQVGHVFRQIOLWVTXLRQWRSSRVp
OD)UDQFHjVHVFRORQLHV,QGRFKLQH$OJpULH0DGDJDVFDUௗ/pRSROG
6pGDU6HQJKRUOHVDVXUQRPPpVOHV©'RJXHVQRLUVGHO¶(PSLUHª
&RPPHQWQHSDVLQWHUSUpWHUjPDXYDLVHVFLHQWODILGpOLWpDXSRWHQWDW
VDQVGLVFHUQHPHQWGHVPLOLWDLUHVG¶DXMRXUG¶KXLௗ",OIDXWHQFRQYHQLU
6LOHVWLUDLOOHXUVQ¶pWDLHQWSDVGHVLQWHOOHFWXHOVLOVDYDLHQWFHSHQGDQW
ODEUDYRXUHSRXUHX[HWLOVpWDLHQWIRQFLqUHPHQWKRQQrWHV3RXYDLHQW
LOVDYRLUXQHFRQGLWLRQPHLOOHXUHTXHFHOOHTXHOHXURIIUDLWOHFRORQௗ"
'DQVO¶pWDWGHVUDSSRUWVGHIRUFHHQWUHOHFRORQLVDWHXUHWOHFRORQLVp
FH Q¶pWDLW SDV SRVVLEOH 2U OHXUV pSLJRQHV QRQ SOXV Q¶pWDLHQW SDV
LQVWUXLWV PDLV LOV RQW EpQpILFLp GH OD OLEHUWp GH V¶DVVXPHU TXH
FRQIpUDLWO¶LQGpSHQGDQFH3RXUWDQWJUkFHjOHXUSHUVRQQDOLWpLOVRQW
HQGRVVp OHV FUpDWLRQV GHV QRXYHOOHV DUPpHV DORUV TX¶LOV Q¶pWDLHQW
SRXU FHUWDLQV TXH GHV VRXVRIILFLHUV DYHF OHXU FDUDFWqUH HW OHXUV
WHPSpUDPHQWV HQFRUH YLHUJH /HV SUREOqPHV FRPPHQFHQW DYHF

ϳ
6pGDU6HQJKRU/pRSROGPrières de Paix¯XYUHVSRpWLTXHV3DULV6HXLO
SFLWpSDU)DUJHWWDV-XOLHQLa Révolte des tirailleurs sénégalais de Tiaroye
9LQJWLqPH6LqFOH5HYXHG
KLVWRLUHQRS
Ϯϯ

O¶DUULYpHPDVVLYHGHVJpQpUDWLRQVGHMHXQHVFDGUHVIRUPpVjODYD
YLWHSRXUFRPEOHUOHVHIIHFWLIVRXRUJDQLVHUGHVXQLWpVSOXVpWRIIpHV
&HSHQGDQWLOIDXWQXDQFHUFHSRLQWGHYXHFDUOHSUHPLHUFRXSG¶eWDW
HQ$IULTXHD\DQWDERXWLjO¶DVVDVVLQDWGXSUHPLHUSUpVLGHQWGX7RJR
6\OYDQXV 2O\PSLR D pWp RUFKHVWUp SDU G¶DQFLHQV WURXSLHUV GH
O¶DUPpH FRORQLDOH GRQW OH VHUJHQW eWLHQQH (\DGpPD 8Q pOpPHQW
GpWHUPLQDQW SULV HQ FRPSWH SDU OHV HVSULWV SHUYHUV SODoDLW
O¶LQVWLWXWLRQPLOLWDLUHDXGHVVXVGHWRXWHVOHVDXWUHV\FRPSULVO¶eWDW
SDUFHTXHODFUpDWLRQGHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHVDYDLWSUpFpGpFHOOHGHV
eWDWV &¶HVW FRPPH VL RQ PHWWDLW OD FKDUUXH DYDQW OHV E°XIV /H
UpVXOWDWQHVHUDLWTX¶LPSDUIDLW'¶XQHSDUWOHVVWUXFWXUHVHWOHVWH[WHV
TXL UpJLURQW OHV IXWXUV eWDWV YLDEOHV IXUHQW SHQVpV DORUV TXH VXU OH
WHUUDLQOHVIRUFHVDUPpHVDYDLHQWGpMjXQHH[LVWHQFHHWXQHSODFHOD
SOXVSUpSRQGpUDQWH&RPPHQWOLPLWHUOHXULQIOXHQFHTXDQGHOOHVRQW
SUpFpGp OHV eWDWV VL HPEU\RQQDLUHVௗ" /HV QRXYHOOHV IRUFHV DUPpHV
GpWHQDLHQWOHVLQVWUXPHQWVGHODGpIHQVHGXSD\VVDQVTXHO¶RQQHVRLW
VU TXH FHV PR\HQV VRLHQW WUDQVIRUPpV HQ RXWLOV GH FRHUFLWLRQ
'¶DXWUHSDUWOHVWHQDQWVGXSRXYRLUOpJLVODWLIHWH[pFXWLIQDLVVDQWV
HX[PrPHV DQDOSKDEqWHV RX SHWLWV IRQFWLRQQDLUHV GH O¶DQFLHQQH
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ FRORQLDOH QH PHVXUDLHQW SDV O¶HQMHX GH FHWWH
VWUXFWXUDWLRQ ,OV RQW OpJLWLPp OH GpYRLHPHQW GH O¶DUPpH DX QRP
G¶XQHFRQILDQFHELHQYHLOODQWH(QHQFDGUDQWSDUGHVORLVSOXVVWULFWHV
OH IRQFWLRQQHPHQW OH UHFUXWHPHQW HW OD IRUPDWLRQ GHV DUPpHV RQ
DXUDLW SHXWrWUH SX SUpYHQLU OHV P°XUV OLFHQFLHXVHV IXWXUHV GHV
KRPPHV HQ DUPHV $X OLHX GH FHOD OHV GLULJHDQWV SROLWLTXHV GH
O¶pSRTXHHXUHQWWRXWORLVLUG¶DGRSWHUGHVUqJOHPHQWVHWXQHFRQGXLWH
GHVDUPpHVjO¶RFFLGHQWDOHWRWDOHPHQWLQDSSURSULpVVDQVSUHQGUHHQ
FRPSWHODGLIIpUHQFHG¶H[SpULHQFHHWODQDWXUHGHOHXUVFRPSDWULRWHV
FRQFHUQpVSDUFHPpWLHUVLSDUWLFXOLHU'HODPrPHPDQLqUHRQVH
IRXUYRLHUDHQFRUHSOXVHQDGRSWDQWOHVXVHWFRXWXPHVGHVSD\VGH
O¶(VW HXURSpHQ DX PRWLI TXH O¶RQ pWDLW GHYHQX UpYROXWLRQQDLUH HW
SUROpWDULHQ
/HVGLULJHDQWVQpRSK\WHVGDQVOHSDQLHUjFUDEHVSROLWLTXHDYDLHQW
HQILQFRQIRQGXOHMHXGpPRFUDWLTXHDYHFOHFKDPSGHEDWDLOOHFDU
OHV MRXWHV SROLWLTXHV JDJQqUHQW WUqV YLWH OD UXH DORUV TXH OHV
PpFDQLVPHV LQVWLWXWLRQQHOV SHUPHWWDLHQW XQH PDvWULVH GHV
DQWDJRQLVPHV PrPH OHV SOXV KLGHX[ (Q PXOWLSOLDQW OHV
DIIURQWHPHQWV HW HQ GpYHORSSDQW OHV FRWHULHV LOV REOLJqUHQW OHV
Ϯϰ

PLOLWDLUHV j DUELWUHU OHXUV SURSUHV FRQIOLWV HQ WRXV OHV FDV j

V¶LPPLVFHUGDQVODSROLWLTXH
6LOHVDXWRULWpVG¶KLHURQWSHUPLVDX[KRPPHVHQDUPHVGHVRUWLUGH
OHXU VSKqUH SRXU HQGRVVHU GHV U{OHV SOXV LPSRUWDQWV TXH GLUH GHV
SROLWLFLHQV G¶DXMRXUG¶KXLௗ" ,OV VRQW FHUWHV SOXV LQVWUXLWV TXH OHXUV
GHYDQFLHUV PDLV DXVVL SOXV FXSLGHV HW FRUURPSXV &RPPHQW
SHXYHQWLOVV¶RSSRVHUjODYRUDFLWpGHVPLOLWDLUHVTXDQGLOVQHVRQW
SDV LUUpSURFKDEOHVௗ" /H SURIHVVLRQQDOLVPH HVW DOOp GHFUHVFHQGR ¬
PHVXUH TXH OHV PLOLWDLUHV VH SHUYHUWLVVDLHQW OH SDWULRWLVPH pWDLW
UDYDOpUHPSODFpSDUO¶LQGLYLGXDOLVPHHWO¶LQFLYLVPH
$X &RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH OH SHXSOH GHVFHQGX GDQV OD UXH SRXU
UHQYHUVHU OH SUHPLHU SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH OH DRW
FKDQWDLWDFDSSHOOD
– Youlou a tout volé
– Nous bâtirons de nouveau
– Suffit la liberté Congo ô ô
&RPSDUp j FH TXH O¶RQ UHSURFKH j VRQ VXFFHVVHXU HQ F¶HVW
SDVVHUGHO¶DUWLVDQDWGHODIUDXGHDXVWDGHGHO¶K\SHULQGXVWULDOLVDWLRQ
LQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHODJDEHJLH&RQIqUHO¶DUWLFOHGX1HZ<RUN7LPHV
LQWHUQDWLRQDO pGLWLRQ GX DYULO VXU XQ pSLVRGH G¶pYDVLRQ
ILQDQFLqUHSXEOLpVRXVOHWLWUH©Money trail leads to a Trump high-
riseª$YDQWFHQ¶pWDLWTXHUDSLQHGHJRVVH$FWXHOOHPHQWSDUWRXW
HQ$IULTXHOHVFKHIVPLOLWDLUHVRQWXQWUDLQGHYLHTXLQHFRUUHVSRQG
SDV j OHXU pPROXPHQW RIILFLHO DX YX HW DX VX GHV UHVSRQVDEOHV
SROLWLTXHV 3DU H[HPSOH FHUWDLQV JpQpUDX[ FRQJRODLV TXL RQW XQ
VDODLUHpTXLYDODQWj¼DFKqWHQWQRQSDVXQHPDLVGHVYRLWXUHV
YDODQWSOXVGH¼'DQVOHPrPHWHPSVODWURXSH©tire le
diable par la queue ª&¶HVWODUDLVRQGHVPXWLQHULHVjUpSpWLWLRQHW
GHO¶DEVHQFHGHFRPEDWLYLWpGHFHVDUPpHVTXLVHIRQWODPLQHUSDU
GHVGMLKDGLVWHVFLYLOVRXGHVUHEHOOHVDPDWHXUV
¬QRWHUDXVVLTXHOHVPLOLWDLUHVLQVSLUDLHQWGHODFUDLQWHDX[KRPPHV
SROLWLTXHV GH OD SUHPLqUH KHXUH DX SRLQW TXH FHX[FL XVDLHQW GH
VXEWHUIXJHV SRXU OHV pFDUWHU (Q &{WH G¶,YRLUH )pOL[ +RXSKRXsW
%RLJQ\ IDYRULVD GpOLEpUpPHQW OD JHQGDUPHULH DX GpWULPHQW GH
O¶DUPpHHW0DVVDPED'pEDWDX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHFUpDXQHPLOLFH

ϴ
/HVSpULSpWLHVGHO¶DFTXLVLWLRQG¶XQDSSDUWHPHQWGHOX[HGDQVODWRXU7UXPS
Ϯϱ

©OD 'pIHQVH FLYLOHª SRXU FRQWRXUQHU OHV IRUFHV DUPpHV &HWWH

GpILDQFHVHMXVWLILHUDDXILOGHVSXVKV

/¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH HQ $IULTXH VH SUpVHQWDLW VRXV IRUPH G¶XQLWpV

FRPEDWWDQWHVHQJOREDQWOHV%ODQFVHWOHV1RLUV&HX[FLSRXYDLHQW
rWUHDIIHFWpVORLQGHOHXUSDWULHG¶RULJLQH$LQVLGHV2XEDQJXLHQVRX
7FKDGLHQVVHUYDLHQWDX&RQJRDORUVTXHGHV&RQJRODLVpWDLHQWPXWpV
DX*DERQHWYLFHYHUVD'¶DXWUHSDUWO¶LGpHGHVFRORQVpWDLWVXUWRXW
GHSUpSRVLWLRQQHUGHVWURXSHVDXSOXVSUqVG¶pYHQWXHOOHVVLWXDWLRQV
PLOLWDLUHV HQ OLPLWHV GHV ]RQHV G¶RFFXSDWLRQ IUDQoDLVH
$FFHVVRLUHPHQWFHVXQLWpVDYDLHQWGHVPLVVLRQVGHSUpVHQFHGDQVOD
EURXVVHODIRUrWODVDYDQHHWOHGpVHUWSRXULQVWUXLUHFRQVWUXLUHHW
VRLJQHU
¬ OD YHLOOH GHV LQGpSHQGDQFHV FH QH IXW SDV XQH YRORQWp
SKLODQWKURSLTXH GH O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ FRORQLDOH TXL DYDLW SRXVVp j
PHWWUHHQSODFHGHVDUPpHVGDQVOHVIXWXUVeWDWVDIULFDLQVPDLVOH
VRXFL G¶RUJDQLVHU FKDTXH WHUULWRLUH DILQ GH SDOOLHU OHV WURXEOHV
LQWHUQHV /¶LQGpSHQGDQFH HIIHFWLYH H[LJHDLW DXVVL XQH PLVH HQ
FRQIRUPLWpDYHFOHVSULQFLSHVGXPRGqOHZHVWSKDOLHQDYHFXQeWDW
HW VHV V\PEROHV K\PQH HW GUDSHDX XQH DUPpH LQVWUXPHQW GH OD
VRXYHUDLQHWp SRXU JDUDQWLU O¶LQYLRODELOLWp GHV IURQWLqUHV pWDLW
LQGLVSHQVDEOH &HV XQLWpV VWDWLRQQpHV VXU OHV WHUULWRLUHV GH FKDTXH
SD\VQRQHQFRUHDIIUDQFKLDSSDUWHQDLHQWjO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVHUpJLH
SDU OD ORL GX MXLOOHW SRUWDQW RUJDQLVDWLRQ GHV WURXSHV
FRORQLDOHV (OOHV DYDLHQW XQ EXGJHW SURSUH HW GpSHQGDLHQW GX
PLQLVWqUHGHOD*XHUUHHWGXPLQLVWqUHGHV&RORQLHV6HVFDGUHVOHV
©FRORVª pWDLHQW UHFUXWpV VSpFLDOHPHQW SRXU HOOH 6DLQW/RXLV
%DPDNR 1LDPH\ )RUW /DP\ %UD]]DYLOOH HW %DQJXL pWDLHQW OHV
SULQFLSDX[FHQWUHVGHFRPPDQGHPHQW/HVHIIHFWLIVPL[WHVIUDQoDLV
DXWRFKWRQHV Q¶pWDLHQW JXqUH SOpWKRULTXHV /H PDWpULHO OHV
pTXLSHPHQWVHWO¶DUPHPHQWpWDLHQWOLPLWpVDXVWULFWQpFHVVDLUH
Ϯϲ

(QWUHHWGDQVOHSURFHVVXVG¶pFORVLRQGHVeWDWVDIULFDLQV
LQGpSHQGDQWV OH FKDQJHPHQW HQ PDWLqUH PLOLWDLUH D pWp SDUWRXW
H[HPSODLUHVDXIHQ*XLQpH&RQDNU\/HQRQDXUpIpUHQGXPVXUOD
FRPPXQDXWpGHVIXWXUVeWDWVDYHFOD)UDQFHDSUpFLSLWpOHGpSDUWGHV
FRRSpUDQWVHWGHVPLOLWDLUHVIUDQoDLVOLYUDQWOHSD\VjXQYLGHDE\VVDO
TXHOHV6RYLpWLTXHVQHVHSULYqUHQWSDVGHFRPEOHU3DUWRXWDLOOHXUV
OHV DUPpHV QDWLRQDOHV IXUHQW FUppHV HQ UpFXSpUDQW FHV PLOLWDLUHV
DXWRFKWRQHVTXLIDLVDLHQWSDUWLHGHVIRUFHVIUDQoDLVHV'HVKRPPHV
HWGHVPDWpULHOVpWDLHQWDORUVWUDQVIpUpVSRXUIRUPHUFHVHPEU\RQV
G¶DUPpHVGHODWDLOOHG¶XQRXSOXVLHXUVEDWDLOORQV¬FHPRPHQWOj
O¶pWDWG¶HVSULWpWDLWjO¶HXSKRULHHWjODILHUWp6RXYHQWOHVQRXYHOOHV
DUPpHV FRKDELWDLHQW GDQV OD PrPH FDVHUQH DYHF OHV XQLWpV UHVWpHV
IUDQoDLVHV
&RQVFLHQWHVGHODIUDJLOLWpGHOHXUVLWXDWLRQOHVQRXYHOOHVDXWRULWpV
SROLWLTXHV DIULFDLQHV VLJQDLHQW GHV DFFRUGV GH GpIHQVH DX[ FODXVHV
VHFUqWHVTXLGHPDQGDLHQWO¶DLGHGHOD)UDQFHHQFDVG¶DJUHVVLRQ,OV
pWDLHQW DVVRUWLV GH FRQYHQWLRQV GH PDLQWLHQ GH O¶RUGUH DYHF XQH
FRQWUHSDUWLHOHGURLWGHSUpVHQFHGHVPLOLWDLUHVIUDQoDLVVXUOHVRO
GHVFRQWUDFWDQWV
'H FH TXL PH UHVWH FRPPH VRXYHQLU G¶HQIDQW DGPLUDWHXU GHV
PLOLWDLUHVF¶HVWO¶RUGUHOHVYpKLFXOHVHWHQJLQVLPSHFFDEOHVODWHQXH
SDUIDLWHHWODPrPHSRXUWRXV,OVXEVLVWHHQPRLXQGpWDLOGpULVRLUH
SHXWrWUHPDLVTXLLOOXVWUHELHQODERQQHWHQXHGHFHVXQLWpV/RUVTXH
M¶LQWpJUDLVO¶pFROHG¶HQIDQWVGHWURXSHGH%UD]]DYLOOHHQMHIXV
SULVSDUO¶RGHXUSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWFDSLWHXVHGXPDJDVLQGXIRXUULHUVL
ELHQ UDQJp HW UHJRUJHDQW G¶HIIHWV YHVWLPHQWDLUHV HW pTXLSHPHQWV
GLYHUV (Q MH IXV VDLVL GH YHUWLJHV HW LQRQGp GH MRLH HQ
UHWURXYDQWODPrPHRGHXUHWXQHDPELDQFHLGHQWLTXHTXLpPDQDLWGX
PDJDVLQ GH O¶LQWHQGDQW GX qPH5,0D 5pJLPHQW G¶,QIDQWHULH GH
0DULQH j 7RXORQ R M¶pWDLV DIIHFWp HQ IRUPDWLRQ &HFL SRXU
WpPRLJQHU TXH FHV XQLWpV SRVWLQGpSHQGDQFH UHVVHPEODLHQW j V¶\
PpSUHQGUHjFHOOHVTXLpWDLHQWVWDWLRQQpHVHQ)UDQFHPpWURSROLWDLQH
-HPHWVTXLFRQTXHDXGpILGHSUpVHQWHUGHQRVMRXUVGHX[PDJDVLQV
G¶KDELOOHPHQW GH PLOLWDLUHV SDV WURLV DEVROXPHQW VHPEODEOHV &H
Q¶HVWSDVGHODQRVWDOJLHF¶HVWXQFRQVWDW/DVLWXDWLRQV¶HVWGpJUDGpH
$XWUHIRLVO¶XQLIRUPHVHFRQIRUPDLWDXUqJOHPHQWGDQVOHVPRLQGUHV
GpWDLOV$XFXQPLOLWDLUHQ¶pWDLWYLVLEOHHQYLOOHHQWHQXHV¶LOQ¶pWDLW
SDV HQ SRVVHVVLRQ G¶XQH SHUPLVVLRQ RX GpWHQWHXU G¶XQ RUGUH GH
Ϯϳ

PLVVLRQ$XWDQWTXHMHPHVRXYLHQQHMHQ¶DYDLVMDPDLVYXXQVROGDW
LVROpSRUWDQWXQHDUPHGHJXHUUHHWYDFDQWjVHVRFFXSDWLRQVGDQV
OHV UXHV GH OD FLWp &¶HVW FRXUDQW GH YRLU DXMRXUG¶KXL GHV FDPLRQV
PLOLWDLUHVWUDQVSRUWHUGHVFLYLOVMXVTXHGDQVGHVOLHX[LPSUREDEOHV
,OQHV¶DJLWSDVG¶DPHQHUOHVDXWRULWpVPLOLWDLUHVjUpVLSLVFHQFHPDLV
LO HVW LPSRUWDQW GH VRXOLJQHU OHV GpULYHV DFWXHOOHV /¶KpULWDJH
WUDQVPLV SDU QRV DvQpV D pWp GLODSLGp &RPPHQW V¶pWRQQHU GH
O¶LQGLJHQFHGHFHVKRPPHVTXLSRXVVHDX[PXWLQHULHVjUpSpWLWLRQ
&HUWDLQV SD\V DIULFDLQV RQW FRQVHUYp DSUqV O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH GHV
UHOLTXDWVGHFHVXQLWpVGHO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVHVDQVUpXVVLUHQWHUPHV
G¶DSWLWXGH HW GH FRPSRUWHPHQW j PDLQWHQLU OHV YDOHXUV PLOLWDLUHV
GRQW HOOHV pWDLHQW SRUWHXVHV OH qPH%LPD DX 6pQpJDO GLVVRXW OH
MXLOOHWOHqPH%LPDHQ&{WHG¶,YRLUHGLVVRXWOHMXLQ
HWUHPSODFpSDUOH%DWDLOORQ/LFRUQHOHqPH%LPDDX*DERQ&HX[
TXL VH VRQW pPDQFLSpV WURS W{W RQW GpYHORSSp GHV DWWLWXGHV GH
PDTXLVDUGHWXQODLVVHUDOOHUGHPDXYDLVDORL

/¶(PSLUHEULWDQQLTXHpWDLWXQHYpULWDEOHPRVDwTXHLQVWLWXWLRQQHOOH
XQ HQVHPEOH LQH[WULFDEOH GH VROXWLRQV DGDSWpHV j FKDTXH
©VLWXDWLRQFRORQLDOHª8QHJHVWLRQGLUHFWHjWLWUHH[FHSWLRQQHOGDQV
FHUWDLQV WHUULWRLUHV PDLV LO H[LVWDLW OH SOXV VRXYHQW XQH JHVWLRQ
LQGLUHFWH ODLVVDQW H[HUFHU OH SRXYRLU SDU DXWDQW GH VRUWHV
G¶LQVWLWXWLRQVORFDOHVTXLGLULJHDLHQWGDQVO¶HPSLUH¬O¶LQYHUVHOH
PRGqOH GHV LQVWLWXWLRQV FRORQLDOHV IUDQoDLVHV WUqV FHQWUDOLVDWULFHV
LPSRVDLWXQHFRQGXLWHGHVDIIDLUHVLGHQWLTXHVSRXUO¶HQVHPEOHGHV
FRORQLHV/DGLIIpUHQFHGHFRQFHSWLRQFRORQLDOHPLVHHQ°XYUHpWDLW
SDWHQWHௗ UrYH G¶pJDOLWp HW G¶DVVLPLODWLRQ SRXU OD )UDQFH HW SRXU
O¶$QJOHWHUUHUpDOLWpGHGHX[PRQGHVOHOHXUHWFHOXLGXFRORQLVp
VpSDUpV VXU XQ PRGqOH DULVWRFUDWLTXH %ULWDQQLTXHV HW )UDQoDLV
FKRLVLVVDLHQW GHV DGPLQLVWUDWHXUV TXL VXU OH WHUUDLQ IDoRQQDLHQW
O¶XQHRXO¶DXWUHIRUPHGHFRORQLVDWLRQ,OVPRGHODLHQWSDUFRQVpTXHQW
GHV FRORQLVpV TXL GHYHQDLHQW GLVVHPEODEOHV DX VHLQ G¶XQH PrPH
HWKQLH/HVSUHPLHUVQ¶HQWHQGDQWSDVHQWRXWFDVOHPRLQVSRVVLEOH
Ϯϴ

VHPrOHUGHVDIIDLUHVLQGLJqQHVDORUVTXHOHVGHX[LqPHVPHWWDLHQWHQ
°XYUHXQHFHUWDLQHSROLWLTXHLQGLJqQHKpVLWDQWEHDXFRXSPRLQVTXH
OHXUV FROOqJXHV DQJODLV j LQWHUIpUHU GDQV OHV DIIDLUHV LQGLJqQHV DX
SRLQW GH WUDQVIRUPHU OHV SHWLWV FKHIV GHV SD\V FRORQLVpV HQ DJHQWV
VXERUGRQQpVGHO¶DXWRULWpFRORQLDOH
&RQWUDLUHPHQW j OD WUDGLWLRQ IUDQoDLVH OHV %ULWDQQLTXHV pWDLHQW
WRXUQpV SULRULWDLUHPHQW YHUV OHV ,QGHV HW O¶$VLH &HSHQGDQW
pSURXYDQW OD QpFHVVLWp GH SURWpJHU OHV SRSXODWLRQV GHV FRORQLHV
DIULFDLQHV LOV FUpqUHQW HQ OD 5R\DO :HVW $IULFDQ )RUFH
5:$)/HXUYpULWDEOHSUpRFFXSDWLRQpWDLWHQUpDOLWpOHFRQWU{OHGH
O¶H[SDQVLRQ GH OD FRORQLVDWLRQ IUDQoDLVH GDQV OHV WHUULWRLUHV
OLPLWURSKHVGXIOHXYH1LJHU/¶XQHGHVPLVVLRQVGHOD5:$)pWDLW
OHFRQWU{OHGXFRPPHUFHVXUOHIOHXYHDX[GpSHQVGHOD)UDQFH¬
O¶LQYHUVH GX PRGqOH IUDQoDLV TXL FRQVLVWDLW j GLVSDWFKHU GDQV OHV
FRORQLHV LQGLVWLQFWHPHQW GHV XQLWpV FRPSRVpHV PDMRULWDLUHPHQW GH
PpWURSROLWDLQV FHWWH IRUFH DUPpH QH FRPSUHQDLW TXH GHV VROGDWV
LQGLJqQHVHQFDGUpVSDUGHVFKHIVEULWDQQLTXHVRXG¶DXWUHVUpJLRQVGH
O¶HPSLUH(OOHpWDLWIRUPpHG¶DXWDQWGHEDWDLOORQVTXHGHWHUULWRLUHV
GHVWDWLRQQHPHQW/HV%ULWDQQLTXHVSUHQDLHQWXQVRLQSDUWLFXOLHUj
PDLQWHQLUFKDTXHVROGDWFKH]OXL/D5:$)pWDLWEDVpHHQ&{WHG¶2U
SRXUOHV*KDQpHQVHQ*DPELHSRXUOHV*DPELHQVDX1LJHULDSRXU
OHV 1LJpULDQV HW HQ 6LHUUD/HRQH SRXU OHV 6LHUUD OpRQDLV
/¶KRPRJpQpLWp TXH FRQIpUDLW FH GLVSRVLWLI DXJPHQWDLW OD SULVH GH
FRQVFLHQFHGXFRORQLVpHWGRQQDLWXQHFRKpUHQFHjVRQHQJDJHPHQW
7UqVW{WLOVRQWXWLOLVpXQDWWDFKHPHQWHWXQGpYRXHPHQWjOHXUSDWULH
GHQDLVVDQFHWDQGLVTXHOHIUDQFRSKRQHSHQVDLWj©QRVDQFrWUHVOHV
*DXORLVª
/HSHQGDQWGHOD5:$)HQ$IULTXHRULHQWDOHpWDLWOH.LQJ¶V$IULFDQ
5LIOHV .$5 /H .LQJ
V $IULFDQ 5LIOHV .$5 pWDLW XQ UpJLPHQW
FRORQLDOEULWDQQLTXHFRPSRVpGHSOXVLHXUVEDWDLOORQVOHYpVjSDUWLU
GHVGLYHUVHVSRVVHVVLRQVDQJODLVHVG
$IULTXHGHO
(VWGHMXVTX
j
O
LQGpSHQGDQFH &H GHUQLHU DVVXUDLW GHV IRQFWLRQV PLOLWDLUHV HW GH
VpFXULWpLQWpULHXUHDXVVLELHQDXVHLQGHVFRORQLHVG
$IULTXHGHO
(VW
TX
jO
H[WpULHXU/HVVROGDWVDIULFDLQVpWDLHQWDSSHOpVaskarisDORUV
TXH OD SOXSDUW GHV RIILFLHUV SURYHQDLHQW GH UpJLPHQWV GH O
DUPpH
UpJXOLqUH EULWDQQLTXH &HSHQGDQW YHUV OD ILQ GH OD GRPLQDWLRQ
FRORQLDOH EULWDQQLTXH GHV RIILFLHUV VRXGDQDLV IRUPpV VXU SODFH
pWDLHQW j OD WrWH GH EDWDLOORQV FUppV HQ 2XJDQGD /HV RIILFLHUV
Ϯϵ

DIULFDLQV pWDLHQW DIIHFWpV GDQV GLYHUV EDWDLOORQV 8Q RX GHX[

EDWDLOORQVpWDLHQWVWDWLRQQpVDX.HQ\DDX1\DVVDODQGHQ2XJDQGD
HQ 5KRGpVLH HW 7DQJDQ\LND &HV WURXSHV SDUWLFLSHURQW DX[ GHX[
JXHUUHVPRQGLDOHVDYHFHQWUDLQDXSRLQWGHUHPSRUWHUGHVYLFWRLUHV
PpPRUDEOHVVXUOHV$OOHPDQGVHQeJ\SWHHWOHV,WDOLHQVHQeWKLRSLH
0rPHVLFHVIRUFHVpWDLHQWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWFRPSRVpHVGHVFRORQLVpV
HQ GpSLW GH OHXU FRQWULEXWLRQ VLJQLILFDWLYH DX[ LQWpUrWV GH OD
&RXURQQH OHV UpFRPSHQVHV HW OHV SURPRWLRQV pWDLHQW GLVWLOOpHV DX
FRPSWHJRXWWHV/RUVTX¶HQODUHLQH(OLVDEHWK,,UHQGLWYLVLWHDX
HU %DWDLOORQ GX UpJLPHQW QLJpULDQ DXTXHO HOOH GRQQD OH WLWUH GH
©Queen’s Own Nigeria Regimentª UpJLPHQW SHUVRQQHO GH OD
UHLQHLOQHFRPSUHQDLWTXHGHX[RIILFLHUVDXWRFKWRQHV
1RWRQV FHSHQGDQW TXH O¶HVSULW SDWULRWLTXH GDQV FHV FRQGLWLRQV VH
GpYHORSSDLW PLHX[ FKH] OHV $IULFDLQV DQJORSKRQHV TXH FKH] OHV
IUDQFRSKRQHVGXIDLWGHODFRKpVLRQHWGXVHQWLPHQWELHQUpHOGHOD
GpIHQVHSULRULWDLUHGHODWHUUHQDWDOHHWOD*UDQGH%UHWDJQHHQVHFRQG
OLHX
3OXV WDUG DSUqV OHV LQGpSHQGDQFHV OD *UDQGH%UHWDJQH VLJQDLW GHV
DFFRUGV GH GpIHQVH DYHF VHV H[FRORQLHV TXL VH OLPLWDLHQW j XQH
DVVLVWDQFHPLOLWDLUHWHFKQLTXHHWHOOHIRUPDLWOHVFDGUHVPLOLWDLUHVHQ
$QJOHWHUUHHWHQ$IULTXH(QFHODHOOHVHGLVWLQJXHXQHIRLVGHSOXV
GHOD)UDQFHTXLPDLQWLHQWHQFRUHGHQRVMRXUVGHVWURXSHVGDQVOHV
SD\VDIULFDLQVFLQTXDQWHDQVDSUqVOHXUVLQGpSHQGDQFHV
/H FDV GH O¶DUPpH GX &RQJR EHOJH HVW SDWKpWLTXH 3RXU OH URL
/pRSROG,,OH&RQJREHOJHpWDLWVDSURSULpWpSULYpH,OVHFRQWHQWDLW
GH VRXWLUHU OH SOXV GH ULFKHVVH SRVVLEOH VDQV IDLUH JUDQG FDV GHV
SRSXODWLRQV ORFDOHV /D IRUFH SXEOLTXH pWDLW FRPPDQGpH SDU GHV
RIILFLHUV EHOJHV PDLV DXVVL GHV RIILFLHUV G¶DXWUHV QDWLRQV
HXURSpHQQHV'DQHPDUN6XqGH3RORJQHHWFHQTXrWHGHSULPHV
$XFXQ RIILFLHU QL VRXVRIILFLHU Q¶pWDLW FRQJRODLV /¶HQFDGUHPHQW
VXEDOWHUQHpWDLWFRPSRVpG¶LQGLYLGXVGHWULEXVOHVSOXVEHOOLTXHXVHV
GX +DXW&RQJR /HV VROGDWV pWDLHQW XQ UDPDVVLV G¶HVFODYHV
UpFHPPHQW DIIUDQFKLV RX GHV KRPPHV NLGQDSSpV j OHXUV IDPLOOHV
3DU FRQVpTXHQW FHWWH IRUFH SXEOLTXH VH WUDQVIRUPDLW HQ XQ
LQVWUXPHQW GH FRHUFLWLRQ UHGRXWp SRXU VRQ H[WUrPH YLROHQFH /HV
%HOJHVVHJDUGDLHQWELHQG¶LQVWUXLUHODWURXSHHWGHIRUPHUGHVFDGUHV
/D ODQJXH XWLOLVpH SRXU OH WUDYDLO HW OH FRPPDQGHPHQW pWDLW XQH
ϯϬ

ODQJXHYpKLFXODLUHORFDOHOHOLQJDOD/RQJWHPSVOHV)RUFHVDUPpHV
]DwURLVHV )$= SXLV OHV )RUFHV DUPpHV GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH
GpPRFUDWLTXH GX &RQJR )$5'& SRUWqUHQW FHWWH VLQJXODULWp
FRPPH XQH WDUH $ORUV TXH OH &RQJR EHOJH DFFpGDLW j
O¶LQGpSHQGDQFHGDQVODFRQIXVLRQHWOHVPHQDFHVGHUpYROWHSXLVGH
VFLVVLRQGXSD\VODIRUFHSXEOLTXHDX[RUGUHVGHV%HOJHVV¶RSSRVDLW
j OD MHXQH FODVVH SROLWLTXH TXL V¶DSSUrWDLW j JRXYHUQHU (OOH VH
PXWLQDLWFRQWUHOHVRIILFLHUVpWUDQJHUVFRPPHWWDLWOHVSLUHVDWURFLWpV
VXUOHVSRSXODWLRQVHXURSpHQQHV/¶LQVXUUHFWLRQSURYRTXDOHGpSDUW
SUpFLSLWpGHWRXVOHV%ODQFVGXSD\V'pWHVWpSDUWRXVOHV&RQJRODLV
ODIRUFHSXEOLTXHIXWUHEDSWLVpH$UPpH1DWLRQDOHGX&RQJR$1&
(OOHIXWUpRUJDQLVpHSDUXQDQFLHQVHUJHQWPDMRUGHYHQXFKHIG¶pWDW
PDMRU0REXWX,OV¶HQHPSDUDjVRQVHXOSURILWSROLWLTXH
'DQV FHV FRQGLWLRQV RQ FRPSUHQG SRXUTXRL ©O¶$IULTXH QRLUH HVW
PDO SDUWLHª FRPPH O¶DYDLW VL MXVWHPHQW GLW GqV O¶DJURQRPH
IUDQoDLV5HQp'XPRQWTXLGpQRQoDLWOHVPpIDLWVGHODFRORQLVDWLRQ
HW OH GDQJHU G¶XQ IDX[ GpSDUW 8QH LQVWLWXWLRQ FUXFLDOH GX SD\V
FKDUJpHGHOHSURWpJHUGHVXUFURvWGpWHQDQWODIRUFHOpJDOHQpHGDQV
GHVLPDXYDLVHVFRQGLWLRQVQHSRXYDLHQWTXHGpUDSHUHWO¶HQWUDvQHU
GDQVGHVGpULYHVLQFRQWU{OpHV
/HVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHVTXLVHVRQWEkWLHVGDQVO¶DGYHUVLWpHWOHFRPEDW
DSSDUWLHQQHQW OH SOXV VRXYHQW j O¶$IULTXH OXVRSKRQH FDU OD
GpFRORQLVDWLRQSRUWXJDLVHV¶HVWGpURXOpHGDQVODOXWWHDUPpH'DQV
TXDVLPHQW WRXWHV OHV SRVVHVVLRQV SRUWXJDLVHV GHV RUJDQLVDWLRQV
DUPpHVFODQGHVWLQHVYRLUHGHVDUPpHVGHOLEpUDWLRQV¶pWDLHQWFUppHV
SRXUV¶RSSRVHUjODSXLVVDQFHFRORQLDOH+LVWRULTXHPHQWODSUHPLqUH
SXLVVDQFHFRORQLDOHHQ$IULTXHDUULYpHFLQTVLqFOHVSOXVW{WDpWpOD
GHUQLqUH j HQ VRUWLU DX PLOLHX GHV DQQpHV &HWWH LQHSWLH
V¶H[SOLTXH SDUFH TXH FHV FRORQLHV SDUWLFLSDLHQW GDQV XQ U{OH
SULPRUGLDOjO¶pFRQRPLHSRUWXJDLVH(OOHVpWDLHQWOHVSRXUYR\HXVHV
HQ GHYLVHV IRUWHV GLDPDQW SpWUROH HQ PDWLqUHV SUHPLqUHV ERQ
PDUFKpERLVFDIpVXFUHHWHQPDLQG¶°XYUH/HUpJLPHW\UDQQLTXH
GH6DOD]DUOHVFRQVLGpUDLWFRPPHSDUWLHLQWpJUDQWHGX
3RUWXJDO ,O PLQLPLVD OD YRORQWp DXWRQRPLVWH GHV SHXSOHV VRXV OH
MRXJ FRORQLDO DSUqV DYRLU HQGXUp OD FUXHOOH VpTXHQFH GH OD WUDLWH
QpJULqUHGRQWOH3RUWXJDOIXWXQDFWHXUGHSUHPLHUSODQ,OIDXWFURLUH
TX¶j OD VXLWH GH OD FDVFDGH GHV LQGpSHQGDQFHV HQ $IULTXH
IUDQFRSKRQHHWDQJORSKRQHOH3RUWXJDOVHEHUoDLWG¶LOOXVLRQVVXUOH
ϯϭ

GHVVHLQGHOLEHUWpGHVSHXSOHVVRXPLVjVDGRPLQDWLRQ,OQLDGRQF
O¶H[LVWHQFH GH OD JXHUUH FRQVLGpUDQW TXH OHV PRXYHPHQWV
LQGpSHQGDQWLVWHV pWDLHQW GHV DQDUFKLVWHV j PDWHU /HV DXWRULWpV
SRUWXJDLVHVFDFKqUHQWjO¶RSLQLRQSXEOLTXHSRUWXJDLVHOHVGpERLUHV
GHO¶DUPpHGDQVOHVRSpUDWLRQVGH©SDFLILFDWLRQªFRPPHHOOHVOHV
TXDOLILDLHQW TXL SRXUWDQW GHYHQDLHQW GH SOXV HQ SOXV FRXWHXVHV HQ
KRPPHVHQPDWpULHOVHWHQILQDQFHV
/H FRXUDQW QDWLRQDOLVWH HQ $IULTXH OXVRSKRQH DSSDUXW GDQV OHV
DQQpHV/H3DUWLSRXUO¶LQGpSHQGDQFHGHOD*XLQpH3$,*&
IXW IRQGp HQ SDU $PLOFDU &DEUDO HQ PrPH WHPSV TXH OH
0RXYHPHQWSRSXODLUHGHOLEpUDWLRQGHO¶$QJROD03/$SDU0DULH
GH $QGUDGH HW $JRVWLQR 1HWR 4XDQW DX )URQW GH OLEpUDWLRQ GX
0R]DPELTXH)5(/,02LOYLWOHMRXUVL[DQVSOXVWDUGDYHF6DPRUD
0DFKHO
&HVKRPPHVHQOXWWHFRQWUHOHFRORQSRUWXJDLVpWDLHQWGHVFLYLOVTXL
VH VRQW DJXHUULV DX FRPEDW /¶DUPpH SRUWXJDLVH pWDLW XQH FKDVVH
JDUGpH7UqVSHXG¶$IULFDLQVHQIDLVDLHQWSDUWLH/HFKDPSpWDLWGRQF
OLEUH$LQVLWRXVOHVFRORQLVpVpFROLHUVWUDYDLOOHXUVRXGpV°XYUpV
V¶XQLVVDLHQWSRXUODERQQHFDXVH3OXVWDUGTXDQGOHVJXpULOODVSULUHQW
GHO¶DPSOHXUHOOHVIXUHQWHQFDGUpHVSDUGHVPRQLWHXUVFXEDLQVHWGHV
LQWHUQDWLRQDOLVWHVSUROpWDULHQVGHODJDOD[LHFRPPXQLVWHGXPRQGH
/¶HQGRFWULQHPHQWWHQDLWOLHXGHSRWLRQPDJLTXHSRXUWHQLUPRUDOHW
pOpPHQWV IRUPDWHXUV QpFHVVDLUHV j OD FRQVROLGDWLRQ GHV DGKpVLRQV
&RPSDUpV DX[ PLOLWDLUHV GH O¶$IULTXH IUDQFRSKRQH OHV JXpULOOHURV
DQJRODLV PR]DPELFDLQV RX ELVVDXJXLQpHQV TXRLTXH FLYLOV
DSSDUDLVVDLHQWSOXVFRPEDWLIVSOXVDJXHUULVHWELHQYRORQWDLUHV
(QVXEVWDQFHOHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHVVRQWMHXQHV(OOHVRQWpWpEkWLHV
VXU GHV IRQGHPHQWV FRORQLDX[ 6RVLHV GHV DUPpHV IUDQoDLVH HW
EULWDQQLTXH HOOHV Q¶LURQW SDV MXVTX¶DX ERXW GX PLPpWLVPH &HV
DUPpHVYRQWDOOqJUHPHQWGpODLVVHUOHVP°XUVHWSULQFLSHVGHODERQQH
FRQGXLWHSpFKDQWSDULJQRUDQFHRXSDUOHV\QGURPHG¶KXEULVGHOHXUV
KDXWVJUDGpVPDODGLHTXLWRXFKHOHVWHQDQWVGHODGpFLVLRQILQDOHHQ
OHXUIDLVDQWSHUGUHOHVHQVGHVUpDOLWpVHQVXVFLWDQWXQHLQWROpUDQFHj
OD FRQWUDGLFWLRQ HW ILQDOHPHQW HQ JpQpUDQW GHV DEXV GH SRXYRLU
&¶HVWDLQVLTXHFHVDUPpHVSRVWLQGpSHQGDQFHVRXYHQWRQWFRQGXLW
DX GpVDVWUH JXHUUH GX %LDIUD JXHUUH GH O¶2JDGHQ FDPSDJQH GH
.ROZH]LJpQRFLGHDX5ZDQGDHWF/DOLVWHHVWORQJXH
ϯϮ

/HV OXVRSKRQHV QRQ FRQWHQWV G¶DYRLU pWp H[FOXV GHV H[SpULHQFHV

SRUWXJDLVHVGXWHPSVGHOHXURFFXSDWLRQRQWGDIIURQWHUGHVJXHUUHV
GH OLEpUDWLRQ SOXV RX PRLQV ORQJXHV HW GpYDVWDWULFHV $JXHUULV DX
FRPEDW FH YpFX QH OHXU VHUD SDV G¶XQH JUDQGH XWLOLWp ELHQ DX
FRQWUDLUHFDULOV¶HQVXLYUDGDQVWRXWHVOHVH[FRORQLHVGHVJXHUUHV
FLYLOHV

ϯϯ

/HVDUPpHV©SRSXODLUHVªQ¶RQWSDVpWpGHVUpXVVLWHV
7KRPDV 0RUH HQ D LQYHQWp OH PRW utopie SRXU GpVLJQHU XQH
VRFLpWpLPDJLQDLUHLGpDOH&HYRFDEOHYDFRPPHXQJDQWjODPDQLH
DIULFDLQH TXL D FRQVLVWp j LPSRUWHU FOp HQ PDLQ GHV LGpRORJLHV
pWUDQJqUHV DFFRPSDJQpHV GH OHXUV DSSOLFDWLRQV SROLWLTXHV
pFRQRPLTXHVHWVRFLDOHV
/HVDQQpHVVXFFpGDQWjO¶LQGpSHQGDQFHRQWYXDFFpGHUDXSRXYRLU
GHVMHXQHVDIULFDLQVTXLDYDLHQWOXWWpFRQWUHOHV\VWqPHFRORQLDODX
VHLQGHVXQLYHUVLWpVRFFLGHQWDOHVVRXVODKRXOHWWHGHVJURXSHPHQWV
JDXFKLVWHV $ORUV TXH OHXUV SD\V UHVSHFWLIV QH SRVVpGDLHQW DXFXQH
XVLQH G¶HQYHUJXUH VXVFHSWLEOH G¶HQJHQGUHU XQH FODVVH RXYULqUH LOV
RQW IRQGp GH WRXWHV SLqFHV GHV SDUWLV XQLTXHV DYHF OH TXDOLILFDWLI
ouvrier/DIDPHXVHFODVVHRXYULqUHHQJOREDLWOHVSHWLWVVDODULpVGX
VHFWHXU SXEOLF HW GHV VRFLpWpV SULYpHV GH O¶DQFLHQQH pFRQRPLH
FRORQLDOH WRXV IpGpUpV FRQWUH OH FDSLWDOLVPH V\VWqPH SROLWLFR
pFRQRPLTXH TXL RUJDQLVH O¶H[SORLWDWLRQ GHV WUDYDLOOHXUV HW
O¶DFFXPXODWLRQGHULFKHVVHVDXSURILWGHVGpWHQWHXUVGHVPR\HQVGH
SURGXFWLRQ(QIDLWFHIXWXQVXEWHUIXJHSRXUMXVWLILHUODFRQTXrWH
GX SRXYRLU SDU OHV SUROpWDLUHV TXH FHV GLULJHDQWV pWDLHQW ORLQ GH
UHSUpVHQWHU
3RXU DWWHLQGUH OH JUDQG GHVVHLQ ©XQH VRFLpWp VDQV FODVVH VRFLDOH
GRPLQDQWHª OHV PRGDOLWpV G¶H[pFXWLRQ GHV WKpRULHV HW PRGHV GH
JRXYHUQDQFHOpQLQLVWHVRQWSRXVVpFHVMHXQHVpWDWVGDQVOHVDIIUHVGH
O¶pFKHF /H SDUWL XQLTXH pOpPHQW FUXFLDO GX SURFHVVXV
UpYROXWLRQQDLUHDDQQLKLOpODSOXUDOLWpGHODFUpDWLYLWpHWIDYRULVpOH
PRQRSROHGHO¶LPDJLQDWLRQ3DUH[HPSOHXQVHXODJHQWpFRQRPLTXH
DYDLWOHVIDYHXUVGXV\VWqPHO¶eWDW6HORQODSURSDJDQGHIRUWELHQ
URGpHO¶DUPpHpWDLWOHEUDVVpFXOLHUGXSDUWLOHUHPSDUWFRQWUHOHV
UpDFWLRQQDLUHV (OOH D SRXU FHWWH UDLVRQ VXLYL OH UpJLPH GDQV VD
GHVFHQWH DX[ HQIHUV /H FRXSDEOH GH FHWWH IDLOOLWH HVW VDQV DXFXQ
GRXWHOHFHQWUDOLVPHGpPRFUDWLTXH/HVLQVWLJDWHXUVGHFHVWKpRULHV
UpYROXWLRQQDLUHV SU{QDLHQW OD YRORQWp XQLTXH pPDQDQW GX SDUWL TXL
V¶LPSRVHUDLWjWRXVFRPPHUpVROXWLRQGHFODVVH'HPrPHTXHOHXUV
PHQWRUVGHVSD\VGHO¶(VWHXURSpHQDSUqVODFKXWHGXPXUGH%HUOLQ
FHVLPSRVWHXUVDIULFDLQVRQWVRPEUpPDLVSDVFRUSVHWkPH1RXV
YHUURQVV¶RSpUHUGHVUHYLUHPHQWVLGpRORJLTXHV
ϯϰ

/HORXYRLHPHQWLGpRORJLTXHHVWXQHWUDJLTXHHUUHXUTXHOHVKRPPHV
SROLWLTXHVDIULFDLQVQHUHFRQQDLVVHQWSDVHQWDQWTXHWHO4XHO¶RQVH
WURPSH GH VWUDWpJLH TXL HQJDJH OD QDWLRQ XQH TXLQ]DLQH G¶DQQpHV
GDQVODPpSULVHWRWDOHFHQ¶HVWSDVJUDYHLOQ¶\DTX¶jFKDQJHUVDQV
WLUHUOHVFRQVpTXHQFHVGHFHVFKRL[&¶HVWDLQVLTXHQRXVVRPPHV
SDVVpV GH OD UpYROXWLRQ DYHF VHV RXWUDQFHV DX OLEpUDOLVPH OH SOXV
GpEULGpHWjODGpPRFUDWLHDYHFOHVPrPHVUHVSRQVDEOHVSROLWLTXHV
DX[ PDQHWWHV ,OV VRQW YLVVpV j OHXUV VWUDSRQWLQV HW PDLQWHQXV DX
SRXYRLUJUkFHjXQHFRQQLYHQFHDYHFOHVIRUFHVGHO¶RUGUHTXLEULGHQW
OH SHXSOH /H YDJDERQGDJH LGpRORJLTXH DOOLp j O¶LQDPRYLELOLWp
DVVXUpHSDUOHFDSRUDOLVPHHVWXQPDOTXLURQJHO¶$IULTXH/¶pFKHF
HVWSDWHQW$XMRXUG¶KXLFHVKRPPHVSROLWLTXHVGXSDVVpRVHQWQRXV
vendreO¶DUPpHUpSXEOLFDLQHGHPpWLHUDSUqVO¶DUPpHSRSXODLUH
&HUWDLQVGLULJHDQWVDIULFDLQVSDUYHQXVDXVRPPHWGHO¶eWDWSDUGHV
YRLHVDQWLGpPRFUDWLTXHVRQWLPSRVpODUpYROXWLRQSUROpWDULHQQHHW
LQVWDXUpXQUpJLPHPDU[LVWHOpQLQLVWHDYHFVRQFRUROODLUHO¶DUPpHGX
SHXSOHFRPPHDX%pQLQHQ+DXWH9ROWDDX0DOLHQ$OJpULHDX
&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHHWj0DGDJDVFDU/HFDVGHOD*XLQpHQ¶HVWSDV
VLPLODLUH/HYLGHLQVWLWXWLRQQHOSURYRTXpSDUOHGpSDUWGHV)UDQoDLV
HQ j OD VXLWH GX non DX UpIpUHQGXP VXU O¶DGRSWLRQ GH OD
&RPPXQDXWpDYHFOD)UDQFHO¶DYDLWMHWpGDQVOHVEUDVGHVSXLVVDQFHV
RSSRUWXQLVWHV
$X%pQLQDSUqVFLQTFRXSVG¶eWDWHQXQHGpFHQQLHOHFRPPDQGDQW
0DWKLHX .pUpNRX SUHQDLW OH SRXYRLU PHWWDLW VXU SLHG OH
JRXYHUQHPHQW PLOLWDLUH UpYROXWLRQQDLUH *05 ,O SURFODPDLW OH
PDU[LVPHOpQLQLVPH GRFWULQH QRXYHOOH GX SD\V HW WUDQVIRUPDLW
O¶DUPpH FODVVLTXH IRUW DJLWpH SDU VHV KDXWV FDGUHV HQ DUPpH
SRSXODLUH VRXV VRQ FRQWU{OH HW FHOXL GX 3DUWL GH OD UpYROXWLRQ
SRSXODLUHGX%pQLQ353%/HV)RUFHVDUPpHVEpQLQRLVHV)$%
DYDLHQWXQHSDUWLFXODULWpQRWRLUHF¶pWDLWXQHHQWLWpTXLFRPSUHQDLW
OHVWURLVDUPpHVFODVVLTXHVSOXVODSROLFHHWOHVGRXDQHV(OOHVpWDLHQW
SOXVRPQLSRWHQWHVTXHSDUWRXWDLOOHXUVHQ$IULTXHUpYROXWLRQQDLUH
&HUWDLQVREVHUYDWHXUVPHWWDLHQWFHWWHKpJpPRQLHVXUOHFRPSWHG¶XQH
VWUDWpJLH GH JURXSH SRXU FRQWU{OHU OH SRXYRLU RX VRXPHWWUH
O¶RSSRVLWLRQ'¶DXWUHVWUDGXLVDLHQWFHWWHSXLVVDQFHDEVROXHFRPPH
XQ SURFpGp PDOYHLOODQW GHV WHQDQWV GX SRXYRLU SRXU DPDGRXHU OHV
PLOLWDLUHV HW JUDWLILHU OHV JUDQGV RIILFLHUV HQ OHXU GLVWULEXDQW GHV
PDURTXLQV HW GHV SRVWHV GH FRQWU{OHXU GHV HQWUHSULVHV G¶eWDW DYHF
ϯϱ

O¶DSSHOODWLRQ GH ©GpOpJXp GX JRXYHUQHPHQWª 'pOLEpUpPHQW

O¶DUPpH VH VLWXDLW KRUV GH VD VSKqUH QDWXUHOOH &RPPH SDUWRXW HQ
$IULTXHFHWWHDUPpHEpQLQRLVHpWDLWORLQG¶rWUHKRPRJqQHWLUDLOOpH
SDU OH SUREOqPH HWKQLTXH 'H SOXV OHV GpOLFHV GX SRXYRLU DOODLHQW
SURYRTXHUGHVIUDFWXUHVHQWUHOHVFRPSDJQRQVG¶DUPHV/HFDSLWDLQH
$VVRJEDSXWVFKLVWHDYHFOHFRPPDQGDQW0DWKLHX.pUpNRXHQWUDvQD
XQH SDUWLH GHV RIILFLHUV GX VXG GDQV XQH VpGLWLRQ TXL URPSLW
O¶KDUPRQLHGXJURXSHHQJpQpUDQWXQFOLYDJHQRXYHDXHQWUHVXGLVWHV
HWQRUGLVWHV0DLVOHFRXSGHIRUFHGH%RE'pQDUGHWOHVPHUFHQDLUHV
pWUDQJHUV HQ UHSRXVVp SDU O¶XQLWp G¶LQIDQWHULH PpFDQLVpH
G¶2XLGDKjPDMRULWpVXGLVWHDPHQDOHJRXYHUQHPHQWjODFRQFOXVLRQ
TX¶LOIDOODLWFRPEDWWUHOHVGLYLVLRQVDXVHLQGHO¶DUPpH*UkFHjFHWWH
SROLWLTXH YRORQWDULVWH OH %pQLQ DLQVL TXH OH *KDQD RQW VXUPRQWp
FHWWHWXPXOWXHXVHKLVWRLUHGHO¶LPPL[WLRQGHVPLOLWDLUHVGDQVODYLH
SROLWLTXH
3RXUTXRL oD PDUFKH SRXU OH %pQLQௗ" 3DUFH TXH SUHPLqUHPHQW OHV
ULYDOLWpV HW OHV GLYLVLRQV VH VRQW DWWpQXpHV DX VHLQ GH O¶LQVWLWXWLRQ
PLOLWDLUH (QVXLWH OHV PLOLWDLUHV V¶DEVWLHQQHQW G¶XVHU GH OD IRUFH
FRQWUHOHUpJLPHGpPRFUDWLTXH¬ODFRQIpUHQFHQDWLRQDOHLOVDYDLHQW
GRQQpOHXUSDUROHSRXUXQHQRQLQJpUHQFHGDQVODSROLWLTXH(QILQ
OH V\VWqPH SROLWLTXH pWDQW YHUURXLOOp GH VRUWH TX¶XQ JURXSH
G¶RIILFLHUV IDYRUDEOHV j XQH SULVH GH SRXYRLU SDU OD IRUFH QH SHXW
SDVVHUjO¶DFWHTXHV¶LODODFRQYLFWLRQTXHOHVDXWUHVPLOLWDLUHVQRQ
LPSOLTXpVQHV¶\RSSRVHURQWSDV5HPDUTXRQVTXHOHVPRXYHPHQWV
LQVXUUHFWLRQQHOV GpFOHQFKpV SDU OHV KRPPHV GH WURXSH DX %pQLQ
FRPPHDLOOHXUVVRQWjO¶RULJLQHRFFDVLRQQpVSDUGHVUHYHQGLFDWLRQV
VXUOHXUVFRQGLWLRQVGHYLH(QJpQpUDOLOVVXUSUHQQHQWMXVTX¶jOHXU
HQFDGUHPHQWORUVTX¶LOVSDVVHQWjO¶DFWH/jF¶HVWXQDXWUHSURFHVVXV
GLIIpUHQWGHFHOXLGHVRIILFLHUV
/H YLUDJH SULV SDU O¶DUPpH EpQLQRLVH Q¶HVW SDV IRUWXLW 3OXVLHXUV
DUJXPHQWVLOOXVWUHQWFHWWHWUDQVPXWDWLRQSDUFHTXHODSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
GHO¶DUPpHEpQLQRLVHDX[RSpUDWLRQVGHSDL[FRPPHOD02186&2
OXLUDSSRUWHGHVILQDQFHPHQWVH[WpULHXUVTXLVRXODJHQWOHEXGJHWGH
O¶eWDWHWGRQQHXQHUHVVRXUFHKRQQrWHHWWUqVDSSUpFLpHGHVVROGDWV
&HVHQJDJHPHQWVSHUPHWWHQWDXVVLG¶RFFXSHUOHVPLOLWDLUHVHQOHXU
UHGRQQDQWODILHUWpGHIDLUHOHXUPpWLHUGDQVGHVFRQGLWLRQVRSWLPDOHV
WRXW HQ IDoRQQDQW XQH QRXYHOOH JpQpUDWLRQ G¶RIILFLHUV SROLWLFR
ϯϲ

FRPSDWLEOHV DYHF OD GpPRFUDWLH &HWWH UDLVRQ FUXFLDOH pWRXIIH OD

JUDLQHLQWHUYHQWLRQQLVWHTXLVRPPHLOOHHQFKDTXHPLOLWDLUHDIULFDLQ
3DUFH TXH OD PLVH HQ SODFH DX %pQLQ G¶LQVWLWXWLRQV IRUWHV HW
GpPRFUDWLTXHV VDQV O¶RPEUH GH PDJRXLOOHV SUpGLVSRVH j XQ
HQYLURQQHPHQW KRVWLOH DX[ FRXSV G¶eWDW HW DX[ MHX[ GH U{OHV GHV
PLOLWDLUHVVXUODVFqQHSROLWLTXH
3DUFH TX¶XQ QRXYHDX IDFWHXU FKDQJH OD GRQQH OH 7ULEXQDO SpQDO
LQWHUQDWLRQDO73,'¶XQHSDUWVLOHVYLROHQFHVGHPDVVHTXHSHXW
HQJHQGUHUXQSXWVFKVRQWV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWSDVVLEOHVGHODMXVWLFH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOH OHV PLOLWDLUHV WpPpUDLUHV UpIOpFKLURQW DYDQW GH VH
ODQFHUGDQVO¶DYHQWXUH'¶DXWUHSDUWODFRPPXQDXWpLQWHUQDWLRQDOH
FRQGDPQH LQpOXFWDEOHPHQW OHV FRXSV GH IRUFH HW EDQQLW
V\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWOHUpJLPHGHVSXWVFKLVWHV
&RPPHOHVDXWUHVDUPpHVG¶$IULTXHIUDQFRSKRQHOHV)RUFHVDUPpHV
FRQJRODLVHV )$& RQW pWp FUppHV j SDUWLU GH O¶DUPpH FRORQLDOH
IUDQoDLVH¬FHWWHpSRTXHO¶pWKLTXHHWODOR\DXWppWDLHQWGHVYHUWXV
FDUGLQDOHVGXPLOLWDLUHFRQJRODLVjWHOSRLQWTX¶HQDRWOHFKHI
GH FHWWH DUPpH OH FRPPDQGDQW 'DYLG 0RXQWVDND GX IDLW GH VD
GURLWXUHHWGHODILGpOLWpjVRQVHUPHQWGHVROGDWUpSXEOLFDLQUHIXVD
OHSRXYRLUTXHOXLFRQILDLHQWOHVOHDGHUVV\QGLFDOLVWHVUHVSRQVDEOHV
GHODFKXWHGXSUpVLGHQW)XOEHUW<RXORX,ODOODLWOXLPrPHPHWWUHHQ
VHOOH XQ FLYLO OH SUpVLGHQW GH O¶$VVHPEOpH QDWLRQDOH $OSKRQVH
0DVVDPED'pEDW $SUqV O¶DGRSWLRQ GX PDU[LVPHOpQLQLVPH OH
GRJPH DQWLLPSpULDOLVWH LPSUpJQD WRXWH OD QDWLRQ /¶RSWLRQ
©VRFLDOLVWH VFLHQWLILTXHª pWDLW DIILUPpH (Q WRXW DYDLW O¶DLU
SDUIDLW MXVTX¶DX PRPHQW R OHV FRQVHLOOHUV GX SUpVLGHQW GH OD
5pSXEOLTXH DQFLHQV GHV OXWWHV HVWXGLDQWLQHV DQWLFRORQLDOLVWHV HQ
)UDQFHO¶LQFLWqUHQWjFRQJpGLHUO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVH/HYLGHIXWYLWH
FRPEOp SDU GHV YDJXHV GH FDPDUDGHV GH O¶LQWHUQDWLRQDOLVPH
SUROpWDULHQ8QHFRXUVHSRXUODVXSUpPDWLHHQWUHOHVSD\VV¶HQJDJHD
SRXU OD FRQTXrWH GHV IDYHXUV GHV &RQJRODLV /HV &KLQRLV IXUHQW
UDSLGHPHQWUHPSODFpVSDUOHV6RYLpWLTXHVHX[PrPHVVXSSODQWpVSDU
OHV &XEDLQV (Q XQH GpFDGH OD VRFLpWp FRQJRODLVH VH WURXYD
WRWDOHPHQWWUDQVIRUPpHPLOLWDULVpHHWYLROHQWH,O\DYDLWGHVDUPHV
SDUWRXW'HVMHXQHVHWPrPHGHVHQIDQWVHQDUPHSDWURXLOODLHQWGDQV
OHVUXHVGH%UD]]DYLOOHSRXUIDLUHFHTXHO¶RQDSSHODLWjO¶pSRTXHOD
YLJLODQFH /¶DUPpH SHQGDQW FH WHPSV V¶HQ IHUPDLW GDQV OH
ϯϳ

FODVVLFLVPHLUUpSURFKDEOH2QDVVLVWDjO¶DSSDULWLRQG¶XQHQRXYHOOH
IRUFH WUqV ELHQ pTXLSpH DYHF GHV DUPHPHQWV PRGHUQHV &¶pWDLW OD
PLOLFHGXSDUWLXQLTXHDSSHOpHOD©'pIHQVHFLYLOHªHWUpJHQWpHSDU
GHVPLOOLHUVG¶LQVWUXFWHXUVFXEDLQV(OOHFRQFXUUHQoDLWOHV)$&
$X VXMHW GH FHWWH DQWLQRPLH TXL V¶H[DFHUEDLW GH MRXU HQ MRXU OHV
UHVSRQVDEOHVFRQJRODLVG¶DORUVRQWPDQTXpGHGLVFHUQHPHQW3DUFH
TX¶LOVQ¶DYDLHQWSDVODPDLQPLVHVXUO¶DUPpHDSROLWLTXHLOVRQWFUpp
XQHIRUFHSDUDOOqOHRXELHQSDUPLPpWLVPHYRXODLHQWLOVVLPSOHPHQW
FRSLHU OHXU PHQWRU FXEDLQ /D 'pIHQVH FLYLOH pWDLW XQ UDPDVVLV GH
GpOLQTXDQWVHWGHMHXQHVGpV°XYUpVHQGRFWULQpVjVRXKDLWHWJDYpVGH
FKDQYUHIXPDQWHQSHUPDQHQFHGHJURVFLJDUHVFXEDLQV(OOHVHPDLW
OD WHUUHXU WRXW HQ DVVXUDQW O¶RUGUH SXEOLF j OD SODFH GH OD SROLFH
/¶DWPRVSKqUH pWDLW SHVDQWH GDQV OD YLOOH /HV SRSXODWLRQV VH
FDOIHXWUDLHQW RX QH VRUWDLHQW MDPDLV VDQV OHV SDSLHUV G¶LGHQWLWp ,O
IDOODLW TXH FHWWH VLWXDWLRQ FHVVH /HV GHX[ IRUFHV WUqV DUPpHV
V¶RSSRVqUHQWHQFRPEDWVLQJXOLHUHQSOHLQHYLOOHOHMXLOOHW
/D UpVXOWDQWH j FHW DIIURQWHPHQW DSUqV GHV OXWWHV DX VHLQ GX SDUWL
XQLTXHIXWODSULVHGXSRXYRLUSDUOHFDSLWDLQH0DULHQ1JRXDELTXL
V¶HPSUHVVDGHGLVVRXGUHOD'pIHQVHFLYLOHHWFUpDO¶$UPpH3RSXODLUH
1DWLRQDOH $31 /¶H[SpULHQFH GH OD UpYROXWLRQ HQ PDWLqUH GH
VpFXULWpSXEOLTXHHWGHVOLEHUWpVIRQGDPHQWDOHVjFHVWDGHQHIXWSDV
XQHUpXVVLWH1RXVYHUURQVTXHFHVHUDSLUHSOXVWDUG
$SUqV O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH j O¶LQVWDU GHV SD\V GH GpPRFUDWLH pYROXpH
0DGDJDVFDUDYDLWTXHOTXHWHPSVGXUDQWWHQXVRQDUPpHjO¶pFDUW
GHVDIIDLUHVSROLWLTXHV0DLVGXIDLWGHO¶LQVWDELOLWpLQVWLWXWLRQQHOOH
SURYRTXpHSDUOHV FULWLTXHV GH OD SRSXODWLRQ SRXU VRQ VRXWLHQ DX[
LQWpUrWVIUDQoDLVOHSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXH3KLOLSSH7VLUDQDQDILW
IDFHjXQHFRQWHVWDWLRQJUDQGLVVDQWHWURXEOHVVRFLDX[JUqYHVGHV
pWXGLDQWVHWGHFHUWDLQHVFDWpJRULHVGHWUDYDLOOHXUVpPHXWHVHWPrPH
XQH LQVXUUHFWLRQ GDQV OH 6XG /H SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH
GpPLVVLRQQD ,O UHPLW OHV SOHLQV SRXYRLUV DX FKHI G¶pWDWPDMRU OH
JpQpUDO *DEULHO 5DPDQDQWVRD 3DU OD IRUFH GHV FKRVHV O¶DUPpH
PDOJDFKHSUHQDLWOHVUHVSRQVDELOLWpVSROLWLTXHVTXLQ¶pWDLHQWQLOHV
VLHQQHVQLGHVRQUHVVRUWOHRFWREUH(OOHVHUDGpVRUPDLVDX
F°XUGHVOXWWHVSRXUOHSRXYRLUMXVTX¶jQRVMRXUV/¶DUPpHPDOJDFKH
VHGpILQLWQpDQPRLQVFRPPHOpJDOLVWHHWJDUGLHQGHO¶XQLWpGDQVXQ
SD\VRFRH[LVWHQW©RIILFLHOOHPHQWªSOXVGHHWKQLHVSULQFLSDOHV
FKDFXQHSDUODQWVDYDULpWpOLQJXLVWLTXHGHODODQJXHPDOJDFKH&¶HVW
ϯϴ

DLQVLTX¶HOOHDVXpYLWHUj0DGDJDVFDUOHFKDRVSHQGDQWOHVFULVHVGH
HW
'HFHIDLWO¶DUPpHPDOJDFKHpWDLWHQSULVHGLUHFWHDYHFODSROLWLTXH
G¶DXWDQWSOXVTXHVHVFDGUHVVRUWDLHQWGHVFDVHUQHVSRXURFFXSHUGHV
IRQFWLRQV ELHQ VRXYHQW GpYROXHV DX[ FLYLOV ,O IDXW QRWHU FH
SDUDGR[HTXRLTXHSUpVLGpSDUGHVPLOLWDLUHVSHQGDQWXQHYLQJWDLQH
G¶DQQpHV OH JpQpUDO *DEULHO 5DPDQDQWVRD OH FRORQHO
5LFKDUG 5DWVLPDQGUDYD GX DX IpYULHU DVVDVVLQp j FDXVH
GHV LQWpUrWV IUDQoDLV DX[TXHOV LO V¶DWWDTXDLW OH JpQpUDO *LOOHV
$QGULDPDKD]R IpYULHUMXLQ O¶DPLUDO 'LGLHU 5DWVLUDND
GHX[IRLVGXMXLQDXPDUVHWGXIpYULHUDX
MXLOOHW 0DGDJDVFDU Q¶D MDPDLV FRQQX GH FRXS G¶(WDW
H[FOXVLYHPHQW PLOLWDLUH 3RXUWDQW FHV PLOLWDLUHV JpQpUDLHQW XQ
WXPXOWH SROLWLTXH TXDVL SHUPDQHQW 'LGLHU 5DWVLUDND LQVWLWXD OD
UpYROXWLRQVRFLDOLVWHHWGpFUpWDOHHURFWREUHOHV)RUFHVDUPpHV
SRSXODLUHV )$3 6RQ UpJLPH VH UpFODPD DXVVL GX PDU[LVPH
OpQLQLVPH
0DGDJDVFDU DOODLW rWUH XQ PRGqOH GH PLOLWDULVDWLRQ GH O¶eWDW /HV
PLOLWDLUHVH[HUFqUHQWGLUHFWHPHQWOHSRXYRLUH[pFXWLI'HVPLQLVWUHV
HQ NDNL PDLV O¶LQWHUSpQpWUDWLRQ GHV PLOLWDLUHV GDQV OD SROLWLTXH VH
PDQLIHVWDHQFRUHSOXVSDUODQRPLQDWLRQGHJRXYHUQHXUVPLOLWDLUHVj
ODWrWHGHVVL[UpJLRQVGXSD\V'pMjHQFRPPHPLQLVWUHGHV
$IIDLUHV pWUDQJqUHV OH FDSLWDLQH GH FRUYHWWH 'LGLHU 5DWVLUDND
LQVXIIODLWXQHQRXYHOOHRULHQWDWLRQjODGLSORPDWLHPDOJDFKHTXLHXW
SRXU FRQVpTXHQFH O¶pYDFXDWLRQ GHV EDVHV IUDQoDLVHV G¶,YDWR HW
$QWVLUDQDQD OH UHWUDLW GH OD ]RQH IUDQF HW O¶RXYHUWXUH DX[ SD\V
SURJUHVVLVWHV7RXVVHXOVVDQVODSHUVXDVLRQGXVHUSHQW1DKDVKOHV
PLOLWDLUHVJRWDLHQWDXIUXLWGpIHQGXODSROLWLTXHHOOHQHOHVOkFKHUDLW
SOXV )DWDOHPHQW O¶LVVXH IXW OD PDQLIHVWDWLRQ GHV OXWWHV LQWHVWLQHV
LQWHUPLQDEOHVDXVHLQGHO¶LQVWLWXWLRQ3DUH[HPSOHDSUqVFLQTMRXUV
G¶H[HUFLFH GX SRXYRLU HQ WDQW TXH SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH OH
FRORQHO5LFKDUG5DWVLPDQGUDYDpWDLWDVVDVVLQp,OHXWSHQGDQWFHWWH
SpULRGH WXPXOWXHXVH GHV OLPRJHDJHV j IRLVRQ &HV GLVFRUGHV
V¶DFKHYqUHQW DYHF O¶DFFHVVLRQ GH 5DWVLUDND j OD PDJLVWUDWXUH
VXSUrPHDSUqVDYRLUIDLWOHPpQDJHHQEDOD\DQWWRXVVHVFRQFXUUHQWV
0DGDJDVFDU Q¶DYDLW FHSHQGDQW SDV ILQL DYHF OD SROLWLTXH GDQV

ϵ
/HVHUSHQWGHODJHQqVHTXLHQWUDLQDODFKXWHG¶$GDPHWÊYH
ϯϵ

O¶DUPpHELHQDXFRQWUDLUH&RPPHQoDLWDORUVXQHORQJXHSpULRGHGH
SROLWLVDWLRQPLOLWDLUHPDLVDXVVLG¶DIIDLEOLVVHPHQWGHO¶DUPpH'HV
PHVXUHVKDXWHPHQWGpPDJRJLTXHVHWXQHGLVFULPLQDWLRQVDQVSDUHLO
REVFXUFLVVDLHQW O¶DYHQLU GX SD\V OD FUpDWLRQ G¶XQH IRUFH
SDUDPLOLWDLUH OH UpJLPHQW GH VpFXULWp SUpVLGHQWLHOOH OH 5(63
FRPSRVpPDMRULWDLUHPHQWGHVPLOLWDLUHVGHO¶HWKQLHGXSUpVLGHQWGH
OD 5pSXEOLTXH OHV %DWVLPLVDUDND FRQVWLWXD XQ FRQWUHSRLGV j
O¶DUPpH,OLQVWDXUDXQHPpWKRGHLQVLGLHXVHODSROLWLVDWLRQGXWDEOHDX
G¶DYDQFHPHQW HW GHV QRPLQDWLRQV TXL WUDQVIRUPqUHQW OD VWUXFWXUH
S\UDPLGDOHWHOOHTX¶HOOHVLHGjWRXWHVOHVDUPpHVGXPRQGHHQXQH
HQIOXUH LQIRUPH /¶DUPpH PDOJDFKH IXW SDU FRQVpTXHQW OD SOXV
pWRLOpH G¶$IULTXH 'H FHWWH pSRTXH GDWH O¶DPDOJDPH GHV WURLV
WHQGDQFHVIRUWHVGDQVO¶DUPpHPDOJDFKH/HVRIILFLHUV©OR\DOLVWHVª
pWDLHQWILGqOHVj5DWVLUDNDjTXLODSOXSDUWGHYDLHQWOHXUFDUULqUHHW
OHXUV IRQFWLRQV ,OV UHSUpVHQWDLHQW O¶RVVDWXUH GX FRPPDQGHPHQW
&¶pWDLHQW OHV SOXV JUDGpV GH O¶DUPpH &HV JUDQGV RIILFLHUV
RXWUHFXLGDQWV VH FRPSODLVDLHQW GDQV O¶DUURJDQFH SURWpJpV SDU
O¶LPSXQLWp /D GHX[LqPH WHQGDQFH SDUWLVDQH DX VHLQ GHV IRUFHV
DUPpHV pWDLW SHUVRQQLILpH SDU OHV RIILFLHUV ©OpJLWLPLVWHVª F¶HVWj
GLUHFHX[TXLGpIHQGDLHQWODOpJLWLPLWpRXOHUHVSHFWVWULFWGHODORL
GDQVODOXWWHDXVRPPHWGHO¶eWDW$XPRPHQWGHODFULVHpOHFWRUDOH
HQWUH5DWVLUDNDHW5DYDORPDQDQDOHVRIILFLHUVOpJLWLPLVWHVDOODLHQW
PrPH FUpHU OH ©&RPLWp PLOLWDLUH SRXU OD GpIHQVH GX FKRL[
SRSXODLUHª .006% HQ VLJOH PDOJDFKH TXL DSSHODLW WRXV OHV
PLOLWDLUHVHWWRXVOHVJHQGDUPHVjODUpEHOOLRQFRQWUHO¶DQFLHQUpJLPH
/HVRIILFLHUVGLWV©OpJDOLVWHVªFRQVWLWXDLHQWODWURLVLqPHWHQGDQFH
,OV UHIXVDLHQW GH V¶LPSOLTXHU RVWHQVLEOHPHQW GDQV O¶XQ RX O¶DXWUH
FDPS HW SU{QDLHQW XQH VWULFWH QHXWUDOLWp GHV IRUFHV DUPpHV $X
WRXUQDQWGXVLqFOHO¶DUPpHpWDLWWRWDOHPHQWGLYLVpH
/HVDUPpHVSRSXODLUHVHQ$IULTXHWHQDLHQWjUHVVHPEOHUjO¶$UPpH
URXJH (Q FRQVpTXHQFH HOOHV FROOHFWLRQQDLHQW OHV GLIIRUPLWpV
DQDORJXHV j FHOOHV GH O¶DUPpH VRYLpWLTXH WDQW GpFULpHV /D
FDUDFWpULVWLTXHHVVHQWLHOOHTXLOHVGLVWLQJXDLWGHODIRUPHFODVVLTXH
GH OHXU GpEXW F¶pWDLW OD SROLWLVDWLRQ GH O¶LQVWLWXWLRQ ¬ O¶LPDJH GH
O¶RUJDQLVDWLRQGDQVOHVHQWUHSULVHVVRYLpWLTXHVOHVDUPpHVDGRSWqUHQW
XQHUDPLILFDWLRQGHVXEGLYLVLRQVSROLWLTXHVTXLVHVXSHUSRVDLHQWjOD
VWUXFWXUH RSpUDWLRQQHOOH /HV IRUFHV GH O¶RUGUH GHYHQDLHQW XQH
pPDQDWLRQ GX SDUWL XQLTXH $ILQ GH V¶DVVXUHU XQH ILGpOLWp j WRXWH
ϰϬ

pSUHXYH OH SRXYRLU RSWDLW SRXU XQH VRXPLVVLRQ LGpRORJLTXH HQ

FUpDQWXQHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQSROLWLTXHSDUDOOqOHDXFRPPDQGHPHQWGHV
XQLWpV &HWWH G\DUFKLH j O¶LQWpULHXU FRPSOLTXDLW OD FRQGXLWH GHV
DFWLRQV PLOLWDLUHV HW WUDQVIRUPDLW O¶DUPpH HQ LQVWUXPHQW GHV
VWUDWpJLHV SROLWLFLHQQHV /H FRPPLVVDLUH SROLWLTXH pWDLW FRPPH XQ
VXSHU DXP{QLHU PLOLWDLUH ,O DYDLW OD VXSHUYLVLRQ GHV GpFLVLRQV
PLOLWDLUHVGDQVOHVXQLWpVQRWDPPHQWOHUHVSHFWGHOHXUDOLJQHPHQW
DX[ LQVWUXFWLRQV GX SDUWL /H EXW pWDQW GH PDLQWHQLU OD KLpUDUFKLH
PLOLWDLUHVRXVOHFRQWU{OHpWURLWHWSHUPDQHQWGHVLQVWDQFHVSROLWLTXHV
DILQ GH SUpYHQLU OHV FRXSV G
eWDW $LQVL SRXU rWUH DSSOLFDEOHV OHV
RUGUHVGHODKLpUDUFKLHPLOLWDLUHGHYDLHQWrWUHFRQWUHVLJQpVSDUOXL
/HFRPPLVVDLUHSROLWLTXHV¶RFFXSDLWGHODSURSDJDQGHGXSDUWLGX
PRUDO GH OD WURXSH HW FRQWU{ODLW OHXU OR\DOLVPH ,O UpSRQGDLW j XQH
KLpUDUFKLHSURSUHOLpHjODSROLFHSROLWLTXHHWQRQDXFRPPDQGHPHQW
PLOLWDLUH /H IDLW G¶DSSDUWHQLU j XQH GLUHFWLRQ GLVWLQFWH SODoDLW FH
SHUVRQQDJHDXGHVVXVGHVDXWUHVRIILFLHUVGHVDIRUPDWLRQTXHOVTXH
VRLHQW OHXUV JUDGHV 'DQV OHV FDVHUQHV OHV KRPPHV V¶HPSOR\DLHQW
SOXV j IDLUH GH OD SROLWLTXH j WUDYHUV G¶LQWHUPLQDEOHV UpXQLRQV
/¶HQWUHWLHQGXPDWpULHOOHVPDQ°XYUHVOHVH[HUFLFHVGHFRPEDWRX
OD IRUPDWLRQ SDVVDLHQW DX VHFRQG SODQ /
DUPpH pWDLW GHYHQXH XQ
HVSDFHGHSDODEUHVHWGHOLEHUWpGHSHQVHUWROpUDQWOHVpWDWVG
kPH
$XWUHSRLQWSDUWLFXOLHUOHV©SD\VDPLVªGpYHUVDLHQWGHVDUPHVGHV
PDWpULHOVHWGHVpTXLSHPHQWVVDQVFRPSWHUHWVDQVGLVFHUQHPHQWDX
SRLQWTXHODFRQWUHSURSDJDQGHRFFLGHQWDOHVHJDXVVDLWGHVFKDVVH
QHLJH VRYLpWLTXHV OLYUpV j O¶DUPpH JXLQpHQQH /D YpULWp pWDLW IRUW
VLPSOH GDQV FHWWH SURIXVLRQ OHV EHVRLQV pWDLHQW PDO FLEOpV HW
O¶DSSURYLVLRQQHPHQW GHV UHFKDQJHV pWDLW RPLV $ORUV OD ORL GH OD
GpEURXLOOHIRQFWLRQQDLWHQSOHLQ2QSURFpGDLWSDUFDQQLEDOLVDWLRQ
F¶HVWjGLUHXQSUpOqYHPHQWGHSLqFHVGHUHFKDQJHVXUXQPDWpULHOHQ
SDQQHSRXUHQUpSDUHUXQDXWUH&HWWHPpWKRGHWUDQVIRUPDLWjSOXV
RXPRLQVORQJWHUPHXQSDUFDXWRPRELOHRXXQPDJDVLQGHPDWpULHOV
HQFLPHWLqUHG¶pSDYHV
/DIRUPDWLRQGHVFDGUHVpWDLWXQDXWUHDVSHFWFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHFHV
DUPpHV SRSXODLUHV 3DU FKDUWHUV HQWLHUV GH MHXQHV JHQV j SHLQH
HQJDJpV GpEDUTXDLHQW GDQV OHV pFROHV GH IRUPDWLRQ G¶RIILFLHUV GHV
SD\VG¶(XURSHGHO¶(VWHWj&XED,O\DYDLWWUqVSHXGHEUDVVDJHHQWUH
OHV UHVVRUWLVVDQWV GHV GLIIpUHQWV SD\V DIULFDLQV PrPH TXDQG LOV
IUpTXHQWDLHQWODPrPHpFROH/DUpSDUWLWLRQSDUSD\VpWDLWGHULJXHXU
ϰϭ

VDQVTXHO¶RQQHVDFKHSRXUTXRL/¶HQVHLJQHPHQWIRUWVXFFLQFWQH
FRXYUDLWMDPDLVWRXVOHVDVSHFWVGHEDVHGXPpWLHUPLOLWDLUH,OpWDLW
pWRQQDQW GH FRQVWDWHU OHV PDQTXHPHQWV HQ PDWLqUH GH GLVFLSOLQH
JpQpUDOH RX GDQV OD FRQQDLVVDQFH WHFKQLTXH HW WDFWLTXH GHV DXWUHV
DUPHVjSOXVIRUWHUDLVRQGHVDXWUHVDUPpHV6LOHVMHXQHVRIILFLHUV
PDvWULVDLHQW LQFRQWHVWDEOHPHQW OHXU IRQFWLRQ GDQV OHXU DUPH
G¶DSSDUWHQDQFHLOVLJQRUDLHQWOHVDYRLUWUDQVYHUVDOQpFHVVDLUHSRXU
ELHQ WHQLU OHXU UDQJ /H VHQWLPHQW TXL VH GpJDJHDLW DSUqV TXDWUH j
FLQT DQV G¶HQVHLJQHPHQW PLOLWDLUH F¶HVW TXH O¶RQ DYDLW IRUPp GHV
VRXVFKHIV GH PDTXLV PDvWULVDQW OH F{Wp SUDWLTXH GHV WHFKQLTXHV
RSpUDWLRQQHOOHV PDLV VDQV pWKLTXH PLOLWDLUH QL FRQQDLVVDQFH GHV
UqJOHPHQWV &RPELHQ GH IRLV FHUWDLQV IXUHQW SULV HQ IODJUDQW GpOLW
G¶LJQRUDQFHSDUOHXUVVROGDWVDXUpJLPHQW6HORQFHUWDLQVFRQVHLOOHUV
PLOLWDLUHVHXURSpHQVXQJUDQGQRPEUHG¶RIILFLHUVQHVDYDLHQWPrPH
SDVOLUHXQHFDUWH&HWWHIRUPDWLRQDXUDEDLVHQWUDvQDXQHLQIODWLRQGH
FDGUHV SXLVTX¶LO Q¶H[LVWDLW DXFXQH OLPLWH DXFXQ ILOWUH /H UDWLR
G¶RIILFLHUV UDSSRUWp DX QRPEUH G¶KRPPHV GX UDQJ H[SORVD '¶XQ
RIILFLHU VXEDOWHUQH SRXU WUHQWHVL[ KRPPHV GDQV XQH VHFWLRQ
G¶LQIDQWHULH RQ SDVVD j XQ SRXU TXLQ]H 'HV KRUGHV G¶RIILFLHUV
pWDLHQWLQHPSOR\pHV1RWDPPHQWOHVFDSLWDLQHVHWFRPPDQGDQWVFDU
LOQ¶\DYDLWSDVGHVFRPSDJQLHVHWGHVEDWDLOOLRQVSRXUWRXWOHPRQGH
,OHVWjQRWHUTXH0DGDJDVFDUDYDLWFKRLVLXQHDSSURFKHGLIIpUHQWH
HQ SULYLOpJLDQW OD IRUPDWLRQ GHV RIILFLHUV GDQV OHXU SURSUH SD\V
/¶DFDGpPLH PLOLWDLUH G¶$QWVLUDEH DYDLW XQH EHOOH UpSXWDWLRQ GDQV
WRXWHO¶$IULTXH
/HVDUPpHVSRSXODLUHVGHVSD\VUpYROXWLRQQDLUHVG¶$IULTXHFRQYHUWLV
DXPDU[LVPHOpQLQLVPHEULOODLHQWSDUOHXULQFRPSpWHQFHHQPDWLqUH
GH FRPEDW FDU OHV GULOOV pWDLHQW OH SOXV VRXYHQW WKpRULTXHV HW
H[pFXWpVHQVDOOHRXGDQVO¶HQFHLQWHGHODFDVHUQH/HVH[HUFLFHVVXU
OH WHUUDLQ VH UDUpILDLHQW SDUFH TXH OH SRXYRLU FUDLJQDLW XQ
GpWRXUQHPHQWGHVH[HUFLFHVGHFRPEDWGHVXQLWpVHQXQHSUpSDUDWLRQ
G¶RSpUDWLRQ VXEYHUVLYH /HV GLULJHDQWV GH O¶eWDW HX[PrPHV GHV
SXWVFKLVWHVLPSpQLWHQWVHPSrFKDLHQWDLQVLWRXWHYHOOpLWpGHFRXSGH
IRUFH 1RQ VHXOHPHQW OHV FRPPLVVDLUHV SROLWLTXHV GDQV OHV XQLWpV
HVSLRQQDLHQWOHVFKHIVPLOLWDLUHVPDLVOHVVHUYLFHVGHUHQVHLJQHPHQW
IOLTXDLHQWOHVXQLWpVHQPDQ°XYUH
/¶LPDJHGHFHVWURXSHVDX[SULVHVG¶DUPHVQHFRUUHVSRQGDLWSDVjOD
UpDOLWpGHOHXUQLYHDXGHFRPEDWLYLWp/DSDUDGHPLOLWDLUHVHYRXODLW
ϰϮ

HQIDLWXQHGpPRQVWUDWLRQGHIRUFHjFDUDFWqUHPDUWLDOVDQVUDSSRUW
DYHF OD UpDOLWp /HV PDWpULHOV PrPH DPRUWLV pWDLHQW UHSHLQWV HW
UpSDUpV /HV KRPPHV EHDX[ pWDLHQW FHLQWV GDQV GHV WHQXHV
LPSHFFDEOHVWRXWMXVWHDFKHWpHVSRXUO¶RFFDVLRQ/HVWURXSHVpWDLHQW
OHSOXVVRXYHQWpQHUJLTXHV(OOHVIRUPDLHQWXQEORFKRPRJqQH&¶HVW
FRQQX GHV H[SHUWV PLOLWDLUHV OHV YUDLHV TXDOLWpV GDQV FHWWH
FLUFRQVWDQFH V¶REVHUYHQW DSUqV OH SDVVDJH GH O¶XQLWp TXL SDUDGH
/¶XQLWp VH GpVDJUqJH YLWH DSUqV OD WULEXQH G¶KRQQHXU GDQV XQ
GpVRUGUHTXLPRQWUHO¶LQGLVFLSOLQHGHODWURXSH
/HVDUPpHVGHW\SHSRSXODLUHQ¶RQWULHQUDSSRUWpjODQDWLRQVLQRQOD
GpVRODWLRQHWO¶LQFXULHSDUFHTX¶HOOHVpWDLHQWOHSRLQWG¶DQFUDJHGHOD
SROLWLTXH UpYROXWLRQQDLUH (OOHV RQW VRPEUp FRUSV HW kPH DYHF OH
GpPDQWqOHPHQWGXSDFWHGH9DUVRYLHRUJDQLVDWLRQVSRQVRUHWIXUHQW
UHQLpHVSDUOHXUVSOXVIHUYHQWVGpIHQVHXUVG¶DORUV'HVFRPPXQLVWHV
GHVDYDQWJDUGLVWHVSUROpWDLUHVGHO¶pSRTXHSOXVSHUVRQQHQ¶pYRTXH
FHWLQVWUXPHQWGHGRPLQDWLRQDXVHUYLFHG¶XQHYLVLRQXQLYRTXHGHOD
SROLWLTXH 4XHOTXHV UDUHV QRVWDOJLTXHV SRUWHQW HQFRUH OHXUV
EUHORTXHV VXU OD SRLWULQH GDQV GHV FRPPpPRUDWLRQV SUHVTXH
FODQGHVWLQHV
&RQIURQWpjODUpDOLWpGXWHUUDLQRQFRPSUHQGSRXUTXRLGHQRVMRXUV
OHVUpSXWDWLRQVGHFHUWDLQHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHVVRQWEDWWXHVHQEUqFKH
DSUqV GHV UHYHUV FDODPLWHX[ FRQWUH GHV UHEHOOHV RX GHV GMLKDGLVWHV
DUSqWHV GH OD NDODFKQLNRY 2Q QH UDWWUDSH SDV DXVVL IDFLOHPHQW XQ
PDXYDLVSOLODFRXDUGLVHOHPDQTXHG¶HQWUDvQHPHQWOHGpQXHPHQW
PDWpULHOODSHXUGHPRXULU«$YHFFHVROGDWSROLWLTXHQRXVVRPPHV
ORLQGHO¶LPDJHGXWLUDLOOHXUVpQpJDODLVWHUURULVDQWOH©%RVFKªGDQV
OHVWUDQFKpHVGH9HUGXQ

ϰϯ

)DLUHFRwQFLGHUOHVPLVVLRQVGHVDUPpHVDYHFO¶LQWpUrWGHOD
QDWLRQ
$XYXGHO¶DFWXDOLWpOHVIRUFHVGHGpIHQVHDIULFDLQHVVHVRQWPLVHV
HQGDQJHUjSOXVLHXUVUHSULVHV(OOHVRQWIDLWIDFHjGHVFRQIOLWVGLYHUV
GHOD0DXULWDQLHDX7FKDGHQSDVVDQWSDUOH0DOLOH1LJHUHWOD5'&
jGHVJXHUUHVFLYLOHVDX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHHQ&{WHG¶,YRLUHjGHV
VLWXDWLRQV GH GpVRUGUH LQWpULHXU DX %XUNLQD )DVR HQILQ j XQ
KDUFqOHPHQW LQWHQVLI GHV WHUURULVWHV LQWpJULVWHV GH %RNR +DUDP DX
&DPHURXQ HW 1LJHULD (Q &HQWUDIULTXH O¶DUPpH D LPSORVp (OOH D
FHVVpG¶H[LVWHUVRXVOHVFRXSVGHERXWRLUVGHVFRQWUDGLFWLRQVLQWHUQHV
HW GHV JURXSXVFXOHV UHEHOOHV FRXSHXUV GH URXWHV HW PLOLFH DQWL
EDODND $X &RQJR %UD]]DYLOOH O¶DUPpH V¶HQGRUW DSUqV OD JXHUUH
FLYLOHGHVDQQpHVDYHFHQSHUVSHFWLYHXQHUHSULVHGHODFKLHQOLW
WDQWOHVSUREOqPHVGHIRQGQ¶RQWSDVpWpUpVROXV7RXWOHPRQGHj
%UD]]DYLOOHV¶REVHUYHHQFKLHQGHIDwHQFHHQDWWHQGDQWTXHOHFKHI
GHO¶eWDWGpFLGHGHVRQDYHQLU/H*DERQQHGRLWVDWUDQTXLOOLWpTX¶j
OD SUpVHQFH WUqV DFWLYH GHV )RUFHV )UDQoDLVHV DX *DERQ ))*
/¶pOHFWLRQSUpVLGHQWLHOOHG¶DRWWUqVFRQWURYHUVpHDHQJHQGUp
GH JUDYHV LQFLGHQWV GDQV OH SD\V &RQVLGpUpV FRPPH XQ YpULWDEOH
GpQLGHODGpPRFUDWLHSDUXQHSDUWLHGHODSRSXODWLRQGHVpPHXWLHUV
LQFHQGLqUHQWO¶$VVHPEOpHQDWLRQDOH(QUHSUpVDLOOHVOHSUpVLGHQWGH
OD 5pSXEOLTXH HQYR\D GHV WURXSHV DWWDTXHU OH TXDUWLHU JpQpUDO GH
FDPSDJQH GX SULQFLSDO RSSRVDQW -HDQ 3LQJ VXLYL G¶XQH YDJXH
G
DUUHVWDWLRQV 6HORQ OH PLQLVWUH GH O¶,QWpULHXU SOXV GH
SHUVRQQHVDXUDLHQWpWpDUUrWpHV'HX[DQVGHSRXUULVVHPHQWGHODYLH
SROLWLTXH GpERXFKqUHQW VXU XQ FRXS G¶eWDW PLOLWDLUH OH
MDQYLHU $XFXQ SD\V DIULFDLQ Q¶HVW j O¶DEUL GH
O¶LQWHUYHQWLRQQLVPHPLOLWDLUH/HVDQJORSKRQHVQHVRQWSDVHQUHVWH
/DSUHXYHOHVFRXSVG¶eWDWDX1LJHULDOHVDX*KDQDHW6RXGDQ
HWF
© /¶DUPpHQ¶HVWQLSUpSDUpHQLKDELOLWpHjMRXHUXQU{OHSROLWLTXH ª
&RQVWDWSDWHQWKLVWRULTXHPHQWOHVIDLWVRQWpWDEOLTXHODSROLWLTXH
HW OHV PLOLWDLUHV QH IRQW SDV ERQ PpQDJH 3DU FRQVpTXHQW OD
GpPRFUDWLH HW O¶DUPpH HQ $IULTXH VRQW SUHVWHPHQW GHYHQXHV
DQWLQRPLTXHV (Q HIIHW O¶LQWHUYHQWLRQ GHV PLOLWDLUHV GDQV O¶DUqQH

ϭϬ
%DQJRXUD 'RPLQLTXH Les armées africaines face au défi démocratique
*pRSROLWLTXHDIULFDLQH3DULV
ϰϰ

SROLWLTXHQHFRQWULEXHSDVjGDYDQWDJHGHGpPRFUDWLH/HVUpJLPHV
PLOLWDLUHVVRQWGHYpULWDEOHVIUHLQVjODSURPRWLRQGHODGpPRFUDWLH
HW j OD YDORULVDWLRQ GH O¶pWDW GH GURLW /HV UpJLPHV PLOLWDLUHV VH
GpILQLVVHQWSDUXQHFRQFHQWUDWLRQGXSRXYRLUREWHQXHVRXYHQWSDUOD
IRUFHVXLYLHGHODVXVSHQVLRQGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQHWODGLVVROXWLRQGHV
LQVWLWXWLRQV UpSXEOLFDLQHV 3RXUWDQW OH SULQFLSH GX
SURIHVVLRQQDOLVPHPLOLWDLUHDSSHOOHDXUHVSHFWGHODVXERUGLQDWLRQj
O¶DXWRULWpFLYLOHGpPRFUDWLTXHPHQWpOXHHWjO¶DOOpJHDQFHjO¶pWDWGH
GURLW/HFRGHGHGpRQWRORJLHPLOLWDLUHGRLWJDUDQWLUO¶LPSDUWLDOLWpGX
SURFHVVXVSROLWLTXHHWOHUHVSHFWGHVGURLWVGHO¶KRPPH&¶HVWOHED
ED UHVVDVVp GDQV OHV pFROHV G¶RIILFLHUV /¶XQLYHUVLWDLUH QLJpULHQ
$EGRXOD\H1LDQGRX6RXOH\VWLJPDWLVDLWFHWWHLQWUXVLRQGDQVL’armée et
le pouvoir HQ ©« OHV PLOLWDLUHV QLJpULHQV GHSXLV OD SULVH GH
SRXYRLU HQ DYULO Q¶RQW MDPDLV GpFODUp VROHQQHOOHPHQW TX¶LOV OH
UHPHWWUDLHQWDX[FLYLOV&RPPHSRXUFRQILUPHUOHXULQWHQWLRQGHUHVWHU
GpILQLWLYHPHQWVXUODVFqQHSROLWLTXHGqVOHIpYULHUjODVXLWHGH
ODIRUPDWLRQG¶XQQRXYHDXJRXYHUQHPHQWLOVIRQWGLVSDUDvWUHOHWHUPH
PLOLWDLUH GH O¶DSSHOODWLRQ RIILFLHOOH GX JRXYHUQHPHQW $LQVL OH
JRXYHUQHPHQW PLOLWDLUH SURYLVRLUH GHYLHQWLO WRXW VLPSOHPHQW
JRXYHUQHPHQW SURYLVRLUH OH MDQYLHU j O¶RFFDVLRQ G¶XQ
UHQRXYHOOHPHQWG¶pTXLSHJRXYHUQHPHQWDOHOHWHUPHSURYLVRLUHGLVSDUDvW
GHO¶DSSHOODWLRQGXJRXYHUQHPHQWª
$XFRPPHQFHPHQWLO\DODOHWWUHTXLFRQIqUHOHVPLVVLRQVDVVLJQpHV
DX[)RUFHV$UPpHV/HVSD\VIDLWGHEULFHWGHEURFSDUODYRORQWp
GX FRORQLVDWHXU SRVVqGHQW GHV IURQWLqUHV VDQV FRQVLGpUDWLRQ GHV
UpDOLWpV ORFDOHV SDU H[HPSOH QH UHPDUTXH]YRXV SDV TXH OHV
IURQWLqUHVGX0DOLGX1LJHUGHOD0DXULWDQLHRXGX7FKDGRQWpWp
WUDFpHVDYHFXQHUqJOHVDQVVRXFLGXGpWDLOௗ"/¶DUPpH\UHSUpVHQWHOH
FUHXVHW GH OD QDWLRQ 7RXV OHV HQIDQWV GX SD\V GHYUDLHQW VH
UHFRQQDvWUH GDQV FHWWH LQVWLWXWLRQ %LHQ VRXYHQW OD YRFDWLRQ GH
O¶DUPpHFRXOHGHVRXUFH(OOHGRLWVDFUDOLVHUOHWHUULWRLUHQDWLRQDOHQ
DVVXUDQW O¶LQYLRODELOLWp GHV IURQWLqUHV HW HQ JDUDQWLVVDQW OD VpFXULWp
GHVSHUVRQQHVHWGHVELHQVTXLV¶\WURXYHQW'¶XQHPDQLqUHJpQpUDOH
OHV PLOLWDLUHV DIULFDLQV Q¶RQW SDV WRXMRXUV FRQVFLHQFH TXH OHXU
FRUSRUDWLRQUHSUpVHQWHO¶XQLWpHWODIRUFHGXSD\V,OVSHQVHQWGpWHQLU
WRXV OHV GURLWV rWUH OHV SURSULpWDLUHV GH FHWWH HQWLWp OD SOXV

ϭϭ
L'Armée et le Pouvoir'DQVPolitique africaine1USS
ϰϱ

FDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHO¶eWDWDSUqVOHWHUULWRLUHOHGUDSHDXHWO¶K\PQH/D
YRFDWLRQGHVDUPpHVFRQVLVWHGRQFjSUHQGUHOHVDUPHVSRXUSURWpJHU
OD QDWLRQ UpWDEOLU O¶LQWpJULWp WHUULWRULDOH HW GpIHQGUH OD SRSXODWLRQ
FRQWUHXQHQQHPLH[WpULHXU/DPLVVLRQGHUpWDEOLVVHPHQWGHO¶RUGUH
SXEOLF UHOqYH GH OD JHQGDUPHULHHWGHODSROLFHTXLSRVVqGHQWGHV
WHFKQLTXHV DGDSWpHV SRXU DIIURQWHU OHV FRQFLWR\HQV&¶HVW DEHUUDQW
GH YRLU GHV PLOLWDLUHV pTXLSpV DX[ SULVHV DYHF OD SRSXODWLRQ HQ
VRXOqYHPHQW QRQ RUJDQLVp 4XHO TXH VRLW OH GHJUp GH GpVRUGUH
HQJHQGUpO¶DUPpHQHGRLWSDVUHWRXUQHUOHVDUPHVGHODUpSXEOLTXH
SD\pHVSDUOHVLPS{WVGHVUHVVRUWLVVDQWVGXSD\VFRQWUHFHVPrPHV
FLWR\HQV2QYRLWVRXYHQWOHVPLOLWDLUHVWLUHUjEDOOHVUpHOOHVVXUGHV
KRPPHV GHV IHPPHV HW GHV HQIDQWV VDQV DUPHV 1XO QH SHXW OHV
FRPSUHQGUHFDUFHVRQWGHVDFWHVFULPLQHOV4XHODSROLFHOHIDVVHVH
SRVHUDDORUVODTXHVWLRQGHVPRGDOLWpVG¶LQWHUYHQWLRQSDUFHTX¶HOOH
QHGRLWSDVIDLUHXVDJHG¶DUPHVOpWDOHV/DNDODFKQLNRYOD*URVVH
%HUWKDOHFKDUGHFRPEDWOH6RXNKRw6XRXOHODQFHIODPPH
QH VRQW SDV GHV RXWLOV GX PDLQWLHQ GH O¶RUGUH /H FRPEOH GH
O¶DEVXUGLWp D pWp DWWHLQW ORUVTXH OHV WURXSHV GH EDWDLOOH GHV )RUFHV
$UPpHV &RQJRODLVHV RQW XWLOLVp OHV FDQRQV G¶DUWLOOHULH HW OHV
KpOLFRSWqUHVGHFRPEDWFRQWUHOHVSRSXODWLRQVGHVTXDUWLHUVVXGGH
%UD]]DYLOOHSRXUMXVWLILHUGHVRSpUDWLRQVGHSROLFH3OXVUpFHPPHQW
OH GpFHPEUH DX WHUPH G¶XQ YLROHQW DIIURQWHPHQW DYHF OD
JDUGH UDSSURFKpH GX FRORQHO 7VRXURX H[QXPpUR GHV
UHQVHLJQHPHQWV GX &RQJR DFFXVp GH UpEHOOLRQ HW G¶DWWHLQWH j OD
VpFXULWpLQWpULHXUHGHO¶eWDWO¶DUUHVWDWLRQjVRQGRPLFLOHHQWRXUpGH
VDIDPLOOHDQpFHVVLWpXQGpSORLHPHQWGHO¶LQIDQWHULHGHVEOLQGpVHW
KpOLFRSWqUHVGHFRPEDWDYHFGHVPRUWVLQQRFHQWVjODFOp'DQVOH
PrPHWHPSVO¶DUPpHDQJRODLVHIUDQFKLVVDLWODIURQWLqUHFRQJRODLVH
FDSWXUDLW GHV PLOLWDLUHV FRQJRODLV VDQV XQH UpDFWLRQ GX +DXW
FRPPDQGHPHQWGHV)$&
$X%XUNLQD)DVRODJDUGHSUpVLGHQWLHOOHGH%ODLVH&DPSDRUpDWLUp
VXUODIRXOHGHVpPHXWLHUVHQRFWREUHELODQXQHWUHQWDLQHGH
PRUWV Le Monde Afrique D UpYpOp GDQV VD SXEOLFDWLRQ LQWHUQHW GX
VHSWHPEUH TXH GDQV FH SD\V SDU FRQWUH O¶DUPpH UHVWH
GpPXQLH IDFH DX SpULO GMLKDGLVWH (Q UHSUpVDLOOHV j XQH DWWDTXH

ϭϮ
/¶XQH GHV SOXV JURVVHV SLqFHV G¶DUWLOOHULH XWLOLVpHV SDU OHV $OOHPDQGV SRXU
WHUURULVHUOHV)UDQoDLVHQ
ϰϲ

WHUURULVWHD\DQWHQJHQGUpTXDWRU]HYLFWLPHVFLYLOHVj.DLQ1RUGOH

HW IpYULHU XQH RSpUDWLRQ WHUUHVWUH HW DpULHQQH GHV )RUFHV
DUPpHVDWRXWGpYDVWpVXUVRQSDVVDJH/HSUpVLGHQWGX0RXYHPHQW
EXUNLQDEpGHVGURLWVGHO¶KRPPHHWGXSHXSOH0%'+3DDIILUPp
TXH©FDVSUpVXPpVG¶H[pFXWLRQVVRPPDLUHVªRQWpWpFRPPLVj
FHWWHRFFDVLRQ¬FDXVHGHFHJHQUHG¶DJLVVHPHQWOHSHXSOHQ¶DSOXV
FRQILDQFHHQVRQDUPpH6LOHQLYHDXG¶LQVpFXULWpLQWpULHXUHQpFHVVLWH
ODPRQWpHHQSUHPLqUHOLJQHGHVXQLWpVPLOLWDLUHVFHOOHVFLGRLYHQW
DYRLU OD PDvWULVH SDUIDLWH GH OHXUV DFWLRQV j O¶LPDJH GHV PLOLWDLUHV
IUDQoDLV TXL DVVXUHQW DYHF EULR OH ERQ GpURXOHPHQW GX ©SODQ
9LJLSLUDWHª GLVSRVLWLI IUDQoDLV GH OXWWH FRQWUH OH WHUURULVPH TXL
FRQWULEXH j OD YLJLODQFH HW OD SURWHFWLRQ GHV SRSXODWLRQV HW GHV
LQVWDOODWLRQVFRQWUHOHVULVTXHVG
DWWHQWDWVWHUURULVWHV
/HV JDUQLVRQV OHV FDVHUQHV HW OHV FDQWRQQHPHQWV GHV IRUFHV GH
GpIHQVHGRLYHQWrWUHjODIURQWLqUHHWIDLUHIDFHDX[GDQJHUVSRWHQWLHOV
H[WpULHXUV,OIDXWpORLJQHUOHVXQLWpVPLOLWDLUHVGHVFHQWUHVXUEDLQV
2U OHV DUPpHV DIULFDLQHV RQW KpULWp GH O¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH GHV
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHV PLOLWDLUHV DXWUHIRLV j OD SpULSKpULH GHV ERXUJDGHV
PDLV DXMRXUG¶KXL HQ UDLVRQ GH O¶H[WHQVLRQ GHV DJJORPpUDWLRQV OHV
FDPSVPLOLWDLUHVVHUHWURXYHQWVLWXpVDXF°XUGHVYLOOHV/HVPHQDFHV
jFHWWHpSRTXHpWDLHQWDVVXUpPHQWGLIIpUHQWHVHWODSpULSKpULHG¶KLHU
DpWpHQJORXWLHSDUO¶HVVRUXUEDLQ3DUDGR[DOHPHQWLOVHPEOHTXHOHV
PLOLWDLUHV VRQW LPSODQWpV DX[ F°XUV GHV FLWpV SRXU VXUYHLOOHU HW
FRQWU{OHUOHVSRSXODWLRQV
'DQV OH FDGUH GH O¶218 O¶8QLRQ $IULFDLQH RX GHV RUJDQLVDWLRQV
VRXVUpJLRQDOHV&'($2&($&OHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHVSDUWLFLSHQW
DX[ DFWLRQV PLOLWDLUHV VRXV OD EDQQLqUH GHV RUJDQLVDWLRQV
LQWHUQDWLRQDOHV SRXU MXJXOHU GHV FULVHV GRQW HOOHV QH VRQW SDV
SURWDJRQLVWHV&¶HVWDLQVLTX¶HOOHVVRQWVROOLFLWpHVSRXUGHVPLVVLRQV
GH UpWDEOLVVHPHQW GH OD SDL[ RX G¶LPSRVLWLRQ GH OD SDL[ (Q
UHVSHFWDQWXQSURWRFROHRSpUDWLRQQHOWUqVULJRXUHX[HOOHVQ¶RQWSDV
YRFDWLRQjDYRLUXQHSRVWXUHRIIHQVLYHHWQHGRLYHQWSDVRXYULUOHIHX
DXWUHPHQWTX¶HQFDVGHOpJLWLPHGpIHQVHHOOHVV¶LQWHUSRVHQWHQWUH
OHVEHOOLJpUDQWVSUpVHUYHQWXQFHVVH]OHIHXDSSXLHQWOHVRSpUDWLRQV
KXPDQLWDLUHV RX DVVXUHQW O¶RUGUH SXEOLF ([HPSOHV OD 0,18$5
0LVVLRQ GHV 1DWLRQV 8QLHV SRXU O¶$VVLVWDQFH DX 5ZDQGD
G¶RFWREUH MXVTX¶HQ PDUV XQH RSpUDWLRQ HQ FRXUV
O¶218&, 2SpUDWLRQ GHV 1DWLRQV HQ &{WH G¶,YRLUH GpEXWpH HQ
ϰϳ

DYULO RX OD 081,60$ 0LVVLRQ 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQQHOOH

LQWpJUpH GHV 1DWLRQV 8QLHV SRXU OD VWDELOLVDWLRQ DX 0DOL ,O HVW j
QRWHUTXHOHFRPSRUWHPHQWGHVWURXSHVDIULFDLQHVSDUWLFLSDQWjFHV
PLVVLRQVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVHVWJOREDOHPHQWDSSUpFLDEOHYRLUHH[FHOOHQW
SRXUGHVDUPpHVFRPPHO¶DUPpHVpQpJDODLVHURPSXHjFHWH[HUFLFH
,OHVWDKXULVVDQWG¶REVHUYHUTXHO¶DWWLWXGHGHFHVPLOLWDLUHVRSpUDQW
GDQVOHFDGUHRQXVLHQV¶DOWqUHGqVTX¶LOVFKDQJHQWGHFDVTXHWWHHQ
UHYHQDQW VRXV OH GUDSHDX QDWLRQDO &H TXL SRVH OH SOXV VRXYHQW
SUREOqPHHWFHSRXUTXRLLOIDXWV¶LQVXUJHUDYHFIRUFHF¶HVWODJHVWLRQ
GHV SULPHV GpYROXHV DX[ VROGDWV &H VXMHW HVW KDELWXHOOHPHQW WUqV
RSDTXHVLELHQTXHOHVKRPPHVTXLRQWULVTXpOHXUYLHVRQWREOLJpV
GHVHPXWLQHUSRXUUHFRXYUHUODWRWDOLWpGHOHXUVpPROXPHQWV&HIXW
OHPRELOHGHVPXWLQHULHVDX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHHQDX1LJHUHQ
MXLOOHWHWIpYULHUDX%XUNLQD)DVRHQDYULODX0DOL
HQ PDUV OD OLVWH Q¶HVW SDV H[KDXVWLYH +RUPLV FHV PLVVLRQV
YpULWDEOHPHQW SURIHVVLRQQHOOHV O¶DUPpH DFFRPSOLW XQH IRQFWLRQ
SULPRUGLDOHSRXUGHVMHXQHVQDWLRQVODIRQFWLRQG¶LQWpJUDWLRQ/HV
IRUFHVGHGpIHQVHVRQWHQSULQFLSHOHPLOLHXDGpTXDWGHO¶pJDOLWpGHV
FKDQFHVFDUOHXUGHYLVHGHYUDLWrWUH©FKDFXQVHORQVRQPpULWHª&H
VRQWGHVHQWLWpVTXLIRQFWLRQQHQWDYHFODFRKpUHQFHTXLLPSRVHGHV
UpVXOWDWVLPPpGLDWVHWSDOSDEOHV'HSOXVHOOHVGHYUDLHQWDFFXHLOOLU
WRXV OHV FLWR\HQV SRXUYXV TX¶LOV UHPSOLVVHQW OHV FRQGLWLRQV
G¶DSWLWXGHV LPSRVpHV (Q UpDOLWp ELHQ VRXYHQW FH U{OH GpYROX j
O¶DUPpHHVWGpQDWXUpHWDERXWLjO¶HIIHWFRQWUDLUHSXLVTXHOHVWHQDQWV
GX SRXYRLU IDYRULVHQW JpQpUDOHPHQW OH UHFUXWHPHQW GH OHXUV
FRQJpQqUHVHWKQLTXHVGpVpTXLOLEUDQWDLQVLODVWDELOLWpGHO¶LQVWLWXWLRQ
3DU FRQVpTXHQW FHUWDLQV JURXSHV HWKQLTXHV GX SD\V QH VH
UHFRQQDLVVHQW SDV GDQV FHWWH IRUFH FKDUJpH WKpRULTXHPHQW GH OHV
SURWpJHU HW VH VHQWHQW SUrWV j HQ GpFRXGUH j OD SUHPLqUH RFFDVLRQ
&¶HVW OD SULQFLSDOH UDLVRQ SRXU ODTXHOOH FHUWDLQV eWDWV DIULFDLQV QH
VRQWSDVVWDEOHV/HXUVJRXYHUQDQWVSUpIqUHQWIDLUHFRQILDQFHjXQH
IRUFH j SUpGRPLQDQFH HWKQLTXH SRXU DVVXUHU OHXU SpUHQQLWp DX
SRXYRLUFRPPHDX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHDX7FKDGDX7RJRHWF
/DIRQFWLRQSROLWLTXHGHSXLVOHUHWRXUjODGpPRFUDWLHHQ$IULTXH
O¶DUPpHHVWHQDSSDUHQFHUHWRXUQpHGDQVOHVFDVHUQHVHWDDEDQGRQQp
ODSROLWLTXHVRXVODSUHVVLRQGHVSHXSOHVDVVRLIIpVGHOLEHUWp,OQ¶HQ
HVWULHQ'qVTXHOHXUVLQWpUrWVFRUSRUDWLVWHVRXFHX[GHODQDWLRQVRQW
UHPLV HQ FDXVH FRPPH DX 0DOL ORUV GX FRXS G¶eWDW GX FDSLWDLQH
ϰϴ

6DQRJRRXDX%XUNLQD)DVRDYHFOHJpQpUDO'LHQGpUpOHVKRPPHV
HQ DUPHV VRUWHQW GH OHXU UHWUDLWH HW SHXYHQW UpDJLU YLROHPPHQW
MXVTX¶jpYLQFHUOHUpJLPHHQSODFH'¶DXWUHVUDLVRQVTXHOHVLQWpUrWV
GHODSURIHVVLRQFRQGXLVHQWjODUpYROWHGHVPLOLWDLUHVODVWDELOLWpHW
O¶RUGUHORUVTX¶LOVVRQWPLVHQFDXVHFRPPHj0DGDJDVFDUHQSURLH
j XQH FRXUVH DX SRXYRLU TXL GpJpQpUDLW HQ JXHUUH FLYLOH O¶DUPpH
PDOJDFKH D OkFKp OH SUpVLGHQW 5DYDOHORPDQDQD SRXU VRXWHQLU VRQ
FKDOOHQJHU (Q GpVHVSRLU GH FDXVH FHOXLOj WUDQVIpUD OHV SOHLQV
SRXYRLUV j XQ GLUHFWRLUH PLOLWDLUH TXL OH UHPLW LPPpGLDWHPHQW j
5D]RHOLQD VRQ DQWDJRQLVWH DX JUDQG GDP GH 5DYDOHORPDQDQD (Q
j GHX[ PRLV GH OD ILQ GH VRQ PDQGDW HW GH O¶pOHFWLRQ
SUpVLGHQWLHOOH OH SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH GX 0DOL 7RXPDQL
7RXUpSRXUWDQWJpQpUDOGHVRQpWDWOXLPrPHDQFLHQSXWVFKLVWHD
pWppYLQFpSDUODWURXSHDXPRWLITX¶LOpWDLWLQFDSDEOHGHFRQWHQLUOHV
DVVDXWV GHV GMLKDGLVWHV DX QRUG GX SD\V $X 1LJHU HW DX %XUNLQD
)DVROHFRORQHO7DQMDHWOHFDSLWDLQH&DPSDRUpG¶DQFLHQVIDFWLHX[
VXELUHQWXQVRUWLGHQWLTXH,OVIXUHQWGpEDUTXpVVDQVFRXSIpULUSDU
OHXUDUPpHHQHW8QHPXWLQHULHGHVKRPPHVGXUDQJGH
O¶DUPpHLYRLULHQQHDXUHOHQWHWKQLTXHSRXUV¶RSSRVHUj©O¶LYRLULWpª
XQFRQFHSWPHWWDQWHQDYDQWO¶RULJLQHLYRLULHQQHGHWRXWFDQGLGDWj
ODSUpVLGHQFHGHOD5pSXEOLTXHHWPDQLIHVWHUFRQWUHl’establishment
SROLWLTXHDOODLWEDOD\HU.RQDQ%pGLpSRXULQVWDOOHUOHJpQpUDO5REHUW
*XHwjODYHLOOHGH1RsO$X7RJRHQ)DXUH*QDVVLQJEp
HPSrFKDLW)DPEDUp2XDWWDUD1DWFKDEDOHSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXH
SDU LQWpULP DSUqV OH GpFqV GH *QDVVLQJEp (\DGpPD GH SUHQGUH OH
SRXYRLU /¶DUPpH WRJRODLVH OH EORTXDLW j OD IURQWLqUH EpQLQRLVH
SHQGDQW TXH OHV FRPELQHV VH GpURXODLHQW j /RPp /D OLVWH GHV
FKDQJHPHQWV LQVWLWXWLRQQHOV SURYRTXpV SDU OHV PLOLWDLUHV HVW WUqV
ORQJXH
/RUVTXH O¶LQVWDELOLWp SROLWLTXH GpSDVVH OH VHXLO FULWLTXH O¶pTXLOLEUH

GHODQDWLRQHVWPHQDFpHWOHSD\VHVWHQGDQJHU$ORUVO¶DUPpHWHQG
j LPSRVHU VRQ DXWRULWp SRXU UHPpGLHU DX[ IDLEOHVVHV GX SRXYRLU
GpERUGp /HV )RUFHV $UPpHV SRXUWDQW Q¶RQW SDV YRFDWLRQ j
JRXYHUQHU '¶DSUqV 3LHUUH 0HQGqV )UDQFH 3UpVLGHQW GX &RQVHLO
SHQGDQW OD qPHUpSXEOLTXH HQ )UDQFH ©OD UpSpWLWLRQ GHV FULVHV
SROLWLTXHVQ¶HVWTXHOHVLJQHGXPDOSURIRQGGRQWVRXIIUHOHSD\Vª
&HWWHFLWDWLRQVLHGSDUIDLWHPHQWjO¶$IULTXHWRXWHQWLqUH6LO¶XUJHQFH
GHO¶DFWLRQGHYLHQWpYLGHQWHOHPLOLWDLUHDYHFVRQVHQVGHO¶DFWLRQ
ϰϵ

SHUFXWH /HXU QDWXUH FRPPDQGH O¶HQJDJHPHQW IDFH j O¶DGYHUVLWp

(VWFH XQH UDLVRQ YDODEOHௗ" 3RXUTXRL O¶DUPpH VpQpJDODLVH QH V¶HVW
MDPDLVLPPLVFpHGDQVODJHVWLRQGHO¶eWDWௗ"7RXWVLPSOHPHQWSDUFH
TX¶HOOHDFRPSULVTXHFKDTXHLQVWLWXWLRQGRLWUHVWHUjODSODFHTXLOXL
HVWGpYROXH
%LHQJRXYHUQHUF¶HVWDVVXUHUOHVIRQFWLRQVOpJLWLPHVGHO¶eWDWDILQGH
JDUDQWLUODOLEHUWpHWSHUPHWWUHjWRXVGHEpQpILFLHUGHVIUXLWVGHFH
WUDYDLO%LHQJRXYHUQHUFHQ¶HVWSDVVHXOHPHQWSUHQGUHODSODFHGH
FHOXLTXLJRXYHUQH%LHQJRXYHUQHUF¶HVWH[HUFHUVXUO¶HQVHPEOHGH
ODQDWLRQOHSRXYRLUSROLWLTXH&¶HVWSUHQGUHGHVGpFLVLRQVSROLWLTXHV
TXLH[HUFHQWXQHLQIOXHQFHSRVLWLYHVXUODWRWDOLWpGXSHXSOH&¶HVW
GLULJHU OHV DIIDLUHV SXEOLTXHV &¶HVW OH SRXYRLU H[pFXWLI /D
SURSHQVLRQGHVPLOLWDLUHVjJRXYHUQHUYLHQWHOOHGHO¶RULJLQHGHFH
PRWௗ"6UHPHQWSDV/HPRWgouvermarDSSDUDvWDX;,,,qPHVLqFOHSDU
PXWDWLRQGHguvermerLVVXGXODWLQgubermareTXLVLJQLILH©GLULJHU
XQQDYLUHª/DPpWDSKRUHGXFDSLWDLQHTXLJRXYHUQHXQQDYLUHHVW
GRQFDVVLPLOpHjODVLWXDWLRQDFWXHOOHRXOHGLULJHDQWSROLWLTXHDVVXUH
ODGLUHFWLRQGHO¶eWDW/DYpULWpGHFHWWHWHQGDQFHFDSRUDOLVWHHVWj
UHFKHUFKHU GX F{Wp GH O¶DPELWLRQ KXPDLQH GpFXSOpH GX VHQWLPHQW
G¶DSSDUWHQDQFH DX JURXSH OH SOXV IRUW HW OH SOXV RUJDQLVp GH OD
VRFLpWp 3RXU DYRLU DFFRPSOL OH FXUVXV FRPSOHW GH IRUPDWLRQ
PLOLWDLUHHQ)UDQFHTXHFHVRLWj6DLQW&\Uj&RPSLqJQHO¶eFROH
G¶pWDWPDMRU RX j 3DULV O¶eFROH GH *XHUUH MDPDLV OHV
HQVHLJQHPHQWV TXL P¶RQW pWp GLVSHQVpV Q¶RQW FRQFHUQp OD
JRXYHUQDQFH G¶XQ eWDW HW HQFRUH PRLQV OH WUDLWHPHQW GH VXMHWV
SROLWLTXHV &¶HVWjGLUH TX¶LO IDXW GpWRXUQHU OHV PLOLWDLUHV GH OHXU
GpVLUDYLGHGXSRXYRLU
/H GpIDXW GH OD JRXYHUQDQFH j O¶DIULFDLQH HVW FDUDFWpULVp SDU
O¶DEVHQFHRXO¶LQVXIILVDQFHGHPR\HQVILQDQFLHUVDORUVTXHOHVVXMHWV
j WUDLWHU VRQW LQFRPPHQVXUDEOHV OD SDXYUHWp O¶LOOHWWULVPH OH
GpYHORSSHPHQW pFRQRPLTXH OD PRGHUQLVDWLRQ GX FDGUH GH YLH OD
VDQWp SRXU WRXV O¶pUDGLFDWLRQ GHV pSLGpPLHV HW GHV SDQGpPLHV
O¶DPpOLRUDWLRQGXQLYHDXGHYLHH[LJHQWEHDXFRXSG¶DUJHQW,OIDXW
WUDLWHU WRXV FHV SUREOqPHV LPPHQVHV VLPXOWDQpPHQW DORUV TXH
V¶DMRXWH OH FRPEDW SROLWLTXH DYHF VHV FKDXVVHWUDSHV 6L O¶RQ
FRQVLGqUH OH QLYHDX PpGLDQ GH FXOWXUH GH OD FRUSRUDWLRQ RQ SHXW
DIILUPHUVDQVDPEDJHVTXHOHVFDSDFLWpVLQWHOOHFWXHOOHVGHVPLOLWDLUHV
VRQWIRUWOLPLWpHV&¶HVWUDUHPHQWODILQHIOHXUG¶XQHFODVVHG¶kJHGX
ϱϬ

SD\VTXLV¶HQJDJHGDQVFHWWHYRLHGHO¶HPPHUGHPHQWPD[LPXPVL
DOpDWRLUH HW DX SpULO GH VD YLH 'DQV O¶DUPpH OHV PHLOOHXUV SRVWHV
DUULYHQWVRXYHQWHQILQGHFDUULqUH0rPHSRXUOHVkPHVELHQQpHV
OD YDOHXU DWWHQG OH QRPEUH GHV DQQpHV ([FHSWLRQ IDLWH GDQV OHV
DUPpHV GHV UpSXEOLTXHV EDQDQLqUHV G¶$IULTXH R OD SURPRWLRQ HVW
WURSVXEMHFWLYH/HFKHIQ¶HVWSDVWRXMRXUVOHSOXVDQFLHQPpULWDQW
GDQV OH JUDGH OH SOXV pOHYp /H PLOLHX PLOLWDLUH HVW WHOOHPHQW
SDUWLFXOLHU HW VRXYHQW KHUPpWLTXH TXH OHXUV H[SpULHQFHV GHV
SUREOqPHVGHODYLHGHOHXUVFRQFLWR\HQVOHXUDSSDUDLVVHQWVRXVOH
SULVPHGHODGpULVLRQRXGHO¶LQFRPSUpKHQVLRQ$XWDQWGLUHTXHOD
SULVH HQ FRPSWH HVW WRXMRXUV GpFDOpH HW O¶HPSDWKLH WRWDOHPHQW
LQH[LVWDQWH&HTXLH[SOLTXHO¶LPSDWLHQFHRXODEUXWDOLWpDXFRQWDFW
GHVFLYLOV&HUWHVWRXVOHVPLOLWDLUHVQHVRQWSDVGHVWrWHVGHYHDX,O
IDXW GLVWLQJXHU FHX[ TXL RQW GH O¶pWRIIH PDLV LOV IRQW UDUHPHQW
O¶RSLQLRQ GH OHXUV FRQJpQqUHV PDOKHXUHXVHPHQW OH SOXV JUDQG
QRPEUH HVW UpWLI DX ERQ MXJHPHQW $SUqV XQH VRL[DQWDLQH GH
PLOLWDLUHVFKHIVG¶eWDWHQ$IULTXHRQFRPSWHTXDVLPHQWDXWDQWGH
GpFHSWLRQ VRLW SDU O¶DEVHQFH GH UpVXOWDWV SUREDQWV VRLW SDU OH
PDQTXH GH GLVFHUQHPHQW TXL OHV SRXVVH j V¶DQFUHU DX SRXYRLU HQ
GpSLWGXVFHSWLFLVPHJpQpUDO$XFXQQHPpULWHG¶HQWUHUDX3DQWKpRQ
RUHSRVH0DQGHOD1NUXPDK/XPXPEDHWF
/D IRQFWLRQ VRFLDOH OH VRFLDO Q¶HVW SDV O¶REMHFWLI DVVLJQp SDU
GpILQLWLRQ DX[ DUPpHV $SSRUWHU GHV ELHQIDLWV j OD FROOHFWLYLWp
QRWDPPHQW HQ SRXUYR\HXU G¶HPSORLV VH SUpRFFXSHU GHV UHODWLRQV
VRFLDOHV RX SDUWLFLSHU j O¶DPpOLRUDWLRQ GHV FRQGLWLRQV GH YLH GHV
PHPEUHVGHODVRFLpWpQHGHYUDLWSDVOHVFRQFHUQHUDXSUHPLHUFKHI
(VWFHOHU{OHGHO¶LQVWLWXWLRQPLOLWDLUHGHOXWWHUFRQWUHOHVLQpJDOLWpVௗ"
&HSHQGDQW O¶DUPpH QH YLW SDV HQ DXWDUFLH /HV PLOLWDLUHV RQW GHV
IDPLOOHV TXL FRPSWHQW SDUPL OHV IRUFHV YLYHV GH OD QDWLRQ (X[
PrPHVSDUWLFLSHQWDXGHVWLQGXSD\V,OVVRQWGRQFLPSUpJQpVGHV
SUREOqPHVGHODVRFLpWpUHVVHQWLVGLUHFWHPHQW(Q$IULTXHOHIRVVp
TXL VpSDUH XQH SDUWLH GH OD SRSXODWLRQ VRFLDOHPHQW LQWpJUpH WUqV
PLQRULWDLUH GH O¶DXWUH SDUWLH OD PDMRULWp YLFWLPH GH O¶H[FOXVLRQ
VRFLDOHQHFHVVHGHJUDQGLU&HWWHGXUHUpDOLWpHQJHQGUHGHVWURXEOHV
jO¶RUGUHSXEOLFTXLSDUODIRUFHGHVFKRVHVWRXFKHQWOHVDUPpHV¬
OHXUFRUSVGpIHQGDQWHOOHVVRQWWHQXHVG¶LQWHUYHQLUVLODSROLFHHWOD
JHQGDUPHULH GRQWF¶HVWODIRQFWLRQVRQWLQFDSDEOHVGHFRQWHQLUOHV
GpERUGHPHQWV'DQVFHFDVGHIRUFHPDMHXUHOHVPLOLWDLUHVDJLVVHQW
ϱϭ

DX JUDQG VRXODJHPHQW GH WRXV 0rPH VL FHWWH LQWHUYHQWLRQ HVW OD
ELHQYHQXH OHV PRGDOLWpV HW OHV PDWpULHOV HPSOR\pV VRQW VRXYHQW
LQDGpTXDWV&HSHQGDQWLOHVWjQRWHUTX¶HQFDVGHJUDQGHFDWDVWURSKH
QDWXUHOOH VHXOH O¶DUPpH SRVVqGH OHV HQJLQV DGDSWpV XWLOLVDEOHV
LPPpGLDWHPHQW /HV HQWUHSULVHV SXEOLTXHV RX SULYpHV VRQW
JpQpUDOHPHQWHPEU\RQQDLUHV,OQ¶H[LVWHDXFXQSUpSRVLWLRQQHPHQW
GHV KRPPHV HW GHV PDWpULHOV FLYLOV SRXU OXWWHU FRQWUH XQH JURVVH
FDODPLWpHWVRXODJHUOHVSRSXODWLRQV/DSURPSWLWXGHHWO¶HIILFDFLWp
GRQW HOOH IHUD SUHXYH SRXU SRUWHU VHFRXUV DX[ VLQLVWUpV GHV
FDWDVWURSKHV QDWXUHOOHV UHKDXVVHURQW VRQ LPDJH GH PDUTXH /H
UD\RQQHPHQWTX¶HOOHHQWLUHUDDPpOLRUHUDVDSODFHGDQVOHF°XUGHV
FLWR\HQV )DXWLO SRXU FHWWH UDLVRQ G¶XWLOLWp SXEOLTXH WROpUHU
Q¶LPSRUWHTXHODJLVVHPHQWGHVPLOLWDLUHVௗ"
/HV eWDWV DIULFDLQV RQW WUDQVIRUPp OH PLQLVWqUH GH OD 'pIHQVH HQ
SUHPLHU UHFUXWHXU G¶DJHQWV SXEOLFV 'H QRPEUHX[ MHXQHV FLWR\HQV
SURYHQDQW GHV PLOLHX[ GpIDYRULVpV V¶HQJDJHQW GDQV O¶DUPpH SRXU
UHFHYRLUXQHIRUPDWLRQSURIHVVLRQQHOOH(QFHVWHPSVGLIILFLOHVR
O¶DVFHQVHXUVRFLDOIRQFWLRQQHPDOOD'pIHQVHRIIUHGHVSRVVLELOLWpV
SOXVDLVpHVGHIDLUHFDUULqUHHWSURSRVHO¶DFTXLVLWLRQGHQRPEUHXVHV
FRPSpWHQFHV 8QH JUDQGH SURSRUWLRQ G¶RIILFLHUV IDLW SDUWLH GX
JURXSHG¶DQFLHQVVRXVRIILFLHUVHWXQQRPEUHHQFRUHSOXVLPSRUWDQW
GH VRXVRIILFLHUV RQW pWp GHV VROGDWV 3RXU FHV MHXQHV VRXYHQW HQ
SHUGLWLRQ O¶DUPpH VH UpYqOH rWUH O¶XQLTXH RSSRUWXQLWp GH
UHVRFLDOLVDWLRQ 3XLVTX¶LO Q¶\ D SDV GH FRQVFULSWLRQ LQWpJUDOH HQ
$IULTXH IUDQFRSKRQH VXEVDKDULHQQH HW j FDXVH GHV SUREOqPHV
VRFLDX[ VRXOLJQpV FLGHVVXV OHV FDPSDJQHV GH UHFUXWHPHQW
JDJQHUDLHQW j GHYHQLU WUDQVSDUHQWHV HW JpQpUDOLVpHV j WRXWH OD
MHXQHVVH GX SD\V 7RXW FH SURFHVVXV PHW OH FLWR\HQ HQ FRQILDQFH
/¶pJDOLWpGHVFKDQFHVHVWXQHYDOHXUFDUGLQDOHGXVROGDWOHEUDVVDJH
GHVRULJLQHVHWO¶HVSULWGHFDPDUDGHULHVRQ$'1
7RXWHIRLV OHV LQVWLWXWLRQV GH GpIHQVH QH GRLYHQW SDV GHYHQLU XQ
DEVRUEHXUGHFK{PDJHDXULVTXHGHSHUGUHODFRKpUHQFHGHJURXSH
/DFRQVFULSWLRQTXRLTXHRQpUHXVHHWWUqVH[LJHDQWHSRXUOHVeWDWV
FRQVDFUHUDLW OH U{OH VRFLDO GDQV OD QDWLRQ SDU OH WUXFKHPHQW GHV
DSSHOpVVRXVOHVGUDSHDX[/¶DUPpHjFHUWDLQVpJDUGVVHFKDUJHUDLW
GHFRPSOpWHUOHXUpGXFDWLRQSDUODIRUPDWLRQFLYLTXHOHVHQVGXELHQ
FRPPXQOHSDWULRWLVPHHWOHJRWGHO¶HIIRUWTX¶HOOHGLVWLOOHUDLW(Q
UHWURXYDQWODYLHFLYLOHDSUqVOHVHUYLFHPLOLWDLUHVHVYDOHXUVSURSUHV
ϱϮ

DX[ KRPPHV HQ DUPHV TXH SRUWHUDLHQW OHV DQFLHQV FRQVFULWV VH
GLIIXVHUDLHQWGDQVWRXWHODQDWLRQ
/¶DUPpHDSSDUWLHQWDXSHXSOH&KDTXHFLWR\HQHQHVWOHSURSULpWDLUH
HW OH SUHPLHU EpQpILFLDLUH SRXU FHOD FHWWH LQVWLWXWLRQ GHYUDLW rWUH
YLVLEOH&HWWHYLVLELOLWpQHVDXUDLWrWUHOLPLWpHDXGpILOpGHODIrWHGH
O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH GX SD\V (OOH FRQVLVWHUDLW j VH UDSSURFKHU
HIIHFWLYHPHQW GH OD SRSXODWLRQ /¶DUPpH RXYULUDLW VHV SRUWHV HW
PRQWUHUDLW VRQ YUDL YLVDJH &HV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV DQLPDWLRQV HW
GpPRQVWUDWLRQVVXUOHVDFWLYLWpVUpHOOHVGXVROGDWYDOHQWPLHX[TXH
WRXVOHVFRPPXQLTXpVRXGLVFRXUVGHSRUWHSDUROHGHVpWDWVPDMRUV
6LO¶DUPpHQHFXOWLYHSDVOHOLHQDYHFODVRFLpWpTX¶HOOHHVWFHQVpH
GpIHQGUHLOVHFUpHXQYLGHVXMHWDX[LQFRPSUpKHQVLRQV,OIDXWXQH
GpPDUFKHG¶RXYHUWXUHSRXULQWpUHVVHUHWDWWLUHUOHFLWR\HQ*UkFHDX[
UHODWLRQV DUPpHQDWLRQ HQWUHWHQXHV SDU OHV PLOLWDLUHV O¶DUPpH
LQWpJUHUD PLHX[ OD MHXQHVVH YRORQWDLUH VDQV GLVFULPLQDWLRQ HW VHUD
DLVpPHQW ORXpH SDU OH SHXSOH (Q pFKDQJH HOOH SHXW H[LJHU GH OD
QDWLRQTXHO¶HQVHPEOHGHVFLWR\HQVV¶LQIRUPHUpJXOLqUHPHQWVXUOHV
VXMHWVGHODGpIHQVHQDWLRQDOH,OIDXWpYLWHUTXHO¶DUPpHVHUHQIHUPH
VXUHOOHPrPH
8Q SRLQW LPSRUWDQW TXL KRQRUH RX GLVFUpGLWH O¶LQVWLWXWLRQ PLOLWDLUH

F¶HVW OD TXHVWLRQ GH OD ILQ GH FDUULqUH 9RLU GHV RIILFLHUV HW VRXV
RIILFLHUVjODUHWUDLWHEDWWUHOHSDYpHQVXELVVDQWGHVKXPLOLDWLRQVDX
JXLFKHW GHV FDLVVHV GH UHWUDLWH DYDQW GH WRXFKHU OHXU SHQVLRQ HVW
FRQWUHSURGXFWLISRXUO¶LPDJHGHPDUTXHGHO¶DUPpH&¶HVWDXVVLFHOD
IDLUHGXVRFLDOTXHGHV¶RFFXSHUGHVHVDQFLHQVVHUYLWHXUV'¶DXWUH
SDUW WRXW DX ORQJ GH OD FDUULqUH O¶LQVWLWXWLRQ GRLW SUpSDUHU VHV
PHPEUHVjODUHFRQYHUVLRQ/DPLVHjODUHWUDLWHQ¶HVWSDVODILQGH
ODYLH/HVKRPPHVGXUDQJHWOHVVRXVRIILFLHUVjFDXVHGXFDUDFWqUH
GLIILFLOHGHOHXUVFRQGLWLRQVG¶H[LVWHQFHSURIHVVLRQQHOOHTXLWWHQWOHXU
PpWLHU SOXV W{W TXH OHV DXWUHV IRQFWLRQQDLUHV %pQpILFLDQW
JpQpUDOHPHQWG¶XQHERQQHVDQWpjDQVXQPLOLWDLUHDODFDSDFLWp
GH WUDYDLOOHU PrPH GXUHPHQW HQFRUH TXLQ]H DQQpHV ,O VHUDLW GRQF
MXGLFLHX[TXHOHPLQLVWqUHGHOD'pIHQVHSUHQQHGHVPHVXUHVSRXU
SUpSDUHU FHV PLOLWDLUHV WRXW DX ORQJ GH OHXU FDUULqUH j G¶DXWUHV
SURIHVVLRQV TX¶LOV Q¶H[HUFHUDLHQW TX¶XQH IRLV GDQV OH FLYLO $XFXQ
RUJDQLVPH GH OD UpSXEOLTXH QH SHXW PLHX[ SURXYHU OH ERQ
IRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHO¶DVFHQVHXUVRFLDOTXHO¶DUPpH
ϱϯ

)RQFWLRQ pFRQRPLTXH OH EXW SUHPLHU GHV )RUFHV $UPpHV QH VHUD
MDPDLV OHXU SHUIRUPDQFH HQ WDQW TXH EkWLVVHXU RX HQWUHSUHQHXU
&HSHQGDQW XQH RUJDQLVDWLRQ IRLVRQQDQW GH SHUVRQQHO DXVVL
GLVFLSOLQp HW WUqV TXDOLILp GDQV SOXVLHXUV GRPDLQHV TXL LQWpUHVVHQW
O¶pFRQRPLHSHXWrWUHXWLOLVpHSRXUOHELHQGHODVRFLpWp/HVPLOLWDLUHV
ELHQIRUPpVVHUDLHQWXQIDFWHXUGHG\QDPLVPHUpFLSURTXHHQWUHOH
PRQGH GHV DIIDLUHV HW O¶DUPpH $WWHQWLRQௗ 1RXV YHUURQV SOXV WDUG
TXHPLOLWDLUHHWEXVLQHVVQHIRQWSDVERQPpQDJH7RXWELHQSHQVp
O¶K\SRWKqVH YUDLVHPEODEOH j HQYLVDJHU SRXU OHV eWDWV G¶$IULTXH
IUDQFRSKRQH Q¶HVW SDV XQH JXHUUH GH KDXWH LQWHQVLWp GH JUDQGH
HQYHUJXUH QpFHVVLWDQW GHV PR\HQV FODVVLTXHV pQRUPHV FRQWUH XQ
DGYHUVDLUHSOXVSXLVVDQW$XFXQHGHFHVDUPpHVQHSHXWVXSSRUWHUFH
FDV GH ILJXUH SHQGDQW XQ PRLV G¶HQJDJHPHQW LQWpJUDO HW DEVROX
/RUVTXH OHV )$3/$ DQJRODLV GpERXOqUHQW OH RFWREUH j
%UD]]DYLOOHHOOHVQHPLUHQWTXHKHXUHVSRXUOLTXpILHUOHV)$&,O
IDXW HQ WLUHU OHV FRQVpTXHQFHV DYHF GLVFHUQHPHQW /D GRFWULQH
VWUDWpJLTXHjSUpFRQLVHUHVWFHOOHFLXQHIRUFHDUPpHVWDWLRQQpHDX[
IURQWLqUHVOHVSOXVH[SRVpHVDXSpULOHQQHPLGHYUDrWUHFDSDEOHGH
FRQWHQLU XQH LQYDVLRQ SHQGDQW XQ WHPSV OLPLWp XQ PRPHQW PLV j
SURILWSDUODGLSORPDWLHGHO¶eWDWSRXUMXJXOHUOHFRQIOLWHQUDPHXWDQW
WRXVVHVDOOLpVRXHQHQJDJHDQWGHVSRXUSDUOHUV(QFDVGHUDSSRUWGH
IRUFHVIDYRUDEOHPrPHPRPHQWDQpPHQWLOHQJDJHOHFRPEDWVXUXQH
]RQH FOp SDV WRXMRXUV R DWWHQG O¶DGYHUVDLUH D\DQW OH VRXFL GH
O¶HPSRUWHUSRQFWXHOOHPHQWSRXUPLHX[QpJRFLHU6HORQFHWWHWKpRULH
GH ERQ VHQV OHV IRUFHV DUPpHV V¶HQWUDvQHUDLHQW FRQWUH XQ HQQHPL
UpHO DX[ SULQFLSHV HW DX[ UqJOHV G¶HQJDJHPHQW FRQQXV 6RQ
IRQFWLRQQHPHQW HW VD VWUDWpJLH VRQW DVVLPLOpV G¶DYDQFH 7RXWHVOHV
WURXSHV QH VHURQW SDV PRELOLVpHV HQ PrPH WHPSV /H UHVWH QRQ
RSpUDWLRQQHOVHPHWWUDLWjODGLVSRVLWLRQGXVHFWHXUpFRQRPLTXHGH
O¶eWDWDYHFVHVPR\HQVPDWpULHOVHWVHVKRPPHVSRXUGHVUpDOLVDWLRQV
SRQFWXHOOHVDYDQWXQUHWRXUDX[DFWLYLWpVW\SLTXHPHQWPLOLWDLUHVDX[
IURQWLqUHV (Q FDV GH PHQDFH LPPLQHQWH FHV PLOLWDLUHV DIIHFWpVDX
WUDYDLOpFRQRPLTXHUHSUHQQHQWOHXUVDIIHFWDWLRQVRSpUDWLRQQHOOHVHW
GRLYHQWrWUHHQPHVXUHG¶DVVXUHUOHXUPLVVLRQGHGpIHQVHGXSD\V
8QHPDODGLHURQJHO¶$IULTXHSOXVTXHOHVLGDODJHVWLRQFDODPLWHXVH
GHVEXGJHWVDOORXpVDX[IRUFHVGHGpIHQVHHWGHVpFXULWp/HPLQLVWqUH
GHOD'pIHQVHQ¶HVWSDVVRXPLVDX[PrPHVSULQFLSHVGHJHVWLRQGHV
GpSHQVHVTXHOHVDXWUHVPLQLVWqUHV/DUDLVRQLQYRTXpHHVWSUHVTXH
ϱϰ

WRXMRXUV OH ©VHFUHW GpIHQVHªௗ RU O¶LPSpUDWLI GH FRQILGHQWLDOLWp QH

SHXWMXVWLILHUO¶DEVHQFHGHFRQWU{OHRXGHERQQHJHVWLRQ&HWWHOLWDQLH
GH FDUHQFHV VRXOLJQH OHV GpIDXWV GH OD FXLUDVVH FRQILGHQWLDOLWp
H[FHVVLYHHQWRXUDQWOHVTXHVWLRQVGHGpIHQVHIDLEOHLPSOLFDWLRQGHV
LQVWLWXWLRQVFLYLOHVGDQVOHSURFHVVXVGHEXGJpWLVDWLRQGHODGpIHQVH
LQGLVFLSOLQH EXGJpWDLUH PDXYDLVH SODQLILFDWLRQ VWUDWpJLTXH QRQ
LQWURGXFWLRQGHODFXOWXUHGHODSHUIRUPDQFHGDQVO¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ
SXEOLTXH4XRLTX¶HQGLVHQWOHVWHQDQWVGXSRXYRLUHWOHXUVSDUWLVDQV
FHVPDQTXHPHQWVHQJHQGUHQWXQHDEVHQFHGHWUDQVSDUHQFHGDQVOD
JHVWLRQ XQH IDLEOH HIILFDFLWp HW XQH FRUUXSWLRQ WUqV pOHYpH 6HORQ
$PRU7RXQDNWLFRQVHLOOHUjOD&RXUGHVFRPSWHVGH7XQLVLHFKDUJp
GHGLULJHUGHVPLVVLRQVGHYpULILFDWLRQVHUDSSRUWDQWDXFRQWU{OHGH
OD JHVWLRQ HW OD ERQQH JRXYHUQDQFH GDQV OH VHFWHXU SXEOLF ©8QH
JHVWLRQEXGJpWDLUHVDLQHGHVVHFWHXUVGHGpIHQVHHWGHVpFXULWpHVW
HVVHQWLHOOH VL XQ SD\V YHXW DYRLU GHV RUJDQLVDWLRQV GH VpFXULWp
HIILFDFHV HW SURIHVVLRQQHOOHV FDSDEOHV GH SURWpJHU O¶eWDW HW VD
SRSXODWLRQFRQWUHOHVPHQDFHVLQWHUQHVHWH[WHUQHV/DSODQLILFDWLRQ
LQWpJUpH O¶pODERUDWLRQ GHV SROLWLTXHV HW OHV V\VWqPHV GH
EXGJpWLVDWLRQ VRQW QpFHVVDLUHV SRXU JDUDQWLU XQH DOORFDWLRQ
DSSURSULpH GHV UHVVRXUFHV GX VHFWHXU SXEOLF HW SRXU JpUHU FHV
UHVVRXUFHV GH IDoRQ HIILFDFH 7RXWHIRLV HQ $IULTXH IUDQFRSKRQH
XQHWHOOHJHVWLRQIDLWGpIDXWFHUWHVjGHVGHJUpVGLIIpUHQWVª'DQV
FH PRGqOH GpVDYDQWDJHX[ OHV PLOLWDLUHV SRXVVHQW j O¶RSDFLWp GHV
GpSHQVHV HQ LJQRUDQW DOOqJUHPHQW OHV GLVSRVLWLRQV GHV ORLV GH
ILQDQFHVGHGpSDUW/HIDLWTXHOHVFUpGLWVVRLHQWPLVjGLVSRVLWLRQ
GHVPDQGDWDLUHVDYHFUHWDUGMXVWLILHSDUIRLVOHVGpULYHV/DJHVWLRQ
GH OD WUpVRUHULH QRQ WUDQVSDUHQWH HW O¶LPSXQLWp GRQW MRXLVVHQW OHV
ILQDQFLHUV PLOLWDLUHV DJJUDYHQW OH V\QGURPH GX ©WRQQHDX GHV
'DQDwGHVª GHV ILQDQFHV SXEOLTXHV /HV PRGDOLWpV H[FHSWLRQQHOOHV
G¶HQJDJHPHQW QRWDPPHQW OHV FLUFXLWV FRXUWV HW OHV GpPDUFKHV
ILQDQFLqUHV VLPSOLILpHV VRQW SUpIpUpV SRXU H[pFXWHU SOXV YLWH FHV
RSpUDWLRQVYRXpHVjODGLVVLPXODWLRQ/HVGpFDLVVHPHQWVDQWLFLSpVHW
OHVIRQGVVSpFLDX[VRQWSULYLOpJLpVSDUFHTX¶LOVGLPLQXHQWOHQRPEUH
G¶LQWHUYHQDQWV WRXW HQ DVVXUDQW OD FRQILGHQWLDOLWp /HV FRQWU{OHV a
posterioriVRQWOHSOXVVRXYHQWGpILFLHQWV©5LHQQHMXVWLILHTXHOHV

ϭϯ
7RXQDNWL$PRULa réforme des systèmes de sécurité et de justice en Afrique
francophone,O
2UJDQLVDWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHOD)UDQFRSKRQLH2,)VHUYLFHGHOD
FRPPXQLFDWLRQS
ϱϱ

VHFWHXUVGHVpFXULWpHWGHGpIHQVHYLROHQWOHVSULQFLSHVEXGJpWDLUHV
OHV SOXV SHUWLQHQWV /D PDQLqUH GRQW LOV OHV H[pFXWHQW SHXWrWUH XQ
SHX GLIIpUHQWH SDU UDSSRUW j G¶DXWUHV VHFWHXUV PDLV OHV SULQFLSHV
JpQpUDX[ QH GRLYHQW SDV rWUH VDFULILpV 7RXV FHV SULQFLSHV VRQW
SHUWLQHQWVGDQVXQSURFHVVXVGHEXGJpWLVDWLRQELHQJpUp/HVFLYLOV
VRQW SHX LPSOLTXpV GDQV OH SURFHVVXV EXGJpWDLUH GHV VHFWHXUV GH
VpFXULWpHWGHGpIHQVHDXVVLELHQDXQLYHDXGHODEXGJpWLVDWLRQTXH
GH O¶H[pFXWLRQ RX GX FRQWU{OH >«@ /¶LQGLVFLSOLQH EXGJpWDLUH HVW
VRXYHQWIODJUDQWH/HVIRQFWLRQQDLUHVGXJRXYHUQHPHQWOHVRIILFLHUV
GH O¶DUPpH HW OHV FKHIV G¶eWDW HW GH JRXYHUQHPHQW LQWHUYLHQQHQW
VRXYHQW GDQV OH SURFHVVXV G¶DOORFDWLRQ GH UHVVRXUFHV DYHF XQH
LQGLIIpUHQFHIODJUDQWHSRXUOHVSURFpGXUHVpWDEOLHVHWOHVSULRULWpVGHV
GpSHQVHVSUpGpWHUPLQpHV/HVRIILFLHUVGHO¶DUPpHSUpVHQWHQWSDUIRLV
jODWUpVRUHULHGHVIDFWXUHVGHGpSHQVHVHQFRXUXHVHQGHKRUVGXFDGUH
EXGJpWDLUH/HVPLQLVWUHVGHOD'pIHQVHUHIXVHQWOHSOXVVRXYHQWGH
SDUWDJHUOHVGpWDLOVUHODWLIVDX[GpSHQVHVHQPDWLqUHGHGpIHQVHDYHF
OHVPLQLVWUHVGHV)LQDQFHVHWOHVSDUOHPHQWV6XUXQDXWUHSODQOHV
LPSOLFDWLRQV ILQDQFLqUHV VXU OHV GpFLVLRQV HQ PDWLqUH G¶DFKDW
G¶DUPHPHQW \ FRPSULV OHV GHWWHV TXL VRQW HQFRXUXHV j GHV ILQV
PLOLWDLUHVQHVRQWSDVIUpTXHPPHQWUHIOpWpHVGDQVOHVEXGJHWVª
/D %DQTXH PRQGLDOH D pODERUp HQ GHV SULQFLSHV GH JHVWLRQ
EXGJpWDLUHHWILQDQFLqUHDSSOLFDEOHVGDQVOHFDGUHG¶XQSURFHVVXVGH
UpIRUPHSRXUWRXVOHVPLQLVWqUHV\FRPSULVFHOXLGHODGpIHQVHHWGH
ODVpFXULWp
/HSULQFLSHGHJOREDOLWpOHEXGJHWGRLWLQFOXUHWRXWHVOHVRSpUDWLRQV
ILQDQFLqUHV GX JRXYHUQHPHQW 7RXWH GpFLVLRQ SROLWLTXH D\DQW XQH
LQFLGHQFH ILQDQFLqUH GRLW rWUH SULVH GDQV OH FDGUH GH FRQWUDLQWHV
EXGJpWDLUHV ULJRXUHXVHV LPSRVDQW GHV FKRL[ HQWUH SOXVLHXUV
VROXWLRQVSRVVLEOHV
/HSULQFLSHGHGLVFLSOLQHODSULVHGHGpFLVLRQGRLWrWUHIRQGpHVXU
OHV UHVVRXUFHV UpHOOHV /H EXGJHW GRLW SUHQGUH HQ FKDUJH
H[FOXVLYHPHQW OHV UHVVRXUFHV QpFHVVDLUHV j OD PLVH HQ °XYUH GHV
SROLWLTXHVGHO¶eWDW/DUpSDUWLWLRQGHVHQYHORSSHVEXGJpWDLUHVGRLW
rWUHVFUXSXOHXVHPHQWUHVSHFWpHHWOHVUHVVRXUFHVDIIHFWpHVDXEXGJHW
QHGRLYHQWSDVGpSDVVHUOHPLQLPXPLQGLVSHQVDEOHSRXUPHWWUHHQ
°XYUHOHVSROLWLTXHVSUpDODEOHPHQWGpILQLHV

ϭϰ
,ELGHPS
ϱϲ

/H SULQFLSH GH OpJLWLPLWp WRXV OHV UHVSRQVDEOHV FRQFHUQpV SDU XQ
VXMHW WRXFKDQW j OD GpFLVLRQ ILQDQFLqUH HW TXL SHXYHQW FKDQJHU OHV
SROLWLTXHV SHQGDQW OHXU PLVH HQ °XYUH GRLYHQW rWUH DVVRFLpV j OD
JHVWLRQEXGJpWDLUHGXGLWVXMHW&HSULQFLSHVLJQLILHTXHWRXVOHVFKRL[
GH SROLWLTXH SXEOLTXH GRLYHQW rWUH IDLWV DYHF O¶DFFRUG GH WRXV OHV
GpFLGHXUVFDSDEOHVGHPRGLILHUFHVFKRL[HQFRXUVG¶H[pFXWLRQ
/HSULQFLSHG¶DGDSWDELOLWpFHSULQFLSHLPSOLTXHTXHOHVGpFLVLRQV
GRLYHQW GHVFHQGUH DX QLYHDX R WRXWH O¶LQIRUPDWLRQ QpFHVVDLUH HVW
HIIHFWLYHPHQW GLVSRQLEOH 6L OHV FKRL[ GH SURJUDPPHV LQFRPEHQW
DX[PLQLVWUHVFRQFHUQpVOHVGpFLVLRQVRSpUDWLRQQHOOHVGRLYHQWrWUH
SULVHV SDU OHV JHVWLRQQDLUHV /HV GpOpJDWLRQV GH SRXYRLU RQW SRXU
FRQWUHSDUWLHODWUDQVSDUHQFHHWODUHVSRQVDELOLWp
/H SULQFLSH GH SUpYLVLELOLWp LO IDXW TXH OHV SROLWLTXHV EXGJpWDLUHV
V¶HIIRUFHQWG¶DVVXUHUOHILQDQFHPHQWUpJXOLHUGHVSURJUDPPHVHWGHV
SURMHWV /H UpWDEOLVVHPHQW GH O¶pTXLOLEUH EXGJpWDLUH FRPPH OH
GpYHORSSHPHQW HW O¶pYDOXDWLRQ GHV SURJUDPPHV GRLYHQW V¶LQVFULUH
GDQVXQHSHUVSHFWLYHFHUWDLQH/HVSROLWLTXHVSHXYHQWrWUHFULWLTXpHV
HW PRGLILpHV HW OHV VHUYLFHV RSpUDWLRQQHOV VRQW WHQXV G¶DPpOLRUHU
FRQVWDPPHQWOHXUSHUIRUPDQFH
/HSULQFLSHG¶KRQQrWHWpOHEXGJHWGRLWrWUHpWDEOLHQIRQFWLRQGHV
SURMHFWLRQVLPSDUWLDOHVGHVUHFHWWHVHWGHVGpSHQVHV'HVSUpYLVLRQV
WURS RSWLPLVWHV VLJQLILHQW XQ UHOkFKHPHQW GHV FRQWUDLQWHV
EXGJpWDLUHV GHV FKRL[ VWUDWpJLTXHV PRLQV ULJRXUHX[ HW SDU
FRQVpTXHQW O¶LPSRVVLELOLWp G¶H[pFXWHU HIILFDFHPHQW OHV REMHFWLIV
SULRULWDLUHV
/H SULQFLSH G¶LQIRUPDWLRQ LO HVW HVVHQWLHO TXH OHV GpFLGHXUVDLHQW
DFFqV GDQV GHV GpODLV UDLVRQQDEOHV j GHV GRQQpHV ILDEOHV VXU OHV
FRWVOHVSURGXLWVHWOHVUpVXOWDWV
/HSULQFLSHGHWUDQVSDUHQFHLOLPSOLTXHTXHOHVGpFLVLRQVGRLYHQW
rWUH SULVHV HQ WRXWH FRQQDLVVDQFH GH FDXVH HW FRPPXQLTXpHV DX
SXEOLF&HODVLJQLILHTXHGHVLQIRUPDWLRQVWUqVFODLUHVGRLYHQWrWUH
FRPPXQLTXpHV j O¶HQVHPEOH GH OD FRPPXQDXWp VXU OHV GpFLVLRQV
OHXUMXVWLILFDWLRQOHVUpVXOWDWVREWHQXVHWOHVFRWV/HSULQFLSHGH
WUDQVSDUHQFH VLJQLILH DXVVL TXH WRXWHV OHV DQDO\VHV HW GRQQpHV
QpFHVVDLUHV VRQW GLVSRQLEOHV TXDQG OHV GpFLGHXUV SUHQQHQW OHXUV
GpFLVLRQV/HSULQFLSHGHUHVSRQVDELOLWpRXGHO¶REOLJDWLRQGHUHQGUH
ϱϳ

FRPSWH V¶LO HVW QpFHVVDLUH GH FRQVHUYHU SRXU OHV EXGJHWV GH OD
GpIHQVHHWGHODVpFXULWpXQFHUWDLQGHJUpGHFRQILGHQWLDOLWpFHPRWLI
QHGRLWSDVrWUHXWLOLVpSRXUMXVWLILHUXQGpIDXWGHVXSHUYLVLRQRXXQ
PDQTXHG¶DSSOLFDWLRQGHVQRUPHVGHJHVWLRQGHVGpSHQVHVSXEOLTXHV
UHFRQQXHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHPHQW
/HVGpSDUWHPHQWVGHODGpIHQVHHWGHODVpFXULWpGRLYHQWREVHUYHUOHV
PrPHV REOLJDWLRQV TXH OHV DXWUHV VHFWHXUV SXEOLFV /HV UqJOHV HW
SURFpGXUHVEXGJpWDLUHVFRPPXQHVjO¶HQVHPEOHGHO¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ
SXEOLTXHGRLYHQWrWUHDSSOLTXpHVDX[VHFWHXUVGHODGpIHQVHHWGHOD
VpFXULWpVDQVGLVWLQFWLRQQLH[FHSWLRQ7RXWHVFHVUqJOHVGpPRQWUHQW
TX¶XQHDUPpHELHQJpUpHDXQHIRQFWLRQYLWDOHGDQVO¶pFRQRPLHGHV
SD\V DIULFDLQV 2EVHUYRQV XQ H[HPSOH FRQWLQHQWDO TXDVLPHQW
LPSRVVLEOHjUHSURGXLUH
/H PRGqOH pJ\SWLHQ VL FDULFDWXUDO QH FRUUHVSRQG SDV j O¶HVSULW
UHFKHUFKpSDUOHVDUPpHVUpSXEOLFDLQHVGHO¶$IULTXHVXEVDKDULHQQH
/¶DUPpH pJ\SWLHQQH HVW XQ DFWHXU pFRQRPLTXH SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW
HPEDUUDVVDQW(OOHSURGXLWHWFRPPHUFLDOLVHEHDXFRXSGHELHQVGH
FRQVRPPDWLRQFRXUDQWH(OOHSRVVqGHGHVXVLQHVHWGHVFHQWUHVGH
FRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQ(OOHIDEULTXHHWYHQGWRXWFHTXLHVWLPDJLQDEOH
GHO¶HDXPLQpUDOHDX[SkWHVGHVFDVVHUROHVDX[IRXUVGHO¶DFLHUDX[
SURGXLWV FKLPLTXHV VDQV RXEOLHU OHV K{WHOV OHV H[SORLWDWLRQV
DJULFROHVHWPrPHGHVWHUUDLQVjEkWLUHWF(OOHJpQqUHXQHpFRQRPLH
SDUDOOqOH RSDTXH GRQW O¶LPSRUWDQFH UpHOOH HVW LJQRUpH 2Q SHQVH
QpDQPRLQVTXHO¶LPSDFWpFRQRPLTXHGHFHVDFWLYLWpVUHSUpVHQWHSUqV
GH GX 3,% &H V\VWqPH GRQQH DX[ JpQpUDX[ pJ\SWLHQV XQH
SODFH SUpSRQGpUDQWH GDQV OD FRUUXSWLRQ TXL JDQJUqQH OH SD\V /HV
GLYLGHQGHVVRQWDXSURILWH[FOXVLIGHO¶DUPpH/H3DUOHPHQWPrPH
Q¶HVWSDVDXWRULVpjFRQWU{OHUFHYDVWHSRXYRLUpFRQRPLTXHSRXUGHV
UDLVRQV G¶LQWpUrW VXSpULHXU GH OD QDWLRQ &H FDV GH ILJXUH HVW
H[FHSWLRQQHOHWLQHQYLVDJHDEOHHQ$IULTXHIUDQFRSKRQH&HSHQGDQW
OHV IRUFHV GH GpIHQVH DIULFDLQH HQWUHWLHQQHQW GHV IHUPHV OH JpQLH
PLOLWDLUHVRXPLVVLRQQHDX[PDUFKpVGHFRQVWUXFWLRQGHURXWHVRXGHV
RXYUDJHVG¶DUWDXPrPHWLWUHTXHOHVHQWUHSULVHVFLYLOHVGHWUDYDX[
SXEOLFV OD ORJLVWLTXH ORXH VHV PR\HQV GH WUDQVSRUW HWF ,O IDXW VH
PpILHUGHVVLWXDWLRQVGHEXOOHVFRPPHHQpFRQRPLH(OOHVILQLVVHQW
SDU pFODWHU 8QH LQVWLWXWLRQ GH O¶eWDW TXL GpWLHQGUDLW OD IRUFH GH
FRHUFLWLRQ HQ SOXV GH OD SXLVVDQFH pFRQRPLTXH GpVWDELOLVHUDLW OD
VRFLpWpjVRQVHXODYDQWDJHVDQVSRVVLELOLWpSRXUOHUHVWHGHODQDWLRQ
ϱϴ

GH FKDQJHU OH FRXUV GHV FKRVHV &¶HVW XQ JHQUH G¶DULVWRFUDWLH
LQWROpUDEOHTX¶XQHFRPSRVDQWHGHODQDWLRQV¶DUURJHWRXVOHVGURLWV
$XWUHDVSHFWLPSRUWDQWGHODSDUWLFLSDWLRQGHV)RUFHV$UPpHVGDQV
O¶pFRQRPLH %HDXFRXS GH SD\V DIULFDLQV RQW XQH PDULQH
HPEU\RQQDLUH FDU HOOH FRWH FKHU HQ DFTXLVLWLRQ GH PDWpULHOV HQ
IRUPDWLRQGHVPDULQVPDLVVXUWRXWSDUFHTXHO¶DFWLYLWpTXRWLGLHQQH
HQ PHU HVW XQH VRXUFH GH GpSHQVH JLJDQWHVTXH &¶HVW XQ WRUW GH
GpFRQVLGpUHUDLQVLO¶DSSRUWGHODPDULQH/D0DXULWDQLHHWOH6pQpJDO
RQW IDLW OD WULVWH H[SpULHQFH G¶XQH IRUFH PDULWLPH LQGLJHQWH
LQFDSDEOHGHVXUYHLOOHUODSDUWLHGHODPHUF{WLqUHVXUODTXHOOHV¶pWHQG
OHXU VRXYHUDLQHWp /HV EDWHDX[XVLQHV pWUDQJHUV YLGHQW FHV HDX[
WHUULWRULDOHV GH VD UHVVRXUFH KDOLHXWLTXH HQ WRXWH LPSXQLWp $X
&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH HW DX *DERQ F¶HVW OD SROOXWLRQ GH OD PHU
SURYRTXpHSDUO¶H[SORLWDWLRQSpWUROLqUHDQDUFKLTXHHWOHVWDQNHUVTXL
YLGDQJHQW OHXUV UpVHUYRLUV VDQV VH JrQHU GpWUXLVDQW O¶pTXLOLEUH
pFRORJLTXH GH FHV F{WHV $X 1LJHULD HW DX %pQLQ DXFXQH IRUFH
YpULWDEOHPHQWGLVVXDVLYHQ¶DSXpUDGLTXHUGXUDEOHPHQWODSLUDWHULH
(QVXEVWDQFHOHFRWG¶XQHPDULQHRSpUDWLRQQHOOHHVWYLWHDPRUWLSDU
ODVRXYHUDLQHWpUpWDEOLHVXUOHVHDX[WHUULWRULDOHVHWSDUODSURWHFWLRQ
GHVUHVVRXUFHVGHODPHU,OIDXWDGDSWHUOHIRUPDWHWOHVPLVVLRQVGHV
DUPpHVDIULFDLQHVDX[YUDLVSUREOqPHVTXLVHSRVHQWDX[eWDWV3DU
H[HPSOH GDQV OD JXHUUH pFRQRPLTXH TXH VH OLYUHQW O¶pFRQRPLH
RFFLGHQWDOH HW OHV pWDWV F{WLHUV G¶$IULTXH XQH XQLWp GH OD IORWWH
PDULWLPHELHQDUPpHWUqVHQWUDvQpHHWPRWLYpHUDSSRUWHUDLWSOXVTXH
OD JDUGH SUpVLGHQWLHOOH LQXWLOH SOpWKRULTXH HW EXGJpWLYRUH SRXU
VDXYHJDUGHUOHVUHVVRXUFHVKDOLHXWLTXHVO¶H[SORLWDWLRQGHVSRUWVHW
PrPHFHOOHGXSpWUROHoffshore
/¶LQWHUYHQWLRQQLVPH IUDQoDLV VDQV ILRULWXUHV HQ $IULTXH DYHF VHV

DUPHVHWVRQGUDSHDXQ¶HVWHQDXFXQFDVSKLODQWKURSLTXH/¶HQMHXHVW
DXVVLpFRQRPLTXH/HV$IULFDLQVRQWLOVGpMjUpIOpFKLVXUOHVLQWpUrWV
YLWDX[ GH FH SDUUDLQ SUHVVDQWௗ" 3HQVHQWLOV j OD UpFLSURFLWp GHV
VLWXDWLRQVௗ" /H FRQWU{OH GHV UHVVRXUFHV QDWXUHOOHV GRLW MXVWLILHU
O¶H[LVWHQFHG¶XQRXWLOGHODGpIHQVHQDWLRQDOHSHUIRUPDQWOHSpWUROH
HWOHERLVDX*DERQHWDX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHOHVWHUUHVUDUHVHWOH
GLDPDQW HQ 5'& HW &HQWUDIULTXH OH SKRVSKDWH HW O¶RU DX 7RJR HW
0DOLO¶XUDQLXPDX1LJHUOHFRPPHUFHHWOHVpFKDQJHVDX&DPHURXQ
HWDX%XUNLQD)DVRHWF
ϱϵ

(QGpILQLWLYHOHSRLQWGHYXHPLOLWDLUHGRLWrWUHVXERUGRQQpDXSRLQW
GH YXH SROLWLTXH 6HORQ &ODXVHZLW] O¶DXWHXU GX OLYUH VDFUp GH OD
FRUSRUDWLRQ De la guerre : © F¶HVW OD SROLWLTXH TXL D HQWUDvQp OD
JXHUUHௗODSROLWLTXHHVWODIDFXOWpLQWHOOHFWXHOOHODJXHUUHQ¶HVWTXH
O¶LQVWUXPHQWSDVO¶LQYHUVH ª3RXUOXLF¶HVWOHJRXYHUQHPHQWHWQRQ
OHVPLOLWDLUHVVLTXDOLILpVVRLHQWLOVTXLGRLWpODERUHU©OHVJUDQGHV
OLJQHVG¶XQHJXHUUHFDUOXLVHXOHQGpWLHQWXQHª (QGpILQLWLYHOH
SRLQWGHYXHPLOLWDLUHGRLWrWUHVXERUGRQQpDXSRLQWGHYXHSROLWLTXH
(QG¶DXWUHVWHUPHVFKDFXQVRQPpWLHU/HVROGDWGRLWVHJDUGHUGH
WRXWKpJpPRQLVPH,PDJLQH]YRXVOHUpVXOWDWG¶XQSURIDQHRIILFLDQW
ODOLWXUJLHHQOLHXHWSODFHGXFXUpௗ"

ϭϱ
9RQ&ODXVHZLW]&DUODe la guerre0LQXLWS
ϲϬ

/H&RQJRDSUqVODSULVHGHSRXYRLUGHVPLOLWDLUHV
/H&RQJRH[HPSOHW\SHHQ$IULTXHGHSD\VGRPLQpGHWRXWWHPSV
SDU O¶DUPpH WDQW{W GLULJp SDU XQH MXQWH PLOLWDLUH OH SOXV VRXYHQW
SUpVLGpSDUXQFRPEDWWDQW(QVRL[DQWHDQVG¶H[LVWHQFHOH&RQJR
%UD]]DYLOOH Q¶D FRQQX TXH KXLW DQV G¶XQH SUpVLGHQFH FLYLOH 3RXU
FRPSUHQGUHOHVSUREOqPHVGX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHLOIDXWUHWUDFHUOHV
FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVJpRHWKQRORJLTXHVGHFHSHWLWSD\VDX[UHVVRXUFHV
QDWXUHOOHV DX[ SRWHQWLHOV KXPDLQV HW SK\VLTXHV SRXUWDQW VDQV
OLPLWHV
/HSD\VGHNPV¶pWHQGVXUNPGXQRUGDXVXG/DIRUrW
WURSLFDOHKXPLGHV
pWHQGVXUSUqVGHVGHX[WLHUVGXWHUULWRLUHFHTXL
HQIDLWOHTXLQ]LqPHSD\VDXPRQGHSDUOHSRXUFHQWDJHGHFRXYHUWXUH
IRUHVWLqUH$YHFTXDWUHPLOOLRQVHWGHPLG
KDELWDQWVOH&RQJRHVWXQ
SD\VGHIDLEOHVGHQVLWpVHQPR\HQQHKDENP/DPDMHXUHSDUWLH
GH VD SRSXODWLRQ HVW XUEDLQH GH OD SRSXODWLRQௗ HOOH HVW
FRQFHQWUpH GDQV OHV WURLV SULQFLSDOHV YLOOHV GX SD\V %UD]]DYLOOH
3RLQWH1RLUH HW 'ROLVLH VLWXpHV GDQV OD SDUWLH VXG GX SD\V
%UD]]DYLOOH HW 3RLQWH1RLUH FRPSWHQW UHVSHFWLYHPHQW HQYLURQ
HW ௗ KDELWDQWV /HV UpJLRQV UXUDOHV GX 6XG VRQW
UHODWLYHPHQWSHXSOpHVHQWUHHWKDENP(QUHYDQFKHODSDUWLH
VHSWHQWULRQDOHGXSD\VSHXWrWUHTXDOLILpHGHGpVHUWKXPDLQDYHFGHV
GHQVLWpV OH SOXV VRXYHQW FRPSULVHV HQWUH HW KDENP HQ
SDUWLFXOLHU GDQV OHV UpJLRQV PDUpFDJHXVHV GX 1RUG(VW /D ODQJXH
RIILFLHOOHOHIUDQoDLVHVWSDUOpHSDUGHODSRSXODWLRQFRQJRODLVH
GHVSOXVGHDQVVRLWOHSRXUFHQWDJHOHSOXVpOHYpG
$IULTXH
DSUqV VRQ YRLVLQ OH *DERQ /
pFRQRPLH FRQJRODLVH UHSRVH
SULQFLSDOHPHQWVXUO
H[SORLWDWLRQGHVK\GURFDUEXUHVOHORQJGHODF{WH
$WODQWLTXHௗFHWWHDFWLYLWpUHSUpVHQWHHQYLURQGHVH[SRUWDWLRQV
GX SD\V /HV UHYHQXV SpWUROLHUV GH O
eWDW FRQJRODLV VH FKLIIUHQW j
HQYLURQVL[PLOOLDUGVGHGROODUV86PDLVODPRLWLpGHODSRSXODWLRQ
YLWHQGHVVRXVGXVHXLOGHSDXYUHWpDYHFO¶pTXLYDOHQWG¶XQGROODU86
SDUMRXU/
HQOLVHPHQWGDQVODPDXYDLVHJRXYHUQDQFHHWOHPDQTXH
GHVWUDWpJLHFRQVpTXHQWSRXUOHGpYHORSSHPHQWpFRQRPLTXHHWVRFLDO
RQWIDLWLQVFULUHOH&RQJRPDOJUpODULFKHVVHHWODGLYHUVLWpGHVHV
UHVVRXUFHVjO
,QLWLDWLYH3D\V3DXYUH7UqV(QGHWWpV,337(
¬FDXVHGHFHWWHJpRJUDSKLHTXLV¶LPSRVHjOXLOH&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH
FRXUW LQODVVDEOHPHQW GHUULqUH O¶KDUPRQLH G¶XQ SHXSOH LPPDWXUH
ϲϭ

$XWUHIRLVOHVSRSXODWLRQVGX6XGDYDLHQWO¶DVFHQGDQWVXUFHOOHVGX
1RUG'HX[JXHUUHVFLYLOHVG¶DPSOHXUHQHWDGGLWLRQQpHV
GH SOXVLHXUV EHOOLJpUDQFHV FRPPH OHV pYpQHPHQWV FRQVpFXWLIV j
O¶DVVDVVLQDWGXSUpVLGHQW0DULHQ1JRXDELRQWFUHXVpOHVLOORQGHOD
KDLQH VRXUGH HQWUH FHV GHX[ IUDQJHV GH OD SRSXODWLRQ 'HSXLV OHV
&RQJRODLV GX 1RUG RQW SULV OH SRXYRLU HW OH FRPPDQGHPHQW GHV
IRUFHVDUPpHV6HORQTXHO¶DUPpHHVWFRQWU{OpHSDUO¶XQHRXO¶DXWUH
GHV GHX[ HQWLWpV HOOH Q¶KpVLWH SDV j SHUSpWUHU GHV DWURFLWpV VXU OHV
SRSXODWLRQV GH OD UpJLRQ RSSRVpH /H UpJLRQDOLVPH HVW GRXEOp GX
WULEDOLVPHRXPrPHGXFODQLVPHXQHSUpIpUHQFHHQFRUHSOXVVRUGLGH
SXLVTXH SOXV UHVWUHLQWH /¶LQGLYLGX UHVWH HQIHUPp GDQV VRQ JURXSH
HWKQLTXH9RXVWURXYHUH]WRXMRXUVGHVJHQVSRXUV¶LQVXUJHUHQSXEOLF
FRQWUHFHVSUDWLTXHVPDLVTXLQ¶KpVLWHURQWSDVjSULYLOpJLHUOHXUIUqUH
GHWULEXTXHOOHTXHVRLWVDQXOOLWpRXOHVIDXWHVTX¶LOSHXWFRPPHWWUH
9R\RQVOHVH[SOLFDWLRQVSODXVLEOHVGHFHWWHOXWWHVRXUQRLVHTXLPLQH
XQVLSHWLWSD\VULFKHPDLVWUqVHQUHWDUG/H&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHHVW
XQSD\VJpRJUDSKLTXHPHQWYHUWLFDODYHFGHVGpVpTXLOLEUHVHQWRXW
JHQUH /D FRORQLVDWLRQ DSUqV OD WUDLWH QpJULqUH D SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW
DFFHQWXpXQDVSHFWO¶pPDQFLSDWLRQHQWUHOHVSHXSOHVGX1RUGHWGX
6XG/HVSRSXODWLRQVGXQRUG&RQJRpWDLHQWGpODLVVpHVVLFHQ¶HVW
OLYUp j OD YRUDFLWp GHV FRPSDJQLHV FRQFHVVLRQQDLUHV GH WULVWH
UpSXWDWLRQ (OOHV QH VH VRQW MDPDLV VRXFLpHV GH GpYHORSSHPHQW
KXPDLQ3HQGDQWFHWHPSVO¶XUEDQLVDWLRQOHSURJUqVHWO¶pOpYDWLRQ
FXOWXUHOOHWUDQVIRUPDLHQWOH6XG¬O¶RULJLQHLOHVWSUREDEOHTX¶LO\
DYDLWXQHGLIIpUHQFHQRQQpJOLJHDEOHGXHjODSRVLWLRQJpRJUDSKLTXH
TXLDYDQWDJHDLWGXUDEOHPHQWOHVSRSXODWLRQVGHODF{WHPDULWLPHHW
VHVHQYLURQVGXVXGGXSD\V/HVQDWLIVGHFHVUpJLRQVRQWEpQpILFLp
GXFRQWDFWDYHFO¶pWUDQJHUGRPLQDWHXUPDLVPRGHUQLVWH,OIDXWVH
UHQGUHFRPSWHTXHOHVVHXOHVYRLHVGHWUDQVSRUWGDQVFHWWHUpJLRQGX
1RUGWRWDOHPHQWUHFRXYHUWHGHODSOXVJUDQGHIRUrWWURSLFDOHGXJOREH
DSUqVODIRUrWDPD]RQLHQQHpWDLHQWGHVFRXUVG¶HDXLPSpWXHX['HV
FRQWUpHV HQWLqUHV pWDLHQW FRXSpHV G¶XQ PRQGH HQ pWDW G¶pYHLO 3DV
SOXV WDUG TX¶DX GpEXW GHV DQQpHV XQ FDPLRQ FKDUJp GH
PDUFKDQGLVHVSDVVDLWXQHVHPDLQHSRXUIDLUHOHSpULSOH%UD]]DYLOOH
)RUW5RXVVHWVRLWNLORPqWUHVjYROG¶RLVHDX¬NLORPqWUHV
GHODFDSLWDOHOHWURQoRQ(WVRXDOL1JRGHFHWWHVHXOHURXWHTXLUHOLDLW
OHVXGDX1RUGpWDLWXQFDOYDLUHFpOqEUH(QILQSRXUIUDQFKLUOHVFLQT
NLORPqWUHVTXLVpSDUHQWODULYLqUH1¶NRPRGXIOHXYH$OLPDLOIDOODLW
ϲϮ

SUqV GH GHX[ MRXUV 7UqV ORQJWHPSV OHV PLVVLRQQDLUHV FDWKROLTXHV

pWDLHQW OHV VHXOV %ODQFV j V¶DYHQWXUHU GDQV OD IRUrW SURIRQGH TXL
FRXYUDLW OH 1RUG &HOD DYDLW HQWUDvQp GH WRXWH pYLGHQFH XQ UHWDUG
WHFKQRFXOWXUHO TXH OHV QRUGLVWHV UDWWUDSHQW YLYHPHQW GHSXLV
O¶DFFHVVLRQDXSRXYRLUGXSUpVLGHQW0DULHQ1JRXDELHQ7RXV
OHV &RQJRODLV VH VRXYLHQQHQW GHV FRPPXQLTXpV UDGLRGLIIXVpV
DSSHODQWGHVFDQGLGDWVjXQHPSORLRXXQVWDJHVDQVWULyaka noki
noki ticket ékofoutama na Brazza16.'HSXLVWURLVSUpVLGHQWVGH
OD 5pSXEOLTXH VXGLVWHV FLYLOV DX GHPHXUDQW HW WURLV SUpVLGHQWV
QRUGLVWHVWRXVPLOLWDLUHVQ¶RQWMDPDLV°XYUpSRXUXQLILHUOHSD\V/D
SpULRGH GX SDUWL XQLTXH GH j D pWp FHOOH GX UDWWUDSDJH
VRFLDO LQWHOOHFWXHO HW HQ WHUPHV G¶DFFXPXODWLRQ GH ELHQV OH SOXV
IODJUDQWGHVUHVVRUWLVVDQWVGXQRUGGXSD\V3DUH[HPSOHHQWUH
HW SDUPL OHV RQ]H PHPEUHV GX EXUHDX SROLWLTXH GX 3DUWL
FRQJRODLVGXWUDYDLO3&7ODSOXVKDXWHLQVWDQFHGHODUpSXEOLTXH
LOQ¶\DYDLWTX¶XQPHPEUHVXGLVWHGHVXUFURvWVXSSOpDQW'HPrPH
VXUVRL[DQWHPHPEUHVGXFRPLWpFHQWUDOO¶pTXLYDOHQWGX3DUOHPHQW
SRXUOHSDUWLRQQHFRPSWDLWTXHQHXIVXGLVWHVSRXUFLQTXDQWHHWXQ
QRUGLVWHV HQ GpSLW GX IDLW TXH OH 6XG UHSUpVHQWDLW GH OD
SRSXODWLRQ &H GpVpTXLOLEUH SDWHQW HVW GRQF XQ MXVWH UHWRXU GHV
FKRVHVPDLVLOQ¶HVWJXqUHDVVXPpSDUOHVKRPPHVSROLWLTXHVTXLHQ
GpODLVVDQWjOHXUWRXUXQSDQGHODSRSXODWLRQSUpSDUHQWOHVFRQIOLWV
LQWHUQHVGHGHPDLQ$XPRPHQWROHVRXWLOVGHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
O¶LQVWDQWDQpLWp HW OD TXDVLVXSSUHVVLRQ GH OD GLVWDQFH SDU OHV
WUDQVSRUWV UDSLGHV UDSSURFKHQW OHV KXPDLQV V¶pWHUQLVH FHW
DQWDJRQLVPHQRUGVXGDUFKDwTXH
,O\DOHGLIIpUHQGHQFRUHSOXVDQFLHQGHODWUDLWHQpJULqUHWKpRULH
JXqUH DFFHSWpH SDU WRXV $X[ GpWUDFWHXUV LO IDXW GLUH TXH OH
VXEFRQVFLHQW FRPPXQDXWDLUH HVW DVVXUpPHQW WUqV WHQDFH &¶pWDLHQW
OHV KRPPHV GX OLWWRUDO TXL IDLVDLHQW RIILFH G¶HQWUHPHWWHXUV HW GH
VXSSOpWLIV GHV QpJULHUV ,OV RQW DLGp O¶pWUDQJHU ©%ODQFª j YLGHU
O¶KLQWHUODQG GH VD VXEVWDQFH KXPDLQH G¶R XQH DYHUVLRQ GHV XQV
FRQWUHOHVDXWUHV3OXVWDUGO¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQFRORQLDOHTXLDYDLWQRWp
FHWWHDQWLSDWKLHDYDLWVXMRXHUDYHFOHVGHX[HQWLWpVHQOHVRSSRVDQW
FRQWLQXHOOHPHQW/HVKRPPHVGXQRUG2XEDQJXLHQ6DUD%DQJDOD
DXSK\VLTXHUREXVWHpWDLHQWHQJDJpVGDQVODPLOLFHSRXUOHPDLQWLHQ

ϭϲ
Viens viteࣟ! Toute affaire cessanteࣟ! Ton titre de transport sera payé à Brazzaville.
ϲϯ

GH O¶RUGUH SXEOLF GDQV OH 6XG /HV YLHX[ VXGLVWHV VH VRXYLHQQHQW
HQFRUHGHVKXPLOLDWLRQVTXHOHVPLOLFLHQVOHVRQWIDLWVXELU&HQ¶pWDLW
SDV XQH SDUWLH GH SODLVLU $YHF GH WHOV DQWpFpGHQWV OD UpSXEOLTXH
PRGHUQHDXUDLWG°XYUHUSRXUODFRPPXQLRQGHFHVFLWR\HQVDILQ
GHJpQpUHUXQ&RQJRSRQGpUpHWSDWULRWLTXH/HVWpSDUODGLVVHQVLRQ
QRUGVXGIHXWUpHPDLVUpHOOHHWGpYDVWDWULFHOH&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH
HVWpSDUJQpGXGDQJHUUHOLJLHX[FDUOHV\QFUpWLVPHVSLULWXHOVHOLPLWH
DX[ FKUpWLHQV SURWHVWDQWV FDWKROLTXHV HW DX[ DQLPLVWHV /HV
PXVXOPDQVVRQWXQHPLQRULWpQHGpSDVVDQWSDVGHODSRSXODWLRQ
'HVXUFURvWOHVPXVXOPDQVVRQWJpQpUDOHPHQWGHVpWUDQJHUV/HSD\V
pFKDSSH DLQVL j XQ IDFWHXU VXEVWDQWLHO GH FRQIOLW OHV OXWWHV
FRQIHVVLRQQHOOHV&HUWDLQVeWDWVDIULFDLQVFRPPHOH%XUNLQD)DVR
FRPSWHQW VXU OHV DXWRULWpV WUDGLWLRQQHOOHV TXL IRUPHQW GHV
RUJDQLVDWLRQV FRXWXPLqUHV j O¶LQIOXHQFH HQFRUH HIIHFWLYH DLQVL TXH
O¶D GpPRQWUp WRXW DX ORQJ GHV pYpQHPHQWV G¶RFWREUH OH U{OH
G¶LQWHUIDFHHQWUHOHVSDUWLHVSUHQDQWHVSOHLQHVGHFLUFRQVSHFWLRQHWGH
VDJHVVHGX0RUR1DEDURLGHV0RVVLV,OQ¶\DULHQGHWHODX&RQJR
TXLQHSRVVqGHSDVGHVRUJDQHVGHSRQGpUDWLRQVHPEODEOHV/HURL
GHV7pNpVPDUJLQDOLVpSDUOHFRORQHVWWRXWDXVVLLQIDQWLOLVpSDUOH
SRXYRLUDFWXHO
,O\DXQSDUDGR[HSDWHQWGDQVFHWWHUpSXEOLTXHDXWUHIRLVUpSXWpHSRXU
OD JUDQGHXU GH VD FXOWXUH HW GHV KRPPHV TXL OD FUpHQW OD GDQVH
PRGHUQH DIULFDLQH \ SXLVH VHV RULJLQHV OH VSRUW DYHF OHV SUHPLHUV
MHX[ DIULFDLQV GqV OHV WLWUHV HW WURSKpHV FRQWLQHQWDX[ OHV
pFULYDLQV HW SRqWHV GH UpSXWDWLRQ PRQGLDOH XQH SHLQWXUH HW XQH
VFXOSWXUHUHFKHUFKpHVHWF/HVSROLWLTXHVpGXFDWLYHVRQWEDLVVpGH
QLYHDXHQPrPHWHPSVTXHOHVPR\HQVPLVHQ°XYUHSHQGDQWTXHOH
QRPEUH GH SHUVRQQHV j VFRODULVHU DXJPHQWDLW &RQVpTXHQFH XQH
LQGLJHQFH LQWHOOHFWXHOOH DVVRFLpH j XQH DEVHQFH G¶DPRXU SRXU OD
SDWULHVHIDLWMRXU
8QDXWUHWUDLWVLJQLILFDWLIGHODVRFLpWpFRQJRODLVHTXLYDHQJHQGUHU
GHVFRQIOLWVHWTXHOHVSRXYRLUVSXEOLFVVRQWLPSXLVVDQWVjFDQDOLVHU
HWSRXUFDXVHLOVVRQWHQSDUWLHUHVSRQVDEOHVF¶HVWO¶LQVXSSRUWDEOH
GLVSDULWp GH ULFKHVVH HQWUH OHV WHQDQWV GX SRXYRLU HW OH UHVWH GH OD
SRSXODWLRQ 4XDQG RQ VDLW G¶R YLHQW FHWWH PDQQH HW TXH OHV
EpQpILFLDLUHVQ¶RQWDXFXQPpULWHVLFHQ¶HVWFHOOHG¶DSSDUWHQLUDXFODQ
GHO¶KRPPHIRUWGXSD\VOHVLQJUpGLHQWVGHVEDJDUUHVIXWXUHVVRQW
GpMjHQSODFH
ϲϰ

¬SDUWLUGHFHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVJpQpUDOHVGXSD\VTXHOVpOpPHQWVGH
GpPRQVWUDWLRQ SHXWRQ GpGXLUH VXU O¶LPDJH OD SODFH HW OH U{OH GHV
)RUFHV DUPpHV FRQJRODLVHVௗ" (PSUXQWRQV XQH LPDJH GH OD VpULH
WpOpYLVpHDXWULFKLHQQHRex le chien-flicGH3HWHU+DMHNFHWWHDUPpH
FRPPH5H[WHQDQWHQUHVSHFWGHVPDOIDLWHXUV&HWWHDUPpHQ¶DGH
FRQJRODLVH TXH OH QRP (OOH Q¶HVW SOXV SDWULRWLTXH FDU HOOH HVW
O¶LQVWUXPHQWGHWRUWXUHHWGHVSROLDWLRQG¶XQHSDUWLHGXSHXSOH
7RXWG¶DERUGXQHDUPpHQDWLRQDOHHVWOHUHIOHWG¶XQSHXSOHHWGHVD
VRFLpWpGqVORUVTX¶HOOHHVWEkWLHVXUODEDVHG¶XQUHFUXWHPHQWRXYHUW
j WRXV OHV QDWLRQDX[ &¶HVW OH FRQWUDLUH G¶XQH OpJLRQ pWUDQJqUH RX
G¶XQHWURXSHGHPHUFHQDLUHV$X&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHO¶DQWDJRQLVPH
QRUGVXGWURSUHQIRUFpVHSURORQJHGDQVO¶DUPpH&HSKpQRPqQHHVW
XQIDFWHXUGHEORFDJHHVVHQWLHOGDQVOHERQIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHO¶eWDW
HWODFRH[LVWHQFHKDUPRQLHXVHGHODVRFLpWpFRQJRODLVH3RXUWDQWV¶LO
\DXQHDSSDUHQFHjSUpVHUYHUFHVRQWO¶XQLWpHWODFRQFRUGHDXVHLQ
GHV IRUPDWLRQV PLOLWDLUHV TXH OHV UHVSRQVDEOHV SROLWLTXHV GRLYHQW
LQODVVDEOHPHQW FXOWLYHU0DLV FHUWDLQV DFWHV FRPPH O¶DYDQFHPHQW
OHV QRPLQDWLRQV DX[ SRVWHV GH UHVSRQVDELOLWp PrPH VXEDOWHUQHV
FHUWDLQHV SUDWLTXHV FRPPH SXQLU VHORQ OD WrWH GX FRQWUHYHQDQW RX
JDUDQWLUO¶LPSXQLWpSRXUOHVVLHQVWUDKLVVHQWXQHSODLHELHQDQFUpH
OHWULEDOLVPH
/¶DWWUDLW GH O¶DUJHQW HVW DXVVL OH IDFWHXU SULQFLSDO TXL UpVXOWH G¶XQ
H[DPHQPrPHVXFFLQFWGHFHWWHDUPpH/H&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHHVWXQ
SD\V SRWHQWLHOOHPHQW ULFKH 6L O¶RQ WLHQW FRPSWH GHV UHVVRXUFHV
QDWXUHOOHVHW GHODTXDOLWpGHVKRPPHVLOSHXWGHYHQLUXQ©4DWDU
pTXDWRULDOª/HVUHFHWWHVSpWUROLqUHVVRQWDERQGDQWHVO¶H[SORLWDWLRQ
GX ERLV PLULILTXH XQ SRWHQWLHO DJULFROH LQFRPPHQVXUDEOH HW OH
FRPPHUFH H[WpULHXU IORULVVDQW 3RXUTXRL oD QH PDUFKH SDVௗ"
6LPSOHPHQWSDUFHTXHOHSDWULRWLVPHHVWXQYDLQPRW2QSUpIqUHWRXW
SRXU VRL TXLWWH j OpVHU OH SOXV JUDQG QRPEUH /HV UHVSRQVDEOHV
YHXOHQWWRXWPDLVWRXWGHVXLWH,OQ¶\DDXFXQSURMHWGHORQJWHUPH
LPSOLTXDQW OH SHXSOH TXL WUDQVIRUPHUD GXUDEOHPHQW OH SD\V (Q
PrPH WHPSV OD FRUUXSWLRQ HW O¶DIIDLULVPH JDQJUqQHQW
O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQGDQVOHPRLQGUHVHUYLFHO¶DUPpHOHVGRXDQHVOHV
LPS{WV OH 7UpVRU SXEOLF OD MXVWLFH HW OD SROLFH HWF 'DQV OH WULVWH
FODVVHPHQWGHVQDWLRQVOHVSOXVFRUURPSXHVOH&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH
VHVLWXHHQERQQHSODFH'DQVFHWHQYLURQQHPHQWTXHYDIDLUHFHOXL
TXL GpWLHQW XQH PDWUDTXH XQ IXVLO HW V¶LO HVW HQ RXWUH DIIDPp RX
ϲϱ

VLPSOHPHQWWHQXjGLVWDQFHGHFHX[TXLIRQWULSDLOOHௗ"9RLFLSRXUTXRL
OHPLOLWDLUHFRQJRODLVQ¶HVWSDVHQUHVWH,OSDUWLFLSHDXboucoutage
H[SUHVVLRQORFDOHSRXUGpVLJQHUOHIDLWGHFRUUXSWLRQ'DQVXQSD\V
jODVXUOLTXLGLWpPRQpWDLUHDYpUpHSDUOHVSUL[H[RUELWDQWVGHVGHQUpHV
GHSUHPLqUHQpFHVVLWpOHQLYHDXGHYLHPR\HQQHFRUUHVSRQGSDVDX[
UHVVRXUFHV VDODULDOHV GHV PpQDJHV 7RXW OH PRQGH Q¶HVW
PDOKHXUHXVHPHQW SDV j OD PrPH HQVHLJQH /H SHWLW SHXSOH WLUH OH
GLDEOHSDUODTXHXH/HVKRPPHVGXUDQJHWOHVVRXVRIILFLHUVRQW
MXVWHGHTXRLYLYUH/HVROGDWJDJQHjODILQGXPRLVSOXVRXPRLQV
)&)$VRLWO¶pTXLYDOHQWGH¼OHVHUJHQWFKHI
)&)$ VRLW ¼ /H VDF GH IRXIRX G¶XQH FLQTXDQWDLQH GH
NLORJUDPPHV OH FRQGLPHQW GH EDVH GH O¶DOLPHQWDWLRQ FRQJRODLVH
FRWH)&)$HWXQmboto17GHNLORV)&)$F¶HVWj
GLUHOHTXDUWG¶XQHVROGHGHFDSRUDO$XWDQWGLUHTX¶LOQ¶HQPDQJHUD
MDPDLV &HSHQGDQW LO Q¶HVW SDV SOXV PDO ORWL /H IRQFWLRQQDLUH OH
PRLQVSD\pjXQVDODLUHPHQVXHOGH)&)$VRLW¼,OHVW
VRXYHQW GHV VLWXDWLRQV FRFDVVHV R XQ FRORQHO FKHI GH FRUSV TXL
pPDUJHj)&)$VRLW¼PHQVXHOQ¶HVWLPHSDVIDLUHOH
PrPHPpWLHUTXHVRQDGMRLQWOHFRPPDQGDQWSURWpJpG¶XQSRQWHGX
UpJLPHGpWHQWHXUG¶XQYpKLFXOHWRXWWHUUDLQG¶XQHYLOODjGHX[RX
WURLVpWDJHVHWGRQWOHVPDvWUHVVHVQ¶DWWHQGHQWSDVODILQGXPRLVSRXU
VHSDUHUGHVDWRXUVjODPRGHj%UD]]DYLOOH
/HVKRPPHVGXUDQJHWFHUWDLQVFDGUHVVRQWWUqVDJDFpVSDUOHVVLJQHV
H[WpULHXUVGHULFKHVVHGHOHXUVFRPSDJQRQVG¶DUPHVFRUQDTXpVSDU
GH SXLVVDQWV FKHIV &HWWH JURJQH GH OD WURXSH HVW XQ WDQWLQHW
FDQDOLVpHSDUO¶HQFDGUHPHQWTXLPHWGDQVOHFUkQHGHVDIIDPpVTXH
VLOHSRXYRLUYHQDLWjWRPEHUF¶HVWO¶HQQHPLKpUpGLWDLUHGX6XGTXL
V¶HQ DFFDSDUHUD $ORUV ILQL OD MDYD (Q HIIHW SHQGDQW OD SpULRGH
FRXUWH GH OD WUDYHUVpH GH GpVHUW SROLWLTXH GHV WHQDQWV GX SRXYRLU
DFWXHOHQWUHHWRLOVIXUHQWEDWWXVjODUpJXOLqUHDX[VHXOHV
pOHFWLRQV GpPRFUDWLTXHV LQFRQWHVWDEOHV LO pWDLW KDOOXFLQDQW GH YRLU
G¶DQFLHQVPLOOLRQQDLUHVUHGHYHQLUSDXYUHVVDQVOHVRXOHVRIILFLHUV
GpVHUWHXUVUHFOXVHQJXHQLOOHGDQVOHXUVYLOODJHVGX1RUG5HYHQXV
DX SRXYRLU j OD IDYHXU G¶XQ pQLqPH FRXS G¶(WDW LOV RQW UHWHQX OD
OHoRQ3RXUFRQWHQLUWRXWHVOHVYHOOpLWpVSXWVFKLVWHVOHSRXYRLUIHUPH
OHV \HX[ VXU O¶DIIDLULVPH GHV PLOLWDLUHV ,OV PHWWHQW HQ DYDQW OHXUV

ϭϳ
hŶSRLVVRQGXIOHXYH&RQJRWUqVUDUHWUqVFKHUHWSULVp
ϲϲ

pSRXVHV TXL SURVSqUHQW SRXU OHXU FRPSWH GDQV O¶LPPRELOLHU OH

WUDQVSRUW HW OH WUDILF PLQLHU DYHF OD 5pSXEOLTXH 'pPRFUDWLTXH GX
&RQJRYRLVLQHWUqVULFKHHQPLQHUDLVUDUHV$LQVLVDQVH[WUDLUHGH
VRQVRXVVROXQFDUDWGHGLDPDQW%UD]]DYLOOHHVWGHYHQXHXQJUDQG
FRPSWRLU GLDPDQWLIqUH DX SRLQW G¶rWUH FRQWUDLQWH G¶DGKpUHU DX
SURFHVVXV GH .LPEHUOH\ /H PLOLWDLUH GH KDXW UDQJ FRXYUH j OD
PDQLqUH G¶XQ SDUUDLQ PDILHX[ OHV FRPELQHV &RPPHQW H[SOLTXHU
TX¶XQJpQpUDOTXLJDJQHRIILFLHOOHPHQWWURLVPLOOLRQVGHIUDQFV&)$
VRLW ¼ SHXW H[KLEHU XQ SDUF DXWRPRELOH FRPSUHQDQW XQH
GL]DLQH GH OLPRXVLQHV HW YpKLFXOHV WRXW WHUUDLQ YDODQW SOXV GH
¼HXURVFKDFXQ8QDXWUHSURFpGpUDSSRUWHGHO¶DUJHQWGDQV
OHVSRFKHVGHVPLOLWDLUHV/HVLQWHUYHQWLRQVGHO¶DUPpHGDQVOHFDGUH
GX PDLQWLHQ GH O¶RUGUH REOLJHQW OHV DXWRULWpV SROLWLTXHV j ILQDQFHU
KRUVEXGJHWPLOLWDLUH'HVRUWHTX¶LOQ¶HVWSDVUDUHTX¶XQJURXSXVFXOH
IRPHQWHXQHDJLWDWLRQDYHFXWLOLVDWLRQGHOHXUVDUPHVGHGRWDWLRQHW
PrPHGHO¶DUPHPHQWORXUGSRXUREOLJHUOHJRXYHUQHPHQW j GpOLHU
OHVFRUGRQVGHODERXUVH'DQVFHFDVDSHXUpHVOHVDXWRULWpVRXYUHQW
OHVYDQQHVGX7UpVRUSXEOLFLOQ¶\DSOXVGHUHVWULFWLRQEXGJpWDLUH
/HVVRPPHVGpFDLVVpHVVRXYHQWHQQXPpUDLUHQHVRQWSDVMXVWLILDEOHV
QLMXVWLILpHV$XFXQVROGDWQ¶H[pFXWHXQRUGUHV¶LOQ¶DSDVWRXFKpVRQ
per diemXQPRWPDJLTXHTXLIDLWGHVUDYDJHVGDQVOHVFDVHUQHVHW
GRQQHGHVWRXUPHQWVGDQVOHVpWDWVPDMRUV
¬ O¶RFFDVLRQ GH OD FDWDVWURSKH GX GLPDQFKH PDUV
O¶H[SORVLRQ GH O¶DUPXUHULH GX 5pJLPHQW %OLQGpV D UDVp WRXW XQ
TXDUWLHU GH %UD]]DYLOOH /¶RSLQLRQ SXEOLTXH D DSSULV DYHF
VWXSpIDFWLRQ TXH OHV FUpGLWV DIIHFWpV j OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ G¶XQH
SRXGULqUHpORLJQpHGHODYLOOHV¶pWDLHQWYRODWLOLVpVGpWRXUQpVSDUOHV
FKHIVPLOLWDLUHVVDQVJrQHUOHVUHVSRQVDEOHVSROLWLTXHVELHQHQQX\pV
HWFRQWUDLQWVGHMXVWLILHUFHWWHPDQVXpWXGHDSUqVODFDWDVWURSKH3RXU
YRXV GLUH OHV OLHQV VXOIXUHX[ GH O¶DUPpH DYHF O¶DUJHQW XQ RIILFLHU
JpQpUDOSHXWV¶DXWRULVHUODSRVVHVVLRQG¶XQHVWDWLRQGHWpOpYLVLRQWUqV
pFRXWpHDXYXHWDXVXGHWRXWOHPRQGH&HVIRUWXQHVGHVPLOLWDLUHV
Q¶pWRQQHQWSHUVRQQHPDOJUpGHVVFDQGDOHVLQGpIHQGDEOHV
(QUpVXPpOHVSHFWUHGX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHHVWXQYROFDQGRQWOH
PDJPD FRPSRVp GX VXUDUPHPHQW GHV SRSXODWLRQV GH
O¶DFFDSDUHPHQWGXSRXYRLUSROLWLTXHSDUXQFODQ/DVRFLpWpSOHLQH
GHUDQF°XUGpFXSOpHSDUOHSDVVpG¶XQHJXHUUHFLYLOHIDLWIDFHjXQH
DUPpH LQFLYLTXH LQWHUYHQWLRQQLVWH HW EHOOLTXHXVH GLYLVpH HW
ϲϳ

FRUURPSXH TXL SUpSDUH XQH ULSRVWH j WRXWH pYHQWXDOLWp FRQWUH OH

SRXYRLUHQSODFH/H&RQJRHVWHQSKDVHGHPLVHHQSUHVVLRQSUp
pUXSWLYHXQYpULWDEOHYROFDQ
/H GpVpTXLOLEUH HW VXUWRXW OH VHQWLPHQW UpJLRQDOLVWH HQWUH OHV
PLOLWDLUHVGX6XGHWFHX[GX1RUGVRQWXQSURFHVVXVTXLDFRPPHQFp
DX OHQGHPDLQ GH OD SULVH GH SRXYRLU GX FRPPDQGDQW 0DULHQ
1JRXDEL RULJLQDLUH GX 1RUG ,QLWLDOHPHQW O¶HPEU\RQ GH IRUFHV
PLOLWDLUHV OH %DWDLOORQ FRQJRODLV LVVX GH O¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH QH
FRPSRUWDLW SDV GH FRQQRWDWLRQ WULEDOH RX UpJLRQDOH PrPH VL OHV
FKHIV pWDLHQW PDMRULWDLUHPHQW GX 6XG HW SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW GX 3RRO
7RXWHIRLVODUpJLRQGX6XGHQUHJURXSDQWWRXVOHVFHQWUHVG¶LQWpUrW
GHO¶$IULTXHeTXDWRULDOH)UDQoDLVHSULYLOpJLDLWVHVUHVVRUWLVVDQWVSDU
OHVLPSOHIDLWGHODSUR[LPLWp7RXWHVOHVJDUQLVRQVVHVLWXDLHQWGDQV
OD SDUWLH PpULGLRQDOH GX SD\V HW OHV DFWLYLWpV GHV XQLWpV \ pWDLHQW
FRQFHQWUpHV
(Q PDUV OH FRXS G¶eWDW GX OLHXWHQDQW .LQJDQJD HW VHV
FRPSDUVHVVXGLVWHVG¶REpGLHQFHFDSLWDOLVWHpFKRXH,OVDYDLHQWGHX[
REMHFWLIVDUUDFKHUOHSRXYRLUDX[PDU[LVWHVOpQLQLVWHVHWFKDVVHUOH
FRPPDQGDQW 0DULHQ 1JRXDEL OH QRUGLVWH TX¶LOV WUDLWDLHQW
G¶XVXUSDWHXU $SUqV O¶pFKHF GX FRXS G¶eWDW OD JHQGDUPHULH
LPSOLTXpHGDQVOHSXWVFKHVWGLVVRXWH8QHYDJXHGHUpYRFDWLRQad
nutumTXHO¶RQGpQRPPDGHO¶DIIUHX[QRPGH©O¶pSXUDWLRQªV¶HQ
VXLYLW¬FHWWHRFFDVLRQXQGpSDUWPDVVLIGHVVXGLVWHVSOXVRXPRLQV
LPSOLTXpVGDQVOHFRXSG¶eWDWIXWHQWpULQp8QHGHX[LqPHpSXUDWLRQ
H[SXUJHDO¶DUPpHGHVIRUWHVWrWHVDSUqVO¶pFKHFGXpQLqPHFRXSGH
IRUFHOHIpYULHU&HOXLFLSOXVSROLWLTXHTX¶HWKQLTXHRSSRVD
GHX[WHQGDQFHVGXSDUWLPDU[LVWHOpQLQLVWHDXSRXYRLU¬FDXVHGH
FHV GpSDUWV HQ QRPEUH LPSRUWDQW OHV UHFUXWHPHQWV VDQV rWUH
WHQGDQFLHX[GUDLQDLHQWSOXVGHQRUGLVWHVTXHGHVXGLVWHVSDUFHTXH
FHX[OjpWDLHQWSOXVPRWLYpVHWSRXUODSOXSDUWGHFHVSD\VDQVVDQV
HPSORLO¶DUPpHpWDLWODSODQFKHGHVDOXWSRXUXQJDJQHSDLQDVVXUp
&¶HVWDSUqVO¶DVVDVVLQDWGXSUpVLGHQW0DULHQ1JRXDELHQPDUV
TXH OHV WHQDQWV GX SRXYRLU HQWUHSULUHQW XQH SROLWLTXH GH
UHQIRUFHPHQW V\VWpPDWLTXH GH OD GRPLQDWLRQ QRUGLVWH GDQV OHV
)RUFHVDUPpHVFRQJRODLVHV9LQJWDQVSOXVWDUGORUVGHVpYpQHPHQWV
SUpFXUVHXUVGHODJXHUUHFLYLOHGHMXLQOHSUpVLGHQW/LVVRXED
XQ VXGLVWH V¶DSHUoXW SDU XQ VRQGDJH GHPDQGp DX KDXW
FRPPDQGHPHQWTXHGHVPLOLWDLUHVGHV)$&pWDLHQWRULJLQDLUHV
ϲϴ

GX1RUGHWSDUFRQVpTXHQWDFTXLVjVRQRSSRVDQWOHSOXVIDURXFKH
'DQV OHV UHVWDQW GHV VXGLVWHV OD PRLWLp UHYHQGLTXDLW XQH
QHXWUDOLWpGDQVOHFRQIOLWTXLVHSUpSDUDLWFDUOHSUpVLGHQWDYDLWTXDWUH
DQVDXSDUDYDQWDWWDTXpDX[FKDUVGHFRPEDWFHWWHIUDQJHVXGLVWHOD
SOXVUpFDOFLWUDQWHjVDSROLWLTXH7HOOHpWDLWODVLWXDWLRQGHV)$&jOD
YHLOOHGHODJXHUUHFLYLOH8QHDUPpHGpVXQLHHWGpPRWLYpHQ¶KpVLWDQW
SDVjIDLUHXVDJHGHVHVDUPHVFRQWUHOHSHXSOH
3RXU FRPSHQVHU FHWWH IDLEOHVVH GX UDSSRUW GH IRUFH QXPpULTXH OH
SRXYRLU RUJDQLVH j OD YDYLWH XQH PLOLFH HQWUDvQpH SDU GHV
LQVWUXFWHXUVLVUDpOLHQVOHVAubevilloisRXcocoyes18/HSUpVLGHQWGH
OD 5pSXEOLTXH 3DVFDO /LVVRXED SHUGUD FHWWH JXHUUH QRQ SDV SDUFH
TX¶LOIXWYDLQFXSDUOHVTXDWUHFLQTXLqPHVGHV)$&TXLQHOXLpWDLHQW
SDV IDYRUDEOHV PDLV j FDXVH GH O¶LUUXSWLRQ LQDWWHQGXH GH O¶DUPpH
DQJRODLVH GDQV FH FRQIOLW IUDWULFLGH VDQV UDLVRQ YDODEOH VDQV
DUJXPHQWVROLGHVLFHQ¶pWDLWXQLQYUDLVHPEODEOHGURLWGHSRXUVXLWH
H[HUFpFRQWUHOHVVROGDWVGHO¶81,7$$SUqVWURLVDQVG¶RFFXSDWLRQ
GX WHUULWRLUH GX VXG &RQJR WURLV DQV G¶RSpUDWLRQV GH UDWLVVDJH
G¶H[DFWLRQVHWGHVXSSOLFHVMDPDLVOHV$QJRODLVQ¶DYDLHQWH[KLEpOH
PRLQGUH VROGDW GH O¶81,7$ TX¶LOV DXUDLHQW FDSWXUp /H GURLW GH
SRXUVXLWHpYRTXppWDLWXQSUpWH[WHIDOODFLHX[SRXUIDLUHSHQFKHUOD
EDODQFHGDQVFHFRQIOLW/HVYLFWLPHVV¶HQVRXYLHQGURQWWRXMRXUV
'DQVFHWWHDUPpHFRQWUHVRQSHXSOHDSUqVODJXHUUHFLYLOHODEDODQFH
HWKQLTXH SHQFKH SOXV HQFRUH HQ IDYHXU GHV QRUGLVWHV DX SRLQW
G¶DWWHLQGUH GHV HIIHFWLIV GHV )$& 3DU DLOOHXUV EHDXFRXS GH
PLOLWDLUHV VXGLVWHV VRQW HQ H[LO j O¶pWUDQJHU /H UpJLPH SROLWLTXH
YLFWRULHX[ SRXU UHPHUFLHU OHV PLOLFLHQV HW OHV VXSSOpWLIV TXL RQW
FRPEDWWXjVHVF{WpVDHQU{OpSDUPLOOLHUVGHVFLYLOVSULRULWDLUHPHQW
GHVUHVVRUWLVVDQWVGX1RUG3DUK\SRFULVLHRXSDUFUDLQWHGHUpYHLOOHU
OHV YLHX[ GpPRQV GH OD GLVFRUGH OH UpJLRQDOLVPH GDQV O¶DUPpH
FRQJRODLVH HVW WDERX TXDQG ELHQ PrPH OHV pYLGHQFHV VDXWHQW DX[
\HX[/HGpSDUWHPHQWGHOD&XYHWWHDX1RUGDYHFKDELWDQWV
FRPSWDLW HQ JpQpUDX[ ¬ O¶LQYHUVH OH GpSDUWHPHQW GH OD
%RXHQ]DGDQVOHVXGDYHFௗkPHVQ¶pWDLWUHSUpVHQWpTXHSDU
XQVHXOJpQpUDO6XUXQWRWDOGHJpQpUDX[ODUpJLRQPpULGLRQDOH
SOXVSHXSOpHTXHVDULYHUDLQHGX1RUGQ¶HQGpQRPEUDLWTXH/H

ϭϴ
'HX[ VREULTXHWV SRXU GpVLJQHU OHV PHPEUHV GH OD PLOLFH GH 3DVFDOH /LVVRXED
YHQXVpTXLOLEUHUOHUDSSRUWGHVIRUFHVFRPEDWWDQWHV
ϲϵ

FXUVXV GH FHV KDXWV FDGUHV HVW SUHVTXH LGHQWLTXH 8Q UHFUXWHPHQW
SURYLGHQWLHOFDUSRXUEHDXFRXSODYRLHPLOLWDLUHV¶HVWRXYHUWHJUkFH
DX[OHYpHVHQPDVVHGHODSpULRGHUpYROXWLRQQDLUH'DQVODIRXOpH
LOV PLUHQW j SURILW XQH IRUPDWLRQ G¶RIILFLHU QRQ VpOHFWLYH GDQV OHV
pFROHV GX EORF VRYLpWLTXH ¬ O¶DUULYpH OD FRPSODLVDQFH G¶XQ KDXW
FRPPDQGHPHQWVXEMHFWLIHWWULEDOOHXUSHUPLWGHJUDYLUOHVPDUFKHV
GHODKLpUDUFKLHPLOLWDLUHVRXYHQWVDQVHQFRPEUHHWDYHFFpOpULWp'H
FHFpQDFOHLOIDXWWRXWGHPrPHQRWHUOHSDUFRXUVH[HPSODLUHGHGHX[
VDLQWF\ULHQV GHX[ navalais19 HW XQ LQWHQGDQW PLOLWDLUH 'DQV OD
FRKRUWH GH FRORQHOV VDQV VRXWLHQ HW sans dents FRPPH GLUDLW OH
SRqWH FHUWDLQV DWWHQGHQW OHXU DYDQFHPHQW DX JUDGH GH JpQpUDO
GHSXLV SOXV GH YLQJW DQV 0DOJUp OHXUV pWDWV GH VHUYLFH
LUUpSURFKDEOHVLOVVRQWV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWUHFDOpV/HXUDVSHFWHVWVL
GpODYpTX¶LOVQ¶RQWSOXVJRWjULHQFDUEHDXFRXSQ¶H[HUFHQWSOXV
IDXWHGHIRQFWLRQHIIHFWLYHTXDQGG¶DXWUHVGXERQF{WpGXSRXYRLU
FRQVHUYHQWOHXUVFKDUJHVSHQGDQWGHORQJXHVDQQpHV3DUH[HPSOH
OHV DWWDFKpV PLOLWDLUHV j 3DULV UHVWHQW HQ DFFUpGLWDWLRQ SOXV G¶XQH
GL]DLQH G¶DQQpHV /HV FKHIV GH FRUSV HW FHUWDLQV GpWHQWHXUV GH
IRQFWLRQV GH FRPPDQGHPHQW FRQVHUYHQW OHXUV DWWULEXWLRQV SOXV
G¶XQH GHPLGRX]DLQH G¶DQQpHV &¶HVW OH GpIDXW GH O¶DYDQFHPHQW
DXWRPDWLTXH DX[ JUDGHV VXEDOWHUQHV 3UHVTXH WRXV OHV RIILFLHUV
SDVVHQW GX JUDGH GH OLHXWHQDQW j FHOXL GH FRPPDQGDQW
PpFDQLTXHPHQW VDQV WHQLU FRPSWH GH O¶DSWLWXGH GX SRVWXODQW DX
JUDGHVXSpULHXUQLGHVHVpWDWVGHVHUYLFH(QPRLQVGHTXLQ]HDQVGH
FDUULqUHWRXVOHVMHXQHVRIILFLHUVDVSLUHQWDXJUDGHGHFRORQHO4XDQG
RQDFKqWHXQFKHYDOFHQ¶HVWSDVSRXUOHVFRXUVHVTX¶LODJDJQpHV
PDLVSRXUFHOOHVTX¶LOJDJQHUD(QFRQVpTXHQFHULHQQHGRLWMXVWLILHU
O¶DFFHVVLRQDXJUDGHVXSpULHXUTXHODFRPSpWHQFHHWODGLVFLSOLQHGH
O¶LQGLYLGXௗ VXUWRXW SDV O¶DPELWLRQ RX O¶DSSpWLW GX JDORQ
/¶DXWRPDWLFLWpGHO¶DYDQFHPHQWOLpHjODGXUpHPLQLPDOHHQWUHGHX[
JUDGHVjGpWpULRUpHQERXWGHSDUFRXUVODVLWXDWLRQGHVFRORQHOV4XH
O¶RQVHFRPSUHQQHELHQ/HEXWQ¶HVWSDVGHWRXUQHUHQGpULVLRQXQH
LQVWLWXWLRQ TXH FHUWDLQV WURXYHQW VUHPHQW LPSRUWDQWH GLJQH
G¶HVWLPHPDLVGDQVOHFDVG¶HVSqFHLOV¶DJLWGHUHVWLWXHUODUpDOLWp
TXH G¶DXWUHV UHIXVHQW GH YRLU &HWWH DUPpH FRPPH EHDXFRXS HQ
$IULTXHGpGDLJQHODPpULWRFUDWLHVHFRPSODLWGDQVOHVHFWDULVPHHW
ODGLYLVLRQWULEDOH&HSUREOqPHHVWDXMRXUG¶KXLXQIDFWHXUEORTXDQW

ϭϵ
eOqYHRIILFLHUGHO¶eFROHQDYDOHGH/DQYpRF3RXOPLF%UHVW)UDQFH
ϳϬ

SRXUODTXLpWXGHGHO¶HQVHPEOHGHODQDWLRQ/DPDMRULWpGHVFLWR\HQV
VRQWFRPPHSULVHQRWDJHSDUOHXUIRUFHGHGpIHQVHHQTXLLOVQ¶RQW
SOXVFRQILDQFHHWTXLjODPRLQGUHDOHUWHRUJDQLVHGHVUDWRQQDGHVDX[
FDQRQV GDQV OHV TXDUWLHUV j PDMRULWp VXGLVWH VRXV SUpWH[WH
G¶RSpUDWLRQVGHSROLFH&¶HVWODUpDOLWpLQDWWDTXDEOH4XHO¶RQQHV¶\
WURPSHSDV©/DSDL[GHVF°XUVHWODWUDQTXLOOLWpG¶HVSULWª WLHQQHQW
j O¶pTXLOLEUH GH OD SHXU L’obumutri20 ROLJDUFKLH EXUHDXFUDWLTXH
PLOLWDURWULEDOLVWH HVW XQ FRQFHSW GpYHORSSp DX FRXUV GHV DQQpHV
j SDUWLU GH O¶REVHUYDWLRQ GHV SUDWLTXHV GH OD FODVVH SROLWLTXH
FRQJRODLVHDOOLpHDX[PLOLWDLUHVDXSRXYRLUSRXUWLUHUSURILWGHOHXU
IRUFH HW JpUHU OHV UHVVRXUFHV GX SD\V FRPPH OHXU SDWULPRLQH
SHUVRQQHO DX VHXO EpQpILFH GH OHXU HVSDFH HWKQLTXH /H OLHXWHQDQW
$QJH'LDZDUDUpYROXWLRQQDLUHSXUHWGXUDSD\pGHVDYLHHQV¶\
RSSRVDQW/HVFRQVpTXHQFHVGHVRQpFKHFVHSD\HQWDXSUL[IRUWGH
QRV MRXUV SDU XQH DVWKpQLH GH OD VRFLpWp HW XQH LQGLJHQFH GH OD
SRSXODWLRQ DORUV TXH WRXW LQGLTXH TXH OH SD\V D GHV UHVVRXUFHV
EUDGpHVjYLOSUL[7HOVVRQWOHVPDX[GHFH&RQJRPLOLWDULVp
Ðௗ6RXSLUHWRQTXDQGOHSHXSOHDSHXUGHVRQDUPpH

/HVIRUFHVGHGpIHQVHHQ$IULTXHVRQWXQVXMHWWUqVSHXWUDLWpVLQRQ
VXUOHWRQGHODSROpPLTXHGHODFULWLTXHRXGHVSURSRVHQIODPPpV
GHVODXGDWHXUV6LWRXWQHIRQFWLRQQHSDVFRPPHLOVHGRLWF¶HVWSHXW
rWUH SDUFH TXH WURS GH UHVSRQVDEOHV HW GH GpFLVLRQQDLUHV DGRUHQW
pFRXWHUOHVORXDQJHVGHV]pODWHXUV0DLVTXDQGODUpDOLWpV¶LPSRVHLO
IDXW VH UHQGUH j O¶pYLGHQFH HW UHFRQQDvWUH TXH TXHOTXH FKRVH QH
WRXUQHSDVURQG(QPDWLqUHGHJHVWLRQGHVKRPPHVHWGHFRQGXLWH
GHVDIIDLUHVGHO¶eWDWLOQ¶\DSDVGHSODFHDXKDVDUG&HTXLDUULYH
HVWODFRQVpTXHQFHGHVGpFLVLRQVDQWpULHXUHV8QGLULJHDQWVpULHX[HW
FRKpUHQWVDLWHQWLUHUOHVOHoRQV&HTXLDUULYHQ¶HVWMDPDLVIRUWXLW

ϮϬ
2EXPLWULROLJDUFKLHEXUHDXFUDWLTXHPLOLWDURWULEDOLVWHQpRORJLVPHLQYHQWpSDU
$QJH 'LDZDUD RIILFLHU HW KRPPH SROLWLTXH FRQJRODLV TXL IXVWLJH
O
HPERXUJHRLVHPHQWODFRUUXSWLRQHWOHVWHQGDQFHVDXQpSRWLVPHDXVHLQGX3&7
ϳϭ

$X&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHDSUqVOHPDUVDXSOXVKDXWQLYHDXGH
ODGpFLVLRQSROLWLTXHLOHVWDEVXUGHGHIDLUHFRPPHVLRQQ¶DYDLWSDV
pFKRXp3RXUOHVDXWRULWpVSROLWLTXHV©WRXWYDSRXUOHPLHX[GDQVOH
PHLOOHXU GHV PRQGHVª O¶DUPpH FRQJRODLVH HVW GLVFLSOLQpH HW
SURIHVVLRQQHOOH HOOH VDLW DSSOLTXHU OHV FRQVLJQHV GH VpFXULWp HQ
PDWLqUH G¶H[SORVLIV HW G¶DUPHPHQW LO Q¶\ D SDV XQH SROLWLTXH
GpOLEpUpHGHGpVDIIHFWLRQGXFRQWU{OHGHVDUPHVHWPXQLWLRQVRQHVW
WRXWEHDXHWELHQJHQWLOPDvWUHGHO¶DUWPLOLWDLUH8QHDUPpHQHYDXW
TXHSDUODYDOHXUGHVHVFDGUHV(QSOXVLHXUVFLUFRQVWDQFHVOHVFKHIV
PLOLWDLUHVFRQJRODLVRQWIDLWODSUHXYHGHOHXULQFRPSpWHQFHFRPPH
OHSURXYHFHWULVWHFDWDFO\VPH
/H GLPDQFKH PDUV %UD]]DYLOOH V¶pYHLOOH SDUHVVHXVHPHQW

/HVOqYHW{WYRQWjO¶pJOLVHOHVFRXFKHWDUGIRQWODJUkFHPDWLQpH,O
HVWKHXUHVOHVROHLOHVWGpMjKDXWGDQVOHFLHOVDQVQXDJHV8QH
PLQXWHSOXVWDUGF¶HVWO¶DSRFDO\SVH¬0SLOD2XHQ]pHW7DODQJDw
WURLVTXDUWLHUVGXQRUGGHODYLOOHWRXWFHTXLVHWURXYDLWGHERXWHVW
ORXUGHPHQW MHWp DX VRO SDU XQH GpIODJUDWLRQ SKpQRPpQDOH HW XQ
VRXIIOH LUUpVLVWLEOH ¬ FLQT NLORPqWUHV GX SRLQW ]pUR XQ KRPPH
UDFRQWHTX¶jFHPRPHQWOjDSUqVXQHGpIODJUDWLRQLQRXwHpWHQGXVXU
VRQOLWLOYR\DLWOHFLHO,OUpDOLVDDORUVTXHOHWRLWGHVDPDLVRQV¶pWDLW
HQYROp FRPPH XQH YXOJDLUH EkFKH HPSRUWpH SDU OH YHQW 3DU XQ
UpIOH[H TXDVL DQLPDO LO ERQGLW KRUV GH VD FRXFKH HW VH SUpFLSLWD
GHKRUV6DIDPLOOHVHWURXYDLWGpMjGDQVODFRXU,OQ¶HXWSDVOHWHPSV
GHV¶HQTXpULUGHODERQQHVDQWpGHVVLHQVTXDQGXQHH[SORVLRQHQFRUH
SOXV YLROHQWH pFODWD ,O SHUGLW FRQQDLVVDQFH XQ FRXUW LQVWDQW
/RUVTX¶LOUHSULWVHVHVSULWVjODSODFHGHVDPDLVRQLOQ¶\DYDLWSOXV
TX¶XQDPDVGHEULTXHVERLVHWIHUjEpWRQHQFKHYrWUpV,O\HXWFLQT
GpWRQDWLRQVWRXWHVLQVXSSRUWDEOHV/DUXHSULQFLSDOHPHQDQWDXFDPS
PLOLWDLUH pWDLW ERUGpH GH JUDQGV DUEUHV SUHVTXH FHQWHQDLUHV 7RXV
DYDLHQWGLVSDUXRXVpFKpVXUOHFKDPS3OXVDXFXQHKDELWDWLRQQ¶pWDLW
GUHVVpH3OXVGHUpJLPHQWEOLQGpSOXVGHUpJLPHQWGHJpQLHSOXVGH
UpJLPHQW GX PDWpULHO SOXV GH GLUHFWLRQ GH O¶LQWHQGDQFH WRXWH XQH
JDUQLVRQ GpYDVWpH YRODWLOLVpH /¶RQGH GH FKRF D WUDYHUVp OHV GL[
NLORPqWUHVGXIOHXYH&RQJRHWEULVHUGHVYLWUHVHWOp]DUGHUGHVPXUV
j .LQVKDVD OD FDSLWDOH GH OD 5'& YRLVLQH /HV LPDJHV ILOPpHV GH
O¶DXWUHF{WpGXIOHXYHRQWPRQWUpXQFKDPSLJQRQWHOTXHO¶RQSHXWOH
YRLUORUVGHVH[SORVLRQVDWRPLTXHV&¶pWDLWXQGpVDVWUHLQQRPPDEOH
ϳϮ

/HELODQIRUFpPHQWPLQLPLVpSDUOHVDXWRULWpVHVWHVWLPpjPRUWV
EOHVVpVHWHQYLURQVDQVDEULV/HGpFRPSWHGHVSHUWHV
HVW FODLUHPHQW PLQRUp FDU OHV IRXLOOHV GDQV OHV GpFRPEUHV GHV
PDLVRQVQHIXUHQWSDVPpWKRGLTXHVRUGRQQpHVHWHIIHFWXpHVDYHFGHV
PR\HQVGHVSpFLDOLVWHV/D]RQHpWDLWVDWXUpHG¶HQJLQVQRQH[SORVpV
/¶DLGH pWUDQJqUH V¶pWDLW VXUWRXW OLPLWpH j OD SULVH HQ FKDUJH GHV
QRPEUHX[ EOHVVpV (Q RXWUH O¶XQ GHV TXDUWLHUV SRSXODLUHV OH SOXV
WRXFKpjSUR[LPLWpGHVFDPSVPLOLWDLUHV<RURVLWXpHQERUGXUHGX
IOHXYH &RQJR HVW FRQQX SRXU rWUH OH GRUWRLU GHV SrFKHXUV GHV
WUDILTXDQWVHWGHVUHVTXLOOHXUVHQPDMRULWppWUDQJHUVVDQVSDSLHUV/HV
IDPLOOHV RX OHV FRQQDLVVDQFHV GHV YLFWLPHV GH FH VHFWHXU RQW HX
WHQGDQFHjFDFKHUODGLVSDULWLRQGHOHXUVSURFKHV4X¶HQHVWLOGHV
PLOLWDLUHV SUpVHQWV GDQV OHV FLQT FDVHUQHV UD\pHV GH OD FDUWHௗ" $X
UpJLPHQW EOLQGp XQ VWDJH GH IRUPDWLRQ pWDLW HQ FRXUV GRQW OHV
VWDJLDLUHVDYDLHQWXQUpJLPHG¶LQWHUQDWGHVKRPPHVSRWHQWLHOOHPHQW
SUpVHQWVGDQVO¶pSLFHQWUHGHODFDWDVWURSKH0DQLIHVWHPHQWOHXUVRUW
HVWFRXYHUWSDUOH©VHFUHWGpIHQVHª'HSOXVO¶eWDWGLWDYRLUYHUVp
XQHDOORFDWLRQGHSUHPLqUHDVVLVWDQFHGH)&)$VRLW¼
jௗIDPLOOHVVLQLVWUpHV$MRXWpHVjFHQRPEUHIDUDPLQHX[OHV
LPDJHV GH OD ]RQH WRWDOHPHQW GpYDVWpH UHQIRUFHQW OH VHQWLPHQW GX
ELODQJDOYDXGp
&HWWHFDWDVWURSKHHVWHQSDUWLHXQHFRQVpTXHQFHGHODJXHUUHFLYLOH
GH MXLQ $YDQW OD JXHUUH FLYLOH WRXWHV OHV XQLWpV PLOLWDLUHV
DYDLHQW j SUR[LPLWp OHXUV DUPHPHQWV HW OHXUV PXQLWLRQV &HV
IRUPDWLRQVPLOLWDLUHVGLVVpPLQpHVGDQVODYLOOHGH%UD]]DYLOOHHWOD
'LUHFWLRQFHQWUDOHGHO¶DUPHPHQWHWPXQLWLRQVDYHFVRQLPSRUWDQW
VWRFN GH UpVHUYH VH VLWXDLHQW HQ ]RQH QRQ FRQWU{OpH SDU OHV
EHOOLJpUDQWVTXLQpDQPRLQVJDJQHURQWODJXHUUHFLYLOH/DOHoRQDpWp
UHWHQXH ,O IDXW DYRLU O¶LQWpJUDOLWp GHV DUPHV HW PXQLWLRQV GDQV VD
]RQHVRXVVDSURWHFWLRQ/HVQRXYHOOHVDXWRULWpVRQWGRQFUDVVHPEOp
j OD YDYLWH O¶HQVHPEOH GH ERPEHV HW PXQLWLRQV GHV )$& DX
*URXSHPHQW0SLODXQHWUqVJUDQGHJDUQLVRQPLOLWDLUHRVRQWEDVpV
GH QRPEUHX[ UpJLPHQWV HW XQLWpV GH O¶DUPpH SRXU HQ DYRLU OH
FRQWU{OH&HWHQVHPEOHGHFDVHUQHPHQWVHVWSRVLWLRQQpHQSOHLQILHI
GHVWHQDQWVGXSRXYRLU&¶HVWODYUDLHUDLVRQGHFHWUDQVIHUWG¶HQJLQV
GHODPRUWLQFRQFHYDEOHGDQVXQVHFWHXUGHODYLOOHjIRUWHGHQVLWp
GHSRSXODWLRQ'pMjHQDYULOXQIDLWVLPLODLUHDYDLWPRQWUpOD
GDQJHURVLWpGHFHWWHVROXWLRQ/HVREXVGHVFKDUVVWRFNpVjO¶DLUOLEUH
ϳϯ

GDQVOHVKHUEHVIROOHVGDQVO¶DUULqUHFRXUGXPrPHUpJLPHQWEOLQGp
DYDLHQWH[SORVpSDUFHTX¶XQGpSDUWGHIHXLQWHPSHVWLIQ¶DYDLWSDVSX
rWUHFLUFRQVFULW8QHSOXLHGHSURMHFWLOHVV¶DEDWWLWVXUOHVEkWLPHQWV
HQYLURQQDQWV VDQV FDXVHU GH SHUWHV KXPDLQHV 3OXV WDUG GDQV OH
PrPHTXDUWLHUODGpSHQGDQFHGHODUpVLGHQFHG¶XQJpQpUDOSLOLHUGX
UpJLPH DYDLW OLWWpUDOHPHQW YROp HQ pFODW ORUVTXH OHV ERPEHV HW
PXQLWLRQV TXL V¶\ WURXYDLHQW VWRFNpHV DYDLHQW H[SORVp SRXU GHV
UDLVRQVLQFRQQXHV2QQHSHXWSDVGLUHTXHOHVDXWRULWpVQ¶pWDLHQWSDV
SUpYHQXHV
'DQVOHVJUDQGHVQDWLRQVGXPRQGHRQVDLWWLUHUOHVFRQVpTXHQFHV
G¶XQ ODEHXU H[pFUDEOH &KH] OHV $IULFDLQV OD IDWDOLWp HVW OH
UHVSRQVDEOH WRXW GpVLJQp OD IDXWH j SDV GH FKDQFH 0rPH XQH
FDWDVWURSKHGHFHWWHDPSOHXUHVWOHIDLWGXKDVDUG2QDLQYRTXpGHV
UDLVRQV IDOODFLHXVHV WURXYp GHV ERXFV pPLVVDLUHV (Q IDLW
O¶DPDWHXULVPH HW OH PDQTXH GH GpYRXHPHQW GHV JRXYHUQDQWV SRXU
OHVDIIDLUHVG¶LQWpUrWJpQpUDOVRQWjO¶RULJLQHGXGUDPH8QSURWRFROH
GHO¶218HQWUpHQYLJXHXUVL[DQVSOXVW{WOHQRYHPEUH
SUpYRLWXQHEDVHMXULGLTXHHWOHVDLGHVjODFOpSHUPHWWDQWGHUpGXLUH
OHV ULVTXHV FDXVpV SDU OHV PXQLWLRQV H[SORVLYHV VWRFNpHV RX
DEDQGRQQpHVDSUqVOHVJXHUUHV/HKDXWFRPPDQGHPHQWGHV)$&QH
SRXYDLWSDVO¶LJQRUHUHWQHSDVV¶\FRQIRUPHU
9RLFLXQSHWLWSD\VjO¶KLVWRLUHFRQWHPSRUDLQHDJLWpHHWWUqVYLROHQWH
GRQWO¶DUPpHDSSRUWHVDWULVWHFRQWULEXWLRQPDOIDLVDQWH,OVXIILUDLWGH
FRPSWHU OH QRPEUH GH PRUWV SURYRTXpV RX GRQQpV SDU HOOH HQ
IRQFWLRQGXQRPEUHG¶KDELWDQWVSRXUEDWWUHGHVUHFRUGVGXPRQGH
8QHIRUFHGHGpIHQVHVLIDQDWLTXHHWVLGDQJHUHXVHHVWHOOHYUDLPHQW
QpFHVVDLUHௗ"
/HV PLOLWDLUHV FRQJRODLV Q¶RQW SDV O¶DSDQDJH GH OD ErWLVH &H TXL
DUULYHDX[DXWUHVQ¶LQWpUHVVHSHUVRQQH$XFXQHOHoRQQ¶HVWWLUpHGHV
GpERLUHVGHVHVKRPRORJXHV&¶HVWjVHGHPDQGHUVLOHVpWDWVPDMRUV
VRQW LQIRUPpV GHV GpFRQYHQXHV GHV DUPpHV YRLVLQHV 8Q GpS{W GH
PXQLWLRQVoDH[SORVH)DXWLOOHYLYUHSRXUOHVDYRLUHWSUHQGUHGHV
GLVSRVLWLRQVDSSURSULpHVௗ"
/¶pYLGHQFHSRXVVHjFRQVLGpUHUTXHOHVPpVDYHQWXUHVGHV)$5'&
DXVXMHWGHOHXUVGpS{WVGHPXQLWLRQVTXLDYDLHQWH[SORVpGHX[IRLV
j.LQVKDVDQ¶pWDLHQWSDVFRQQXHVGHVPLOLWDLUHVFRQJRODLVSRXUWDQW
WUqVSURFKHVYRLVLQV(QDXFDPS.RNRORVLWXpHQSOHLQHYLOOH
ϳϰ

XQFDQRQDYDLWH[SORVpGpWUXLVDQWGHX[EkWLPHQWVHWHQJHQGUDQWOD
PRUW GH TXHOTXHV VROGDWV GX FDQWRQQHPHQW /H DYULO j
O¶DpURSRUW GH 1¶GMLOL XQ PDXYDLV FRQGLWLRQQHPHQW GHV PXQLWLRQV
GHVWLQpHV DX IURQW HW XQ PDQLHPHQW LQDSSURSULp D SURYRTXp XQH
GpIODJUDWLRQTXLDVRXIIOpGHVEkWLPHQWVIDLWXQHFHQWDLQHGHPRUWV
HWEHDXFRXSGHEOHVVpV7UqVUpFHPPHQWOHYHQGUHGLMDQYLHU
GDQV OH FDPS GH PLOLWDLUH GpQRPPp %ULJDGH VLWXp SUqV GX JUDQG
PDUFKpGHODYLOOHGH0EXML0D\LFKHIOLHXGHODSURYLQFHGX.DVDw
2ULHQWDOXQHJUDQGHUpVHUYHGHPXQLWLRQVGHV)$5'&HVWSDUWLHHQ
IXPpHjODVXLWHG¶XQHSXLVVDQWHH[SORVLRQFDXVDQWXQHYLQJWDLQHGH
PRUWVHWXQHFLQTXDQWDLQHGHEOHVVpVRFFDVLRQQDQWODGpVRODWLRQ
8QLQFHQGLHSURYRTXpSDUGHVFKDVVHXUVGHUDWVV¶pWDLWSURSDJpjXQ
GpS{WGHPXQLWLRQVGHODEDVHDpULHQQHGH0DNXUGLGDQVOHFHQWUHGX
1LJHULD HQ 'L[ DQV DYDQW OH GUDPH GH 0¶SLOD j %UD]]DYLOOH
&RQJROHGLPDQFKHMDQYLHUj/DJRVFDSLWDOHpFRQRPLTXH
GX 1LJHULD OH GpS{W GH PXQLWLRQV GX FDPS PLOLWDLUH G¶,NHMD D
H[SORVp j OD VXLWH G¶XQ LQFHQGLH DFFLGHQWHO V¶pWHQGDQW j XQH UXH
DWWHQDQWH HW WUqV SRSXOHXVH /H ELODQ pWDLW DXVVL ORXUG TX¶j
%UD]]DYLOOH PRUWV RIILFLHOOHPHQW PDLV OD SUHVVH D IRXUQLXQH
HVWLPDWLRQELHQVXSpULHXUHDOODQWMXVTX¶jPRUWVHWVDQV
DEULV'DQVFHFDVLGHQWLTXHOHGpS{WVHWURXYDLWHQVHUUpFRPPHGDQV
XQpWDXHQSOHLQF°XUG¶XQTXDUWLHUVXUSHXSOp'HODPrPHPDQLqUH
O¶DUPpHDHQWUHSRVpGHVERPEHVGHVPLVVLOHVHWGHVREXVG¶DUWLOOHULH
PDQLIHVWHPHQWVDQVV¶DVVXUHUGHVFRQGLWLRQVRSWLPDOHVGHVpFXULWp
(QO¶LQFHQGLHG¶XQHVRXWHjPXQLWLRQVj&RQDNU\HQ*XLQpH
DYDLW FDXVp OD PRUW GH SHUVRQQHV /H PDUV XQ GpS{W
G¶DUPHPHQWV HW PXQLWLRQV VLWXp DX[ HQYLURQV GH O¶DpURSRUW GH
0DSXWRDX0R]DPELTXHDVDXWp%LODQPRUWVHWEOHVVpV
'DQVODQXLWGXDXDYULOOHVKDELWDQWVGXFDPS<H\DSj
<DRXQGpHWOHVTXDUWLHUVHQYLURQQDQWVRQWpWpUpYHLOOpVSDUGHVIRUWHV
H[SORVLRQVG¶XQHVRXWHjPXQLWLRQVGHODJHQGDUPHULH1RPEUHGH
YLFWLPHV LQFRQQX PDLV XQH EHOOH IUD\HXU GHV SRSXODWLRQV FLYLOHV
YLYDQWjSUR[LPLWp
&HVVLWXDWLRQVVLPLODLUHVVRQWLQDFFHSWDEOHVGHVXUFURvWORUVTXHO¶RQ
PHWHQGDQJHUODYLHGHVHVFRQFLWR\HQV/HVUHVSRQVDEOHVPLOLWDLUHV
VRQW SD\pV SRXU PLQLPLVHU OHV ULVTXHV HW QRQ SRXU OHV DXJPHQWHU
ϳϱ

VXUWRXW SDU QpJOLJHQFH RX LQFRPSpWHQFH /HXUV SDUDGHV HW OHXUV

SULVHVG¶DUPHVELHQKXLOpHVQHVRQWTXHGHODSRXGUHDX[\HX[
3DU DPRXU GH VRQ SURFKDLQ OHV KRPPHV TXL SURYRTXHQW GH WHOV
PDOKHXUV GRLYHQW UHFRQQDvWUH OHXUV IDXWHV ©Matthieu 3-2 :
Repentez-vous, car le royaume des cieux est procheªQ¶HVWFHSDV
PHVVLHXUVOHVPLOLWDLUHVVLQRQYRXVHQVHUH]H[FOXV

ϳϲ

/DFRUUXSWLRQXQPDOGHVWHPSVPRGHUQHVPLQHOHVDUPpHV
DIULFDLQHV
/¶$IULTXHVRXIIUHGHSOXVLHXUVPDX[TXLODPDLQWLHQQHQWDXGHUQLHU
UDQJ GH OD PRQGLDOLVDWLRQ /D FRUUXSWLRQ Q¶HVW SDV OH PRLQGUH GHV
YLFHV&¶HVWOHSULQFLSDOGpIL
$FWXHOOHPHQW OD FRPPXQDXWp LQWHUQDWLRQDOH VH SUpRFFXSH GH OD
FRUUXSWLRQFDULOHVWOHIUHLQPDMHXUDXGpYHORSSHPHQWHWYpKLFXOH
O¶DUJHQWVDOHTXLIDLWSURVSpUHUOHFRPPHUFHGHVGURJXHVHWUHQIRUFH
OH WHUURULVPH (OOH SURVSqUH GDQV OHV SD\V R OHV LQVWLWXWLRQV VRQW
GpILFLHQWHV SRXU OD VWRSSHU &H Q¶HVW SDV XQ SKpQRPqQH UpFHQW
SXLVTXH 3ODWRQ \ IDLVDLW PHQWLRQ DX 9qPH VLqFOH DYDQW -pVXV&KULVW
GDQV Les Lois HQ GLVDQW ©UHQG DXFXQ VHUYLFH HQ pFKDQJH G¶XQ
SUpVHQWª (Q $IULTXH GX WHPSV GH OD FRORQLVDWLRQ RX SHQGDQW OD
SpULRGH SRVWFRORQLDOH O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ pWDLW VRXV OD FRXSH
RFFLGHQWDOH(OOHIRQFWLRQQDLWHQUHVSHFWDQWO¶RUGUHPpULWRFUDWLTXH
'H SOXV OH EHVRLQ G¶DLVDQFH PDWpULHOOH pWDLW OLPLWp j XQH LQILPH
SDUWLHGHODSRSXODWLRQOHJURXSHGHVpOLWHVDGRXEpHVSDUOHFRORQ
(QFRQVLGpUDWLRQGHFHSRLQWGHYXHODSURSDJDWLRQGXELHQYLYUH
UpVXOWHUDLW GH OD PRQGLDOLVDWLRQ /H PRQGH HVW GHYHQX XQ YLOODJH
SODQpWDLUH /D PRGH OH OX[H OHV ELHQV PDWpULHOV FLUFXOHQW VDQV
IURQWLqUHV/¶DUJHQWHQHVWOHYHFWHXU
6HORQOHUDSSRUWVXUODJRXYHUQDQFHHQ$IULTXHSXEOLpSDUO¶218HQ
OD FRUUXSWLRQ HVW O¶REVWDFOH PDMHXU j OD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ
VWUXFWXUHOOHGHFHFRQWLQHQW(OOHHVWOLpHjODPDXYDLVHJRXYHUQDQFH
G¶DSUqVFHPrPHUDSSRUW/DFRUUXSWLRQHVWGHYHQXHXQDFFpOpUDWHXU
GHSXLVVDQFHWRXWHQHQWUDYDQWODFURLVVDQFHpFRQRPLTXHHWODOXWWH
FRQWUH OD SDXYUHWp (OOH V¶HVW EDQDOLVpH HW GHYLHQW XQ SKpQRPqQH
LPSRUWDQW GHV UHODWLRQV VRFLDOHV 'DQV VRQ DVVHUWLRQ pW\PRORJLTXH
ODWLQH rumpere LQGLTXH TXH TXHOTXH FKRVH HVW FDVVp &¶HVW
DVVXUpPHQW OD ORL PRUDOH IRQGpH VXU OD SURELWp TXL V¶HVW EULVpH
ODLVVDQWDSSDUDvWUHOHVDFWHVKLGHX[FRPPHO¶HVFURTXHULHOHUDFNHW
OH WUDILF G¶LQIOXHQFH HWF 0 %DVJD ePLOH 'LDOOD GDQV Afrique et
développement YROXPH;;;,QSLGHQWLILHOHVFDXVHV
GHODFRUUXSWLRQGDQVODFRQFHQWUDWLRQGXSRXYRLUGHODULFKHVVHHW
GXSUHVWLJHௗGDQVOHVUpJLPHVQRQGpPRFUDWLTXHVRXDXWRFUDWLTXHVௗ
GDQV OHV SHVDQWHXUV GH OD EXUHDXFUDWLH O¶H[FqV GHV FRQWU{OHV
DGPLQLVWUDWLIV HW O¶LQVXIILVDQFH GH OD UpPXQpUDWLRQ GHV DJHQWV
ϳϳ

SXEOLFVௗ VDQV RPHWWUH OD IDLEOHVVH GH O¶DSSDUHLO MXGLFLDLUH OD

FRQFHSWLRQPDWpULDOLVWHGHODUpXVVLWHO¶DUJHQWODSRVLWLRQVRFLDOHHW
O¶RVWHQWDWLRQ,OVRXOLJQHRSSRUWXQpPHQWOHVFRQVpTXHQFHVTXLIRQW
GH OD FRUUXSWLRQ XQ SKpQRPqQH QRFLI ©(OOH QXLW j O¶HIILFDFLWp
pFRQRPLTXHHWjO¶pTXLWpVRFLDOH>«@SULYHOHVFLWR\HQVGHVVHUYLFHV
HQSDUWLFXOLHUOHVSDXYUHVTXLQHSHXYHQWSDVSD\HUOHVSRWVGHYLQ
REOLJDWRLUHV>«@ODUHGLVWULEXWLRQGHVULFKHVVHVHWGXSRXYRLUVHIDLW
DXSURILWGHVQDQWLVHWGHVSULYLOpJLpVª
3RXUTXRL V¶H[SULPHU VXU 6LQJDSRXU GDQV FHW HVVDL FRQVDFUp DX[

DUPpHVDIULFDLQHVHWDX[SHUWXUEDWLRQVTX¶HOOHVHQJHQGUHQWௗ"3DUFH
TXH F¶HVW XQ PRGqOH TXL PpULWH G¶rWUH FRQQX GHV $IULFDLQV
6LQJDSRXUHVWXQHFLWpeWDWGHNPJXqUHSOXVJUDQGHTX¶XQGHV
TXDWUHGLVWULFWVGHODYLOOHGH.LQVKDVDTXLHOOHV¶pWHQGVXUNP
$YHF OD GHX[LqPH GHQVLWp GX PRQGH KDELWDQWV DX NP
6LQJDSRXU HVW XQ H[HPSOH GH UpXVVLWH pFRQRPLTXH TXL GHYUDLW
LQVSLUHUELHQGHVSD\V&RPPHOHVDXWUHVFRORQLVpVLO\DFLQTXDQWH
DQV FH Q¶pWDLW TX¶XQ SRUW DYHF GHV HQWUHS{WV TXHOFRQTXHV HW
O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ EULWDQQLTXH SRXU OHV JpUHU (OOH pWDLW OHVWpH SDU
EHDXFRXS GH FDUHQFHV pPHXWHV VRFLDOHV FK{PDJH PDVVLI
GLIILFXOWpV GH ORJHPHQW HW G¶DFFqV j O¶HDX SRWDEOH LPSRUWpH GH
0DODLVLH$XMRXUG¶KXLHOOHHVWO¶XQGHVSD\VOHVSOXVGpYHORSSpVHW
GHVSOXVSURVSqUHVGXPRQGH/DYLWULQHGHFHWWHVXUDERQGDQFHHVW
LOOXVWUpHSDUODFpOqEUHFRXUVHDXWRPRELOHQRFWXUQHGH)RUPXOHTXL
V¶\ GpURXOH 6LQJDSRXU DIILFKH OD SOXV IRUWH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GH
PLOOLRQQDLUHV HQ GROODUV86 UDSSRUWpV j OD SRSXODWLRQ SOXV TXH OD
6XLVVHRXOH4DWDU$YHFXQ3,%GHSDUKDELWDQWHOOHDOD
ULFKHVVHLQGLYLGXHOOHODSOXVIRUWHGXPRQGHDSUqVFHOOHGHVeWDWV
8QLVGHYDQWO¶/X[HPERXUJHWOH-DSRQ¬O¶LQGpSHQGDQFHGXSD\V
HQFHWLQGLFHpFRQRPLTXHV¶pYDOXDLWj«SDUKDELWDQW
/H FK{PDJH Q¶H[FqGH MDPDLV /D FDSDFLWp SURGXFWLYH SDU
KDELWDQWGHFHWWHFLWpeWDWHVWOHGRXEOHGHOD/X[HPERXUJ/jDXVVL
VHXOVOH4DWDUHWOH/X[HPERXUJIRQWGDYDQWDJH&HQ¶HVWFHUWHVSDV
XQSD\VYpULWDEOHPHQWGpPRFUDWLTXHDXVHQVRFFLGHQWDOGHVYDOHXUV
PDLV OH OLEpUDOLVPH pFRQRPLTXH TX¶LO PHW HQ SUDWLTXH GRQQH GHV
SHUIRUPDQFHVIDEXOHXVHV&HWWHpFRQRPLHIRQGpHVXUOHFRPPHUFH
PDULWLPH HW OD ILQDQFH GHX[ DFWLYLWpV OHV SOXV VHQVLEOHV DX[
PDOYHUVDWLRQV pYROXH GDQV XQ HQYLURQQHPHQW DIIUDQFKL GH WRXWH
FRUUXSWLRQ6DUpXVVLWHWLHQWjODFUpDWLRQGX&,3%&RUUXSW3UDFWLFHV
ϳϴ

,QYHVWLJDWLRQ%XUHDXHWODPLVHHQSODFHG¶XQHSROLWLTXHGUDVWLTXH
FRQWUHODFRUUXSWLRQ/H&,3%H[HUFHVHVIRQFWLRQVGDQVXQHUpHOOH
LQGpSHQGDQFH ,O UHoRLW OHV SODLQWHV HW LO HQTXrWH VXU OHV IDLWV GH
FRUUXSWLRQ7ROpUDQFH]pURTXHOTXHVRLWOHQLYHDXVRFLDOGHVIDXWLIV
LPSOLTXpV FDU OH V\VWqPH GH OXWWH LPSODFDEOH UHSRVH VXU XQ FDGUH
OpJLVODWLI DQWLFRUUXSWLRQ DGDSWp GpILQLVVDQW FODLUHPHQW OHV
LQIUDFWLRQV HW OHXUV SHLQHV &H GLVSRVLWLI DVVXUDQW O¶DVHSVLH GH
O¶HQYLURQQHPHQWpFRQRPLTXHHWODYLDELOLWpGHODVRFLpWpV¶DSSXLHVXU
XQ SRXYRLU MXGLFLDLUH WUDQVSDUHQW TXL QH ODLVVH DXFXQH SODFH j
O¶LPSXQLWp /H SULQFLSH GH EDVH F¶HVW TXH ©OD FRUUXSWLRQ QH SD\H
SDVª Ipso facto O¶LGpDO PpULWRFUDWLTXH V¶LPSRVH GH OXLPrPH
3DUDOOqOHPHQWXQHSROLWLTXHGHWUqVKDXWVUHYHQXVHVWPHQpHDILQGH
OLPLWHUOHVWHQWDWLRQVHWDUUrWHUOHMHXGHSRWVGHYLQ/DQRPLQDWLRQ
FRPPH OH OLPRJHDJH GH O¶DXWRULWp DQWLFRUUXSWLRQ HW VHV
FROODERUDWHXUVDLQVLTXHOHFRQWU{OHGHOHXUWUDYDLOVRQWHIIHFWXpVSDU
O¶$VVHPEOpHQDWLRQDOHHQGHKRUVGHO¶H[pFXWLIGHPDQLqUHjDVVXUHU
VD WRWDOH OLEHUWp GDQV OH WUDLWHPHQW GHV FDV LPSOLTXDQW OH SRXYRLU
H[pFXWLIHWOHSDUWLDXSRXYRLU
6LOHVGLULJHDQWVDIULFDLQVDLPDLHQWOHXUSD\VFRPPHLOVDGRUHQWOHXU
FODQ O¶$IULTXH VHUDLW SOXV pYROXpH TXH FHV DXWUHV QDWLRQV TX¶HOOH
VFUXWH DYHF HQYLH ©1RV FKHIV SROLWLTXHV QH YRLHQW SOXV O¶LVVX GH
QRWUHKLVWRLUHTXHGXSRLQWGHYXHGHOHXUVRUWSHUVRQQHOHWGHFHOXL
GHOHXUFODQª$EGHUDPDQ.RXODPDOODK/D%DWDLOOHGH1¶'MDPHQD
S
7UHL]HSD\VDIULFDLQVILJXUHQWSDUPLOHVYLQJWSOXVFRUURPSXVGHOD
SODQqWH /¶LQGLFH GH SHUFHSWLRQ GH OD FRUUXSWLRQ pYDOXp SDU XQ
RUJDQLVPH LQGpSHQGDQW 21* 7UDQVSDUHQF\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO FODVVH
SD\V GX PRLQV FRUURPSX OH 'DQHPDUN DX SOXV FRUURPSX OD
6RPDOLH2QFRQVWDWHTXHVXUXQHpFKHOOHGHjOHSUHPLHUjXQ
VFRUH,3&LQGLFHGHSHUFHSWLRQGHODFRUUXSWLRQGHHWOHGHUQLHU
GH 'DQV FH KLWSDUDGH GH OD PDOYHUVDWLRQ DIIHFWDQW VXUWRXW OHV
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQVOHVSRXYRLUVSXEOLFVHWOHPLFURFRVPHSROLWLTXH
SD\VG¶$IULTXHQRLUHIUDQFRSKRQHILJXUHQWGDQVFHZDJRQGHTXHXH
/HVGHX[&RQJROH7FKDGOH&DPHURXQHWOD*XLQpHDIIXEOpVG¶XQ
LQGLFH H[pFUDEOH GH SRXU OH PLHX[ FODVVp HW SRXU OH SOXV
PDXYDLV,OV¶DJLWGHODSUpYDULFDWLRQGHODFRQFXVVLRQSDUWRXWOH
PRQGH FDU FH IOpDX GDQV FHV ODWLWXGHV Q¶HVW SOXV XQH PDODGLH
KRQWHXVH /HV IRQFWLRQQDLUHV IRQW pWDODJH GH OHXU ULFKHVVH VDQV
ϳϵ

YHUJRJQH /HV DEXV GH SRXYRLU GRQW LOV VRQW IDXWLIV PHWWHQW GHV
REVWDFOHVDXGpYHORSSHPHQWGHOHXUSD\VHWHPSrFKHQWODOXWWHFRQWUH
ODFRUUXSWLRQ/DIRQFWLRQSXEOLTXHGLVSRVHG¶XQSRLGVLPSRUWDQWHQ
$IULTXHRUOHVVHUYLFHVUHQGXVDX[FLWR\HQVSDUOHVRUJDQLVPHVGH
O¶eWDWQHVHFRQoRLYHQWSOXVVDQVXQHFRQWUHSDUWLHJUDWLILDQWHPDLV
IUDXGXOHXVH¬FHVXMHWOD5'&HVWXQWULVWHFDVjSDUW8QSD\VEpQL
SDU OH GpFUHWGH OD SURYLGHQFH JkWp HQUHVVRXUFHV QDWXUHOOHVPDLV
TXL SHLQH j GHYHQLU XQH JUDQGH QDWLRQ 5RQJp SDU OD PDXYDLVH
JRXYHUQDQFHDYHFXQHFRUUXSWLRQHQGpPLTXHO¶eWDWFRQJRODLVILJXUH
GDQVODFOLTXHGHVKRUVFDWpJRULHVDXUHJDUGGHVRQSRWHQWLHOHWGHOD
SURIRQGHXUGXPDO
/DFRUUXSWLRQHVWXQHUpWULEXWLRQLOOLFLWHXQDEXVGHSRXYRLUjGHV
ILQV SULYpHV D\DQW SRXU REMHFWLI O¶HQULFKLVVHPHQW SHUVRQQHO GX
FRUURPSX&¶HVWQLSOXVQLPRLQVTXHGXYROSXLVTXHO¶RQV¶DSSURSULH
XQELHQHQO¶RFFXUUHQFHGHO¶DUJHQWRXXQFDGHDXTXLDSSDUWLHQWj
O¶eWDWORUVTX¶XQDJHQWGHODIRQFWLRQSXEOLTXHHVWPLVHQFDXVHRXj
O¶HQWUHSULVH TXDQG O¶XVXUSDWHXU HVW XQ VDODULp G¶XQ pWDEOLVVHPHQW
SULYp3URSRVHUGHO¶DUJHQWRXXQVHUYLFHjXQHSHUVRQQHGpSRVLWDLUH
G¶XQSRXYRLUVLPLQLPHVRLWLOHQpFKDQJHG¶XQDYDQWDJHLQGXF¶HVW
GHODFRUUXSWLRQDFWLYH/DFRUUXSWLRQSDVVLYHFRQVLVWHjDFFHSWHUFHW
DUJHQW&HWWHQpFURVHVRFLDOHJDJQHGXWHUUDLQHQ$IULTXH'DQVELHQ
GHV SD\V DIULFDLQV SOXV DXFXQH GpPDUFKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH Q¶DERXWLW
VDQV gombo RX tchoko DX &DPHURXQ igiturire WHUPH EXUXQGDLV
madessou ya banaDX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHHWHQ5'&HQODQJXHIRQ
GX%pQLQso tcha du tchaF¶HVWjGLUHDXVVLW{WDFKHWpDXVVLW{WJDJQp
DXWUHPHQWGLWO¶DUJHQWHVWXQHFOpTXLSHUPHWGHVSDVVHGURLWV/HV
H[SUHVVLRQV DXVVL SLWWRUHVTXHV TXH ©O¶DUJHQW GHV FRQGLPHQWVª
©IDLUHXQJHVWHªRX©GHTXRLPRXLOOHUOHUL]ªWR\DOFpHEHQZRORI
EDQDOLVHQW OH SKpQRPqQH /H WHUPH ©mangeoirª HQ ZRORI GX
6pQpJDO lek kukeay SRXU GpVLJQHU XQH IRQFWLRQ SURILWDEOH HW OH
SURYHUEH WpNp GX &RQJR ©le cabri broute l’herbe là où il est
attachéªGpPRQWUHQWTXHOHIDLWGHFRUUXSWLRQHVWFRXUDQWPDLVOD
SRSXODWLRQGpGUDPDWLVH
/D VRFLpWp DIULFDLQH HVW SHUPLVVLYH TXDQG HOOH FRQVLGqUH TXH OD
SUpYDULFDWLRQ RX OH SLOODJH GHV ELHQV SXEOLFV HVW XQH VLPSOH
FRPSHQVDWLRQSRXUXQHLQLTXLWpGRQWVHUDLHQWYLFWLPHVOHVDJHQWVGH
O¶eWDW/HXUVVDODLUHVpWDQWLQILPHVFRPSDUpVjODSDLHGDQVOHVHFWHXU
ϴϬ

SULYp&¶HVWXQSHXQRUPDOTX¶LOV©YLYHQWVXUODErWHªVDQVTXRLLOV
QHSHXYHQWSDVDVVXUHUOHXUVREOLJDWLRQVIDPLOLDOHV
/HVKDELWDQWVGHVTXDUWLHUVSRSXODLUHVHVWLPHQWGXIDLWGHVWUDGLWLRQV
DIULFDLQHVTXHODFRUUXSWLRQHVWXQHTXHVWLRQGHSROLWHVVH/¶XVDJHU
GRLWUHPHUFLHUOHIRQFWLRQQDLUHSRXUODWkFKHDFFRPSOLH
/DFRUUXSWLRQHVWDOOqJUHPHQWFRQIRQGXHDYHFXQHVRUWHG¶DYDQWDJH
TX¶RIIUHXQHIRQFWLRQ&RPELHQGHIRLVQ¶DWRQSDVYXOHYpKLFXOH
GH IRQFWLRQ HPPHQHU O¶pSRXVH GX SDWURQ DX PDUFKp PrPH XQ
YpKLFXOHPLOLWDLUHFRQGXLUHOHVHQIDQWVjO¶pFROH/HVPLQLVWUHVHWOHV
KDXWVUHVSRQVDEOHVYR\DJHQWDYHFOHXUVpSRXVHVRXFRQFXELQHVOHXU
IDLVDQWSURILWHUGHVVpMRXUVH[RWLTXHVORUVGHVPLVVLRQVFRWHXVHVj
ODFKDUJHGHO¶eWDW
/D FRUUXSWLRQ D XQ YLVDJH IDPLOLHU TXH O¶RQ UHWURXYH SDUWRXW HQ
$IULTXH OD SUHVVLRQ VRFLDOH HVW H[HUFpH SDU O¶HQWRXUDJH RX OHV
FROOqJXHVTXLREOLJHQWOHGpSRVLWDLUHGHO¶DFWLRQSXEOLTXHjODIDXWH
,O DUULYH TX¶XQ SDUHQW TXL D O¶DVFHQGDQW VXU OH IRQFWLRQQDLUH
LQWHUYLHQQHSRXUREWHQLUXQELHQRXXQVHUYLFHDXEpQpILFHXQHWLHUFH
SHUVRQQH /H YLHLO RQFOH SDWULDUFKH GH OD IDPLOOH YLHQW SODLGHU OD
FDXVH PrPH SHUGXH G¶XQ DJHQW DXSUqV GX QHYHX UHVSRQVDEOH GH
VHUYLFHHQPHWWDQWHQ°XYUHGHVUHVVRUWVVDQVDXFXQUDSSRUWDYHFOH
WUDYDLO
/D FRUUXSWLRQ MRXH XQ U{OH GH UHGLVWULEXWLRQ FDU VRXYHQW HQ
PXOWLSOLDQW OHV ODUJHVVHV HQ YXH GH V¶DWWLUHU OD FRQQLYHQFH RX OD
ELHQYHLOODQFH GHV EpQpILFLDLUHV GH GHX[LqPH QLYHDX OH FRUURPSX
HVVDLPHVHVJDLQV
8QSURYHUEHEHPEpWULEXGXVXG&RQJRGLWTXH©ODSXWUpIDFWLRQ
GX SRLVVRQ FRPPHQFH SDU OD WrWHª /H PDXYDLV H[HPSOH GHV
PDOYHUVDWLRQVGHODSUpYDULFDWLRQHWGHODIRUIDLWXUHYLHQWG¶HQKDXW
/RUVTXHOHVUHVSRQVDEOHVPRQWUHQWGHVVLJQHVH[WpULHXUVGHULFKHVVH
LQGXH LOV QH VRQW SOXV FUpGLEOHV GDQV OD OXWWH DQWLFRUUXSWLRQ (Q
YDOHXULOVVRQWOHVSOXVQXLVLEOHVjODVRFLpWp/DJpQpUDOLVDWLRQGHV
SHWLWV GpOLWV HW GHV FRPSRUWHPHQWV LPPRUDX[ GHV H[pFXWDQWV
MXVTX¶HQ EDV GH O¶pFKHOOH PRLQV FRWHX[ PDLV SOXV SHUQLFLHX[
GRQQHQWO¶LPDJHG¶XQHFRPPXQDXWpPDODGH(QFDXVHODPDXYDLVH
JRXYHUQDQFH TXL VH WUDGXLW SDU O¶DEVHQFH GH WRXWH SROLWLTXH DQWL
FRUUXSWLRQOHPDQTXHGHWUDQVSDUHQFHG¶DFFXVDWLRQHWGHVDQFWLRQ
ϴϭ

TXLUHQIRUFHQWXQHLPSXQLWpDUURJDQWH/HVUDLVRQVVRQWjUHFKHUFKHU
GDQV OHV VDODLUHV IDLEOHV PDLV DXVVL OD FXOWXUH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH GX
OD[LVPHTXLGLVVXDGHWRXWHGpQRQFLDWLRQHWQHSURWqJHSDVOHGRQQHXU
G¶DOHUWH
/DFRUUXSWLRQHVWXQIUHLQDXGpYHORSSHPHQWGDQVODPHVXUHROHV
GpWRXUQHPHQWVGHIRQGVSXEOLFVDEVRUEHQWOHVVXEVLGHVGHO¶eWDWTXL
VHUYLUDLHQWjWRXWHODQDWLRQ/DGpPRFUDWLHSDUDOOqOHPHQWHVWWRXFKpH
GDQV VRQ SULQFLSH VDFUp GH O¶pJDOLWp GHV FLWR\HQV DX[ VHUYLFHV
SXEOLFV
4XDQGODVRFLpWpHVWDIIHFWpHjFHSRLQWLOHVWGLIILFLOHTXHO¶DUPpH
VRLW H[HPSWH GH WRXW UHSURFKH 'DQV FH FRQWH[WH GpOpWqUH OHV
$IULFDLQVLQWHUURJpVFRQVLGqUHQWTXHOHXUVIRUFHVGHGpIHQVHDUPpH
JHQGDUPHULHSROLFHpWHQGXHjODGRXDQHVRQWFRUURPSXHVjFDXVH
GHVSUDWLTXHVGRXWHXVHVOLpHVDX[DEXVGHSRXYRLUGHEDNFKLFKVGH
WUDQVDFWLRQVVHFUqWHVGRQWLOVVXELVVHQWOHSUpMXGLFH/HSROLFLHUHWOH
JHQGDUPH DX FRQWDFW GHV SRSXODWLRQV DJLVVHQW VDQV VFUXSXOH /HV
PLOLWDLUHV PRLQV HQ FRQWDFW DYHF OH SXEOLF VpYLVVHQW GDQV OHV
HQWUHSULVHVRXOHVLQVWLWXWLRQVSULYpHV/HVVROGDWVYpUHX[UDFNHWWHQW
HWOHVFKHIVPLOLWDLUHVWHOVGHVSDUUDLQVPDILHX[FRXYUHQWGHJUDQGV
PDOIUDWV GHV VHLJQHXUV GX WUDILF G¶DUPHV GH GURJXHV GH SLHUUHV
SUpFLHXVHVRXGHGHYLVHV
&RPPHQWFRPSUHQGUHTXHWDQWGHJpQpUDX[HWG¶RIILFLHUVVXSpULHXUV
TXL QH JqUHQW SDV GH FDLVVHV GH O¶eWDW VRLHQW VL IRUWXQpV /H
FRPPDQGHPHQWPLOLWDLUHTXDQWjOXLSUDWLTXHO¶RSDFLWpEXGJpWDLUH
/HSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHELHQVRXYHQWGDQVFHVUpJLPHVDQWL
GpPRFUDWLTXHVV¶RFFXSHSHUVRQQHOOHPHQWGHVTXHVWLRQVGHGpIHQVH
HQWDQWTXHPLQLVWUHGHOD'pIHQVH$YHFVRQDFFRUGWDFLWHXQYRLOH
HQYHORSSH OH EXGJHW GH OD GpIHQVH VRXV OH SUpWH[WH GH ©VHFUHW
GpIHQVHª'qVORUVWRXWHVOHVGpULYHVVRQWSHUPLVHVOHVUDOORQJHV
EXGJpWDLUHV OHV DXJPHQWDWLRQV GH FUpGLWV HW OHV DOORFDWLRQV
H[FHSWLRQQHOOHVFRXOHQWjIORWVVDQVUHWHQXHV/RUVTXHOHVPLOLWDLUHV
VRQW j FRXUW G¶DUJHQW LOV SURYRTXHQW GHV LQFLGHQWV GH JURXSHV RX
GpFOHQFKHQW GHV PXWLQHULHV 'DQV FH FDV SOXV DXFXQ DUJHQWLHU GH
O¶eWDWQHOHXUUpVLVWH7RXVOHV%UD]]DYLOORLVVHVRXYLHQQHQWGHVQRPV
GHV RSpUDWLRQV DUWLILFLHXVHV GH O¶DUPpH DSUqV GHV WLUV HQ O¶DLU GH
VROGDWVFRPSOLFHVIRPHQWpHVSRXUVHIDLUHGpEORTXHUGHVFUpGLWV
ϴϮ

$XWUHLQFRQJUXLWpORUVTXHOHVFUpGLWVDX[DUPpHVVRQWGpERXUVpVHQ
QXPpUDLUHOHVMXVWLILFDWLIVGHVGpSHQVHVVRQWULGLFXOHPHQWIDOVLILpV
0DLQWHVIRLVOHVGRWDWLRQVVRQWYHUVpHVDXSURUDWDGHVHIIHFWLIVOHV
FKHIV PLOLWDLUHV j WRXV OHV QLYHDX[ VXUHQFKpULVVHQW JRQIOHQW OHXUV
FRQWLQJHQWVHPSRFKDQWGHVUHVVRXUFHVLQIRQGpHVVDQVTXHOHVKDXWHV
DXWRULWpV V¶HQ pPHXYHQW 4XDQG LO IDXW HQWUHSUHQGUH XQH DFWLYLWp
FRQWUDLJQDQWH FHV PrPHV UHVSRQVDEOHV PLOLWDLUHV Q¶RQW SOXV
SHUVRQQH'HFHSRLQWGHYXHOHV)RUFHVDUPpHVGHOD5pSXEOLTXH
GpPRFUDWLTXH GX &RQJR )$5'& QRXV IRXUQLVVHQW XQ H[HPSOH
SDWHQW '¶DSUqV 0 7VKLWHQJp /XEDEX GH O¶KHEGRPDGDLUH Jeune
Afrique©OHVRIILFLHUVGDQVO¶HVWGXSD\VVRQWDYDQWWRXWDQLPpVSDU
GHV DSSpWLWV PLQLHUV HW VH VRQW SDUWDJp OD UHQWH DYHF GH QRPEUHX[
FRPSOLFHVVXUSODFHHWjO¶pWUDQJHU0DLVLOVQHVHVRQWSDVDUUrWpVOj
,OVRQWJRQIOpOHQRPEUHGHVROGDWVHWPLVHQSODFHXQV\VWqPHGH
GpWRXUQHPHQWGHVVROGHVGHVUDWLRQVGHFRPEDWHWGHVpTXLSHPHQWV
5pVXOWDW OH PRUDO GHV KRPPHV D pWp VDSp HW OD WURXSH V¶HVW
WUDQVIRUPpHHQXQHEDQGHGHYDQXSLHGVª
/¶DUPpH GX JpDQW pFRQRPLTXH DIULFDLQ OH 1LJpULD HQ SOHLQH

GpFRPSRVLWLRQHQFKDvQHOHVGpIDLWHVIDFHj%RNR+DUDP
%RNR +DUDP HVW XQ PRXYHPHQW LQVXUUHFWLRQQHO HW WHUURULVWH

G
LGpRORJLHVDODILVWHGMLKDGLVWHRULJLQDLUHGXQRUGHVWGX1LJHULDHW
D\DQWSRXUREMHFWLIG
LQVWDXUHUXQFDOLIDWHWG
DSSOLTXHUODFKDULD(Q
%RNR+DUDPODQFHXQHLQVXUUHFWLRQDUPpHHWVHUDSSURFKHGHV
WKqVHV GMLKDGLVWHV G
$O4DwGD SXLV GH O
eWDW LVODPLTXH /H
PRXYHPHQW HVW j O
RULJLQH GH QRPEUHX[ PDVVDFUHV DWWHQWDWV HW
HQOqYHPHQWVjO
HQFRQWUHGHSRSXODWLRQVFLYLOHVGHWRXWHFRQIHVVLRQ
DX 1LJHULD PDLV DXVVL DX &DPHURXQ DX 1LJHU HW DX 7FKDG ,O HVW
UHVSRQVDEOH GH FULPHV GH JXHUUH GH FULPHV FRQWUH O
KXPDQLWp /D
VHFWH LVODPLVWH KDUFqOH XQH DUPpH QLJpULDQH PDO pTXLSpH HW
GpPRWLYpH3RXUVHUHQIRUFHUOHV©WDOLEDQVQLJpULDQVªUpFXSqUHQW
OHVDUPHVDEDQGRQQpHVGDQVOHVFDVHUQHVDSUqVOHXUDWWDTXHHWV¶HQ
VHUYHQWSRXUSLOOHUOHVEDQTXHV
/H MDQYLHU %RNR +DUDP SUHQDLW OH FRQWU{OH GH OD EDVH
PLOLWDLUHGH%DJDGDQVOH1RUG(VWGX1LJHULDOHVWURXSHVQLJpULDQHV
IX\DLHQWOHVFRPEDWVGqVO¶DUULYpHGHVPLOLFLHQVGHODVHFWHLVODPLVWH
/HVWpPRLJQDJHVGHVVROGDWVQLJpULDQVGpSOR\pVGDQVOHQRUGGXSD\V
pWDLHQWDFFDEODQWVDUPHVHWPXQLWLRQVLQVXIILVDQWHVSUREOqPHVGH
ϴϯ

ORJLVWLTXH HW GpPRWLYDWLRQ JpQpUDOLVpH 0DO DUPpV HW PDO

FRPPDQGpV LOV Q¶RSSRVDLHQW TX¶XQH IDLEOH UpVLVWDQFH DX[
LVODPLVWHV 'H WRXWH pYLGHQFH F¶HVW OH UpVXOWDW GH OD FRUUXSWLRQ
JpQpUDOLVpH TXL JDQJUqQH FHWWH DUPpH SXLVVDQWH VXU OH SDSLHU /D
PRLWLpGXEXGJHWPLOLWDLUHGHVWLQpjODOXWWHFRQWUHODVHFWHLVODPLVWH
HVWGpWRXUQpHDYDQWG¶DUULYHUVXUOHWHUUDLQDIILUPHOHChatham house
report21/DFRUUXSWLRQHWOHGpWRXUQHPHQWGHVIRQGVSXEOLFVPLQHQW
O¶HQVHPEOHGXSRXYRLUFLYLOHWPLOLWDLUH,PLWDQWOHXUVVXSpULHXUVOHV
RIILFLHUV HW VROGDWV Q¶RQW DXFXQ VFUXSXOH j YHQGUH DUPHV HW
XQLIRUPHV8Q©PDUFKpªWUqVSURVSqUHGDQVO¶eWDWGH%RUQR
/D FRUUXSWLRQ LQGXLW SOXVLHXUV GpIDXWV TXL VRQW DXWDQW GH IDXWHV
JUDYHV SRXU OHV KRPPHV FKDUJpV GH SURWpJHU OHXUV FRQFLWR\HQV HW
GpIHQGUH OH SD\V /H PDQTXH GH SXJQDFLWp LO SURYRTXH OH
SKpQRPqQH GH GpGUDPDWLVDWLRQ GX WUDYDLO GHV PLOLWDLUHV SDU FHV
FRPEDWWDQWV HX[PrPHV ,OV VH FRQVLGqUHQW FRPPH GHV
IRQFWLRQQDLUHVODPEGD3HQVHUTX¶DXFRXUVG¶XQFRPEDWLOVSHXYHQW
PRXULU HW ODLVVHU OHXUV ELHQV GHYLHQW LQFRQFHYDEOH WRWDOHPHQW
DEVXUGH 'qV ORUV LOV FRQWHVWHQW OHV RUGUHV OHV SOXV H[LJHDQWV ,OV
FDOFXOHQW HW UpIOpFKLVVHQW VXU OHV VLWXDWLRQV RSpUDWLRQQHOOHV SDU
UDSSRUWjOHXUVFDVSHUVRQQHOV6¶LOVVRQWXQJURXSHjUHVVHQWLUOHV
PrPHV VHQWLPHQWV F¶HVW OH GpEXW GH OD GLVFRUGH GDQV O¶XQLWp
/¶DEVHQFHGHFRPEDWLYLWpDDXVVLSRXURULJLQHOHFRPSRUWHPHQWGH
ODKLpUDUFKLH/HVUHVSRQVDEOHVPLOLWDLUHVVHVRQWHPERXUJHRLVpV/HV
RIILFLHUVJpQpUDX[HWOHVRIILFLHUVVXSpULHXUVQHVRQWSOXVGLJQHVGH
FRQILDQFHFDUDXFXQQHYLWHWVXUWRXWQHFRQQDvWOHVFRQGLWLRQVGHYLH
GLIILFLOHVGHODWURXSH$XFXQQ¶HVWSURFKHGHVHVKRPPHVDXSRLQW
GH SDUWDJHU OHXU GpQXHPHQW &HSHQGDQW FHUWDLQV RIILFLHUV
VXEDOWHUQHV SDU QDWXUH REOLJpV G¶HQFDGUHU GLUHFWHPHQW OHV
FRPEDWWDQWV HQGXUHQW OHXU VRXIIUDQFH YLYHQW OHXU PLVqUH HW VRQW
SURFKHVG¶HX[&HVSHWLWVFKHIVVRQWDGXOpV&HVRQWOHV6DQRJRGH
VHUYLFHOHFDSLWDLQHSUpVLGHQWTXLDYDLWSULVODWrWHGHODPXWLQHULH
GHD\DQWGpERXFKpVXUOHFRXSG¶eWDWDX0DOLFRQWUHOHJpQpUDO
7RXPDQL7RXUp,OQHIDXWSDVVHWURPSHU/DEUDYRXUHG¶XQJURXSH
GHPLOLWDLUHVHVWGLIIpUHQWHVHORQTX¶LOVJXHUURLHQWFRQWUHO¶DSSDUHLO

Ϯϭ
/
,QVWLWXW UR\DO GHV DIIDLUHV LQWHUQDWLRQDOHV FRPPXQpPHQW DSSHOp &KDWKDP
+RXVHHVWXQHRUJDQLVDWLRQQRQJRXYHUQHPHQWDOHEDVpHj/RQGUHVGRQWODPLVVLRQ
HVW G
DQDO\VHU HW GH SURPRXYRLU OD FRPSUpKHQVLRQ GHV JUDQGHV TXHVWLRQV
LQWHUQDWLRQDOHVHWO
DFWXDOLWp
ϴϰ

GHO¶eWDWHWOHVLQVWLWXWLRQVRXTX¶LOVDIIURQWHQWXQHQQHPLH[WpULHXU
GpWHUPLQp/H0DOLO¶DELHQLOOXVWUp'DQVXQFDVRQHVWSUHVTXHVU
GHQHSDVULVTXHUVDSHDXWHQLUWRXWOHPRQGHHQUHVSHFWDXERXWGH
VRQIXVLOGDQVO¶DXWUHRQQ¶HVWSDVVUGHUHYHQLUYLYDQWF¶HVWjTXL
VHUDOHSOXVIRUW/HVVROGDWVPDOLHQVYDLOODQWVSRXUUHYHQGLTXHUOHXUV
GURLWV HW SOXV HQFRUH RQWGpEDQGp GHYDQW XQH FRORQQH GH UHEHOOHV
DXGDFLHX[ HW HQWUHSUHQDQWV /HV SUREOqPHV VRFLDX[ GHV PLOLWDLUHV
OHXUVPDXYDLVHVFRQGLWLRQVGHWUDYDLOHWODPDQLqUHLQDSSURSULpHGH
OHIDLUHVDYRLURQWIDLOOLHQWUDvQHUOHGpOLWHPHQWGHO¶eWDW/DSUHXYH
TXHFHWWHDUPpHQHVHUWjULHQFLQTXDQWHDQVDSUqVO¶LQGpSHQGDQFH
O¶DQFLHQQHSXLVVDQFHFRORQLDOHDYHFVHVDUPHVHWVRQGUDSHDXYLHQW
DX VHFRXUV GX SD\V SUpWHQGXPHQW OLEUH HW PDMHXU FDSDEOH GH
V¶DVVXPHU
/D FRUUXSWLRQ HVW j OD VRXUFH GH OD GLVSDULWLRQ GH O¶pWKLTXH GX
PLOLWDLUHVLGLIIpUHQWHGHVP°XUVGHVDXWUHVFRUSRUDWLRQV/HVROGDW
DSSHOp j DIIURQWHU GHV VLWXDWLRQV H[WUrPHV VXU OH WHUUDLQ FRQWUH XQ
HQQHPL GX SD\V UpVROX HW LQWUpSLGH GRLW SRXYRLU OHV WUDLWHU DYHF
IURLGHXU HW XQH FRQVFLHQFH GH IHU TXH VHXOH SURFXUH XQH PRUDOH
LUUpSURFKDEOHHWELHQDVVLPLOpH&¶HVWOHVHFUHWGHODYLFWRLUH
(QILQ OD FRUUXSWLRQ HVW OD ILOOH G¶XQH EXUHDXFUDWLH LQHIILFDFH
FRWHXVHHWSOpWKRULTXHFRPPHO¶DPRQWUpODFULVHPDOLHQQHDYHFVRQ
SUpDPEXOH©OH%RHLQJGHODFRNHªXQHDIIDLUHURFDPEROHVTXHXQ
DYLRQWUDQVSRUWDQWSOXVLHXUVWRQQHVGHFRFDwQHV¶HVWpFKRXpGDQVOH
GpVHUW PDOLHQ UpYpODQW XQH LPSRUWDQWH ILOLqUH GH WUDILF GH GURJXH
/¶DUPpH PDOLHQQH FRPSWDLW j FH PRPHQW XQH FLQTXDQWDLQH GH
JpQpUDX[SRXUKRPPHVXQLWpVSDUDPLOLWDLUHVFRQIRQGXHVFH
TXL UHSUpVHQWH XQ JpQpUDO SRXU KRPPHV &HWWH ©DUPpH
PH[LFDLQHªDILQLSDUVRPEUHUGDQVOHFKDRVHWOHULGLFXOH
'DQV OD GpRQWRORJLH PLOLWDLUH HQ SUHPLHU OLHX LO \ D OD SXUHWp GHV
DUPHVQHOHVXWLOLVHUTXHORUVTXHODSDWULHHVWHQGDQJHUWRXWHQOH
IDLVDQW DYHF KXPDQLWp PDLV GpWHUPLQDWLRQ MXVTX¶j OD PRUW /D
GLVFLSOLQHHQVHFRQGOLHXF¶HVWOHUHVSHFWVFUXSXOHX[GXUqJOHPHQW
YpULWDEOHPDUTXHXUYLVLEOHHWUHFRQQXGHVKRPPHVHQDUPHV(QILQ
O¶H[HPSODULWpGXFRPSRUWHPHQWHVWXQJDJHGHOpJLWLPLWp4X¶HOOHHVW
ORLQO¶pSRTXHRO¶RQYR\DLWGHVVROGDWV©DXFDUUpª'HQRVMRXUVLO
Q¶HVW SDV UDUH GH YRLU XQH IROOH pTXLSpH GH PLOLWDLUHV TXHOTXHIRLV
DYHFGHVJUDGpVGDQVXQWURTXHWHQWHQXHHWHQSOHLQHEHXYHULH,O
Q¶\ D SDV GH TXRL V¶pWRQQHU SXLVTXH O¶LQVWUXFWLRQ QH IDLW SOXV
ϴϱ

UpIpUHQFHDX[GLIIpUHQWVFRGHV TXHVRQWOHUqJOHPHQWGHGLVFLSOLQH
JpQpUDOHOHUqJOHPHQWGHVHUYLFHHQFDPSDJQHRXOHUqJOHPHQWGX
VHUYLFH GH JDUQLVRQ 4XDQG LOV H[LVWHQW FHV WH[WHV UpJOHPHQWDLUHV
VRQWGHYHQXVREVROqWHV/¶LPSXQLWpHVWSDVVpHSDUOj(QWURLVLqPH
OLHXOHSURIHVVLRQQDOLVPHHVWODFRQGLWLRQFDUGLQDOHGHODIRUFHG¶XQH
DUPpH VRQ DIIDLEOLVVHPHQW HVW OD FRQVpTXHQFH GLUHFWH GH OD
FRUUXSWLRQ '¶XQH SDUW OH VDYRLUIDLUH VH SHUG SDU PDQTXH
G¶HQWUDvQHPHQW HW GH PLVH HQ VLWXDWLRQ G¶RSpUDWLRQ GH JXHUUH
HIIHFWLYH /HV DXWRULWpV WUqV VRXYHQW Q¶DFFRUGHQW SDV OHV PR\HQV
QpFHVVDLUHVDX[IRUFHVDUPpHVRXVLPSOHPHQWHOOHVOHVDIIDLEOLVVHQW
SRXUPLHX[OHVFRQWU{OHU'¶DXWUHSDUWODSUpYDULFDWLRQGpYHORSSH
O¶LQGLYLGXDOLVPH OH UHIXV GH SDUWDJHU DORUV TXH O¶DUPpH FXOWLYH
O¶HQWUDLGH HW OD IUDWHUQLWp $X FRPEDW O¶HVSULW G¶pTXLSH HVW
LQGLVSHQVDEOHjODVXUYLH$XFXQVROGDWQHGRLWDEDQGRQQHUO¶XQGHV
VLHQVVXUOHWHUUDLQ'DQVOHFRQWH[WHG¶pJRFHQWULVPHDFWXHOROHV
XQLWpVVRQWIRUPpHVDYHFGHVDUULqUHSHQVpHVHWKQLTXHVFHWWHIRUFH
TXLGLVWLQJXDLWOHPLOLWDLUHWHQGjGLVSDUDvWUHSOXVVUHPHQWTXHO¶RQ
QHOHFURLW
/D FRUUXSWLRQ WUDQVIURQWLqUH VH SURGXLW SDUGHOj OHV IURQWLqUHV j OD
IDYHXUGHVWUDQVDFWLRQVFRPPHUFLDOHV&HWWHIRUPHGHPDOYHUVDWLRQ
WRXFKHEHDXFRXSOHVPLOLWDLUHVFDUOHVFRQILQVGXSD\VVRQWVRXYHQW
OHXUOLHXGHFRPSpWHQFH(OOHVHSUpVHQWHVRXVOHVDVSHFWVVXLYDQWV
FROOXVLRQ HQWUH IRXUQLVVHXUV HW DFTXpUHXUV pYDVLRQ GHV GURLWV GH
GRXDQH HW YHUVHPHQWV GH SRWVGHYLQ HQ UHFRQQDLVVDQFH GH O¶DFWH
GpOLFWXHX[$XMRXUG¶KXLV¶DMRXWHOHWUDILFGHGURJXHVHWG¶DUPHV
1RXVDYRQVIXVWLJpOHVSHWLWVYpUHX[TXLSROOXHQWODYLHTXRWLGLHQQH
GHOHXUVFRQFLWR\HQV1¶RXEOLRQVSDVTXHOHVRSpUDWLRQVGHVDFWHXUV
pWUDQJHUV VXU OH FRQWLQHQW FDXVHQW GHV pFKDQJHV ILQDQFLHUV LOOLFLWHV
FRQVLGpUDEOHV/DTXDWULqPHpGLWLRQGX5DSSRUWVXUODJRXYHUQDQFH
HQ$IULTXH5*$,9GHOD&RPPLVVLRQpFRQRPLTXHSRXUO¶$IULTXH
LQVWLWXWLRQ GH O¶218 HVWLPDLW OH DYULO TXH OHV DSSURFKHV
DFWXHOOHV XWLOLVpHV SRXU pYDOXHU OD FRUUXSWLRQ LJQRUDLHQW
FRPSOqWHPHQWODGLPHQVLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHODFRUUXSWLRQ
/DIDXVVHLGpHGH©O¶HIIHWGHUXLVVHOOHPHQWªOHVLPSRUWDQWVUHYHQXV
GH OD FRUUXSWLRQ G¶RULJLQH pWUDQJqUH FRQWUHEDQGH PDILD
GpWRXUQHPHQW GH PDUFKpV SXEOLFV VRQW in fine UpLQMHFWpV GDQV
O
pFRQRPLH VRLW SDU OH ELDLV GH OD FRQVRPPDWLRQ VRLW SDU
ϴϲ

O
LQYHVWLVVHPHQWFRQWULEXDQWDLQVLGLUHFWHPHQWRXLQGLUHFWHPHQWj
O
HQULFKLVVHPHQWGXUHVWHGHODVRFLpWpDWHQGDQFHjGpFXOSDELOLVHU
OHV UHVSRQVDEOHV FRUURPSXV /D PRQGLDOLVDWLRQ D DSSRUWp XQ KDXW
QLYHDX GHV pFKDQJHV /HV JURV FRQWUDWV LQGXLVHQW XQH PDVVH
LPSRUWDQWHGHGHYLVHV/HPDUFKpGHO¶DUPHPHQWHQSDUWLFXOLHUHVW
XQHVRXUFHLPSRUWDQWHGHWUDILFG¶LQIOXHQFH/HVSD\VLQGXVWULDOLVpV
GRQQHXUV GH OHoRQV j O¶$IULTXH j WUDYHUV OHXUV VWUXFWXUHV
FRPPHUFLDOHVLQIHVWHQWOHFRQWLQHQWDYHFO¶DUJHQWVDOHeWDQWGRQQp
O¶DPSOHXU HW O¶LPSOLFDWLRQ GH SXLVVDQWV SD\V GDQV ODFRUUXSWLRQ HQ
$IULTXH VRQ pUDGLFDWLRQ SDVVH SDU OD WUDQVSDUHQFH GX V\VWqPH
ILQDQFLHULQWHUQDWLRQDOjO¶pJDUGGHFHFRQWLQHQWHWOHGpFXSOHPHQWGH
ODFDSDFLWpFRHUFLWLYHGHVpWDWV
¬ FHWWH LPPHQVH GpSHUGLWLRQ ILQDQFLqUH WUqV LQLTXH TXL SqVH
pQRUPpPHQW VXU OHV SRSXODWLRQV LO IDXW DMRXWHU OH SRLGV GH
O¶HQWUHWLHQO¶pTXLSHPHQWO¶DFWLYLWpGHVDUPpHVHWOHVVROGHVGHOHXUV
PHPEUHV 2Q VH UHQG FRPSWH TXH OD VpFXULWp H[WpULHXUH GHV SD\V
DIULFDLQV DIIHFWH JUDYHPHQW O¶pFRQRPLH GHV eWDWV DX SRLQW GH
WUDQVIRUPHU FHUWDLQV HQ eWDWVSDULDV 6¶HVWRQ SRVp OD TXHVWLRQ GH
VDYRLUFRPELHQoDFRWHௗ"

ϴϳ

&RPELHQFRWHO¶HIIRUWPLOLWDLUHௗ"
/HTXRWLGLHQGHVSRSXODWLRQVDIULFDLQHVHVWIDLWG¶DFWLYLWpVGXUHVSRXU
VXEYHQLUDX[EHVRLQVGHODIDPLOOHSOXVSpQLEOHVTXHGDQVOHPRQGH
RFFLGHQWDO ULFKH FDU LFL OHV PR\HQV GH SURGXFWLRQ PRGHUQHV IRQW
GpIDXW &HV DFWLYLWpV VRQW UXGLPHQWDLUHV HW SHX YDULpHV /D YDOHXU
DMRXWpHF¶HVWjGLUHODULFKHVVHFUppHSDUO¶DJHQWpFRQRPLTXHDXQ
IDLEOHUHQGHPHQW&¶HVWVXUFHWHUUHDXTXHVHIRQGHQWOHVEXGJHWVGHV
eWDWVDIULFDLQV&HVFKpPDHVWLGHQWLTXHSRXUWRXVOHVSD\VDIULFDLQV
SDUFHTXHPrPHOHVPLHX[ORWLVSDUODQDWXUHHQPDWLqUHVSUHPLqUHV
FRPPH OD 5'& OD *XLQpH RX OD &{WH G¶,YRLUH RQW XQH IUDQJH GX
SHXSOH SOXV RX PRLQV JUDQGH TXL VRXIIUH SRXU JDJQHU VD SLWDQFH
TXRWLGLHQQH&HWWHSRSXODWLRQPDOKHXUHXVHPHQWODSOXVQRPEUHXVH
Q¶D SDV O¶DYDQWDJH G¶rWUHFRQFHUQpH SDU OH WUDLQ GHYLH VRPSWXDLUH
GHVUHVSRQVDEOHVSROLWLTXHV/HVUHVVRXUFHVGHO¶eWDWGRQWHOOHHVWOD
FRQWULEXWULFH OD SOXV ODERULHXVH HW DWWHQG HQ UHWRXU GHV
LQYHVWLVVHPHQWVjVRQSURILWILQDQFHQWVRXYHQWHQSXUHSHUWHHQWRXW
FDVVDQVJUDQGDSSRUWO¶HIIRUWGHGpIHQVH
eFRQRPLTXHPHQWOHVIRUFHVGHGpIHQVHQHUDSSRUWHQWSUHVTXHULHQ
HQ WHUPHV GH FRQWULEXWLRQ QHWWH DX[ UHVVRXUFHV GH O¶eWDW SDV
G¶DYDQWDJHDX[FKDUJHVFRPPXQHVGHODQDWLRQSDUFHTXHWHOQ¶HVW
SDV OHXU EXW /HV DUPpHV DIULFDLQHV QH VHUDLHQW SDV XQ SRLGV PRUW
SRXU OHV FLWR\HQV pFUDVpV SDU OHV LQFHUWLWXGHV GH OD YLH VL HOOHV
DVVXUDLHQWFRUUHFWHPHQWOHXUPLVVLRQHWVLHOOHVVHWHQDLHQWWUDQTXLOOHV
jOHXUSODFHGDQVODVRFLpWp/HVDUPpHVVRQWFHUWHVGLVSHQGLHXVHV
PDLVLOIDXWVHUHQGUHjO¶pYLGHQFHOHV\VWqPHIRQFWLRQQHFRPPHXQH
DVVXUDQFH2QSD\HSRXUXQULVTXHpYHQWXHOHQYXHGHEpQpILFLHUGX
FRQFRXUVGHO¶DVVXUHXUHQFDVGHVXUYHQDQFHG¶XQVLQLVWUH&¶HVWDLQVL
TXH OD 6XLVVH SRXUWDQW SURWpJpH SDU OD GRFWULQH GH QHXWUDOLWp
SHUSpWXHOOH FRQFOXH DX FRQJUqV GH 9LHQQH HQ REOLJDWLRQ
G¶LPSDUWLDOLWpHWGHQRQLQWHUYHQWLRQGDQVXQFRQIOLWHWJDUDQWLVVDQW
VRQLQGpSHQGDQFHHWO¶LQYLRODELOLWpGHVRQWHUULWRLUHHQWUHWLHQWO¶XQH
GHV DUPpHV OD SOXV IRUWH GX PRQGH 0DOKHXUHXVHPHQW GDQV OD
VLWXDWLRQ GHV SD\V DIULFDLQV O¶DUPpH ©DVVXUHXUª QH MRXH SDV
WRXMRXUV VRQ U{OH HW F¶HVW XQ HXSKpPLVPH (Q SURORQJHDQW FHWWH
DOOpJRULHRQSHXWV¶LPDJLQHUDYRLUFRQWUDFWpXQHSROLFHG¶DVVXUDQFH
KDELWDWLRQ O¶DVVXUHXU V¶LQWURGXLW SDU FH ELDLV GDQV YRWUH GRPLFLOH
IDPLOLDOHWSURYRTXHXQHVFODQGUHHWGHVFKDPEDUGHPHQWVDXOLHXGH
YRXVDSSRUWHUODVpUpQLWpSRXUODTXHOOHYRXVSD\H]VLFKHU/HVIRUFHV
ϴϴ

GHGpIHQVHDIULFDLQHVVRQWDFWXHOOHPHQWPDOSHUoXHVSDUOHVRSLQLRQV
SXEOLTXHV FDU OD UHODWLRQ pWDEOLH UDWLRQQHOOHPHQW HQWUH O¶DVVXUDQFH
G¶XQHSURWHFWLRQHWOHFRWSURKLELWLIJkFKLVILQDQFLHUVWUDFDVVHULHV
LQVWDELOLWp GHV LQVWLWXWLRQV HW PrPH YLROHQFHV FRQWUH OHV FLWR\HQV
Q¶RIIUH SDV DX MXJHPHQW GX SHXSOH XQH pJDOLWp HQWUH FHV GHX[
pOpPHQWV GH O¶pTXDWLRQ /H VHQWLPHQW TXH OHV DUPpHV DIULFDLQHV
FRWHQWFKHUYLHQWGXGpVpTXLOLEUHGHFHWWHIRUPXOH
/RQJWHPSV HQ $IULTXH OH WLWXODLUH GX SRUWHIHXLOOH GH OD GpIHQVH
QDWLRQDOHpWDLWXQPLOLWDLUHTXDQGOHSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHQH
FXPXODLWSDV&HPLQLVWUHGHYDLWDYRLUVDWRWDOHFRQILDQFHFRPPHHQ
VRQWHPSVOHILOVDX*DERQRXOHSHWLWIUqUHDX7RJR&HWWHSUR[LPLWp
IDYRULVHOHMHXGHFDFKHFDFKH7RXWFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVDUPpHVHVW
IUDSSp GX VFHDX GH OD FRQILGHQWLDOLWp VXUWRXW ORUVTX¶LO V¶DJLW GHV
TXHVWLRQVILQDQFLqUHV&¶HVWDLQVLTXHOHWUDYDLOSDUOHPHQWDLUHVXUOD
ORL GH ILQDQFHV Q¶HVW MDPDLV OD UpDOLWp GHV EHVRLQV QL GHV FUpGLWV
DOORXpV DX[ DUPpHV (QWUH OHV ORLV GH ILQDQFHV UHFWLILFDWLYHV HW OHV
GRWDWLRQVH[FHSWLRQQHOOHVQXOQHSHXWGpWHUPLQHUOHPRQWDQWH[DFW
HQ ILQ G¶H[HUFLFH &RPPH WRXV OHV EXGJHWV FHOXL GH OD GpIHQVH
QDWLRQDOH HVW XQ GRFXPHQW GH FRPSWHV SUpYLVLRQQHOV 3RXU FHOD
O¶RUWKRGR[LH H[LJH TXH VD UpDOLVDWLRQ UHVSHFWH XQH GpPDUFKH GH
SUpSDUDWLRQ ULJRXUHXVH OHV SULQFLSHV HW OHV ERQQHV SUDWLTXHV GH OD
FRPSWDELOLWp $YDQW O¶H[pFXWLRQ LO IDLW O¶REMHW G¶XQH UpIOH[LRQ
3HQGDQW VRQ DFFRPSOLVVHPHQW F¶HVW XQH YpULWDEOH PDLQ FRXUDQWH
JUkFH DX VXLYL HW DX FRQWU{OH G¶H[pFXWLRQ GHV VHUYLFHV ad «ࣟhocௗ
DSUqVO¶DFWLRQXQHSURFpGXUHG¶pYDOXDWLRQHVWREOLJDWRLUH/HEXGJHW
HVW VRXYHQW DFFRPSDJQp G¶XQ FDOHQGULHU GH UpDOLVDWLRQ GRFXPHQW
DSSHOpWDEOHDXGHPDUFKH(QIRQFWLRQGHVRQH[LVWHQFHGXGHJUpGH
ILQHVVHGXFKLIIUDJHSDUSKDVHGHUpDOLVDWLRQRQMXJHGHODTXDOLWp
G¶XQH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ 6DQV VH WURPSHU RQ SHXW DIILUPHU VDQV
H[DJpUDWLRQ TXH FH GRFXPHQW DSSHOp DXVVL WDEOHDX GH progress
control HVW VRXYHQW LQH[DFW VLQRQ LJQRUp PrPH GH OD FRPPLVVLRQ
GpIHQVH GHV SDUOHPHQWV DIULFDLQV &H SURFHVVXV Q¶HVW SRVVLEOH TXH
ORUVTX¶LO\DODWUDQVSDUHQFHௗRUF¶HVWUDUHPHQWOHFDV/¶RSDFLWpHW
O¶LQFRPSpWHQFHHQPDWLqUHEXGJpWDLUHVRQWODVRXUFHGHVHQQXLVGHV
DUPpHVDIULFDLQHV¬OHXUFRUSVGpIHQGDQWHOOHVQ¶\VRQWSRXUULHQ
&¶HVWDLQVLTXHOHVGpSHQVHVPLOLWDLUHVQHVRQWSDVVRXYHQWPDvWULVpHV
RXH[SORVHQWHQFRXUVG¶H[pFXWLRQ'HSXLVXQFHUWDLQWHPSVOHVSD\V
DIULFDLQVVHGRWHQWG¶DUPHVVRSKLVWLTXpHVHWHQJUDQGQRPEUHGXIDLW
ϴϵ

GH O¶pPHUJHQFH G¶XQH FRXUVH DX[ DUPHPHQWV GX SDXYUH 'HV

MXVWLILFDWLRQV SOXV RX PRLQV YDODEOHV VRQW DYDQFpHV SUpYHQLU OD
JXHUUH IDFH DX[ YRLVLQV HQYDKLVVHXUV 5'& vs 5ZDQGD &RQJR
%UD]]DYLOOHvs$QJROD&DPHURXQvs1LJHULD7FKDGvs6RXGDQHWF
UpVLVWHUDX[FRXSVG¶eWDWHWIDLUHIDFHjODQRXYHOOHPHQDFHWHUURULVWH
(QUpDOLWpOHVGLFWDWHXUVTX¶LOVRLWPLOLWDLUHRXQRQRQWEHVRLQGHV
DUPHVSRXUGLVVXDGHUOHXUVFRQFLWR\HQVGHWRXWGpVRUGUHRXUpSULPHU
OHXUSURSUHSHXSOH
/¶,QVWLWXW LQWHUQDWLRQDO GH UHFKHUFKH VXU OD SDL[ GH 6WRFNKROP

6,35, GDQV VRQ UDSSRUW GDWp GX DYULO D DQQRQFp TXH
O¶$IULTXH D HQUHJLVWUp OD SOXV IRUWH SURJUHVVLRQ GHV GpSHQVHV
PLOLWDLUHVDXQLYHDXPRQGLDOjKDXWHXUGHPLOOLDUGVGHGROODUV
86 PLOOLDUGV GH )&)$ /H *KDQD D SUHVTXH WULSOp VRQ
EXGJHW FRQVDFUp j OD GpIHQVH QDWLRQDOH GH j PLOOLRQV GH
GROODUV86PLOOLDUGVjPLOOLDUGVGH)&)$VRLWVXU
XQ DQ /¶$QJROD OD 5'& OH 7FKDG OH &DPHURXQ HW OH &RQJR
%UD]]DYLOOHVXLYHQWjXQU\WKPHVRXWHQX/HVFUpGLWVGHVIRUFHVGH
GpIHQVH SDU UDSSRUW DX[ EXGJHWV GHV DXWUHV GpSDUWHPHQWV
PLQLVWpULHOVTXRLTXHSOXVLPSRUWDQWVODLVVHQWSDUDvWUHXQPDODLVHj
FDXVHGXIORXTXLOHVHQWRXUH$X*DERQSDUH[HPSOHSD\VULFKHHQ
SpWUROHERLVXUDQLXPHWPDQJDQqVHOHEXGJHWGHODGpIHQVH
QDWLRQDOH V¶pOHYDLW j PLOOLDUGVPLOOLRQV GH )&)$
PLOOLRQVG¶HXURV/DVHFWLRQIRQFWLRQQHPHQWFRPSWDLWPLOOLDUGV
PLOOLRQVGH)&)$PLOOLRQVG¶HXURVFRQWUHPLOOLDUGV
GH )&)$ PLOOLRQV G¶HXURV SRXU OD VHFWLRQ LQYHVWLVVHPHQW
0DOJUp FH GpVpTXLOLEUH LO D QpDQPRLQV VRXIIOp FRPPH XQH SHWLWH
EULVH GH PpFRQWHQWHPHQW GHV DJHQWV GHV IRUFHV GH VpFXULWp HW GH
GpIHQVHjFDXVHGHVLPSD\pVGHVDODLUHVHWGHODQRQDSSOLFDWLRQGH
OD GpFLVLRQ GX SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH GH IDLUH DQQXOHU OHV
FUpDQFHV WUqV ORXUGHV GH FH SHUVRQQHO VXUHQGHWWp DXSUqV GHV
RSpUDWHXUVpFRQRPLTXHV&HUWDLQVDJHQWVQHSHUFHYDLHQWSOXVOHXUV
VDODLUHV YLUpV HQ WRWDOLWp DX[ FRPPHUoDQWV V\UROLEDQDLV HQ
UHPERXUVHPHQW GH OHXUV GHWWHV /¶RUGUH SUpVLGHQWLHO G¶HIIDFHPHQW
GHVGHWWHVGHVPLOLWDLUHVQ¶DYDLWSDVpWpVXLYLG¶HIIHWjODYHLOOHGH
1RsO SRXVVDQW OHV LQWpUHVVpV j OD JURJQH ³$X PRLV GH
GpFHPEUH HW QRYHPEUH OHV KDELWDQWV GHV TXDUWLHUV
PRGHVWHV GH .LQJXpOp HW $NpEpYLOOH GH OD FDSLWDOH JDERQDLVH
/LEUHYLOOHEDUULFDGHQWOHVURXWHVGHOHXUVTXDUWLHUVDILQG¶LQWHUSHOHU
ϵϬ

OH JRXYHUQHPHQW VXU OHV FRXSXUHV G¶HDX TX¶LOV VXELVVHQW ,OV

RUJDQLVHQW XQH PDUFKH SDFLILTXH HQ EUDQGLVVDQW GHV SDQFDUWHV VXU
OHVTXHOOHVRQSHXWOLUHon veut de l’eau4XHOTXHVMRXUVDSUqVFHV
PDQLIHVWDWLRQVGHFROqUHOHJRXYHUQHPHQWRUGRQQHOHGpSORLHPHQW
G¶XQHVHFWLRQGHO¶XQLWpGX*pQLHPLOLWDLUHSRXUGLVWULEXHUO¶HDXDX[
KDELWDQWV3UpVHQWpHSDUOHPLQLVWqUHௗGHOD'pIHQVHQDWLRQDOHFRPPH
O¶H[SUHVVLRQGHO¶LQWpJUDWLRQௗGHO¶DUPpHGDQVODVRFLpWpO¶RSpUDWLRQ
HVWXQHQRXYHOOHRFFDVLRQSRXUOHVPLOLWDLUHVG¶LQWLPLGHUHWUDFNHWWHU
OD SRSXODWLRQ /¶LQWLPLGDWLRQ GpVLJQH OH UHFRXUV j OD PHQDFH
SK\VLTXH RX YHUEDOH DYHF DUPH SRXU H[WRUTXHU GH O¶DUJHQW DX[
KDELWDQWV HW GpWRXUQHU O¶HDX j OHXU SURILW &HV DFWHV UpYHLOOHQW OH
VHQWLPHQWGHPpILDQFHGHODSRSXODWLRQHQYHUVOHV³JHQVG¶DUPHV´
$ORUV TXH OD GLVWULEXWLRQ G¶HDX DX[ KDELWDQWV GRLW VH IDLUH
JUDWXLWHPHQW GHV VROGDWV PRQQD\HQW OHV ERXWHLOOHV G¶HDX DX[
FRPPHUoDQWV³RXHVWDIULFDLQV´HWGpWRXUQHQWjOHXUSURILWXQHSDUWLH
GHVVWRFNV´
*UkFHDXSpWUROHHWjODIDLEOHSRSXODWLRQOHSRXYRLUG
DFKDWPR\HQ
JDERQDLVHVWVXSpULHXUjFHOXLGHVSD\VG
$IULTXHVXEVDKDULHQQHௗOH
UHYHQX QDWLRQDO EUXW 51% SDU KDELWDQW V¶pWDEOLVVDLW HQ j
VRLW IRLV FHOXL GH VHV YRLVLQV G¶$IULTXH VXEVDKDULHQQH
&
HVW OH GHX[LqPH SD\V G
$IULTXH FRQWLQHQWDOH TXDQW DX
UHYHQXSDUKDELWDQWDSUqVOD*XLQpHpTXDWRULDOHKDEௗ
QpDQPRLQV O
LQpJDOLWp GDQV OD UpSDUWLWLRQ GHV ULFKHVVHV IDLW TXH
SUHVTXHXQWLHUVGHODSRSXODWLRQYLWDXGHVVRXVGXVHXLOGHSDXYUHWp
SUHVTXHYLYHQWDYHFPRLQVG¶XQGROODUHWGHPLSDUMRXUHWOH
FK{PDJHWUqVpOHYpWRXFKHSOXVGHGHODSRSXODWLRQDFWLYH
/HV MHXQHV FK{PHXUV UHSUpVHQWHUDLHQW GH OD SRSXODWLRQ DX
FK{PDJH 3RXUWDQW VHORQ OH FODVVHPHQW GHV SXLVVDQFHV
PLOLWDLUHVHQ$IULTXHUpDOLVpSDUOHVLWHDPpULFDLQVSpFLDOLVpGDQV
OHV TXHVWLRQV GH GpIHQVH Global Fire Power OHV GpSHQVHV GH
O¶DUPpH JDERQDLVH VRQW pYDOXpHV j SUqV GH PLOOLDUGV GH )&)$
/HVVRPPHVDVWURQRPLTXHVGpSHQVpHVHQSXUHSHUWH
DXUDLHQWVUHPHQWSHUPLV GHUpGXLUHO¶DQDOSKDEpWLVPHGHVDGXOWHV
UHQGUHO¶DFFHVVLRQjO¶HQVHLJQHPHQWSULPDLUHSRXUWRXVOHVHQIDQWV
FRQVWUXLUHGHVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVGHEDVHpUDGLTXHUOHVpSLGpPLHVHWOHV

ϮϮ
$[HO$XJp³L’unité du génie militaire et l’intimidation armée au Gabon : les
motivations professionnelles du racket des « gens d’armes ª GDQV 5HYXH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHSROLWLTXHFRPSDUpHYROS
ϵϭ

SDQGpPLHV HQ XQ PRW UpGXLUH OD SDXYUHWp /D FRPELQDLVRQ IRUWHV
GpSHQVHV PLOLWDLUHV FRQWUH UHPERXUVHPHQWV GH OD GHWWH GHV eWDWV
SURYRTXHGHVVLWXDWLRQVH[SORVLYHV2QVHUDSSHOOHOHVpPHXWHVGHOD
IDLP DX &DPHURXQ HQ IpYULHU OHV UXGHV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV j
O¶pJDUGGHODYLHFKqUHDX6pQpJDODX[PRLVG¶DYULOHWGpFHPEUHGH
ODPrPHDQQpHOHVPXWLQHULHVjUpSpWLWLRQSRXUGHVUHYHQGLFDWLRQV
GHVVROGHVGHVPLOLWDLUHVDX%XUNLQD)DVRDX0DOLDX1LJHUHWF
$X&DPHURXQVHORQ9LFWRULQ+DPHQL%LHOHXSUpVLGHQWGHO¶8QLRQ
GHV IRUFHV GpPRFUDWLTXHV DX &DPHURXQ VXU OH VLWH GH
O¶KHEGRPDGDLUH Jeune Afrique GX VHSWHPEUH SURSRV
UHFXHLOOLV SDU *HRUJHV 'RXJXHOL j OD TXHVWLRQ ©/H EXGJHW HVWLO
ELHQXWLOLVpௗ"ª UpSRQVHGHO¶LQWpUHVVpµOHEXGJHWGHODGpIHQVHHVW
GHPLOOLDUGVGH)&)$VRLWPLOOLRQVG¶HXURVHQ/DSDUW
FRQVDFUpHDXIRQFWLRQQHPHQWHVWH[RUELWDQWHFRPSDUpHj
ODPDLJUHXUGHFHOOHSUpYXHSRXUOHVGpSHQVHVG¶pTXLSHPHQW'DQV
OHVFUpGLWVGHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWOHVVDODLUHVHWOHVGpSHQVHV
GHFRQVRPPDWLRQVHWDLOOHQWODSDUWGXOLRQ&HODIDYRULVH
ODFRUUXSWLRQFRPPHO¶DPRQWUpOHVFDQGDOHGHVGpWRXUQHPHQWVFKH]
OHVPDJLVWUDWVPLOLWDLUHV3HQGDQWFHWHPSVVXUOHWHUUDLQOHVVROGDWV
PDQJHQW GHV VDQGZLFKHV /D JXHUUH FRQWUH %RNR +DUDP FRWH
HQFRUHSOXVFKHU%LHQTXHOD&RPPXQDXWppFRQRPLTXHGHV(WDWV
G¶$IULTXHFHQWUDOH&(($&DLWPLVHQSODFHXQIRQGVG¶XUJHQFHGH
PLOOLDUGV GH )&)$ VRLW PLOOLRQV G¶HXURV GHVWLQp DX
&DPHURXQ HW DX 7FKDG TXL FRPEDWWHQW HQ SUHPLqUH OLJQH OD VHFWH
LVODPLVWH FHOD QH VXIILW SDV /H EXGJHWGH OD GpIHQVH QDWLRQDOH HQ
D DWWHLQW XQ VRPPHW PLOOLDUGV GH )&)$ PLOOLRQV
G¶HXURV /HV GpSHQVHV GH O¶RSpUDWLRQ ©ePHUJHQFHª GH O¶DUPpH
UpJXOLqUH VRQW UHYHQXHV j PLOOLRQV GH )&)$ ¼ SDU
VHPDLQH4XDQWjFHOOHGX%DWDLOORQG¶LQWHUYHQWLRQUDSLGHULHQTXH
OHVSULPHVGHVKRPPHVDXUDLHQWFRWpODPRGLTXHVRPPHGH
)&)$¼SDUVROGDWHWSDUPRLV
(Q 5pSXEOLTXH GpPRFUDWLTXH GX &RQJR OD GpIHQVH QDWLRQDOH HVW
WRXMRXUVFRQVLGpUpHTXHOTXHVRLWOHUpJLPHFRPPHODSULRULWpGHV
SULRULWpV &HWWH SUpRFFXSDWLRQ HVW YDLQH HW WKpRULTXH G¶DXWDQW SOXV
TXH OHV SUREOqPHV SRVpV QH WURXYHQW MDPDLV GH VROXWLRQV
VDWLVIDLVDQWHV RX GXUDEOHV (Q j OD VXLWH GX GLDORJXH LQWHU
FRQJRODLVXQHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQGHO¶DUPpHDpWpLQLWLpHVRXVO¶pJLGHGHV
1DWLRQVXQLHVGHO¶8QLRQHXURSpHQQHHWGHVSDUWHQDLUHVELODWpUDX[
ϵϮ

FRPPHOD%HOJLTXHO¶$QJRODHWO¶$IULTXHGX6XG/HVWURXSHVGX
5&$*RPDGX0/&GH
-HDQ3LHUUH%HPEDHWOHPRXYHPHQW0Dw0DwVHORQOHVH[SUHVVLRQV
ORFDOHV RQW pWp PL[pHV HW EUDVVpHV &H PpODQJH Q¶D SDV UpVROX OHV
FRQWUDGLFWLRQV WDQW V¶HQ IDXW /HV SRSXODWLRQV PHXUWULHV SDU OHV
H[DFWLRQV GHV PLOLWDLUHV JRXYHUQHPHQWDX[ GHV UHEHOOHV HW DXWUHV
PLOLFLHQV GH WULVWHV UpSXWDWLRQV GHYDLHQW IDLUH IDFH j OHXUV DQFLHQV
ERXUUHDX[GHYHQXVLQVWLWXWLRQQHOVHWSURWHFWHXUVSDUODJUkFHGHOD
SROLWLTXHjODFRQJRODLVH&HSHQGDQWOHVYLHX[UpIOH[HVGHUDSLQHHW
GH EDQGLWLVPH RQW OD YLH GXUH &HWWH DUPpH GH EULF HW GH EURF
HQJORXWLVVDLWWRXWGHPrPHGX31%SRXUXQHIIHFWLIHQ
G¶j SHX SUqV KRPPHV &H FKLIIUH HVW UHVWp WRXMRXUV
DSSUR[LPDWLI MDPDLV DUUrWp HQ GpSLW GHV FRQWU{OHV HW GH OD
GLVWULEXWLRQGHVFDUWHVG¶LGHQWLWpELRPpWULTXHV/HEXGJHWDQQXHOGH
OD GpIHQVH QDWLRQDOH GHPLOOLRQV GH GROODUV 86QH VXIILW SDV j
DSODQLUWRXVOHVREVWDFOHV8QH[HPSOHTXLSURXYHTXHODVLWXDWLRQ
DSUqV OD UpIRUPH HVW WHQDFH HW SHUVLVWDQWH OH YHQGUHGL
RFWREUHOHVPLOLWDLUHVGpSOR\pVGDQVOHYLOODJHGH.XNXW\D
j.DOLPDSUqVGH.LQGXGDQVOH0DQLHPDVHVRQWPXWLQpVWLUDQWHQ
O¶DLUSRXUWHQWHUGHVHIDLUHSD\HUPRLVGHVROGH
$X7FKDGO¶DUJHQWGXSpWUROHILQDQFHVXUWRXWOHVDUPHV(QHIIHWOHV
UHFHWWHVSpWUROLqUHVTXLGHYDLHQWrWUHFRQVDFUpHVDXGpYHORSSHPHQW
HW j OD UpGXFWLRQ GH OD SDXYUHWp FRPPH O¶DVVLJQDLW OD ORL GH
MDQYLHUVHUWSULRULWDLUHPHQWjO¶HIIRUWGHJXHUUHTXHOHSD\VQ¶D
FHVVpG¶HQGXUHUGHSXLVGHVGpFHQQLHV0DOJUpFHWWHPDQQHOH7FKDG
HVW ©VFRWFKpª DX qPHUDQJ VXU SD\V VHORQ O¶LQGLFH GH
GpYHORSSHPHQWKXPDLQGHV1DWLRQVXQLHV/HVGpSHQVHVPLOLWDLUHV
GX 7FKDG VRQW SDVVpHV GH PLOOLDUGV GH )&)$ PLOOLRQV
G¶HXURVHQjPLOOLDUGVGH)&)$PLOOLRQVG¶HXURV
VRLWXQHPXOWLSOLFDWLRQSDUVHORQOHUDSSRUWGHO¶21*&&)'
7HUUHVROLGDLUHLQWLWXOpLe Développement piégé
(Q&{WHG¶,YRLUHLO\DOHPrPHVHQWLPHQWGHO¶DUPpHEXGJpWLYRUH
TXL QH VHUW jULHQ VLQRQ jSHUWXUEHU ODTXLpWXGH GXSD\V /¶DUPpH
LQVWLWXWLRQQHOOHDXQHIIHFWLIGHSOXVRXPRLQVௗKRPPHVTXL
DEVRUEHQW PLOOLDUGV GH )&)$ PLOOLRQV G¶HXURV HQ
GRQWODSRUWLRQFRQJUXHPLOOLDUGVGH)&)$PLOOLRQV
G¶HXURV HVW FRQVDFUpH DX[ pTXLSHPHQWV FROOHFWLIV &H EXGJHW
ϵϯ

SULYLOpJLHOHVIUDLVGHSHUVRQQHOVG¶DXWDQWSOXVTXHOHVHIIHFWLIVVRQW
IOXFWXDQWV GHSXLV O¶LQWpJUDWLRQ GHV IRUFHV SDUDOOqOHV HW GHV PLOLFHV
DUPpHVOHV)$)1OHVUHEHOOHVGX03&,OHV)'6HWFPLOOLDUGV
GH)&)$PLOOLRQVG¶HXURVVHURQWYHUVpVDX[VROGDWVLVVXVGHV
H[UpEHOOLRQVD\DQWLQWpJUpOHV)RUFHVUpSXEOLFDLQHVGH&{WHG¶,YRLUH
)$&,DXWLWUHGHVDUULpUpVGHVDODLUHSRXUFHUWDLQVGHSXLV/HV
PLOLWDLUHV LYRLULHQV VRQW SDUPL OHV VDODULpV OHV SOXV DYDQWDJpV GX
SD\V ,OV RQWGHV UDLVRQV G¶rWUH HQYLpV SDU OHXUV KRPRORJXHV GHOD
VRXVUpJLRQROHVVROGHVYDULHQWHQWUHHW)&)$,OV
VRQW GRQF QHWWHPHQW PLHX[ ORWLV TXH FHX[ GX 0DOL HW GX %XUNLQD
)DVRROHVDODLUHPR\HQVHVLWXHHQWUHHW)&)$/H
VROGDWGHqPHFODVVHOHPLOLWDLUHOHSOXVEDVGHV)$&,JDJQHHQYLURQ
)&)$¼ SDU PRLV VRLW IRLV HWGHPLH OH VDODLUH
LQWHU SURIHVVLRQQHO JDUDQWL 60,* )&)$ GH VDODLUH GH
EDVH )&)$ G¶LQGHPQLWp )&)$ GH EDLO PLOLWDLUH
FRQWUH )&)$ ¼SDU DQ SRXU FHUWDLQV DFWLIV YLYDQW
VRXVOHVHXLOGHSDXYUHWp0XOWLSOLpSDUOHVPLOLWDLUHVGXUDQJ
O¶eWDW LYRLULHQ GpSHQVH SRXU FHWWH FDWpJRULH ) &)$
¼ SDU PRLV 8Q JpQpUDO pPDUJH j )&)$
¼VDODLUHGHEDVHdDQ¶DSDVWRXMRXUVpWpOHFDV/HSqUH
GHODQDWLRQLYRLULHQQHDYDLWXQHVDLQWHKRUUHXUGHVPLOLWDLUHVGLVDLW
RQ6HVSUpIpUpVpWDLHQWOHVJHQGDUPHVTXLEpQpILFLDLHQWGHWRXWHVRQ
DWWHQWLRQ6DYH]YRXVSRXUTXRLjFHWWHpSRTXHOHVVROGDWVLYRLULHQV
GpVLJQDLHQW OHXU UHSDV LURQLTXHPHQW GH ©DWWHQGVPRL HQ EDVௗ"ª
3DUFHTX¶LOpWDLWFRQVWLWXpSULQFLSDOHPHQWG¶XQFRXUWERXLOORQGRQW
OHV PHQXV PRUFHDX[ GH YLDQGH UHVWDLHQW GpSRVpV DX IRQG GH OD
URVLqUH3RXUPDQJHUGHODYLDQGHLOIDOODLWSDWLHQWHURXWRXLOOHUGDQV
OHWUpIRQGV&¶pWDLWV\PSWRPDWLTXHGHO¶LQWpUrWTXHSRUWDLWOHSRXYRLU
jO¶DUPpHF¶HVWjGLUHDXFXQHIDYHXUSDUWLFXOLqUH
0DOJUpOHVHIIRUWVILQDQFLHUVFRQVHQWLVSDUOHSD\VLOHVWPDOSD\pHQ
UHWRXU,OQ¶HVWSDVUDUHTXHGHVXQLWpVPLOLWDLUHVHQWLqUHVV¶DIIURQWHQW
\FRPSULVjO¶DUPHORXUGHDXPpSULVGHODYLHGHVSRSXODWLRQVFLYLOHV
4XHOTXHV MRXUV VHXOHPHQW DSUqV OH PHVVDJH GX 1RXYHO $Q GX
SUpVLGHQW LYRLULHQ GDQV OD QXLW GH MHXGL MDQYLHU DX YHQGUHGL
-DQYLHURQDDVVLVWpjXQDIIURQWHPHQWjO¶DUPHORXUGHHQWUH
GHX[XQLWpVGHV)RUFHVDUPpHVGH&{WHG¶,YRLUH)$&,GHVpOpPHQWV
GX %$66 %DWDLOORQ G
DUWLOOHULH VROVRO VLWXpHV j %RXDNp HW GHV
PLOLWDLUHVGX&HQWUHGHFRRUGLQDWLRQGHVRSpUDWLRQVGpFLVLRQQHOOHV
ϵϰ

&&'2 GH OD PrPH YLOOH %LODQ XQ PRUW HW GHX[ EOHVVpV /HV
PXWLQHULHV j UpSpWLWLRQ Q¶DYDLHQW TX¶XQ REMHFWLI O¶DUJHQW /D
GpVLQYROWXUHGRQWFHVPLOLWDLUHVRQWIDLWSUHXYHHWODPLVHHQGDQJHU
GHODYLHGHVSRSXODWLRQVFLYLOHVVRQWLQWROpUDEOHV
7RXV OHV SD\V DIULFDLQV VXEVDKDULHQV VRQW HPSrWUpV GDQV FHWWH
TXDGUDWXUHGXFHUFOHFRPPHQWVHVRUWLUGHO¶HPSULVHGHVGpSHQVHV
PLOLWDLUHVjUDOORQJHௗ"&HQ¶HVWOjTX¶XQSHWLWpFKDQWLOORQGHFHTXH
FRWHDXSHXSOHODSUpWHQGXHVpFXULWpQDWLRQDOH/HVDUPpHVYDOHQW
WURSFKHUHQ$IULTXHHQWHUPHVILQDQFLHUVPDLVDXVVLSDUFHTX¶HOOHV
HQWUDYHQW OH GpYHORSSHPHQW j FDXVH GHV WUDFDV PXOWLSOHV TX¶HOOHV
LPSRVHQWjODQDWLRQ(OOHVSqVHQWSDWKRORJLTXHPHQWVXUODVRFLpWpj
FDXVHGHVSUDWLTXHVGRXWHXVHVTXLSUpOqYHQWXQHPDVVHLPSRUWDQWH
GHODULFKHVVHQDWLRQDOH
/HPDWpULHOO¶pTXLSHPHQWHWO¶DUPHPHQWGHVPLOLWDLUHVRQWXQFRW
H[RUELWDQW /RUVTXH O¶RQ YRLW O¶LQFXULH GDQV O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ GH FHV
HQJLQVHWPDWpULHOVTXLVRQWLPSRUWpVjJUDQGVIUDLVF¶HVWODULFKHVVH
GXUHPHQW JDJQpH TXL HVW MHWpH DX[ RUWLHV /HV WLUV HQ O¶DLU GH
SURWHVWDWLRQ GHV PXWLQV IRQW SHUGUH GHV FDUWRXFKHV j FHQWLPHV
G¶HXURV)&)$ODSLqFH8QHUDIDOHGHNDODFKQLNRY$.TXL
YLGHXQFKDUJHXUGHFDUWRXFKHVF¶HVWYLWHSDUWLUHYLHQWj¼
)&)$VDQVFRPSWHUOHVFRWVDQQH[HVOLpVjO¶LPSRUWDWLRQ
DXVWRFNDJHHWDX[IUDLVG¶HQWUHWLHQGHODPXQLWLRQ2QSHXWDXVVLVH
SRVHU OD TXHVWLRQ FRPPHQW OHV PLOLWDLUHV SHXYHQW GLVSRVHU j OHXU
JXLVH GHV DUPHV GH GRWDWLRQௗ" 1¶H[LVWHWLO SDV GHV FRQWU{OHV GHV
LQYHQWDLUHVHWGHVGLVSRVLWLIVGHJDUGLHQQDJHRXGHVpFXULVDWLRQGHV
DUPHVௗ" (Q FRQVpTXHQFH OHV LQYHQWDLUHV VRQW LQH[DFWV HW OHV
GpSHUGLWLRQVLPSRUWDQWHV¬WLWUHG¶H[HPSOHXQHNDODFKQLNRY$.
W\SH ''5 VDQV OH VHUYLFH GH O¶DUPH FRWH HQYLURQ ¼
)&)$ 5LHQ TXH OD EUHWHOOH FRWH ¼ )&)$
'DQVOHSDTXHWDJHGXVROGDWTX¶LOIDXWPXOWLSOLHUSDUOHQRPEUHGH
PLOLWDLUHVSOXVXQVWRFNGHUpVHUYHSRXUDVVXUHUO¶XQLIRUPLWpDXFXQ
HIIHWQ¶HVWIDEULTXpVXUSODFHHQ$IULTXHVXEVDKDULHQQHPrPHSDV
ODJDPHOOH,OIDXWTXDVLPHQWWRXWLPSRUWHU/HWUHLOOLVW\SH23(;
DUPpHIUDQoDLVHXQLTXHPHQWOHSDQWDORQHWODYHVWHUHYLHQWj¼
)&)$ HQYLURQ &RPELHQ HQ IDXWLO VDFKDQW TXH F¶HVW GX
FRQVRPPDEOHDFFpOpUpௗ"8QHSDLUHGHUDQJHUVFXLUVLPSOHFRWH¼
)&)$ (Q FRPSDUDLVRQ SRXU XQ VRXVRIILFLHU G
XQ
UpJLPHQWSDUDFKXWLVWHIUDQoDLVHQSDUWDQFHSRXU*DRDX0DOLOHFRW
ϵϱ

G¶pTXLSHPHQWVLQGLVSHQVDEOHVXQJLOHWHWXQHWHQXHGHFRPEDWGHV
FKDXVVXUHVGHUDQGRQQpHXQVDFjGRVXQVDFGHFRXFKDJHELYRXDF
XQH VDQJOH HW XQH SRLJQpH GH IXVLO G
DVVDXW )DPDV GHV VRXV
YrWHPHQWVLVRODQWVGHVOXQHWWHVDQWLEDOLVWLTXHVGHVJHQRXLOOqUHVXQ
VDF G
K\GUDWDWLRQ HW XQ FKqFKH PLOLWDLUH UHYLHQW j ¼
)&)$ ,O IDXW GHUHFKHI DMRXWHU OHV pTXLSHPHQWV
FROOHFWLIV HW O¶DUPHPHQW LQGLYLGXHO /H SUL[ G¶XQ FDPLRQ EOLQGp
F¶HVWGHO¶RUGUHGH¼PLOOLRQVGH)&)$/H9pKLFXOH
EOLQGp PXOWLU{OHV 9%05 DSSHOp j UHPSODFHU OH 9pKLFXOH GH
O¶$YDQW %OLQGp 9$% FRW ¼ PLOOLRQV GH )&)$
O¶XQLWp4XDQGRQVDLWTXHOHPRWG¶RUGUHGHVXWLOLVDWHXUVLJQRUDQWV
RXLQFRPSpWHQWVF¶HVW©WDQWTXHoDURXOHF¶HVWERQªDVVRFLpVDX[
PpFDQLFLHQVDGHSWHVGXPDUWHDXFRPPHRXWLOSULQFLSDOOHJkFKLVHVW
LQFRPPHQVXUDEOH /H SOXV VRXYHQW LOV IRQW IL GH O¶HQWUHWLHQ
UDFFRXUFLVVDQWSDUFHELDLVODGXUpHGHYLHGXYpKLFXOH/HPDLQWLHQ
HQ FRQGLWLRQ RSpUDWLRQQHOOH j O¶XQLWp HVW HVWLPp j ¼
PLOOLRQV GH )&)$ /H PpWLHU PLOLWDLUH DUWLFXOp DXWRXU GHV
GRPDLQHV VSpFLILTXHV GX FRPEDW LQIDQWHULH EOLQGp DUWLOOHULH
DYLDWLRQ OpJqUH JpQLH HWF GH OD PDLQWHQDQFH HW ORJLVWLTXH GX
UHQVHLJQHPHQW GH OD JXHUUH pOHFWURQLTXH GH O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ GHV
KRPPHVHWGHVPDWpULHOVQpFHVVLWHGHVPLOOLHUVG¶pTXLSHPHQWVHWGH
IRXUQLWXUHVPLOLWDLUHVWUqVRQpUHX[6LRQDMRXWHOHVDYLRQVGHFKDVVH
HWOHVQDYLUHVGHJXHUUHO¶HIIRUWILQDQFLHUGHWRXWHODQDWLRQSRXUVH
SURWpJHUHVWWUqVORXUG4XHOOHTXHVRLWOHXUIRUWXQHQRVFKHIVG¶eWDW
QHSHXYHQWSD\HUVXUOHXUVGHQLHUVOHVGpSHQVHVGHIRQFWLRQQHPHQW
G¶XQH DUPpH FRPPH OHXUV SRVWXUHV OH IRQW FURLUH /¶DUJHQW GX
FRQWULEXDEOHFKqUHPHQWDFTXLVQHGRLWSDVVHUYLUSRXUOHFKkWLHUHQ
UHWRXU
/HV H[HUFLFHV PLOLWDLUHV RQW XQ SUL[ SDUFH TXH OD ORJLVWLTXH HQ
PDQ°XYUHRXHQVLWXDWLRQGHQRQFRQIOLWXWLOLVHDXVVLGHVPDWpULHOV
TXL V¶DOWqUHQW GLVWULEXHQWGX FDUEXUDQWHW GHV YLYUHV /HV KRPPHV
SHUoRLYHQW GHV LQGHPQLWpV GH VHUYLFH HQ FDPSDJQH (Q WHPSV GH
JXHUUHWRXVOHVURELQHWVVRQWJUDQGVRXYHUWVFDURQQHUHJDUGHSOXV
OD GpSHQVH /¶DUGRLVH VHUD DGUHVVpH DX SHXSOH OH PRPHQW YHQX
UDUHPHQW VRXV OD IRUPH GpWDLOOpH HW FKLIIUpH PDLV SDU OH MHX GHV
FRPSHQVDWLRQV GHV UHVWULFWLRQV EXGJpWDLUHV RX GHV SUpOqYHPHQWV
REOLJDWRLUHV
ϵϲ

&RPELHQ FRWH XQH JXHUUH DIULFDLQHௗ" 3XLVTX¶LO Q¶H[LVWH DXFXQH

UpIpUHQFH DIULFDLQH SRXU LOOXVWUHU FH SURSRV YRLFL OD SUpVHQWDWLRQ
G¶XQFDVFRQFUHWGHVFRWVHQJHQGUpVSDUXQHRSpUDWLRQPLOLWDLUHGH
JUDQGH HQYHUJXUH ©O¶RSpUDWLRQ 6HUYDOª DX 0DOL pTXLSHPHQWV
DUPHPHQWVORJLVWLTXHODIDFWXUHHVWVDOpH
&{Wp )UDQoDLV PLOLWDLUHV IUDQoDLV HQJDJpV GDQV O¶RSpUDWLRQ
GRQWVXUOHVROPDOLHQ(QPDWpULHOVDYLRQVGHFRPEDWGRQW
5DIDOHVOHVFKDVVHXUVOHVSOXVFKHUVHWOHVSOXVVRSKLVWLTXpVRQW
pWp PLV HQ °XYUH DYLRQV UDYLWDLOOHXUV & )5 DYLRQV GH
WUDQVSRUW WDFWLTXH GX JHQUH 7UDQVDOO HW +HUFXOH SOXVLHXUV
$WODQWLTXHVGHODPDULQHXQHYLQJWDLQHG¶KpOLFRSWqUHVGHFRPEDWHW
GURQHV /D ORJLVWLTXH pWDLW j O¶DYHQDQW &H IXW XQH YpULWDEOH
SURXHVVH WRQQHV G¶pTXLSHPHQWV GH WRXW JHQUH RQW pWp
WUDQVSRUWpHV HQWUH OD )UDQFH HW OH 0DOL HQ URWDWLRQV 3OXV GH
PLOOLRQVGHNLORPqWUHVSDUFRXUXVSDUOHVKRPPHVGX7UDLQSDUYRLH
WHUUHVWUH$SUqVVL[PRLVG¶RSpUDWLRQODFRQVRPPDWLRQGHFDUEXUDQW
V¶pOHYDLWjPLOOLRQVGHOLWUHVGHNpURVqQHHWPLOOLRQVGHOLWUHVGH
FDUEXUDQWWHUUHVWUH/HVVSpFLDOLVWHVRQWHVWLPpjPLOOLRQG¶HXURV
PLOOLRQVGH)&)$GHGpSHQVHVSDUMRXU/HPLQLVWUHIUDQoDLV
GHOD'pIHQVHQ¶DSDVUHPLVHQFDXVHFHFKLIIUHPDLVLODpYRTXpOH
VLHQPLOOLRQVG¶HXURVPLOOLDUGVGH)&)$GHGpSHQVHV
OHVGRX]HSUHPLHUVMRXUV
&{Wp $IULFDLQV DYDQW OD GpEkFOH IDFH DX[ JURXSHV LVODPLVWHV
O¶DUPpHPDOLHQQHFRPSWDLWKRPPHV'HSXLVODGpURXWHSDV
SOXVGHODPRLWLpQ¶HVWRSpUDWLRQQHOOH/HFRQWLQJHQWDIULFDLQDWWHLQW
GLIILFLOHPHQW PLOLWDLUHV UpSDUWLV HQWUH OHV 7FKDGLHQV
1LJpULHQV7RJRODLV1LJpULDQV%XUNLQDEpVHWXQH
FHQWDLQHGH%pQLQRLV¬WHUPHOD0LVVLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDOHGH6RXWLHQ
DX 0DOL VRXV FRQGXLWH $IULFDLQH 0,60$ GHYUDLW GpSOR\HU
KRPPHVHQYLURQ/HVeWDWVDIULFDLQVELHQTX¶D\DQWSURPLVXQH
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ FRQVpTXHQWH VH VRQW IDLW SULHU SRXU UpDOLVHU OHXUV
SURPHVVHV/HEXGJHWDQQXHOpYRTXpDpWpXQHSUHPLqUHIRLVpYDOXp
j OD PLMDQYLHU HQWUH HW PLOOLRQV G
HXURV
PLOOLDUGVGH)&)$HWPLOOLDUGVGH)&)$/DSOXSDUW
GHVSD\VSDUWLFLSDQWVjFHWWHIRUFHQ
RQWSDVOHVPR\HQVILQDQFLHUVGH
SRXUYRLUDX[EHVRLQV8QHFRQIpUHQFHGHVGRQDWHXUVDYDLWHXOLHXOH
MDQYLHUj$GGLV$EHEDVRXVO
pJLGHGHO
8QLRQDIULFDLQHLOV
SURPHWWDLHQWPLOOLRQVGHGROODUV86ௗPLOOLDUGVGH)&)$
ϵϳ

9RLFLGRQFOHSUL[jSD\HUSRXUXQHGLVFRUGH1HSHXWRQSDVIDLUH
O¶pFRQRPLHGHFHVGpSHQVHVௗ"3HQGDQWFHWHPSVOHGpYHORSSHPHQW
SDWLQH
0DOJUpRXSHXWrWUHJUkFHjXQFRWH[RUELWDQWO¶RSpUDWLRQPLOLWDLUH
FRQGXLWHSDUO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVHDX0DOLDpWpXQVXFFqV(QPRLQVGH
WURLV PRLV HOOH D VWRSSp O¶RIIHQVLYH GMLKDGLVWH OLEpUp OHV ]RQHV
RFFXSpHV GpVRUJDQLVp $40, GDQV OH PDVVLI G¶,IRJDV VDLVL
WRQQHV GH PXQLWLRQV HW GHV PLOOLHUV G¶DUPHV IXVLOV
PLWUDLOOHXVHVFDQRQVPLVVLOHVHWF(QVRPPHV¶LOIDOODLWFRPSWHU
VXU OHV IRUFHV GH GpIHQVH PDOLHQQH OHV GMLKDGLVWHV VH VHUDLHQW
HPSDUpVGHODFDSLWDOHGX0DOL%DPDNR¬TXRLVHUYHQWGRQFFHV
DUPpHV DIULFDLQHV VL HQFRPEUDQWHV HW SpUHPSWRLUHV HQ PDWLqUH GH
SROLWLTXH ORFDOH V¶LO IDXW TXH O¶DQFLHQQH SXLVVDQFH FRORQLDOH
FLQTXDQWH DQV DSUqV OHV LQGpSHQGDQFHV YLHQQH VXSSOpHU j OHXU
FDUHQFHௗ"
(Q $OSKD %ORQG\ OH UDVWDPDQ LYRLULHQ HQ FKDQVRQ DYDLW
UpFODPpOHGpSDUWHIIHFWLIGHO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVHGXFRQWLQHQWDIULFDLQ
/HVSUHPLqUHVSDUROHVGHODFKDQVRQ
Armée françaiseࣟ! Allez-vous-en de chez nous.
Nous ne voulons plus d’indépendance sous haute
surveillance…
'HSXLVFHWWHDUPpHIUDQoDLVHHVWLQWHUYHQXHHQVHSWHPEUHDYHF
©O¶2SpUDWLRQPDODFKLWHªpYDFXDWLRQGHVUHVVRUWLVVDQWVIUDQoDLVGH
.LQVKDVDௗVHSWHPEUHGpEXWGHO¶RSpUDWLRQPLOLWDLUHIUDQoDLVH
©/LFRUQHª HQ &{WH G¶,YRLUHௗ PDUV LQWHUYHQWLRQ HQ
&HQWUDIULTXH j OD VXLWH GX FRXS G¶eWDW GH )UDQoRLV %R]L]pௗ
GHVWUXFWLRQ GH O¶DYLDWLRQ LYRLULHQQH DSUqV OH ERPEDUGHPHQW GH OD
IRUFH /LFRUQH j %RXDNpௗ IpYULHU VRXWLHQ PXVFOp GH
©O¶RSpUDWLRQeSHUYLHUªjO¶DUPpHWFKDGLHQQHSRXUOHUpWDEOLVVHPHQW
GXSUpVLGHQW,GULVV'pE\DX[SULVHVDYHFOHVUHEHOOHVj1GMDPHQDௗ
GpFHPEUH ©RSpUDWLRQ $WDODQWHª FRQWUH OD SLUDWHULH DX ODUJH
GHV F{WHV GH 6RPDOLHௗ PDUV ©RSpUDWLRQ KDUPDWWDQª HQ
/LE\Hௗ MDQYLHU GpEXW GH ©O¶RSpUDWLRQ 6HUYDOª SRXU VWRSSHU
O¶DYDQFpH GHV GMLKDGLVWHV TXL RFFXSDLHQW OH QRUG GX 0DOLௗ
GpFHPEUH ©RSpUDWLRQ 6DQJDULVª HQ 5pSXEOLTXH
FHQWUDIULFDLQH SRXU pYLWHU XQH FDWDVWURSKH KXPDQLWDLUH GDQV OHV
FRPEDWVHQWUH&HQWUDIULFDLQV«&HWWHOLWDQLHHVWXQGpVKRQQHXUGRQW
OHV $IULFDLQV SDLHQW G¶XQH IDoRQ RX G¶XQH DXWUH OD QRWH FDU OD
ϵϴ

SKLODQWKURSLH Q¶D SDV GH SODFH GDQV OD FRXUVH j OD SXLVVDQFH
SODQpWDLUH/HSUL[jSD\HUF¶HVWODSROLWLTXHDIULFDLQHHWPrPHFHOOH
LQWHUQHDX[eWDWVG¶$IULTXHTXLVHGpFLGHQWjO¶eO\VpH
1RWUHFKDQVRQQLHUDGHSXLVUpYLVpVRQMXJHPHQWDXYXGHO¶LQGLJHQFH
GHV IRUFHV GH GpIHQVH DIULFDLQH PDLV VXUWRXW GH OD IDFXOWp GH VHV
IUqUHVjJpQpUHUGHVSUREOqPHVVDQVDSSRUWHUGHVVROXWLRQV(QHIIHW
GDQV OD OXWWH IUDWULFLGH HQWUH GLULJHDQWV LYRLULHQV TXL DYDLW IDLOOL
GpPROLU OD QDWLRQ LYRLULHQQH QRWUH JULRW DYHF VD YHUYH KDELWXHOOH
UHPHUFLDO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVHG¶DYRLU©VDXYpVHVIHVVHVª

ϵϵ

/¶DUPpHIDFHjODYLROHQFHSROLWLTXH
'DQV XQH RUJDQLVDWLRQ KXPDLQH VL FRPSOH[H TXH OD QDWLRQ HQ
$IULTXHUDVVHPEODQWGHVPLOOLRQVGHSHUVRQQHVGHWRXWHVFRQGLWLRQV
G¶RULJLQHV GLYHUVHV GH GLIIpUHQWHV pGXFDWLRQV HW GH PRUDOLWp
GLVVHPEODEOH OHV WHQVLRQV HW OHV FRQIOLWV QH PDQTXHQW SDV &¶HVW
PrPH O¶HVVHQFH GH OD SROLWLTXH TXH GH SUpYHQLU RX MXJXOHU FHV
WLUDLOOHPHQWV G¶HQ MRXHU RX GH OHV VXVFLWHU 6L FHV IULFWLRQV VH
GpYHORSSHQW DXGHOj G¶XQ VHXLO WROpUDEOH HOOHV GpSDVVHQW OHV
LQGLYLGXV GHYLHQQHQW GH O¶KRVWLOLWp LQGpQLDEOH VXVFHSWLEOH GH
WRXFKHUGHVFRPPXQDXWpVDXVHLQGHODQDWLRQ&HVDQWDJRQLVPHVVH
WUDQVIRUPHQW DORUV HQ DQLPRVLWp GH PDVVH (Q O¶DEVHQFH
G¶DSDLVHPHQWRXIDXWHGHPpFDQLVPHVGHUpFRQFLOLDWLRQHWGHMXVWLFH
IRUWHFHWWHKDLQHFROOHFWLYHFKDQJHGHQDWXUHSRXUILQLUHQDWURFLWp
(Q$IULTXHFHVDFFqVGHILqYUHRQWSRXURULJLQHODPRGLILFDWLRQGX
UDSSRUW GH IRUFH HQWUH OHV SRSXODWLRQV ULYDOHV j FDXVH GH OD
GRPLQDWLRQ G¶XQ JURXSH WULEDO VXU OHV DXWUHV &HV DJUHVVLRQV
SK\VLTXHV PRUDOHV RX SV\FKLTXHV VRQW TXDOLILpHV VRXV OH YRFDEOH
©YLROHQFHª /RUVTX¶HOOHV VRQW pULJpHV HQ PRGH G¶DFWLRQ GDQV OD
FRQGXLWHG¶XQSD\VF¶HVWGHODYLROHQFHSROLWLTXH/HVJRXYHUQDQWV
VRXVOHFRXYHUWGHODVpFXULWpLQWpULHXUHVRQWVRXYHQWjODEDJXHWWH
&HWWH YLROHQFH RUFKHVWUpH SDU OD SROLFH GX UpJLPH OD JDUGH
SUpWRULHQQHRXOHVPLOLFHVGXSDUWLDXSRXYRLUVHPDQLIHVWHSDUGHV
VLJQHV pYLGHQWV G¶RVWUDFLVPH GHV EUXWDOLWpV HW GHV DWWHLQWHV
SK\VLTXHVJUDYHVRXGHVSULYDWLRQVGHOLEHUWpDEXVLYHVTXLWHQGHQWj
GpWUXLUH OHV DGYHUVDLUHV HW LPSRVHU OD YRORQWp GH OD PLQRULWp
GLULJHDQWH /HV RSWLPLVWHV LQYpWpUpV QRXV IRQW FURLUH TXH WRXW LUD
ELHQ0DLVOHFRQVWDWIDFWXHOF¶HVWODGpVRODWLRQSURYRTXpHSDUGHV
SRJURPVOHVRXWUDJHVFROOHFWLIVO¶XVDJHGHODIRUFHH[FHVVLYHFRQWUH
GHV PDQLIHVWDQWV OHV PRUWV G¶RSSRVDQWV PpGLDWLVpV DSUqV XQH
pOHFWLRQ FRQWHVWpH OHV UHSUpVHQWDWLRQV G¶XQH WURXSH WLUDQW j EDOOHV
UpHOOHV VXU XQH IRXOH GH FLYLOV VDQV DUPHV OHV LPDJHV GH IRVVHV
FRPPXQHVHWF,OQ¶\DSDVGHUDLVRQTXHFHODFHVVHFDUOHVQDQWLV
GX MRXU VHURQW OHV IXWXUV RSSUHVVpV HW OHV SURFKDLQV WUDTXpV &
HVW
ORUVTXH O
RQ D OD FKDUJH GHV DIIDLUHV GH O¶eWDW TXH O
RQ SUHQG GHV
GLVSRVLWLRQV GH SURWHFWLRQ GH WRXW FLWR\HQ HW WRXW RSSRVDQW HQ
SUpYLVLRQGHVRQSURSUHUHWRXUGDQVFH SXUJDWRLUHTXDQGOHVYHQWV
DXURQWWRXUQp,OQHIDXWDORUVSDVDWWHQGUHGHODPDQVXpWXGHTXDQG
RQDpWpVDQVGLVFHUQHPHQWLQWUDLWDEOHDXSRXYRLU&¶HVWSHXWrWUHOj
ϭϬϬ

ODUDLVRQSULQFLSDOHGHO¶DQFUDJHREVWLQp©GHVSUpVLGHQWVjYLHªHQ
$IULTXH
/¶$IULTXHHVWGpVLJQpHFRPPHOHFRQWLQHQWOHSOXVDIIHFWpSDUXQH
DXWUH IRUPH GH YLROHQFH OHV FULVHV SROLWLTXHV SRUWHXVHV
G¶DIIURQWHPHQWVDUPpV/HVDQQpHVVRQWGHVGpFHQQLHVGX
FKDRV OD JXHUUH GHV *UDQGV /DFV HQWUH OD 5'& OH 5ZDQGD
O¶2XJDQGDHWOH%XUXQGLௗOHVJXHUUHVFLYLOHVRXYHUWHVDX6RXGDQDX
&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH HQ 6LHUUD /HRQH DX /LEHULD HQ $QJROD HQ
6RPDOLH HQ &HQWUDIULTXHௗ OHV WURXEOHV GH KDXWH LQWHQVLWp HQ &{WH
G¶,YRLUH DX 0DOLௗ OHV HVFDUPRXFKHV DX *DERQ DX 1LJHU HW DX
%XUNLQD )DVRௗ OHV FRQIOLWV HQ ,WXUL DX &DELQGD HW HQ &DVDPDQFH
6DKDUD RFFLGHQWDO HWF 8Q VLJQH TXL QH WURPSH SDV OH 7FKDG OH
&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHO¶eJ\SWHOD0DXULWDQLHOD*XLQpHpTXDWRULDOH
OH6RXGDQO¶2XJDQGDVRQWGHQRVMRXUVSUpVLGpVSDUXQPLOLWDLUH
2Q SHXW GLIILFLOHPHQW DIILUPHU TXH OD GpPRFUDWLH IRQFWLRQQH GDQV
FHVSD\VHWTXHO¶DOWHUQDQFHDXSRXYRLUVRLWHQYLVDJHDEOH&HUWDLQV
DXWUHVpWDWVVRQWGDQVXQHVLWXDWLRQVLPLODLUHWRXWHQpWDQWGLULJpVSDU
XQFLYLOOH&DPHURXQO¶$OJpULHHWOH*DERQ'DQVFHWWHFDWpJRULH
GHSD\VOHUpJLPHHVWDVVXUpGHFRPSWHUDYHFODSXLVVDQFHGHO¶DUPpH
SRXUSUpVHUYHUVDSpUHQQLWpHWSUpVHQWHUXQHGpPRFUDWLHGHIDoDGH
&H VRQW GHV UpJLPHV DXWRFUDWLTXHV SURSLFHV DX QpSRWLVPH j OD
JDEHJLH HW j OD FRUUXSWLRQ PDLV DXVVL j OD EUXWDOLWp ORUVTX¶LOV VH
VHQWHQWPHQDFpV
/HOLHQHQWUHO¶eWDWJDUDQWGHODV\PELRVHGXmelting-potQDWLRQDOHW
OD YLROHQFH HVW LQWLPH &¶HVW SRXU FHWWH UDLVRQ TXH OD QDWXUH HW OD
TXDOLWp GH FHWWH UHODWLRQ FDUDFWpULVHQW OH ELHQrWUH G¶XQ SD\V HW
GpYRLOHQW OD SROLWLTXH TXL \ HVW FRQGXLWH &HUWHV SRXU pYLWHU
O¶DQDUFKLH TXL QXLUDLW GDYDQWDJH DX[ FLWR\HQV GH WRXW WHPSV OH
PRQRSROHGHODFRHUFLWLRQDpWpFRQILpjO¶eWDW&HTXLDWWULEXHXQH
OpJLWLPLWp j OD SULQFLSDOH FDUDFWpULVWLTXH GX SRXYRLU pWDWLTXH
O¶H[FOXVLYLWpGXUHFRXUVjODYLROHQFHSDUOHELDLVGHODMXVWLFHHWGH
OD SROLFH &HFL Q¶D SDV WRXMRXUV pWp OH FDV FDU GDQV OHV VRFLpWpV
SULPLWLYHVODORLGXSOXVIRUWV¶LPSRVDLWQDWXUHOOHPHQW/HVGLIILFXOWpV
DSSDUDLVVHQWVRXYHQWSDUFHTXHOHVSHXSOHVQ¶RQWSDVOHVPR\HQVGH
VHUpDSSURSULHUFHWWHGpOpJDWLRQ$ORUVSDUOHELDLVGHPDQLIHVWDWLRQV
GH SURWHVWDWLRQ LOV SURYRTXHQW FHV YLROHQFHV TX¶LOV UpFXVHQW
XOWpULHXUHPHQW (Q HIIHW OH JURXSH VRFLDO FKDUJp GH UpJHQWHU OHV
IRUFHVFRHUFLWLYHVDXVHUYLFHGHODFROOHFWLYLWpHQFRQWUDLJQDQWOHV
ϭϬϭ

UpFDOFLWUDQWVOHVPpFKDQWVHWOHVPDUJLQDX[HQWrWpVUpWLIVDX[FRGHV
ORLV HW UqJOHPHQWV GX YLYUH HQVHPEOH SDU XQ JOLVVHPHQW VXEWLO D
UpXVVLjGpWRXUQHUO¶REMHWGHFHWWHGpOpJDWLRQjOHXUVHXOSURILW/HV
JRXYHUQDQWV HW G¶XQH PDQLqUH JpQpUDOH OHV KRPPHV SROLWLTXHV
SXLVTXHF¶HVWG¶HX[TX¶LOV¶DJLWWLHQQHQWWRXWHODQDWLRQHQUHVSHFW
3DU FRQVpTXHQW OHV QRWLRQV GH MXVWLFH HW GH VpFXULWp VRQW OHV
SUHPLqUHV j VH GpJUDGHU GDQV XQH WHOOH VRFLpWp /¶pTXLWp HQWUH OHV
LQGLYLGXVGLVSDUDvWODVRXPLVVLRQjO¶DXWRULWpOLEUHPHQWFRQVHQWLHHVW
UHPLVHHQTXHVWLRQ/¶pJDOLWpGHYDQWODORLV¶pYDQRXLWHWODFRQWUDLQWH
SK\VLTXH RX SV\FKRORJLTXH IUDSSH FKDFXQ VDQV GLVFHUQHPHQW ¬
SDUWLU GH FH PRPHQW SHUVRQQH QH VH VHQW SOXV HQ VpFXULWp /D
GLPHQVLRQ FRHUFLWLYH HVW DORUV SHUoXH FRPPH XQ pOpPHQW GH
UpJUHVVLRQVRFLDOH-XOLHQ)UHXQGGLVWLQJXHODIRUFHGHODYLROHQFHHQ
FHV WHUPHV ©/D IRUFH V¶H[HUFH HQ JpQpUDO GDQV OH UHVSHFW GHV
QRUPHV HW FRQYHQWLRQV GH OD OpJDOLWp DORUV TXH OD YLROHQFH
LQVWLQFWLYHHWSDVVLRQQHOOHpSRXYDQWHPDVVDFUHpJRUJHVXSSOLFHHW
ERXOHYHUVHWRXWGDQVODFRQIXVLRQª
3RXUSHUSpWXHUOHXUGRPLQDWLRQODFOLTXHTXLFRQWU{OHOHVIRUFHVGH
FRHUFLWLRQ IRUFHV SXEOLTXHV RX SULYpHV SDU H[HPSOH OHV PLOLFHV
DUPpHVOHVJDUGHVSUpVLGHQWLHOOHVOHVIRUFHVGHO¶RUGUHRIILFLHOOHV
OHV HVFDGURQV GH OD PRUW FRPPH HQ &{WH G¶,YRLUH GX WHPSV GH OD
SUpVLGHQFH*EDJERSDUODSURSDJDQGHRXO¶DFKDWGHVFRQVFLHQFHV
UDPHXWHOHXUVSURFKHVSDUHQWVHWOHXUVFRQJpQqUHVGHODWULEXRXGH
OD UpJLRQ ,O HVW WULVWHPHQW pYLGHQW TX¶HQ $IULTXH OD SUR[LPLWp
SROLWLTXH Q¶HVW SDV WRXMRXUV LGpRORJLTXH /HV DIILQLWpV SROLWLTXHV
Q¶pWDQWTXHFLUFRQVWDQFLHOOHVRXLQWpUHVVpHVODVHXOHTXLVRLWVROLGH
HWLUUpIOpFKLHHVWWULEDOHRXFODQLTXH9RLOjODUDLVRQSRXUODTXHOOHOD
YLROHQFHSROLWLTXHHVWODILOOHGH©O¶HWKQLFLVPHª/RUVTXHO¶RQSUHQG
OD SHLQH G¶DQDO\VHU FHWWH YLROHQFH HOOH Q¶HVW SDV VL DYHXJOH (OOH
V¶H[HUFHSRXUH[FOXUHSRXUSOLHUGHVYRORQWpVHWILQDOHPHQWpOLPLQHU
OHVpOpPHQWVSHUWXUEDWHXUVGHV©HPSrFKHXUVGHSLOOHUHQURQG ª/HV
SROLWLTXHVGpOLEpUpHVGHPDLQWLHQG¶XQHSDUWLHGHODSRSXODWLRQGDQV
ODSDXYUHWpO¶DEVHQFHLQWHQWLRQQHOOHG¶pGXFDWLRQGHVSOXVGpPXQLV
HWOHVPDXYDLVWUDLWHPHQWVTXHOHVUpJLPHVDIULFDLQVLPSRVHQWjOHXU
SURSUH SHXSOH FRQFRXUHQW YHUV FH EXW OH UDIIHUPLVVHPHQW GX

Ϯϯ
)UHXQG-XOLHQL’Essence du politique, 3DULV6LUH\S
ϭϬϮ

PRQRSROH GH OD YLROHQFH FDU FHOXL TXL OH GpWLHQW UHQIRUFH
pJRwVWHPHQWVRQSRXYRLU
/HVIRUPHVPRGHUQHVGHODSROLWLTXHFRPPHODGpPRFUDWLHFLYLOLVpH
GH O¶2FFLGHQW FLUFRQVFULYHQW OHV OLPLWHV GH FHWWH YLROHQFH (QFRUH
IDXWLOUpXVVLUjLQVWDXUHUXQHYUDLHGpPRFUDWLH/
KRPPHSROLWLTXH
DIULFDLQVHFUDPSRQQHjODFRQFHSWLRQYLOODJHRLVHGXSRXYRLUFRPPH
pWDQWVDSURSULpWpSULYpHXQHDIIDLUHSRXUVRQFODQHWXQFOLHQWpOLVPH
SROLWLTXHRODFRQWUDGLFWLRQQHSHXWH[LVWHU/HFKHIGRLWUpJQHUHQ
PDvWUH DEVROX VXU VHV VXMHWV 7UDQVSRVpH GDQV OH GRPDLQH GH OD
JRXYHUQDQFH GH O¶pWDW FHWWH FRQFHSWLRQ GX SRXYRLU FRQWULEXH DX
EORFDJH TXL j OD ORQJXH GHYLHQW XQH FDXVH GH GLVFRUGHV HW GH
WHQVLRQV&HJHQUHGHGLULJHDQWVDIULFDLQVV
HQWRXUHQWGHVOHXUVLOV
V
RSSRVHQW j WRXW GLDORJXH )ULOHX[ LOV QH IRQW FRQILDQFH TX¶j OD
IRUFH'qVORUVLOVGHYLHQQHQWGHERQVFOLHQWVSRXUOHVPLOLWDLUHVTXL
QHGpVLUHQWTX¶XQHFKRVHFRQVHUYHUOHXUSRVWXUHGHPDvWUHGXMHX
SROLWLTXH
$ORUV TXH OD GpPRFUDWLH HVW EDOEXWLDQWH HW O¶$IULTXH SROLWLTXH WUqV
FKDRWLTXH O¶pOHFWLRQ HVW OH VHXO PpFDQLVPH GH GpVLJQDWLRQ GHV
UHVSRQVDEOHV SROLWLTXHV DX[ FRPPDQGHV GH O¶eWDW (OOH DSSDUDvW
FRPPHXQSDUIDLWLQVWUXPHQWGHOpJLWLPDWLRQSRXUOHVKHXUHX[pOXV
HWOHXUVSURJUDPPHV/¶pOHFWLRQIDFLOLWHOHFKDQJHPHQWDXVHLQGHV
LQVWLWXWLRQVSROLWLTXHVGDQVXQFDGUHMXULGLTXHDSDLVpFRQVWUXFWLIHW
WUDQVSDUHQW&¶HVWLQFRQWHVWDEOHPHQWOHPHLOOHXUPR\HQG¶DVVXUHUOD
SDUWLFLSDWLRQ GH WRXV OHV FLWR\HQV DX SURFHVVXV GH OD JRXYHUQDQFH
GpPRFUDWLTXH 3RXUWDQW HOOH VXVFLWH ELHQ GHV WUDFDV /H
IRQFWLRQQHPHQW G¶XQH FRQVXOWDWLRQ HVW OD VRXUFH SULQFLSDOH GH
YLROHQFHVSROLWLTXHVOjRRQQ¶DULHQFRPSULVOjRO¶RQFRQIRQG
EDWDLOOHSROLWLTXHHWSXJLODWOjROHVGLULJHDQWVSROLWLTXHVLJQRUHQW
OHV UqJOHV RX UHIXVHQW G¶DFFHSWHU OH YHUGLFW GHV XUQHV FRPPH
H[SUHVVLRQ OpJLWLPH GH OD YRORQWp SRSXODLUH /HV FRQIOLWV VRQW XQH
PHQDFH SRXU O¶pTXLOLEUH GH OD QDWLRQ SDUFH TX¶LOV RSSRVHQW OHV
HQIDQWV G¶XQPrPH SD\V GpIRQW OH WLVVX VRFLDO HW GpVWDELOLVHQW OHV
VWUXFWXUHVGHO¶eWDW,OUHVWHjWURXYHUXQMXVWHPLOLHXSRXUTXHOHV
HQMHX[QHVRLHQWSDVPDQLFKpHQVHWTXHFHOXLTXLJDJQHQHUDIOHSDV
WRXWH OD PLVH /¶$IULTXH GRLW DOOHU YHUV XQ PRGqOH FRQVHQVXHO
FRQFHUWp pODUJLVVDQW OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ DX VHLQ GHV LQVWDQFHV
QDWLRQDOHV GH VRUWH TXH WRXV OHV FLWR\HQV VH VHQWHQW FRQFHUQpV HW
UHVSHFWHQWODUqJOHGHODPDMRULWpWRXWHQSURWpJHDQWOHVRSSRVDQWV
ϭϬϯ

/HVSpULRGHVpOHFWRUDOHVDSSDUWLHQQHQWjGHVPRPHQWVFOpVGHODYLH
SROLWLTXHHQ$IULTXH&HVRQWGHVSpULRGHVGHYpULWpRXODPDWXULWp
G¶XQSD\VVHUpYqOHjODIDFHGXPRQGH/HVSHXSOHVpYROXpVTXLRQW
DFFHSWp OHV SULQFLSHV GpPRFUDWLTXHV HW OD SUDWLTXH GH OD SROLWLTXH
DSDLVpH RUJDQLVHQW OHXU GHVWLQ DYDQFHQWGDQV OH GpYHORSSHPHQW HW
UpXVVLVVHQWOHYLYUHHQVHPEOH,OOXVWUDWLRQVXMHWDX[FRXSVG
eWDWSDU
OH SDVVp OH %pQLQ FRQQDLW DXMRXUG
KXL GHV pOHFWLRQV UpJXOLqUHV
ODUJHPHQW FRQVLGpUpHV FRPPH WUDQVSDUHQWHV HW MXVWHV 3HQGDQW FH
WHPSV G¶DXWUHV VH EDWWHQW V¶HQWUHWXHQW SDU FRQVpTXHQW OHV YLHV
VRFLDOHpFRQRPLTXHHWSROLWLTXHV¶DUUrWHQW&KDTXHpOHFWLRQVXVFLWH
ODSHXU/HVVFUXWLQVpOHFWRUDX[VRQWSHUoXVFRPPHFDWDO\VHXUVRX
DFFpOpUDWHXUV GX GpFOHQFKHPHQW GH OD YLROHQFH /HV UHVSRQVDEOHV
SROLWLTXHVDFFURVDX[GLYLGHQGHVGXSRXYRLUVHFUDPSRQQHQWjWRXW
FHTXLSHXWOHVVDXYHUGXGpVDVWUHpOHFWRUDO/HVDUWLILFHVVRQWpFXOpV
PDUJLQDOLVDWLRQGHO¶RSSRVLWLRQSRXUTXHFHOOHFLER\FRWWHOHVXUQHV
DFFDSDUHPHQWGHVUHVVRXUFHVGHO¶eWDWHWPRQRSROLVDWLRQGHVPpGLDV
OD IUDXGH VDQV YHUJRJQH HW O¶LQWLPLGDWLRQ GX SHXSOH SDU GHV
JHVWLFXODWLRQV PDUWLDOHV 8QH PD[LPH EHPEp SUpYLHQW TXH ©OH
FDIDUGDEHDXVHUHFRXYULUGHFHQGUHVLOVHUDJREpHQWUDYHUVDQWOD
EDVVHFRXU» &HV SD\V FRPPH O¶LQVHFWH QH SHXYHQW SDV VH
GLVVLPXOHU7{WRXWDUGLOVVHURQWFRQIRQGXV&HVRQWGHVGLFWDWXUHV
jSHLQHIUpTXHQWDEOHV
/HV $IULFDLQV UpFHPPHQW FRQYHUWLV j OD GpPRFUDWLH Q¶RQW SDV

WRXMRXUVDGRSWpOHVFRGHVTXLDSDLVHQWHWDWWpQXHQWOHVHIIHWVGHOD
YLROHQFH G¶eWDW /D SROLFH LQVWUXPHQW GH FHWWH EUXWDOLWp QRQ
FRQWHQXHSDUIRLVH[WUrPHDEXVHGDQVVDPLVVLRQGHPDLQWLHQRXGH
UpWDEOLVVHPHQWGHO¶RUGUHSXEOLF/HVPLOLWDLUHVTXLRSqUHQWGDQVFH
GRPDLQH VRQW HQ FRQWUHHPSORL /HV DWWLWXGHV GHV SROLFLHUV HW FHV
PLOLWDLUHVHPSUHLQWHVG¶DUURJDQFHHWGHYLULOLWpJUDWXLWHUpVXOWHQWGH
ODEDQDOLVDWLRQGHODYLROHQFHௗODSUHXYHF¶HVWO¶H[KLELWLRQGHVDUPHV
GHJXHUUHTXHO¶RQSRUWHHQSHUPDQHQFHDYHFGpVLQYROWXUHKRUVGHV
OLHX[DXWRULVpVHWMXVTX¶HQSUpVHQFHGXSXEOLF4XRLTXHGpSRVLWDLUH
OpJDOHGHODFRHUFLWLRQDXQRPGHO¶HQVHPEOHGHODFRPPXQDXWpVRXV
OHFRQWU{OHHWODVXUYHLOODQFHGHO
DXWRULWpMXGLFLDLUHOHVIRQFWLRQVGH
ODGLWH SROLFH VRQW OLPLWpHV j OD UHFKHUFKH GHV LQIUDFWLRQV HQ YXH
G
DVVXUHUOHXUUpSUHVVLRQ/DPLVVLRQGHVpFXULWpFRQVLVWDQWjYHLOOHU
jO
H[pFXWLRQGHVORLVjDVVXUHUODSURWHFWLRQGHVSHUVRQQHVHWGHV
ELHQVjSUpYHQLUOHVWURXEOHVjO
RUGUHSXEOLFDLQVLTXHODOXWWHFRQWUH
ϭϬϰ

ODGpOLQTXDQFHQHVRQWSDVODPRLQGUHGHVWkFKHV/HSROLFLHUPDLV
VXUWRXWSDVOHPLOLWDLUHQHGRLWSDVUHFRXULUjODIRUFHVDXIGDQVOH
UHVSHFWGHVUqJOHVMXULGLTXHVHWGpRQWRORJLTXHVTXLSUpFLVHQWELHQOHV
FRQGLWLRQVG¶HPSORLHWOHVOLPLWHVGHO¶H[HUFLFHGHVDIRQFWLRQ,OHVW
WHQX GH YHLOOHU j OD SURSRUWLRQQDOLWp GH OD PHQDFH RX GX WURXEOHj
O¶RUGUH SXEOLF ,O QH SHXW SDV LQYRTXHU j WRUW OD OpJLWLPH GpIHQVH
0rPHGDQVOHFDVG¶XQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQSXEOLTXHYLROHQWHHQFDGUpH
SDU OHV IRUFHV GH O¶RUGUH OD QRWLRQ GH OpJLWLPH GpIHQVH UHVWH WUqV
UpJOHPHQWpH&HWWHQRWLRQHVWUHFRQQXHVLFHUWDLQHVFRQGLWLRQVVRQW
UpXQLHVVXELUXQHDWWDTXHVXVFHSWLEOHG¶HQWUDvQHUXQHPHQDFHUpHOOH
HWLPPpGLDWHOHVPHQDFHVYHUEDOHVQHFRQVWLWXHQWSDVFHW\SHGH
PHQDFHV/
DWWDTXHGRLWpJDOHPHQWrWUHLQMXVWLILpHXQHUpVLVWDQFH
YLROHQWHjXQHDUUHVWDWLRQQ
HVWSDVXQFDVGHOpJLWLPHGpIHQVH/HV
PR\HQV XWLOLVpV SRXU VH GpIHQGUH GRLYHQW rWUH SURSRUWLRQQpV WLUHU
DYHFXQHDUPHjIHXIDFHjXQVLPSOHFRXSGHSRLQJQ
HVWSDVXQFDV
GHOpJLWLPHGpIHQVH/DULSRVWHGRLWLQWHUYHQLULQVWDQWDQpPHQWHWQRQ
DSUqV O
DJUHVVLRQ 7RXV FHV pOpPHQWV FRQFRXUHQW j GLVTXDOLILHU
O¶DUPpHGDQVXQHTXHOFRQTXHPLVVLRQGHPDLQWLHQGHO¶RUGUH&HOD
Q¶HVWSDVVRQPpWLHU
2U SOXV JUDYH VRUWDQW GHV UqJOHV pGLFWpHV GDQV O¶LQWpUrW JpQpUDO
O¶DUPpHGRQWOHU{OHHVWG¶RULHQWHUVDIRXJXHYHUVO¶HQQHPLH[WpULHXU
VHFRQVDFUHDXVVLDXPDLQWLHQGHO¶RUGUHDYHFVHVPRGHVG¶DFWLRQV
LQDGDSWpV HW ©VHV RXWLOVª GLVSURSRUWLRQQpV &HV LQWHUYHQWLRQV
PLOLWDLUHV VRUWHQW GX FDGUH OpJDO HW OpJLWLPH SRXU Q¶rWUH TX¶XQH
YLRODWLRQGHVGURLWVGHVFLWR\HQVHQWUDvQDQWGHVYLROHQFHVGpYLDQWHV
/¶LPDJHGHVPLOLWDLUHVHQIRUPDWLRQGHFRPEDWDYHFOHXUVDUPHVGH
GRWDWLRQ IDFH j XQH IRXOH GpVDUPpH HVW FRXUDQWH HQ $IULTXH ¬
FKDTXH IRLV ORUV GH WHOOHV FRQIURQWDWLRQV OH VDQJ FRXOH /¶DXWRULWp
TXL SORQJH OD WURXSH GDQV FH GpVDUURL HVW VHXOH UHVSRQVDEOH GH
O¶LJQRPLQLH TXL V¶HQ VXLW /¶DUPpH Q¶HVW SDV H[HPSWH GH WRXW
UHSURFKHFDUVHVDUPHVVRQWSD\pHVSDUOHVFRQWULEXWLRQVGHFHX[Oj
TXL OXL IRQW IDFH GRQF QH SHXYHQW SDV rWUH UHWRXUQpHV FRQWUH HX[
&KDTXHIRLVTX¶XQFLWR\HQWRPEHVRXVOHVEDOOHVGHVDSURSUHDUPpH
TXHOOHV TXH VRLHQW OHV UDLVRQV OHV UHVSRQVDEOHV VRQW SDVVLEOHV GHV
WULEXQDX[
/RUVGHVpPHXWHVGH2XDJDGRXJRXG¶RFWREUHOHPRQGHHQWLHU
DDVVLVWpSUHVTXHHQWHPSVUpHOjODPRUWGHPDQLIHVWDQWVIXVLOOpVSDU
GHVPLOLWDLUHV3LUHHQDX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHVRXVOHSUpWH[WH
ϭϬϱ

G¶RSpUDWLRQVGHSROLFHFHIXWDXFDQRQG¶DUWLOOHULHTXHOHVTXDUWLHUV
VXGGH%UD]]DYLOOHRQWpWpYLGpVGHOHXUVKDELWDQWVDXSUL[GHPLOOLHUV
GHPRUWV&HVDFWLRQVGLWHVGHSROLFHGHWUqVKDXWHLQWHQVLWpRQWpWp
VXLYLHV G¶XQ ERXFODJH GH OD UpJLRQ GX 3RRO FRQWUDLJQDQW OD
SRSXODWLRQ j OD YLH VDXYDJH GDQV OHV IRUrWV GH ORQJV PRLV GXUDQW
&HWWH HXSKpPLVDWLRQ GH O¶DEVXUGLWp FRHUFLWLYH HVW XQ PHVVDJH HQ
GLUHFWLRQGHVREVHUYDWHXUVH[WpULHXUVPDLVVHUWDXVVLjXVDJHLQWHUQH
FRPPH RQJXHQW YHUEDO /HV DUPpHV DIULFDLQHV V¶HQWUDvQHQW
GXUHPHQW GpYHORSSHQW GHV WHFKQLTXHV GH FRPEDW SRXU WXHU
HPSORLHQWXQHORJLVWLTXHRQpUHXVHGDQVOHGHVVHLQGHFRPEDWWUHOHXUV
FRQFLWR\HQV GpVDUPpV 'DQV O¶HVSULW GH FHUWDLQV UHVSRQVDEOHV
SROLWLTXHVHWOHXUVDIILGpVPLOLWDLUHVO¶DUPpHVHUWjFHOD/HVROGDWGH
FDUULqUH GHYLHQW DORUV XQ SURIHVVLRQQHO GH OD YLROHQFH G¶pWDW DX
VHUYLFH GX SRXYRLU FKDUJp GX FRQWU{OH GX V\VWqPH VRFLDO /H
PDLQWLHQGHO¶RUGUHSXEOLFSRVVqGHVHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVSURSUHVHWVHV
pTXLSHPHQWV DGDSWpV /D SROLFH HW OD JHQGDUPHULH VRQW OHV
GpSRVLWDLUHV QDWXUHOV GH FHWWH PLVVLRQ /D OpJLWLPLWp GHV DFWHV GH
YLROHQFH TX¶HOOHV SHXYHQW JpQpUHU DX FRXUV GH OHXUV LQWHUYHQWLRQV
FRPPDQGpHVHVWIRQGpHVXUODFRQIRUPLWpDXGURLWHWjO¶pTXLWp/H
UHVSHFW GHV SURFpGXUHV VL FRQWUDLJQDQW VRLWLO SHUPHW j O¶eWDW GH
JDUDQWLU OD WUDQTXLOOLWp SXEOLTXH VDQV pFUDVHU OH SHXSOH HW VDQV OH
PHWWUHVRXVFRQGLWLRQ$X&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHDSUqVO¶pFUDVHPHQWGX
SHXSOH VXGLVWH O¶RUGUH UpJQDLW PDLV j TXHO SUL[ௗ" /HV SRSXODWLRQV
WUDXPDWLVpHVRQWHXXQFRPSRUWHPHQWDW\SLTXH(OOHVRQWYLYRWpVDQV
UpDJLUSUHVTXHVDQVkPHUHIRXODQWOHXUVUpFULPLQDWLRQVHQDWWHQGDQW
O¶KHXUH GH OD UHYDQFKH FRQWUH OH SRXYRLU KRQQL 7HOOH OD SkWH
GHQWLIULFH VRUWLH GH VRQ WXEH TXL QH SHXW \ UHWRXUQHU TXHOOHV TXH
VRLHQWOHVPDQLSXODWLRQVOHVGLULJHDQWVSROLWLTXHVSULVDXSLqJHGHOD
YLROHQFHQHSHXYHQWSOXVVRUWLUGHFHWHQJUHQDJH,OVHQWUHSUHQQHQW
GH PXOWLSOHV DUWLILFHV SRXU UHVWHU j OD WrWH GX SD\V OD JDEHJLH
O¶LQVXOWHjODGpPRFUDWLHOHGXUFLVVHPHQWGHODUpSUHVVLRQODPLVH
VRXVWXWHOOHGHODMXVWLFHVHUYHQWjFRQVROLGHUOHSRXYRLU&¶HVWOD
IXLWHYHUVO¶DYDQW/¶DUPpHLQVWUXPHQWGHFHWWHYLROHQFHQ¶pFKDSSHUD
SDV j XQ aggiornamento SXEOLF OH PRPHQW YHQX WDQW FHV
LQWHUYHQWLRQVPHXUWULqUHVDXURQWFRQGXLWjXQHGpILDQFHHQYHUVOHV
KRPPHV HQ DUPHV $X %XUNLQD )DVR XQH SDUIDLWH XQDQLPLWp V¶HVW
IDLWHSRXUH[LJHUODGLVVROXWLRQGHODJDUGHSUpVLGHQWLHOOHGH%ODLVH
&DPSDRUpௗWDQGLVTXHWRXWHODJDUGHSUpWRULHQQHGH0REXWXIX\DLW
ϭϬϲ

KRUV GX SD\V OD YHQJHDQFH HW OHV UHSUpVDLOOHV GH TXDUDQWH DQV
G¶H[DFWLRQHWGHIDQIDURQQDGH
$LQVLSRXUpFKDSSHUjODYLQGLFWHSRSXODLUHO¶DUPpHVRXYHQWSUHQG
OHV GHYDQWV HW VH GpVROLGDULVH GX GLFWDWHXU TXL IXW SRXUWDQW VRQ
SDUUDLQPHQWRUHWILQDQFLHU(QMDQYLHU%HQ$OLHQ7XQLVLHD
pWpOkFKpSDUXQHDUPpHGRQWLOpWDLWLVVXHWTX¶LOFKR\DLW$X6RXGDQ
DX FRXUV GHV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV SRSXODLUHV DQWL 2PDU (O %pFKLU OHV
PLOLWDLUHV SURWpJHDLHQW OHV SRSXODWLRQV FRQWUH OD UpSUHVVLRQ GHV
IRUFHV GH VpFXULWp HW OHV pOpPHQWV GX SXLVVDQW VHUYLFH GH
UHQVHLJQHPHQW VRXGDQDLV /H FKHI GH O
eWDW IXW FRQWUDLQW j OD
GpPLVVLRQ OH DYULO /¶DUPpH VH SD\DLW XQH YLUJLQLWp j
PRLQGUHVIUDLVHWV¶HPSDUDLWGHO¶H[pFXWLIDXJUDQGGDPGXSHXSOH
TXL UpFODPDLW O
LQVWDXUDWLRQ G
XQ SRXYRLU FLYLO 8Q DXWUH PLOLWDLUH
OkFKpSLWHXVHPHQWSDUVRQDUPpHDSUqVXQHYLQJWDLQHG¶DQQpHVjOD
SUpVLGHQFH GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH <DK\D -DPPHK &HV UHYLUHPHQWV
Q¶RQWMDPDLVDEVRXVO¶DUPpHDX[\HX[GHODVRFLpWpFLYLOHDIULFDLQH
ELHQDXFRQWUDLUH/DWUDLWULVHHVWXQHFLUFRQVWDQFHDJJUDYDQWHGHOD
UHVSRQVDELOLWp FULPLQHOOH 1RQ FRQWHQW GH EUXWDOLVHU XQ SHXSOHTXL
G¶HPEOpHOXLIDLWFRQILDQFHVRXYHQWO¶DUPpHHQWRXWHIpORQLHXVXUSH
OHSRXYRLU,OIDXWUHGRXWHUODFROqUHGHODPXOWLWXGHHQGpWUHVVH

ϭϬϳ

/¶DUPpHIDFHjODGpPRFUDWLHHQ$IULTXH
$XVHQVpW\PRORJLTXHODGpPRFUDWLHHVWXQUpJLPHSROLWLTXHGDQV
OHTXHOODVRXYHUDLQHWpQDWLRQDOHHVWH[HUFpHSDUOHSHXSOHjWUDYHUV
VHV UHSUpVHQWDQWV '¶R O¶REOLJDWLRQ GH O¶H[DFWLWXGH HW GH OD
FRQIRUPLWpGXFKRL[HIIHFWXpSDUOHVFLWR\HQVjWUDYHUVGHVpOHFWLRQV
LQFRQWHVWDEOHV /H EXOOHWLQ GH YRWH UHVWH OH VHXO LQVWUXPHQW GH
O¶DSSUREDWLRQ RX GH OD VDQFWLRQ j OD GLVSRVLWLRQ GX VRXYHUDLQ
SULPDLUH 3RXU SDUDSKUDVHU $EUDKDP /LQFROQ OD GpPRFUDWLH UHVWH
©OH JRXYHUQHPHQW GX SHXSOH SDU OH SHXSOH SRXU OH SHXSOHª
-XVTX¶LFL LO DSSDUDvW QHWWHPHQW TXH O¶DUPpH HQ $IULTXH QH VDXUDLW
UHSUpVHQWHUOHSHXSOHWRXWHQWLHUGDQVODJRXYHUQDQFHGHO¶eWDW(OOH
Q¶HVW SDV OD VWULFWH LPDJH GH OD QDWLRQ j FDXVH GH VRQ UHFUXWHPHQW
GLVFRUGDQWRODSUpIpUHQFHWULEDOHSUpGRPLQH(QWRXVOHVFDVHOOH
HVW VDQV PL[LWp HWKQLTXH pODUJLH 6RQ FRUSRUDWLVPH OD SRXVVH j VH
GpPDUTXHU LQVWLQFWLYHPHQW PrPH VL XQH UKpWRULTXH ELHQ KXLOpH
GDWDQWGHODSpULRGHGHVOXWWHVSRXUO¶LQGpSHQGDQFHDVVRFLHWRXVOHV
JURXSHVVRFLDX[jO¶XQLWpGXSD\V6RQRUJDQLVDWLRQLQWHUQHTXRLTXH
SDU FHUWDLQ F{Wp IDPLOLHU HVW KHUPpWLTXH 6HV FRGHV GH
IRQFWLRQQHPHQW GHPHXUHQW FRQVWDPPHQW pVRWpULTXHV SRXU OH WRXW
YHQDQW3DUFRQVpTXHQWHQWHPSVRUGLQDLUHODGpPRFUDWLHQHSHXW
rWUHFRQILpHjXQHHQWLWpVRFLDOHTXLQ¶DGPHWWUDLWSDVOHFRQWU{OHGH
ODJHVWLRQGXSD\VjWUDYHUVOHYRWHGXSHXSOH2QYRLWPDOO¶DUPpH
RUJDQLVHU GHV pOHFWLRQV SRXU VH IDLUH VDQFWLRQQHU RX FRQFRXULU DX
VXIIUDJHSRSXODLUHjpJDOLWpDYHFOHVSDUWLVSROLWLTXHV
/DQRWLRQGHGpPRFUDWLHV¶RSSRVHjWRXWV\VWqPHROLJDUFKLTXH2U
G¶XQH SDUW O¶H[SpULHQFH PRQWUH TXH OD IRUPH SULYLOpJLpH GHV
PLOLWDLUHV ORUVTX¶LOV DFFqGHQW DX SRXYRLU F¶HVW G¶DGRSWHU XQH
UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ UHVWUHLQWH FRPPH DYDQWJDUGH GH OD FRUSRUDWLRQ
FKDUJpH GH SDUOHU SRXU OH SHXSOH VDQV RPHWWUH HQ ILOLJUDQH OHXUV
GROpDQFHV SDUWLFXOLqUHV '¶DXWUH SDUW GDQV OH FDGUH GX
IRQFWLRQQHPHQW QRUPDO GH OD GpPRFUDWLH OH JDUGLHQ GX WHPSOH QH
VDXUDLW rWUH O¶DUPpH VLQRQ LO IDXGUDLW O¶H[HPSWHU GH VD PLVVLRQ GH
SURWHFWLRQGHODQDWLRQ/DSUHVVHOLEUHMRXLVVDQWGHODSURWHFWLRQGHV
VRXUFHV GH O¶LQIRUPDWLRQ HVW LQGLTXpH SRXU FHWWH WkFKH SDUFH
TX¶DOHUWHU OH SXEOLF VXU WRXWHV OHV TXHVWLRQV G¶LQWpUrW JpQpUDO HVW

Ϯϰ
'LVFRXUVGXSUpVLGHQW$EUDKDP/LQFROQOHQRYHPEUHj*HWW\VEXUJORUV
GHODFpUpPRQLHGHFRQVpFUDWLRQGXFKDPSGHEDWDLOOH
ϭϬϴ

SULPRUGLDOSRXUODVDQWpGHODGpPRFUDWLH/DMXVWLFHHVWXQSLOLHUGH
OD GpPRFUDWLH HQ UDLVRQ GH VHV SULQFLSHV LQDOLpQDEOHV G¶pJDOLWp GH
JUDWXLWpHWGHQHXWUDOLWp(QHIIHWVDQVXQGURLWOHPrPHSRXUWRXVHW
XQSRXYRLUMXGLFLDLUHDFFHVVLEOHSDUWRXWXQFKDFXQRQQHSHXWSDV
HVSpUHUSURILWHUGHVELHQIDLWVGHODGpPRFUDWLH
/H SRVWXODW VHORQ OHTXHO OD GpPRFUDWLH HVW LPSUpJQpH GH ©OLEHUWp
G¶pJDOLWp HW GH VROLGDULWpª VH WURXYH DX[ DQWLSRGHV GX GRJPH
PLOLWDULVWH/DSUDWLTXHOHGpPRQWUH/HVSUHPLqUHVGpFLVLRQVDSUqV
XQFRXSG¶eWDWUHVWUHLJQHQWOHVOLEHUWpV/DOLEHUWpGRLWrWUHFRPSULVH
DXVHQVOHSOXVODUJHௗF¶HVWjGLUHODSRVVLELOLWpGHGpFLGHUGHWRXWSDU
VRLPrPHODIDFXOWpGHVHVRXVWUDLUHjWRXWHGpSHQGDQFHODFDSDFLWp
GHV¶pPDQFLSHUGHODSHXUHWGHQ¶DFFHSWHUODGRPLQDWLRQG¶DXFXQH
YRORQWp QL OD IRUFH GH VH UDOOLHU j DXFXQH ORL HQ GHKRUV GH FHOOH
GpFLGpHG¶XQFRPPXQDFFRUG3RXUOHVPLOLWDLUHVFHWWHGpILQLWLRQHVW
JpQpUDWULFH GH OD FKLHQOLW dixit le général de Gaulle /¶pJDOLWp
Q¶HVWSDVGDQVOHVJrQHVGHVPLOLWDLUHV/¶LPSRUWDQFHGHODKLpUDUFKLH
HQFHTX¶HOOHREOLJHFKDFXQjVHVLWXHUVHORQVRQXQLWpHWVRQJUDGH
SHUVRQQLILHO¶LQGLYLGXDYHFSRXUFRQVpTXHQFHO¶DEVHQFHGHODQRWLRQ
G¶pJDOLWpGDQVO¶HVSULWPLOLWDLUH/DVROLGDULWpLFLHVWHQWHQGXHFRPPH
XQH LGHQWLWp VRFLDOH SDUWDJpH TXL SURSDJH XQ PRGH GH YLH HW GHV
YDOHXUV FRPPXQHV &HSHQGDQW OHV PLOLWDLUHV VRQW SURPSWV j VH
GLVWLQJXHUGHVFLYLOVjQRXUULUOHXUVGLIIpUHQFHVjVHGpVROLGDULVHU
GHVFRPEDWVFLWR\HQVKRUVGHOHXUVFDVHUQHV
8QSD\VHQVRXIIUDQFHpFRQRPLTXHSHUGODKLpUDUFKLHGHVSULRULWpV
/HV FLWR\HQV QH SHQVHQW SOXV TX¶j DVVXUHU OHXU VXEVLVWDQFH &¶HVW
SRXUTXRLOHVGLFWDWXUHVDIIDPHQWOHVSRSXODWLRQVpWRXIIHQWOHGURLW
YHUURXLOOHQWOHMHXSROLWLTXHHQYXHG¶DIIDLEOLUWRXWHRSSRVLWLRQ/H
GLVFRXUVGH/D%DXOHSURQRQFpSDU)UDQoRLV0LWWHUUDQGOHSUpVLGHQW
GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH IUDQoDLVH OH MXLQ j O¶RFFDVLRQ GH OD
FRQIpUHQFH GHV FKHIV G¶eWDW GH )UDQFH HW G¶$IULTXH DYDLW GpJDJp
FRPPH SULQFLSH UpVXPp SDU 5RODQG 'XPDV ©LO Q¶\ D SDV GH
GpYHORSSHPHQW VDQV GpPRFUDWLH HW LO Q¶\ D SDV GpPRFUDWLH VDQV
GpYHORSSHPHQWª &HWWH QRXYHOOH UqJOH PHWWDLW HQ DYDQW XQH
FRQGLWLRQQDOLWp DX[ UHODWLRQV IXWXUHV HQWUH OHV GHX[ EORFV VHORQ
ODTXHOOH©OD)UDQFHOLHUDGpVRUPDLVWRXWVRQHIIRUWGHFRQWULEXWLRQ

Ϯϱ
7HUPH TXH O¶RQ SUrWH DX JpQpUDO GH *DXOOH SRXU VWLJPDWLVHU OD UpYROWH GH PDL
³/DUpIRUPHRXLௗODFKLHQOLWQRQ´
ϭϬϵ

DX[HIIRUWVTXLVHURQWDFFRPSOLVSRXUDOOHUYHUVSOXVGHOLEHUWpª,O
HVWLPDLWTX¶DSUqVODFKXWHGXPXUGH%HUOLQOHVFRPSRUWHPHQWVYLV
jYLV GHV SHXSOHV GHYDLHQW FKDQJHU QDWXUHOOHPHQW RX SDU OD
FRQWUDLQWH $XVVL OH SURJUDPPH ©GpPRFUDWLH FRQWUH DLGHVª
LQFLWHUDLW j OD WUDQVPXWDWLRQ GHV UpJLPHV DXWRFUDWLTXHV YHUV OH
SOXUDOLVPHHWODOLEHUWpSROLWLTXHFDUGLWLOjMXVWHUDLVRQ©OHVRXIIOH
GHODGpPRFUDWLHIHUDOHWRXUGHODSODQqWHª¬FHVPRWVXQHYDJXH
GH PDQLIHVWDWLRQV GpIHUOD HQ $IULTXH UHYHQGLTXDQW OD GpPRFUDWLH
YpULWDEOH /HV IRXOHV KXUODLHQW ©WRXV pJDX[ GHYDQW OD ORL WRXV OHV
PrPHVGURLWVª(OOHVGpVLUDLHQWDUGHPPHQWSDUWLFLSHUGHSUqVRXGH
ORLQ DX[ GpFLVLRQV TXL OHV FRQFHUQDLHQW HW SDUGHVVXV WRXW YRLU
pPHUJHUXQUpJLPHIRQGp VXUGHVpOHFWLRQVOLEUHVHW WUDQVSDUHQWHV
O¶DOWHUQDQFH OH UHVSHFW GH OD UqJOH GH OD PDMRULWp OD OLEHUWp GHV
LQGLYLGXV OD SOXUDOLWp GHV SDUWLV SROLWLTXHV O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH GH OD
MXVWLFHODFRQFXUUHQFHSDFLILTXHGDQVO¶H[HUFLFHGXSRXYRLUHWF
3DUOHELDLVGHVFRQIpUHQFHVQDWLRQDOHV%HQLQ&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH
5'&1LJHU«GHVUHQFRQWUHVWULSDUWLWHVJRXYHUQHPHQWRSSRVLWLRQ
VRFLpWpFLYLOHDX&DPHURXQRXGHVFRQIpUHQFHVFRQVXOWDWLYHVFRPPH
DX*DERQO¶$IULTXHIUDQFRSKRQHVHPHWWDLWDXJRWGXMRXUjSDV
IRUFp /HV SRSXODWLRQV pWDLHQW HQ pEXOOLWLRQ DORUV TXH OHV DUPpHV
WDSLHVGDQVO¶RPEUHODLVVDLHQWOHVJRXYHUQDQWVHWOHXUVRSSRVLWLRQV
DX[ SULVHV DYHF OHV PDVVHV SRSXODLUHV &HSHQGDQW HOOHV pWDLHQW
SUrWHVjIRQGUHVXUODErWHVLG¶DYHQWXUHODFRQIURQWDWLRQWRXUQDLWPDO
$X&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHSHQGDQWODSpULRGHGLWHGHWUDQVLWLRQHQWUH
MXLQHWDRWODWHQVLRQpWDLWSDOSDEOHHWOHVHVFDUPRXFKHV
HQWUH OHV DFWHXUV SROLWLTXHV DOODLHQW crescendo /H KDXW
FRPPDQGHPHQWGHV)RUFHV$UPpHV&RQJRODLVHVVDLVLWFHWWHDXEDLQH
SRXU H[pFXWHU XQ FRXS GH IRUFH FRQWUH OH SUHPLHU PLQLVWUH GH OD
WUDQVLWLRQ OH MDQYLHU &RQWHVWDQW OD QRPLQDWLRQ G¶XQ GHV
OHXUVOHFRORQHO0LFKHO*DQJRXRDXVHFUpWDULDWG¶eWDWjOD'pIHQVH
LOV SULUHQW OH SRXYRLU &RPPH SRXU SURXYHU OH FKDQJHPHQW GH
PHQWDOLWp OHV SRSXODWLRQV HQ FROqUH GHVFHQGLUHQW GDQV OD UXH SRXU
IDLUHEDUUDJHDX[PLOLWDLUHV&HX[FLEDWWLUHQWHQUHWUDLWHUHVWLWXDQWOH
SRXYRLUDX[FLYLOVGL[MRXUVSOXVWDUG'HSXLVODPpILDQFHQ¶DMDPDLV
FHVVpGHJDQJUHQHUO¶DWPRVSKqUHSROLWLTXH
(Q$IULTXHO¶DUPpHDSULVJRWDXSRXYRLU/HVYLHX[GpPRQVGHOD
GLVFRUGHHWSDUWDQWGHVFRXSVG¶eWDWUHVVXUJLVVHQWGHWHPSVHQWHPSV
8QH[HPSOHSDWHQWDORUVTXHOHSHXSOHGX%XUNLQD)DVRDYDLWUpXVVL
ϭϭϬ

j DUUDFKHU OD GpPLVVLRQ GX SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH %ODLVH

&DPSDRUpOHRFWREUHDSUqVGHVPRLVGHFRQIOLWHWGHVPRUWV
j OD FOp DX GHPHXUDQW WXpV HQ SOHLQH PDQLIHVWDWLRQ SDU OD JDUGH
SUpVLGHQWLHOOH O¶DUPpH FKDUJpH GHV EDVVHV °XYUHV VRUWDLW GHV
WpQqEUHVSRXUH[LJHUG¶DVVXUHUODWUDQVLWLRQDXQRPGXUHVSHFWGHOD
&RQVWLWXWLRQ TX¶HOOHPrPH RIIHQVDLW HQ IRXODQW DX SLHG OHV UqJOHV
GpPRFUDWLTXHV6HPEOHWLODSUqVGHVWLUDLOOHPHQWVLQWHUQHVOHFKHI
G¶pWDWPDMRUOHJpQpUDO7UDRUpTXLDYDLWLQLWLDOHPHQWSULVODGLUHFWLRQ
GXSXWVFKDpWppYLQFpSRXUGHVUDLVRQVREVFXUHVHWUHPSODFpSDUXQ
PRLQVJUDGpHWGHORLQOHOLHXWHQDQWFRORQHO=LGD
3RXU UpIXWHU OH SUpWH[WH GHV PLOLWDLUHV DUJXDQW VXU OD YDFXLWp DX
VRPPHWGHO¶eWDWVHORQOD&RQVWLWXWLRQTXHWRXWOHPRQGHGpVLUDLWQH
SDVYRLUUHFWLILpHSDUOHSUpVLGHQWGpFKXLOQ¶\DXUDLWSDVHXYDFDQFH
GX SRXYRLU FDU O¶LQWpULP DXUDLW pWp DVVXUp SDU OH SUpVLGHQW GH
O¶$VVHPEOpH QDWLRQDOH PrPH VL FHOXLFL XQ SURFKH GH &DPSDRUp
V¶DSSUrWDLWjYRWHUOHFKDQJHPHQWGHODGLWH&RQVWLWXWLRQ4XHIDLVDLW
GRQFODJUDQGHPXHWWHORUVTXHOHVIRUFHVSRSXODLUHVpWDLHQWHQFRQIOLW
DYHF OH SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH HW EDWWDLHQW OH SDYp
G¶2XDJDGRXJRXௗ"/jDXVVLOHSHXSOHV¶RSSRVDDYHFDFKDUQHPHQWDX
KROGXSGHO¶DUPpHVXUOHSRXYRLU
$ORUVTXHOHJRXYHUQHPHQWGHWUDQVLWLRQSUpSDUDLWOHVpOHFWLRQVSRXU
UHPHWWUH OH SD\V VXU OHV UDLOV HW VROGHU WUHQWH DQV GX UpJLPH
©FDPSDRULVWHªjWURLVVHPDLQHVGHFHWWHpFKpDQFHOHUpJLPHQWGH
VpFXULWp SUpVLGHQWLHOOH 563 GHYHQX XQH VXSHUEH PLOLFH
G¶RSSRVLWLRQ HQWUHSUHQG XQ FRXS G¶eWDW ,URQLH GX VRUW OHV
SXWVFKLVWHV GpQRPPHQW OD GLUHFWLRQ GH OHXU PRXYHPHQW &RQVHLO
QDWLRQDO SRXU OD GpPRFUDWLH &1' FRPPH VL OH GpVRUGUH TX¶LOV
HQJHQGUDLHQW pWDLW GpPRFUDWLTXH $X SUL[ G¶XQ IDFHjIDFH HQWUH
FHWWHXQLWpUHEHOOHHWOHUHVWHGHO¶DUPpHTXLDXUDLWpWpXQYpULWDEOH
FDUQDJH OH JpQpUDO 'LHQGpUp FKHI GHV IDFWLHX[ HW OH JpQpUDO
3LQJUHQRPD =DEUp FKHI G¶pWDWPDMRU GHV DUPpHV HW VRQ
SURPRWLRQQDLUH GH 6DLQW&\U RQW WURXYp XQ WHUUDLQ G¶HQWHQWH SRXU
DUUrWHUODGpULYH3HUSpWUpOHVHSWHPEUHSDUOH563OHSXWVFKD
ILQDOHPHQW pFKRXp XQH VHPDLQH SOXV WDUG DSUqV XQH VHPDLQH GH
PDQLIHVWDWLRQV GDQV OH SD\V HW OD PpGLDWLRQ GH OD &RPPXQDXWp
pFRQRPLTXHGHVeWDWVG¶$IULTXHGHO¶2XHVW&pGpDR8QHIRLVGH
SOXV j O¶RFFDVLRQ GH FHWWH WULVWH SpULSpWLH LO HVW IODJUDQW TXH
ϭϭϭ

O¶LQVWLWXWLRQPLOLWDLUHHQ$IULTXHDPpVHVWLPpOHVRUWGHODFROOHFWLYLWp
QDWLRQDOHSRXUSULYLOpJLHUVHVLQWpUrWVpJRwVWHPHQW
'DQVO¶KLVWRLUHGHO¶$OJpULHO¶$UPpHQDWLRQDOHSRSXODLUH$13D

WRXMRXUVHXXQU{OHLPSRUWDQW(OOHHVWO¶KpULWLqUHGHO¶RUJDQLVDWLRQ
PLOLWDLUH TXL D FRPEDWWX O¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH ORUV GH OD JXHUUH
G¶LQGpSHQGDQFHHQYHUWXGHTXRLHOOHH[HUFHXQHLQIOXHQFHFHUWDLQH
VXU OHV DIIDLUHV SXEOLTXHV (OOH Q¶HVW SRXUWDQW SDV LPSOLTXpH
GLUHFWHPHQW HW GH IDoRQ SHUPDQHQWH GDQV OH SURFHVVXV SROLWLTXH
$SUqV DYRLU pWp RUJDQLVpHV FRPPH GHV ©DUPpHV SRSXODLUHVª WUqV
SROLWLVpHV HW HQ FRQVHUYDQW OHXU DOOpJHDQFH DX )URQW GH OLEpUDWLRQ
QDWLRQDOH )/1 GXUDQW OHV DQQpHV GH SDUWL XQLTXH GH O
KLVWRLUH
DOJpULHQQHOHVIRUFHVPLOLWDLUHVRQWpWpRIILFLHOOHPHQWGpSROLWLVpHVHQ
TXDQG OH PXOWLSDUWLVPH D pWp LQWURGXLW &HWWH GpSROLWLVDWLRQ
Q
DUUrWDSDVO
LQIOXHQFHPLOLWDLUHVXUODYLHSROLWLTXHDOJpULHQQHELHQ
DXFRQWUDLUH(QFUDLJQDQWO
LQVWDXUDWLRQG
XQeWDWLVODPLTXHHQ
$OJpULHSURJUDPPpSDUOH),6O
DUPpHDUUrWDOHSURFHVVXVpOHFWRUDO
SDUFHTXHOH)URQWLVODPLTXHGXVDOXW),6pWDLWHQWrWHDXSUHPLHU
WRXUGRQFVXVFHSWLEOHGHJDJQHU&HODDGpFOHQFKpODJXHUUHFLYLOH
DOJpULHQQH 8Q FRQIOLW TXL D FDXVp HQWUH HW PRUWV
GXUDQWXQHGpFHQQLH/¶LQWHUUXSWLRQGXSURFHVVXVpOHFWRUDODYDLWpWp
GpFLGpHDSUqVXQHUpXQLRQGHVRIILFLHUVGHO¶DUPpH$XWUHVSUHXYHV
GHO¶LPSRUWDQFHHWGHO¶LPSOLFDWLRQGHVPLOLWDLUHVjODYLHSROLWLTXH
O¶DQFLHQ SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH $EGHOD]L] %RXWHIOLND SDU
DLOOHXUVSUHPLHUFLYLOjGLULJHUOHSD\VDVVXPDLWOHVUHVSRQVDELOLWpV
GHPLQLVWUHGHOD'pIHQVHHWVRQFKHIG¶pWDWPDMRUTXLQ]HDQVGXUDQW
OH JpQpUDOPDMRU $KPHG *DwG 6DODK pWDLW UpSXWp SURFKH GH OXL
/¶DUPpH VHUDLW GRQF GH IDLW VRXV OH FRQWU{OH GLUHFW GX SRXYRLU
/¶$13Q¶HVWSDVjO¶RULJLQHGHODFULVHSROLWLTXHGHSRXUWDQW
HOOH YD MRXHU OHV SRPSLHUV SRXU OD GpVDPRUFHU /H SUpVLGHQW
$EGHOD]L]%RXWHIOLNDDXSRXYRLUGHSXLVV¶pWDLWDUURJpOHGURLW
GHVHSUpVHQWHUXQHQRXYHOOHIRLVjO¶pOHFWLRQSUpVLGHQWLHOOHDLQVLTXH
OXLDXWRULVDLWOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ/HWH[WHDYDLWGpMjpWpPRGLILpHQ
FHTXLDYDLWSHUPLVj$EGHOD]L]%RXWHIOLNDGHEULJXHUXQqPHSXLV
XQqPHPDQGDW/¶pYHQWXDOLWpG¶XQqPHPDQGDWDYDLWGpFOHQFKpXQH
FRQWHVWDWLRQ GX SHXSOH DOJpULHQ /D GpPLVVLRQ GX SUpVLGHQW
$EGHOD]L] %RXWHIOLND IXW O¶DERXWLVVHPHQW GH SOXVLHXUV PRLV GH
PDQLIHVWDWLRQSRSXODLUHGDQVODUXH5LHQQ¶DXUDLWpWpSRVVLEOHVDQV
O¶LQJpUHQFHGHVPLOLWDLUHV/HSUpVLGHQW%RXWHIOLNDDpWp©GpJDJpª
ϭϭϮ

SDUOHFRPPDQGHPHQWPLOLWDLUHDXPRWLITX
LOpWDLWKRUVFRXSHWTXH
VRQHQWRXUDJHXWLOLVDLWVRQDXWRULWpSRXUIUHLQHUWRXWHSHUVSHFWLYHGH
VRUWLHGHFULVH3RLQWQ¶HVWEHVRLQGHVRXOLJQHUOHVKRZGXJpQpUDO
PDMRU$KPHG*DwG6DODKjODWpOpYLVLRQSRXUFRPSUHQGUHTXLDYDLW
EDVFXOpOHFRXUVGHO¶KLVWRLUH¬FHWWHRFFDVLRQVDQHXWUDOLWpHWSDUWDQW
GHOjFHOOHGHO¶LQVWLWXWLRQDpWpPLVHHQFDXVHSDUOHVPDQLIHVWDQWV
$X *DERQ j FKDTXH VFUXWLQ VRQ ORW GH FUpWLQLVPHௗ OHV pOHFWLRQV
FRQWHVWpHVGHVHSWHPEUHRQWSURYRTXpGHVUpYROWHVPDWpHVSDU
OHV JHQGDUPHV HW OHV EpUHWV URXJHV ¬ 3RUW*HQWLO OD FDSLWDOH
pFRQRPLTXHOHVPDQLIHVWDQWVHQFROqUHDYDLHQWLQFHQGLpOHFRQVXODW
GH )UDQFH SULV G¶DVVDXW OD SULVRQ HW OLEpUp OHV SULVRQQLHUV /HV
LQFLGHQWV TXL RQW YLVp OHV LQVWDOODWLRQV LQGXVWULHOOHV IUDQoDLVHV RQW
SRXVVp OHV DXWRULWpV j HQJDJHU GHV PLOLWDLUHV SRXU ©UHVWDXUHU OD
WUDQTXLOOLWpªGHODUXHDQQLKLODQWSDUODPrPHRFFDVLRQODYRORQWp
GHVPDVVHVSRSXODLUHVGHERXWHUKRUVGXSRXYRLUOHUpJLPHKRQQL
/HV OHDGHUV GH O¶RSSRVLWLRQ EOHVVpV SK\VLTXHPHQW Q¶RQW SDV pWp
pSDUJQpVSDUODUpSUHVVLRQ
7RXMRXUV DX *DERQ j OD VXLWH GH O
pOHFWLRQ SUpVLGHQWLHOOH GX
DRW $OL %RQJR 2QGLPED HVW GpFODUp YDLQTXHXU IDFH DX
FDQGLGDW GH O
RSSRVLWLRQ -HDQ 3LQJ SDU OD &RPPLVVLRQ pOHFWRUDOH
QDWLRQDOH DXWRQRPH HW SHUPDQHQWH &HQDS ¬ O
DQQRQFH GH FHV
UpVXOWDWV OH DRW GHV PDQLIHVWDQWV SDFLILTXHV FRQWHVWDQW OHV
UpVXOWDWVVRQWYLROHPPHQWGLVSHUVpVSDUODJDUGHUpSXEOLFDLQHDYHF
GHVJD]ODFU\PRJqQHVHWSDUGHVWLUVjEDOOHVUpHOOHV/
$VVHPEOpH
QDWLRQDOH HVW LQFHQGLpH &HUWDLQV SURWHVWDWDLUHV VH GLULJHQW YHUV OHV
ORFDX[GHOD5DGLR7pOpYLVLRQJDERQDLVHPDLVOHVIRUFHVGHO
RUGUH
SRVWpHVjO
HQWUpHUpSOLTXHQWDX[MHWVGHSLHUUHV DYHFGHVJUHQDGHV
ODFU\PRJqQHV 'HV pFKDXIIRXUpHV pFODWHQW DXVVL GDQV OH TXDUWLHU
SRSXODLUHGH1NHPER'HVWLUVGHJUHQDGHVDVVRXUGLVVDQWHV\VRQW
HQWHQGXV SHQGDQW TXH GHV KpOLFRSWqUHV WRXUQHQW GDQV OH FLHO 'HV
KHXUWVRQWpJDOHPHQWpFODWpj1]HQJ$\RQJRO
LPPHXEOHGXYLFH
3UHPLHUPLQLVWUHDpWpLQFHQGLp¬O
pFKDQJHXUGH&KDUERQQDJHVOH
FHQWUH FRPPHUFLDO $%& 0DOO D pWp YDQGDOLVp DLQVL TXH O
DJHQFH
G
(FREDQN 3OXVLHXUV FKDvQHV GH GLVWULEXWLRQ RQW pWp SULVHV SRXU
FLEOHVPDLVDXVVLGHVPDJDVLQVOLEDQDLVDX[TXDUWLHUV3.HW3.

Ϯϲ
©*DERQ/DJDUGHUpSXEOLFDLQHDGLVSHUVpODIRXOHHQWLUDQWjEDOOHVUpHOOHVª
VLWHEurope1HUVHSWHPEUH
ϭϭϯ

'HV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV VRQW EUXWDOHPHQW UpSULPpHV SDU OHV IRUFHV GH

O
RUGUH GDQV GLYHUVHV YLOOHV j O
LQWpULHXU GX SD\V WHOOHV TXH 3RUW
*HQWLO 2\HP /DPEDUpQp RX 0RXLOD IDLVDQW SOXVLHXUV PRUWV 'H
QRPEUHX[ WpPRLJQDJHV UDSSRUWHQW TXH OHV IRUFHV GH O
RUGUH RQW
WUDQVSRUWpOHVFDGDYUHVYHUVGHVGHVWLQDWLRQVLQFRQQXHVDSUqVDYRLU
GLVSHUVpOHVIRXOHV/DYLROHQFHDWWHLQWVRQSDUR[\VPHGDQVODQXLW
GXDRWDXHUVHSWHPEUHDX[HQYLURQVGHKGXPDWLQVRXVOH
SUpWH[WHG
\FKHUFKHUGHVFDVVHXUVTXLV
\VHUDLHQWUHSOLpVOH4*GH
-HDQ3LQJHVWERPEDUGpSDUKpOLFRSWqUHSXLVDWWDTXpDXVROjO
DUPH
ORXUGHMXVTX
jKGXPDWLQSDUGHVWURXSHVGHODJDUGHSUpVLGHQWLHOOH
HWGHODSROLFHTXLWLUHQWVXUWRXWFHTXLERXJHjO
H[WpULHXUSXLVj
O
LQWpULHXU GX EkWLPHQW IDLVDQW DX PRLQV PRUWV ¬ OD VXLWH GH
O
DVVDXWGHQRPEUHX[FLYLOVDLQVLTXHOHDGHUVGHO
RSSRVLWLRQHWGH
ODVRFLpWpFLYLOHVRQWVpTXHVWUpVSHQGDQWKHXUHVjO
LQWpULHXUGX4*
GpYDVWpDXPLOLHXGHVIODTXHVGHVDQJHWGHVH[FUpPHQWV
(Q*XLQpH&RQDNU\OHSXWVFKLVWHFDSLWDLQH0RXVVD'DGLV&DPDUD
YRXODLW SURORQJHU VRQ EDLO j OD SUpVLGHQFH GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH HQ
DQQRQoDQW VD FDQGLGDWXUH j O¶pOHFWLRQ SUpVLGHQWLHOOH GH
'pVLUDQW XQ UHWRXU j OD GpPRFUDWLH OH SHXSOH PDQLIHVWD VD
UpSUREDWLRQHQRUJDQLVDQWGHVPHHWLQJV&HOXLGXVHSWHPEUH
UDVVHPEODDXVWDGHGH&RQDNU\XQHIRXOHLPPHQVHGHSURWHVWDWDLUHV
PLOLWDQWV GHV SDUWLV SROLWLTXHV V\QGLFDOLVWHV PHPEUHV GHV
DVVRFLDWLRQVFLWR\HQVDSROLWLTXHVIHPPHVpOqYHVHWF2QSRXYDLW
OLUHVXUOHVSDQFDUWHV©O¶DUPpHGRLWUHWRXUQHUGDQVOHVFDVHUQHVªRX
©'DGLV GRLW SDUWLUª 'DQV XQ VWDGH FRPEOH VDQV VRPPDWLRQ OHV
IRUFHVGHVpFXULWpPRQWqUHQWjO¶DVVDXWGHVFLYLOVVDQVDUPHV(OOHV
GLVSHUVqUHQW VDXYDJHPHQW OD IRXOH j FRXSV GH PDWUDTXHV GH JD]
ODFU\PRJqQHVHWVXUWRXWGHWLUVGHIXVLOVjEDOOHVUpHOOHV8QUDSSRUW
GH +XPDQ 5LJKW :DWFK PHW HQ FDXVH OD JDUGH SUpVLGHQWLHOOH
FRXSDEOH GH WLUV PRUWHOV HW DXWUHV DEXV FRPPLV j O¶HQGURLW GHV
PDQLIHVWDQWVHIIUD\pV/DMXQWH PLOLWDLUHDQQRQoDRIILFLHOOHPHQWOH
FKLIIUH GH PRUWV PDLV OD UpDOLWp VHORQ GHV WpPRLJQDJHV
FRQFRUGDQWV GpSDVVDLW OHV PRUWV HW GHV PLOOLHUV GH EOHVVpV HW
SRO\WUDXPDWLVpV
8QH IRLV GH SOXV HQ $IULTXH GHV KRPPHV WRPEHQW SRXU OD
GpPRFUDWLHIRXGUR\pVSDUOHVEDOOHVTX¶LOVRQWHX[PrPHVFRQWULEXp
jDFTXpULUHWFRQILpjFHX[TXLDYDLHQWODPLVVLRQGHOHVSURWpJHU
4XHOOHLQGLJQLWpௗ
ϭϭϰ

/¶DUPpHHVWHOOHOHSULQFLSDOIUHLQjODGpPRFUDWLHHQ$IULTXHௗ"'DQV
ODPHVXUHRHOOHVRUWGHVRQFDGUHHQJpQpUDQWSOXVGHVRXFLVSRXU
OHSD\VTXHGHERQKHXUDXUHJDUGGHVGpPRQVWUDWLRQVSUpFpGHQWHVHW
FRQVLGpUDQWTX¶DXFXQPLOLWDLUHDXSRXYRLUHQ$IULTXHQ¶DFRQWULEXp
jO¶pGLILFDWLRQRXDXUHQIRUFHPHQWGHODGpPRFUDWLHRQHVWDXWRULVp
j DIILUPHU TXH O¶DUPpH HVW ELHQ XQ IDFWHXU UpGKLELWRLUH GDQV FHWWH
TXrWHGHODGpPRFUDWLH
3RXUWDQWVRXVG¶DXWUHVFLHX[HWjWRXWHVOHVpSRTXHVGHVPLOLWDLUHVj
OD WrWH GH OHXU SD\V RQW UpDOLVp GH JUDQGHV DYDQFpHV HW PpULWp OD
UHFRQQDLVVDQFH pWHUQHOOH GH OHXU SDWULH 3RXU FHOD LO IDXW rWUH XQ
IHUYHQW SDWULRWH LQWHOOLJHQW HW DOWUXLVWH &HV SHUVRQQDJHV VRXYHQW
Q¶RQW SDV EpQpILFLp GX VRXWLHQ GH OHXU FRUSRUDWLRQ SHQGDQW OHXU
DVFHQVLRQSROLWLTXHELHQDXFRQWUDLUH,OVVHVRQWHQJDJpVVRLWDSUqV
OHXU FDUULqUH VRLW LOV RQW TXLWWp O¶XQLIRUPH SRXU VH ODQFHU GDQV OD
EDWDLOOH SROLWLTXH &H VRQW G¶DXWKHQWLTXHV PLOLWDLUHV MXJH]HQ
&RQFHUQDQW OH JpQpUDO GH *DXOOH TXL SRUWDLW O¶XQLIRUPH ORQJWHPSV
DSUqV VD SULVH GH SRXYRLU YX VRQ kJH LO pWDLW PDQLIHVWHPHQW j OD
UHWUDLWH 'XUDQW VRQ SUHPLHU PDQGDW LO HXW PDLOOH j SDUWLU DYHF
O¶DUPpHTXLQHOHPpQDJHDSRLQW'HVLQGLYLGXVOLpVDX[VHUYLFHVRX
DX[RUJDQLVDWLRQVSDUDPLOLWDLUHVDWWHQWqUHQWSOXVLHXUVIRLVjVDYLH,O
DYDLWHVVX\pXQFRXSG¶eWDWGHVHVFRPSDJQRQVG¶DUPHVOHDYULO
8QHLPSRUWDQWHIUDQJHGHO¶DUPpHIUDQoDLVHFRQGXLWHSDUOHV
JpQpUDX[&KDOOH-RXKDXG6DODQHW=HOOHUGpFOHQFKDXQHRSpUDWLRQ
GHSULVHGHSRXYRLUHQUpDFWLRQjODSROLWLTXHGXJpQpUDOGH*DXOOH
IDYRUDEOH j O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH GH O¶$OJpULH &H GHUQLHU VDLVLW FHWWH
RFFDVLRQSRXUPHWWUHDXSDVO¶DUPpHHWODGLVTXDOLILHUGDQVOHU{OH
G¶REVHUYDWHXUHWGHFRQVHLOOHUWUqVLQWpUHVVpGHODYLHSROLWLTXH
'HSXLVHOOHV¶HVWUDQJpHVHFRQWHQWDQWGHVDPLVVLRQGHSURWHFWLRQGH
ODQDWLRQHWQHV¶LPPLVFHSOXVGDQVODSROLWLTXH
&KDUOHV GH *DXOOH HVW FRQVLGpUp FRPPH O¶KRPPH

SROLWLTXH IUDQoDLV OH SOXV SUppPLQHQW GX ;;qPHVLqFOH 'LSO{Pp GH
6DLQW&\USUHPLHUFOLQG¶°LOGXVRUWVDSUHPLqUHDIIHFWDWLRQIXWOH
qPH5,G¶$UUDVFRPPDQGpSDUOHFRORQHO3pWDLQ'qVORUVOHVGHX[
GHVWLQVQHFHVVqUHQWGHVHFURLVHUHWGHV¶HQWUHFKRTXHUTXHOTXHVIRLV
$SUqVELHQGHVYLFLVVLWXGHVSHQGDQWOD3UHPLqUH*XHUUHPRQGLDOHLO
HQWDPDXQHVHFRQGHSKDVHGHVDFDUULqUHGDQVO¶HQWUHGHX[JXHUUHV
HQFRPEDWWDQWOHV6RYLpWLTXHVHQ3RORJQH,OQ¶KpVLWDSDVjUHQWUHU
ϭϭϱ

HQFRQIOLWGRFWULQDODYHFOHKDXWFRPPDQGHPHQWGRQWLOUpFXVDLWOHV
FKRL[VWUDWpJLTXHV(QUHWRXULOpWDLWIUDSSpG¶RVWUDFLVPHPDOQRWpHW
HQUHWDUGGDQVOHVDYDQFHPHQWV'HORLQHQORLQLOpWDLWSURWpJpSDU
3pWDLQO¶LOOXVWUHYDLQTXHXUGHOD3UHPLqUH*XHUUHPRQGLDOH3HQGDQW
OD 'HX[LqPH *XHUUH PRQGLDOH DX FRXUV GH OD GpEkFOH GH O¶DUPpH
IUDQoDLVHjO¶pWpLODpWpOHVHXOFRPPDQGDQWG¶XQLWpjUpXVVLU
XQHSHUFpHjWUDYHUVOHVOLJQHVDOOHPDQGHV1RPPpJpQpUDOjWLWUH
WHPSRUDLUH SXLV VHFUpWDLUH G¶eWDW j OD *XHUUH HQ PrPH WHPSV TXH
3pWDLQpWDLWDSSHOpjODYLFHSUpVLGHQFHGXFRQVHLOGH*DXOOHTXLWWD
OH FKDPS GH EDWDLOOH SRXUGHV FRPEDWV FHWWH IRLVFL SROLWLTXHV (Q
PLVVLRQ j /RQGUHV LO DSSULW OD GpPLVVLRQ GX *RXYHUQHPHQW OH
UHPSODFHPHQWGXSUpVLGHQWGX&RQVHLO3DXO5H\QDXGSDU3pWDLQHW
ODGHPDQGHGHO¶DUPLVWLFHDX[$OOHPDQGVGDQVODIRXOpH(QFRUHXQH
IRLVLOV¶RSSRVDjFHWWHGpPDUFKHTXLRXYUDLWOHSD\VjO¶HQQHPL,O
H[KRUWDVHVFRPSDWULRWHVjODUpVLVWDQFHHWOHXUGHPDQGDGHFRQWLQXHU
OHFRPEDWSDUOHWH[WHGHYHQXFpOqEUH/’Appel du 18 juin 1940,O
Q¶DXUD GH FHVVH GH OXWWHU SRXU OD VXUYLH GH OD )UDQFH PHQDFpH GH
GpSHoDJH VRLW SDU OHV $OOHPDQGV HQ FDV GH GpIDLWH FRQVRPPpH
FRPPHQWRXEOLHUTXHORUVGHODGpURXWHGHOD)UDQFHDYDLWpWp
DPSXWpHGHO¶$OVDFHHWGHOD/RUUDLQHVRLWSDUOHVDOOLpVYDLQTXHXUV
VDQVOD)UDQFHjOHXUF{WpLOIDXWVHUDSSHOHUTXHOHVIURQWLqUHVGHV
eWDWVHXURSpHQVDXFRXUVGHFHWWHSpULRGHpWDLHQWWUqVIOXFWXDQWHV
*UkFH DX[ FRORQLHV j FH TXH GH *DXOOH DSSHODLW ©O¶(PSLUHª LO
SDUYLQW j WLUHU OHV PDUURQV GX IHX /D )UDQFH VHUD DX[ F{WpV GHV
YDLQTXHXUV 6DQV DXFXQ GRXWH OH PpULWH OXL UHYLHQW &H SXU VROGDW
GRQQDjOD)UDQFHXQH&RQVWLWXWLRQVROLGHHWHIILFDFHTXLDUpVLVWp
DX[FRKDELWDWLRQVVpTXHQFHSROLWLTXHRODPDMRULWpSUpVLGHQWLHOOH
QHFRUUHVSRQGSDVjODPDMRULWpGX*RXYHUQHPHQWHWTXLGXUHGHSXLV
DQV,ODFKHYDODUHFRQVWUXFWLRQGXSD\VDSUqVOHVGpJkWVFDXVpV
SDU OD JXHUUH GDQV FH TXH OHV pFRQRPLVWHV TXDOLILHQW GHV 7UHQWH
*ORULHXVHV OD SpULRGH GH FURLVVDQFH GH j ,O TXLWWD OH
SRXYRLU SDUFH TX¶LO DYDLW HVWLPp rWUH HQ FRQWUDGLFWLRQ DYHF VHV
FRPSDWULRWHV 7RXV OHV )UDQoDLV PrPH VHV RSSRVDQWV OHV SOXV
LUUpGXFWLEOHV OXL UHQGHQW XQ YLEUDQW KRPPDJH 4XHO FKHI G¶eWDW
DIULFDLQ SHXW VH PHVXUHU j XQ GHVWLQ SDUHLOௗ" 3HXWrWUH 1HOVRQ
0DQGHODPDLVFHQ¶HVWSDVXQKDVDUG,OQ¶HVWSDVPLOLWDLUH
3DUN&KXQJ+HHSUpVLGHQWGHOD&RUpHGX6XGGH

jGLSO{PpGHO¶$FDGpPLHPLOLWDLUHMDSRQDLVHGH0DQFKRXULH
ϭϭϲ

3RXUWDQW FRPPH HQ $IULTXH LO ILW XQ FRXS G¶eWDW ,O UHQYHUVD OH
JRXYHUQHPHQW FLYLO GX 3UHPLHU PLQLVWUH &KDQJ 0\RQ WRXW HQ
PDLQWHQDQW HQ IRQFWLRQ SHQGDQW XQ DQ OH SUpVLGHQW <XQ 3RVXQ
'LULJHDQWSROLWLTXHGHIDLWGXSD\V3DUNGHYLQWSUpVLGHQWGX&RQVHLO
VXSUrPHSRXUOD5HFRQVWUXFWLRQQDWLRQDOHHQMXLOOHWSXLVDSUqV
ODGpPLVVLRQGXSUpVLGHQW<XQHQPDUVLOVXFFpGDjFHGHUQLHU
FRPPH SUpVLGHQW GH OD &RUpH GX 6XG 6RXV OD SUHVVLRQ GH
O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ .HQQHG\ XQ JRXYHUQHPHQW FLYLO IXW UpWDEOL XQH
QRXYHOOH&RQVWLWXWLRQIXWDGRSWpHHWFRPPHHQ$IULTXHLORUJDQLVD
HW UHPSRUWD OHV pOHFWLRQV JpQpUDOHV 3DUN &KXQJ+HH HVW
OpJLWLPHPHQW LQYHVWL SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH OH GpFHPEUH
,O VHUD UppOX j TXDWUH UHSULVHV /H RFWREUH j O
LVVXH
G
XQEDQTXHWOH©JpQpUDOSUpVLGHQWªHVWDVVDVVLQpSDUOHFKHIGHV
VHUYLFHV GH UHQVHLJQHPHQW VXGFRUpHQV .LP -DHN\X pSDXOp SDU
SOXVLHXUV GH VHV KRPPHV /XL DXVVL DYDLW XQ GLIIpUHQG DYHF VHV
FROOqJXHV PLOLWDLUHV TXL V¶HVW DFKHYp DYHF VD PRUW -XVTX¶LFL OD
UHVVHPEODQFHDYHFOHPRGqOHDIULFDLQHVWIODJUDQWH'¶RYLHQWTXH
OD&RUpHGX6XGDXVRUWLUGHODJXHUUHDYHFVDYRLVLQHGX1RUGYRLW
VRQUHYHQXPR\HQSDUKDELWDQWGHjODSULVH GH IRQFWLRQ GH
3DUN&KXQJ+HH HQLGHQWLTXHjFHOXLGHVSD\VDIULFDLQVOHV
SOXV SDXYUHV SDVVp j HQ ௗ" /H SUpVLGHQW FRUpHQ
TXRLTXHPLOLWDLUHHWIDFWLHX[Q¶DYDLWSDVO¶HVSULWGHVOHDGHUVDIULFDLQV
,ODSHQVpDJLHWWURXYpGHVVROXWLRQVSRXUVRQSD\V
$SUqV OD GRXORXUHXVH RFFXSDWLRQ MDSRQDLVH GXUDQW OD 'HX[LqPH

*XHUUHPRQGLDOHOD&RUpHDYDLWVXELXQHSDUWLWLRQWUqVSUpMXGLFLDEOH
jODSDUWLHVXGGXSD\V(OOHpWDLWVRUWLHH[VDQJXHGHODJXHUUHDYHF
OHQRUGFRPPXQLVWH*UkFHjODSROLWLTXHLQLWLpHSDU3DUN&KXQJ+HH
HQ IRQGpH VXU OH YRORQWDULVPH pFRQRPLTXH XQ FRQVHLO GH
SODQLILFDWLRQ pFRQRPLTXH IXW FKDUJp GX GpYHORSSHPHQW HW GH OD
UpDOLVDWLRQ GHV SODQV TXLQTXHQQDX[ /¶eWDW GLULJHDLW OHV FDSLWDX[
pWUDQJHUV YHUV OHV LQGXVWULHV FLEOpHV 3DU OD VpGXFWLRQ RX OD IRUFH
3DUN&KXQJ+HHDPHQDLWOHVHQWUHSUHQHXUVjUHPSOLUOHXUVREMHFWLIV
G¶H[SRUWDWLRQ FDU LO DYDLW FRPSULV O¶LQWpUrW TXH OD &RUpH GX 6XG
SRXYDLWJDJQHUHQGHYHQDQW©O¶DWHOLHUªGX-DSRQTXLOXLPrPHpWDLW
OH IRXUQLVVHXU DWWLWUp GHV eWDWV8QLV /H FKRL[ GH O¶H[SRUWDWLRQ j
RXWUDQFH GHYDLW GpYHORSSHU O¶LQGXVWULDOLVDWLRQ 9LVLRQ JDJQDQWH
3RXU FH IDLUH FRQWUH O¶RSLQLRQ GH VHV SDLUV LO UHQRQoDLW DX[
UpSDUDWLRQVGHJXHUUHHWjODGHPDQGHG¶H[FXVHVDX[-DSRQDLVjFDXVH
ϭϭϳ

GH OHXUV PpIDLWV HQ pFKDQJH G¶LQYHVWLVVHPHQWV /HV FDSLWDX[

MDSRQDLVDIIOXqUHQW,OWLVVDGHVOLHQVpWURLWVHQWUHOHJRXYHUQHPHQWHW
OH PRQGH GHV DIIDLUHV OXWWD IpURFHPHQW FRQWUH OD FRUUXSWLRQ /D
UpVXOWDQWH GH FHWWH SROLWLTXH F¶HVW TX¶DX FRXUV GH VRQ UqJQH VH
GpYHORSSqUHQW OHV IXWXUV PDVWRGRQWHV 6DPVXQJ +\XQGDL HW /* j
SDUWLU G¶XQ FDSLWDOLVPH IDPLOLDO /H V\VWqPH pGXFDWLI LQVWDXUp
SULYLOpJLDLWO¶pOLWLVPHWRXWHQSHUPHWWDQWjFKDTXH&RUpHQG¶DWWHLQGUH
XQ KDXW QLYHDX GH FXOWXUH 6RQ JRXYHUQHPHQW DXWRULWDLUH HW OD
PDQLqUH GH YLYUH WUqV DXVWqUH TX¶LO LPSRVD j VHV FRPSDWULRWHV OH
UHQGLUHQWLPSRSXODLUH
'HQRVMRXUVXQHMXVWHJUDWLWXGHOXLHVWUHFRQQXHjWUDYHUVO¶pOHFWLRQ
GHVDILOOH3DUN*HXQK\HjODSUpVLGHQFHGHOD5pSXEOLTXHGH
j
6LU:LVWRQ/pRQDUG6SHQFHU&KXUFKLOO6RUWLqPHGH
O¶$FDGpPLH UR\DOH PLOLWDLUH GH 6DQGKXUVW LO HVW QRPPp VRXV
OLHXWHQDQWHQ,OGpEXWDVDFDUULqUHPLOLWDLUHKRUVGHVRQXQLWp
ODWK4XHHQ¶V2ZQ+XVVDUVj&XEDRLOUHoXWVRQEDSWrPHGXIHX
SXLV LO UHMRLJQLW VRQ XQLWp HQ ,QGH DYHF ODTXHOOH LO SDUWLFLSD DX[
JXHUUHVFRORQLDOHVGHFRQTXrWHGHODSpQLQVXOHLQGLHQQH7UDQVIpUp
HQ (J\SWH HQ LO IDLVDLW SDUWLH GX qPHUpJLPHQW GH ODQFLHUV
EULWDQQLTXHV TXL DX FRXUV GH OD EDWDLOOH G¶2PGXUPDQ DQpDQWLW OHV
0DKGLVWHVHWUHFRQTXLWOH6RXGDQ,OpWDLWDXVVLSUpVHQWHQ$IULTXH
GX 6XG TXDQG pFODWD OD JXHUUH HQWUH OHV %ULWDQQLTXHV HW OHV GHX[
UpSXEOLTXHV %RHUV O¶eWDW OLEUH G¶2UDQJH HW OD UpSXEOLTXH 6XG
$IULFDLQHGX7UDQVYDDO(QDYULOLOHVWSURPXPDMRUHWQRPPp
FRPPDQGDQW GH OD 4XHHQ¶V 2ZQ 2[IRUGVKLUH +XVVDUV ,O
GpPLVVLRQQD HW UHQWUD HQ SROLWLTXH 3OXVLHXUV IRLV PLQLVWUH LO pWDLW
3UHPLHUPLQLVWUHDXGpEXWGHOD6HFRQGH*XHUUHPRQGLDOH&¶pWDLWOH
GLULJHDQW EULWDQQLTXH OH SOXV H[SpULPHQWp GDQV OH GRPDLQH GH OD
VWUDWpJLH ,O RUJDQLVD OHV )RUFHV DUPpHV EULWDQQLTXHV SRXVVD HW
FRRUGRQQD OH SHXSOH EULWDQQLTXH GDQV OD UpVLVWDQFH j $OOHPDJQH
QD]LHHWHQILQFRQGXLVLWOHSD\VjODYLFWRLUHFRQWUHOHVSXLVVDQFHVGH
O¶D[H
*HRUJH:DVKLQJWRQDYDLWJDJQpODFpOpEULWpSHQGDQWOD

JXHUUH GH 6HSW $QV HW JUkFH j VD SRSXODULWp TXL
DWWHLJQDLWO¶DXWUHULYHGHO¶$WODQWLTXHLOFRPPHQoDjV
LQWpUHVVHUjOD
SROLWLTXH6RQHQJDJHPHQWGDQVOD5pYROXWLRQDPpULFDLQHDLQVLTXH
ϭϭϴ

VD UpSXWDWLRQ OH SRUWD DX SRVWH GH FRPPDQGDQW GHV WURXSHV
DPpULFDLQHV&RPPDQGDQWHQFKHIGHO¶DUPpHDPpULFDLQHSHQGDQWOD
JXHUUH G¶LQGpSHQGDQFH TX¶LO RUJDQLVD HW PHQD j OD
YLFWRLUHILQDOHDYHFO
DLGHGHV)UDQoDLVVXUODPpWURSROHEULWDQQLTXH
(Q PDUV :DVKLQJWRQ ILW REVWDFOH j OD FRQVSLUDWLRQ GH
1HZEXUJK XQ FRPSORW PLOLWDLUH SUpSDUp SDU GHV RIILFLHUV TXL
PHQDoDLHQW OH &RQJUqV GHV eWDWV8QLV G¶LQVWDXUHU XQH GLFWDWXUH
$SUqV OH FRQIOLW LO SDUWLFLSD j OD UpGDFWLRQ GH OD &RQVWLWXWLRQ
DPpULFDLQH HW ILW O¶XQDQLPLWp ORUV GH OD SUHPLqUH pOHFWLRQ
SUpVLGHQWLHOOH,OIXWpOXOHPDUVjO¶XQDQLPLWpSDUOHFROOqJH
pOHFWRUDOFRPPHSUHPLHUSUpVLGHQWGHVeWDWV8QLV/HDYULO
GHSXLV OH )HGHUDO +DOO GH 1HZ <RUN YLOOH FKRLVLH SRXU VHUYLU GH
FDSLWDOH SURYLVRLUH LO SULW RIILFLHOOHPHQW VHV IRQFWLRQV GH FKHI GX
SRXYRLU H[pFXWLI (Q SUrWDQW VHUPHQW GH ILGpOLWp VXU OD %LEOH LO
LQDXJXUDLWXQHWUDGLWLRQTXLH[LVWHHQFRUHDXMRXUG
KXL:DVKLQJWRQ
pWDLWO¶XQGHVSHUVRQQDJHVOHVSOXVLPSRUWDQWVGHO¶KLVWRLUHGHVeWDWV
8QLV ¬ FH WLWUH LO D UHoX GH QRPEUHX[ KRPPDJHV OD FDSLWDOH
IpGpUDOHSRUWHVRQQRPVRQDQQLYHUVDLUHFpOpEUpOHWURLVLqPHOXQGL
GHIpYULHUHVWXQMRXUIpULpIpGpUDO
'ZLJKW'(LVHQKRZHUDQFLHQGHO
pFROHGHVRIILFLHUVGHO
$UPpH
GHWHUUHDPpULFDLQH:HVW3RLQWG¶RLOHQVRUWOLHXWHQDQW$SSUpFLp
GH VHV VXSpULHXUV LO DYDQoDLW UDSLGHPHQW HQ JUDGH /H
GpFHPEUHOHMRXUGHO¶DWWDTXHGHODEDVHQDYDOHDPpULFDLQH
GH 3HDUO +DUERU SDU OHV -DSRQDLV 'ZLJKW ' (LVHQKRZHU pWDLW XQ
JpQpUDO EULOODQW ,O UHoXW OH FRPPDQGHPHQW GHV WURXSHV DOOLpHV HQ
QRYHPEUHHWRUJDQLVDOHVRSpUDWLRQVG
LQYDVLRQHQ$IULTXHGX
1RUG)RUWGHFHVH[SpULHQFHVLOIXWQRPPpFKHIVXSUrPHGHVIRUFHV
DOOLpHV HQ (XURSH HW SUpSDUD OH GpEDUTXHPHQW GH 1RUPDQGLH TXL
GHYDLWSUpFLSLWHUODFKXWHGX3ème5HLFK/
RSpUDWLRQ©2YHUORUGªIXW
XQVXFFqVPDOJUpOHVGLIILFXOWpVUHQFRQWUpHVSHQGDQWODEDWDLOOHVXU
OHV SODJHV GH 1RUPDQGLH $SUqV OD 6HFRQGH *XHUUH PRQGLDOH
'ZLJKW ' (LVHQKRZHU GHYLQW OH SUpVLGHQW GH O
8QLYHUVLWp GH
&RORPELD eWDWV8QLV SXLV HQ LO IXW QRPPp j 3DULV FKHI
VXSUrPHGHVIRUFHVGHO
27$18QDQSOXVWDUGHQLOFKRLVLW
GHVHSUpVHQWHUDX[pOHFWLRQVSUpVLGHQWLHOOHVDPpULFDLQHVHWUHPSRUWD
DYHF XQH ODUJH PDMRULWp GHV YRL[ (Q QRYHPEUH 'ZLJKW '
(LVHQKRZHUpWDLWUppOXjODSUpVLGHQFHGHVeWDWV8QLV,OHQWUHSULWXQ
ϭϭϵ

YDVWH SURJUDPPH VRFLDO YLVDQW j OXWWHU FRQWUH OHV VpJUpJDWLRQV

UDFLDOHV,OPRXUXWOHPDUV
/D GLIIpUHQFH HQWUH OHV JUDQGV PLOLWDLUHV GRQW OH SDUFRXUV D pWp
HVTXLVVpHWOHVFKHIVPLOLWDURSROLWLFLHQVDIULFDLQVF¶HVWOHMRXUHWOD
QXLW /HV SUHPLHUV TXRLTXH DPELWLHX[ QH PDQLIHVWqUHQW SDV GH
FDUDFWqUH G¶LQWULJXDQW ,OV VH VRQW GLVWLQJXpV G¶DERUG VXU OH WHUUDLQ
DYDQWGHVHODQFHUHQSROLWLTXH/¶H[FHSWLRQTXHUHSUpVHQWHOH&RUpHQ
GRLW IDLUH FRPSUHQGUH XQH QRWLRQ LPSRUWDQWH FHOXL TXL UpXVVLW XQ
FRXSG¶eWDWHVWIRUFpPHQWXQKRPPHpPLQHQWHQFRUHIDXWLOTX¶LO
PHWWHVHVTXDOLWpVjODGLVSRVLWLRQGHO¶HQVHPEOHGHODQDWLRQHWQRQ
SDUVHFWDULVPHGHVRQHWKQLH
/DGHX[LqPHQXDQFHHVWSURYRTXpHSDUXQHWHQGDQFHORXUGHTXHO¶RQ
REVHUYHSDUWRXWTXHOTXHVRLWOHSD\V&¶HVWO¶RSSRVLWLRQHQWUHGHX[
PRQGHVOHPLOLWDLUHHWODVRFLpWpFLYLOH'¶XQF{WpODFRPPXQDXWp
PLOLWDLUHYLWXQLHGDQVODGLVFLSOLQHHWODIUDWHUQLWpG¶DUPHVGHO¶DXWUH
O¶H[LJHQFH GpPRFUDWLTXH GRQQH O¶DSSDUHQFH G¶LQGLYLGXDOLVPH
G¶DIIDLULVPH HW VXUWRXW G¶H[LVWHQFH DQDUFKLTXH &RQIURQWpV j FH
GXDOLVPH FHV JUDQGV KRPPHV KLVWRULTXHV TXL DYDLHQW FKRLVL
G¶°XYUHUDXVVLELHQSRXUOHVPLOLWDLUHVTXHSRXUOHVFLYLOVV¶pWDLHQW
DOLpQp OH VRXWLHQ GH OHXUV FRPSDJQRQV G¶DUPHV /HV DWWHQWDWV
SHUSpWUpV FRQWUH HX[ SDU OHV JURXSXVFXOHV SURFKHV GHV PLOLWDLUHV
DSSRUWHQWODSUHXYHGHFHWWHDQWLQRPLH/H&RUpHQ\SHUGUDODYLHHW
OHJpQpUDOGH*DXOOHHQUpFKDSSDGHX[IRLV0DLVDYHFFRXUDJHHW
DEQpJDWLRQ LOV RQW UpVLVWp j O¶RSLQLRQ FRUSRUDWLVWH SULYLOpJLDQW OHV
LQWpUrWV QDWLRQDX[ /HV FKHIV PLOLWDURSROLWLFLHQV DIULFDLQV QH
SHXYHQWSDVHQGLUHDXWDQW&HX[TXLO¶RQWSHQVpRXUpDOLVpRQWpWp
VDXYDJHPHQW H[pFXWpV FRPPH 0DULHQ 1JRXDEL DX &RQJR
%UD]]DYLOOHRX7KRPDV6DQNDUDDX%XUNLQD)DVR6HSUpRFFXSHUGH
VDVXUYLHDXGHVVXVGHWRXWHFRQVLGpUDWLRQVLWHOOHHVWODUDLVRQGH
V¶DJULSSHUDXSRXYRLUHVWFRPSUpKHQVLEOHHWPrPHH[FXVDEOH0DLV
ORUVTXHOHVUpVXOWDWVQHVXLYHQWSDVVRQSD\VHVWSOXVSDXYUHTX¶jOD
SULVH HQ PDLQ RX TXHOTXHV UpDOLVDWLRQV GH IDoDGHV HQ WRWDOH
GLVSURSRUWLRQDYHFODULFKHVVHGLODSLGpHODYRORQWpGHVHPDLQWHQLU
DXSRXYRLUFRWHTXHFRWHHVWFULPLQHOOHHWFRQGDPQDEOH
/¶pFDUW GpFLVLI HQWUH OHV GHX[ FDWpJRULHV GH FKHIV PLOLWDLUHV OHV
SUHPLHUVRQWWUDQVSRVpGDQVODSROLWLTXHOHXUVTXDOLWpVPLOLWDLUHVHW
REWHQX XQH LQIOXHQFH FDSLWDOH GDQV OD WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ HIIHFWLYH GH
ϭϮϬ

OHXUSD\V/HSHXSOHQHVHWURPSHSDV,OOHXUDWWULEXHOHPpULWHTXL
OHXUUHYLHQWGDQVOHVSURJUqVDFFRPSOLV/HVVHFRQGVYLYHQWGDQVXQH
EXOOH DX PLOLHX GH OHXUV SRSXODWLRQV SULYpHV GH WRXW /HXU
LQWHOOLJHQFHHWOHXUIRUFHVHUYHQWXQLQWpUrWpJRwVWHOHPDLQWLHQDX
SRXYRLU2QQ¶DSDVEHVRLQGHODGXUpHG¶XQPDQGDWSRXUFRQVWDWHU
OHVELHQIDLWVG¶XQSURJUDPPHSROLWLTXH(VWFHQRUPDOTXHGL[YLQJW
YRLUH TXDUDQWH DQV G¶XQH SUpVHQFH DX SRXYRLU GHV GLULJHDQWV
DIULFDLQV VH VROGHQW SDU OD IDPLQH OHV GpOHVWDJHV GH O¶pOHFWULFLWp
TXRWLGLHQQHPHQW OH PDQTXH G¶HDX DX[ URELQHWV OHV pSLGpPLHV HW
SDQGpPLHV pUDGLTXpHV VRXV G¶DXWUHV FLHX[ௗ" 4XH GHV FLWR\HQV
PHXUHQW HQ PDVVH HQ OXWWDQW SRXU OD TXrWH GH OD GpPRFUDWLH HVW
LQDGPLVVLEOH 5LHQ G¶pWRQQDQW V¶LO Q¶\ D SDV GH SDQWKpRQ SRXU
0REXWX(\DGpPD%RNDVVDHWOHVDXWUHVFDUO¶KLVWRLUHHVWFUXHOOHHW
HOOHVHXOHGLVWLQJXHOHVYUDLVKRPPHVG¶eWDW
$UPpH DIULFDLQH HW GpPRFUDWLH QH IRQW SDV ERQ PpQDJH SDUFH TXH
FRQVXEVWDQWLHOOHPHQW OHV LQJUpGLHQWV TXL IRQW OD IRUFH GH O¶XQH
KHXUWHQW OD QDWXUH GH O¶DXWUH /HV pOHFWLRQV SDU H[HPSOH YRQW j
O¶HQFRQWUH GH O¶RUGUH KLpUDUFKLTXH PLOLWDLUH 2Q QH SHXW SDV
FRPPDQGHU HQ GHPDQGDQW O¶DYLV GH VHV VXERUGRQQpV SDU OH
WUXFKHPHQWG¶XQYRWH/DOLEHUWpG¶H[SUHVVLRQXQSULQFLSHGHEDVH
GH OD GpPRFUDWLH YXH FRPPH OH GURLW SRXU XQ PLOLWDLUH GH SHQVHU
FRPPHLOOHVRXKDLWHHWGHSRXYRLUH[SULPHUVHVRSLQLRQVSDUWRXV
OHVPR\HQVTX
LOMXJHRSSRUWXQVQ¶HVWSDVDSSOLFDEOHVXUXQQDYLUH
GH JXHUUH HQ RSpUDWLRQ GpOLFDWH RX DX VHLQ G¶XQH FRPSDJQLH HQ
PDQ°XYUH &HOD UHYLHQGUDLW j GLVFXWHU OHV RUGUHV GX JUDGp HW RQ
SDVVHUDLW OH WHPSV GDQV GHV FRQMHFWXUHV LQWHUPLQDEOHV 'H WRXWH
IDoRQLOQ¶\DSDVGHSODFHSRXUOHVpWDWVG¶kPHGDQVO¶DUPpH3RXU
OHVEHVRLQVGHO¶HIILFDFLWpRQHVWWHQXG¶DSSOLTXHUOHSUpFHSWH©XQ
RUGUHHVWXQRUGUHªHWOHFKHITXLOHGRQQHHVWOHVHXOUHVSRQVDEOH
/H PXOWLSDUWLVPH FRUUHVSRQGUDLW j O¶LQWURGXFWLRQ G¶XQH FRWHULH
RIILFLHOOHGDQVOHVXQLWpVPLOLWDLUHV,PSHQVDEOHGDQVXQHHQWLWpGRQW
O¶KDUPRQLHHWO¶XQLRQVRQWOHVIRUFHV
/HVPLOLWDLUHVDXSRXYRLUVRQWWURSYLVLEOHVjFDXVHGHOHXUPRGHGH
IRQFWLRQQHPHQW WUqV ULJLGH PDLV DXVVL GH OHXU DSSDUHQFH ,O HVW
LPSRUWDQW GH VLJQDOHU TXH ORUVTX¶XQH FRUSRUDWLRQ PrPH FLYLOH
DFFDSDUHGXSRXYRLUHOOHIDLWGHVHQYLHX[HWGHVJULQFKHX[SDUPLOHV
QRQPHPEUHV/DSRVLWLRQGHO¶(1$HQ)UDQFHOHGpPRQWUHDVVH]
WRXVOHVMRXUV/HVDQFLHQVVWDJLDLUHVHWpWXGLDQWVGHFHWpWDEOLVVHPHQW
ϭϮϭ

WUXVWHQWOHVSRVWHVGHODKDXWHIRQFWLRQSXEOLTXHGHVPLQLVWqUHVHWGH
TXHOTXHV JUDQGHV HQWUHSULVHV 2Q HQWHQG DORUV GHV FULWLTXHV
UpFXUUHQWHV HW GHV UHSURFKHV FRQFHUQDQW FHWWH FRORQLVDWLRQ HQ FRO
EODQFTXLPHWWUDLWHQSpULOODYLHSROLWLTXHIUDQoDLVH8QHMXQWHDX
SRXYRLUDYHFGHVPLOLWDLUHVGDQVOHVPLQLVWqUHVTXHOTXHVIRLVjKDXWH
GRVH HVW XQH VLWXDWLRQ GpVDVWUHXVH 3RXU DXWDQW HOOH Q¶D MDPDLV
SURGXLW OHV HIIHWV HVFRPSWpV VLQRQ RQ DXUDLW SpUHQQLVp FH JHQUH
G¶RFFXUUHQFH 'DQV OH FDGUH GH OD GpPRFUDWLH RQ QH SHXW SDV
HPSrFKHUXQFLWR\HQGHV¶HQJDJHUHQSROLWLTXH,OIDXWWRXWGHPrPH
TXHFHWHQJDJHPHQWVRLWXQHGpPDUFKHLQGLYLGXHOOH&RQFHUQDQWOHV
KRPPHV HQ XQLIRUPH LO IDXW TX¶LOV UHQRQFHQW j OHXU FDUULqUH VDQV
UDWWUDSDJH RX FRPSHQVDWLRQ GX PRLQV OH WHPSV GH O¶LQWHUPqGH
SROLWLTXH 8QH IRLV DX[ DIIDLUHV LO HVW KRUV GH TXHVWLRQ TXH FHV
LQGLYLGXVVRLHQWOHVSRLVVRQVSLORWHVGHOHXUFRUSRUDWLRQ,OVVHURQW
QRUPDOHPHQWDXVHUYLFHGHWRXV(QILQTX¶LOVDGKqUHQWDX[SULQFLSHV
GH OD GpPRFUDWLH /HV SRWHQWDWV DIULFDLQV HQ NDNL &RQJR 1LJHU
%XUNLQD )DVR 7FKDG HWF FODPHQW KDXW HW IRUW TX¶LOV VRQW
GpPRFUDWHVTXHOHXUSD\VHVWXQHGpPRFUDWLHpPDQFLSpHPDLVOHXUV
DJLVVHPHQWV WUDKLVVHQW OHXU YUDLH QDWXUH &H VRQW GHV DXWRFUDWHV
DFFURVDXSRXYRLUDEVROXSDUFHTXHO¶DOWHUQDQFHTX¶LOVHVVDLHQWGH
FRQWRXUQHU HQ WHQWDQW GH WULSDWRXLOOHU OHV FRQVWLWXWLRQV HVW XQH GHV
QRWLRQVGHEDVHGHODGpPRFUDWLH'HX[PDQGDWVGHSUpVLGHQWGHOD
5pSXEOLTXH ©dD VXIILWª, ©7KDW¶V HQRXJKª, ©%DVWDª, ©(V
UHLFKWª«6LRQQ¶HVWSDVUDVVDVLpRQYDYRLUDLOOHXUV/HVKRPPHV
SURYLGHQWLHOVQHPDQTXHQWSDV1XOQ¶HVWLUUHPSODoDEOH
$XWUHSUpFHSWHVDQVOHTXHOXQHGpPRFUDWLHQ¶HVWSDVFLYLOLVpHOHV
PLOLWDLUHV UHJURXSpV HQ FRUSRUDWLRQ GpIHQGDQW OHV LQWpUrWV GH OHXU
SURIHVVLRQGRLYHQWLPSpUDWLYHPHQWDFFHSWHUODVXSUpPDWLHGHVFLYLOV
FDU OD VWUDWpJLH JOREDOH G¶XQ SD\V VH FRQoRLW GDQV OHV LQVWDQFHV
SROLWLTXHVOjRO¶DUPpHQ¶HVWSDVSUpVHQWH&RPPHQWFRQFHYRLUTXH
ODFDVHUQHVRLWOHOLHXRO¶HQVHPEOHGHVDIIDLUHVSXEOLTXHVDXSOXV
KDXWQLYHDXGXSD\VV¶pODERUHௗ"/HVIRUFHVGHGpIHQVHQHVRQWTX¶XQH
SDUWLHLQILPHGHODQDWLRQHOOHVQHVRQWSDVODQDWLRQ(OOHVQ¶RQWSDV
YRFDWLRQ j OD GLULJHU HOOHV VH GRLYHQW G¶rWUH SOXW{W j VRQ VHUYLFH
UHVSHFWHU VHV JUDQGV LGpDX[ O¶pWDW GH GURLW HW OHV SULQFLSHV GH OD
GpPRFUDWLH 8QH DUPpH GDQV XQ UpJLPH GpPRFUDWLTXH GRLW UHVWHU
DSROLWLTXHpYLWHUGHGHVFHQGUHGDQVO¶DUqQHSROLWLTXHV¶HPSrFKHUGH
SUHQGUHSDUWLGHVRXWHQLUXQOHDGHURXXQHIRUPDWLRQSROLWLTXH/H
ϭϮϮ

SLUHPDOKHXUTXLSXLVVHDUULYHUjXQeWDWF¶HVWODOLTXpIDFWLRQGHVRQ
DUPpH FRPPH DX &RQJR GpPRFUDWLTXH OH PDO QRPPp DSUqV OD
FKXWH GX UpJLPH GX PDUpFKDO 0REXWX 1RXV DYRQV DVVLVWp j OD
O¶pYDQHVFHQFHGHV)RUFHV$UPpHV=DwURLVHV)$=jODYLWHVVHJUDQG
9 FRPPH HQ &HQWUDIULTXH DSUqV OD IXLWH GX JpQpUDO %R]L]p DX
&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHDSUqVOHVDXYHTXLSHXWGH/LVVRXED&KDTXHIRLV
OHFKDRVIXWLQGHVFULSWLEOH&HVFpQDULRPHQDFHGHQRXYHDXTXHOTXHV
eWDWVDIULFDLQVGRQWOHVDUPpHVFODQLTXHVVRXWLHQQHQWOHVSUpVLGHQWV
LQDPRYLEOHVFRPPHODFRUGHVRXWLHQWOHSHQGX
À ce stade de la réflexion, au regard du constat accablant en
défaveur des forces militaires africaines, il n’y a aucune rancune,
pas un soupçon d’animosité en direction de mes frères d’armes,
simplement l’impertinence des faits.

ϭϮϯ

/HVFRXSVG¶eWDWHQ$IULTXH
$YLV j PHV IUqUHV G¶DUPHV ©/HV DYDQWDJHV UpVXOWDQW G¶XQH
SDUWLFLSDWLRQDFWLYHjXQFRXSG¶eWDWUpXVVLVRQWVHQVLEOHPHQWSOXV
LPSRUWDQWVTXHODVLPSOHUpFRPSHQVHGXGHYRLUDFFRPSOLHQYHUVOH
SRXYRLUª (Q FODLU YDXW PLHX[ rWUH XQ DUGHQW LQWHUYHQDQW G¶XQ
FRXSG¶eWDWTX¶XQIODJRUQHXUGXSRXYRLUHQGpFUpSLWXGHVXLYH]PRQ
UHJDUG
/DSROLWLTXHHQ$IULTXHHVWFRXSDEOHGHVPDOKHXUVGHV$IULFDLQV/HV
WURXEOHVGDQVXQSD\VUHMDLOOLVVHQWG¶XQHPDQLqUHRXG¶XQHDXWUHVXU
OHVeWDWVYRLVLQVGHVRUWHTXHPrPHOHVSD\VVWDEOHVVRQWSUpRFFXSpV
SDUOHVVRXEUHVDXWVGHVeWDWVSURFKHV3DUWRXWODVpUpQLWpHWOHFDOPH
VRQWORLQGHUD\RQQHUVXUOHVYLVDJHVGHVKRPPHVHWGHVIHPPHVGX
EDV SHXSOH /D GpVWDELOLVDWLRQ pWDWLTXH FRPPXQH j WRXV FHV SD\V
V¶H[SOLTXH SDU OD IDLEOHVVH LQWULQVqTXH GHV eWDWV HW GH OHXUV
DGPLQLVWUDWLRQV'qVORUVTXHOHVJRXYHUQHPHQWVDVVXUHQWPDOOHXUV
PLVVLRQV LOV SRUWHQW LQGpQLDEOHPHQW OD UHVSRQVDELOLWp GHV FRXSV
G¶eWDWPXWLQHULHVHWPDQLIHVWDWLRQVUpYROXWLRQQDLUHVTXLDFFURLVVHQW
OD GpILDQFH HW O¶DQ[LpWp GHV SRSXODWLRQV 3HXYHQWLOV WUDYDLOOHU HW
UpXVVLU GDQV FHV FRQGLWLRQVௗ" ¬ FHOD LO IDXW DMRXWHU O¶pSpH GH
'DPRFOqVTXHUHSUpVHQWHO¶DUPpH'HSXLVOHVDQQpHVLO\DHX
DX WRWDOFRXSV G
eWDW UpXVVLV RX QRQ HQ $IULTXH VHORQ GHV
GRQQpHV FRPSLOpHV SDU GHX[ SROLWRORJXHV DPpULFDLQV -RQDWKDQ
3RZHOOHW&OD\WRQ7K\QHTXLVRQWUHVSHFWLYHPHQWGHO
8QLYHUVLWpGH
)ORULGHFHQWUDOHHWGHO
8QLYHUVLWpGX.HQWXFN\eWDWV8QLV
/H FRXS G¶eWDW HVW XQ SURFpGp GH VXFFHVVLRQ DX SRXYRLU IRUW
FRQWHVWDEOHPDLVTXHOTXHVIRLVQpFHVVDLUHVLOHUpJLPHLQFULPLQpHVW
GLULJp SDU XQ SRWHQWDW LQGpERXORQQDEOH HW TXH OHV SURFpGXUHV
G¶DOWHUQDQFH GpPRFUDWLTXH VRQW ELDLVpHV &HV SUpVLGHQWV GH OD
5pSXEOLTXHLQDPRYLEOHVVHVRQWLGHQWLILpVDXSD\VDXSRLQWGHFURLUH
TX¶LOVGpWLHQQHQWOHSRXYRLUad vitam æternam,OVQHODTXLWWHURQW
TXHFRQWUDLQWVHWIRUFpV,OVQHFqGHQWTXHGHYDQWODSUHVVLRQHWQH
FRPSUHQQHQW TXH OD ORJLTXH GX UDSSRUW GH IRUFHV (Q GURLW
LQWHUQDWLRQDO OH FRXS G¶eWDW Q¶HVW SDV IRUPHOOHPHQW D[LRPDWLVp
$LQVL O¶DSSUREDWLRQ GHV JRXYHUQHPHQWV LVVXV GH FH PRGH
G¶DFFHVVLRQ DX SRXYRLU HVW ODLVVpH j O¶DSSUpFLDWLRQ GHV eWDWV VHORQ

Ϯϳ
/XWWZDN(GZDUG Le coup d’État,3DULVpG5REHUW/DIIRQWS
ϭϮϰ

OHXUVSURSUHVLQWpUrWV&HSHQGDQWTXDQGODVRXYHUDLQHWpG¶XQeWDW
HVW JUDYHPHQW PLVH HQ FDXVH OD FRPPXQDXWp LQWHUQDWLRQDOH
FRQGDPQH HW GHPDQGH OH UHWRXU j OD VLWXDWLRQ LQVWLWXWLRQQHOOH
DQWpULHXUHFRPPHHQDX0DOL(QHOOHQ¶DYDLWSDVHXXQH
UpDFWLRQ YpKpPHQWH ORUVTXH OD VRXYHUDLQHWp GX &RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH
DYDLWpWpEDIRXpHLQYDVLRQGHVRQWHUULWRLUHSDUO¶DUPpHDQJRODLVH
VDQVGpFODUDWLRQGHJXHUUHSRXUFRQIRUWHUXQFRXSG¶eWDW(OOHDYDLW
UpDJLPROOHPHQWGRQQDQWXQTXDVLFRQVHQWHPHQWjO¶HQYDKLVVHXU'H
WRXWH pYLGHQFH O¶DEVXUGLWp FRPPH OD YpULWp ILQLVVHQW SDU pPHUJHU
DYHF OH WHPSV 9LQJWGHX[ DQV DSUqV OH GpVDVWUH GX SXWVFK
GpYDVWDWHXUGHOHVPrPHVIDFWLHX[SRXUSURORQJHUOHXUEDLOj
OD GLUHFWLRQ GX SD\V RQW SHUSpWUp XQ GHX[LqPH FRXS G¶eWDW
LQVWLWXWLRQQHO FHWWH IRLVFL HQ PRGLILDQW OHXU SURSUH &RQVWLWXWLRQ
pODERUpH HQ XQLODWpUDOHPHQW VDQV RSSRVLWLRQ HW LPSRVpH DX
SHXSOHFRQJRODLV4XRLTX¶LOHQVRLWOHFRXSG¶eWDWHVWXQHYLRODWLRQ
GX GURLW SDUFH TX¶LO FKDQJH SDU OD YLROHQFH HQ WRXV OHV FDV VDQV
O¶DVVHQWLPHQWG¶XQHGHVFRPSRVDQWHVDXPRLQVGHODYLHSROLWLTXH
OHV SDUWLV SROLWLTXHV OD SRSXODWLRQ OHV V\QGLFDWV« OD VLWXDWLRQ
QDWLRQDOH &HWWH YLROHQFH HVW KDELWXHOOHPHQW HQJHQGUpH SDU XQH
DFWLRQPLOLWDLUH/HFRXSG¶eWDWHVWXQHDFWLRQGHIRUFHTXLV¶RSSRVH
jO¶DOWHUQDQFHSDUODYRLHOpJDOHHWGpPRFUDWLTXHJUDYpHVXUOHPDUEUH
FRQVWLWXWLRQQHO /HV FRXSV GH ERXWRLU FRQWUH OD &RQVWLWXWLRQ VRQW
G¶RUGLQDLUHSRUWpVSDUGHVSXWVFKLVWHVHQUDJpVDJULSSpVHQPDOGH
SRXYRLU/HVYHQWVRQWWRXUQpGHSXLV&HVRQWOHVWHQDQWVGX
SRXYRLU TXL V¶DWWDTXHQW j HOOH HQ OD UHPRGHODQW j OHXU VHXO SURILW
&HWWH IRUIDLWXUH UHVWH XQ FRXS G¶eWDW PrPH V¶LO HVW DX GpSDUW VDQV
YLROHQFH GDQV VD UpDOLVDWLRQ /HV FRQVpTXHQFHV SHXYHQW HQJHQGUHU
XQ GpFKDvQHPHQW GH IXUHXU WRXW DXVVL PHXUWULHU TXH OD SUHPLqUH
YDULDQWH
9RLFLPD©WKpRULHGXFDOHoRQªTXLKXPRULVWLTXHPHQWH[SOLTXHOD
VWXSLGLWpGHV$IULFDLQVGDQVODFRPSUpKHQVLRQHWO¶DSSOLFDWLRQGHV
FRQFHSWV SKLORVRSKLFRSROLWLTXHV LPSRUWpV /D GpPRFUDWLH HVW
XQLYHUVHOOH(OOHH[LVWHHQ$VLHHQ2FpDQLHHQ$PpULTXHHQ(XURSH
VRQEHUFHDXHWFHUWDLQHPHQWHQ$IULTXH8QPRGHGHJRXYHUQDQFH
TXLWUDQVFHQGHOHVODWLWXGHVOHWHPSVOHVPDQLqUHVGHSHQVHUHWOHV
XVDJHVSRVVqGHIDWDOHPHQWXQIRQGOpJLWLPHHWLPSRVHODUDLVRQ/D
GpPRFUDWLH Q¶HVW SDV XQH SKLORVRSKLH DIULFDLQH PrPH VL FHUWDLQV
FRPSRUWHPHQWVWUDGLWLRQQHOVDIULFDLQVV¶HQDSSURFKHQW&HVYDOHXUV
ϭϮϱ

QRXV YLHQQHQW G¶DLOOHXUV SDUFH TX¶HOOHV RQW IDLW OD SUHXYH GH OHXU
HIILFDFLWp GDQV OD JRXYHUQDQFH DSDLVpH GHV eWDWV 'H PrPH OH
FDOHoRQ XQ HIIHW YHVWLPHQWDLUH JXqUH LQGLVSHQVDEOH HVW XQ REMHW
G¶LPSRUWDWLRQTXHOHVpOLWHVDIULFDLQHVRQWDGRSWp1RVUHVSRQVDEOHV
SROLWLTXHV OH SRUWHQW VL ELHQ TX¶LO OHXU VLHG j PHUYHLOOH VRXV OH
SDQWDORQ,OHVWLPSHQVDEOHTX¶XQGLULJHDQWDIULFDLQV¶DIIUDQFKLVVHGH
ODPDQLqUHGHOHSRUWHUSRXUOHPHWWUHOjRLOYHXWSDUH[HPSOHVXU
OD WrWH FDU ©WHO HVW PRQ ERQ SODLVLUª FURLUDLWLO ,PDJLQH] OH
ULGLFXOH,OVHUDHPPHQpSUHVWHPHQWjO¶DVLOH(QWUDQVSRVDQWFHWWH
LPDJH O¶LQWHUSUpWDWLRQ TXH OHV $IULFDLQV IRQW GH OD GpPRFUDWLH
UHYLHQWjXWLOLVHUOHFDOHoRQFRPPHFRXYUHFKHI6LOHULGLFXOHGLW
RQ QH WXH SDV OHV SROLWLFDUGV DIULFDLQV j FDXVH GH OHXU FRQGXLWH
LQDGPLVVLEOH HQ SROLWLTXH SRUWH HQ HX[ OH JURWHVTXH ,O IDXW VH
UHSUpVHQWHUVXUODSKRWRGHVPLQLVWUHVGHV$IIDLUHVpWUDQJqUHVG¶XQ
IRUXPPRQGLDOOHVUHSUpVHQWDQWVDIULFDLQVDYHFXQVOLSVXUODWrWH
7HOOHHVWODYLVLRQTXHVXJJqUHFHWWHIDoRQG¶LQWHUSUpWHUjO¶DIULFDLQH
GHVUHFHWWHVGHODGpPRFUDWLHTXLUpXVVLVVHQWDLOOHXUV&RQVWLWXWLRQj
XVDJH PXOWLSOH at its suae discretioni29 OHV pOHFWLRQV GpYR\pHV OD
JHVWLRQ pFRQRPLTXH FDODPLWHXVH HW pJRwVWH O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ
GpUDLVRQQDEOH GH OD YLROHQFH OH QpSRWLVPH OD FRQFXVVLRQ OD
SUpYDULFDWLRQ HWF /H FRQFHSW GH GpPRFUDWLH UHSRVH VXU GHX[
SULQFLSHV IRUWV TXH OHV $IULFDLQV QH UHVSHFWHQW SDV WRXMRXUV
3UHPLqUHPHQWOHGpVDFFRUGIDLWSDUWLHGHODGpPRFUDWLHDLQVLTXHOD
SOXUDOLWpGHVRSLQLRQVOHVRSSRVLWLRQVHWODOLEHUWpG¶H[SUHVVLRQVRQW
FRQFLOLDEOHV DYHF O¶RUGUH HW O¶DXWRULWp 'HX[LqPHPHQW VHXO OH
VXIIUDJHPDMRULWDLUHGXSHXSOHFRQGXLWDXSRXYRLUOpJLWLPHHWOpJDO
/DGpPRFUDWLHF¶HVWODWROpUDQFHHWOHSDUWDJHOHGpEDWHWODSDL[
/H FRXS G¶pWDW PRGHUQH QH FRQFHUQH SDV IRQGDPHQWDOHPHQW OD

VWUDWpJLH GX UHQYHUVHPHQW G¶XQ SRXYRLU SDU OH WUXFKHPHQW GH OD
VLPSOH JpQpURVLWp O¶HQWKRXVLDVPH O¶HQYLH RX O¶H[WUpPLVPH &¶HVW
ELHQ XQH DIIDLUH GH WHFKQLTXH LQVXUUHFWLRQQHOOH HW GH O¶DUW GH
PDQ°XYUHUHWGHFRPELQHUOHVIRUFHV,OV¶LPSRVHTXDQGOHSRXYRLU
HVWDEMHFWHWGLJQHGXSDQGpPRQLXP1HSDVDWWHQGUHTXHOHUpJLPH
GH QRL[ GH SDOPH WURS PU FKXWH WRXW VHXO GH VRQSDOPLHU ,O IDXW
QpFHVVDLUHPHQW O¶\ DLGHU 3RXU FHOD LO QH VHUD SDV H[pFXWp SDU OH

Ϯϴ
)RUPXOHXWLOLVpHSDUOHURLGH)UDQFH)UDQoRLVHUHQFO{WXUHGHVDFRUUHVSRQGDQFH
Ϯϵ
([SUHVVLRQODWLQHWUDGXLWHSDUselon son bon vouloir.
ϭϮϲ

SHXSOH PDLV IRUFpPHQW SDU XQ SHWLW JURXSH GH FDGUHV G¶pOLWH
FRQYDLQFXVHWGRSpVSDUO¶HQYLHGHGpERXORQQHUOHSRXYRLUHQSODFH
XQHYpULWDEOHOLJXHFRPSpWHQWHHWRUJDQLVpH/HFKRL[GHVPHPEUHV
HVWLPSRUWDQWDILQG¶pYLWHUOHVSHXUHX[HWOHVIpORQV/DVWUDWpJLHGRLW
rWUH VLPSOH HW OD UDSLGLWp G¶H[pFXWLRQ FDSLWDOH ,O HVW FDSLWDO
G¶H[SORLWHU O¶DQDUFKLH RX OD FRQIXVLRQ DPELDQWH OD SURYRTXHU DX
EHVRLQ SDU XQH DJLWDWLRQ HVWXGLDQWLQH RX XQH JUqYH JpQpUDOH /D
SDUDO\VLHGHODYLOOHSULQFLSDOHRVHGpURXOHUDOHFRXSG¶eWDWHVWj
FHSUL[&HWWHPDVVHHQSOHLQHVXUH[FLWDWLRQVHUDXWLOHGDQVODSKDVH
GH FRQVROLGDWLRQ VL HOOH HVW ELHQ LQILOWUpH HW PDQLSXOpH SDU GHV
DJLWDWHXUVDJXHUULV/HFRQWU{OHGHVPpGLDVSHQGDQWO¶DFWLRQHVWWRXW
DXVVLYLWDO/¶REMHFWLILQFRQWRXUQDEOHGHPHXUHODSULVHGHODUDGLRHW
GHODWpOpYLVLRQSRXUFUpHUXQHUpDOLWpYLUWXHOOHGHVWLQpHjLQIRUPHU
RXGpVLQIRUPHU&HUWDLQVUpJLPHVWLUHQWOHXUVXEVWDQFHG¶XQHVHXOH
SHUVRQQHVRXYHQWFKDULVPDWLTXHHWGRQWODORQJpYLWpDXSRXYRLUHVW
OD SULQFLSDOH IDLEOHVVH ,O DXUD DFFXPXOp DFULPRQLH HW YRORQWp GH
UHYDQFKH FRQWUH OXL 'DQV FH FDV GpFDSLWH] OD WrWH HW OH V\VWqPH
V¶HIIRQGUH0DLVVLOHW\UDQHVWUHVWpORQJWHPSVSUpVLGHQWF¶HVWTX¶LO
D SOXV G¶XQ WRXU GDQV VRQ VDF (Q HIIHW O¶HIILFDFLWp G¶XQH XQLWp
SUpVLGHQWLHOOH ELHQ HQWUDvQpH UpDFWLYH HW ILGqOH VHV PR\HQV GH
WUDQVPLVVLRQ RSpUDWLRQQHOV VRQ DUPHPHQW SXLVVDQW HQ LQWHUYHQDQW
IRUWjSURSRVSHXWIDLUHpFKRXHUXQFRXSG¶eWDW3DUFRQVpTXHQWLO
HVWLPSpULHX[GHIDLUHXQHpYDOXDWLRQFRPSOqWHHWVDQVFRPSODLVDQFH
GHWRXWHVRQDUPpHHWGHPHWWUHHQH[HUJXHOHVSRLQWVIDLEOHV,OV¶DJLW
GH UHVVRUWLU OD QDWXUH HW OD FRPSRVLWLRQ GHV XQLWpV VXVFHSWLEOHV
G¶LQWHUYHQLUHWGHVRXOLJQHUO¶pFKHORQUpHOOHPHQWRSpUDWLRQQHO,OIDXW
LGHQWLILHUGDQVFKDTXHIRUPDWLRQOHVSHUVRQQDJHVFOpVpWDQWHQWHQGX
TXH OHV FKHIV RIILFLHOV QH VRQW SDV WRXMRXUV OHV SLRQV OHV SOXV
LQIOXHQWV/DPDvWULVHGHVXQLWpVDGYHUVHVWLHQWDXVVLjO¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQ
GHVPHQHXUVGHODWURXSH
/HV XQLWpV GH OD JDUGH SUpVLGHQWLHOOH GH QRV MRXUV VXSSODQWHQW OHV
IRUFHV DUPpHV j FDXVH GH FH VRXFL GH ILGpOLWp HW G¶HIILFDFLWp 0DLV
F¶HVWDXVVLXQGHVHVpOpPHQWVGHODJDUGHSUpVLGHQWLHOOHTXLDXUDLW
DVVDVVLQp OHV FKHIV GH O¶eWDW GX 1LJHU OH JpQpUDO ,EUDKLP %DUp
0DwQDVVDUDHWGX&RQJRGpPRFUDWLTXH/DXUHQW'pVLUp.DELOD
'DQVXQSD\VGpPRFUDWLTXHPDWXUHROHVLQVWLWXWLRQVIRQFWLRQQHQW
FRUUHFWHPHQW HW OHV FRQWUHSRXYRLUV H[LVWHQW LO HVW LPSRVVLEOH GH
IDLUHXQFRXSG¶eWDW&HUWDLQVWKpRULFLHQVSHQVHQWQpDQPRLQVTX¶XQ
ϭϮϳ

SXWVFK HVW SRVVLEOH GDQV Q¶LPSRUWH TXHO SD\V PrPH OH SOXV
GpPRFUDWLTXH j FRQGLWLRQ G¶\ PHWWUH OHV PR\HQV HW G¶DYRLU XQ
JURXSH G¶KRPPHV GpWHUPLQpV j OH IDLUH (Q XQH WHQWDWLYH
pFKRXDHQ)UDQFHFRQWUHOHJpQpUDOGH*DXOOHGRQWOHVDXWHXUVIXUHQW
TXDOLILpV GpGDLJQHXVHPHQW GH ©TXDUWHURQV GH JpQpUDX[ª /HV
GHUQLHUV SD\V GH O¶(XURSH RFFLGHQWDOH TXL RQW FRQQX FHWWH
PpVDYHQWXUHVRQW
/D *UqFH HQ OHV pOHFWLRQV OpJLVODWLYHV VRQW
UHPSRUWpHVSDUO
8QLRQGHV&HQWUHVGH*HRUJHV3DSDQGUpRX
,OGpFLGHG
pSXUHUO
DUPpHWUqVPDUTXpHjO
H[WUrPHGURLWH
/
pWDWPDMRUREQXELOpSDUODPHQDFHFRPPXQLVWHPXOWLSOLH
OHV PDQ°XYUHV GH GpVWDELOLVDWLRQ 'HV WURXEOHV VH
GpYHORSSHQWGHYDQWOHUHIXVGXURLGHFRQILHUOHSRXYRLUjOD
JDXFKH /H DYULO GHV RIILFLHUV HPPHQpV SDU OH FRORQHO
*HyUJLRV3DSDGySRXORVSUHQQHQWOHSRXYRLUSDUODIRUFHHW
DEROLVVHQWODFRQVWLWXWLRQ
/H 3RUWXJDO GH 6DOD]DU DX SRXYRLU GHSXLV OH
DYULOXQFRXSG
eWDWpWDLWRUJDQLVpHW H[pFXWpSDU
GHV PLOLWDLUHV UDGLFDOLVpV FRQWUH OHV GpERLUHV HVVX\pV SDU
O¶DUPpHSRUWXJDLVHGDQVOHVGHUQLqUHVJXHUUHVFRORQLDOHVHQ
$IULTXH ,OV GpVDSSURXYDLHQW OHV VDFULILFHV KXPDLQV
DIIpUHQWVHWSDVVqUHQWjO¶H[pFXWLRQSRXUDUUrWHUOHVIUDLV
/¶(VSDJQH SRVWIUDQTXLVWH pWDLW XQ UpJLPH SHX
UHFRPPDQGDEOH HW DQWLGpPRFUDWLTXH /H FRXS G
eWDW GX
IpYULHUFRQQXSDUVRQQRPGHFRGH©)ªpWDLW
SHUSpWUpSDUGHVRIILFLHUVGHO
DUPpHTXLGRQQqUHQWO
DVVDXWj
O¶$VVHPEOpH QDWLRQDOH ILOPp HQ GLUHFW j OD WpOpYLVLRQ
HVSDJQROH
A contrarioOH6pQpJDOHVWO
XQGHVUDUHVSD\VG¶$IULTXHjQ
DYRLU
MDPDLVYpFXGHFRXSG
eWDW,OMRXLWG
XQHUpSXWDWLRQGHWUDQVSDUHQFH
GHV RSpUDWLRQV JRXYHUQHPHQWDOHV HW HVW FRQVLGpUp FRPPH XQ
H[HPSOH GH WUDQVLWLRQ YHUV OD GpPRFUDWLH HQ $IULTXH DLQVL TXHGH
UHVSHFWGHODOLEHUWpHWGHO
LQGpSHQGDQFHGHVPpGLDV
([FHSWLRQQRWRLUHSXLVTXHOD]RQHGHSUpGLOHFWLRQGHFHWDYDWDUGHOD
SROLWLTXHVDXYDJHGHODKDLQHGHO¶DXWUHGHODQpJDWLRQGXGLDORJXH
HWGHODJRXYHUQDQFHFRQILVTXpHUHVWHO¶$IULTXHDYHFXQHPHQWLRQ
VSpFLDOHSRXUO¶$IULTXHIUDQFRSKRQH(VWFHXQHUHODWLRQGHFDXVHj
ϭϮϴ

HIIHWௗ"8QFRXSG¶eWDWHVWUpDOLVDEOHDYHFXQSRXUFHQWDJHpOHYpGH
UpXVVLWH GDQV XQ SD\V DUULpUp G¶DERUG LQWHOOHFWXHOOHPHQW QLYHDX
G¶LQVWUXFWLRQ IDLEOH LPSRUWDQWH PDVVH LQFXOWH LQFDSDEOH GH
V¶LQIRUPHU HQ GHKRUV GX FHUFOH SURFKH VDQV FXOWXUH QL PR\HQ GH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ pYROXp« eFRQRPLTXHPHQW OHV SRSXODWLRQV
SKDJRF\WpHV SDU XQH SDXYUHWp HQGpPLTXH Q¶RQW TX¶XQH
SUpRFFXSDWLRQWURXYHUTXRWLGLHQQHPHQWjPDQJHU7RXVOHVDXWUHV
VRXFLVVRQWVHFRQGDLUHV/¶LQGLJHQFHHVWDXVVLSROLWLTXH/HVPDVVHV
VRQWWUqVVHQVLEOHVjODSURSDJDQGH7RXWFHTXHGLWODUDGLRHVWYpULWp
G¶pYDQJLOHjSOXVIRUWHUDLVRQTXDQGODVHXOHWpOpYLVLRQGXYLOODJH
UHSHQGGHVLQHSWLHVF¶HVWGXSDLQEpQL7RXWFHFLHVWOHWHUUHDXSDUIDLW
SRXUXQFRXSG¶eWDW/HVDFWHXUVSROLWLTXHVQHV¶HQSULYHQWSDV
3RXU 0DODSDUWH XQ FRXS G¶eWDW HVW XQH TXHVWLRQ G¶RUGUH

WHFKQLTXHXQHSRLJQpHG¶KRPPHVFRPSpWHQWVTXLIUDSSHUDLHQWQRQ
SDVOHVRUJDQHVUHSUpVHQWDQWO¶eWDW3DUOHPHQWPLQLVWqUHVPDLVOHV
SRLQWVVWUDWpJLTXHVFRPPHOHVFHQWUDOHVpOHFWULTXHVOHVFHQWUHVGH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQOHVFDVHUQHVOHVXVLQHVOHVEDQTXHVVXIILUDLHQWSRXU
V¶HPSDUHUGXSRXYRLU
/¶LQVXUUHFWLRQSRSXODLUHHVWSOXVFRPSOLTXpHHWPRLQVUDSLGHPDLV
SOXV GpYDVWDWULFH (Q FDV GH VXFFqV O¶DQFLHQ UpJLPH HVW EDOD\p
LQWpJUDOHPHQW (Q IRQFWLRQ GX QLYHDX G¶HQFDGUHPHQW GHV
PDQLIHVWDQWV RQ SHXW DVVLVWHU j GX YDQGDOLVPH HW GHV SLOODJHV TXL
Q¶DUUDQJHQW SDV OD UHSULVH HQ PDLQ GX SD\V SDU OHV QRXYHDX[
GLULJHDQWV3RXUrWUHYLFWRULHXVHO¶LQVXUUHFWLRQGRLWDYRLUGHVPRWLIV
GHVRXOqYHPHQWVpFRQRPLTXHVRXVRFLDX[VLQRQOHVGHX[jODIRLV
FRQWUHOHSRXYRLUHQSODFH(OOHQpFHVVLWHXQHPRELOLVDWLRQGHPDVVH
HW O¶XWLOLVDWLRQ GH OD JUqYH 3DU FRQVpTXHQW LO IDXW FXOWLYHU XQH
FRQQLYHQFHDYHFXQHSDUWLHGXSHUVRQQHOSROLWLTXHHWV\QGLFDO
eWDQWODVHXOHIRUFHFRKpUHQWHGXSD\VO¶DUPpHHQFDVGHGpVRUGUH
SXEOLF VRUW GX ERLV 6HXOHV OHXU pGXFDWLRQ HW OHXU FUR\DQFH DX[
YDOHXUVGpPRFUDWLTXHVHPSrFKHUDLHQWOHVPLOLWDLUHVGHIDLUHXQFRXS
GHIRUFH3DUH[HPSOHXQFRXSG¶eWDWPLOLWDLUHHVWLQLPDJLQDEOHHQ
,VUDsO SDUFH TXH O¶DUPpH HVW HQ V\PELRVH SDUIDLWH DYHF OH
JRXYHUQHPHQW'XIDLWGHVRQLPSOLFDWLRQGDQVODVpFXULWpGXSD\V

ϯϬ
&XU]LR0DODSDUWHQpVRXVOHQRPGH.XUW(ULFK6XFNHUWpFULYDLQGLSORPDWH
FLQpDVWHLWDOLHQ
ϭϮϵ

HOOH HVW DX FHQWUH GH OD YLH QDWLRQDOH HW FRQVLGpUpH FRPPH
O¶LQVWLWXWLRQODSOXVSRSXODLUHTXHYDWHOOHFKHUFKHUGHSOXVௗ"
/HFRXSG¶eWDWV¶LPSRVHTXDQGOHSRXYRLUHVWDEMHFW,OQHIDXWSDV
DWWHQGUHTXHFHJHQUHGHUpJLPHFKXWHWRXWVHXOFRPPHXQIUXLWWURS
PULOIDXWVHFRXHUO¶DUEUHSRXUOHIDLUHWRPEHU/HFRXSG¶eWDWQH
VHUDSDVH[pFXWpSDUOHSHXSOHWRXWHQWLHUPDLVSDUXQSHWLWJURXSH
GHFDGUHVG¶pOLWHFRQYDLQFXVHWGRSpVSDUO¶HQYLHGHGpERXORQQHUOH
SRXYRLUHQSODFHXQHYpULWDEOHOLJXHFRPSpWHQWHHWRUJDQLVpH3RXU
FHODOHFKRL[GHVPHPEUHVDXQFDUDFWqUHSULPRUGLDODILQG¶pYLWHUOHV
IpORQVHWOHVSHXUHX[/DVWUDWpJLHGRLWrWUHVLPSOHHWODUDSLGLWpGHV
FRXSV SRUWpV Oj R oD IDLW PDO HVW FDSLWDOH ,O HVW LQGLVSHQVDEOH
G¶H[SORLWHUO¶DQDUFKLHRXODFRQIXVLRQDPELDQWHGHODSURYRTXHUDX
EHVRLQSDUXQHDJLWDWLRQHVWXGLDQWLQHRXXQHJUqYHJpQpUDOH&HWWH
PDVVHHQSOHLQHpEXOOLWLRQVHUDXWLOHGDQVODSKDVHGHFRQVROLGDWLRQ
VLHOOHHVWELHQLQILOWUpHHWPDQLSXOpHSDUGHVDJLWDWHXUVDJXHUULV/HV
DFWLYHUDXF°XUGHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVSRXUSUpSDUHUXQHSDUDO\VLHGHOD
YLOOHRVHGpURXOHUDOHFRXSG¶eWDW/HFRQWU{OHGHVPpGLDVSHQGDQW
O¶DFWLRQGXFRXSG¶eWDWHVWFUXFLDO/D UDGLRHW GH OD WpOpYLVLRQ GH
UpIpUHQFHFHOOHVTXLRQWOHSOXVG¶DXGLHQFHGHPHXUHQWOHVSUHPLqUHV
FLEOHV/HSD\VDJHDXGLRYLVXHODXMRXUG¶KXLLQWHUQHWHWOHVUpVHDX[
VRFLDX[ VRQW VL GpWHUPLQDQWV TX¶LO HVW SULPRUGLDO GH OHV VRXPHWWUH
WRXV/HVSOXVLPSRUWDQWVGRLYHQWrWUHPLVDXVLOHQFHHQVDERWDQWSDU
H[HPSOH OHXUV DQWHQQHV G¶pPLVVLRQ &HWWH PDvWULVH GHV PpGLDV HVW
GHVWLQpHjFUpHUXQHUpDOLWpYLUWXHOOHFRQVDFUpHjO¶LQIRUPDWLRQHWOD
GpVLQIRUPDWLRQ1RWDPPHQWIDLUHFRXULUOHEUXLWTXHOHVSULQFLSDOHV
DXWRULWpVGXSD\VGRQWOHSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHVRQWHQIXLWH
RX KRUV G¶pWDW GH QXLUH 3HQGDQW XQ GpODL G¶DX PRLQV WUHQWHVL[
KHXUHV GRQQHU O¶LPSUHVVLRQ TXH ©OHV FDURWWHV VRQW FXLWHVª HQ
YHUURXLOODQW OD FRQWUHRIIHQVLYH PpGLDWLTXH GX JRXYHUQHPHQW TXL
SRXUUDLWVHSURGXLUHSDUGHVFDQDX[LQFRQWU{OpV$X%XUXQGLFHWWH
SKDVH DYDLW pWp QpJOLJpH SDU OHV SXWVFKLVWHV 8QH EDWDLOOH
UDGLRSKRQLTXH V¶HQVXLYLW HQWUH OD UDGLR QDWLRQDOH WHQXH SDU OHV
OR\DOLVWHV HW WURLV SHWLWHV UDGLRV SULYpHV j OD FRXYHUWXUH WHUULWRULDOH
OLPLWpH &HWWH JXpJXHUUH G¶LQIRUPDWLRQV HW GH FRPPXQLTXpV IXW
UHPSRUWpH SDU OHV SDUWLVDQV GX SUpVLGHQW 3LHUUH 1NXUXQ]L]D TXL
UpVLVWqUHQWDX[DVVDXWVSHUSpWUpVFRQWUHODUDGLRQDWLRQDOH
/H MDQYLHU j /LEUHYLOOH OHV SXWVFKLVWHV DFFqGHQW HX[ j OD
WpOpYLVLRQ QDWLRQDOH OH OLHXWHQDQW .HOO\ 2QGR 2ELDQJ DSSHOOH OHV
ϭϯϬ

*DERQDLV j OHV VRXWHQLU j LQYHVWLU OHV pGLILFHV SXEOLFV HW OHV

DpURSRUWV /HXU PHVVDJH SDVVH HQ ERXFOH GH KHXUHV MXVTX
DX[
HQYLURQVGHKHXUHVPDLVODPD\RQQDLVHQHSUHQGSDV/HVVHUYLFHV
GH VpFXULWp SUHQQHQW G
DVVDXW OH EkWLPHQW DEDWWHQW GHX[ VROGDWV
UHEHOOHVHWOLEqUHQWGHVMRXUQDOLVWHVUHWHQXVHQRWDJH/¶DPDWHXULVPH
VHSD\HDXSUL[IRUW8QHGHPLGRX]DLQHGHSRXLOOHX[RQWUpXVVLOD
SKDVH OD SOXV LPSRUWDQWH PDLV QH GLVSRVDLHQW G¶DXFXQ SODQ ,OV
HVWLPDLHQW SHXWrWUH TXH OHV SpULSpWLHV HQ OD PDWLqUH V¶HQFKDvQHQW
G¶HOOHVPrPHV,OVRQWIDLWSUHXYHG¶XQHFDQGHXUjSOHXUHU
/HVWUDWDJqPHIXWGLIIpUHQWHQRFWREUHj%UD]]DYLOOH$XFRXUV
GH FHWWH SpULRGH SOHLQH G¶LQFHUWLWXGH 7DVVRD OH SRUWHSDUROH GHV
IDFWLHX[RUGRQQDjODSRSXODWLRQGHSLOOHUODYLOOHSHQGDQWVRL[DQWH
GRX]H KHXUHV /HV DFWHV GH FH JHQUH HQJHQGUHQW OD FRQIXVLRQ HW
DXJPHQWHQWOHFKDRV,OVIDYRULVHQWODGpVRUJDQLVDWLRQHWSURYRTXHQW
OHVH[DFWLRQV0DLVLOVRQWO¶DYDQWDJHGHVFHOOHUOHVRUWGXSRXYRLU
GpIXQWFDUXQUpWDEOLVVHPHQWGXGLWSRXYRLUHVWLPSRVVLEOH'qVTXH
OHVPDVVHVHWVXUWRXWOHVIRUFHVGHGpIHQVHVRQWFRQYDLQFXHVTXHOH
SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH HVW FKDVVp GX SRXYRLU HOOHV VRQW
SURPSWHV j VXLYUH OHV LQVWUXFWLRQV OHV FRPPDQGHPHQWV HW OHV
LQMRQFWLRQVGHVQRXYHOOHVDXWRULWpV/HVIRUFHVGHO¶RUGUHVRQWDORUV
GLVSRVpHVjDFFRPSOLUOHXUPLVVLRQGHSURWHFWLRQGHODSRSXODWLRQ
/HFRXYUHIHXRXO¶LQWHUGLFWLRQGHFLUFXOHUODQXLWHVWXQHPHVXUH
HIILFDFHSRXUUHVWDXUHUOHFDOPHHWSHUPHWWUHXQHUHSULVHHQPDLQ¬
FHWWHRFFDVLRQLOHVWSOXVIDFLOHG¶DUUrWHUOHVSHUVRQQHVUHFKHUFKpHV
j GRPLFLOH FDU PDFKLQDOHPHQW HOOHV V¶\ WURXYHQW ¬ SDUWLU GH FH
PRPHQW GpEXWH OD SKDVH G¶RFFXSDWLRQ GHV OLHX[ GX SRXYRLU /H
SDODLV SUpVLGHQWLHO RX OH OLHX G¶KDELWDWLRQ GX FKHI GH O¶eWDW HVW XQ
V\PEROH LPSRUWDQW /¶LQYHVWLU GRQQH OH VLJQDO GH OD ILQ DLQVL TXH
GLIIXVHU DERQGDPPHQW OHV LPDJHV GH VD GpVDFUDOLVDWLRQ FRPPH
IXUHQW OHV SDODLV GH /DXUHQW *EDJER j $ELGMDQ /LVVRXED j
%UD]]DYLOOHRX0REXWXj.LQVKDVD
/¶HVVHQWLHOFRPPHQFHDORUVDYHFOHUHWRXUQHPHQWGHODEXUHDXFUDWLH
HWOHFRQWU{OHGHVSDUWLVSROLWLTXHVFDUjO¶LQYHUVHGHODSRSXODWLRQ
TXLVRXYHQWUHVWHSDVVLYHFHVGHX[HQWLWpVFUDLJQDQWSRXUOHXUVXUYLH
HOOHV SHXYHQW DYRLU GHV DJLVVHPHQWV TXL QH VRQW SDV FRQVWUXFWLIV
&¶HVWDORUVTX¶LOIDXWVpSDUHUOHERQJUDLQGHO¶LYUDLHSRXULQIOXHQFHU
FHV VWUXFWXUHV HW GpJDJHU OHV KpVLWDQWV &HWWH WkFKH DFFRPSOLH RQ
SHXWV¶HPSDUHUGHVVHUYLFHVVSpFLDX[GHODSROLFHHWFHTXLUHVWHGH
ϭϯϭ

O¶DUPpH /HV RUJDQLVHU DYHF ULJXHXU 3URILWHU GHV PHQDFHV

H[WpULHXUHVUpHOOHVRXVXSSRVpHVSRXUHQWUHSUHQGUHXQHLPSRUWDQWH
RSpUDWLRQ GH IOLFDJH 7RXW HQ SUHQDQW O¶DSSDUHLO GH O¶eWDW VH
SUpPXQLUG¶XQFRQWUHFRXSG¶pWDWGHVDGYHUVDLUHV(QSULQFLSHVLOHV
PHQDFHV RQW pWp SDUIDLWHPHQW LGHQWLILpHV OH SRXYRLU GpFKX VHUD
LQFDSDEOHGHUpDJLUDYHFFRKpUHQFHHWHIILFDFLWp

8QFRXSG¶eWDWFRWHLQpOXFWDEOHPHQWjODQDWLRQ/HFRWKXPDLQ
XQSXWVFKHVWXQHHQWUHSULVHGHVSOXVULVTXpHV,OHQJDJHGDQVXQH
OXWWHVDQVPHUFLGHVJURXSHPHQWVKXPDLQVTXLV¶RSSRVHQWHQXVDQW
GHWRXVOHVPR\HQVGHFRPEDW3DUFHTXHOHUpVXOWDWQHVRXIIUHSDV
GHFRPSURPLVO¶DIIURQWHPHQWGHVEHOOLJpUDQWVFRQGXLWjODPRUWHQ
IRQFWLRQGXPRGHG¶DFWLRQDGRSWp(QFDVGHFRXSHQWRUWLOOpRXG¶XQH
PDXYDLVH PDvWULVH GH OD VLWXDWLRQ OH ELODQ SHXW YLWH GHYHQLU
FDWDVWURSKLTXH /HV UDIOHV OHV EDOOHV SHUGXHV OD GpFKpDQFH GH
O¶DQFLHQQH FODVVH GLULJHDQWH HQWUDvQHQW O¶DEDLVVHPHQW G¶XQH SDUWLH
LPSRUWDQWHGHODKDXWHVRFLpWpDYHFGHVFRQVpTXHQFHVVXUODVWDELOLWp
GXSD\V
$X &RQJR OD PDXYDLVH DSSUpFLDWLRQ GHV SDUDPqWUHV VRFLR
SROLWLTXHV OD PpVHVWLPDWLRQ SDU OHV KRPPHV SROLWLTXHV GH
O¶LQFOLQDWLRQGHV&RQJRODLVjUpJOHUSDUODYLROHQFHOHXUVOLWLJHVOD
SUROLIpUDWLRQGHVDUPHVHWGHVPLOLFHVRQWWUDQVIRUPpOHFRXSG¶eWDW
GXMXLQHQJXHUUHFLYLOH$SUqVFLQTDQVG¶XQHVDOHJXHUUHRQ
DpYDOXpjSOXVLHXUVPLOOLHUVGHPRUWVLQQRFHQWVSDUGHVHIIHWVGLUHFWV
HW SUHVTXH DXWDQW SDU OHV FRQVpTXHQFHV LQGLUHFWHV QRWDPPHQW OH
UHIRXOHPHQWGHVSRSXODWLRQVGX6XGKRUVGHOHXUVYLOOHVHWYLOODJHV
SXLVOHEORFDJHGHVPRLVGXUDQWGDQVODIRUrWYLHUJHTXLRFFDVLRQQD
GHVYLFWLPHVjIRLVRQ
/H FRW HVW DXVVL pFRQRPLTXH 8Q FRXS G¶eWDW PrPH VDOXWDLUH
HQWUDvQH XQH UXSWXUH GDQV OD ERQQH PDUFKH GHV DFWLYLWpV
pFRQRPLTXHVGXIDLWGHVHQWUDYHVjODOLEHUWpGHFLUFXOHUHWGRQFGH
FRPPXQLTXHU /¶DUJHQW Q¶DLPH SDV OH EUXLW 'H SOXV O¶LQFHUWLWXGH
ϭϯϮ

VXUO¶DYHQLUHWSDUFHTXHOHSD\VVXELWODYDFDQFHGHJRXYHUQHPHQW
GHO¶eWDWRXSkWLWGXIORWWHPHQWGHQRXYHDX[GLULJHDQWVOHVDIIDLUHV
V¶DUUrWHQW $X ERXW G¶XQ FHUWDLQ WHPSV HOOHV VH WUDQVIRUPHQW HQ
pFRQRPLH GH VXEVWDQFH WUqV SUpMXGLFLDEOH j O¶eWDW /H
IRQFWLRQQHPHQW GH O¶pFRQRPLH UHSRVH VXU OD FUpGLELOLWp HW OD
FRQILDQFHHQWUHOHVSDUWHQDLUHV/HVGpFLVLRQVVRQWTXRWLGLHQQHVHW
FRQWLQXHV 'qV ORUV TXH OH IOX[ DYHF OHV DJHQWV pFRQRPLTXHV
LQWHUQDWLRQDX[ V¶LQWHUURPSW ipso facto OD PDFKLQH pFRQRPLTXH VH
JULSSHV¶HQFOHQFKHDORUVODVSLUDOHGHVSHUWHVGHVUHYHQXVGHO¶eWDW
/¶LQVWDELOLWp SROLWLTXH FRQIqUH j XQH PDXYDLVH UpSXWDWLRQ DX SD\V
pYHLOOHODGpILDQFH'HQRVMRXUVODFRPPXQDXWpLQWHUQDWLRQDOHQH
WROqUHSOXVOHVFRXSVGHIRUFH/HVFRQGDPQDWLRQVQHVHOLPLWHQWSDV
DX[FRPPXQLTXpVVDQVUpHOOHSRUWpH/HVRUJDQLVPHVILQDQFLHUVGHV
EDLOOHXUVGHIRQGVVXULQMRQFWLRQGHVJUDQGHVSXLVVDQFHVDUUrWHQWOD
SHUIXVLRQILQDQFLqUHSRXUFRQWUDLQGUHODMXQWHDXSRXYRLUGHUHYHQLU
DX[PHLOOHXUHVGLVSRVLWLRQV'DQVFHFDVOHSHWLWSHXSOHUpFROWHOD
GRXEOH SHLQH OD SDXSpULVDWLRQ GXH j OD EDLVVH GH O¶DFWLYLWp
pFRQRPLTXHLQWpULHXUHHWO¶DUUrWGHVSURJUDPPHVGHGpYHORSSHPHQW
ILQDQFpV SDU OHV LQYHVWLVVHPHQWV GLUHFWV pWUDQJHUV /H 3,% SDU
KDELWDQWG¶XQSD\VDSUqVXQFRXSG¶eWDWDWRXMRXUVGpFURFKpFHFL
G¶DXWDQW SOXV TX¶LO HVW GpSHQGDQW GH O¶pFRQRPLH GH PDUFKp HW GHV
pFKDQJHVLQWHUQDWLRQDX[
/HFRWSROLWLTXHHVWGpUDLVRQQDEOHHWGpPHVXUp8QFRXSG¶eWDWDJLW
GDQV OH SD\VDJH SROLWLTXH FRPPH XQ WUHPEOHPHQW GH WHUUH GH
PDJQLWXGH PD[LPDOH /D FRQVWLWXWLRQ ORL IRQGDPHQWDOH IL[DQW
O¶RUJDQLVDWLRQHWOHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHO¶eWDWUpJLVVDQWO¶HQVHPEOH
GHVUDSSRUWVHQWUHJRXYHUQDQWVHWJRXYHUQpVSURWpJHDQWOHVGURLWVHW
OHVOLEHUWpVGHVFLWR\HQVHVWJpQpUDOHPHQWDEURJpHGDQVOHVSUHPLHUV
FRPPXQLTXpVGHVSXWVFKLVWHV6DQVOHVSULQFLSHVVXSUrPHVGXGURLW
TXLIRQGHQWO¶RUJDQLVDWLRQG¶XQeWDWWRXWHVWSHUPLV/HVLQVWLWXWLRQV
SROLWLTXHVVRQWGLVVRXWHVOHJRXYHUQHPHQWOH3DUOHPHQWOH&RQVHLO
FRQVWLWXWLRQQHOHWF/HVSDUWLVSROLWLTXHVVRQWLQWHUGLWV8QFRPLWp
GHUpGHPSWLRQGHUHGUHVVHPHQWRXGHVDOXWSXEOLFHVWLQVWDXUpjOD
SODFH GH O¶HQVHPEOH GH OD FODVVH SROLWLTXH &H QpDQW VLGpUDO HVW
SURSLFH DX[ H[DFWLRQV GH WRXW JHQUH PDLV DXVVL IDYRUDEOH j XQH
UHFRPSRVLWLRQSROLWLTXH/jQRXVVRPPHVjODOLVLqUHGHO¶LPEURJOLR
SROLWLTXH R OHV PpGLRFUHV VXSSODQWHQW OHV PHLOOHXUV HW OHV
UqJOHPHQWVGHFRPSWHSROLWLTXHVVRQWSRXVVpVDXSDUR[\VPH&¶HVW
ϭϯϯ

VRXYHQWXQHVpTXHQFHTXLHQWHUUHOHVHVSRLUVGHGpYHORSSHPHQWGX
SD\VG¶RXQHLQGXELWDEOHUpJUHVVLRQ
/HFRXSG¶eWDWPLOLWDLUHDVVqQHXQFKRFSV\FKRORJLTXHPrPHV¶LO
HVW DWWHQGX GpVLUp SDU WRXW OH PRQGH ,O GHPHXUH XQ SURFpGp QRQ
GpPRFUDWLTXH GH PXWDWLRQ SROLWLTXH /HV DXWHXUV GH FRXSV G¶eWDW
DVVXUHQW OHXU LPSXQLWp HW V¶DIIUDQFKLVVHQW GH WRXW FRQWU{OH GHV
QRUPHVGpPRFUDWLTXHV$XVVLPrPHOHVSOXVIHUYHQWVIDQDWLTXHVQH
WDUGHQW SDV j UHFRQVLGpUHU OHXU SRVLWLRQ YLVjYLV GHV SUDWLTXHV
PDUWLDOHVHWFDULFDWXUDOHVGHVPLOLWDLUHV3RXUUHPHWWUHGHO¶RUGUHRQ
Q¶KpVLWHSDVjHPSOR\HUODPDQLqUHIRUWHjWUDXPDWLVHUODSRSXODWLRQ
/HFRQWUHFRXSG¶XQSXWVFKVXUO¶pTXLOLEUHPHQWDOGHFKDTXHFLWR\HQ
SRXUWDQWVDQVSDUWLSULVHVWXQFKRFSV\FKLTXHGjO¶HIIHWGHVXUSULVH
HWODEUXWDOLWpGHO¶pYpQHPHQWGDQVVHVPRGHVG¶DFWLRQTXLUHFRXUHQW
j OD YLROHQFH DYHXJOH ,O VH GpJDJH DXVVL XQSURIRQG VHQWLPHQWGH
SHXU HW G¶LPSXLVVDQFH /¶LPSUHVVLRQ TX¶DYDLW O¶HQVHPEOH GH OD
VRFLpWpGHYLYUHHQVpFXULWpYROHHQpFODW&ROOHFWLYHPHQWDIIHFWpHV
SDUOHVSpULSpWLHVWUDXPDWLTXHVELHQGHVSHUVRQQHVD\DQWYpFXFHV
WUDJpGLHV QDWLRQDOHV FRQVHUYHQW XQ VRXYHQLU SpQLEOH HW Q¶HQ
JXpULVVHQWSOXV
7UHQWHGHX[DQVDSUqVOHFRXSG¶eWDWHWODPRUWGH7KRPDV6DQNDUD
OHV %XUNLQDEpV Q¶RQW SDV RXEOLp /H SURFHVVXV GH UpWDEOLVVHPHQW
UHSRVHVXUOHVFDSDFLWpVG¶DXWRJXpULVRQSURSUHVjFKDFXQ&¶HVWXQ
SUL[jSD\HUSRXUODVRFLpWpGRQWRQQHWLHQWSDVWRXMRXUVFRPSWH/HV
&RQJRODLV TXL RQW YpFX O¶DYHQWXUH GX &RPLWp PLOLWDLUH GX SDUWL
&03 DX SRXYRLU DSUqV OH FRXS G¶eWDW GX PDUV D\DQW
HQWUDvQp OD PRUW GX SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH 0DULHQ 1JRXDEL
TXDUDQWHGHX[ DQV SOXV WDUG HQ SDUOHQW DYHF pPRWLRQ /H FKRF
SV\FKRORJLTXH QH V¶HVW MDPDLV HVWRPSp ,OV Q¶RQW SDV RXEOLp OH
UpJLPH©GXYLYUHGXUHPHQWDXMRXUG¶KXLSRXUYLYUHPLHX[GHPDLQª
9'$ UDEkFKp SDU OD SURSDJDQGH PLOLWDLUH 7RXW OH SD\V pWDLW
FRPPHHQFDVHUQp

ϭϯϰ

6LO
RQGUHVVHOHELODQGHVGHUQLqUHVDQQpHVLOHVWFKRTXDQWYRLUH
GpVDVWUHX[FRXSVG
eWDWGHSXLVSUpVLGHQWVDVVDVVLQpVHW
FRQIOLWVDUPpVGHSXLV'HVPLOOLRQVGHPRUWVHWGHGpSODFpV
PDLVVXUWRXWGHVJpQRFLGHVRXEOLpVRXDYRXpVVXUOHERXWGHVOqYUHV
/¶XVDJHGHODIRUFHFRQWUHOHVUHVSRQVDEOHVSROLWLTXHVGpSRVLWDLUHV
GH O¶DXWRULWp OpJLWLPH GH O¶eWDW HVW LQDGPLVVLEOH ,O HVW FKRTXDQW
ORUVTXH FHX[ TXL VRQW FHQVpV OHV SURWpJHU FRPPHWWHQW GHV FULPHV
RGLHX[FRQWUHOHVSOXVKDXWVGLULJHDQWVTXDQGOHVPLOLWDLUHVUHQLHQW
OHXU VHUPHQW GH OR\DXWp /H SOXV LQFRQFHYDEOH F¶HVW XQH HVSqFH
G¶LPSXQLWp TXL SURWqJH OHV DXWHXUV GH FRXSV G¶eWDW 7RXW DXVVL
LQFRPSUpKHQVLEOH GDQV OH FDV G¶DVVDVVLQDW G¶XQ FKHI GH O¶eWDW
O¶KRPPHGHPDLQTXLFRPPHWOHFULPHDXWRPDWLTXHPHQWGLVSDUDvW
WXpjVRQWRXUKDELWXHOOHPHQWH[pFXWpSDUOHVFRPPDQGLWDLUHV0DLV
LO\DWRXMRXUVGHVFDQGLGDWVSRXUDFFRPSOLUFHVEDVVHV°XYUHV,OHVW
jQRWHUTXHFHVERXUUHDX[VRQWJpQpUDOHPHQWGHVH[pFXWDQWVGHEDV
QLYHDX$XUHJDUGGHOHXUVLWXDWLRQGHSHWLWJUDGpLOUHVWHpYLGHQW
TXH OHV GRQQHXUV G¶RUGUHV SOXV KDXW SODFpV pFKDSSHQW j WRXWHV OHV
VDQFWLRQV /HV DVVDVVLQDWV SROLWLTXHV SOXV VRXYHQW RQW OLHX VXU
FRPPDQGH/¶HQJDJHPHQWSROLWLTXHQHGRLWSDVFRQGXLUHjODPRUW
,OHVWJUDQGWHPSVGHFLYLOLVHUOHVP°XUVSROLWLTXHVHQ$IULTXH/H
GURLWLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDLUHLQWHUGLWDX[eWDWVG¶RFFLUHGHPDQLqUH
H[WUD MXGLFLDLUH WRXWH SHUVRQQH ORUVTX¶HOOH HVW IDLWH SULVRQQLqUH
PrPH XQ FRPSORWHXU (Q WHPSV GH JXHUUH XQ JRXYHUQHPHQW HVW
FRQWUDLQW G¶XWLOLVHU OD IRUFH OpWDOH FRQWUH GHV FRPEDWWDQWV HQQHPLV
SRXU GpIHQGUH OD SDWULH SDUFH TXH FHV FRPEDWWDQWV IRQW SDUWLH GX
FRQIOLW ,OV VH GLVWLQJXHQW SDU OHXUV XQLIRUPHV TXL SURXYHQW OHXU
DSSDUWHQDQFH j O¶DXWUH SDUWLH EHOOLJpUDQWH 3DU FRQVpTXHQW FHV
VROGDWVKRVWLOHVVRQWVXVFHSWLEOHVG¶rWUHWXpVHQWRXWHOpJDOLWpQRQSDV
SDUFHTX¶LOVVRQWFRXSDEOHVG¶XQFULPHPDLVSDUFHTXHFHVHQQHPLV
VRQWHX[PrPHVDXWRULVpVjWXHU3RLQWQ¶HVWEHVRLQGRQFG¶XVHUGH
SURFpGXUHVGHGURLWGXJHQUHVRPPDWLRQDYDQWGHWXHUXQFRPEDWWDQW
DGYHUVH$VVXUpPHQWOHVDXWUHVFDVHQGHKRUVGHVIDLWVGHJXHUUHVRQW
VRXPLV DX[ GLVSRVLWLRQV OpJDOHV SOXV RX PRLQV HQFDGUpHV 3DU
H[HPSOHXQSROLFLHUGDQVOHFDGUHGHVDIRQFWLRQGHSURWHFWLRQSHXW
WXHUXQLTXHPHQWHQpWDWGHOpJLWLPHGpIHQVHRXSRXUSURWpJHUODYLH
G¶DXWUXLjFRQGLWLRQTXHODULSRVWHVRLWSURSRUWLRQQHOOHjODPHQDFH
&HUWHV O¶pWKLTXH PLOLWDLUH GH FH SRLQW GH YXH UHSRVH VXU GHV
IRQGHPHQWV PRUDX[ SRXUWDQW OH PLOLWDLUH HVW DGPLV j WXHU PDLV
ϭϯϱ

XQLTXHPHQW GDQV OHV FLUFRQVWDQFHV H[WUrPHV GH OD JXHUUH /HV

PLOLWDLUHVDIULFDLQVQHV¶HPEDUUDVVHQWSDVGHPRUDOH,OVRQWOHJODLYH
FRQILpSDUOHSHXSOHSRXUOHSURWpJHUHWO¶XVDJHTX¶LOVHQIRQWF¶HVW
GH V¶HQ VHUYLU SRXU JUDYLU OHV PDUFKHV GX SRXYRLU HQ SURFpGDQW
F\QLTXHPHQWDX[pOLPLQDWLRQVSK\VLTXHV¬O¶RFFDVLRQGHVPRPHQWV
WXPXOWXHX[G¶LQVXUUHFWLRQFHUWDLQVPLOLWDLUHVV¶HQGRQQHQWjF°XU
MRLH &¶HVW O¶DXEDLQH SRXU pOLPLQHU SK\VLTXHPHQW OHV DGYHUVDLUHV
SROLWLTXHVRXQRQ/HSULVRQQLHUGHJXHUUHRXOHPLOLWDLUHFRPSORWHXU
Q
HVWSDVLQFDUFpUpjWLWUHGHVDQFWLRQRXGHSXQLWLRQSRXUV
rWUHEDWWX
/D SULYDWLRQ GH OLEHUWp Q
HVW MXVWLILpH TXH SDU OD QpFHVVLWp GH
O
HPSrFKHUjQRXYHDXGHSUHQGUHSDUWDX[FRPEDWV,OGRLWEpQpILFLHU
GXVWDWXWGHGURLWSRVLWLIGHVWLQpjOHVRXVWUDLUHjO¶DUELWUDLUHRXjOD
PRUW
9RLFL FH SURSRV LOOXVWUp SDU TXHOTXHV DQWpFpGHQWV pGLILDQWV (Q
FLQTXDQWHDQVG¶LQGpSHQGDQFHXQHWUHQWDLQHGHFKHIVG¶eWDWRXGH
JRXYHUQHPHQWRQWpWpDVVDVVLQpVjO¶RFFDVLRQGHODFHQWDLQHGHFRXSV
G¶eWDWUpXVVLVRXUDWpV'DQVFHWULVWHUHFRUGO¶$IULTXHDQJORSKRQH
UHPSRUWHODSDOPHDYHFSUqVGHODPRLWLpGHVKRPLFLGHV/¶$IULTXH
DYDQW OH IXQHVWH MDQYLHU DYDLW VXEL GHV FRXSV G¶pWDW PDLV
MDPDLV SDU GHV VXEVDKDULHQV IUDQFRSKRQHV /H SXWVFK GX 7RJR IXW
XQHSUHPLqUHSDUVRQDVSHFWSDUULFLGHHWO¶LQFRPSUpKHQVLRQJpQpUDOH
VXVFLWpHDXSRLQWTXHVHVDXWHXUVDOODLHQWUHQRQFHUDXJDLQGHOHXU
DFWLRQLJQRPLQLHXVH
/HSUHPLHUFRXSG¶eWDWIDWDOjXQSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXH
IUDQFRSKRQH &HWWH QXLWOj DX SHWLW PDWLQ OH SUpVLGHQW GH OD
5pSXEOLTXHGX7RJR6\OYDQXV2O\PSLRHVWDVVDVVLQpHQSHWLWHWHQXH
GHYDQW O¶DPEDVVDGH GHV 86$ SDU XQ JURXSXVFXOH GH VRXGDUGV
&HUWHVO¶DWPRVSKqUHSROLWLTXHj/RPpV¶pWDLWDSSHVDQWLH/HVEUXLWV
GHERWWHVpWDLHQWSHUFHSWLEOHVHWOHVUXPHXUVGHFRPSORWEUXLVVDLHQW
HQ UDLVRQ G¶XQ K\SRWKpWLTXH GLVVHQWLPHQW HQWUH FH QDWLRQDOLVWH DX
FDUDFWqUHWUHPSpLPSUpJQpGHFXOWXUHDQJORVD[RQQHHWOHVDXWRULWpV
IUDQoDLVHV¬O¶RUpHGXself governementGHVSD\VDIULFDLQVODOLEUH
DWWLWXGHGHVJRXYHUQDQWVDIULFDLQVIUDQFRSKRQHVQ¶pWDLWJXqUHWROpUpH
SDU O¶DQFLHQ FRORQLVDWHXU 2U RQ DOOpJXDLW TX¶2O\PSLR YRXODLW
JDUDQWLU O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH pFRQRPLTXH GH VRQ SD\V HQ VRUWDQW GH OD
]RQH IUDQF &)$ HQ pPHWWDQW XQH PRQQDLH QDWLRQDOH DGRVVpH DX
'HXWVFK 0DUN DYHF OH FRQFRXUV GHV $OOHPDQGV DQFLHQV
FRORQLVDWHXUVSOXVELHQYHLOODQWVTXHOHV)UDQoDLV2QDIILUPDLWDXVVL
ϭϯϲ

TXH OHV PLOLWDLUHV GpPRELOLVpV SDU O¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH DQFLHQV GHV

JXHUUHV GX 9LHWQDP HW G¶$OJpULH GH UHWRXU DX SD\V pWDLHQW
PpFRQWHQWVGHOHXUVRUWGDQVODQRXYHOOHDUPpHWRJRODLVH,OHVWYUDL
TXH OH SUHPLHU SUpVLGHQW GX 7RJR DYDLW GHV LGpHV HQ PDWLqUH GH
GpIHQVH QRYDWULFHV SRXU O¶pSRTXH ,O SU{QDLW XQ VHUYLFH PLOLWDLUH
REOLJDWRLUHSRXUWRXVOHVMHXQHV7RJRODLVFRPPHHQ6XLVVHSRXUTXH
OH SHXSOH HQ DUPHV GpIHQGH OH 7RJR DX GpWULPHQW G¶XQH DUPpH
SOpWKRULTXH HW GpV°XYUpH &HV WLUDLOOHXUV Q¶\ WURXYDLHQW SDV OHXU
FRPSWH /H VDPHGL MDQYLHU j KHXUHV PDGDPH 'LQD
2O\PSLRO¶pSRXVHGXSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHSHUoXWGHVEUXLWV
LQVROLWHV(OOHSUpYLQWVRQpSRX[SXLVGHVFRXSV GH IHX pFODWqUHQW
GDQV OD QXLW SDLVLEOH 3UpYHQDQW OH SUpVLGHQW 2O\PSLR DYDLW GpMj
HVFDODGp VRQ PXU PLWR\HQ DYHF O¶DPEDVVDGH GHV 86$ ,O WURXYD
UHIXJH GDQV XQH YLHLOOH YRLWXUH SRXVVLpUHXVH JDUpH GDQV O¶DUULqUH
FRXU'qVORUVOHVIDLWVTXLYRQWVXLYUHVRQWFRQVLGpUpVFRPPHpWDQW
GXGRPDLQHGHODFRQMHFWXUHFDUGHSXLVFHWWHpSRTXHDXFXQHHQTXrWH
RIILFLHOOHQ¶DMDPDLVpWpUpDOLVpH/¶RIILFLHUIUDQoDLVFRPPDQGDQWGH
ODJHQGDUPHULHHWFRQVHLOOHUGXSUpVLGHQWLQIRUPDO¶DPEDVVDGHXUGH
)UDQFHGHO¶pFKHFGHO¶RSpUDWLRQ&HOXLFLGHPDQGDjVRQKRPRORJXH
DPpULFDLQ VL OH SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH Q¶pWDLW SDV FDFKp j
O¶DPEDVVDGH DPpULFDLQH SXLVTXH O¶RQ DYDLW OD FHUWLWXGH TX¶LO VH
WURXYDLWFKH]OXLTXHOTXHWHPSVDXSDUDYDQWTXHODIRXLOOHPLQXWLHXVH
GHVRQGRPLFLOHSDUOHV©WURXILRQVªQ¶DYDLWULHQGRQQp,OO¶DYLVDGH
UHVWHUHQGHKRUVGHFHWWHDIIDLUHLQWpULHXUH/HGLSORPDWHDPpULFDLQ
TXL DYDLW UHWURXYp OH SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH DYHUWLW VRQ
KRPRORJXHIUDQoDLVSXLVODLVVDSDUWLUOHIXJLWLIDYHFODVROGDWHVTXH
YHQXH FRPPH SDU KDVDUG OH FXHLOOLU 8QH YHUVLRQ SUpWHQG TXH
O¶$PpULFDLQ Q¶DYDLW SDV OD FOp GH VRQ DPEDVVDGH SRXU OH JDUGHU
$ORUV TXH OH SUpVLGHQW pWDLW DVVLV VRXV XQ DUEUH HQ IDFH GH
O¶DPEDVVDGH DPpULFDLQH GDQV O¶DWWHQWH G¶XQ YpKLFXOH TXL OH
FRQGXLUDLW DX FDPS GX UpJLPHQW LQWHUDUPHV LO IXW DEDWWX SDU XQH
YROpH GH EDOOHV VXU OD SRLWULQH HW j O¶DEGRPHQ SXLV DFKHYp DX
FRXWHDX -HDQ GH 0HQWKRQ pFULUD SOXV WDUG ©/D )UDQFH IXWHOOH
FRPSOLFH RX PrPH LQVWLJDWULFH GX FRPSORW PLOLWDLUH GX
MDQYLHUௗ" 'H O¶LQVWLJDWLRQ LO Q¶\ D SDV GH SUHXYH 'H OD
FRPSOLFLWpVLFDUOHV)UDQoDLVVHUYDLHQWGDQVODJHQGDUPHULHHWGDQV

ϯϭ
-HDQGH0HQWKRQௗÀ la rencontre du Togo(GLWLRQ/¶+DUPDWWDQ3DULVS

ϭϯϳ

O¶DUPpHjGHVSRVWHVHVVHQWLHOVௗLOVIXUHQWPLVDXFRXUDQWHWGXUHQW
LQIRUPHUOHXUDPEDVVDGHXUj/RPpௗOHFRRSpUDQWIUDQoDLVTXLV¶HVW
WURXYp OH SOXV LPSOLTXp GDQV O¶DIIDLUH IXW *HRUJHV 0DLWULHU TXL
FRPPDQGDLW OD JHQGDUPHULH WRJRODLVH HW TXL pWDLW DXVVL FKHI GH
FDELQHWPLOLWDLUHGXSUpVLGHQWWRJRODLVª.
7DIDZD %DOHZD +DRXVVD HW PXVXOPDQ GX 1RUG SUHPLHU
FKHI GH O¶eWDW GX 1LJHULD DX VRUWLU GH OD FRORQLVDWLRQ UHoXW OHV
DWWULEXWVGHODVRXYHUDLQHWpGXSD\VOHHURFWREUH,ORFFXSDLW
GHSXLVODIRQFWLRQGH3UHPLHUPLQLVWUH/HHURFWREUHOH
1LJHULDGHYHQDLW5pSXEOLTXHIpGpUDOH%HQMDPLQ$]LNLZpGHO¶HWKQLH
,ERpWDLWFKRLVLjODSUpVLGHQFHGHODQRXYHOOH5pSXEOLTXHHW7DIDZD
%DOHZD PDLQWHQX 3UHPLHU PLQLVWUH 8QH JUDYH FULVH j IRUWH
FRQQRWDWLRQ HWKQLTXH VHFRXD OH SD\V HW GH JUDQGHV WXHULHV V¶HQ
VXLYLUHQW,OIXWUHQYHUVpHWDVVDVVLQpGDQVXQFRXSG
eWDWPLOLWDLUHOH
MDQYLHU/HVFLUFRQVWDQFHVGHVDPRUWUHVWHQWHQFRUHIORXHV
6RQFRUSVDpWpGpFRXYHUWMHWpDXERUGG
XQHURXWHSUqVGH/DJRVVL[
MRXUV DSUqV DYRLU pWp NLGQDSSp /D QRXYHOOH GH VRQ DVVDVVLQDW D
SURYRTXp GH YLROHQWHV pPHXWHV GDQV WRXW OH QRUG GX 1LJHULD HW D
ILQDOHPHQWFRQGXLWDXFRQWUHFRXSG
eWDWVDQJODQWGHMXLOOHW
-RKQVRQ$JXL\L,URQVLPDMRUJpQpUDOGHO¶DUPpHQLJpULDQH
SUpVLGHQWGX1LJHULDGXMDQYLHUjVDPRUWOHMXLOOHW
,OFRPPDQGDLWOHVWURXSHVGHO¶218GHMDQYLHUjMXLQGDQVOH
FDGUH GH OD FULVH GX &RQJR H[%HOJH ,O \ GpPRQWUD GHV TXDOLWpV
G¶DXWRULWpHWGHQpJRFLDWHXUKRUVSDLU(QMRXUVGHSUpVLGHQFHLO
HXWXQHDFWLYLWpSUREDQWHVXUOHVWH[WHVIRQGDPHQWDX[GHVRQSD\V
8QHPXWLQHULHG¶XQHSDUWLHGHO¶DUPpHQLJpULDQHpFODWD/HVPXWLQV
HQOHYqUHQW OH SUpVLGHQW O¶H[pFXWqUHQW VDQV VFUXSXOH HW OH MHWqUHQW
GDQVODIRUrWjTXHOTXHVNLORPqWUHVG¶,EDGDQ
$EGLUDVKLG $OL 6KHUPDNH SUpVLGHQW GH OD 6RPDOLH GX
MXLQMXVTX¶jVRQDVVDVVLQDWOHRFWREUH(QLO
DYDLWGpMjpFKDSSpjXQDWWHQWDWjODJUHQDGH/HMRXUIDWLGLTXHLOD
pWp PLWUDLOOp SDU VRQ SURSUH JDUGH GX FRUSV 6D PRUW GpFOHQFKD OH
FRXSG¶eWDWGXFKHIGHVDUPpHVOHJpQpUDO6LDG%DUUp
'DQV O¶DEMHFWLRQ RQ D WRXFKp OH IRQG DYHF O¶DVVDVVLQDW GH
PDGDPH$wVVD'LRUL3UHPLqUHGDPHGX1LJHUDXFRXUVG¶XQFRXS
G¶eWDW TXL UHQYHUVD OH SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH +DPDQL 'LRUL
6HORQ OH UpFLW GH VD ILOOH WpPRLQ RFXODLUH GHV IDLWV O¶KRPLFLGH
ϭϯϴ

G¶$wVVD'LRULQ¶pWDLWSDVDFFLGHQWHO&HIXWXQYpULWDEOHFDUQDJHXQ
TXDVLJpQRFLGHjO¶pJDUGGHODIDPLOOHSUpVLGHQWLHOOHSHUSpWUpSDUGHV
VROGDWVLQKXPDLQVHWGDQVXQpWDWVHFRQG6LODQDWXUHGXPLOLWDLUHVH
WUDGXLWSDUXQHWHOOHEDUEDULHDORUVRQHVWHQGURLWGHUHQLHUOHPpWLHU
GHVDUPHVPDOJUpODQREOHVVHTX¶LOUHSUpVHQWHHWOHVDFULILFHTX¶LO
H[LJH 4X¶HVWFH TXL SHXW ELHQ MXVWLILHU XQ SDUHLO PDVVDFUHௗ" /H
SRXYRLUௗ 3RXUWDQW RQ QH O¶HPSRUWHUD SDV DYHF VRL HW OH MRXU GX
MXJHPHQW GHUQLHU XQ SDVVLI GH FH JHQUH YRXV SURMHWWHUD GDQV OD
IRXUQDLVH GH O¶(QIHU 3RXUWDQW SDV XQ FKHI PLOLWDLUH GHYHQX FKHI
G¶eWDW HQ $IULTXH Q¶D IDLW OH ERQKHXU GH VRQ SHXSOHௗ DXFXQ Q¶D
FRQWULEXp j SURGXLUH XQH ULFKHVVH LQVROHQWH j OD PRGH TDWDULHQQH
SRXU VRQ SD\V 5HFKHUFKHQWLOV O¶DERQGDQFH SRXU HX[PrPHV HW
OHXUVSURFKHVRXF¶HVWVLPSOHPHQWOHIUXLWG¶XQFUpWLQLVPHDIULFDLQௗ"
0REXWXHQVRQWHPSVpWDLWSDUPLOHVWHUULHQVOHVSOXVULFKHVHWDGXOpV
SDUVRQSHXSOHGXPRLQVOHSHQVDLWRQ4XDQGLOIXWPRXUDQWDORUV
TX¶LOpWDLWHQFRUHSURSULpWDLUHGHODSOXVEHOOHYLOODGHOD&{WHG¶$]XU
j 5RTXHEUXQH&DS0DUWLQ HQ )UDQFH OHV YLVDV IUDQoDLV VXLVVH HW
HVSDJQROOXLIXUHQWUHIXVpVSRXUVHVRLJQHUHQ(XURSH(QGpVHVSRLU
GHFDXVHLOVHFRQWHQWDGX0DURF8QDXWUHSUpWRULHQDIULFDLQGpFKX
HUUDGDQVVRQDYLRQjODUHFKHUFKHG¶XQKDYUH=LQHHO$ELGLQH%HQ
$OLOH7XQLVLHQ%ODLVH&RPSDRUpYpFXWO¶RSSUREUHGHODIXLWHPDOJUp
VD SXLVVDQFH PLOLWDLUH ,O IDXW VH JDUGHU GH OD SDUDQRwD TXH VXVFLWH
O¶RSSUHVVLRQ GHV DUPHV VXU OH SHXSOH PDLV FXOWLYHU O¶KXPLOLWp ¬
FURLUHTXHOHVPLOLWDLUHVDIULFDLQVHQVRQWLQFDSDEOHV$XFXQQHV¶HVW
UpYpOpVLJUDQGSRXUF{WR\HUOHVLPPHQVHVILJXUHVTXLRQWWUDQVIRUPp
OHPRQGH
&HWWHQXLWOjLOIDLVDLWGpMjWUqVWDUGOHSUpVLGHQWHWVDIDPLOOHSUHVTXH
DXFRPSOHWV¶DSSUrWDLHQWjVHFRXFKHUKDUDVVpVSDUXQHMRXUQpHGH
ODEHXUFRPPHjO¶DFFRXWXPpH%UXVTXHPHQWGHVEOLQGpVRQWVXUJL
GDQV OD SURSULpWp SUpVLGHQWLHOOH HQ IRUoDQW OH SRUWDLO /H YDFDUPH
VXUSULW GDQV OD UpVLGHQFH FHX[ TXL pWDLHQW HQFRUH pYHLOOpV /H
YURPELVVHPHQWGHVEOLQGpVUpYHLOODOHVDXWUHV7RXVVHSUpFLSLWqUHQW
DXVDORQVDXIOD3UHPLqUHGDPH/HSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHVH
MHWDVXUOHWpOpSKRQHPDLVFRQVWDWDLPPpGLDWHPHQWTXHODOLJQHpWDLW
FRXSpH ,O Q¶DYDLW SOXV DXFXQH OLDLVRQ DYHF O¶H[WpULHXU ,O FRPSULW
TX¶XQ FRXS G¶eWDW pWDLW HQ FRXUV ¬ SHLQH OHV RFFXSDQWV GX SDODLV
DYDLHQWLOV VDLVL FH TXL VH SDVVDLW TX¶XQH JUHQDGH H[SORVD GDQV OH
VDORQ GH UpFHSWLRQ R V¶pWDLW UHJURXSpH XQH SDUWLH GH OD IDPLOOH
ϭϯϵ

$XVVLW{WOHVPLOLWDLUHVILUHQWLUUXSWLRQWLUDQWDXMXJpGHWRXWHVOHXUV
DUPHV 'HV HQIDQWV GX 3UpVLGHQW GH UpSXEOLTXH GHV FRXVLQV HW
G¶DXWUHVSDUHQWVIXUHQWWRXFKpV'HX[VXFFRPEqUHQWjPrPHOHVRO
HQVHYLGDQWGHOHXUVDQJ4XHOTX¶XQKXUODTXHOHSHWLW0RXVVDpWDLW
JULqYHPHQWEOHVVp/DPqUHVXUJLWG¶XQHSLqFHDWWHQDQWH(OOHpWDLW
HQFRUH HQ WHQXH GH YLOOH HW VDQV DUPHV FRQWUDLUHPHQW DX[
FRQWUHYpULWpVGHVPLOLWDLUHVTXLWHQWDLHQWPDODGURLWHPHQWG¶pYRTXHU
ODOpJLWLPHGpIHQVH4XHOOHDUPHSRXYDLWSRUWHUXQHPDPDQDIULFDLQH
VXUSULVHSDUXQHDUPDGDFUDFKDQWGXIHXjWRXWYDVXUVHVHQIDQWVVL
FH Q¶pWDLW O¶LQVWLQFW PDWHUQHO HW O¶LPSXOVLRQ LQFRQVFLHQWHௗ" $ORUV
TX¶HOOHVHSUpFLSLWDLWVXUVRQHQIDQWHOOHIXWIDXFKpHSDUXQHUDIDOH
GHPLWUDLOOHWWH/¶DVVDLOODQWDXWHXUGHVWLUVODWUDQVSHUoDG¶XQFRXS
GHEDwRQQHWWHLQXWLOHVDXIjMXVWLILHUODKDLQH(OOHUHQGUDO¶kPHGDQV
XQHDJRQLHSDLVLEOHTXDUDQWHFLQTPLQXWHVSOXVWDUG/HVHQIDQWVTXL
DYDLHQWpFKDSSpjODERXFKHULHIXUHQWFRQGXLWVKRUVGHODUpVLGHQFH
DOLJQpVFRQWUHXQPXUSUrWVjrWUHH[pFXWpV,OVQHGXUHQWOHXUVDOXW
TX¶j O¶LQWHUYHQWLRQ G¶XQ JUDGp FXULHXVHPHQW DFFRPPRGDQW 4XDQW
DXSUpVLGHQWLOIXWFRQGXLWLPPpGLDWHPHQWDXVHFUHW/DYLROHQFHGH
O¶DFWLRQ FRQWUH OD IDPLOOH SUpVLGHQWLHOOH SURXYH OD EDUEDULH GHV
H[pFXWDQWVHWODPRQVWUXRVLWpGHVFRPPDQGLWDLUHVPLOLWDLUHVGHKDXW
UDQJ2HVWO¶KXPDQLWpGDQVFHUpFLWௗ"
+DwOp6pODVVLppWDLWXQP\WKH,OGHYDLWHQSDUWLHVRQSUHVWLJH
j XQ OLJQDJH H[FHSWLRQQHO ©5RL GHV URLVª ©/LRQ FRQTXpUDQWGX
UR\DXPHGH-XGDª©eOXGH'LHXªFKHIGXSOXV YLHLO HPSLUH GX
PRQGH HW GX VHXO eWDW DIULFDLQ j Q¶DYRLU MDPDLV pWp FRORQLVp /H
1pJXVVHSUpVHQWDLWFRPPHOHqPHGHVFHQGDQWGHODG\QDVWLHGX
URL 6DORPRQ HW GH OD UHLQH GH 6DED /D SOXSDUW GHV UDVWDV OH
FRQVLGqUHQWFRPPHOH©GLULJHDQWOpJLWLPHGHOD7HUUHªHWOH0HVVLH
HQUDLVRQGHVRQDVFHQGDQFHTXLVHORQODWUDGLWLRQpWKLRSLHQQHGHOD
G\QDVWLH HVW GLWH ©VDORPRQLGHª 'DQV OH FRQWH[WH GH OD JXHUUH
IURLGH+DwOp6pODVVLpGRQWODSROLWLTXHpWDLWSOXW{WSURRFFLGHQWDOH
IXWUHQYHUVpOHVHSWHPEUHSDUXQFRXSG
eWDWPHQpSDUXQ
JURXSHGHPLOLWDLUHVOH'HUJRX©comité des égauxªVRXWHQXV
SDUO¶8QLRQVRYLpWLTXH/HGHUQLHUURLG
eWKLRSLHFURXSLVVDLWGDQVXQ
FDFKRWGHSXLVVDGHVWLWXWLRQ+DwOp6pODVVLpHVWPRUWXQSHXPRLQV
G
XQDQDSUqVVRQGpWU{QHPHQWௗpWUDQJOpOHRXOHDRW
VXU RUGUH GH VRQ WRPEHXU OH FRORQHO 0HQJLVWX +DwOp 0DULDP /H
UpJLPHFRPPXQLVWHHPSrFKDQWWRXWHHQTXrWHLQGpSHQGDQWHLOQHIXW
ϭϰϬ

SDVSRVVLEOHGHYpULILHUOHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVGHVDPRUW6DGpSRXLOOH
pWDLW GLVVLPXOpH GDQV OHV EDVIRQGV GX SDODLV LPSpULDO R HOOH IXW
H[KXPpH HQ XQ DQ DSUqV OD FKXWH GX UpJLPH GH 0HQJLVWX
/H 'HUJ XQH PRQVWUXRVLWp VDQV pJDO GDQV O¶LJQRPLQLH GHV
PLOLWDLUHVDIULFDLQV/H'HUJpWDLWXQHMXQWHPLOLWDLUHTXLJRXYHUQD
O
eWKLRSLHDSUqVODFKXWHGXnégus+DLOp6pODVVLp,HUMXVTX
HQ,O
IXWIRQGpOHMXLQSDUGHVRIILFLHUVGHO¶DUPpHpWKLRSLHQQHTXL
V¶pWDLHQW PXWLQpV DX GpEXW GH O¶DQQpH /HV PHPEUHV IRQGDWHXUV
pWDLHQWDXQRPEUHGHSDUDQRwDTXHVGHODYLROHQFHQRPEUHTXL
V¶DPHQXLVD DX IXU HW j PHVXUH GHV GLVJUkFHV HW GHV PHXUWUHV
DXWRGHVWUXFWHXUV$XFXQQRXYHDXPHPEUHQ¶DMDPDLVpWpLQWpJUp/D
OLVWHSUpFLVHGHVPHPEUHVGX'HUJUHVWHLQFRQQXH'Hj
OH'HUJH[pFXWDHWHPSULVRQQDGHVGL]DLQHVGHPLOOLHUVG¶RSSRVDQWV
VDQV SURFqV /D SpULRGH DX FRXUV GH ODTXHOOH OH 'HUJ GLULJHD
O¶eWKLRSLHIXWPDUTXpHSDUXQHJXHUUHFLYLOHXQHJXpULOODDYHFOHV
LQGpSHQGDQWLVWHVpU\WKUpHQVXQFRQIOLWDYHFOHVUpYROWpVGHODUpJLRQ
GX7LJUpHWG¶DXWUHVJURXSHVGHGURLWHXQHJXHUUHWRWDOHFRQWUHXQ
SD\VYRLVLQOD6RPDOLH$YHFOHVPLOLWDLUHVO¶eWKLRSLHVXEVWLWXDVRQ
SDFLILVPHFRQWUHXQLQWHUYHQWLRQQLVPHHWXQEHOOLFLVPHjWRXVFULQV
/H OLHXWHQDQWJpQpUDO $PDQ 0LNDHO $QGRP VXFFpGDLW j +DwOp
6pODVVLpDSUqVOHSXWVFKGX'HUJHQTXDOLWpGHFKHIGHO¶eWDW8QH
EURXLOOHDYHFOHVPHPEUHVOHVSOXVH[WUpPLVWHVGX'HUJDXVXMHWGHV
H[pFXWLRQVDUELWUDLUHVHWODJXHUUHDYHFO¶eU\WKUpHVFHOOqUHQWOHVRUW
G¶$QGRP 0LV HQ PLQRULWp LO IXW DUUrWp HW H[pFXWp DYHF XQH
VRL[DQWDLQHGHSHUVRQQHVGRQWGHVPHPEUHVGXJRXYHUQHPHQW6RQ
VXFFHVVHXU7DIDUL%HQWLFRQQDvWUDOHPrPHVRUWWURLVDQVSOXVWDUG
OLTXLGpSK\VLTXHPHQWSDUOH'HUJ
/HV PLOLWDLUHV RQW O¶HVSULW VXEWLO PDLV OD PRUW GH 0DULHQ
1JRXDEL SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH GX &RQJR HVW WHOOHPHQW
URFDPEROHVTXH TXH VRQ pOXFLGDWLRQ UpVLVWHUDLW j XQH pTXLSHFKRF
G¶HQTXrWHXUVFRPSRVpHGXOLHXWHQDQW&RORPERHWGHO¶LQVSHFWHXU
'HUULFN HQ SHUVRQQH /H FRXS G¶eWDW PLOLWDLUH VDQJODQW D FHUWHV
HPSRUWpOHSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHPDLVSHXWrWUHSRXUFRXYULU

ϯϮ
&RORPERLQVSHFWHXUGHSROLFHGHODEULJDGHFULPLQHOOHGH/RV$QJHOHVGDQVOH
IHXLOOHWRQGXPrPHQRPLQFDUQpSDU3HWHU)DONHQTXrWHXURSLQLkWUHHWSHUVSLFDFH
ϯϯ
'HUULFN LQVSHFWHXU GH OD SROLFH FULPLQHOOH GH 0XQLFK GDQV OD VpULH WpOpYLVpH
©inspecteur Derrick ª ,QVSHFWHXU QRQ YLROHQW IURLG HW SV\FKRORJXH 6XU
pSLVRGHVLODGpPDVTXpFRXSDEOHVHWYXFDGDYUHV
ϭϰϭ

OH FULPH RX SRXU XQH VLPSOH DIIDLUH GH YHQJHDQFH OHV FRXWHDX[
GLVRQVOHVNDODFKQLNRYVpWDLHQWGHVRUWLH/HVPLOLWDLUHVQ¶\ VRQW
SDV DOOpV GH PDLQ PRUWH -XJH]HQ XQ DQFLHQ FKHI GH O¶eWDW GX
&RQJR XQ FDUGLQDO GH O¶eJOLVH FDWKROLTXH XQH WUHQWDLQH GH
SHUVRQQHVGRQWGHVRIILFLHUVGHO¶DUPpHRQWIURLGHPHQWpWpOLTXLGpV
RXSDVVpVSDUOHVDUPHVVDQVFRQGDPQDWLRQ2HVWFHTX¶LOVRQWOH
F°XUFHVKRPPHVHQWHQXHௗ"(QRQWLOVYUDLPHQWௗ"'HVIDLWVUDFRQWpV
SXEOLTXHPHQW SDU FHUWDLQV DFWHXUV GH FHWWH WUDJpGLH DX FRXUV GHV
DXGLWLRQVFDWKDUWLTXHVGHODFRQIpUHQFHQDWLRQDOHVRXYHUDLQHGH
j %UD]]DYLOOH LO WUDQVSDUDvW XQH RSpUDWLRQ PDFKLDYpOLTXH GH
FRQTXrWH GX SRXYRLU /H SUpVLGHQW 0DULHQ 1JRXDEL UpVLGDLW
PRGHVWHPHQW QRQ SDV GDQV XQ SDODLV GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH PDLV DX
TXDUWLHU JpQpUDO GH O¶$UPpH SRSXODLUH QDWLRQDOH $31 HQWRXUp
G¶XQUpJLPHQWGHODJDUGHSUpVLGHQWLHOOHFRPSRVpHWFRPPDQGpSDU
GHVILGqOHV4XLGRQFSRXYDLWFURLUHTXHVDFXLUDVVHFDFKDLWTXHOTXHV
LQWHUVWLFHV &H PDUV O¶DUPpH HVW FRQVLJQpH j FDXVH GX
FOLPDWSROLWLTXHWUqVWURXEOHGDQVOHSD\VGHSXLVODJUDQGHJUqYHGHV
WUDYDLOOHXUV GX PDUV RUFKHVWUpH SDU OD &RQIpGpUDWLRQ
V\QGLFDOH FRQJRODLVH &6& 'H SOXV XQ PRLV SOXV WDUG OH
DYULOSDUXQUDLGO¶DUPpH]DwURLVHHQYDKLVVDLWOHWHUULWRLUH
FRQJRODLVjO¶vOH0EDPRX/HVPLOLWDLUHVFRQJRODLVpWDLHQWjFUDQ&H
MRXUIDWLGLTXHO¶pWDWPDMRUFRPPHOHV %UD]]DYLOORLVDSSHOOHQWFH
VHFWHXU VWUDWpJLTXH GH OD YLOOH KDELWXHOOHPHQW JURXLOODQW GH
PLOLWDLUHV pWDLW pWUDQJHPHQW YLGH GH VHV RFFXSDQWV /D WRWDOLWp GX
UpJLPHQWGHODJDUGHSUpVLGHQWLHOOHpWDLWVRUWLHGHOHXUFDVHUQHSRXU
HIIHFWXHUGLYHUVHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVVSRUWLYHVSURJUDPPpHVODLVVDQWOH
SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH pWRQQDPPHQW HVVHXOp 'HX[ YHUVLRQV
VXEVLVWHQW j FHWWH pWDSH GH O¶DIIDLUH /D SUHPLqUH G¶DSUqV OHV
DXGLWLRQVSXEOLTXHVSHQGDQWODFRQIpUHQFHQDWLRQDOHLOUHVVRUWTX¶j
O¶KHXUHGXGpMHXQHUOHSUpVLGHQWpWDLWDWWDEOp$UULYDXQFRPPDQGR
GH TXDWUH PHPEUHV GLULJpV SDU XQ RIILFLHU 6XU O¶DSSDUHQFH GH FH
JURXSH PLV j SDUW OH FDSLWDLQH TXL pWDLW j OHXU WrWH OHV DXWUHV
PHPEUHVGXFRPPDQGRUHVVHPEODLHQWjGHVEUDQTXLJQROVPrPHSDV
YUDLPHQWDUPpV$SUqVV¶rWUHLQWURGXLWVGDQVOHTXDUWLHUJpQpUDOSXLV
OD UpVLGHQFH SUpVLGHQWLHOOH OHV LQWUXV UHQWUqUHQW HQ FRQWDFW DYHF OH
SUpVLGHQW 0DULHQ 1JRXDEL 8QH OXWWH IpURFH V¶HQJDJHD MXVTX¶DX

ϯϰ
'pQRPLQDWLRQ GH OD SpULRGH UpYROXWLRQQDLUH GHV )RUFHV DUPpHV FRQJRODLVHV
)$&
ϭϰϮ

SHUURQGHODYLOODROHFKHIGHO¶eWDWIXWDEDWWX6RQILOVDvQpTXLVH
WURXYDLWjO¶DUULqUHGHODEkWLVVHDOHUWpSDUOHVFRXSVGHIHXDFFRXUXW
HWVXUSULWOHJURXSHHQSOHLQHIXLWH,ODEDWWLWGHX[DVVDLOODQWVDYDQW
G¶HPPHQHUVRQSqUHjO¶K{SLWDOPLOLWDLUH/DGHX[LqPHYHUVLRQTXL
FURLVHSDUFHUWDLQF{WpODSUHPLqUHHVWGpWDLOOpHGDQVOHOLYUHGH-HDQ
&ODXGH 0D\LPD0EHPED ¬ KHXUHV OH SUpVLGHQW UHFHYDLW OH
FDUGLQDO ePLOH %LD\HQGD /¶HQWUHWLHQ QH GXUD TX¶XQH GL]DLQH GH
PLQXWHV LQWHUURPSX SDU XQ FRXS GH WpOpSKRQH TXL REOLJHD OH
SUpVLGHQW0DULHQ1JRXDELjFHVVHUFHWWHDXGLHQFHSRXUUHMRLQGUHXQ
FROODERUDWHXUJULqYHPHQWEOHVVpDXFKDPSGHWLU$YDQWGHTXLWWHUVD
UpVLGHQFHLODYDLWGRQQpVHPEOHWLOGHVLQVWUXFWLRQVFRQFHUQDQWGHV
YLVLWHXUVTX¶LOUHFHYUDLWSOXVWDUGeWDLWLOVRUWLVDQVHVFRUWHGDQVXQH
YRLWXUHEDQDOLVpHௗ"(QWRXWFDVGHVWpPRLQVDIILUPDLHQWO¶DYRLUYX
UHYHQLUTXHOTXHVKHXUHVDSUqVHWSDVVHUO¶HQWUpHGHODUXHSULQFLSDOH
GHO¶pWDWPDMRUGDQVVDYRLWXUHeWDLWLOYLYDQWௗ"3HUVRQQHQHOHVDLW
G¶DXWDQWSOXVTX¶LOQHSRUWDLWSOXVOHWUHLOOLVTX¶LODYDLWHQSDUWDQW(Q
DUULYDQW FKH] OXL LO VH WURXYD HQ IDFH GX FRPPDQGR 8QH OXWWH
V¶HQJDJHD VXU OH SHUURQ (Q EDV GH O¶HVFDOLHU OH SUpVLGHQW 0DULHQ
1JRXDELIXWDEDWWX6RQILOVDvQpVXUJLVVDQWGHO¶DUULqUHFRXUGHOD
UpVLGHQFH DEDWWLW GHX[ IX\DUGV /¶pQLJPH V¶pSDLVVLW DYHF OHV
FRQVWDWLRQVGHVPpGHFLQVVXUOHFDGDYUH,OpWDLWSHUIRUpGHSOXVLHXUV
SHWLWVWURXVGDQVOHGRVMXVTX¶jODKDXWHXUGXFRX'HVLPSDFWVTXH
OHVPpGHFLQVOpJLVWHVQHGpFRXYULUHQWTX¶HQOHUHWRXUQDQW'RQFGH
IDFH ULHQ Q¶DSSDUDLVVDLW 'H SOXV OHV KDELWV TX¶LO SRUWDLW Q¶pWDLHQW
JXqUH WURXpV PrPH DX GRV 3RXU SDUDFKHYHU OH WRXW LO DYDLW OD
FDURWLGH WUDQFKpH WUqV QHWWHPHQW SDU XQH GHV EDOOHV UHoXHV SDU
GHUULqUH TXL WUDQVSHUoD OD QXTXH HW IUDFDVVD XQH SDUWLH GH OD
PkFKRLUH'DQVFHVFRQGLWLRQVH[SOLTXDLWOHPpGHFLQQ¶LPSRUWHTXL
DXUDLWSHUGXOHVVL[OLWUHVGHVRQVDQJDXSRLQWG¶HQrWUHWRWDOHPHQW
EDUERXLOOp 2U LO pWDLW SDUIDLWHPHQW SURSUH HW VRQ abacost36
LPPDFXOp/jRLOpWDLWWRPEpGHVWpPRLQVRQWUHOHYpXQHWDFKHGH
VDQJSDVSOXVJUDQGHTX¶XQHIHXLOOHGHSDSLHUGHIRUPDW$

ϯϱ
0D\LPD0EHPED-HDQ&ODXGHAssassinats politiques au Congo-Brazzaville
eG,&(6IpYULHU
ϯϲ
$EUpYLDWLRQG¶jEDVOHFRVWXPH'RFWULQHYHVWLPHQWDLUHHQYXHGHV¶DIIUDQFKLUGX
PRGqOHRFFLGHQWDO/DYHVWHFROVHUUpRXVDQVFROVHSRUWHVDQVFUDYDWH$XFRXUV
GHVGpFHQQLHVHWHOOHpWDLWOHV\PEROHYHVWLPHQWDLUHGHODQRPHQNODWXUD
]DwURLVHHWFRQJRODLVH
ϭϰϯ

¬ODVXLWHGHFHGpFqVO¶DUPpHODJkFKHWWHFKDWRXLOOHXVHWLUDLWjWRUW
HWjWUDYHUV/HVPLOLWDLUHVGRQQqUHQWOLEUHFRXUVDX[UqJOHPHQWVGH
FRPSWH/HVDUUHVWDWLRQVG¶RSSRVDQWVTXLQ¶DYDLHQWULHQjYRLUDYHF
OHVpYpQHPHQWVWRXUQDLHQWDLVpPHQWDXGUDPH3OXVWDUGRQpYRTXHUD
GHV EDYXUHV UHJUHWWDEOHV 'DQV FHWWH YDJXH GH IROLH PHXUWULqUH OH
FDUGLQDOGHUQLHUYLVLWHXUGXSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHIXWHQOHYp
FRPPHXQYXOJDLUHquidamSXLVDVVDVVLQp'DQVODIRXOpHXQHFRXU
PDUWLDOH TXL VLpJHDLW j KXLV FORV FRQGDPQDLW QXLWDPPHQW O¶DQFLHQ
SUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXH$OSKRQVH0DVVDPED'pEDWSRXUKDXWH
WUDKLVRQ,ODYDLWHXOHWRUWGHFRQVHUYHUXQOLHQDYHF0DULHQ1JRXDEL
TXLSDUDLOOHXUVO¶DYDLWGHVWLWXpSDUXQFRXSG¶eWDWTXHOTXHVDQQpHV
SOXVW{W$XFRXUVGHVGHUQLqUHVVHPDLQHVOHVGHX[KRPPHVG¶eWDW
pWDLHQW HQ SRXUSDUOHUV VHFUHWV DX VXMHW GH O¶DYHQLU GX SD\V /¶H[
SUpVLGHQW IXW H[pFXWp DYHF XQH GHPLGRX]DLQH GH FRDFFXVpV VDQV
TXH SHUVRQQH QH VDFKH MXVTX¶j DXMRXUG¶KXL OD WHQHXU GH VHV
H[SOLFDWLRQV/DILqYUHQHUHWRPEDTXHSHWLWjSHWLW(QWUHWHPSVXQH
MXQWHPLOLWDLUHGHRQ]HRIILFLHUVOH&RPLWpPLOLWDLUHGXSDUWL&03
V¶pWDLWLQVWDOOpHDXSRXYRLUHQYLRODWLRQIODJUDQWHGHOD&RQVWLWXWLRQ
3RXUVXLYDQWODFKDVVHDX[VRUFLqUHVODMXQWHPLOLWDLUHHQWUHWLQWXQH
DWPRVSKqUH GH SHXU GDQV OH SD\V /¶REOLJDWLRQ SRXU O¶$UPpH
SRSXODLUHQDWLRQDOH$31GHUHVWHUFDQWRQQpjODFDVHUQHDYDQWOHV
pYpQHPHQWV D pWp UHQIRUFpH SDU XQ FRXYUHIHX SHUPDQHQW /D
EUXWDOLWpGX&03HWVHVOLPLWHVGDQVODJHVWLRQGHO
eWDWOHUHQGLUHQW
LPSRSXODLUH /HV &RQJRODLV JDUGHQW XQ PDXYDLV VRXYHQLU GH FHWWH
pSRTXH
,JQDWLXV .XWX $FKHDPSRQJ HVW QRPPp DX FRPPDQGHPHQW
GHV )RUFHV DUPpHV JKDQpHQQHV HQ PDUV ,O HVW HQVXLWH
VpOHFWLRQQpSRXUVXLYUHGHVFRXUVjO¶eFROHVXSpULHXUHGH*XHUUHDX
)RUWGH/HDYHQZRUWKDX[eWDWV8QLV¬VRQUHWRXULOHVWQRPPpDX
TXDUWLHUJpQpUDOGHO¶DUPpH,OSRUWHDORUVOHJUDGHGHFRORQHOELHQ
TX¶LOQHVRLWSDVSURPX,OVHSODLQWGHVRXIIULUGHGLVFULPLQDWLRQ,O
VH GHPDQGH SRXUTXRL GHV RIILFLHUV TX¶LO D FRPPDQGpV RQW pWp
SURPXV DYDQW OXL /H MDQYLHU LO SUHQG OH OHDGHUVKLS G¶XQ
FRXS G¶eWDW ELHQ DFFXHLOOL SDU O¶RSLQLRQ SXEOLTXH $FKHDPSRQJ
FRQWLQXH OD SROLWLTXH pFRQRPLTXH GX <HQWXD ©1RXV QH SD\HURQV
SDVª /H UpJLPH UHIXVH G¶KRQRUHU VHV REOLJDWLRQV YLVjYLV GH OD
GHWWH H[WpULHXUH GX SD\V TX¶LO FRQVLGqUH FRPPH LQMXVWH &HWWH
SROLWLTXH HVW DFFODPpH SDU OHV pWXGLDQWV HW XQH SDUWLH GH OD
ϭϰϰ

SRSXODWLRQ ,O GpFLGD GH FKDQJHU OH &RGH GH OD URXWH GpODLVVDQW OD
FLUFXODWLRQ j O¶DQJODLVH ,O HQJDJHD OD 5pYROXWLRQ YHUWH &HOOHFL
UHPSRUWD XQ IUDQF VXFFqV OD SUHPLqUH DQQpH SXLV OD SURGXFWLRQ
GpFOLQD HW SURYRTXD XQ FXLVDQW pFKHF GH FHWWH SROLWLTXH SRXUWDQW
SURPHWWHXVH/DSpQXULHGHVELHQVGHSUHPLqUHQpFHVVLWpDWWHLJQLWXQ
VWDGHFULWLTXH/HVSRSXODWLRQVEUDYDLHQWGHVILOHVG¶DWWHQWHSRXUVH
SURFXUHU GX VDYRQ GX VXFUH HW ELHQ G¶DXWUHV SURGXLWV GH SUHPLqUH
QpFHVVLWp /D FRUUXSWLRQ VH GpYHORSSD /HV WURXEOHV SRSXODLUHV
pEUDQOqUHQW OH UpJLPH j OD ILQ GHV DQQpHV VRL[DQWHGL[ 'HV
PDQLIHVWDWLRQVV¶RUJDQLVDLHQWOHVXQLYHUVLWpVIHUPDLHQW/¶DJLWDWLRQ
JUDQGLH DX VHLQ GHV RIILFLHUV VXEDOWHUQHV GpERXFKD VXU GHV
PXWLQHULHV /D KLpUDUFKLH PLOLWDLUH RUJDQLVD XQ FRXS G¶eWDW OH
MXLOOHW,OHVWDFFXVpG¶DYRLUVDERWpO¶pFRQRPLHHWHVWDVVLJQp
jUpVLGHQFH /HMXLQDSUqVXQUDSLGHSURFqV FRQGXLWSDUOH
&RQVHLOUpYROXWLRQQDLUHGHV)RUFHVDUPpHVTXLDYXOHMRXUVRXVOH
UpJLPH5DZOLQJV$FKHDPSRQJHVWFRQGDPQpjPRUWHWH[pFXWpSDU
XQSHORWRQG¶H[pFXWLRQDX0LOLWDU\)LULQJ5DQJHG¶$FFUD
&RPPHODSOXSDUWGHVSD\VDIULFDLQVIUDQFRSKRQHVO¶KLVWRLUH
GX %XUNLQD )DVR HVW MDORQQpH GH FRXSV G¶eWDW PLOLWDLUHV /H SOXV
DEMHFWHWFHOXLTXLDIDLWFRXOHUEHDXFRXSGHVDOLYHG¶HQFUHHWGHVDQJ
V¶HVWGpURXOpOHRFWREUH$ORUVTXH7KRPDV6DQNDUDpWDLWDX
ILUPDPHQWG¶XQHJORLUHUpYROXWLRQQDLUHGDQVVRQSD\VHWSOXVHQFRUH
GDQVXQH$IULTXHTXLDVSLUDLWDXERXOHYHUVHPHQWGHO¶RUGUHVRFLDOHW
SROLWLTXHpWDEOLOHVQXDJHVV¶DPRQFHODLHQWHQLQWHUQHGDQVOHFHUFOH
WUqVFORVGXSRXYRLU7KRPDV6DQNDUDSUpVLGHQWGX%XUNLQD)DVR
DSSOLTXDLW VXU OH WHUUDLQ GH OD UpDOLWp OHV WKpRULHV UDGLFDOHPHQW
QRXYHOOHVGXVRFLDOLVPHVFLHQWLILTXHDYHFEHDXFRXSGHUpXVVLWH(Q
SURFpGDQW j XQH ULJRXUHXVH DQDO\VH GX FDSLWDOLVPH HW OD PLVH HQ
DYDQW G¶XQH VRFLpWp LGpDOH DYHF FRPPH VXSSRUW OD SD\VDQQHULH OD
FODVVH RXYULqUH EXUNLQDEp OD SHWLWH EXUHDXFUDWLH HW OD WURXSH /H
SUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXH7KRPDV6DQNDUDDYDLWUpXVVLjPHWWUHDX
FHQWUHGHODVWUDWpJLHGHVUpYROXWLRQQDLUHVOH©OXPSHQSUROpWDULDWª
&HWRXUGHIRUFHVXVFLWDLWPDQLIHVWHPHQWGHVDSSUpKHQVLRQVHWGHV
UDQF°XUVRXWRXWjODIRLV*UkFHjFHWWHSROLWLTXHG¶DIIUDQFKLVVHPHQW
GX SHXSOH LO ILW DYDQFHU UHPDUTXDEOHPHQW OD OXWWH DQWLFRUUXSWLRQ
DPpOLRUHUO¶pGXFDWLRQHWO¶DJULFXOWXUHSXLVUHYDORULVHUOHVWDWXWGHV
IHPPHV 6D SROLWLTXH DQWLLPSpULDOLVWH SDQDIULFDQLVWH HW WLHUV
PRQGLVWH OXL YDOXW GHV LQLPLWLpV GH VHV SDLUV DIULFDLQV PDLV DXVVL
O¶KRVWLOLWpGHODSXLVVDQFHWXWpODLUH
ϭϰϱ

2QSDUODLWG¶XQHEURXLOOHDYHFOHFDSLWDLQH%ODLVH&DPSDRUpVRQDPL
GH WRXMRXUV DYHF TXL LO DYDLW SULV OH SRXYRLU OH DRW /HV
FRPPpUDJHV GLVDLHQW TXH OHV GHX[ KRPPHV HQWUH DXWUHV
FRQWHQWLHX[V¶RSSRVDLHQWVXUODVXEVWDQFHGHOD)RUFHG¶LQWHUYHQWLRQ
GX PLQLVWqUH GH O¶$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ WHUULWRULDOH HW GH OD VpFXULWp
)LPDWV/¶XQODYRXODLWFRPPHVWUXFWXUHGHSUpVHUYDWLRQGHVDFTXLV
GHODUpYROXWLRQTXDQGO¶DXWUHSHQVDLWTXHF¶pWDLWXQHPLOLFHFRQWUH
VD SHUVRQQH /D WHQVLRQ GHYHQDLW SHUFHSWLEOH &RPPH GDQV OHV
ZHVWHUQV VSDJKHWWLV F¶pWDLW j TXL défouraillerait OH SUHPLHU /HV
SDUWLVDQV GH %ODLVH &DPSDRUp RQW DIILUPp DSUqV FRXS TX¶XQH
pOLPLQDWLRQSK\VLTXHGHOHXUOHDGHUpWDLWHQFRXUVG¶H[pFXWLRQௗYRLOj
SRXUTXRL LOV DYDLHQW SULV OHV GHYDQWV 'H SUHXYHV LO Q¶\ D SDV HX
GHSXLVSOXVLHXUVGpFHQQLHV
&H MHXGL IDWLGLTXH j KHXUHV OH SUpVLGHQW GX )DVR GpEXWDLW XQH
UpXQLRQ DYHF VHV SURFKHV FROODERUDWHXUV GDQV OH SDYLOORQ +DXWH
9ROWDGX&RQVHLOGHO¶(QWHQWH8QFRPPDQGRGHSOXVLHXUVPHPEUHV
j YLVDJH GpFRXYHUW ORXUGHPHQW DUPp GpEDUTXD GH GHX[ YRLWXUHV
EDQDOLVpHV $XVVLW{W VDQV FULHU JDUH LOV VH PLUHQW j WLUHU VXU OHV
pOpPHQWV GH OD JDUGH UDSSURFKpH GX SUpVLGHQW GX )DVR GH IDFWLRQ
GHYDQW OH SDYLOORQ /HV SUHPLHUV PRUWV WRPEqUHQW j FHW LQVWDQW
/¶DLGHGHFDPSHWGHX[JDUGHVGXFRUSVGH%ODLVH&DPSDRUpIXUHQW
LGHQWLILpV SDUPL OHV DVVDLOODQWV ¬ O¶LQWpULHXU GH OD YLOOD SDVVp OH
PRPHQW GH OD VXUSULVH WRXW OH PRQGH VH SUpFLSLWDLW GHUULqUH OHV
IDXWHXLOV j OD UHFKHUFKH G¶XQH SURWHFWLRQ GpULVRLUH 6H UDYLVDQW OH
SUpVLGHQW7KRPDV6DQNDUDVHOHYDHWGLWjVHVFROODERUDWHXUV©1H
YRXV HQ IDLWHV SDV F¶HVW j PRL TX¶LOV HQ YHXOHQWª 7HQDQW VRQ
UHYROYHUGHSDUDGHLOV¶HQJDJHDGDQVOHFRXORLUjODUHQFRQWUHGHV
DJUHVVHXUV 6XU OH SDOLHU GH O¶HVFDOLHU H[WpULHXU GX SDYLOORQ OH
SUpVLGHQWILWIDFHDXFRPPDQGR,OUHoXWLQVWDQWDQpPHQWXQHUDIDOH
G¶DUPH DXWRPDWLTXH TXL OH SURMHWD j O¶LQWpULHXU GH OD YLOOD 1H
SRXYDQWVHUpIXJLHUGDQVODSLqFHODSOXVSURFKHFHOOHFLpWDQWIHUPpH
jFOpOHSUpVLGHQWGX)DVRUHYLQWVXUVHVSDVSRXUUHFHYRLUODPRUW
GHVPDLQVGHFHVWXHXUV
$VVRFLRQVjFHWKRPPDJHODPpPRLUHGHVGRX]HFRPSDJQRQVGX
SUpVLGHQW7KRPDV6DQNDUDWRPEpVGDQVFHWUDTXHQDUG&HVRQW/H
SURIHVVHXU G¶XQLYHUVLWp 6LELUL $ODLQ =DJUp OH MRXUQDOLVWH 3DXOLQ
%DPRXQL OHV HPSOR\pV GH OD SUpVLGHQFH )UpGHULF /LHPGp HW
%RQDYHQWXUH &RPSDRUp OHV VHUJHQWVFKHIV (PPDQXHO %DWLRQR HW
ϭϰϲ

$PDGp6DZDGRJRO¶DGMXGDQW&KULVWRSKH6DEDOHFDSRUDO<H\pOH
VROGDW GH qUHFODVVH 1RXIRX 6DZDGRJR OH VROGDW GH qUHFODVVH 'HU
6RPGDOHVROGDWGHqUHFODVVH:DOOLOD\H6DZDGRJR
1RQFRQWHQWGHEDWWUHOHUHFRUGGHVYROWHIDFHSROLWLTXHVOH
1LJHU HVW UpJL SDU XQH VHSWLqPH &RQVWLWXWLRQ SRXU DXWDQW GH
UpSXEOLTXHV (Q OH 3URJUDPPH GHV 1DWLRQV XQLHV SRXU OH
GpYHORSSHPHQW D FRQVLGpUp OH 1LJHU FRPPH OH SD\V OH PRLQV
GpYHORSSpDXPRQGHGDQVVRQUDSSRUWDQQXHOOXLDWWULEXDQWXQLQGLFH
GHGpYHORSSHPHQWKXPDLQGHVHXOHPHQW8QSDUDGR[HGHSOXV
SRXUFHSD\VTXLQHPDQTXHSDVGHUHVVRXUFHVQDWXUHOOHVO¶RUOHIHU
OHFKDUERQHWOHSpWUROH2QVHUDSSHOOHOHSUpWH[WHDPpULFDLQSRXU
SURXYHUOHVDUPHVGHGHVWUXFWLRQVPDVVLYHVGH6DGGDP+XVVHLQFH
GHUQLHU DYDLW DFKHWp O¶XUDQLXP SRXU VRQ SURJUDPPH QXFOpDLUH DX
1LJHU&HSD\VHQSRVVqGHjIRLVRQDXSRLQWG¶rWUHXQHFKDVVHJDUGpH
G¶$UHYD PXOWLQDWLRQDOH IUDQoDLVH OHDGHU PRQGLDO GH O¶pQHUJLH
QXFOpDLUH(QHIIHWOD)UDQFHTXLVHWDUJXHG¶rWUHOHFKDPSLRQWRXWHV
FDWpJRULHV GX QXFOpDLUH DX PRQGH QH VRUW GH VRQ VRO DXFXQH RQFH
G¶XUDQLXP PDLV VH JDUGH GH PHWWUH HQ pYLGHQFH VHV PLQHV
QLJpULHQQHV1¶HWpWpOHVSpULSpWLHVPpGLDWLTXHVHQOqYHPHQWVGHV
LQJpQLHXUVIUDQoDLVFRXSVGHPDLQHWUHYHQGLFDWLRQVGHVUpEHOOLRQV
HWF SHUVRQQH QH VDXUDLW OH SRWHQWLHO PLQLHU GH FH SD\V 0DLV
FRPPHQWOH1LJHUSHXWLOrWUHOHSD\VSOXVSDXYUHGHODSODQqWHDYHF
GH WHOOHV UHVVRXUFHV PLQLqUHVௗ" ([LVWHWLO XQH FROOXVLRQ HQWUH OD
FODVVH SROLWLTXH HW OHV JURV LQWpUrWV pWUDQJHUVௗ" /HV KRPPHV
SROLWLTXHVDIULFDLQVGHYUDLHQWUpSRQGUHjFHVTXHVWLRQV'DQVFHWWH
JDOqUHQDWLRQDOHOHVPLOLWDLUHVUHSUpVHQWHQWOHVHOGHODWDPERXLOOH
/H SD\V HVW SHUSpWXHOOHPHQW VRXV OD FRXSH GHV KRPPHV HQ NDNL
GHSXLVODGHVWLWXWLRQGXSUHPLHUSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHHQ
/DWUDQVLWLRQGpPRFUDWLTXHGHHWODSpULRGHDFWXHOOHVRQWGHV
H[FHSWLRQVTXHO¶RQHVSqUHYRLUSHUGXUHUGDQVOHWHPSV/HVFRXSV
G¶pWDW PLOLWDLUH VRQW IUpTXHQWV HW OHV PLOLWDLUHV OHV H[pFXWHQW VDQV
ILRULWXUH 'pMj GHX[ PLOLWDLUHV OH JpQpUDO 6H\QL .RXQWFKp HW OH
FRORQHO$OL6DOLERXGLULJqUHQWOHSD\VGHj
/H JpQpUDO ,EUDKLP %DUp 0DwQDVVDUD GRQW OH QRP VLJQLILH © OH
YLFWRULHX[ªHQODQJXHKDRXVVDpWDLWO¶XQGHVSOXVEULOODQWVRIILFLHUV
GH VRQ SD\V ,O DYDLW RFFXSp SOXVLHXUV KDXWHV IRQFWLRQV FLYLOHV HW
PLOLWDLUHV (Q LO IXW QRPPp FRPPDQGDQW GH OD JDUGH
SUpVLGHQWLHOOH 'HX[ DQV SOXV WDUG LO SULW OH FRPPDQGHPHQW GH OD
ϭϰϳ

FRPSDJQLHSDUDFKXWLVWHGH1LDPH\(QLOGLULJHDLWOHWURLVLqPH
EXUHDXGHO
pWDWPDMRUGHVIRUFHVDUPpHV'HjOHFRORQHO
0DwQDVVDUD pWDLW DWWDFKp PLOLWDLUH j O
DPEDVVDGH GX 1LJHU j 3DULV
DYDQWGHVHYRLUFRQILHUOHPLQLVWqUHGHOD6DQWp'H
jLOpWDLWDPEDVVDGHXUHQ$OJpULH(QLOUHYHQDLWDXSD\V
SRXUGHYHQLUFRQVHLOOHUGHGpIHQVHGX3UHPLHUPLQLVWUHGHWUDQVLWLRQ
$PDGRX &KHLIIRX $SUqV OD SUHPLqUH pOHFWLRQ
SUpVLGHQWLHOOHGpPRFUDWLTXHHQDYULOLOIXWQRPPpFKHIG
pWDW
PDMRUSDUWLFXOLHUGXSUpVLGHQW0DKDPDQH2XVPDQHHQMXLQGHFHWWH
PrPH DQQpH (Q LO HIIHFWXD XQ VWDJH DX &ROOqJH
LQWHUDUPpHV GH GpIHQVH j 3DULV DYDQW G
rWUH QRPPp HQ PDUV
FKHIG
pWDWPDMRUGHO
DUPpHQLJpULHQQHSXLVDFFpGDjODSUpVLGHQFH
GHOD5pSXEOLTXHGHj,OGLULJHDOHMDQYLHUXQ
FRXSG
eWDWHWSULVODWrWHGX&RQVHLOGHVDOXWQDWLRQDOPHWWDQWILQj
XQEORFDJHLQVWLWXWLRQQHOHQWUHOHSUpVLGHQW2XVPDQHHWVRQ3UHPLHU
PLQLVWUH,OV
pWDLWIDLWpOLUHFKHIGHO
eWDWDXWHUPHG
XQVFUXWLQWUqV
FRQWURYHUVp/HSUpVLGHQW%DUpRUJDQLVDO
pOHFWLRQSUpVLGHQWLHOOHHQ
MXLOOHWGHODPrPHDQQpH0DLVDORUVTXHOHSURFHVVXVGHYRWHpWDLW
HQFRXUVLOUHPSODoDOHVPHPEUHVGHOD&RPPLVVLRQpOHFWRUDOHHWOD
QRXYHOOHFRPPLVVLRQOHGpFODUDYDLQTXHXU/HVpOHFWLRQVOpJLVODWLYHV
WUXTXpHV GH QRYHPEUH VXLYDQW OXL GRQQqUHQW XQH PDMRULWp GH
GHVVLqJHV
/HSUpVLGHQW,EUDKLP%DUp0DwQDVVDUDDpWpDVVDVVLQpOHDYULO
ORUV G¶XQ FRXS G
eWDW RUFKHVWUp SDU OHV pOpPHQWV GH VD JDUGH
SUpVLGHQWLHOOHVRXVOHFRPPDQGHPHQWGXFKHIGHEDWDLOORQ'DRXGD
0DODP :DQNp $EDWWX j ERXW SRUWDQW GDQV XQH HPEXVFDGH VXU OH
7DUPDFGHO¶DpURSRUWPLOLWDLUHGH1LDPH\DORUVTX¶LOV¶DSSUrWDLWj
V¶HQYROHUSRXUO¶LQWpULHXUGXSD\VGHEDOOHVG¶XQJURVFDOLEUHWLUpHV
GDQVOHGRVSDUXQHPDLQFULPLQHOOHLOQHSRXYDLWSDVHQUpFKDSSHU
6HORQGHVWpPRLQVSOXVLHXUVPHPEUHVGHVRQHQWRXUDJHDXUDLHQWpWp
pJDOHPHQW WXpV VRQ JDUGH GX FRUSV D\DQW pWp JULqYHPHQW EOHVVp
$PQHVW\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO DYDLW SXEOLp XQ WpPRLJQDJH FDSLWDO
FRQFHUQDQW OH PHXUWUH GX SUpVLGHQW %DUp 5pDJLVVDQW j FHWWH
SXEOLFDWLRQ OH PDMRU 0DODP :DQNp GpFODUD TXH OHV PLOLWDLUHV
DYDLHQWHXO¶LQWHQWLRQQRQGHWXHUPDLVG¶DUUrWHUOHSUpVLGHQW%DUp
TXLDYDLWpWpWRXFKpSDUSOXVLHXUVEDOOHVDORUVTX¶LOWHQWDLWGHIXLU
+RQWH HW LQIDPLH DX[ DXWHXUV GH FH OkFKH DVVDVVLQDW HQ WLUDQW
KRQWHXVHPHQWGDQVOHGRVG¶XQKRPPHTX¶LOVQ¶RQWSDVHXOHFRXUDJH
ϭϰϴ

GHUHJDUGHUOHV\HX[GDQVOHV\HX[/DFXOWXUHGHO¶LPSXQLWpTXLDYDLW
FDUDFWpULVp OH 1LJHU WRXW DX ORQJ GHV DQQpHV V¶pWDLW WURXYpH
UHQIRUFpH SDU O¶DGRSWLRQ G¶XQH QRXYHOOH FRQVWLWXWLRQ JDUDQWLVVDQW
O¶LPSXQLWpDX[UHVSRQVDEOHVGHODPRUWGXSUpVLGHQW%DUpHWG¶DXWUHV
KRPLFLGHV
8QHIRLVGHSOXVXQHDUPpHDIULFDLQHLQFDSDEOHGHUHPSOLUVD
PLVVLRQGHSURWHFWLRQGXSD\VHWVDSRSXODWLRQV¶DFWLYHVXUOHWHUUDLQ
GH OD SROLWLTXH LQWpULHXUH j PDXYDLV HVFLHQW &HUWHV OHV SROLWLFLHQV
Q¶pWDLHQW SDV H[HPSWV GH WRXW UHSURFKH ,OV DYDLHQW GpOLEpUpPHQW
RXYHUW OD ERvWH GH SDQGRUH GH ©O¶LYRLULWpª &RQFHSW SROLWLTXH TXL
YLVDLW j GpILQLU OHV FDUDFWqUHV QDWLRQDX[ 8QH SHUVRQQH VHUDLW
LYRLULHQQH VL VHV TXDWUH JUDQGVSDUHQWV VRQW QpV HQ &{WH G¶,YRLUH
&HWWHPHVXUHFLEOpHFRQWUH$ODVVDQH2XDWWDUDSRXUO¶HPSrFKHUGHVH
SUpVHQWHUjO¶pOHFWLRQSUpVLGHQWLHOOHpWDLWUHVVHQWLHFRPPHXQUHMHWde
facto G¶XQH SDUWLH GH OD SRSXODWLRQ ,O SURYRTXD XQH PpILDQFH
LGHQWLWDLUH TXL DERXWLW j XQ VHQWLPHQW G¶H[FOXVLRQ GHV FLWR\HQV GX
1RUGHWGHVPXVXOPDQV&HWWHLPSUHVVLRQGHEDQQLVVHPHQWWRXFKD
OHVIRUFHVGHGpIHQVHHWHQWUDvQDXQHVFLVVLRQGHO¶DUPpHDXWUHIRLV
UHVSHFWpH HW FUDLQWH GDQV OD VRXVUpJLRQ eFODWD DORUV DX[ \HX[ GH
WRXWHO¶$IULTXHODIUDJLOLWpGHFHWWHEHOOHPDFKLQHGHGpIHQVHHWVRQ
DEVHQFHKRPRJpQpLWp/HWHPSVIpFRQGGH)pOL[+RXSKRXsW%RLJQ\
pWDLWGpVRUPDLVELHQORLQ
'DQV FH FRQWH[WH GpOpWqUH OHV )RUFHV DUPpHV QDWLRQDOHV GH &{WH
G¶,YRLUH )$1&, Q¶RQW SDV SX UpVLVWHU j OD VDQJODQWH FULVH SRVW
pOHFWRUDOHG¶RFWREUH8QHFRDOLWLRQGHPRXYHPHQWVUHEHOOHVD
FUppXQHDUPpHGLVVLGHQWHTXLVDQVFRXSIpULURFFXSDWRXWHODSDUWLH
QRUG GX SD\V ¬ $ELGMDQ GHV JURXSXVFXOHV GHV )RUFHV DUPpHV
OR\DOLVWHV DSSX\pHV SDU ©OHV MHXQHV SDWULRWHVª PLOLFH XOWUD
QDWLRQDOLVWH VHPDLHQW OD WHUUHXU SRXU V¶LPSRVHU SROLWLTXHPHQW (Q
VHSWHPEUHXQHUXPHXUGHFRXSG¶eWDWVHUpSDQGLW'DQVODQXLW
GX DX GHV LQGLYLGXV DUPpV HW GpSDUHLOOpV DWWDTXDLHQW GHV
SRVLWLRQVVWUDWpJLTXHVHWGHVGRPLFLOHVGHKDXWHVSHUVRQQDOLWpVGDQV
ODYLOOHG¶$ELGMDQ3ULVDXGpSRXUYXSDUXQHLQIRUPDWLRQGHVRXUFH
VUHTX¶XQHDJUHVVLRQLPPLQHQWHYLVDLWVDSHUVRQQHOHJpQpUDO*Xpw
VDQV SUpFDXWLRQ QL SUpSDUDWLRQ DLQVL TXH OH SURXYH VD WHQXH
YHVWLPHQWDLUHHWOHIDLWTX¶LOVRLWHVVHXOpVHSUpFLSLWDjODFDWKpGUDOH
6DLQW3DXOSRXUWURXYHUUHIXJH/jFRPPHQFHOHIORXHWOHPHQVRQJH
GDQV FHWWH DIIDLUH /H SURFqV GHV FRPSDUVHV GX PDVVDFUH GX
ϭϰϵ

VHSWHPEUHDXWULEXQDOPLOLWDLUHG¶$ELGMDQGRX]HDQVDSUqVQ¶DSDV
DSSRUWpSOXVGHFODUWp4XLDUpYpOpODFDFKHWWHGXJpQpUDOௗ"$WLOpWp
WXp DX ERUG GH OD URXWHௗ" 4XL HVW OH FRPPDQGLWDLUH GX FULPHௗ" /D
VHXOHYpULWpF¶pWDLWOHFRUSVGHO¶DQFLHQSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXH
VDQV YLH FULEOp GH EDOOHV pWHQGX VXU OH EDVF{Wp GH OD URXWH HQ
VXUYrWHPHQW
(Q RFWREUH LQWHUYLHZp SDU OH MRXUQDOLVWH GH 5DGLR )UDQFH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOH&KULVWRSKH%RLVERXYLHU0$OEHUW7RLNHXVH0DEUL
PLQLVWUHG¶eWDWPLQLVWUHGX3ODQHWGX'pYHORSSHPHQWSUpVLGHQWGX
SDUWLIRQGpSDU5REHUW*XpwO¶8QLRQSRXUODGpPRFUDWLHHWSRXUOD
SDL[ HQ &{WH G¶,YRLUH 8'3&, DYDLW GpFODUp ©VHORQ OHV
LQIRUPDWLRQV TXH QRXV DYRQV HXHV LO D pWp FRQGXLW j OD UpVLGHQFH
SUpVLGHQWLHOOHGH&RFRG\HWF¶HVWGHOjTXHOHVLQVWUXFWLRQVRQWpWp
GRQQpHVSRXUOHWXHUª,OHVWYUDLTX¶XQJURXSHDUPpO¶H[WLUSDGHVD
FDFKHWWHGHODFDWKpGUDOHWDQGLVTX¶XQHGL]DLQHGHSHUVRQQHVGHVRQ
HQWRXUDJHGRQWVRQpSRXVHpWDLHQWH[pFXWpHVVRPPDLUHPHQWjVRQ
GRPLFLOH&HWWHILqYUHPHXUWULqUHQHV¶HVWRPSDTX¶DSUqVODPRUWGHV
FHQWDLQHVGHFLWR\HQVLYRLULHQVRXG¶pWUDQJHUV
¬6DLQW&\UXQHLQVWLWXWLRQTXHQRXVDYRQVKDQWpOHGpIXQWHWPRL
FHUWHV j GHV SpULRGHV GLIIpUHQWHV LO Q¶\ DYDLW SDV XQ FRXUV
G¶DSSUHQWLVVDJH GH FRXS G¶eWDW QL G¶HQVHLJQHPHQW IRUPHO GH OD
JRXYHUQDQFHGHVDIIDLUHVSXEOLTXHVHWVXUWRXWSROLWLTXHVFRPPHLOVH
IDLWQDWXUHOOHPHQWjO¶eFROHQDWLRQDOHG¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ(1$$X
FRQWUDLUHXQDFFHQWSDUWLFXOLHUpWDLWPLVVXUODSULVHHQFRPSWHGHOD
JUDQGHXUGXPpWLHUPLOLWDLUHGHVUqJOHPHQWVTXLUpJLVVHQWODPLVVLRQ
SULQFLSDOHGHVDUPpHVHWO¶pWKLTXHGHO¶RIILFLHU2QQRXVDDSSULVj
rWUH ©GHV RIILFLHUV IUDSSpV >«@ SDU O¶HVSULW GX ELHQª VHORQ OH
SKLORVRSKH +HQUL +XGH SURIHVVHXU j 6DLQW&\U &RQVLGpUDQW WRXV
FHVDFWHVRGLHX[LOUHVVRUWFHWWHUpIOH[LRQGHERQDORLO¶REpLVVDQFH
V¶DWWDFKHSOXVDXIRQGTX¶jODIRUPHPDLVHOOHUHVWHOHVRXEDVVHPHQW
GH O¶DUPpH 3RXUWDQW XQ RIILFLHU QH GRLW SDV REpLU j ©XQ RUGUH
PDQLIHVWHPHQWLOOpJDOª8QRIILFLHUELHQTX¶pWDQWVRXYHQWGDQVGHV
VLWXDWLRQVLQVROXEOHVGRLWTXDQGPrPHGpFLGHU/HPRQGHFKDQJH
O¶DUPpHHQ$IULTXHGRLWFKDQJHU/HUqJOHPHQWGHGLVFLSOLQHJpQpUDOH
GHTXLDPDUTXpQRVJpQpUDWLRQVGpEXWDLWSDUFHWWHWLUDGH©La
discipline faisant la force principale des armées, il importe que tout
supérieur obtienne de ses subordonnés une obéissance entière et une
soumission de tous les instants, que tous les ordres soient exécutés
ϭϱϬ

littéralement, sans hésitation ni murmure […] la réclamation n’est

permise au subordonné que lorsqu’il a obéi…ª&HWWHFRQFHSWLRQHVW
j SUpVHQW GpSDVVpH ¬ O¶KHXUH GHV UpVHDX[ VRFLDX[ GHV GURLWV GH
O¶KRPPHGXGURLWDEVROXjODYLHGHODGRFWULQHGX©]pURPRUWª
WXHULPSXQpPHQWYDjO¶HQFRQWUHGHODPRUDOHPLOLWDLUH(VWFHSRXU
FHODTXHVXUODFHQWDLQHGHFRXSVG¶eWDWH[pFXWpVHQ$IULTXHUpXVVLV
RXQRQWUqVSHXGHVDLQWF\ULHQV\RQWSULVSDUW'DQVODVRL[DQWDLQH
GH FKHIV G¶eWDW PLOLWDLUHV TXL MDORQQHQW O¶KLVWRLUH SROLWLTXH
WXPXOWXHXVHGHO¶$IULTXHOjDXVVLRQQHFRPSWHSDVSOXVGHTXDWUH
VDLQWF\ULHQVGRQWOHJpQpUDO*Xpw&HQHVRQWSDVOHVTXDOLWpVTXLRQW
IDLWGpIDXWDXPLOOLHUGHVDLQWF\ULHQVDIULFDLQVPDLVO¶LPSUpJQDWLRQ
GH O¶pWKLTXH PLOLWDLUH HW GHV FRGHV GpRQWRORJLTXHV GX PpWLHU (Q
DOODQWjO¶HQFRQWUHGHFHVYDOHXUVQRWUH©DQFLHQªDUULYpHQFKHYDOLHU
EODQFSRXU©EDOD\HUODPDLVRQ&{WHG¶,YRLUHªDUHIXVpG¶HQVRUWLU
DSUqV\DYRLUHIIHFWXpOHWUDYDLO$XVVLODSROLWLTXHjO¶DIULFDLQHO¶D
JREpWRXWFUX4XHVRQkPHUHSRVHHQSDL[3DUDLOOHXUVG¶DYRLUj
H[pFXWHU FH JHQUH G¶RUGUH TXL SRUWH DWWHLQWH j OD YLH G¶DXWUXL j
O¶LQWpJULWpSK\VLTXHGHVUHVSRQVDEOHVSDUFHTX¶LOVRQWOHPDOKHXUGH
SHQVHUHWG¶DJLUGLIIpUHPPHQWQHFRQGXLWSDVOHVPLOLWDLUHVDIULFDLQV
jrWUHWUqVILHUV
/D *XLQpH%LVVDX UHSUpVHQWH XQ FRQFHQWUp GH P°XUV
PLOLWDLUHVWUqVWR[LTXHV&¶HVWOjXQSDUIDLWPRGqOHG¶DUPpHPXHSDU
OHVLQWpUrWVpJRwVWHVGHVHVPHPEUHVDLQVLTXHO¶DWWHVWHVDSURSHQVLRQ
jIDLUHGXEXVLQHVVLOOpJDO,OIDXWIXVWLJHUFHFRPSRUWHPHQWLQGLJQH
TXLKXPLOLHWRXWHO¶$IULTXH-XVTX¶LFLO¶DWWLWXGHGXVROGDWDIULFDLQD
pWpYLYHPHQWFULWLTXpH0DLVGDQVOHFDVWUqVSDUWLFXOLHUGHOD*XLQpH
%LVVDXHOOHDWRXFKpOHIRQGQHV¶DUUrWHSDVHWVHPHWjIRUHUODYDVH
(QWUH OHV DQQpHV HW OHV KDXWV UHVSRQVDEOHV PLOLWDLUHV
ELVVDXJXLQpHQV WUDILTXDLHQW OHV DUPHV DYHF OHV UHEHOOHV GX
0RXYHPHQWGHVIRUFHVGpPRFUDWLTXHVGHOD&DVDPDQFH0)'&TXL
UpFODPDLHQWO¶LQGpSHQGDQFHG¶XQHSDUWLHGX6pQpJDO'HSXLVTXHOD
SDL[HVWUHYHQXHHQ&DVDPDQFHFHWWHVRXUFHGHUHYHQXVDWDUL/H
WUDILFGHODFRFDwQHDUHPSODFpOHVDUPHV$XWUHIDFWHXUGHWURXEOH
OD ULYDOLWp HWKQLTXH HQWUH OHV %DODQWHV PDMRULWDLUHV HW OHV 0DQMDNV
&KDFXQGHVGHX[JURXSHVHWKQLTXHVV¶DGRVVHVXUXQSDUWLSROLWLTXH

ϯϳ
([SUHVVLRQXWLOLVpHSDUOHJpQpUDO*XpwjODWpOpYLVLRQLYRLULHQQHSRXUH[SOLTXHU
VRQFRXSG¶pWDWGXGpFHPEUH
ϭϱϭ

OH3DUWLGHODUpQRYDWLRQVRFLDOH356SRXUOHSUHPLHUHWOH3DUWLGH
O¶LQGpSHQGDQFHGHOD*XLQpHHW&DS9HUW3$,*&SRXUOHVHFRQG
&HVGHX[SDUWLVVRQWFRQIRUWpVSDUOHXUSURSUHEUDQFKHPLOLWDLUHGDQV
O¶DUPpHQDWLRQDOHSURPSWHjDJLUFRQWUHO¶pTXLOLEUHSROLWLTXHSRXUOH
FRQWU{OHGXUpJLPHGLULJpSDUOHVULYDX[
/D *XLQpH%LVVDX YLW j JUDQGH pFKHOOH OD PrPH VLWXDWLRQ TXH OHV
EDQOLHXHVIUDQoDLVHVHWDPpULFDLQHVROHVOXWWHVGHVEDQGHVULYDOHV
VHWUDGXLVHQWSDUGHYpULWDEOHVYHQGHWWDV(QHIIHWOHQDUFRWUDILFHVW
FRPPHGDQVFHVPLOLHX[JODXTXHVG¶2FFLGHQWO¶REMHWGHTXHUHOOHV
VRXUGHV 8Q FRPEDW j PRUW V¶pWDLW HQJDJp DX SOXV KDXW QLYHDX GH
O¶eWDWjFDXVHGHODFRQFXUUHQFHSRXUOHGURLWG¶DVVXUHUODVpFXULWp
GHV QDUFRWUDILTXDQWV 3RXUWDQW SODLGH OH UHSUpVHQWDQW VSpFLDO GHV
1DWLRQV XQLHV j %LVVDX ©OH SD\V Q¶HVW SDV XQ QDUFRpWDW OD
FRQVRPPDWLRQGHGURJXHHVWSUDWLTXHPHQWLQH[LVWDQWHLOQ¶\DSDV
GH ODERUDWRLUH GH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQª 0DLV UHFRQQDLVVDLWLO F¶HVW XQ
SRLQW GH SDVVDJH GH OD GURJXH YHQDQW G¶$PpULTXH GX 6XG
&HSHQGDQWO¶$JHQFHDPpULFDLQHDQWLGURJXH'($DFRPEDWWXOHV
WUDILTXDQWV MXVTXH GDQV OHV HDX[ WHUULWRULDOHV GH OD *XLQpH%LVVDX
&¶HVWDLQVLTXHOHFKHIG¶pWDWPDMRUGHODPDULQH-RVp$PHULFR%XER
1D 7FKXWR D pWp VXUSULV SDU XQ WUDTXHQDUG HQ SOHLQH RSpUDWLRQ GH
QR\DXWDJHGHVHQTXrWHXUVDPpULFDLQV,ODpWpDUUrWpHQIODJUDQWGpOLW
HQQpJRFLDQWDYHFGHIDX[YHQGHXUVGHGURJXHHQSOHLQHPHU$PHQp
FRPPH0DQXHO1RULHJDO¶H[SUpVLGHQWGX3DQDPDj1HZ<RUNLOD
pWp pFURXp HW FRQGDPQp %XER 1D 7FKXWR D pWp HPSULVRQQp SRXU
WUDILFGHGURJXHDX[eWDWV8QLV3HQGDQWVRQSURFqVHQPDLLO
D SODLGp FRXSDEOH GX FKHI G¶DFFXVDWLRQ GH ©FRQVSLUDWLRQ SRXU
LPSRUWHUGHVVXEVWDQFHVFRQWU{OpHVª
4XDQWDXFKHIG¶pWDWPDMRUJpQpUDO,EUDLPD3DSD&DPDUDLODIDLW
O¶REMHWGHSRXUVXLWHDX[eWDWV8QLVHWFRQGDPQpSDUFRQWXPDFHSRXU
FRPSORWGHQDUFRWHUURULVPHDYHFOHV)RUFHVDUPpHVUpYROXWLRQQDLUHV
GH&RORPELH)$5&
/D*XLQpH%LVVDXQ¶HVWSDVOHVHXOSD\VDIULFDLQWRXFKpSDUFHIOpDX
/HV WUDILTXDQWV RUJDQLVpV GDQV GH YpULWDEOHV PXOWLQDWLRQDOHV GX
FULPH DXVVL SXLVVDQWHV TXH FHV eWDWV DIULFDLQV SURILWHQW GH OHXU
LQGLJHQFHODIDLEOHVVHGHOHXUVLQVWLWXWLRQVRXODGpVRUJDQLVDWLRQGHV

KWWSVZZZPLQXWHVIUPRQGHDUUHVWDWLRQH[
FKHIPDULQHELVVDXJXLQHHQQH
ϭϱϮ

VHUYLFHVGHVpFXULWpHWTXDVLSRURVLWpGHVIURQWLqUHVSRXUV¶LQVWDOOHU
HQWRXWHWUDQTXLOOLWpௗDXSDVVDJHSRXUV¶DVVXUHUXQHLPSXQLWpHWXQH
FRXYHUWXUH RIILFLHOOH /H QDUFRWUDILTXDQW Q¶KpVLWH SDV j FRUURPSUH
MXVTX¶DX[SOXVKDXWHVDXWRULWpVGXSD\V,ODFKqWHOHSRXYRLUSROLWLFR
PLOLWDLUH3OXVJUDYHFHX[TXLSDUGHYRLUGHYUDLHQWUHVWHULQWqJUHV
ELHQ j O¶pFDUW GH FHV PDJRXLOOHV SORQJHQW HW VH IRQW PRXLOOHU OD
EDUELFKHWWHFDULOQ¶\DSDVPHLOOHXUHFRXYHUWXUHTXHOHVKDXWVJUDGpV
GH O¶DUPpH /HXUV KRPPHV RFFXSHQW OH WHUUDLQ HW FRQWU{OHQW OHV
IURQWLqUHV/HXUDXWRULWDULVPHLPSRVHOHPXWLVPHVXUOHXUVDIIDLUHV
6LOD*XLQpH%LVVDXHVWODWrWHGHSRQWOH0DOLHVWO¶DXWUHPDLOORQ
IDLEOHFRPPHO¶DWWHVWHO¶KLVWRLUHGH©OH%RHLQJGHODGURJXHªDSSHOp
SDUUDLOOHULHORFDOH©DLUFRFDwQHª'DQVFHWWHDIIDLUHOHVSROLWLFLHQV
PDOLHQVHWOHVRIILFLHUVGHKDXWUDQJGHO¶DUPpHRXGHVVHUYLFHVGH
UHQVHLJQHPHQW VH VRQW OLWWpUDOHPHQW GpOpJLWLPpV 'pVRUPDLV RQ
GHYLQH O¶RULJLQH GH OHXU RSXOHQFH DUURJDQWH HW OHXU WUDLQ GH YLH
VRPSWXDLUH LQFRQFLOLDEOH DYHF OHV pPROXPHQWV RIILFLHOV
/¶DIIDLULVPH GHV PLOLWDLUHV VHUDLW GRQF OD KXLWLqPH SODLH GH
O¶$IULTXH
'DQVOHSDQLHUjFUDEHVELVVDXJXLQpHQOHVFRXSVEDVIRQWUDJH/H
HUPDUV OH FKHI G¶pWDWPDMRU GHV DUPpHV pWDLW DVVDVVLQp
GpFKLTXHWp SDU XQH ERPEH SXLVVDQWH SODFpH VRXV O¶HVFDOLHU GH VRQ
EXUHDX HW VHPEOHWLO DFWLRQQpH j GLVWDQFH /H SUpVLGHQW GH OD
5pSXEOLTXHIXWOHSUHPLHUVXVSHFWDX[\HX[GHVSDUWLVDQVGXJpQpUDO
GpFpGp &HX[FL VH UHQGLUHQW OH OHQGHPDLQ j OD UpVLGHQFH
SUpVLGHQWLHOOH /H JpQpUDO -RmR %HUQDUGR 9LHLUD GLW 1LQR 9LHLUD
SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH 5DGLR )UDQFH ,QWHUQDWLRQDOH 5),
GpWDLOODOHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVGHODPRUWGXSUpVLGHQWELVVDXJXLQpHQHQ
FHV WHUPHV ©0rPH VL OHV IRUFHV DUPpHV UHIXVHQW O¶LGpH G¶XQ
UqJOHPHQW GH FRPSWHV HQWUH OH SRXYRLU PLOLWDLUH HW OH SRXYRLU
SROLWLTXHWRXWSRUWHjFURLUHTXHO¶DVVDVVLQDWGH1LQR9LHLUDOXQGL
PDWLQHVWOHUpVXOWDWG¶XQHRSpUDWLRQGHUHSUpVDLOOHVH[pFXWpHSDUXQ
JURXSHGHPLOLWDLUHVSDUWLVDQVGXFKHIG¶pWDWPDMRU7DJPp1D:D\H

ϯϵ
/HSRLQWIUDSXEOLpOHDRWXQDUWLFOHLQWLWXOp©/HVVHSWSODLHVG¶$IULTXHª
R pWDLHQW LGHQWLILpV OHV PDX[ GX FRQWLQHQW DIULFDLQ FRQIOLWV HW SUREOqPHV
SROLWLTXHVGMLKDGLVPHSLUDWHULHVpFKHUHVVHSDOXGLVPHVLGDFRUUXSWLRQ
ϰϬ
$UWLFOH GX VLWH GH OD UDGLR 5), GX PDUV VXU
KWWSZZZUILIUDFWXIUDUWLFOHVDUWLFOHBDVS
ϭϱϯ

TXLDYDLWpWpWXpTXHOTXHVKHXUHVDYDQWORUVGHO¶H[SORVLRQG¶XQH
ERPEH
,O HVW HQYLURQ TXDWUH KHXUHV GX PDWLQ j %LVVDX 8Q JURXSH GH
PLOLWDLUHV GpEDUTXH GDQV OH TXDUWLHU &KDR GH 3HSHO OH TXDUWLHU R
1LQR9LHLUDSRVVqGHVDUpVLGHQFH&HVPLOLWDLUHVVRQWQRPEUHX[HW
SXLVVDPPHQWDUPpV,OVQHXWUDOLVHQWODJDUGHFKDUJpHGHODSURWHFWLRQ
GXSUpVLGHQW8QJURXSHHQWUHGDQVODPDLVRQ6HORQOHVLQIRUPDWLRQV
TXHQRXVDYRQVSXUHFXHLOOLU1LQR9LHLUDHWVRQpSRXVHV
HQIHUPHQW
DORUVGDQVOHXUFKDPEUH/HVVROGDWVPHQDFHQWGHIDLUHH[SORVHUOD
SLqFHDXED]RRND/HSUpVLGHQWTXLYHXWSURWpJHUVRQpSRXVH,VDEHO
VRUWGHODFKDPEUHHWWHQWHGHV
H[SOLTXHUDYHFOHVVROGDWV&HX[FL
O
DFFXVHQW G
DYRLU IDLW DVVDVVLQHU OH FKHI G
pWDWPDMRU OH JpQpUDO
7DJPp 1D :D\H WXp OD YHLOOH 1LQR9LHUD VH GpIHQG LO VH GLW
LQQRFHQW /HV VROGDWV UHIXVHQW GH O
pFRXWHU HW O
DEDWWHQW j OD
.DODFKQLNRY6HORQXQWpPRLQLOVYLGHQWSOXVLHXUVFKDUJHXUVVXUVRQ
FDGDYUHGHYHQXPpFRQQDLVVDEOHª
&HWWHEDUEDULHHVWFRXWXPLqUHGHVSUDWLTXHVPLOLWDLUHVHQ$IULTXH2Q
VH VRXYLHQW GHV LPDJHV GX VHUJHQWFKHI 6DPXHO 'Rp SUpVLGHQW GX
/LEpULDOHVRUHLOOHVWUDQFKpHVSDUVRQULYDOSULQFH-RKQVRQ4XHF¶HVW
KLGHX[XQHWrWHYLYDQWHVDQVRUHLOOHVPDLVoDQHIDLWSDVUpIOpFKLUOHV
PLOLWDLUHVWRXMRXUVDYLGHVGHSRXYRLU

ϭϱϰ

/HVPLOLWDLUHVG¶$IULTXHGX1RUGDXGLDSDVRQ
(Q$IULTXHOHPLOLWDLUHVXEVDKDULHQQ¶DSDVOHPRQRSROHGHODErWLVH
RX GH OD PpFKDQFHWp 3RXU LOOXVWUHU FH SURSRV QRXV DYRQV YX SDU
DLOOHXUVTXHO¶DUPpHpJ\SWLHQQHDYDLWGHVFRPSRUWHPHQWVWRXWDXVVL
UpWURJUDGHVGXIDLWGHODSXLVVDQFHLQpJDOpHTXHFRQIpUDLWODIRUFHGHV
DUPHVGDQVODVRFLpWp&RPPHVHVKRPRORJXHVGX6XGHOOHDEXVDLW
GH FHWWH IRUFH LPSRVDLW VD YRORQWp HW FRQILVTXDLW OH SRXYRLU 4XH
VHUDLWO¶eJ\SWHVDQVOHVPLOLWDLUHVDXSRXYRLUௗ"/HSHQGDQWGHFHWWH
RPQLSRWHQFHGHVKRPPHVHQNDNLHVWSDUHLOOHPHQWUpGKLELWRLUHLO
V¶DJLW GH O¶DXWRFUDWLH GHV EDUEXV DLQVL TXH O¶D PRQWUp O¶LQWHUPqGH
0RUVL HW OHV )UqUHV PXVXOPDQV DX SRXYRLU 8QH IRLV OH SRXYRLU
FRQTXLVOHVPLOLWDLUHVQHYHXOHQWSDVOHTXLWWHUSDUOHMHXQRUPDOGHV
FKDQJHPHQWVLQVWLWXWLRQQHOV,OIDXWOHVHQGpORJHUmanu militari
(Q VHSWHPEUH $QRXDU (O 6DGDWH OH UDwV G¶eJ\SWH DYDLW
HQJDJp XQH SROLWLTXH UpSUHVVLYH WRXV D]LPXWV DUUHVWDWLRQ GHV
DFWLYLVWHV GHV PLQRULWpV DJLVVDQWHV FRPPXQLVWHV QDVVpULVWHV
IpPLQLVWHV LVODPLVWHV MRXUQDOLVWHV DQWLFRQIRUPLVWHV pWXGLDQWV
SURWHVWDWDLUHVHWF3OXVGHSHUVRQQHVHPEDVWLOOpHV/DFULVH
pFRQRPLTXH HW OH PpFRQWHQWHPHQW HQJHQGUp SDU OH GLDORJXH DYHF
O¶HQQHPLLVUDpOLHQSRXVVqUHQWODPDMRULWpGHVeJ\SWLHQVjGRXWHUGH
OHXU SUpVLGHQW ,O DYDLW GLODSLGp WRXW OH FUpGLW GH OD YLFWRLUH j OD
3\UUKXVFRQWUH7VDKDOSHQGDQWODJXHUUHGX.LSSRXUjWHOSRLQWTXH
O¶LPDP2PDU$EGHO5DKPDQSURIpUDXQHIDWZDFRQWUHOXL/HPDUGL
RFWREUHDXFRXUVG¶XQGpILOpPLOLWDLUHWpOpYLVpHQGLUHFWVHV
SURSUHVRIILFLHUVDOODLHQWXWLOLVHUXQVWUDWDJqPHLQpGLWHWVXUSUHQGUH
VDJDUGHUDSSURFKpHSRXUWDQWSOpWKRULTXH$ORUVTXHOHUDwVHQJUDQG
XQLIRUPHGHPDUpFKDOpWDLWGHERXWUHQGDQWOHVKRQQHXUVDX[WURXSHV
PpFDQLVpHV TXL SDVVDLHQW GHYDQW OD WULEXQH XQH HVFDGULOOH GH
FKDVVHXUV0LUDJHFUDFKDQWGHVIXPLJqQHVDX[FRXOHXUVpJ\SWLHQQHV
VXUYRODLWOHSRGLXPHQUDVHPRWWH&HIXWOHPRPHQWFKRLVLSDUXQ
FDPLRQ WUDQVSRUW GH WURXSHV SRXU VH GpWDFKHU HW V¶LPPRELOLVHU
GHYDQWODWULEXQH8QRIILFLHUGHVFHQGLWGXYpKLFXOHHWVHGLULJHDVDQV
VHSUpFLSLWHUYHUVOHSUpVLGHQW,OGpJRXSLOODXQHJUHQDGHODODQoDHQ
GLUHFWLRQ GH O¶HVWUDGH SUpVLGHQWLHOOH ¬ FH VLJQDO WURLV DXWUHV
PLOLWDLUHVVDXWqUHQWGXFDPLRQ,OQ¶HXWDXFXQHUpDFWLRQFDUWRXWFH
GpSORLHPHQWUDSLGHPHQWH[pFXWpUHVVHPEODLWjXQVFpQDULRSUpYX/H
SUpVLGHQWpWDLWWRXMRXUVGHERXWIDLVDQWIDFHDX[TXDWUHDVVDLOODQWV/H
OLHXWHQDQW.KDOLG,VODPERXOLHQKXUODQW©PRUWDX3KDUDRQªOHYDOH
ϭϱϱ

FDQRQGHVRQ$.TXLVHPLWjFUDFKHUOHIHXGHODPRUW/DSHWLWH
pTXLSpH DUURVD FRSLHXVHPHQW IURLGHPHQW HW VDQV GLVFHUQHPHQW OHV
SUHPLqUHVUDQJpHVGHODWULEXQH$QRXDU(O6DGDWHHWVHSWGLJQLWDLUHV
GRQW O¶DPEDVVDGHXU GH &XED GpFpGqUHQW VXU OH FKDPS 9LQJWKXLW
DXWUHVSHUVRQQDOLWpVIXUHQWJULqYHPHQWEOHVVpHV
$X 0DURF OH URL +DVVDQ,, D pFKDSSp j GHX[ DWWHQWDWV DX
GpURXOHPHQWWRXWDXVVLRULJLQDO3RXUOHSUHPLHUOHMXLOOHW
pOqYHVVRXVRIILFLHUVGHO¶pFROHPLOLWDLUHG¶$KHUPRXPRXVRXV
OHVRUGUHVGHGHX[RIILFLHUVJpQpUDX[RQWLQYHVWLOHSDODLVUR\DOGH
6NKLUDW R VH GpURXODLW XQH IrWH j O¶RFFDVLRQ G¶XQ DQQLYHUVDLUH GX
VRXYHUDLQ FKpULILHQ 8Q PLOOLHU G¶LQYLWpV \ pWDLHQW FRQYLpV
eWRQQDPPHQWFRQGLWLRQQpVSDUOHVSXWVFKLVWHVOHVMHXQHVPLOLWDLUHV
GDQVO¶HQFHLQWHGXSDODLVWLUDLHQWVXUWRXWFHTXLERXJHDLWjWHOSRLQW
TXH OHV WLUV IUDWULFLGHV SURYRTXDLHQW SDUPL OHV DJUHVVHXUV GHV
FHQWDLQHVGHYLFWLPHV&HIXWXQHYpULWDEOHERXFKHULHDXPLOLHXGHV
FRQYLYHV/HURLVDXYDVDYLHHQVHFDFKDQWGDQVXQUpGXLWG¶RLOIXW
H[WLUSp SDU OHV IDFWLHX[ ,O QH GXW VRQ VDOXW TXH SDU XQ VWUDWDJqPH
GRQW LO DYDLW OH VHFUHW ,O UHWRXUQD OD VLWXDWLRQ HQ VD IDYHXU ,O HQ
UpFKDSSDPLUDFXOHXVHPHQW
/H DRW OH GHX[LqPH HVW FRQQX VRXV OH QRP GH ©FRXS
G¶eWDW GHV DYLDWHXUVª 8QH PpWKRGH G¶DFWLRQ RULJLQDOH HW
LJQRPLQLHXVHLQpGLWHGDQVO¶KLVWRLUHGHVFRXSVG¶eWDWPLOLWDLUHV&H
SXWVFK FRQWUH OH URL +DVVDQ,, FRQGXLW SDU OHV SLORWHV GHV )RUFHV
DpULHQQHVUR\DOHVIXWIRPHQWpSDUO¶KRPPHGHFRQILDQFHGXURLOH
JpQpUDO0RKDPHG2XINLUPLQLVWUHGHOD'pIHQVH/HQRPGHFRGH
pWDLWbouraqTXLYHXWGLUHVHORQODWUDGLWLRQLVODPLTXHOHFKHYDODLOp
GX SURSKqWH TXL OH WUDQVSRUWDLW SDU DLU /H JpQpUDO 2XINLU pWDLW XQ
PLOLWDLUHDFFRPSOLWHUULEOHPHQWFUDLQWHWUHVSHFWp,ODpWpGHWRXWHV
OHV EDWDLOOHV GH O¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH TX¶LO D TXLWWpH DX JUDGH
pQRUPLVVLPH GH FRPPDQGDQW FH TXL pWDLW H[WUrPHPHQW UDUH GDQV
O¶DUPpHFRORQLDOHSRXUUHQWUHUDXVHUYLFHGXURL0RKDPHG9OHSqUH
GH 0RXOD\ +DVVDQ OH SULQFH KpULWLHU ,O VDXYD OH WU{QH JUkFH j VD
IHUPHWp HQ pFUDVDQW XQ VRXOqYHPHQW SRSXODLUH GDQV OH 5LI
ELODQPRUWV ,O IXW VXUQRPPp ©OH ERXFKHU GX 5LIª /H
PDUVjERUGG¶XQKpOLFRSWqUHLOILWWLUHUjODPLWUDLOOHXVHVXU
OHVPDQLIHVWDQWVGHVpPHXWHVGH&DVDEODQFD8QSHUVRQQDJHSHQVDLW
RQ WRWDOHPHQW GpYRXp DX URL SDVH[HPSW GHWRXW UHSURFKH ORUVGX
SUHPLHUFRXSG¶pWDW
ϭϱϲ

'HUHWRXUG¶XQYR\DJHG¶DJUpPHQWHQ)UDQFHHQSpQpWUDQWGDQVOH
FLHOPDURFDLQOH%RHLQJUR\DOG¶+DVVDQ,,pWDLWSULVHQHVFRUWHSDU
TXDWUH DYLRQV GH FKDVVH 1RUWKURS) )LJKWHU GH O¶$UPpH GH O¶DLU
PDURFDLQH 7RXW VHPEODLW FRQIRUPH DX SURWRFROH 3RXUWDQW WURLV
FKDVVHXUVpWDLHQWDUPpVFHTXLpWDLWDVVH]LQFRQJUXSRXUXQHPLVVLRQ
G¶KRQQHXU$ORUVTXHO¶DYLRQGXURLDPRUoDLWODGHVFHQWHVXU5DEDW
DXGHVVXV GH 7HWRXDQ OH SUHPLHU ) WLUD VXU OH %RHLQJ j OD
PLWUDLOOHXVH /HV EDOOHV WUDQVSHUFqUHQW OD FDUOLQJXH EOHVVDQW GHV
SDVVDJHUV /HV WLUV GX VXLYDQW WRXFKqUHQW GHX[ GHV WURLV UpDFWHXUV
DUUDFKDQW GHV pOpPHQWV LPSRUWDQWV GH OD GpULYH GH O¶DSSDUHLO /H
OHDGHUGHO¶HVFDGULOOHOHFRPPDQGDQW/RXDIL.RXHUDpWDLWGDQVOH
FRPSORW GHSXLV WURLV VHPDLQHV ,O pFKRXD j IDLUH IRQFWLRQQHU VRQ
DUPHPHQWPDLVWHQWDGHV¶pFUDVHUFRQWUHO¶DpURQHIUR\DOHQYDLQ/H
URLVHSUpFLSLWDGDQVODFDELQHGHSLORWDJHHWDQQRQoDjODWRXUGH
FRQWU{OHVDSURSUHPRUWFHTXLHXWSRXUHIIHWG¶pORLJQHUOHVDYLRQV
GHFKDVVHTXLpWDLHQWUDFFRUGpVjODIUpTXHQFHGHODWRXUGHFRQWU{OH
/HFRPPDQGDQWGHERUGVDLVLWFHPRPHQWGHUpSLWSRXUIRQFHUHWVH
SRVHUj5DEDWRWRXWOHGLVSRVLWLISURWRFRODLUHDWWHQGDLWOHVRXYHUDLQ
HQ LJQRUDQW OD VLWXDWLRQ JUDYLVVLPH /H URL IOHJPDWLTXH VDOXD OH
GUDSHDXHWSDVVDOHVWURXSHVHQUHYXHFRPPHVLGHULHQQ¶pWDLW'DQV
OHFLHOWURLVFKDVVHXUVVXUYRODLHQWO¶DpURSRUWHQSOXVLHXUVSDVVDJHV
6RXV OD PHQDFH GHV DYLRQV GH FKDVVH OH URL TXLWWDLW OH VDORQ
G¶KRQQHXUSRXUVHUpIXJLHUGDQVXQHSLQqGHDWWHQDQWHDX[EkWLPHQWV
¬ SHLQH V¶pWDLWLO PLV j FRXYHUW TXH OHV ) ERPEDUGDLHQW HW
PLWUDLOODLHQWOHVDORQG¶KRQQHXU/HVGpJkWVpWDLHQWFRQVLGpUDEOHVHW
ODFRQIXVLRQWRWDOH/¶DWWDTXHFDXVDODPRUWGHKXLWSHUVRQQHVGRQW
TXDWUHPLQLVWUHVHWOHFKDXIIHXUGXURL8QHKHXUHSOXVWDUGUpIXJLp
GDQV VRQ SDODLV +DVVDQ,, VXELUD HQFRUH OHV DVVDXWV GH VHV
DVVDLOODQWV/HJpQpUDO2XINLUTXLPDQTXDLWFXULHXVHPHQWjO¶DSSHOj
O¶DpURSRUWIXWFRQYRTXpDXSDODLV,OHQUHVVRUWLUDOHVSLHGVGHYDQW
6HORQ OD YHUVLRQ RIILFLHOOH LO VH VHUDLW VXLFLGp 2Q]H GHV
SURWDJRQLVWHVGXFRPSORWVHURQWIXVLOOpV/DIHPPHHWOHVVL[HQIDQWV
GXJpQpUDO2XINLUDOODLHQWSD\HUGHOHXUOLEHUWpVDIpORQLHGXUDQWXQH
YLQJWDLQHG¶DQQpHV
/¶DUPpHDOJpULHQQHQ¶HVWSDVHQUHVWHDXUHJDUGGHODErWLVHKXPDLQH
/H MXLQ OH FKHI GH O¶eWDW IXW DVVDVVLQp SDU OHV PLOLWDLUHV
GHYDQW OHV FDPpUDV GH WpOpYLVLRQ 0RKDPHG %RXGLDI GLULJHDLW
O¶$OJpULHGHSXLVFLQTPRLV0HPEUHIRQGDWHXUGX)URQWGHOLEpUDWLRQ
ϭϱϳ

QDWLRQDOH)/1LOSDUWLFLSDjWRXWHVOHVOXWWHVTXLDPHQqUHQWOHSD\V

j O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH ,O RFFXSD PrPH OH SRVWH GH YLFHSUpVLGHQW HQ
(QGLYHUJHQFHSROLWLTXHDYHFOHUpJLPHSRVWLQGpSHQGDQFHLO
V¶H[LOD DX 0DURF SHQGDQW YLQJWKXLW DQV /HV pYpQHPHQWV GDQV OH
PRQGH SUpOXGHV j OD FKXWH GX PXU GH %HUOLQ WRXFKDLHQW DXVVL
O¶$OJpULHVRXVODIRUPHG¶XQHFRQWHVWDWLRQjO¶LQWpULHXUGX)/1OH
SDUWLXQLTXH/HVSDUWLVDQVG¶XQpWDWLVPHDEVROXIHUUDLOODLHQWFRQWUH
OHVWHQDQWVG¶XQOLEpUDOLVPHSROLWLTXHHQWUDvQDQWjO¶H[WpULHXUGXSDUWL
GHV pPHXWHV /¶DUPpH UpSULPDLW OHV UpYROWHV HQ WLUDQW VXU OHV
PDQLIHVWDQWV FDXVDQW GH ORXUGHV SHUWHV /H SD\V UHQWUDLW GDQVXQH
JUDYH FULVH 3RXU WHQWHU G¶HQ VRUWLU OH SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH
G¶DORUVOHJpQpUDO&KHGOL%HQGMHGLGILWDSSURXYHUSDUUpIpUHQGXP
XQH QRXYHOOH FRQVWLWXWLRQ TXL DGRSWDLW OH PXOWLSDUWLVPH /HV
RUJDQLVDWLRQVLVODPLTXHVSRXUODSUHPLqUHIRLVGDQVOHPRQGHDUDEH
pWDLHQWWROpUpHVFRPPHDFWHXUVSROLWLTXHVHQFRQWUDGLFWLRQDYHFOHXU
REMHFWLIGpFODUpG¶LQVWDXUHUXQHUpSXEOLTXHLVODPLTXH3RXUWDQWFHWWH
&RQVWLWXWLRQ UHMHWDLW O¶LGpH PrPH G¶RUJDQLVDWLRQ SROLWLTXH VXU XQH
EDVHUHOLJLHXVH&HYHQWGHOLEHUWpIXWSURSLFHDXSDUGRQ'HVORLV
G¶DPQLVWLHHQYHUVOHVH[LOpVHWOHVEDQQLVXQHORLGHOLEpUDWLRQGHOD
SUHVVH HW GHV pOHFWLRQV SOXUDOLVWHV IXUHQW DGRSWpHV /H )URQW
LVODPLTXHGXVDOXW),6UHPSRUWDOHVpOHFWLRQVORFDOHVGHMXLQ
HWGHYLQWOHFRQFXUUHQWSROLWLTXHGHO¶DUPpHGRQWODYLWULQHOH)/1
PRUGDLWODSRXVVLqUHDYHFPRLQVG¶XQTXDUWGHYRWDQWV$XFRXUVGHV
OpJLVODWLYHVVXLYDQWHVHQGpFHPEUHOH),6UHPSRUWDLWKDXWOD
PDLQOHSUHPLHUWRXUVLqJHVFRQWUHSRXUOH)/18QUD]GH
PDUpH V¶DQQRQoDLW DX GHX[LqPH WRXU '¶DXWRULWp O¶DUPpH GpFLGD
G¶DUUrWHU OH SURFHVVXV pOHFWRUDO /H JpQpUDO &KHGOL %HQGMHGLG
GpPLVVLRQQD OH MDQYLHU &H IXW OH SRLQW GH GpSDUW G¶XQH
GpFHQQLH GH YLROHQFH 'HYDQW OH EORFDJH SROLWLTXH O¶KRPPH
SURYLGHQWLHOO¶LQFRUUXSWLEOHDGYHUVDLUHGH%HQ%HOODHW%RXPHGLHQH
GH UHWRXU G¶H[LO UHQWUD HQ VFqQH DYHF XQ GLVFRXUV UDVVHPEOHXU
0RKDPHG %RXGLDI DFFHSWD GH GLULJHU OH SD\V OH MDQYLHU
/¶pWDWG¶XUJHQFHpWDLWPDOJUpWRXWSURFODPpOHIpYULHUHWOH
),6 GLVVRXW OH PDUV /¶HVSRLU VXVFLWp SDU OH YLHLO RSSRVDQW
V¶pWHLJQLW OH MXLQ ¬ OD WULEXQH GX SDODLV GH OD FXOWXUH
G¶$QQDED OH FKHI GH O¶eWDW SDUODLW j O¶DVVLVWDQFH TXDQG VRXGDLQ
FODTXDXQFRXSGHIHX,OVXVSHQGLWVDSKUDVHHWVHUHWRXUQDYHUVOHV
FRXOLVVHV G¶R YHQDLW OD GpWRQDWLRQ 8Q PLOLWDLUH HQ WHQXH GHV
VHUYLFHVGHUHQVHLJQHPHQWDYDQoDLWDYHFXQHDUPHDXWRPDWLTXHHQ
ϭϱϴ

SRVLWLRQGHWLUDXMXJp6RQFRUSVVHWURXYDLWIDFHDXSUpVLGHQWOH
EXVWH OpJqUHPHQW SHQFKp YHUV O
DYDQW LO DYDQoDLW OHV MDPEHV
OpJqUHPHQWpFDUWpHV/DPDLQJDXFKHHQVHUUDLWIHUPHPHQWOHIWGH
ODNDODFKQLNRYjKDXWHXUGXIODQF/DFURVVHpWDLWSODFpHDXGHVVXV
GX FHLQWXURQ VXU OH F{Wp GURLW GX FRUSV HW j KDXWHXU GHV F{WHV
IORWWDQWHV/
DYDQWEUDVGURLWSRXVVDLWO
DUPHYHUVO
DYDQWGHIDoRQj
PLHX[DEVRUEHUOHUHFXO/DPDLQGURLWHHQYHORSSDLWODSRLJQpHGX
SLVWROHWHWO
LQGH[VHFULVSDLWVXUODGpWHQWH,OIL[DLWIURLGHPHQWVRQ
REMHFWLI$YHFHIIURLWRXWOHPRQGHDVVLVWDjODPLVHHQMRXHHWHQ
XQHVHFRQGHO¶DUPHVHPLWjFUpSLWHU,OYLGDVRQFKDUJHXUVXUOHFKHI
GHO¶eWDW8QHGHX[LqPHSHUVRQQHHQFLYLOODQoDGHVJUHQDGHVGDQV
ODVDOOHVXUOHSXEOLF&¶pWDLWO¶DSRFDO\SVH'HVEOHVVpVMRQFKDLHQWOH
VRO'XVDQJSDUWRXWHQFRUHGXVDQJ«
'HSXLV PDvWUH GH OD VLWXDWLRQ OHV PLOLWDLUHV SqVHQW VXU OD VFqQH
SROLWLTXHWRXWHQGHPHXUDQWHQUHWUDLW/HVJRXYHUQDQWVFLYLOVVRQW
PDQLIHVWHPHQWVRXVFRQWU{OHFDUODUpDOLWpGXSRXYRLUHVWH[HUFpHSDU
XQHMXQWHPLOLWDLUHELHQGLVFUqWH
/H 0DJKUHE HVW DXVVL WRXFKp TXH OH UHVWH GH O¶$IULTXH SDU OH
PLOLWDULVPHPLOLWDQW$X0DURFOHURL0RKDPPHG9,DFRUULJpOD
UHODWLRQDYHFO¶DUPpH0DLVLOQ¶RXEOLHSDVOHSDVVpeFKDXGpHSDU
XQH YLQJWDLQH G¶DQQpHV GH UpJLPH PLOLWDURSROLFLHU GH %HQ $OL
O¶DUPpHV¶HVWDEVWHQXHGHUpSULPHUOHVUpYROWHVSRSXODLUHVTXLRQWHX
UDLVRQGXGLFWDWHXU(OOHDELHQIDLOOLEDVFXOHUOHSD\VGDQVO¶KRUUHXU
(Q/LE\HOHVIRUFHVDUPpHVHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWFRPSRVpHVGHPLOLWDLUHV
pWUDQJHUV VH VRQW HIIRQGUpHV VRXV OHV FRXSV GH ERXWRLU G¶XQH
FRDOLWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHTXLDYDLWXQYLHX[FRQWHQWLHX[jUpJOHUDYHF
0RXDPPDU.DGKDIL/HFDQFHUPLOLWDULVWHTXLURQJHDLWVRQUpJLPHD
OLEpUp GHV JURXSXVFXOHV FRPPH OH IHUDLHQW GHV PpWDVWDVHV
FDQFpUHXVHVWUqVQRFLYHVSRXUOHVeWDWVYRLVLQVPHWWDQWHQSpULOOHXU
VWDELOLWpGpMjHQVLWXDWLRQIRUWSUpFDLUH

ϭϱϵ

/HFRPSRUWHPHQWGHVPLOLWDLUHVDXFRPEDW
1RXVDYRQVUHQGXXQKRPPDJHDSSX\pDX[WLUDLOOHXUVVpQpJDODLVHQ
UDLVRQ GH OHXUV TXDOLWpV LQWULQVqTXHV /HV VROGDWV DIULFDLQV
FRQWHPSRUDLQVVRQWWRXWDXVVLFRXUDJHX[HWLQWUpSLGHVjO¶LPDJHGX
PLOLWDLUHWFKDGLHQ3RXUYXTX¶LOQHVRLWSDVDQHVWKpVLpRXUDPROOLSDU
OHVPRQGDQLWpVHWOHWURSSOHLQGHYLFWXDLOOHVFRPPHOHUDWGHVYLOOHV
GDQV OD IDEOH GH -HDQ GH /D )RQWDLQH 'pWRXUQp GH VD PLVVLRQ
RULJLQHOOHOHVROGDWDIULFDLQQHIDLWSOXVG¶HIIRUWQHV¶DVWUHLQWSOXVj
O¶DVFqVH,OSHUGVDUDLVRQG¶rWUHHWV¶pORLJQHGHVYHUWXVGHVRQPpWLHU
TXL DXUDLHQW G rWUH primo O¶RXYHUWXUH G¶HVSULW HW OD JUDQGH
GLVFLSOLQHLQWHOOHFWXHOOHPDOJUpODFRPSOH[LWpGHVVLWXDWLRQVOHVROGDW
PRGHUQHVHGRLWG¶DYRLUXQHJUDQGHFDSDFLWpG¶DGDSWDWLRQLVVXHGHOD
IRUPDWLRQGHO¶HQWUDvQHPHQWWRXMRXUVUHQRXYHOpVHWGXPDLQWLHQHQ
pYHLO GHV DFTXLV Secundo OH JRW GH O¶HIIRUW HW GH OD YLH VXU OH
WHUUDLQDLPHUVRXIIULUHWSUpIpUHUODYLHVXUOHWHUUDLQGHPDQ°XYUH
SRXU rWUH SUrW j WRXW LQVWDQW Tertio ÇWUH HQ H[FHOOHQWH FRQGLWLRQ
SK\VLTXH SRXU HIIHFWXHU GHV RSpUDWLRQV GDQV GHV FRQGLWLRQV
H[WUrPHVQuartoDGRUHUO¶DFWLRQHWDFFHSWHUO¶H[LJHQFHTXLYDDYHF
OD GLVSRQLELOLWp Quinto FKpULU OD UXVWLFLWp HW HVSULW G¶LQLWLDWLYH OH
FRQIRUW QH VHUD MDPDLV XQH SULRULWp DX FRPEDW Sexto UHVSHFWHU OD
GLVFLSOLQHFDUGHO¶DWWHQWLRQSRUWpHDX[FRQVLJQHVGpSHQGODUpXVVLWH
GHVPLVVLRQVHWODVXUYLHGHFKDFXQHQFDVGHGDQJHU&HOXLTXLQ
D
DXFXQ VHQV GH OD GLVFLSOLQH Q
D ULHQ j IDLUH j O
DUPpH 3DV GH
GLVFLSOLQHOHVVDQFWLRQVWRPEHQWYLWH(QILQseptimoOHFRXUDJHGH
EUDYHU OD PRUW OD VLHQQH HW FHOOH GHV DXWUHV GH VHV SURFKHV
FRPSDJQRQV
&HSHQGDQW HQ JpQpUDO OD TXDOLWp GHV DUPpHV HQ $IULTXH ODLVVH j
GpVLUHU SDUFH TXH OHV DXWRULWpV GpODLVVHQW OD JUDQGH PDMRULWp GHV
IRUFHVDUPpHVSRXUVHFRQFHQWUHUVRLWVXUOHVXQLWpVG¶pOLWHVRLWVXUOD
JDUGH SUpVLGHQWLHOOH ,O QH IDXW SDV rWUH XQ JUDQG VSpFLDOLVWH SRXU
O¶REVHUYHU de visu /HV XQLIRUPHV VRQW VRXYHQW GpSDUHLOOpV /HV
KRPPHVGHWURXSHQHVRQWQLUDVpVGHSUqVQLFRLIIpVjUDV6¶LOVVRQW
MHXQHV LOV RQW XQH GpJDLQH GH MHP¶HQIRXWLVWH 8Q JURXSH G¶XQH
GHPLGRX]DLQHGHVROGDWVVHIDLWUHPDUTXHUSDUTXHOTXHVSHWLWVDFWHV
G¶LQFLYLOLWp G¶LQGLVFLSOLQH RX G¶LUUHVSHFW DX VDYRLUYLYUH OH SOXV
pOpPHQWDLUH/HVFDGUHVVRQWSOXW{WG¶XQFHUWDLQkJHSDQVXVHWVDQV
YpULWDEOHPRWLYDWLRQ,OVRQWGHVSUpRFFXSDWLRQVSOXVWHUUHjWHUUH
OHXU IDPLOOH OHXUV ELHQV HW OHXUV EXVLQHVV ,OV SUDWLTXHQW SHX
ϭϲϬ

G¶HQWUDvQHPHQW SK\VLTXH HQ GHKRUV G¶XQ PDWFK GH IRRWEDOO RX GH
YROOH\EDOO MRXp DX UpJLPHQW GH WHPSV HQ WHPSV /HV H[HUFLFHV GH
FRPEDW HW OHV PDQ°XYUHV VRQW DXVVL UDUHV GH VRUWH TX¶LOV VH
FRQWHQWHQW GH TXHOTXHV VpDQFHV GH WLU DX[ DUPHV GH GRWDWLRQ &HV
PLOLWDLUHV RQW SHUGX OD FXOWXUH GH O¶HQWUHWLHQ GHV PDWpULHOV HW OD
ULJXHXU GHV LQYHQWDLUHV RX GHV UHYXHV GHV pTXLSHPHQWV HQ OHXU
SRVVHVVLRQ 'DQV FHV FRQGLWLRQV RQ GHYLQH DLVpPHQW FH TX¶LO
DGYLHQGUD ORUVTXH OH FRPEDW UpHO V¶LPSRVHUD j HX[ 'HV RIILFLHUV
VRXVRIILFLHUVHWKRPPHVGXUDQJRQWSDUOHSDVVpUHIXVpG¶KRQRUHU
OHXU VHUPHQW HQ GpVHUWDQW GHYDQW O¶HQQHPL DQJRODLV DX &RQJR
%UD]]DYLOOH UZDQGDLV HW RXJDQGDLV DX &RQJR GpPRFUDWLTXH
LVODPLVWHVHW GMLKDGLVWHVDX0DOLHWFLOVRQWUHIXVpGHSUHQGUHOHV
DUPHVSRXUGpIHQGUHOHXUSD\V&HUWDLQVRQW{WpOHXUVWHQXHVVHVRQW
PLVHQFLYLOSRXUPLHX[VHIRQGUHGDQVODPDVVH&HX[TXLRQWGDLJQp
UHVWHU DX IURQW QH VH SUpRFFXSDLHQW TXH GH OHXUV DUULqUHV /HV
VWUDWqJHV TXL FRQFHYDLHQW OHV PDQ°XYUHV FRPPHQoDLHQW SDU
SHDXILQHUOHVWDFWLTXHVGHUHSOL
9RLFL OH SDUDQJRQ WFKDGLHQ 6HORQ OD JpRVWUDWpJLH GHV eWDWV

VDKpOLHQV OH GpVHUW Q¶HVW SDV XQH ]RQH YLGH /D VRXYHUDLQHWp
UHYHQGLTXpHVXUFHVWHUULWRLUHVLQKRVSLWDOLHUVDXFOLPDWDULGHLPSRVH
WRXW GH PrPH G¶rWUH SUpVHQW 4XL G¶DXWUH TXH O¶DSSDUHLO PLOLWDLUH
SRXU PDQLIHVWHU OD SUpVHQFH GH O¶eWDW G¶DXWDQW SOXV TXH OHV
SRSXODWLRQVQRPDGHVSHXQRPEUHXVHVHWSDUOHXUPRELOLWpFRQVWDQWH
QHVDXUDLHQWJDUDQWLUOHVSRVVHVVLRQVWHUULWRULDOHV/HGpVHUWJpQqUH
SDUOXLPrPHXQHSUROLIpUDWLRQGHIDFWHXUVGHWHQVLRQGDQVFHWWH]RQH
GLWHJULVHjFDXVHGHVWUDILFVLOOLFLWHVHQWRXVJHQUHV3DUDLOOHXUVLO
\DODSURSHQVLRQGHV7FKDGLHQVjYRXORLUUpJOHUOHXUVGLIIpUHQGVHQ
UHFRXUDQWDXFRPEDWVLQJXOLHU&HODVHWUDGXLWSDUGHVDIIURQWHPHQWV
F\FOLTXHVHQWUHO¶DUPpHUpJXOLqUHHWGHVFRDOLWLRQVGHUHEHOOHVYLVDQW
j UHQYHUVHU OH SRXYRLU -XVTX¶DX[ GpIHFWLRQV HW DX[ GpVHUWLRQV GX
PLOLHX GHV DQQpHV O¶DUPpH pWDLW SOpWKRULTXH HQYLURQ
ௗKRPPHV GRQW JpQpUDX[ 7UqV FODQLTXH OH SRXYRLU
V¶DSSXLHVXUODJDUGHSUpVLGHQWLHOOHGHYHQXHOD)RUFHG¶LQWHUYHQWLRQ
UDSLGH ),5 FRPSRVpH H[FOXVLYHPHQW GHV PHPEUHV GHV HWKQLHV
%LGH\DW HW =DJKDZD HW GLULJpH SDU XQ SDUHQW GX SUpVLGHQW GH OD
5pSXEOLTXH /HV FRPEDWWDQWV WFKDGLHQV KDELWXpV j IDLUH OD JXHUUH
GDQV OHXU PLOLHX JpRJUDSKLTXH WUqV VSpFLILTXH RQW GpYHORSSp GHV
VWUDWpJLHV DGDSWpHV DX[ FRQWUDLQWHV SK\VLTXHV KXPDLQHV HW
ϭϲϭ

SROLWLTXHV &RPPH OH SRXYRLU FHQWUDO QH SHXW SDV FRQWU{OHU

O¶HQVHPEOH GX SD\V RX V¶DVVXUHU OH VRXWLHQ GH WRXWHV OHV HWKQLHV
JDUDQWHVGHVWHUULWRLUHVVRXVOHXUGRPLQDWLRQLOVXELWO¶LQIOXHQFHGH
FHVJURXSHVHWKQLTXHVTXLVHWUDQVIRUPHQWHQUpEHOOLRQORUVTXHOHXUV
FRQYLFWLRQVYRQWjO¶HQFRQWUHGHFHOOHVGXSRXYRLU$LQVLO¶KLVWRLUH
GX7FKDGGHSXLVVRQLQGpSHQGDQFHVHUpGXLWDX[YLFWRLUHVPLOLWDLUHV
DFTXLVHVVXUOHWHUUDLQSDUGHVFRDOLWLRQVHWKQLTXHVVXUOHVDXWUHV/HV
GXUV FRPEDWV WUqV PHXUWULHUV VH GpURXOHQW WRXMRXUV GDQV OH GpVHUW
SRXUDERXWLUj1¶'MDPHQDHWO¶XOWLPHGHVWLQDWLRQWDQWFRQYRLWpHOH
SDODLV SUpVLGHQWLHO /D OXWWH GH IDLEOH LQWHQVLWp GDQV OD GXUpH
FRPSUHQG GHV SpULRGHV ELHQ GpILQLHV GH FRQIURQWDWLRQV PLOLWDLUHV
G¶XQHH[WUrPHYLROHQFHHQWUHGHVIRUFHVFRQFHQWUpHVGDQVXQHDLUH
GHEDWDLOOHELHQORFDOLVpH/DWDFWLTXHGDQVOHGpVHUWUHSRVHWRXMRXUV
VXUODYDOHXUGXFRPEDWWDQWHWODPRELOLWpGHVDPRQWXUH/HFKHYDO
GH QRV MRXUV HVW UHPSODFp SDU OH technical RX SLFNXS DUPp
JpQpUDOHPHQW XQH 7R\RWD +LOX[ &HW HQJLQ GH JXHUUH UHGRXWDEOH
FRQoXjSDUWLUG¶XQYpKLFXOHWRXWWHUUDLQUDUHPHQWEOLQGpPRGLILp
DXQLYHDXGHODSODWHIRUPHDUULqUHVXUODTXHOOHXQDUPHPHQWGHJURV
FDOLEUH HVW IL[p PLWUDLOOHXVH DQWLDpULHQQH XWLOLVpH HQ WLU WHQGX
PRUWLHU RX ODQFHURTXHWWHV 7UqV UREXVWHV HW UXVWLTXHV FHUWDLQV
DVVXUHQW OH WUDQVSRUW GHV FRPEDWWDQWV DJJOXWLQpV HQ HVVDLP
G¶DEHLOOHV$X7FKDGDXFRXUVGHODToyota WarHQFHPR\HQ
GHFRPEDWHIILFDFHILWGHVUDYDJHVSRXUODSUHPLqUHIRLVFRQWUHOHV
WURXSHVOLE\HQQHVGRWpHVG¶DUPHPHQWVVRSKLVWLTXpVHWGHPR\HQVGH
WUDQVSRUWEOLQGpV/HVDVVDXWVGHVtechnicals,FRQVWLWXpVHQXQLWpGH
FDYDOHULH OpJqUH FUDFKDQW XQH SOXLH GH JUHQDLOOHV HXUHQW UDLVRQ GH
O¶HQQHPLOLE\HQTXLSUpIpUDLWODIXLWHjSLHGTXHGDQVVRQFKDUWURS
HQFRPEUDQW
8QJXHUULHUFRQILUPHFHWWHEUDYRXUHHWO¶LPSRUWDQFHGHVtechnicals
VXU OH FKDPS GH EDWDLOOH ©1RXV QRXV DSSUrWLRQV j QRXV EDWWUH
FRQWUH XQH DUPpH TXL GLVSRVDLW GH PR\HQV PLOLWDLUHV SURSUHV j XQ
eWDW >«@ 1RXV QH SRXYLRQV FRPSWHU TXH VXU VRL[DQWHGL[
YpKLFXOHV/DFKDUJHGHFHWWHFDYDOHULHPRGHUQHIXWDKXULVVDQWH
QRXVDYDQokPHVSUXGHPPHQWYHUVO¶HQQHPLSXLVG¶XQFRXSDXVRQ
GHV\RX\RXVQRXVDFFpOpUkPHVHWGpFOHQFKkPHVOHVSUHPLHUVFKRFV

ϰϭ
.RXODPDOODK $EGHUDPDQ La bataille de N’Djamena eG /¶+DUPDWWDQ
IpYULHUS
ϭϲϮ

>«@QRXVWLULRQVVXUXQHQQHPLTXHQRXVQHYR\RQVSOXVjFDXVHGH
O¶pSDLVVH IXPpH TXL HQYDKLVVDLW OH FLHO (Q UpDOLWp FHW HQQHPL TXH
QRXV QH GLVWLQJXLRQV JXqUH Q¶pWDLW SDV ORLQ >«@ QRV FRPEDWWDQWV
UpDJLUHQW DYHF XQH DXGDFH LQRXwH &HUWDLQV OHV SOXV WpPpUDLUHV
IRQFqUHQWjERUGGHOHXUVSLFNXSMXVTX¶jSHUFXWHUOHV$0/3DQKDUG
8QFKRFLQpJDOPDLVTXLUpGXLVDLWOHFKDPSGHYLVLRQGHVFKDUVHW
SHUPHWWDLW DLQVL GH OHV UHQGUH SOXV YXOQpUDEOHV SRXU QRV DUPHV
ORXUGHVTXLILQLUHQWSDUHQGpWUXLUHXQJUDQGQRPEUHª
/H PLOLWDLUH WFKDGLHQ IDLW SUHXYH GH FRXUDJH HW GH SXJQDFLWp 6D
PDQ°XYUHFRPELQHODSXLVVDQFHGHIHXGDQVXQPLOLHXTXLQHSHUPHW
SDV OD GLVVLPXODWLRQ HW OD YLWHVVH TXH SURFXUDLHQW KLHU OHV
FKHYDXFKpHV IDQWDVWLTXHV DXMRXUG¶KXL OHV UDLGV HQ YpKLFXOHV WRXW
WHUUDLQ $XWUHV IDFWHXUV SULPRUGLDX[ HW FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV GX FRPEDW
WFKDGLHQ OD UDSLGLWp G¶HQJDJHPHQW HW OD YLROHQFH GX FKRF /H
SURFpGp GH EDWDLOOH WUDGLWLRQQHO DSSHOp rezzou TGV GHPHXUH OD
WDFWLTXHGHEDVHOHVFRPEDWWDQWVjERUGGHVYpKLFXOHV[7R\RWD
HQ JUDQG QRPEUH HVFRUWpV GHV SLFNXS ORJLVWLTXHV FDUEXUDQW HW
PXQLWLRQV XWLOLVHQW OD ORQJXH DXWRQRPLH TXH OHXU RIIUH FHWWH
RUJDQLVDWLRQSRXUHIIHFWXHUGHVGpSODFHPHQWVGHJUDQGHDPSOLWXGH
(QIRUPDWLRQRUGRQQpHSOXVLHXUVFRORQQHVFRQYHUJHQWYHUVOHPrPH
REMHFWLI ,OV PDQ°XYUHQW GH OD VRUWH SRXU SUHQGUH DX GpSRXUYX
O¶HQQHPLHWV¶DEDWWUHYLROHPPHQWVXUOHXUVFLEOHVGpILQLWLYHV&HWWH
FKDUJH IURQWDOH G¶HQJLQV PRWRULVpV WRXW IHX WRXW IODPPH HVW
UHFKHUFKpH SRXU HIIUD\HU O¶DGYHUVDLUH OH IUDSSHU DX F°XU GH VRQ
GLVSRVLWLIHWWLUHUjWUqVFRXUWHSRUWpHHQIDLVDQWOHSOXVGHYLFWLPHV
SRVVLEOHV &HV HQJDJHPHQWV Q¶H[FOXHQWSDV ELHQ DXFRQWUDLUH GHV
SHUWHV FRQVpTXHQWHV GX F{Wp GHV DVVDLOODQWV $SUqV O¶HVWRFDGH OHV
KRPPHV GpEDUTXHQW HW VH WUDQVIRUPHQW HQ IDQWDVVLQV DFKHYDQW OH
WUDYDLOTXHOTXHVIRLVDXFRUSVjFRUSV
/HVPLOLWDLUHVGHOD]RQHIRUHVWLqUHHWGHODVDYDQHQHVRQWSDVDXVVL
LPSpWXHX[ HW LQWUpSLGHV TXH OHXUV KRPRORJXHV WFKDGLHQV GDQV OH
GpVHUW /D YXOQpUDELOLWp DX[ FRXSV SRUWpV SDU O¶HQQHPL VDQV
SRVVLELOLWpGHOHGpFHOHUDXSDUDYDQWFDUDFWpULVHOHFRPEDWHQ]RQH
IRUHVWLqUH /HV GpSODFHPHQWV G¶XQH PDQLqUH JpQpUDOH VRQW OHQWV
SXLVTXHO¶RQpYROXHVRXYHQWjSLHGGXIDLWGHO¶REVWDFOHPDMHXUTXH
UHSUpVHQWHQW OD YpJpWDWLRQ HW OH SHX G¶LWLQpUDLUHV 'DQV FHV

ϰϮ
,ELGHPS
ϭϲϯ

FRQGLWLRQVLOQ¶HVWSDVDLVpGHVHVRXVWUDLUHDXIHXGHO¶HQQHPLFDUOH
PRGHG¶DWWDTXHSUpIpUHQWLHOHVWO¶HPEXVFDGH&HWUDTXHQDUGHVWWUqV
HIILFDFH ORUVTXH O¶RQ DSSOLTXH VHV SULQFLSHV j OD OHWWUH /HV OLHX[
SULYLOpJLpVHQIRUrWVHQWLHUVHQFDLVVpVSDVVDJHVpWURLWVFKHPLQVHQ
OLVLqUH HWF /HV IUDSSHV VXELHV VRQW FRQFHQWUpHV EUXWDOHV HW
PDVVLYHV/HFRPEDWHQIRUrWHVWGRQFSOXVDQJRLVVDQWTXHGDQVWRXW
DXWUHPLOLHX&RQWUHXQHQQHPLRUJDQLVpHWGpWHUPLQpRQDWUqVSHX
GH FKDQFH GH VXUYLH VL RQ QH IDLW SDV SUHXYH GH FRXUDJH HW
G¶DSSOLFDWLRQGDQVOHVSULQFLSHVGHEDVH/HVVROGDWVDQJRODLVFRQWUH
OHV PDTXLVDUGV niboleks HQ RQW IDLW OD WULVWH H[SpULHQFH GDQV OD
%RXHQ]D6XG&RQJRHQ,ODIDOOXUHFRXULUDX[KpOLFRSWqUHV
SRXUYHQLUjERXWGHVUpVLVWDQWV'HYDQWO¶KpFDWRPEHOHV$QJRODLV
UHIXVDLHQWOHFRPEDWFDULOVpWDLHQWFHUWDLQVG¶\UHVWHU/DSHXUHVWOH
FRPSDJQRQGXPLOLWDLUHHQPLOLHXIRUHVWLHUDXFRQWDFWGHO¶HQQHPL
&HWWHSHXUSDQLTXHSDUDO\VHKpULVVHOHSRLO&HWHIIURLTXLSURYRTXH
OH UHOkFKHPHQW GHV PXVFOHV GX EDVVLQ DYHF SRXU FRQVpTXHQFH
O¶pYDFXDWLRQ LQYRORQWDLUH GH O¶XULQH RX SDUIRLV PrPH GX ERO IpFDO
TXDQGLOQ¶HVWSDVYLFWLPHGHSHUWHGHFRQVFLHQFH&¶HVWSRXUTXRLDX
VRUWLU G¶XQ HQJDJHPHQW OHV FRPEDWWDQWV GpYHUVHQW OHXU VWUHVV VXU
TXLFRQTXH VH WURXYH VXU OHXU SDVVDJH /HV SRSXODWLRQV LQQRFHQWHV
VXELVVHQWGHVH[DFWLRQVHQUHSUpVDLOOHV7HOOHHVWODUpDOLWpGHFHX[
TXLIRQWOHVDFWXDOLWpVDX[TXDWUHFRLQVGHO¶$IULTXHWURSLFDOHGHOD
6LHUUD/HRQHDX/LEHULDGHOD&{WHG¶,YRLUHDX[GHX[&RQJRRXHQ
&HQWUDIULTXH /HV WHFKQLTXHV FODVVLTXHV HW OHV PpWKRGHV
DFDGpPLTXHV QH VRQW SOXV MDPDLV DSSOLTXpHV 2Q DJLW VHORQ VRQ
LQVWLQFW 2Q WLUH j WRXW YD GHYDQW VRL VDQV GLVFLSOLQH GH IHX VDQV
REMHFWLI FUpGLEOH SRXUYX TXH O¶RQ SURGXLVH XQ YDFDUPH /HV
FKDUJHXUV GH PXQLWLRQV WUDQVIRUPpV HQ EORF VFRWFKpV SDU WURLV RX
TXDWUHVRQWYLGpVSDUORQJXHVUDIDOHV'XIDLWGHODYpJpWDWLRQHWGHV
REVWDFOHVGLYHUVOHGHUQLHUNLORPqWUHDYDQWOHFRQWDFWDYHFO¶HQQHPL
VH IDLW UDUHPHQW HQ WUDQVSRUW GH WURXSHV ¬ SLHG OHV IDQWDVVLQV
SURJUHVVHQW VDQV DXFXQH PDvWULVH GX WHUUDLQ QL UpIOH[HV GH
FRRUGLQDWLRQ GDQV OD FRXYHUWXUH PXWXHOOH DFFURLVVDQW OH ULVTXH
G¶H[SRVLWLRQ DX IHX GH O¶HQQHPL QL UHFKHUFKH G¶HIILFDFLWp SDU
H[HPSOHUHVWHUJURXSpVRXGLVVpPLQpVVHORQOHVEHVRLQVGHO¶DFWLRQ
DYDQFHURXUHFXOHUHQVHPEOHDGDSWHUOHVDUPHVHQDFWLRQHQIRQFWLRQ
GHVFLEOHVHWUHVSHFWHUOHVFDGHQFHVGHWLU3LUHOHVDUWLOOHXUVHWOHV
WLUHXUVDX[PRUWLHUVQHVHUYHQWjULHQWDQWTXHOHVFDQRQQDGHVQHVRQW
SDVpYDOXpHV HWOHVWLUVUHFWLILpVSRXUXQPHLOOHXUUHQGHPHQW3RXU
ϭϲϰ

FHOD LO IDXW GHV REVHUYDWHXUV KDUGLV SRVLWLRQQpV HQ ]RQH HQQHPLH
FDSDEOHVGHJXLGHUOHVWLUV4XDQGODULSRVWHHQQHPLHVHUDSSURFKH
RXVHIDLWSOXVSUpFLVHRQGpFURFKHRQGpEDQGHHQRUGUHGLVSHUVp
(Q &HQWUDIULTXH GH YXOJDLUHV FRXSHXUV GH URXWHV FRPEDWWDQWV
GpPRELOLVpVG
DQFLHQQHVUpEHOOLRQVVHOLYUDQWjGHVJXHWVDSHQVYROV
SULVHVG
RWDJHVHQSDVVDQWSDUGHVYLROVHWPHXUWUHVVXUOHVURXWHVGH
ODFDPSDJQHDYDLHQWPLVHQGpURXWHO¶DUPpHGH%R]L]p3DUFRQWUH
FHV KRPPHV HQ DUPHV VRQW SOXV PpFKDQWV FRQWUH OHV FLYLOV QRQ
EHOOLJpUDQWV ,OV DIILFKHQW GHV DOOXUHV GH FDwGV OD WrWH FHLQWH G¶XQ
EDQGDQDHWGHJURVVHVOXQHWWHVGHVROHLO,OVRQWUDUHPHQWXQRIILFLHU
FRPPHFKHIVLQRQFHGHUQLHUHQJXHQLOOHVFRPPHOHVDXWUHVQHSRUWH
SDVVHVDWWULEXWVGHOLHXWHQDQWRXFDSLWDLQH
&HVDWWLWXGHVGpFULpHVVRQWGHVWUDYHUVVRXYHQWFRQVWDWpVDXFRPEDW
HWTXLIRQWSHUGUHWRXWHFUpGLELOLWpDX[DUPpHVDIULFDLQHV&¶HVWDXVVL
YUDLTXHOHVKRPPHVHQDUPHVGDQVOHVGLYHUVHVUpEHOOLRQVG¶$IULTXH
QH VRQW SDV WRXV GHV PLOLWDLUHV 0DLV LO \ D JURV j SDULHU TXH FHV
PRQVWUHVVRQWHQFDGUpVSDUGHVSURIHVVLRQQHOV,OHVWVXUSUHQDQWGH
YRLUFRPPHQWXQHPDFKLQHGHJXHUUHELHQRUGRQQDQFpHVHOLTXpILH
VLSURIRQGpPHQWHWVLYLWH/¶DUPpHGXPDUpFKDO0REXWXTXLGpILODLW
HQ UDQJV VHUUpV SDUIDLWHPHQW DJHQFpH FLQT PRLV DYDQW OHV
pYpQHPHQWVGX5ZDQGDV¶pWDLWGpVDJUpJpHVRXVOHVFRXSVGHERXWRLU
GHV IRUFHV WKpRULTXHPHQW SOXV IDLEOHV PRLQV SURVSqUHV PDLV SOXV
HQJDJpHV
/HV PLOLWDLUHV HW OHV PLOLFLHQV VRQWLOV XWLOHV j O¶$IULTXH ORUVTX¶LOV
SURFqGHQW GH OD VRUWHௗ" &HV KRPPHV FRPPHWWHQW ELHQ VRXYHQW OH
VXPPXPGHO¶DEMHFWLRQOHYLROFRPPHDUPHGHJXHUUH2QHVWLPH
TXHIHPPHVHWILOOHVpWDLHQWYLROpHVFKDTXHMRXUHQ5pSXEOLTXH
GpPRFUDWLTXH GX &RQJR 5'& SHQGDQW OD JXHUUH FLYLOH
/¶H[SDQVLRQGXSKpQRPqQHGHVYLROVHQWHPSVGHFULVHPDMHXUHHVW
SUDWLTXpH DX .LYX SDU WRXV OHV JURXSHV DUPpV UHEHOOHV KXWX HW
FRPEDWWDQWVPDwPDwVROGDWVUZDQGDLVLQVXUJpVGX0HW)RUFHV
DUPpHV FRQJRODLVHV 'HV IHPPHV GHV SHWLWHV ILOOHV HW PrPH GHV
EpEpVVXELVVHQWGHYpULWDEOHVUD]]LDV. ©2QYLROHFROOHFWLYHPHQWHQ
SXEOLF SRXU GpPROLU HW SRXU WHUURULVHU 3HQGDQW GHV MRXUV SDUIRLV
SHQGDQWGHVPRLVDYDQWGHWLUHUXQHEDOOHGDQVOHVYDJLQVRXGHOHV
ODFpUHU j FRXSV GH ODPHV GH UDVRLU GH OHV UHPSOLU GH VHO GH
FDRXWFKRXFEUOpRXGHVRXGHFDXVWLTXHG
\GpYHUVHUGXIXHOHWG
\
PHWWUH OH IHX 3OXV GH IHPPHV YLROpHV RQW pWp RSpUpHV j
ϭϲϱ

O¶K{SLWDO GH 3DQ]L VXU OHV YLFWLPHV UpSHUWRULpHV HQ 5'&

GHSXLVRien à voir avec des agissements individuels, ou un fait
culturel congolais affirme le médecin. Les viols sont planifiés,
organisés, mis en scène. Ils correspondent à une stratégie visant à
traumatiser les familles et détruire les communautés, provoquer
l'exode des populations vers les villes et permettre à d'autres de
s'approprier les ressources naturelles du pays. C'est une arme de
guerre formidablement efficace43./HYLROTXLVLJQHODYLFWRLUHG¶XQ
FDPS VXU O¶DXWUH HVW GHYHQX XQ LQVWUXPHQW GH YHQJHDQFH VXU OD
SRSXODWLRQ/HVUDLVRQVGHFHWWHVDOHJXHUUHVRQWjUHFKHUFKHUGDQVOD
FRQYRLWLVHGHVVRXVVROVGHODUpJLRQGX.LYXjO¶HVWGX&RQJR,OV
FRQWLHQQHQWGHVUpVHUYHVPRQGLDOHVGHFROWDQLQGLVSHQVDEOHj
ODSURGXFWLRQGHVWpOpSKRQHVPRELOHVGHFHUWDLQVRUGLQDWHXUVHWGHV
FRQVROHV GH MHX[ª. 3RXU OD MXVWLFH LQWHUQDWLRQDOH OH YLRO HVW
FRQVLGpUpFRPPHXQFULPHGHJXHUUHRXXQFULPHFRQWUHO
+XPDQLWp
TXDQGLOHVWV\VWpPDWLVp)DFHDXGpILVpFXULWDLUHHWSRXUOXWWHUFRQWUH
OH JUDQG EDQGLWLVPH HQ ]RQH GH IRUrW VXUYHLOOHU VHV IURQWLqUHV OH
&DPHURXQ D PLV OHV PR\HQV /H EDWDLOORQ G
LQWHUYHQWLRQ UDSLGH
%,5ELHQpTXLSpHWIRUPpHVWHQSUHPLqUHOLJQH&HWWHXQLWpG
pOLWH
Q
DGHFRPSWHVjUHQGUHTX
DXSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHVXUOHSODQ
RSpUDWLRQQHO 6RQ EXGJHW GLUHFWHPHQW ILQDQFp SDU OD 6RFLpWp
QDWLRQDOH GHV K\GURFDUEXUHV 61+ V
pOHYDLW HQ j
PLOOLDUGVGH)&)$PLOOLRQVG
HXURV

ϰϯ
KWWSZZZOHPRQGHIUDIULTXHDUWLFOH GDQVOHVWGX&RQJROHV
YLROVFRPPHDUPHVGHJXHUUH
ϭϲϲ

&RPPHQWO¶DUPpHPDOLHQQHDIDLOOLSURYRTXHUODGLVORFDWLRQGX
SD\V
4XHO HVW O¶pWDW GH O¶DUPpH PDOLHQQH j OD YHLOOH GH OD FULVH GH
$SSX\RQVQRXVVXUO¶DUWLFOHGH/DXUHQW7RXFKDUGKLVWRULHQPLOLWDLUH
HW FKHUFKHXU LQGpSHQGDQW ,O D pFULW FHW DUWLFOH pGLILDQW SRXU
O¶KHEGRPDGDLUHJeune AfriqueOHMXLQ1RXVQRXVSHUPHWWRQV
GHOLYUHUTXHOTXHVPRUFHDX[FKRLVLV
©$UPpHPDOLHQQHOHGLIILFLOHLQYHQWDLUHª
©/HV PDX[ GH O¶DUPpH PDOLHQQH SHUVRQQHOV DGPLQLVWUDWLIV

QRPEUHX[ UHFUXWHPHQWV JRQIODQW OHV HIIHFWLIV FH TXL DJJUDYH
O¶LQVXIILVDQFH GHV pTXLSHPHQWV PDWpULHOV PDO HQWUHWHQXV
FRUUXSWLRQHWFOLHQWpOLVPH«ª
©The Military Balance 2012 PHQWLRQQHXQWRWDOGHKRPPHV

SDUDPLOLWDLUHV FRPSULV >«@ /H PLQLVWqUH IUDQoDLV GH OD 'pIHQVH
pYRTXH XQ HIIHFWLI GH KRPPHV /¶RUGUH GH EDWDLOOH GH
O¶$UPpHGHWHUUHPrPHDYHFGHVLQFHUWLWXGHVSHUPHWG¶pYDOXHUOHV
HIIHFWLIV j HQYLURQ KRPPHV HQ FRQVLGpUDQW GHV XQLWpV GH
FRPEDWG¶DSSXLHWGHVRXWLHQODSOXSDUWHQVRXVHIIHFWLIV/¶$UPpH
GH O¶DLU GLVSRVH GH PRLQV GH KRPPHV SLORWHV WHFKQLFLHQV
SHUVRQQHO DGPLQLVWUDWLI XQH RX GHX[ FRPSDJQLHV GH IXVLOLHUV
FRPPDQGRV GH O¶DLU OH JURXSH GH GpIHQVH DpULHQQH /HV
SDUDPLOLWDLUHVHQILQFRPSUHQQHQWDXPRLQVJHQGDUPHV
VHORQ GHV FKLIIUHV RIILFLHOV GH GH OD *DUGH QDWLRQDOH
DX[TXHOV V¶DMRXWHQW SROLFLHUV G¶DSUqV ,QWHUSRO VRLW HQYLURQ
SDUDPLOLWDLUHVª
©7RXVOHVVROGDWVGHO¶$UPpHGHWHUUHGpSOR\pVDXQRUGQHVRQWSDV
GHVFRPEDWWDQWVOHVSHUVRQQHOVDGPLQLVWUDWLIVVRQWQRPEUHX['DQV
XQ UDSSRUW VXU O¶DUPpH PDOLHQQH SOXVLHXUV DQQpHV DXSDUDYDQW OHV
$PpULFDLQVUHJUHWWDLHQWDLQVLOHPDQTXHGHYpULWDEOHVIDQWDVVLQVORUV
GHV VHVVLRQV G¶HQWUDvQHPHQW WDFWLTXH TX¶LOV RUJDQLVDLHQW /HV
KRPPHV TXL \ SDUWLFLSDLHQW Q¶DYDLHQW SDV WRXMRXUV XQH FRQGLWLRQ
SK\VLTXH H[FHSWLRQQHOOH HW VLW{W OHV VWDJHV DFFRPSOLV LOV
UHWRXUQDLHQW j OHXUV EXUHDX[ Q¶DSSRUWDQW DXFXQH YpULWDEOH SOXV
YDOXHDX[XQLWpVDX[TXHOOHVLOVDSSDUWHQDLHQW/HVHIIHFWLIVGHVIRUFHV
PDOLHQQHVIDFHDX[UHEHOOHVHWDX[GMLKDGLVWHVUHYHQDLHQWjHQYLURQ
ϭϲϳ

KRPPHVGRQWDXPRLQVPLOLWDLUHVGLVSHUVpV HWG¶XQH

YDOHXUWUqVLQpJDOH
3DUDGR[DOHPHQW VL O¶LQWpJUDWLRQ GHV H[UHEHOOHV GH HW

GDQV XQH FHUWDLQH PHVXUH FHX[ GH DLQVL TXH OHV
UHFUXWHPHQWV j SDUWLU GH OD VHFRQGH PRLWLp GHV DQQpHV RQW
JRQIOpOHVHIIHFWLIVOHPDQTXHG¶DUJHQWQ¶DSDVSHUPLVG¶DEVRUEHU
FHW DIIOX[ /H WHPSV G¶HQWUDvQHPHQW GpMj PLV j PDO SDU OHV
GLIILFXOWpVEXGJpWDLUHVV¶HVWUpGXLW/HVXQLWpVQHSRXYDLHQWSDVrWUH
FRUUHFWHPHQW pTXLSpHV PDQTXH GH SRUWHFKDUJHXUV GH ELGRQV
G¶HDXYRLUHG¶DUPHVHWVXUWRXWGHPXQLWLRQVª
©/DFRUUXSWLRQHWOHFOLHQWpOLVPHQ¶RQWULHQDUUDQJp/HVXQLWpVGH
FRPEDW UHVWHQW HQ VRXVHIIHFWLIV SUREOqPH TX¶DFFURLVVHQW OHV
GpVHUWLRQV IUpTXHQWHV /HV PDWpULHOV GH FRPEDW GRX]H FKDUV
PR\HQV7%GRQWODFDSDFLWpRSpUDWLRQQHOOHHVWUpGXLWHSRVWHVGH
UDGLRXVpVYRLUHHQSDQQHHQYLURQFKDUVOpJHUV370RGqOH
DYHFXQHPDMRULWpG¶REXVGHPPGpIHFWXHX[%5'0
MXVTX¶j %753% $X VXMHW GHV YpKLFXOHV QRQ EOLQGpV VRQW
UpSHUWRULpVGHjîGRQWFHUWDLQVDUPpVGHPLWUDLOOHXVHV
GH PP XQH SDUWLH GH FHV YpKLFXOHV pWDQW UpJXOLqUHPHQW
³HPSUXQWpH´ YRLUH FDUUpPHQW YROpH pJDOHPHQW YHQGXH HQ SLqFHV
GpWDFKpHV« $X UHJDUG GH OD VXSHUILFLH GX SD\V OHV XQLWpV GH
ORJLVWLTXH HW GX JpQLH PDQTXHQW GH PR\HQV DYHF VHXOHPHQW
FDPLRQV PR\HQV RX ORXUGV TXHOTXHV FLWHUQHV TXHOTXHV
EXOOGR]HUV«/¶DUWLOOHULHHVWXQSHXPLHX[ORWLHPrPHVLOjHQFRUH
O¶HQWUDvQHPHQW HVW LQVXIILVDQW SRXU QH SDV GLUH LQH[LVWDQW &HWWH
ODFXQHDMRXWpHDX[GpILFLHQFHVHQPDWLqUHGHWUDQVPLVVLRQVIDLWTXH
OH UHFRXUV j GHV WLUV HIILFDFHV G¶DSSXL LQGLUHFW UHOqYH GH
O¶LPSHQVDEOHௗSOXVHQFRUHFRQWUHXQDGYHUVDLUHPRELOHVXUWRXWDYHF
GHVSLqFHVWHOOHVTXHOHV0GHPPOHV'GHPPRX
HQFRUHOHVPRUWLHUVORXUGV0GHPP/HUpJLPHQWG¶DUWLOOHULH
DOLJQH DXVVL XQ V\VWqPH G¶DUPH UHGRXWDEOH OH =68&KLOND
/HV WURLV RX TXDWUH &KLOND PDOLHQV GLVSRVHQW G¶XQH WHUULILDQWH
SXLVVDQFH GH IHX DYHF OHXU TXDGULWXEH GH PP ,QLWLDOHPHQW
GHVWLQpV j FRPEDWWUH KpOLFRSWqUHV HW DYLRQV j EDVVH DOWLWXGH LOV
SHXYHQW DXVVL SXOYpULVHU GHV YpKLFXOHV PrPH OpJqUHPHQW EOLQGpV
5HYHUV GH OD PpGDLOOH LOV FRQVRPPHQW pQRUPpPHQW G¶REXV GH
PP
ϭϲϴ

/HV FDUHQFHV GDQV OH GRPDLQH GH O¶DUPHPHQW GH O¶LQIDQWHULH IRQW
pFKR DX PDQTXH G¶pTXLSHPHQW LQGLYLGXHO (Q GpSLW GHV DLGHV
pWUDQJqUHV OHV WHQXHV GH FRPEDW HW GH VSRUW PDQTXHQW &HWWH
VLWXDWLRQDPqQHOHVVROGDWVjOHVSD\HUHX[PrPHVHQVHIRXUQLVVDQW
DXSUqV GH PLFURHQWUHSULVHV 6L FHUWDLQHV XQLWpV SDUDLVVHQW
UHODWLYHPHQW ELHQ pTXLSpHV HQ DUPHPHQW OpJHU HW FROOHFWLI
.DODFKQLNRYGHGLIIpUHQWVPRGqOHVQRWDPPHQWG¶RULJLQHFKLQRLVH
PLWUDLOOHXVHV3.HW3.0ODQFHURTXHWWHVDQWLFKDUV53*DLQVLTXH
PRUWLHUV GH PP YRLUH FDQRQV VDQVUHFXO63* GH PP j
O¶LQVWDU GX qPH5pJLPHQW GH &RPPDQGR 3DUD SRXU G¶DXWUHV
QRWDPPHQW OHV XQLWpV G¶DSSXL DUWLOOHULH JpQLH RX SDUDPLOLWDLUHV
*DUGH QDWLRQDOH VH FRQWHQWHQW GHV 6.6 RX OHXU FRSLH
FKLQRLVH7\SH GHV IXVLOV PLWUDLOOHXUV 53' G¶HQFRPEUDQWHV
PLWUDLOOHXVHV 6*0 FRXUDPPHQW PRQWpHV VXU GHV î (Q RXWUH
O¶DUPpH PDOLHQQH Q¶DOLJQH DXFXQ WLUHXU GH SUpFLVLRQ LO DSSDUDvW
DXVVL QRWDPPHQW j O¶H[HUFLFH TXH FHUWDLQV IDQWDVVLQV VRQW
GpSRXUYXVGHSRUWHFKDUJHXUVௗFRQVWDWDWLRQTXLQ¶DILQDOHPHQWULHQ
GH ELHQ H[WUDRUGLQDLUH SXLVTXH FHUWDLQV Q¶RQW TX¶XQ VHXO FKDUJHXU
SRXUOHXUDUPHGHW\SH.DODFKQLNRYDYHFWRXWHVOHVFRQVpTXHQFHV
TXHFHODLPSOLTXHDXIHXVLW{WOHPDJDVLQYLGHLOGRLWrWUHUHJDUQL
FDUWRXFKHSDUFDUWRXFKHVRXVOHVWLUVDGYHUVHV«
/HVELGRQVG¶HDXQHVRQWSDVDVVH]QRPEUHX[SRXUWRXVOHVVROGDWV
TXL WULPEDOHQW DORUV GHV ERXWHLOOHV HQ SODVWLTXH /HV EUHWHOOHV GHV
IXVLOVVRQWSDUIRLVUHPSODFpHV«SDUGHODILFHOOH7RXWPDQTXH\
FRPSULV OH PRELOLHU SRXU OHV EXUHDX[ HW OHV VDOOHV G¶LQVWUXFWLRQ
WDEOHVFKDLVHVௗO¶LQIRUPDWLTXHHVWTXDVLPHQWLQH[LVWDQWH1HSDUORQV
SDV GX PDWpULHO GH WUDQVPLVVLRQV OHV SRVWHV GH UDGLR VRQW GH
PRGqOHVHWG¶RULJLQHVGLIIpUHQWVSDVWRXVFRPSDWLEOHVOHVXQVDYHF
OHVDXWUHVORUVTX¶LOVIRQFWLRQQHQWWDQGLVTXHERXVVROHVHWMXPHOOHV
pTXLSHPHQWVGHEDVHSRXUOHVRIILFLHUVHWVRXVRIILFLHUVIRQWGpIDXW«
/¶$UPpH GH O¶DLU SUHVTXH LQH[LVWDQWH 'DQV O¶$UPpH GH O¶DLU OD
VLWXDWLRQ HVW HQFRUH SOXV FDWDVWURSKLTXH VXU XQH GL]DLQH GH
FKDVVHXUVERPEDUGLHUV0L*0) HW 80 )LVKEHG XQLTXHPHQW
GHX[VHPEOHQWRSpUDWLRQQHOV/HVDXWUHVVRQWFORXpVDXVROIDXWHGH
SLqFHVGHUHFKDQJHPDLVDXVVLGHSLORWHVVXIILVDPPHQWHQWUDvQpV
/HV FDXVHV GH FHWWH GpEkFOH UpVLGHQW GDQV OHV SUREOqPHV GH
FRPPDQGHPHQW GDQV O¶DEVHQFH GH YpULWDEOHV PR\HQV GH
ϭϲϵ

UHQVHLJQHPHQWHWGHFDSDFLWpjJpUHUFHUHQVHLJQHPHQWWDQWWDFWLTXH
TXHVWUDWpJLTXHGDQVO¶LPSpULWLHHWO¶LQFXOWXUHGXFRPPDQGHPHQW
GDQV OH GRPDLQH GH OD OXWWH DQWLLQVXUUHFWLRQQHOOH GDQV O¶DEVHQFH
G¶LQLWLDWLYH GHV FKHIV GDQV OD FRUUXSWLRQ j WRXV OHV QLYHDX[ GH OD
KLpUDUFKLHGDQVOHVFDUHQFHVTXDQWjO¶HQWUDvQHPHQWGHVVROGDWVGDQV
O¶DEVHQFH GH FRKpVLRQ GRQW VRXIIUHQW OHV XQLWpV GDQV OD OpWKDUJLH
LQWHOOHFWXHOOH TXL IUDSSH OHV IRUFHV DUPpHV PDOLHQQHV 5HEHOOHV
WRXDUHJVHWGMLKDGLVWHVVRQQHURQWELHQW{WXQUpYHLOGRXORXUHX[«ª
7HOHVWOHFRQVWDWDPHUDYDQWO¶KpFDWRPEHVHORQ/DXUHQW7RXFKDUG
(Q GpSLW GH OD VLWXDWLRQ PLOLWDLUH G¶XQ VLQLVWUH DYDQFp OD FODVVH
SROLWLTXHjVDWrWHXQ©YDOHXUHX[WLUDLOOHXUªQ¶DSDVVDLVLODUpDOLWp
GHV GDQJHUV HW HQIRQFp OH SD\V GDQV OH FKDRV /¶DIIDLUH ©G¶DLU
FRFDwQHª D UpYpOp OH QLYHDX GH FRUUXSWLRQ GDQV OHV VWUXFWXUHV GH
O¶eWDW HW OD KDXWH KLpUDUFKLH PLOLWDLUH 'HV WUDILTXDQWV GH FRFDwQH
YHQXV GX 9HQH]XHOD RQW SRVp XQ %RHLQJ HQ SOHLQ GpVHUW
GpEXWQRYHPEUHj6LQNUpEDNDGDQVOHQRUGHVWGX0DOL3DVGH
SLVWH G¶DWWHUULVVDJH -XVWH XQH JUDQGH pWHQGXH SODWH UHPEOD\pH HW
TXHOTXHVEDOLVHVDX[DOHQWRXUV$SUqVOHGpFKDUJHPHQWOHSLORWHQ¶D
SDVUpXVVLjIDLUHUHGpFROOHUO¶DYLRQ/HVWUDILTXDQWVRQWDORUVPLVOH
IHXjO¶DSSDUHLOSRXUHIIDFHUWRXWHVWUDFHV3XLVLOVVHVRQWYRODWLOLVpV
jERUGGHYpKLFXOHVîFKDUJpVGHOHXUSUpFLHXVHPDUFKDQGLVHXQ
NLOR GH FRFDwQH UDIILQpH YDXW GROODUV /¶DYLRQ GHYDLW HQ
FRQWHQLU SOXVLHXUV WRQQHV 'HV TXHVWLRQV WURXEODQWHV VXU
G¶pYHQWXHOOHVLPSOLFDWLRQVVRQWUHVWpHVVDQVUpSRQVH
¬O¶RULJLQHOHSUREOqPHPDOLHQHVWHWKQLTXHHWUHPRQWHjXQORLQWDLQ
SDVVp/¶DUPpHHVWXQIDLUHYDORLUDXVHUYLFHGHVKRPPHVSROLWLTXHV
LQFDSDEOHV GH WURXYHU GHV VROXWLRQV GpILQLWLYHV (OOH Q¶HVW QL j OD
VRXUFH QL UHVSRQVDEOH GXVXSSOLFH TXHOH SHXSOH HQGXUH GHSXLV VL
ORQJWHPSV/HVXMHWF¶HVWO¶DQWDJRQLVPHTXLRSSRVHOHVQRPDGHVGX
1RUG DX[ SHXSOHV GX 6XG QRLUV HW VpGHQWDLUHV +LVWRULTXHPHQW OD
ULYDOLWpSOXVDFpUpHV¶H[SOLTXDLWSDUFHTXHFHVWULEXVGX+DXW6DKDUD
YLYDLHQW GX FRQWU{OH GHV URXWHV FDUDYDQLqUHV TXL SHUPHWWDLHQW
O¶DFKHPLQHPHQWGHVSURGXLWVGXVXGYHUVO¶2FFLGHQWOH0DJKUHEHW
O¶2ULHQW /HV HVFODYHV QRLUV pWDLHQW XQH GH FHV PDUFKDQGLVHV
VHQVLEOHV G¶R XQH FHUWDLQH SUpGRPLQDQFH GHV SUHPLHUV VXU OHV
VHFRQGV¬ODILQGHODSpULRGHFRORQLDOHOHVWHUULWRLUHVVDKDULHQVGHV
7RXDUHJVVHVRQWUHWURXYpVVXUSOXVLHXUVQRXYHDX[eWDWVOD/LE\H
OH 0DOL OH 1LJHU OD +DXWH9ROWD HW O¶$OJpULH 3RXU OHV 7RXDUHJV
ϭϳϬ

FHWWHGLYLVLRQGHO¶HVSDFHHWODGpSHQGDQFHjFHVMHXQHVSD\VGLULJpV
SDUOHVSRSXODWLRQVQRLUHVDXWUHIRLVLQIpULHXUHVOHVPDUJLQDOLVHQW'H
SOXVOHV7RXDUHJVGRLYHQWVHFRQWHQWHUG¶XQVWDWXWGHPLQRULWpR
WRXWHIRUPHGHFRQWHVWDWLRQHVWGXUHPHQWUpSULPpH
(QSDUWDQWDSUqVO¶LQGpSHQGDQFHGX0DOLOHFRORQLVDWHXUDFRQILpOHV
UrQHVGXSRXYRLUDX[WULEXVQRLUHVHWVpGHQWDLUHVGX6XGTXHPpSULVHQW
OHVILHUVJXHUULHUVQRPDGHVWRXDUHJV/HVGRPLQpVG¶KLHUGHYLHQQHQW
OHVGRPLQDQWV/DMHXQHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQVHFRPSRUWHFKH]OHV7RXDUHJV
GX 1RUG FRPPH HQ SD\V FRQTXLV PXVHODQW OHV UHYHQGLFDWLRQV GHV
KRPPHVHWPDOWUDLWDQWOHXUVIHPPHV/HVQRXYHOOHVDXWRULWpVGX0DOL
LQGpSHQGDQW FRQVLGpUDLHQW OHV QRPDGHV FRPPH XQ SHXSOH SULPLWLI
PR\HQkJHX[ HQQHPL GX SURJUqV (OOHV PXOWLSOLqUHQW DORUV OHV
PHVXUHV GLVFULPLQDWRLUHV D\DQW SRXU EXW GH ©FLYLOLVHUª FHV
SRSXODWLRQV ,QWHUGLFWLRQ G
HQWUHU GDQV OHV YLOOHV j OD QXLW WRPEpH
DUUHVWDWLRQV DPHQGHV RX FRQILVFDWLRQ GH PDUFKDQGLVHV
O¶DYLOLVVHPHQWHQGXUpSDUOHVQRPDGHVpWDLWWURSLQWHQVH
(QOHVYLFWLPHVVHUHEHOOHQW/HSRXYRLUpFKRXHjQHXWUDOLVHUOD
UpVLVWDQFHDUPpHWRXDUHJTXLDpFODWp(QUHSUpVDLOOHVLOV¶HQSUHQGDX[
IDPLOOHV5DIOHVYLROVH[pFXWLRQVVRPPDLUHV/DEUXWDOLWpDSD\pPDLV
OHIRVVpV¶HVWFUHXVpHQWUHOH1RUGHWOH6XG&HWWHUpSUHVVLRQSURYRTXH
XQH YDVWH YDJXH G¶pPLJUDWLRQ GDQV OHV SD\V OLPLWURSKHV
SULQFLSDOHPHQWHQ$OJpULHHWHQ/LE\H/DGLDVSRUDG¶$OJpULHHWGH
/LE\HSUpSDUHVDUHYDQFKHDYHFODFRPSOLFLWpGH.DGKDIL
$EDQGRQQpSDUO¶LQIOXHQFHGH%DPDNROHQRUGGX0DOLGpYHORSSH
XQHYpULWDEOHpFRQRPLHSDUDOOqOH7UDGLWLRQQHOFDUUHIRXUGHVURXWHV
FRPPHUFLDOHV WUDQVVDKDULHQQHV OD UpJLRQ GHYLHQW ]RQH GH WRXV OHV
WUDILFV ,QFDSDEOH G¶DVVXUHU VD VRXYHUDLQHWp VXU FHWWH YDVWH UpJLRQ
IDXWH GH PR\HQV O
pWDW D ODLVVp WRPEHU OH QRUG TXL HVW GHYHQX de
factoXQYpULWDEOH)DU:HVW7KpkWUHGHODFRQWUHEDQGHGHFLJDUHWWHV
GHYRLWXUHVRXGHPLJUDQWVOHGpVHUWPDOLHQVHUWELHQW{WGH]RQHGH
WUDQVLWDX[FRQYRLVGHFDQQDELVHWGHFRFDwQH¬ODILQGHVDQQpHV
ODUpJLRQYRLWGpEDUTXHUOHIOpDXGMLKDGLVWH3RXUVXLYLSDUOH
SRXYRLU DOJpULHQ DSUqV GL[ DQQpHV GH JXHUUH FLYLOH OH *URXSH
VDODILVWH SRXU OD SUpGLFDWLRQ HW OH FRPEDW *63& VXFFHVVHXU GX
*,$WURXYHGDQVO
$]DZDGXQH]RQHGHUHSOLLQHVSpUpH(QOH
*63& V
DIILOLH j $O4DwGD HW GHYLHQW $O4DwGD DX 0DJKUHE
LVODPLTXH$40,&HWWHIRLVFHQHVRQWSOXVGHVFLJDUHWWHVPDLV
ϭϳϭ

GHVRWDJHVRFFLGHQWDX[TXLVRQWPRQQD\pV/
HIIHW HVWGpYDVWDWHXU
SRXUOHWRXULVPH/HVWRXURSpUDWHXUVDQQXOHQWOHXUVYR\DJHVGDQVOD
UpJLRQ /H UDOO\H 'DNDU GRQW O
pGLWLRQ D pWp DQQXOpH QH
WUDYHUVHUDSOXVO
$IULTXH
'HSXLV MDQYLHU XQH JXHUUH RSSRVH O

DUPpH PDOLHQQH DX[
UHEHOOHV WRXDUHJV GX 0RXYHPHQW QDWLRQDO SRXU OD OLEpUDWLRQ GH
O
$]DZDG01/$HWDXPRXYHPHQWVDODILVWH$QVDU'LQHDOOLpVj
G
DXWUHV PRXYHPHQWV LVODPLVWHV /H 01/$ HVW XQH RUJDQLVDWLRQ
SROLWLTXH HW PLOLWDLUH PDMRULWDLUHPHQW WRXDUqJXH 6RQ REMHFWLI HVW
O
LQGpSHQGDQFH GX WHUULWRLUH GH O
$]DZDG TXL FRUUHVSRQG DX[ WURLV
UpJLRQVPDOLHQQHVGH.LGDO7RPERXFWRXHW*DR/HJRXYHUQHPHQW
PDOLHQDWRXMRXUVUHIXVpFHVUHYHQGLFDWLRQVGpIHQGDQWO
LQWpJULWpGX
WHUULWRLUH PDOLHQ /H PRXYHPHQW $QVDU 'LQH GpIHQG OXL
O
LQVWDXUDWLRQ G
XQH 5pSXEOLTXH LVODPLTXH DYHF O
DSSOLFDWLRQ GH OD
FKDULD
&HWWH FRDOLWLRQ KpWpURFOLWH DWWDTXH SDU VXUSULVH OD JDUQLVRQ

G¶$JXHOKRN&HOOHFLUpVLVWHYDLOODPPHQWPDLVIDXWHGHUHQIRUWHWGH
UDYLWDLOOHPHQWQRWDPPHQWHQPXQLWLRQVOHVPLOLWDLUHVVHUHQGHQWOH
MDQYLHU'¶XQHFHUWDLQHPDQLqUHLOVQ¶RQWSDVpWpYDLQFXV
&¶HVW DORUV TX¶LOV VRQW VDXYDJHPHQW PDVVDFUpV 8QH EDOOH GDQV OD
QXTXHRXpJRUJpVOHVPDLQVDWWDFKpHVSD\DQWDLQVLOHXUSXJQDFLWp
/¶$VVRFLDWLRQPDOLHQQHGHVGURLWVGHO¶KRPPHpYRTXHUDOHQRPEUH
GHPRUWV
/DFRDOLWLRQGHVUHEHOOHVGHVGMLKDGLVWHVHWGHVEDQGLWVGHWRXVERUGV
RFFXSHSOXVGHODPRLWLpGXSD\V,OVVqPHQWODWHUUHXULPSRVHQWOD
FKDULD HW GpWUXLVHQW OH SDWULPRLQH KLVWRULTXH IDLVDQW SUHXYH G¶XQ
REVFXUDQWLVPHVWXSLGHSDUFHTXHFHVWUpVRUVVRQWVLIUDJLOHVUDUHVHW
DXWKHQWLTXHV'HOHXUF{WpODWURXSHHVWGpPRWLYpHGHSXLVORQJWHPSV
jFDXVHGHODIDLEOHVVHGHVHVPR\HQVODFRUUXSWLRQGHVJUDGpVOD
GpVRUJDQLVDWLRQ GHV VHUYLFHV ORJLVWLTXHV VDQV SDUOHU GHV GDQJHUV
HQFRXUXVGDQVOH1RUGRXGHODSROLWLTXHORXYR\DQWHSRXUVXLYLHFHV
GHUQLqUHVDQQpHVIDFHj$O4DHGDDX0DJKUHELVODPLTXH$40,HW
OHVDXWUHV7RXDUHJV
&¶HVW GDQV FH FRQWH[WH TX¶LQWHUYLHQW OH FRXS G¶eWDW PLOLWDLUH GX
FDSLWDLQH6DQRJR
ϭϳϮ

/
DUPpHVXELWSOXVLHXUVUHYHUVHOOHVRXIIUHG
XQPDQTXHGHPR\HQV
SDUUDSSRUWDX[7RXDUHJVTXLEpQpILFLHQWG
XQLPSRUWDQWPDWpULHOHW
G
DUPHVORXUGHVUpFXSpUpHVjODVXLWHGHODFKXWHGH.DGKDILHQ
/H PRUDO GHV WURXSHV HVW DX SOXV EDV OHV RIILFLHUV VXSpULHXUV VRQW
VRXSoRQQpV GH QpSRWLVPH GH IDYRULWLVPH HW GH FRUUXSWLRQ
/¶DFFXVDWLRQ GH GpWRXUQHPHQW GH O
DUJHQW GHVWLQp j O
pTXLSHPHQW
PLOLWDLUHHVWDYpUpHDORUVTXHOHVDODLUHG
XQVROGDWGHEDVHQ¶HVWTXH
GH)&)$HXURVSDUPRLV)LQMDQYLHUHWGpEXWIpYULHU
GHV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV GH IHPPHV GH PLOLWDLUHV UpFODPHQW GHV
©PXQLWLRQV SRXU OHXUV KRPPHVª ¬ XQ PRLV GH O
pFKpDQFH GHV
pOHFWLRQV SUpVLGHQWLHOOHV O
DXWRULWp GX SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH
$PDGRX 7RXPDQL 7RXUp TXL D DQQRQFp TX
LO QH VH UHSUpVHQWHUDLW
SDVHVWEDIRXpH
/HPDUV6DGLR*DVVDPDPLQLVWUHGHOD'pIHQVHHWGHVDQFLHQV
&RPEDWWDQWV HW OH JpQpUDO *DEULHO 3RXGLRXJRX FKHI G
pWDWPDMRU
JpQpUDOGHVDUPpHVVHUHQGHQWDXFDPSPLOLWDLUH6RXQGLDWD.HwWDj
.DWL SRXU pYRTXHU O¶pYROXWLRQ GH OD VLWXDWLRQ DX QRUG GX 0DOL,OV
VRQWSULVjSDUWLHSDUGHVPLOLWDLUHVPpFRQWHQWVHVVXLHQWGHVMHWVGH
SLHUUHOHXUVJDUGHVGXFRUSVWLUHQWHQO
DLUSRXUH[ILOWUHUOHVDXWRULWpV
/HV PLOLWDLUHV HQ FROqUH VH GLULJHQW DORUV YHUV O
DUPXUHULH HW IRQW
PDLQV EDVVHV VXU DUPHV HW PXQLWLRQV ,OV V
HPSDUHQW GHV HQJLQV
ORXUGVSXLVIRQFHQWYHUVODFDSLWDOH¬KHXUHVLOVDWWDTXHQWOD
3UpVLGHQFH OHV EpUHWV URXJHV SDUDFKXWLVWHV TXL IRUPHQW OD JDUGH
G
$PDGRX7RXPDQL7RXUpUpVLVWHQWMXVTX¶jKHXUHV/
HQFHLQWHGX
SDODLVHVWIRUFpHOHVPXWLQVQHSHXYHQWSDVFDSWXUHUOH3UpVLGHQWTXL
D pWp H[ILOWUp YHUV KHXUHV OHV EkWLPHQWV VRQW DORUV SLOOpV HW
SDUWLHOOHPHQWLQFHQGLpV(QILQG¶DSUqVPLGLXQHFHQWDLQHG
KRPPHV
LQYHVWLVVHQWOHEkWLPHQWGHO¶2IILFHGHODUDGLRWpOpYLVLRQPDOLHQQH
2570 DX FHQWUH GH %DPDNR /D UDGLR QDWLRQDOH VXVSHQG VHV
SURJUDPPHV
/H PDUV OHV PXWLQV FRQVWLWXpV HQ &RPLWp QDWLRQDO SRXU OH
UHGUHVVHPHQWGHODGpPRFUDWLHHWODUHVWDXUDWLRQGHO¶eWDW&15'5
IRQWXQHGpFODUDWLRQOHMHXGLPDWLQjODWpOpYLVLRQQDWLRQDOH/HSRUWH
SDUROH GX FRPLWp DQQRQFH OD VXVSHQVLRQ GH OD &RQVWLWXWLRQ HW OD
GLVVROXWLRQ GHV LQVWLWXWLRQV GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH /H FRXS G¶eWDW HVW
DORUVFRQVRPPp,OOHMXVWLILHSDU©O
LQFDSDFLWpGXJRXYHUQHPHQWj
GRQQHU DX[ IRUFHV DUPpHV OHV PR\HQV QpFHVVDLUHV GH GpIHQGUH
O
LQWpJULWpGHQRWUHWHUULWRLUHQDWLRQDOª
ϭϳϯ

/H DYULO XQH FHQWDLQH G¶HQWUH HX[ PHQpV SDU OH FRORQHO
$ELGLQH*XLQGRO¶DLGHGHFDPSG¶$PDGRX7RXPDQL7RXUpWHQWHQW
XQFRQWUHFRXSG¶pWDWSRXUUHSUHQGUHOHSRXYRLU3HQGDQWGHX[MRXUV
OHV%pUHWVURXJHVGXH5&3HW%pUHWVYHUWVGX&RPLWpQDWLRQDOSRXU
OH UHGUHVVHPHQW GH OD GpPRFUDWLH HW OD UHVWDXUDWLRQ GH O¶eWDW
&15'5V¶DIIURQWHQWGDQVOHVUXHVGH%DPDNR/HVFRPEDWVIRQW
SOXVLHXUVPRUWV8QHYLQJWDLQHGH%pUHWVURXJHVVRQWDUUrWpVSXLV
H[pFXWpV HW HQWHUUpV GDQV XQH IRVVH FRPPXQH SDU OHV KRPPHV GH
6DQRJRSUqVGH.DWLILHIGHODMXQWH/HFRQWUHFRXSG¶eWDWHVWXQ
pFKHF/HV%pUHWVYHUWVSXWVFKLVWHVSUHQQHQWSRVVHVVLRQGH'MLFRURQL
3DUDOHFDPSGHVSDUDFKXWLVWHVHWOHPHWWHQWjVDF
eYDOXDWLRQ GH OD VLWXDWLRQ SUHPLqUHPHQW OH WHUULWRLUH PDOLHQ HVW

FRXSp HQ GHX[ HW OHV DXWRULWpV QH FRQWU{OHQW SDV OD SDUWLH
VHSWHQWULRQDOHௗ GHX[LqPHPHQW XQ HQQHPL SXJQDFH IRQFH VXU OD
FDSLWDOHHQpFUDVDQWDXSDVVDJHOHVIRUFHVIDPpOLTXHVGHO¶DUPpHHQ
GpURXWHௗ SHQGDQW FH WHPSV GHX[ GHV SOXV LPSRUWDQWHV XQLWpV VH
EDWWHQW HQ FRPEDW VLQJXOLHU DYHF OHV DUPHPHQWV GH GRWDWLRQ j
%DPDNR DX PLOLHX GHV SRSXODWLRQV FLYLOHV /HV FLUFRQVWDQFHV VRQW
WUqVJUDYHVFDUGDQVO¶KLVWRLUHGXPRQGHELHQGHVpWDWVRQWVRPEUp
GpSHFpVHWFRPSOqWHPHQWWUDQVILJXUpV6¶LOQHIDOODLWFRPSWHUTXHVXU
/HV)RUFHVGHGpIHQVHHWGHVpFXULWpGX0DOL)$0$RQSDUOHUDLW
GX 0DOL DX SDVVp /¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH UpSRQGDQW DX[ Y°X[ GHV
GLULJHDQWVSROLWLTXHVIUDQoDLVVRXFLHX[GHSUpVHUYHUOHXUSUpFDUUp
YROD DX VHFRXUV GX 0DOL3RXU VDXYHU OHV DSSDUHQFHV OD )UDQFH ILW
YRWHU OD UpVROXWLRQ GX &RQVHLO GH VpFXULWp GHV 1DWLRQV XQLHV
-XJHDQWTXHODVLWXDWLRQTXLUqJQHDX0DOLFRQVWLWXHXQHPHQDFHSRXU
ODSDL[HWODVpFXULWpLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVOH&RQVHLOGHVpFXULWpDDXWRULVp
HQ YHUWX GX FKDSLWUH9,, GH OD &KDUWH GHV 1DWLRQV XQLHV OH
GpSORLHPHQW DX 0DOL G¶XQH IRUFH LQWHUQDWLRQDOH VRXV FRQGXLWH
DIULFDLQH SRXU XQH SpULRGH LQLWLDOH G¶XQH DQQpH DILQ GH UpWDEOLU OD
VRXYHUDLQHWp PDOLHQQH VXU O¶HQVHPEOH GX WHUULWRLUH (Q UpDOLWp OD
FRQWUHRIIHQVLYH IUDQoDLVH SUpFpGHUD OD PLVH HQ SODFH GH OD IRUFH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOH FDU ©OHV FDURWWHV PDOLHQQHV pWDLHQW VXU OH SRLQW GH
FXLUHª/H1LJHUYRLVLQSD\VGHODSOXVKDXWHLPSRUWDQFHSRXUOD
)UDQFHGXIDLWGHVPLQHVG¶XUDQLXPVHUDLWipso factoGpVWDELOLVpHQ
FDVGHFKXWHGH%DPDNR/DULSRVWHIUDQoDLVHYDrWUHIRXGUR\DQWHௗ
XQ YpULWDEOH FDV FRQFUHW GH O¶pFROH GH JXHUUH XQ war game
LQWpUHVVDQW
ϭϳϰ

/¶RSpUDWLRQ 6HUYDO /H MDQYLHU OHV DXWRULWpV PDOLHQQHV

GHPDQGHQWjOD)UDQFHVRQDSSXLSRXUDUUrWHUO
DYDQFpHGHJURXSHV
WHUURULVWHVHQGLUHFWLRQGH%DPDNRHWOHVUHSRXVVHUYHUVOHQRUG/D
)UDQFH ODQFH HQ TXHOTXHV KHXUHV XQH RSpUDWLRQ PLOLWDLUH &HWWH
RSpUDWLRQ YLVDLW WURLV REMHFWLIV G¶DERUG DLGHU OHV )RUFHV DUPpHV
PDOLHQQHV)$0jDUUrWHUODSURJUHVVLRQGHVJURXSHVWHUURULVWHVHW
jOHVUHSRXVVHUWRXWHQDVVXUDQWODVpFXULWpGHVSRSXODWLRQVFLYLOHV
3XLV DLGHU OH 0DOL j UHFRXYUHU VRQ LQWpJULWp WHUULWRULDOH HW VD
VRXYHUDLQHWp (QILQ IDFLOLWHU OD PLVH HQ °XYUH GHV GpFLVLRQV
LQWHUQDWLRQDOHV HQ SHUPHWWDQW OH GpSORLHPHQW UDSLGH GH GHX[
PLVVLRQVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVFRPSOpPHQWDLUHVODPLVVLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOH
GHVRXWLHQDX0DOL0,60$HWODPLVVLRQGHIRUPDWLRQGHO
DUPpH
PDOLHQQHGHO
8QLRQHXURSpHQQH(870
'DQV OD QXLW GX DX MDQYLHU OD YHLOOH GX GpFOHQFKHPHQW
RIILFLHO GH O¶RSpUDWLRQ GHV pOpPHQWV GHV IRUFHV VSpFLDOHV pWDLHQW
HQJDJpV GDQV OD UpJLRQ GH 0RSWL ,OV pWDLHQW UDSLGHPHQW UHQIRUFpV
SDU OD SURMHFWLRQ GH PLOLWDLUHV GX H5,0D SUpOHYpV VXU OH
GLVSRVLWLI eSHUYLHU EDVp DX 7FKDG DLQVL TXH G¶XQ SHORWRQ GH
OpJLRQQDLUHVGXHU5(&G¶2UDQJH(QPpWURSROHOHVOpJLRQQDLUHVGX
H5(3GRQWOHVRXYHQLUGH.ROZH]LHVWHQFRUHYLYDFHGDQVOD
PpPRLUH IUDQoDIULFDLQH TXLWWDLHQW &DOYL HQ &RUVH SRXU rWUH
SDUDFKXWpVVXU7RPERXFWRX/DPRQWpHHQSXLVVDQFHGHVHIIHFWLIV
GHO
$UPpHGHWHUUHVHSRXUVXLYDLWDYHFOHGpSORLHPHQWGXH5,0Dௗ
XQ UHQIRUFHPHQW GHV PR\HQV DpURPRELOHV GH O
$/$7 pWDLW GpFLGp
DYHF O
DFKHPLQHPHQW j SDUWLU GX MDQYLHU G
KpOLFRSWqUHV
G
DWWDTXH 7LJUH +$3ௗ OHV PR\HQV WHUUHVWUHV VH YR\DLHQW UHQIRUFpV
SDU O¶DFKHPLQHPHQW HQ SDUWLH DVVXUp SDU GHV DYLRQV&
*OREHPDVWHU,,,PLVjGLVSRVLWLRQSDUOD5R\DO$LU)RUFHGHVHQJLQV
GHW\SHYpKLFXOHGHO
DYDQWEOLQGp9$%HWGHFKDUVOpJHUVGHW\SH
(5& 6DJDLH HW $0;5& HQ SURYHQDQFH GX 7FKDG HW GH
)UDQFH $X WRWDO DX VRLU GX MDQYLHU O¶HIIHFWLI GX FRUSV
H[SpGLWLRQQDLUHFRPSWDLWKRPPHVVHORQOHPLQLVWqUHIUDQoDLV
GHOD'pIHQVH/HFRPPDQGHPHQWGHVIRUFHVWHUUHVWUHVpWDLWGLULJp
SDUOHJpQpUDO%HUWUDQG&OpPHQW%ROOpHXQFDPDUDGHGHSURPRWLRQ
GH 6DLQW&\U /D IRUFH DpULHQQH pWDLW pJDOHPHQW
LPSUHVVLRQQDQWH5DIDOHV0LUDJH'&UDYLWDLOOHXUHQYRO
0LUDJH)&5 $:$&6 %RHLQJ GHV KpOLFRSWqUHV GH FRPEDW
HWF
ϭϳϱ

/HGpURXOHPHQWGHVRSpUDWLRQVOHVGMLKDGLVWHVUHSUHQQHQWOHFRPEDW
HQDWWDTXDQW.RQQDOHMDQYLHU/
DUPpHPDOLHQQHHQGLIILFXOWpVH
UHSOLHYHUV6pYDUp
'DQV OD QXLW GX DX MDQYLHU TXDWUH 0LUDJH' GX
JURXSHPHQWDLUGXGLVSRVLWLIeSHUYLHUHIIHFWXHQWGHVIUDSSHVGDQVOH
1RUGGXSD\VjO
DLGHGHERPEHVJXLGpHVODVHU*%8
/H MDQYLHU XQH RSpUDWLRQ GH ERPEDUGHPHQW GHV IRUFHV
G
$40,jSUR[LPLWpGH*DRDpWpUpDOLVpHSDU5DIDOHSDUWLVGHOD
EDVHGH6DLQW'L]LHUHWJXLGpVSDUVDWHOOLWH&HVIUDSSHVDpULHQQHVVXU
SOXVLHXUVREMHFWLIVRQWSHUPLVGHGpWUXLUHGHVYpKLFXOHVXQSRVWHGH
FRPPDQGHPHQWHWGHVWRSSHUODSURJUHVVLRQGHVJURXSHVLVODPLVWHV
YHUV OH VXG &RPPHQFH DORUV ©OH QHWWR\DJH GHV EDVHV DUULqUH GHV
WHUURULVWHVª
/HMDQYLHUOHVIRUFHVIUDQoDLVHVHWPDOLHQQHVHQWDPHQWXQ
GpSORLHPHQWYHUVOHVYLOOHVGH1LRQRNPDXQRUGHVWGH%DPDNR
HWNPDXVXGGH'LDEDO\HW6pYDUpYLOOHDpURSRUWXDLUHjNP
DXQRUGHVWGH%DPDNRDXVXGGH.RQQD
/H MDQYLHU OH PLQLVWqUH IUDQoDLV GH OD 'pIHQVH GpFODUH TXH OHV
YLOOHVGH'LDEDO\HW'RXHQW]DRQWpWpUHSULVHVSDUO
DUPpHPDOLHQQH
/H MDQYLHU XQ FDPS G
$40, HVW ERPEDUGp SDU O
DYLDWLRQ
IUDQoDLVHj7RPERXFWRX/HG
DXWUHVSRVLWLRQVVRQWERPEDUGpHV
j$QVRQJR
/HV RSpUDWLRQV WHUUHVWUHV TXL SHUPHWWHQW DX[ IRUFHV IUDQoDLVHV HW
PDOLHQQHVGHUHSUHQGUHOHFRQWU{OHGHO
DpURSRUWGH*DRSXLVGHOD
YLOOHHQWLqUHHWG
HIIHFWXHUXQHDYDQFpHYHUV7RPERXFWRXjSDUWLUGX
MDQYLHUVRQWSUpFpGpHVSDUXQHLPSRUWDQWHSKDVHGHIUDSSHV
DpULHQQHVVXUGHVREMHFWLIVDXWRXUGH*DRHW7RPERXFWRX
$XWRWDOSUqVGHVRUWLHVDpULHQQHVVRQWHIIHFWXpHVSHQGDQWFHWWH
SpULRGH
/
RSpUDWLRQ DpURWHUUHVWUH GX MDQYLHU SHUPHW DX[ PLOLWDLUHV
IUDQFRDIULFDLQVGHUHSUHQGUHVLPXOWDQpPHQWO
DpURSRUWGH*DR
'DQV OD QXLW GX DX MDQYLHU OHV PLOLWDLUHV GX H5,0D
SUHQQHQWOHFRQWU{OHGHO
DpURSRUWLQWHUQDWLRQDOGH7RPERXFWRXDLQVL
TXHGHVDFFqVGHODYLOOH3DUWLVGH1LRQROHMDQYLHULOVRQW
ϭϳϲ

HIIHFWXpOHWUDMHWGHNLORPqWUHVGH'LDEDO\j7RPERXFWRXHQFLQT
MRXUV VXUPRQWDQW HQVDEOHPHQWV FH TXL D IRUWHPHQW UDOHQWL OD
SURJUHVVLRQ,OVRQWpWpSUpFpGpVSDUOHSDUDFKXWDJHVXU7RPERXFWRX
GHOpJLRQQDLUHVGXH5(3
'DQV OD QXLW GX DX MDQYLHU OHV IRUFHV VSpFLDOHV IUDQoDLVHV
SUHQQHQWSRVVHVVLRQGHO
DpURGURPHGH.LGDOVLWXpDXVXGHVWGHOD
YLOOHjODVXLWHG
XQUDLGKpOLSRUWpHWG
XQSRVHUG
DVVDXWHIIHFWXpDYHF
XQDYLRQGHWUDQVSRUW
/H MDQYLHU GH VRXUFH PLOLWDLUH PDOLHQQH XQH XQLWp GH

UHFRQQDLVVDQFHPDOLHQQHDXUDLWUHMRLQWOHVpOpPHQWVIUDQoDLVTXLRQW
SULVSRVVHVVLRQGHO
DpURSRUWGH.LGDOGHX[MRXUVSOXVW{W/HPrPH
MRXUOHVHIIHFWLIVIUDQoDLVHQJDJpVGDQVOHFDGUHGHO
RSpUDWLRQ6HUYDO
DWWHLJQHQWXQQRXYHDXPD[LPXPDYHFVROGDWVPRELOLVpVGRQW
VXUOHWHUULWRLUHPDOLHQ¬ODILQGHFHWWHJXHUUHODIRUFH6HUYDO
DVDLVLjO¶HQQHPLWRQQHVGHPXQLWLRQVERPEHVPLQHVHW
HQJLQV H[SORVLIV LPSURYLVpV ,(' &{Wp DUPHPHQW HOOH V¶HVW
HPSDUpH GH IXVLOV PLWUDLOOHXVHV ODQFHURTXHWWHV
PRUWLHUVFDQRQVHWPLVVLOHVVRODLU6$3OXVGHWRQQHVGH
QLWUDWH G¶DPPRQLXP SURGXLW TXL SHUPHW GH IDEULTXHU GHV ERPEHV
DUWLVDQDOHVRQWpWpVDLVLHVDLQVLTXHOLWUHVGHFDUEXUDQWHWGHV
PR\HQVGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
/H IpYULHU OH SUpVLGHQW IUDQoDLV )UDQoRLV +ROODQGH HVW

DFFXHLOOL HQ KpURV j 7RPERXFWRX MRXUV DSUqV OH GpEXW GH
O
RSpUDWLRQ6HUYDO
/D OHoRQ j WLUHU primo DX PRPHQW GH UHFHYRLU OHXU VDXYHXU OD
IHUYHXUHWO¶H[XEpUDQFHWUqVGpPRQVWUDWLYHGHODSRSXODWLRQPDOLHQQH
Q¶DYDLHQW G¶pJDO TXH OD SHXU GH GLVSDUDvWUH HQ WDQW TX¶eWDW XQLILp
TX¶HOOHDpSURXYp
SecundoOHWHPSVTXLSDVVHQ¶DSDVFKDQJpOHVSULQFLSHV$X0R\HQ
ÆJH HXURSpHQ GHV FKkWHDX[ IRUWV DGPLUDEOHV pGLILFHV DX[
GLPHQVLRQVSURGLJLHXVHVpWDLHQWFRQVWUXLWVSRXUGpIHQGUHOHILHIHW
OHV VXMHWV GX VHLJQHXU 'H QRV MRXUV OHV WHUULWRLUHV VRQW GHYHQXV
LPPHQVHVHWODSRSXODWLRQjVDXYHJDUGHUQRPEUHXVH/DUqJOHUHVWH
ODPrPHO¶DXWRULWpPRUDOHHWSROLWLTXHGRLWSURWpJHUVRQSD\VHWVHV
KDELWDQWV/HVFLWDGHOOHVFRQWHPSRUDLQHVVRQWQRVDUPpHV6LXQeWDW
ϭϳϳ

YLW XQH FRQWLJXwWp PDODLVpH OHV UHVSRQVDEOHV RQW OH GHYRLU GH VH
SUpPXQLUGHVDWWDTXHVGHVDVVDLOODQWVH[WpULHXUV
Tertio O¶DUPpH HVW OH VHXO LQVWUXPHQW GH OD VDQFWXDULVDWLRQ GX
WHUULWRLUH QDWLRQDO (OOH HVW OD VHXOH IRUFH G¶XQ SD\V TXL EpQpILFLH
XQDQLPHPHQWGHODUHFRQQDLVVDQFHGHVDXWUHVeWDWV3DUFRQVpTXHQW
LOIDXWOXLGRQQHUOHVKRPPHVOHVPR\HQVHWOHVFDSDFLWpVPHQWDOHV
GH ERXWHU KRUV GHV OLPLWHV GX SD\V WRXW HQQHPL H[WpULHXU /HV
GLULJHDQWVSROLWLTXHVRQWODPLVVLRQVDFUpHGHGRWHUSDUDQWLFLSDWLRQ
OHXUIRUFHGHJXHUUHGHWRXVOHVIDFWHXUVGHVXSpULRULWp/DTXDOLWpGHV
KRPPHVHWOHXUPRWLYDWLRQQHVRQWSDVODPRLQGUHGHVREOLJDWLRQV
7RXWH IDLEOHVVH VH SD\H FDU FHOXL TXL YLHQW DX VHFRXUV G¶XQH
SRSXODWLRQ HW FDSDEOH GH UHIRXOHU O¶DJUHVVHXU KRUV GX WHUULWRLUH
V¶pULJHUDHQVDXYHXU,OUpFODPHUDVRQGW{WRXWDUG
1
HVWFHSDVO¶RULJLQHGHVFRQWUDWVOpRQLQVGHVGpILFLHQFHVYLVjYLV
GHO¶RFFLGHQWௗ"

ϭϳϴ

/¶DUPpHVpQpJDODLVH
¬FKDTXHSKpQRPqQHVRQSHQGDQW jFKDTXHVLWXDWLRQGpVHVSpUpH
XQHH[FHSWLRQH[LVWHFRPPHSRXUFRQILUPHUODUqJOH$XFXQHDUPpH
G¶$IULTXHVXEVDKDULHQQHQHWURXYHJUkFHDX[\HX[GHVREVHUYDWHXUV
REMHFWLIV HW LPSDUWLDX[ KRUPLV O¶DUPpH VpQpJDODLVH /¶H[SOLFDWLRQ
VHUDLWHOOHjUHFKHUFKHUGXF{WpGHODWUDGLWLRQJXHUULqUHRXGXSDVVp
JORULHX[GHVIDPHX[WLUDLOOHXUVVpQpJDODLVௗ"&HUWDLQHPHQWSDV%LHQ
GHV SHXSOHV G¶$IULTXH QRLUH RQW FRPEDWWX YDLOODPPHQW OHV
HQYDKLVVHXUV GH OHXU WHUULWRLUH ,OV RQW WRXV GDQV OH VDQJ OD IDFXOWp
LQWXLWLYHGHUpVLVWDQFHjO¶RSSUHVVHXUpWUDQJHU&HQ¶HVWSDVQRQSOXV
OD WUDGLWLRQ TXL DLGH OH PLOLWDLUH VpQpJDODLV SOXV TXH OHV DXWUHV
/¶KLVWRLUHௗ" (QFRUH PRLQV /H YRFDEOH ©WLUDLOOHXU VpQpJDODLVª
GpVLJQDLWLQGLIIpUHPPHQWOHVVROGDWVLVVXVGHWRXWHVOHVFRORQLHV\
FRPSULV PrPH GHV ,QGRFKLQRLV 'H SOXV RQ SHXW SHQVHU TXH
FXOWXUHOOHPHQWHWVXUOHSODQKpUpGLWDLUHOH0DOLHQHVWWUqVSURFKHGX
6pQpJDODLV RU HQ PDWLqUH PLOLWDLUH OH FRQVWDW HVW SDWHQW OH
FRPSRUWHPHQW GHV GHX[ JURXSHV GH PLOLWDLUHV HVW GLDPpWUDOHPHQW
RSSRVp/HPLOLWDLUHVpQpJDODLVDXQHVSpFLILFLWpSURSUHTXLGRQQHVD
SOHLQH PHVXUH FROOHFWLYHPHQW /¶DUPpH VpQpJDODLVH HVW XQH
SXLVVDQFHPLOLWDLUHUpJLRQDOH6RQRUJDQLVDWLRQGHVWUXFWXUHQ¶HVWSDV
WKpRULTXH ERQQH SRXU OHV SUpVHQWDWLRQV RIILFLHOOHV FRPPH OH IRQW
EHDXFRXS G¶DXWUHV HQ $IULTXH 6RQ RUJDQLJUDPPH VH UHIOqWH
FRQFUqWHPHQW VXU OH WHUUDLQ ,O HVW pTXLOLEUp HQWUH OHV UHVVRXUFHV
KXPDLQHVHWOHEXGJHWFRQVDFUpjFHVIRUFHV/HEXGJHWSRXUO¶DQQpH
GX PLQLVWqUH GHV )RUFHV DUPpHV D pWp YRWp VDQV GpEDW FH
GLPDQFKH GpFHPEUH j O¶$VVHPEOpH QDWLRQDOH ,O HVW DUUrWp j OD
VRPPH GH PLOOLDUGV PLOOLRQV )&)$ FRQWUH
)&)$O¶DQQpHGHUQLqUHVRLWXQHKDXVVHG¶HQYLURQ
PLOOLDUGV)&)$,OHVWHQDGpTXDWLRQDYHFOHVௗKRPPHVGH
VRQHIIHFWLI/HVIRUFHVGHO¶DUPpHVpQpJDODLVHDSSDUWLHQQHQWjO¶XQH
GHV UDUHV FRPPXQDXWpV PLOLWDLUHV DIULFDLQHV TXL PDvWULVHQW j
TXHOTXHV pOpPHQWV SUqV OH QRPEUH UpHO GH VHV PHPEUHV
FRQWUDLUHPHQWDX[DXWUHVDUPpHVG¶$IULTXHTXLVHFRQWHQWHQWGHO¶j
SHX SUqV RX G¶XQ FRPSWDJH j OD ORXFKH /D SURJUHVVLRQ GDQV OD
FDUULqUHHVWXQPRGqOHGXJHQUHHQ$IULTXH(OOHHVWIRQGpHVXUOD

ϰϰ
'RQQpHV IRXUQLHV SDU O
,QVWLWXW LQWHUQDWLRQDO G
pWXGHV VWUDWpJLTXHV GH /RQGUHV
,,66
ϭϳϵ

IRUPDWLRQ O¶H[SpULHQFH HW OH FRPSRUWHPHQW GH O¶LQGLYLGX GH VRUWH

TXHO¶DYDQFHPHQWHVWUDUHPHQWO¶REMHWGHFULWLTXHMXVWLILpH7RXVOHV
PLOLWDLUHV FRQFRXUHQW DX[ JUDGHV VXSpULHXUV HW DX[ UHVSRQVDELOLWpV
VDQVYpULWDEOHPHQWGHIUHLQVREVFXUV/Hturn-overGDQVOHVIRQFWLRQV
H[LVWH UpHOOHPHQW $X &RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH SDU H[HPSOH XQ FKHI GH
FRUSVELHQW\SpSHXWFRQVHUYHUO¶H[HUFLFHGHVDFKDUJHSOXVGHGL[
DQV
&HUWHVO¶DUPpHVpQpJDODLVHQ¶DSDVXQHIIHFWLISOpWKRULTXHPDLVOD
SUHVTXH WRWDOLWp HVW UpHOOHPHQW HPSOR\DEOH HQ PHLOOHXUH VDQWp HW
HQWUDvQpH 'H PDQLqUH PDvWULVpH OHV )RUFHV DUPpHV VpQpJDODLVHV
)$6 RQW DFTXLV XQH DXWRQRPLH GDQV OD SURJUDPPDWLRQ HW OD
FRQGXLWHGHODIRUPDWLRQLQLWLDOHGHVRIILFLHUVDYHFO¶eFROHQDWLRQDOH
GHV RIILFLHUV G¶DFWLYH HW O¶eFROH GH O¶$UPpH GH O¶DLU GH 7KLqV
/DUJHPHQWPRWRULVpHVDYHFXQHORJLVWLTXHRSpUDWLRQQHOOHOHV)$6
VRQW FDSDEOHV GH VH SURMHWHU G¶DVVXUHU XQH PLVVLRQ GH PR\HQQH
LQWHQVLWpHQDXWRQRPLH(QSOXVHOOHVV¶LQVFULYHQWKDUPRQLHXVHPHQW
GDQVOHFDGUHGpPRFUDWLTXHHQpWDQWDXVHUYLFHH[FOXVLIGHODQDWLRQ
$LQVLQ¶RQWHOOHVMDPDLVIDLWXQFRXSG¶eWDWHQFLQTXDQWHQHXIDQV
G¶LQGpSHQGDQFHGX6pQpJDO
0DOJUp XQH FRQWULEXWLRQ HQFRUH WLPLGH GHV SD\V DIULFDLQV
IUDQFRSKRQHVDX[RSpUDWLRQVGHSDL[GHV1DWLRQVXQLHVOH6pQpJDO
HVWOHSUHPLHUFRQWULEXWHXU\FRPSULVDX[SRVWHVGHUHVSRQVDELOLWp
GHVXQLWpVGHV&DVTXHVEOHXV/HVRIILFLHUVJpQpUDX[HWOHVRIILFLHUV
VXSpULHXUVRQWSDUOHSDVVpFRPPDQGpGHVXQLWpVGHO¶218VXUOHV
WKpkWUHV G¶RSpUDWLRQV GLIILFLOHV FRPPH HQ H[<RXJRVODYLH ,OV VH
VRQW LPSRVpV HW VXVFLWp O¶DGPLUDWLRQ GH OHXUV FROODERUDWHXUV
RFFLGHQWDX[ GDQV OHV pWDWVPDMRUV LQWHUQDWLRQDX[ (Q OH
6pQpJDODGpSOR\pHQYLURQPLOLWDLUHVHWJHQGDUPHVGDQV
OHV RSpUDWLRQV GH PDLQWLHQ GH OD SDL[ DX WLWUH GH O¶218 HW GH OD
&('($20,18$'DX6RXGDQ02186&2DX&RQJR.LQVKDVD
218&,HQ&{WHG¶,YRLUH0,1867$+HQ+DwWLHW(&20,%GDQVOH
FDGUH GH &('($2 HQ *XLQpH%LVVDX &HWWH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ GHV
WURXSHVVpQpJDODLVHVSURFXUHXQFRPSOpPHQWILQDQFLHUDSSUpFLDEOH
DXEXGJHWGHODGpIHQVHQDWLRQDOH/DFRPSHQVDWLRQSRXUO¶HQYRLGH
PLOLWDLUHVFRUUHVSRQGjXQIRUIDLWSDUSHUVRQQHHWSDUPRLVGH
VRLW )&)$ SD\p a posteriori DX SD\V HW QRQ SDV DX[
LQGLYLGXVVDQVMDPDLVFUpHUGHWHQVLRQV$XGHPHXUDQWFHWWHVROGH
FDXVH GH QRPEUHXVHV PXWLQHULHV GDQV OHV DUPpHV LQRUJDQLVpHV RX
ϭϴϬ

O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQPLOLWDLUHHVWGpIDLOODQWHRXOHYROHWODFRUUXSWLRQ
VpYLVVHQW/HFRWQHWG¶XQPLOLWDLUHVRXV&DVTXHEOHXHVWG¶HQYLURQ
VRLW )&)$ SUqV G¶XQ PLOOLRQ GH IUDQFV &)$ SDU
PRLVLQGHPQLWpQRXUULWXUHORJHPHQW/DPLVHjODGLVSRVLWLRQGH
O¶218G¶XQEDWDLOORQGHVROGDWVGDQVOHFDGUHG¶XQHRSpUDWLRQ
GH PDLQWLHQ GH OD SDL[ SRXU XQ GpSORLHPHQW GH VL[ PRLV SHXW
UDSSRUWHUDXSD\VFRQWULEXWHXUODFRTXHWWHVRPPHGHPLOOLRQVGH
GROODUVjVDYRLUSOXVGHPLOOLDUGVPLOOLRQVGHIUDQFV&)$'H
TXRLVRXODJHUXQFROOHFWLIEXGJpWDLUHSRXUFHUWDLQVSD\V
/HV )$6 EpQpILFLHQW G¶XQH FRRSpUDWLRQ PLOLWDLUH DQFLHQQH DYHF OD
)UDQFH HW WUqV DYDQWDJHXVH SDUFH TX¶HOOHV RQW VX HQULFKLU OHXUV
UHODWLRQV SULYLOpJLpHV DYHF O¶DQFLHQ FRORQLVDWHXU ,QVWLWXpH GqV
O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH FHWWH SROLWLTXH G¶DVVLVWDQFH PLOLWDLUH HVW UpJLH SDU
GHVDFFRUGVGHGpIHQVHTXLRQWpWpUHPSODFpVSDUXQQRXYHDXWUDLWp
GH SDUWHQDULDW ,O Q¶HVW SOXV TXHVWLRQ G¶LQJpUHQFH PDLV GH
FRRSpUDWLRQIRQGpHVXUXQUHVSHFWPXWXHODYHFXQREMHFWLIODSDL[
HWODVpFXULWpGXUDEOHV&RPPHDXWUHIRLVOHJRXYHUQHPHQWIUDQoDLV
SDUWLFLSHUDjO¶HQFDGUHPHQWHWjO¶pTXLSHPHQWGHO¶DUPpHVpQpJDODLVH
HQ PHWWDQW j VD GLVSRVLWLRQ GX SHUVRQQHO SRXU OD IRUPDWLRQ OHV
FRQVHLOV GH KDXW QLYHDX HW OD PRGHUQLVDWLRQ GHV PpWKRGHV GH
PDLQWHQDQFHHWGHVRXWLHQDX[pTXLSHPHQWV/HGLWDFFRUGVWLSXOH
©/H SUpVHQW WUDLWp QH SUpYRLW SDV GH FODXVH G¶DVVLVWDQFH j OD
5pSXEOLTXH GX 6pQpJDO HQ FDV G¶DJUHVVLRQ H[WpULHXUH HW HQFRUH
PRLQV GH FULVH LQWHUQH PDLV GH VLPSOHV UHQVHLJQHPHQWV VXU OHV
PHQDFHV HW OHV PR\HQV G¶\ IDLUH IDFHª 7RXWHIRLV OH QRQGLW
Q¶LQWHUGLWSDVXQHLQWHUYHQWLRQGHOD)UDQFHjODPDQLqUHGH6HUYDO
RSpUDWLRQPLOLWDLUHDX0DOLFRQWUHOHVLVODPLVWHVVLOHVFRQGLWLRQV
SUpYXHV SDU OH GURLW LQWHUQDWLRQDO VRQW UpXQLHV QRWDPPHQW HQ FDV
G¶DJUHVVLRQDUPpHQpFHVVLWDQWOHUHFRXUVPDVVLIjODIRUFHPLOLWDLUH
SRXUH[HUFHUOHGURLWjODOpJLWLPHGpIHQVH
$YHF FH WUDLWp O¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH DX 6pQpJDO VH WUDQVIRUPH /HV
)RUFHVIUDQoDLVHVGX&DS9HUW))&9HWVRQPLOOLHUGHPLOLWDLUHV
IUDQoDLV VXU OH WHUULWRLUH VpQpJDODLV RQW pWp UHPSODFpV SDU OHV
eOpPHQWV IUDQoDLV DX 6pQpJDO ()6 /HV KRPPHV GH FHWWH
IRUPDWLRQQHFRQVWLWXHQWSDVXQHIRUFHRSpUDWLRQQHOOHDYDQFpH,OV
VRQW FRQVLGpUpV FRPPH XQ S{OH DFWLI GH FRRSpUDWLRQ PLOLWDLUH
UpJLRQDOH/¶()6Q¶HVWSDVFRQoXGHODPrPHPDQLqUHTX¶XQHIRUFH
SUpSRVLWLRQQpH HQ PHVXUH G¶DJLU SDU OD SXLVVDQFH DUPpH DYHF XQ
ϭϴϭ

EUHISUpDYLV$XGHOjGHVHVPLVVLRQVGHFRRSpUDWLRQLOUHSUpVHQWH
XQ SRLQW G¶DSSXL SRXU O¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH FDSDEOH G¶RUJDQLVHU XQ
GpSORLHPHQW GH IRUFH HQ YXH G¶XQH LQWHUYHQWLRQ G¶HQYHUJXUH (Q
VRPPHO¶DUPpHVpQpJDODLVHDYHFFHQRXYHDXGLVSRVLWLIV¶DIIUDQFKLW
HQ SDUWLH GH OD WXWHOOH IUDQoDLVH SRXU DVVXUHU HQWLqUHPHQW VHV
UHVSRQVDELOLWpVGHSXLVVDQFHPLOLWDLUHUpJLRQDOH
&KDTXHPpGDLOOHDVRQUHYHUV&HOXLGHV)$6F¶HVWOD&DVDPDQFH
XQH YpULWDEOH DUrWH GDQV OD JRUJH SOXV GH DQV G¶XQH UpEHOOLRQ
LQGpSHQGDQWLVWH OH 0RXYHPHQW GHV IRUFHV GpPRFUDWLTXHV GH
&DVDPDQFH 0)'& ¬ O¶pYLGHQFH OHV )$6 pFUDVHUDLHQW
PLOLWDLUHPHQW FHWWH UpEHOOLRQ HQ DJLVVDQW DYHF OD WRWDOLWp GH OHXUV
PR\HQVHWGHOHXUVIRUFHV(OOHVIRQWIDFHjXQHIIHFWLIGHPDTXLVDUGV
Q¶H[FpGDQWSDVXQPLOOLHUG¶KRPPHVWRXWDFTXLVjODOXWWHDUPpHj
GLVWLQJXHU GHV V\PSDWKLVDQWV GH OD FDXVH LQGpSHQGDQWLVWH SOXV
QRPEUHX[ PDLV SOXV UDLVRQQDEOHV 'H SOXV FHV PDTXLVDUGV VRQW
GpSRXUYXVGHVDUPHPHQWVGHJXHUUHPRGHUQHVHQJUDQGQRPEUHHW
GHUHVVRXUFHVILQDQFLqUHVSRXUDGRXFLUOHVGXUHVFRQGLWLRQVGHODYLH
GXPDTXLV/HXUSXJQDFLWpHWODFRQQDLVVDQFHGHVOLHX[DVVXUHQWXQH
FRQILDQFHTXLDOLPHQWHOHXUUpVLVWDQFHjFKDTXHHVFDUPRXFKHFRQWUH
OHVIRUFHVGHO¶RUGUHHWO¶DUPpH2QQHSHXWSDVpFUDVHUXQHPRXFKH
YLUHYROWDQWHDYHFXQJRXUGLQPDLVLOHVWDXVVLYUDLTX¶XQPDTXLVQH
SHXW SDV VXUYLYUH VL ORQJWHPSV VDQV O¶DLGH HW OD FRQQLYHQFH GHV
SD\VDQV
$ORUV TXHO HVW GRQF FH SUREOqPH FDVDPDQoDLV TXL HPSRLVRQQH
O¶H[LVWHQFHGHO¶DUPpHVpQpJDODLVHௗ"'¶DERUGOHSHXSOHFDVDPDQoDLV
D XQ IRUW FDUDFWqUH ,O HVW LPSUpJQp G¶XQH YLJRXUHXVH SXOVLRQ GH
OLEpUDOLVPH TXL KLVWRULTXHPHQW D FDXVp GHV GpVDVWUHV DX[
FRQTXpUDQWV TX¶LOV VRLHQW HVFODYDJLVWHV j O¶pSRTXH GH OD WUDLWH
QpJULqUHRXFRORQLDOLVWHVSRUWXJDLVDQJODLVHWIUDQoDLV/DSRVLWLRQ
JpRJUDSKLTXHGHOD&DVDPDQFHQ¶DUUDQJHSDVOHVFKRVHVFDUHOOHHVW
VpSDUpHGXUHVWHGX6pQpJDOSDUOHWHUULWRLUHJDPELHQ&HWLVROHPHQW
D GHV FRQVpTXHQFHV VXU OD IXVLRQ DYHF OH UHVWH GH OD VRFLpWp
VpQpJDODLVH(QRXWUHSDUPDODGUHVVHO¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQGDNDURLVHVH
FRQWHQWHG¶H[SORLWHUOHSRWHQWLHOGHODUpJLRQVDQVYpULWDEOHPHQWVH
SUpRFFXSHUGHVRQGpYHORSSHPHQW(QILQOjௗ/HFRQGLWLRQQHOHVWGH
ULJXHXU /H SUHPLHU SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH GX 6pQpJDO DXUDLW
SURPLV DX[ &DVDPDQoDLV XQH FHUWDLQH DXWRQRPLH 3RXU WRXWHV FHV
UDLVRQV OHV UHYHQGLFDWLRQV LQGpSHQGDQWLVWHV HQULFKLHV G¶XQH GRVH
ϭϴϮ

G¶LUUpGHQWLVPHVHVRQWUpYHLOOpHVHQDSUqVODUpSUHVVLRQGDQVOH
VDQJ G¶XQH PDQLIHVWDWLRQ SRSXODLUH ©/D GXUpH H[FHSWLRQQHOOH GX
FRQIOLWUpVXOWHODUJHPHQWG¶XQHVWUDWpJLHJRXYHUQHPHQWDOHTXLELHQ
TXHMDPDLVIRUPXOpHDpWpPLVHHQ°XYUH
&HWWHVWUDWpJLHVHGpFOLQHHQGHX[YROHWVFRPSOpPHQWDLUHV
DIIDLEOLUODUpEHOOLRQVXIILVDPPHQWSRXUQHSDVDYRLUjQpJRFLHUHQ
SUHQDQWSUpWH[WHG¶XQHGLYLVLRQjODTXHOOHO¶eWDW°XYUHSDUDLOOHXUVௗ
O¶DIIDLEOLU SDU WRXV OHV PR\HQV \ FRPSULV PLOLWDLUHV PDLV VDQV
FKHUFKHU j O¶pFUDVHU QH VHUDLWFH TXH SRXU QH SDV QXLUH j O¶LPDJH
GpPRFUDWLTXHGX6pQpJDOª
,OQ¶\DSDVGHYLFWRLUHPLOLWDLUHTXLVRLWGpFLVLYHSRXUODUpVROXWLRQ
GH FH JHQUH GH OXWWH IUDWULFLGH /¶DUPpH VH FRQWHQWH G¶DVVXUHU OD
VpFXULWpGHVSRSXODWLRQVHQHIIHFWXDQWGHVRSpUDWLRQVGHUDWLVVDJHTXL
Q¶pORLJQHQW TXH SURYLVRLUHPHQW OHV GpVDJUpPHQWV TXH OHV UHEHOOHV
IRQWVXELUjO¶HQVHPEOHGHVKDELWDQWV
,OIDXWOHGLUHOHVLQVXUJpVYLYHQWVXUO¶KDELWDQW,OVLQYHVWLVVHQWOHV
YLOODJHVHWVHOLYUHQWjGHVSLOODJHVGHVEUDTXDJHVGHYpKLFXOHVHWGHV
PDJDVLQV/HFRPEDWHVWLQpJDOGqVORUVTX¶LOV¶DJLWGHVQDWLRQDX[
GHVFRPSDWULRWHVHWPrPHGHVIUqUHV &H QH VRQWSDV GHV HQQHPLV
pWUDQJHUV TXL V¶RSSRVHQW j OD WURXSH ,O \ D GH OD UHWHQXH HW GH OD
PDQVXpWXGHGHODSDUWGHVPLOLWDLUHV
$ORUVODVROXWLRQGXSUREOqPHHVWVLPSOHPHQWSROLWLTXH/¶eWDWGRLW
HQJDJHU GHV LQLWLDWLYHV PXOWLGLUHFWLRQQHOOHV HW DXGDFLHXVHV DILQ
G¶pWRXIIHUFHWWHUpEHOOLRQFRQVROLGHUO¶XQLWpGXSD\VHWUHGRQQHUOH
VHQWLPHQWG¶DSSDUWHQDQFHGHV&DVDPDQoDLVjODQDWLRQ(QHIIHWOH
SUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHVpQpJDODLVHDIDLWOHFKRL[G¶XQHDSSURFKH
UpJLRQDOH SRXU UpVRXGUH OH FRQIOLW HQ LPSOLTXDQW OHV DFWHXUV
IURQWDOLHUV JDPELHQV HW ELVVDXJXLQpHQV DX VHLQ GX JURXSH GH
UpIOH[LRQSRXUODSDL[HQ&DVDPDQFH*53&(QVXLWHGDQVOHFDGUH
G¶XQHQRXYHOOHSROLWLTXHGHGpFHQWUDOLVDWLRQOD&DVDPDQFHDFTXHUUD
OH SRXYRLU G¶pOLUH XQ H[pFXWLI ORFDO &¶HVW O¶XQH GHV UDLVRQV GH
O¶DFFDOPLHDFWXHOOHTXLpORLJQHOHVSHFWUHGHODJXHUUHWRWDOH

ϰϱ
3DU -HDQ&ODXGH 0DUXW FKHUFKHXU DVVRFLp DX ODERUDWRLUH OHV $IULTXHV GDQV OH
PRQGH&1566FLHQFHV3R%RUGHDX[GpFHPEUHSRXU©Libérationª
ϭϴϯ

/H.LYX
/H.LYXRXFRPPHQWODIRUFHGHVDUPHVERXOHYHUVHO¶pTXLOLEUHG¶XQ
SD\VHWHQWUDvQHGHVGpVDVWUHVDX[SHUVRQQHVTXL\YLYHQW/H.LYX
jO¶LQVWDUGHO¶HQVHPEOHGHOD5'&HVWO¶LOOXVWUDWLRQSDUIDLWHGHOD
©PDOpGLFWLRQGHVPDWLqUHVSUHPLqUHVª/DJXHUUHO¶H[SORLWDWLRQGHV
UHVVRXUFHV QDWXUHOOHV HW OD FRUUXSWLRQ V¶DXWRHQWUHWLHQQHQW GDQV XQ
MHXGHPDVVDFUHSRXUOHVSRSXODWLRQV
&RPSDUDWLYHPHQW OD &DVDPDQFH Q¶HVW SDV OH .LYXHQ 5pSXEOLTXH
GpPRFUDWLTXH GX &RQJR 5'& /¶LPEURJOLR FRQJRODLV HVW
LQGHVFULSWLEOH(QVXEVWDQFHOH&RQJR.LQVKDVDIRLVSOXVJUDQG
HWIRLVSOXVSHXSOpTXHVRQYRLVLQUZDQGDLVV¶HVWIDLWOLWWpUDOHPHQW
VSROLHU GH VHV ULFKHVVHV PLQLqUHV RFFXSp PLOLWDLUHPHQW SDU GHV
IRUFHVpWUDQJqUHVRXOHXUVVXSSOpWLIV2HVWGRQFSDVVpHO¶DUPpHGX
FRORVVHUpJLRQDOௗ"(QUpDOLWpODJXHUUHGX.LYXHWOHPDUW\UGHVD
SRSXODWLRQVRQWOHVUpYpODWHXUVGHO¶pWDWFRPDWHX[GHV)RUFHVDUPpHV
GHOD5'&)$5'&(QOHV1DWLRQVXQLHVFRPSWDELOLVDLHQW
SOXVG¶XQPLOOLRQHWGHPLGHGpSODFpVGDQVFHWWHUpJLRQGX&RQJR
'DQVFHGpVRUGUHSHUSpWXHOHWFHVJXHUUHVVDQVILQO¶DUPpHQDWLRQDOH
FRQJRODLVH)$5'&IDLWDXPLHX[GHODILJXUDWLRQDXSLUHFRPPH
OHV UHEHOOHV HW OHV EDQGHV DUPpHV GH WRXV SRLOV VHV WURXSHV
FRPPHWWHQW GH QRPEUHXVHV H[DFWLRQV VXU OHV SRSXODWLRQV FLYLOHV
SLOODJHVDVVDVVLQDWVYLROVGHPDVVH«
9RLFL OH SDQLHU j FUDEHV GHV IRUFHV HQ SUpVHQFH /HV DFWHXUV
LQWpULHXUV XQH GHPLGRX]DLQH GH PLOLFHV RX GH JURXSHV
SDUDPLOLWDLUHV GRQW OH VL ELHQ QRPPp &RQJUqV QDWLRQDO SRXU OD
GpIHQVHGXSHXSOH&1'3G¶RULJLQHWXWVLUZDQGDLVEDQ\DPXOHQJH
&HPRXYHPHQWSROLWLFRPLOLWDLUHHVWLVVXGHVWULEXVUZDQGRSKRQHV
GpVLJQpHV VRXV O¶DSSHOODWLRQ ORFDOH GH ©%DQ\DPXOHQJHª /D
MXVWLILFDWLRQ GH VRQ H[LVWHQFH F¶HVW SRXU SURWpJHU OHV 7XWVLV GX
&RQJRGRQWODVpFXULWpHWOHVLQWpUrWVpFRQRPLTXHVpWDLHQWPHQDFpV
GHSXLV OH PDVVDFUH GHV %DQ\DPXOHQJH UpIXJLpV GDQV OH FDPS
EXUXQGDLV GH *DWXPED $SUqV SOXVLHXUV WHQWDWLYHV GHVWLQpHV j OHV
LQWpJUHUGDQVODQRXYHOOHDUPpHFRQJRODLVH)$5'&OHSURFHVVXV

ϰϲ
%DQ\DPXOHQJH ©OHV JHQV GH 0XOHQJHª GX QRP G¶XQ YLOODJH GX PDVVLI GH
O¶,WRPEZp j O¶RXHVW GX ODF 7DQJDQ\LND KDELWp SDU GHV SDVWHXUV WXWVLV $YHF
O¶HWKQLFLVDWLRQ FURLVVDQWH GHV UDSSRUWV VRFLpWDX[ OH WHUPH GH %DQD\DPXOHQJH D
WHQGDQFHjHQJOREHUO¶HQVHPEOHGHV7XWVLVGX&RQJR
ϭϴϰ

GLWGH©EUDVVDJHªV¶HVWILQDOHPHQWVROGpSDUXQpFKHFGpFOHQFKDQW
ODUHSULVHGHVFRPEDWVILQ
&¶HVW VRXV O¶DSSHOODWLRQ GH ©)URQW GpPRFUDWLTXH GH OLEpUDWLRQ GX
5ZDQGD)'/5ªTXHOHVUHVFDSpVGHV)RUFHVDUPpHVUZDQGDLVHV
)$5 GX SRXYRLU +XWXV GpIXQW HW GHV PLOLFLHQV LQWHUDKDPZHV
SULQFLSDX[UHVSRQVDEOHVGXJpQRFLGHGHRQWHVVD\pGHVHIDLUH
XQHYLUJLQLWp'HSXLVODGHVWUXFWLRQHQGHVFDPSVGHUpIXJLpV
KXWXV LQVWDOOpV DX =DwUH XQH GL]DLQH GH PLOOLHUV GH UHVFDSpV RQW
WURXYpUHIXJHGDQVOHVIRUrWVGX.LYXRLOVRQWILQLSDUV¶LQVWDOOHU
GXUDEOHPHQW DYHF OD ELHQYHLOODQFH GH .LQVKDVD 3RXU OH QRXYHDX
SRXYRLU UZDQGDLV OD SUpVHQFH GH FHV +XWXV HQ 5'& HVW XQ casus
belli PDLV DXVVL XQ DOLEL FRPPRGH SRXU OpJLWLPHU GLYHUVHV IRUPHV
G¶LQWHUYHQWLRQV UZDQGDLVHV DX .LYX /H ILQDQFHPHQW GX )'/5
SURYLHQW SULQFLSDOHPHQW GH O¶H[SORLWDWLRQ GHV UHVVRXUFHV PLQLqUHV
GDQVOHV]RQHVTX¶LOFRQWU{OHDX1RUGHWDXVXG.LYX
/HVPLOLFHV0Dw0DwFHVPLOLFHVDSSDUXHVORUVGHODUpEHOOLRQGH
O¶HVW GX &RQJR HQ RQW UHVVXUJL j OD IDYHXU GH OD VLWXDWLRQ
FKDRWLTXHGX=DwUHGHVDQQpHV(OOHVFRQVWLWXHQWGHVJURXSHV
G¶DXWRGpIHQVHGHVFRPPXQDXWpVORFDOHVHWVHFDUDFWpULVHQWSDUXQH
IRUWHLGHQWLWpHWKQLTXH/HVJURXSHV0Dw0DwVRQWWUqVDXWRQRPHVHW
IDFLOHPHQW LQVWUXPHQWDOLVpV SDU OHV OHDGHUV SROLWLTXHV HW DXWUHV
VHLJQHXUVGHODJXHUUHௗOHXUSRLQWGHFRQYHUJHQFHUpVLGHGDQVOHUHMHW
GHV5ZDQGDLVHWSULQFLSDOHPHQWGHV7XWVLV'DQVFHWWHRSWLTXHLOV
FRPEDWWHQW DX F{Wp GHV )$5'& /HV JURXSHV DUPpV 0Dw0Dw VH
VRQWDVVRFLpVDX)'/5+XWXVSRXUFRPEDWWUHHQVHPEOHOHV7XWVLVGX
&1'3GDQVXQHOXWWHIRUWHPHQWWULEDOLVpH/HXUVJXHUULHUVVRQWSOXV
PRWLYpVTXHGHV)$5'&HQJXHQLOOHVVDQVXQLWpHWJDQJUHQpHVSDU
OD FRUUXSWLRQ /¶DUPpH QDWLRQDOH OHV )$5'& HVW ORLQ G¶rWUH XQH
DUPpH XQLILpH GLVFLSOLQpH HW HQ RUGUH GH EDWDLOOH &HWWH DUPpH
FRQJRODLVH UHPDQLpH SUpVHQWH OHV PrPHV IDLEOHVVHV TXH OHV H[
)RUFHVDUPpHV]DwURLVHV)$=GH0REXWXEDOD\pHVHQ
SDUO¶$OOLDQFHGHV)RUFHV'pPRFUDWLTXHVGH/LEpUDWLRQGX&RQJR
=DwUH $)'/ GH /DXUHQW 'pVLUp .DELOD PDO SD\pH HOOH HVW
FRQWUDLQWH GH YLYUH VXU O¶KDELWDQW /D WURXSH VH GLVWLQJXH SDU XQH
LQGLVFLSOLQH FDUDFWpULVpH (Q GpSLW GH FHV IDLEOHVVHV V¶DMRXWH OD

ϰϳ
/HV,QWHUDKDPZHFRQVWLWXHQWODSOXVLPSRUWDQWHGHVPLOLFHVUZDQGDLVHVFUppHV
GqVSDUOH051'SDUWLGXSUpVLGHQW-XYpQDO+DE\DULPDQDDX5ZDQGD
ϭϴϱ

GLVWDQFHHQWUHO¶pWDWPDMRUj.LQVKDVDHWOHWKpkWUHGHVRSpUDWLRQVXQ
IXVHDX KRUDLUH TXL GpQDWXUH WRXWH GpFLVLRQ /D FRUUXSWLRQ GHV
RIILFLHUV SOXV VHQVLEOHV j OD ©SROLWLTXH GX YHQWUHª TX¶j
O¶HQJDJHPHQWDXFRPEDWHVWXQHYpULWDEOHSODLH/DGpEDQGDGHGHV
VROGDWV JRXYHUQHPHQWDX[ DSUqV FKDTXH DYDQFpH GH OD UpEHOOLRQ
)$5'&WpPRLJQHGHODIDLEOHVVHGHOHXUVFDSDFLWpVFRPEDWWDQWHV
WRXW FRPPH OHV DFWHV UpLWpUpV GH SLOODJH GH YLROHQFHV VXU OHV
SRSXODWLRQVHWO¶DEVHQFHGHWRXWHpWKLTXHPLOLWDLUH
/HV IRUFHV H[WpULHXUHV OD 0LVVLRQ GHV 1DWLRQV XQLHV DX &RQJR
0218&FUppHHQQRYHPEUHHVWODSOXVLPSRUWDQWHHWODSOXV
FRWHXVH GHV PLVVLRQV DFWXHOOHV GHV 1DWLRQV XQLHV (OOH FRPSWH
DFWXHOOHPHQW TXHOTXH KRPPHV GRQW SOXV GH DX 1RUG
.LYX/HFRWDQQXHOVHFKLIIUHjSOXVG¶XQPLOOLDUGGHGROODUV/D
SUpRFFXSDWLRQSULQFLSDOHGHO¶218pWDQWG¶pYLWHUWRXWHQJDJHPHQW
SRXYDQWHQWUDvQHUGHVYLFWLPHVGDQVVHVUDQJVFRPPHQWGDQVFHFDV
SRXUUDLWHOOHSDFLILHUOH.LYXHWGpVDUPHUOHV)'/5OHV0Dw0DwHW
OHVWURXSHVGX&1'3ௗ"
/HYRLVLQUZDQGDLVLOHVWXQDFWHXUPDMHXUGHODJXHUUHGX.LYX
1RQVHXOHPHQWSDUFHTXHODGpVWDELOLVDWLRQGHO¶HVWGHOD5pSXEOLTXH
GpPRFUDWLTXHGX&RQJRHVWODFRQVpTXHQFHGLUHFWHGHVHVSUREOqPHV
LQWHUQHV VXUSHXSOHPHQW HW H[SRUWDWLRQ GH VHV YLROHQFHV
LQWHUFRPPXQDXWDLUHVPDLVDXVVLSDUFHTXH.LJDOLHVVD\HG¶H[HUFHU
XQ FRQWU{OH VXU O¶HVW GX .LYX WDQW SRXU VD VpFXULWp TXH SRXU
V¶DSSURSULHUGHVWHUUHVHWGHVUHVVRXUFHVPLQLqUHV
/D SXLVVDQFH UpJLRQDOH DQJRODLVH O¶$QJROD HQWHQG MRXHU XQ U{OH
UpJLRQDOjODKDXWHXUGHVRQDPELWLRQGHQRXYHDXULFKHSpWUROLHU6RQ
VRXWLHQ j OD 5'& HVW XQ PR\HQ GH GDPHU OH SLRQ DX[ LQWHQWLRQV
LQDYRXDEOHVGX5ZDQGD
/HV VXSHUSXLVVDQFHV QRUGDPpULFDLQH HXURSpHQQH HW DVLDWLTXH j
WUDYHUV OHXUV VRFLpWpV GH QpJRFH OHV DYHQWXULHUV GH WRXV ERUGV
LQWHUIqUHQW GDQV OH ERXUELHU FRQJRODLV XQH YpULWDEOH FXUpH
JpQpUDOLVpH
/¶KLVWRLUHGHODUpJLRQGHV*UDQGV/DFVjODTXHOOHIDLWSDUWLHOH.LYX
UDSSHOOHXQH]RQHJpRJUDSKLTXHJDQJUHQpHSDUODSUREOpPDWLTXHGH
O¶HWKQLFLWpWUqVDQFLHQQHHQWUH+XWXVHW7XWVLVH[DFHUEpHGHVXUFURvW
SDUOHFRORQEHOJH$SUqVOHJpQRFLGHGHDX5ZDQGDSHUSpWUp
ϭϴϲ

FRQWUHOHV7XWVLVOHV+XWXVSDUPLOOLRQVIX\DQWO¶DYDQFpHGX)URQW
SDWULRWLTXH UZDQGDLV )35 PLOLFH WXWVLH VH UpIXJLDLHQW DX .LYX
WHUULWRLUH FRQJRODLV IURQWDOLHU &HWWH DUULYpH PDVVLYH GpFOHQFKDLW
O¶KRVWLOLWpGHVDXWRFKWRQHVFRQWUHOHV7XWVLV\FRPSULVFHX[G¶RULJLQH
FRQJRODLVH SRXUWDQW HQIDQWV GX &RQJR TX¶LOV VXVSHFWDLHQW GH
FRQQLYHQFHDYHFOHQRXYHDXUpJLPHWXWVLUZDQGDLVLQVWDOOpj.LJDOL
/HV DXWRULWpV GX 5ZDQGD HQFRXUDJqUHQW OHXUV WURXSHV j IUDQFKLU
DOOqJUHPHQW OD IURQWLqUH SRXU H[HUFHU XQ GURLW GH SRXUVXLWH HW
pOLPLQHUSK\VLTXHPHQWOHV,QWHUDKDPZH+XWXVUZDQGDLVSUpVXPpV
JpQRFLGDLUHV ¬ FHV PDOKHXUV VH VXSHUSRVDLW OD PDOpGLFWLRQ GHV
PDWLqUHVSUHPLqUHVSLOOpHVVDQVYHUJRJQHQRWDPPHQWO¶RUO¶pWDLQHW
VXUWRXW OD FRORPERWDQWDOLWH GH VRQ QRP XVXHO OH FROWRQ
/¶LQJpUHQFH UZDQGDLVH HVW WUqV LQWpUHVVpH FDU OH SD\V GHYLHQGUD OD
SODTXH WRXUQDQWH GX FRPPHUFH LOOLFLWH GHV UHVVRXUFHV PLQLqUHV GX
QRUG.LYX'HSXLVFHWWHGpSUpGDWLRQDOLPHQWHUDOHFRQIOLWVRLWSRXU
O¶HQULFKLVVHPHQWSHUVRQQHOGHVSUpGDWHXUVVRLWSRXUODIRXUQLWXUHHQ
DUPHV HW PR\HQV GH FRPEDW DX[ EHOOLJpUDQWV /HV PLOLWDLUHV GHV
)$5'&TXLDXUDLHQWGFKDVVHUOHVLQGpVLUDEOHVpWUDQJHUVQ¶pWDLHQW
SDVHQUHVWH,OVSDUWLFLSDLHQWDXSDUWDJHGXJkWHDXDLGpVHQFHODSDU
O¶pORLJQHPHQW GX S{OH FHQWUDO .LQVKDVD HVW GLVWDQWH GH *RPD OH
FKHIOLHX .LYX GH NP $XVVL pWRQQDQW TXH FHOD SDUDLVVH OHV
GHX[YLOOHVVHWURXYHQWGDQVGHX[IXVHDX[KRUDLUHVGLIIpUHQWV$XWUH
IDFWHXU IDYRULVDQW FH GpVRUGUH OHV pFKDQJHV GX .LYX DYHF
O¶H[WpULHXU VRQW WRXUQpV YHUV O¶$IULTXH GH O¶(VW HW O¶2FpDQ LQGLHQ
F¶HVWjGLUHjO¶RSSRVpGHODFDSLWDOHOHFHQWUHGHGpFLVLRQV¬FHOD
LO IDXW OLHU O¶RSDFLWp GHV FLUFXLWV GH FRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQ HW OD SHUWH
G¶LQIOXHQFH GX SRXYRLU FHQWUDO &HV DFWLYLWpV LOOLFLWHV SURILWHQW HQ
WRXWH LPSXQLWp j XQH FRKRUWH G¶LQGLYLGXV PLOLWDLUHV UHEHOOHV HW
HQWUHSULVHVPRQGLDOLVpHV
'DQVFHWWHDPELDQFHGpOpWqUHOHV)$5'&JHVWLFXODLHQWTXDQGHOOHV
QHFRPPHWWDLHQWSDVGHVH[DFWLRQVVXUOHXUVFRQFLWR\HQVSLOODJHV
YLROVGHPDVVHDVVDVVLQDWV«&HWWHVROGDWHVTXHFRQJRODLVHTXLDXUDLW
GWDLOOHUGHVFURXSLqUHVDX[EDQGHVDUPpHVFRQWULEXDLWSOXW{WjOHXU
SUROLIpUDWLRQ j FDXVH GH OD PDXYDLVH JRXYHUQDQFH GHV KRPPHV
SROLWLTXHV GH O¶LPSXQLWp j WRXWHV OHV VWUDWHV GH O¶DUPpH HW GH
O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQFLYLOHFRUURPSXHVGHVPDXYDLVHVFRQGLWLRQVGHYLH
GHVVROGDWVHWGHVQpIDVWHVLQWpJUDWLRQVVXFFHVVLYHVGHVH[UHEHOOHV
ϭϴϳ

/DGpILFLHQFHLQWHOOHFWXHOOHO¶DVWKpQLHHWOHFKDRVGHV)$5'&VRQW
YRORQWDLUHPHQW SURYRTXpV HW HQWUHWHQXV SDU OH SRXYRLU GHSXLV
O¶pSRTXH GX PDUpFKDOSUpVLGHQW 0REXWX 6D GHYLVH SRXYDLW VH
UpVXPHU DLQVL ©GLYLVHU SRXU PLHX[ UpJQHUª /H 0DUpFKDO WHQDLW
GRQFjFRQVHUYHUXQHDUPpHIDLEOHIUDFWXUpHOR\DOH©HWTXLQHVH
PrOHVXUWRXWSDVGHSROLWLTXHª/HVRIILFLHUVpWDLHQWGRQFQRPPpV
SRXU ©OHXU OR\DXWp OHXUV UHODWLRQV FOLHQWpOLVWHV HW QRQ SRXU OHXUV
FRPSpWHQFHV(QHIIHWXQHDUPpHSXLVVDQWHRUJDQLVpHHWHQRUGUH
GHEDWDLOOHQHODLVVHUDLWSDVSURORQJHUXQHWHOOHDQDUFKLH(OOHDXUDLW
W{W IDLW G¶DFFDSDUHU GX SRXYRLU j .LQVKDVD /¶D\DQW FRPSULV OHV
VXFFHVVHXUVGH0REXWXFRQWLQXHQWVDSROLWLTXHG¶DIIDLEOLVVHPHQWGH
O¶DUPpH&HWWHPDFKLQHLQIHUQDOHDX[HIIHFWLIVYDULDEOHVFRPSWHUDLW
HQWUH HW ௗௗKRPPHV VHORQ OHV HVWLPDWLRQV 0DOJUp
O¶RSpUDWLRQRQpUHXVHGHVFDUWHVG¶LGHQWLWpPLOLWDLUHVELRPpWULTXHVOH
QRPEUH UpHO GHV PLOLWDLUHV Q¶HVW QL PDvWULVp QL FRQQX DYHF
H[DFWLWXGH&HWWHLQFHUWLWXGHODLVVHXQHERQQHSDUWLHGHVKRPPHVHQ
DUPH DJLUVDQVUHWHQXHHWVDQVULVTXH GHVDQFWLRQSURWpJpSDUOHXU
DQRQ\PDW 'HV VROGDWV PDO SD\pV HW HQ PDQTXH G¶pTXLSHPHQWV
UHFRXUHQWDX[SHWLWHVDIIDLUHV&HOOHVGHVKDXWVJUDGpVVRQWMXWHXVHV
&HUWDLQV FKHIV PLOLWDLUHV SURVSqUHQW DX[ FRPPDQGHV GH EXVLQHVV
LQWHUQDWLRQDX[GDQVXQHQYLURQQHPHQWJOREDOTXLVXHODSDXYUHWp¬
O¶LPDJHG¶XQWHUUDLQJpRORJLTXHVWUDWLILpFHWWHDUPpHHVWGLVSDUDWHHW
VDQV DPDOJDPH /HV LQFRUSRUDWLRQV SROLWLTXHV HW HWKQLTXHV
IUDJPHQWHQWO¶HQVHPEOHHQVRXVJURXSHVELHQGLVWLQFWVVXVFLWDQWGHV
WHQVLRQVLQWHUQHV$X.LYXHOOHQ¶H[FHOOHSDVFDUVDSHUIRUPDQFH
ODLVVHjGpVLUHU&RPPHVDGHYDQFLqUHOHV)RUFHVDUPpHV]DwURLVHV
)$= TXL GpEDQGqUHQW j GHX[ UHSULVHV GHYDQW OHV JHQGDUPHV
NDWDQJDLVHOOHVXELWGHVUHYHUVODLVVDQWjOD0218&ODWkFKHGH
SURWpJHUOHVSRSXODWLRQV2QVHUDSSHOOHODGpURXLOOpHLQIOLJpHSDUOH
VXOIXUHX[PRXYHPHQWUHEHOOH0OHQRYHPEUH$SUqVOH
FRQWU{OHGHVYLOOHV%XQDJDQDHW5XWVKXUXLOV¶HPSDUDGH.LEXPED
WHQXH SDU OHV )$5'& TXL VH UHWLUqUHQW PDOJUp O¶LQWHUYHQWLRQ GHV
KpOLFRSWqUHVG¶DWWDTXHGHOD0LVVLRQGHO
2UJDQLVDWLRQGHV1DWLRQV
XQLHV SRXU OD VWDELOLVDWLRQ HQ 5pSXEOLTXH GpPRFUDWLTXH GX &RQJR

ϰϴ
*DUGHSUpWRULHQQHGH7VKRPEpUpIXJLpHHQ$QJRODTXLjGHX[UHSULVHVHQ
HWWHQWDG¶HQYDKLUOH.DWDQJD,OVpFKRXqUHQWFRQWUHOHVVROGDWVPDURFDLQVHWOH
qPH5(3 IUDQoDLV OD /pJLRQ pWUDQJqUH j .ROZH]L DSUqV DYRLU GpIDLW O¶DUPpH GH
0REXWX
ϭϴϴ

02186&2 /D SRVLWLRQ GX JRXYHUQHPHQW FRQJRODLV IXW

G¶H[SOLTXHUGDQVXQHGpFODUDWLRQRIILFLHOOH©,OQ
\DSDVGH0
F
HVWOH5ZDQGDTXLDJUHVVHOD5'&ª /HVPLOLWDLUHVFRQJRODLVDX
.LYX VRQW WRXW DXVVL FUDLQWV SDU OHV SRSXODWLRQV FLYLOHV TXH OHV
UHEHOOHVHWOHVHQYDKLVVHXUVpWUDQJHUVௗXQFRPEOH
/DVROXWLRQSRXUOHSRXYRLUIDFHjFHGDQJHUDWRXMRXUVpWpGHWRXW
WHPSV OD FUpDWLRQ G¶XQLWpV G¶pOLWH OR\DOLVWHV FRPPDQGpHV
GLUHFWHPHQW SDU OD SUpVLGHQFH GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH DYDQWKLHU OD
'LYLVLRQ VSpFLDOH SUpVLGHQWLHOOH '63 PREXWLVWH KLHU OD %ULJDGH
5HTXLQ2UXQHYUDLHUpIRUPHGHVDUPpHVHVWLQGLVSHQVDEOHFDUOHV
)$5'& VRQW GDQV XQ pWDW GH VLQLVWUH DYDQFp /H FKDQWLHU HVW
LPPHQVH QHWWR\DJH GHV OLVWHV G¶LQGpVLUDEOHV PDvWULVH GX QRPEUH
UpHO GH PLOLWDLUHV UHWRXU GH OD PpULWRFUDWLH UpRUJDQLVDWLRQ GH OD
MXVWLFH PLOLWDLUH FUpGLEOH HW HIILFDFH OXWWH FRQWUH OD FRUUXSWLRQ HW
O¶DIIDLULVPHGHVKRPPHVHQDUPHVDPpOLRUDWLRQGHVFRQGLWLRQVGH
WUDYDLOHWGHYLHUHYDORULVDWLRQGHVUpPXQpUDWLRQVVLFRQVpTXHPPHQW
TXHODVROGHGLVVXDGHUDLWOHVPLOLWDLUHVG¶DYRLUGHVFRPSRUWHPHQWV
PHUFDQWLOHV UHFKHUFKH GH OD SHUIRUPDQFH j WRXV OHV QLYHDX[
GpYHORSSHPHQW G¶XQ HVSULW GH FRUSV TXH FRQIqUH O¶XQLWp GH
FRPPDQGHPHQW UHWRXU GH OD GLVFLSOLQH VWULFWHPHQW DSSOLTXpH
HQVHLJQHPHQWGXFLYLVPHHWG¶XQFRGHGHVDYRLUYLYUHFDUODIRUFH
GHVDUPHVDSRXUSRQGpUDWHXUO¶pWKLTXHHWODFRQVFLHQFHGXVROGDW
5HYHQLUDX[SUpFHSWHVIRQGDPHQWDX[ODSUpSDUDWLRQDXFRPEDWHVW
OD UDLVRQ G¶rWUH GHV PLOLWDLUHV ,OV V¶HQWUDvQHQW VDQV UHOkFKH SRXU
GHYHQLUPHLOOHXUVHWODLVVHQWDX[FLYLOVODdolce vitaSRXUVHFRQVDFUHU
H[FOXVLYHPHQW j OHXU VDFHUGRFH ,O IDXW EUDVVHU OHV PLOLWDLUHV
G¶RULJLQHVVRFLDOHVGLYHUVHVHWGLIIpUHQWHVHWKQLHVGXSD\VHQYXHGH
IDoRQQHUGHQRXYHDXXQHVSULWSDWULRWLTXHUHVSOHQGLVVDQW(QILQLO
HVWLQGLVSHQVDEOHGHV¶RFFXSHUGHPLOLWDLUHVDSUqVOHXUFDUULqUH&HOD
UDVVXUHHWILGpOLVHOHVROGDWjO¶LQVWLWXWLRQ/D5'&DOHVPR\HQVHQ
TXDQWLWp HW HQ TXDOLWp HQ UHVVRXUFHV KXPDLQHV HW HQ FDSDFLWp
ILQDQFLqUHSRXUUpDOLVHUFHSURJUDPPHDILQG¶DWWHLQGUHO¶KRUL]RQTXL
OXLHVWGHVWLQpFHOXLG¶XQJpDQW

ϭϴϵ

1RXV VRPPHV Oj HQ SUpVHQFH G¶XQ FDV R O¶H[LVWHQFH G¶XQH IRUFH
PLOLWDLUHSRVHSOXVGHSUREOqPHVjODQDWLRQTX¶HOOHQ¶HQUpVRXW/H
SUL[jSD\HUVHFKLIIUHHQYLHVKXPDLQHVGLODSLGpHVHQSXUHSHUWHHW
O¶RQHVWHQGURLWGHSRVHUODTXHVWLRQGHVRQXWLOLWp,OVHSHXWTXH
O¶RUJDQLVDWLRQGHODYLHHQFRPPXQVRLWSHQVpHGLIIpUHPPHQWVDQV
FHWWHPDFKLQHLQIHUQDOHSRXUYR\HXVHGHFDODPLWp
3RXUWDQWXQpWDWSRXUGpIHQGUHVRQLQGpSHQGDQFHDEHVRLQGXGURLW
HW GH OD IRUFH /¶LQVWUXPHQW GH FHWWH GHUQLqUH F¶HVW O¶DUPpH (OOH
LQFDUQH GHV QRWLRQV G¶KRQQHXU GH SXLVVDQFH GH ILGpOLWp HW GH
GLVFLSOLQH (OOH DVVXPH WDQW j O¶LQWpULHXU TX¶j O¶H[WpULHXU GH VHV
IURQWLqUHV GHV WkFKHV TXL DSSDUDLVVHQW FRPPH LQGLVSHQVDEOHV j OD
FDXVHQDWLRQDOH6DUDLVRQG¶rWUHF¶HVWODGpIHQVHGXSD\VHWO¶XQLTXH
UDLVRQG¶H[LVWHUGHVHVPHPEUHVF¶HVWGHVHFRQVDFUHUDXVHUYLFHGX
SD\V /¶DUPpH GRLW JDUDQWLU j O¶DXWRULWp SROLWLTXH OD
SRVVHVVLRQG¶XQHFDSDFLWpGHFRQWUDLQWHHQWUDvQpHGLVSRQLEOH
HWHIILFDFH/HSDUDSOXLHPLOLWDLUHSDUXQSD\VDPLHVWXQHILFWLRQ
XQHLOOXVLRQ&RQILHUOHVFOpVGHVDVpFXULWpjXQpWDWYRLVLQRXXQH
SXLVVDQFHWLHUFHHVWXQHSROLWLTXHTXLHQIHUPHGDQVODVHXOHORJLTXH
GHO¶DQJHJDUGLHQHWGRQWOHSURWpJpQ¶DSDVWRXMRXUVODPDvWULVH8QH
DUPpHVHGRLWG¶H[LVWHU(QPDWLqUHGHJpRSROLWLTXHVLOHSULQFLSHGH
SUpFDXWLRQ GRLW rWUH WDQJLEOH VXU XQ VHXO SRLQW FH GRLW rWUH VXU OD
SUREDELOLWpG¶XQHJXHUUH,OQ¶HVWSDVSHUPLVGHIDLUHO¶LPSDVVH6DQV
LQGpSHQGDQFH ULHQ Q¶HVW SRVVLEOH PDLV FHWWH OLEHUWp QH SHXW rWUH
SURWpJpHTXHPLOLWDLUHPHQW
3RXUWDQW HQFRQVLGpUDQW OHV PDOKHXUV GH QRWUH $IULTXH SURYRTXpV
SDUOHVKRPPHVHQDUPHVRXOHVFDODPLWpVGRQWLOVVRQWLQFDSDEOHV
GH QRXV SUpPXQLU LO QRXV UHYLHQW GH QRXV LQWHUURJHU VL XQ SD\V
DIULFDLQQHSHXWSDVVHSDVVHUGHO¶DUPpH

ϭϵϬ

2QDO¶DUPpHTXHO¶RQPpULWH
'LWHVPRLTXHOHVWYRWUHUpJLPHSROLWLTXHMHYRXVGLUDLVGHTXHOOH
DUPpHYRXVGLVSRVH]jTXRLUHVVHPEOHWHOOH
(Q$IULTXHFHUWDLQVSD\VVRQWFODVVpVGDQVODFRKRUWHGHVGLFWDWXUHV
SOXV RX PRLQV pFODLUpHV /HXU UpJLPH SROLWLTXH VRXIIUH
G¶DXWRULWDULVPHSROLWLTXHFRQVROLGpSDUXQHSURSDJDQGHDFHUEHXQH
HPSULVHHIIHFWLYHVXUODSRSXODWLRQ,OHVWFDUDFWpULVpSDUO¶DUELWUDLUH
FRPPH VWUDWpJLH GH GLVVXDVLRQ DILQ G¶LPSRVHU j O¶HQVHPEOH GH OD
VRFLpWpO¶LGpRORJLHGHVGRPLQDQWVHWODWRXWHSXLVVDQFHGHO¶eWDW/HV
UHODWLRQV JRXYHUQDQWVDGPLQLVWUpV VRQW IRQGpV VXU XQ UDSSRUW GH
IRUFHLPSLWR\DEOHFRQWUDLUHjODOpJLWLPLWpGpPRFUDWLTXH/HSRXYRLU
HVW FRQILVTXp SDU OH SRWHQWDW OH SDUWL RX OD MXQWH PLOLWDLUH /H
FRUROODLUH GH FHWWH WHQGDQFH F¶HVW OD UpSUHVVLRQ 'DQV FH UpJLPH
RXWUH OD UHVWULFWLRQ GHV OLEHUWpV OHV RSSRVDQWV VRQW EDQQLV
HPSULVRQQpV RX H[LOpV 'DQV FH FDV GH ILJXUH O¶DUPpH HVW YLVLEOH
SDUWRXW \ FRPSULV GDQV OD VSKqUH SROLWLTXH /¶DUPpH FRPPH OD
SROLFH VH SUpVHQWHQW FRPPH OHV PR\HQV UpSUHVVLIV GH O¶eWDW /D
FRQVpTXHQFHF¶HVWO¶DSDWKLHGHODSRSXODWLRQ/HVPLOLWDLUHVjWRXV
OHV QLYHDX[ GH OD KLpUDUFKLH V¶HQ GRQQHQW j F°XU MRLH 3RXU
O¶HIILFDFLWp GH FHV VROGDWV HW OHXU FRPSpWHQFH JXHUULqUH RQ SHXW
UHSDVVHU/¶eWDWHVWIRUWHQDSSDUHQFHPDLVODIDLEOHVVHGHODQDWLRQ
HVW PDQLIHVWH /H SRXYRLU HVW VRXYHQW GpWHQX SDU OHV PLOLWDLUHV RX
SDUWDJpDYHFGHVFLYLOVVHUYLOHV/¶DUPpHHVWWULEDOLVpH&HW\SHGH
FRQILJXUDWLRQpWDWLTXHHVWXQHFDULFDWXUHG¶RUJDQLVDWLRQTXLVRXYHQW
VH WHUPLQH SDU XQ VRXOqYHPHQW SRSXODLUH RX XQ FRXS G¶eWDW 6H
UHFRQQDvWURQW GDQV FHWWH SUpVHQWDWLRQ OHV SD\V DIULFDLQV
DQFLHQQHPHQWPDU[LVWHVOpQLQLVWHVjO¶H[FHSWLRQGX%HQLQOHVeWDWV
VXEVDKDULHQVIUDQFRSKRQHVHWOXVRSKRQHVHWF
'¶DXWUHV SD\V DIULFDLQV VRQW GDQV XQ pWDW GH VLQLVWUH DYDQFp 2Q
REVHUYHXQHWRWDOHDEVHQFHGHO¶pWDWGHGURLWHWXQHLQH[LVWHQFHGH
OLEHUWpSXEOLTXH,OVVRQWHQSURLHDXGpVRUGUHHWFRUUHVSRQGHQWDX
QpRORJLVPH GXUNKHLPLHQ O¶DQRPLH &¶HVWjGLUH TXH OH GpVRUGUH
VRFLDO HVW WRWDO OHV GLIIpUHQGV VH UqJOHQW SDU OD VHXOH YLROHQFH
SK\VLTXH DUPpH RX QRQ &HV SD\V VRQW IDLEOHV pFRQRPLTXHPHQW
/¶DUPpH \ HVW HQ pWDW GH JXHUUH SHUPDQHQWH 'pSDUHLOOpH HOOH HVW
JpQpUDOHPHQW LQGLVFLSOLQpH FRPPDQGpH SDU XQH KLpUDUFKLH
VSRQWDQpHFDUDFWpULVpHSDUODIRXJXH(OOHDXQHIRUWHDSSDUHQFHGX
ϭϵϭ

GpVRUGUH 'DQV OH WHUULWRLUH FKDTXH SRFKH HWKQLTXH SRVVqGH VD

PLOLFHDUPpHHQOXWWHFRQWUHOHYRLVLQ/HTXDOLILFDWLIG¶eWDWFDVHUQH
VLHGFRPPHXQJDQWjJHQUHGHSD\V/DILQHIOHXUIXLWFHGpVDVWUHDX
SpULOGHOHXUYLH&HWWHMHXQHVVHGpVHVSpUpHUHPSOLWOHV]RGLDFVHWOHV
UDGHDX[GHIRUWXQHVHQSHUGLWLRQHQ0pGLWHUUDQpH([HPSOHG¶DUPpH
HQGpOLTXHVFHQFHO¶DUPpHFHQWUDIULFDLQH¬O¶RULJLQHGXFKDRVLO\
DOHWULEDOLVPHYpULWDEOHFDQFHUGHODSROLWLTXHHQ$IULTXH,ODIIHFWH
O¶LQVWLWXWLRQPLOLWDLUH&KDTXHSUpVLGHQWGHOD5pSXEOLTXHLO\HQD
HXVL[V¶HPSOR\DLWjPRGLILHUODUHSUpVHQWDWLRQHWKQLTXHGHVIRUFHV
DUPpHVHQVDIDYHXUjFRXSGHUHFUXWHPHQWWULEDO$LQVLOHVMRXWHV
SROLWLTXHVVHVRQWWUDQVIRUPpHVHQFRPEDWHQWUHIUqUHVG¶DUPHVOHV
<DNRPDFRQWUHOHV*ED\DOHV6DUDHWOHV.DEDFRQWUHOHVXQVHWOHV
DXWUHV$SUqVGHX[JXHUUHVFLYLOHVHWO¶LQJpUHQFHGHVYRLVLQVGHOD
5&$O¶DUPpHFHQWUDIULFDLQHV¶HVWGLVORTXpHWRPEpHHQGpFUpSLWXGH
(OOH HVW UHPSODFpH SDU GHV JURXSXVFXOHV HQ JXHQLOOHV D\DQW XQH
FDSDFLWp GH QXLVDQFH G¶DXWDQW SOXV IRUWH TX¶LOV VRQW DXWRQRPHV
0rPHVFKpPD6RPDOLH
'DQVOHVGpPRFUDWLHVEDOEXWLDQWHVG¶$IULTXHOHSRXYRLUHVWGpWHQX
SDUGHVKRPPHVSROLWLTXHVSDUIRLVYpUHX[/DTXDOLWpGHVpOHFWLRQV
HQ JpQpUDOH UpYqOH OD YUDLH QDWXUH GHV SROLWLFLHQV 6RQWLOV
LUUHVSHFWXHX[ YLVjYLV GH O¶RUGUH HW OD ORL RX LQGLIIpUHQWV j
O¶pJRFHQWULVPHHWODFXSLGLWpௗ"&HWWHNOHSWRFUDWLHVXVFLWHWRXMRXUVOD
FRQQLYHQFHGHVKRPPHVHQDUPHV©8QILHIIpODUURQQHFULHMDPDLV
DX YROHXUª $XVVL OHV UHVSRQVDEOHV SROLWLTXHV GHV FHUWDLQV SD\V
DIULFDLQVVSROLpVHWYLGpVGHOHXUVXEVWDQFHODLVVHQWSUROLIpUHUGHV
PDILDVSROLWLFRPLOLWDLUHVFKDUJpHVG¶DVVXUHUOHFRQWU{OHGHVWUDILFV
HW OH SLOODJH GHV UHVVRXUFHV PLQLqUHV SpWUROH GLDPDQWV WHUUHV
UDUHV« SRXU HQ SURILWHU GHUULqUH FHWWH LPSXQLWp DFFRUGpH DX[
PLOLWDLUHV&HX[FLGHOHXUF{WpIHUPHQWOHV\HX[GHYDQWOHVDEXVGH
ODFODVVHSROLWLTXH6HXOHODFRXUVHjO¶DUJHQWDGHO¶LPSRUWDQFH/HV
LQVXUUHFWLRQV VRQW ILQDQFpHV SDU OHV DFWLYLWpV GH WUDILF HW OHV
PXWLQHULHVVRQWSURYRTXpHVSDUOHVPDXYDLVHVFRQGLWLRQVUpVHUYpHV
jODWURXSH/HVFDGUHV©DIIDLULVWHVªQHVHSUpRFFXSHQWSOXVGHOHXU
QLYHDX G¶LQVWUXFWLRQ QL GH OD TXDOLWp GH OHXUV FRQQDLVVDQFHV
PLOLWDLUHV RX O¶pWDW GH OHXU FRQGLWLRQ SK\VLTXH 0RQ LQVWUXFWHXU j
6DLQW&\U DYDLW FRXWXPH GH GLUH TXH ©OH JpQLH GH 1DSROpRQ pWDLW
LQYHUVHPHQWSURSRUWLRQQHOjVRQWRXUGHWDLOOHª3DUFRQVpTXHQWLO
QHIDXWSDVDWWHQGUHGHVPLUDFOHVG¶XQHWURXSHFRPPDQGpHSDUGHV
ϭϵϮ

RIILFLHUVREQXELOpVSDUOHVELHQVPDWpULHOV/DWURXSHHVWGpODLVVpH
OLYUpH j HOOHPrPH /HV FDVHUQHV EUXLVVHQW GH VRXUGHV UXPHXUV GH
SXWVFKGHVVDQVJUDGHV/HVJDUGHVSUpVLGHQWLHOOHVVRQWUHQIRUFpHVHW
ELFKRQQpHVDXJPHQWDQWOHPDODLVH/¶LQFXULHGHVJRXYHUQDQWVSHXW
DOOHUMXVTX¶jWROpUHUOHUHWDUGSOXVRXPRLQVORQJGDQVOHYHUVHPHQW
GHODVROGHGHODWURXSHOHUqJOHPHQWVRXYHQWGLIIpUpGHVSHQVLRQVHW
OD PpGLRFULWp GH OD QRXUULWXUH GDQV OHV FDPSV PLOLWDLUHV
/¶DYDQFHPHQWV j FDUDFWqUH QpSRWLTXH WUDQFKH DYHF OD PpULWRFUDWLH
TXH QpFHVVLWH OD SURIHVVLRQ (Q WRXWH ORJLTXH O¶DUPpH DGRSWH XQH
DSSDUHQFHQpJOLJpHODGLVFLSOLQHVHUHOkFKHO¶LQVWUXFWLRQHVWEkFOpH
OHV PDWpULHOV QH VRQW SOXV HQWUHWHQXV OH VROGDW HVW PRURVH DYDFKL
GDQV XQH WHQXH pOLPpH /¶DUPpH GDQV VHV FRQGLWLRQV Q¶HVW SOXV
DWWUDFWLYHHOOHQHIDLWSOXVSHXU
5DUHV VRQW OHV YUDLHV GpPRFUDWLHV HQ $IULTXH PDLV LOV HQ H[LVWHQW
ELHQ&HVSD\VPUVSROLWLTXHPHQWVRQWPDUTXpVSDUXQpTXLOLEUHHW
XQ SDUWDJH GHV SRXYRLUV VHORQ OHV VSKqUHV GH FRPSpWHQFH ,OV
MRXLVVHQW G¶XQH VWDELOLWp OLEUHPHQW DGRSWpH SDU FRQVHQVXV HW
EpQpILFLHQW G¶XQ FRPSURPLV VRFLRSROLWLTXH DYDQWDJHX[ j WRXV
pJDUGV/HXUDUPpHHVWOHEHUFHDXGHODSDWULH'DQVODGLVFUpWLRQHW
O¶HIILFDFLWp TXH OXL FRQIqUH OD FRQILDQFH GX SHXSOH HOOH DVVXUH OD
GpIHQVH HW O¶LQWpJULWp GX WHUULWRLUH (OOH V¶HQ FRQWHQWH ¬ TXRL
UHVVHPEOH FHWWH DUPpHௗ" (OOH HVW GLVFUqWH LQYLVLEOH GDQV OH PLOLHX
XUEDLQ(OOHDSSDUDvWWRXMRXUVHQIRUPDWLRQSDUIDLWHPHQWpTXLSpHHW
XQLIRUPH1HV¶LPPLVFHSDVGDQVOHVDIIDLUHVSROLWLTXHV/¶DUPpHHVW
DORUVODILHUWpGHODQDWLRQWRXWHQWLqUH

ϭϵϯ

/HVDUPpHVKpJpPRQLTXHVGHO¶$IULTXHVXEVDKDULHQQH
/DYRORQWpGHSXLVVDQFHHVWXQSURFHVVXVGHO¶HVSULWTXLGpYHORSSH
VXEUHSWLFHPHQWODPLVHHQSODFHGHVDUWLILFHVHWXQHRUJDQLVDWLRQGH
OD IRUFH HQ YXH G¶DVVHRLU XQH GRPLQDWLRQ &HWWH HPSULVH V¶H[HUFH
G¶DERUGVXUO¶HQVHPEOHGHVKDELWDQWVGXSD\VFRQFHUQpSXLVGpERUGH
VXU OHV QDWLRQV YRLVLQHV (Q FDV GH FKRF GHV LQIOXHQFHV
KpJpPRQLTXHVRXVLPSOHPHQWGHUpVLVWDQFHDSSDUDvWODFRQIURQWDWLRQ
TXLDERXWLWjODJXHUUH/HVPRWLYDWLRQVGHVGLULJHDQWVEHOOLTXHX[QH
VRQW SDV WRXMRXUV MXVWLILpHV &HSHQGDQW OH IDLW PDMHXU HVW OD
GLVSURSRUWLRQGHVPR\HQVHWGHOHXUVFRWVIDFHDX[DVSLUDWLRQVELHQ
VRXYHQW GpULVRLUHV &HWWH SUppPLQHQFH SUHQG GHV WRXUQXUHV
LQDFFHSWDEOHVORUVTX¶HOOHV¶H[HUFHSDUOHELDLVGHODFRQWUDLQWHDUPpH
/HSOXVLQYUDLVHPEODEOHV¶REVHUYHORUVTXHFHWWHHQYLHGHVXSUpPDWLH
SUpFqGH OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GH O¶eWDW DJUHVVHXU /HV FRQGLWLRQV GX
ELHQYLYUHQ¶pWDQWSRXUWDQWSDVHQFRUHUpXQLHVOHVPR\HQVFRORVVDX[
VRQWGpSHQVpVSRXUO¶LQVWUXPHQWGHGRPLQDWLRQ4XHOHVWO¶LQWpUrWGH
VRXPHWWUHVHORQVDYRORQWpXQSHXSOHYRLVLQGqVORUVTXHOHGRJPH
GHO¶LQWDQJLELOLWpGHVIURQWLqUHVLQWHUGLWWRXWHPRGLILFDWLRQ/HJDLQ
SROLWLTXH JpQpUDOHPHQW QH YDXW SDV OD FKDQGHOOH /H EpQpILFH
PLOLWDLUH HVW UpJXOLqUHPHQW UHPLV HQ FDXVH SDU OHV PRXYHPHQWV GH
UpVLVWDQFH/¶$IULTXHGRQWODSUHPLqUHSUpRFFXSDWLRQGHYUDLWrWUHOH
GpYHORSSHPHQWFRQGDPQHUpJXOLqUHPHQWVDQVDYRLUOHVPR\HQVGH
UpSULPDQGHU OHV UDLVRQV IXWLOHV GH FHV DWWLWXGHV UpWURJUDGHV OD
PpJDORPDQLH GHV SRWHQWDWV H[SDQVLRQQLVWHV OH GpWRXUQHPHQW GH
O¶RSLQLRQ SXEOLTXH QDWLRQDOH GHV SUREOqPHV LQWpULHXUV RX
VLPSOHPHQWOHGpVLUJUDWXLWGHO¶DIILUPDWLRQGHODIRUFH
/HVeWDWVG¶$IULTXHGX1RUGHQWUHWLHQQHQWGHVDUPpHVVXUSXLVVDQWHV
TXLRSSUHVVHQWSOXVOHXUVSURSUHVSRSXODWLRQVTX¶HOOHVQ¶LQTXLqWHQW
FHOOHVGHVYRLVLQVjO¶H[FHSWLRQGHODVLWXDWLRQGHODSXLVVDQWHDUPpH
PDURFDLQH DX 6DKDUD RFFLGHQWDO 'HSXLV OHV )RUFHV DUPpHV
UR\DOHVGX0DURFRFFXSHQWGXWHUULWRLUHGX6DKDUDRFFLGHQWDO
/¶DUPpH OLE\HQQH FDULFDWXUH GH FHW KpJpPRQLVPH D LPSORVp
GpFKLTXHWpH SDU O¶2FFLGHQW j TXL VRQ FKHI 0RXDPPDU .DGKDIL
©IDLVDLW OD QLTXHª $XMRXUG¶KXL GHX[ SRXYRLUV SROLWLTXHV VH IRQW
IDFH VRXWHQXV SDU GHX[ DUPpHV GLVWLQFWHV ©/¶DUPpH QDWLRQDOH
OLE\HQQH ª GX PDUpFKDO .KDOLID +DIWDU V¶RSSRVH DX[ IRUFHV GX
SUHPLHUPLQLVWUH6DUUDMFRPSRVpHVGHVPLOLFLHQVKpWpURFOLWHVLVVXV
ϭϵϰ

GHV WULEXV ORFDOHV UHJURXSpHV SRXU O¶RFFDVLRQ HQ XQH FRDOLWLRQ

EDSWLVpH©)RUFHGHSURWHFWLRQGH7ULSROLª
'DQV VRQ pGLWLRQ GH OH VLWH DPpULFDLQ VSpFLDOLVp GDQV OHV
TXHVWLRQV GH GpIHQVH *OREDO )LUH 3RZHU *)3 D FODVVp O
DUPpH
DOJpULHQQH j OD qPHSODFH PRQGLDOH HW HQ GHX[LqPH SRVLWLRQ HQ
$IULTXH GHUULqUH O
DUPpH pJ\SWLHQQH TXL RFFXSH TXDQW j HOOH OH
qPHUDQJPRQGLDO
6HORQOH*)3HQ$IULTXHO
$OJpULHHVWVXLYLHSDUO
$IULTXHGX6XG
qPHDX SODQ PRQGLDO OH 1LJHULD qPH O
$QJROD qPH
O
eWKLRSLH qPH OH 0DURF qPH OH 6RXGDQ qPH OD /LE\H
qPH HW OD 5pSXEOLTXH GpPRFUDWLTXH GX &RQJR qPH /
DUPpH
DOJpULHQQHGLVSRVHGHPLOLWDLUHVDFWLIVHWUpVHUYLVWHV
(Q PDWLqUH G
DUPHPHQWV HOOH GLVSRVH GH DYLRQV GH GLIIpUHQWV
W\SHV WDQNV HW QDYLUHV GRQW IUpJDWHV VRXVPDULQV HW
FRUYHWWHV
'H IDLW HQ GHKRUV G

$EGHOD]L] %RXWHIOLND WRXV OHV SUpVLGHQWV
DOJpULHQVGHSXLVO
LQGpSHQGDQFHRQWpWpLVVXVGHVUDQJVGHO
DUPpH
VRXVRIILFLHUV GH O
DUPpH IUDQoDLVH SRXU $KPHG %HQ %HOOD HW
0RKDPHG %RXGLDI FRORQHO GH O
$/1 SRXU $OL .DIL RIILFLHUV
VXSpULHXUV GH O
$/1 SXLV GH O
$13 SRXU +RXDUL %RXPHGLHQH
L¶DUPpH DOJpULHQQH HVW IRUWH G¶XQH OpJLWLPLWp KLVWRULTXH DFTXLVH
GDQV OD UpVLVWDQFH j O¶DUPpH FRORQLDOH IUDQoDLVH (OOH D WRXMRXUV
UHYHQGLTXp OD SULPDXWp GX PLOLWDLUH VXU OH SROLWLTXH /RUV GHV
pYpQHPHQWVG¶RFWREUHO¶DUPpHWLUHVXUOHVMHXQHVPDQLIHVWDQWV
TXLGpQRQFHQWODPRQWpHGHODPLVqUHGDQVOHSD\VHWSURYRTXHOD
PRUWGHSOXVGHSHUVRQQHV&¶HVWFHWWHPrPHDUPpHTXLDEDUUp
OD URXWH DX[ LVODPLVWHV GX )URQW LVODPLTXH GX VDOXW ),6 HQ
DYDQW GH GpPHWWUH OH SUpVLGHQW GH O¶pSRTXH &KDGOL %HQGMHGLG
&HUWHVO¶DUPpHHVWXQeWDWGDQVO¶eWDW0DLVOHVPLOLWDLUHVDOJpULHQV
Q¶RQWSDVUHSULVOHPRGqOHpJ\SWLHQDYHFXQFRQWU{OHG¶XQTXDUWGH
O¶pFRQRPLHGXSD\V
3RXUDXWDQWSHXWRQTXDOLILHUOHV\VWqPHSROLWLTXHHQSODFHGHSXLV
FLQTXDQWHVHSW DQV GH UpJLPH PLOLWDLUHௗ" &H GHUQLHU LPSOLTXH XQ
UpJLPH SROLWLTXH R OHV PLOLWDLUHV j OD VXLWH G¶XQ FRXS G¶eWDW
H[HUFHQW GLUHFWHPHQW OH SRXYRLU PDLV H[FOXW OHV VLWXDWLRQV R
O¶DUPpHWRXWHQH[HUoDQWXQHLQIOXHQFHRXXQFRQWU{OHVXUOHVDIIDLUHV
ϭϵϱ

SXEOLTXHVQ¶HVWSDVLPSOLTXpHGLUHFWHPHQWHWGHIDoRQSHUPDQHQWH
GDQVOHSURFHVVXVSROLWLTXH
/D VLWXDWLRQ JpRVWUDWpJLTXH SDUWLFXOLqUH GH O¶$OJpULH GDQV XQ
HQYLURQQHPHQWUpJLRQDOSHUWXUEpSDUOHFRQWHQWLHX[SHUVLVWDQWDYHF
OH0DURFOHVUHWRPEpHVGHODFULVHOLE\HQQHHWOHVGpILVVpFXULWDLUHV
GDQVO¶DLUHVDKpORVDKDULHQQHFRQWLQXHUDjMXVWLILHUOHPDLQWLHQGH
PR\HQVPLOLWDLUHVVXEVWDQWLHOV
$XWUHIRLVH[SDQVLRQQLVWHHWEHOOLTXHXVHO¶$IULTXHGX6XGDFKDQJp
G¶RULHQWDWLRQ 'HSXLV OD ILQ GH O¶DSDUWKHLG OHV VROGDWV GH
FDUULqUHHWUpVHUYLVWHVGHO¶DUPpHVXGDIULFDLQHDPDOJDPpV
DYHFOHVFRPEDWWDQWVGHVIRUFHVGHGpIHQVHGHVDQFLHQVEDQWRXVWDQV
HW GHV SDUWLVDQV GHV XQLWpV SDUDPLOLWDLUHV GHV GLIIpUHQWV SDUWLV
SROLWLTXHV QRLUV DQWLDSDUWKHLG FHWWH ©6RXWK $IULFDQ 1DWLRQDO
'HIHQFH )RUFHª GpWHQWULFH QRQ RIILFLHOOH GH OD ERPEH DWRPLTXH
GpVRUPDLVPXOWLUDFLDOHV¶HVWRIIHUWXQHQRXYHOOHYLUJLQLWp6HORQOD
VWUDWpJLH GH GpIHQVH GpILQLH HQ OH SULQFLSH TXL JXLGH OD
QRXYHOOH DSSURFKH VXGDIULFDLQH HVW GH V¶DVVXUHU TXH O¶DUPpH OD
SROLFH HW OHV DXWUHV RUJDQHV GH VpFXULWp VH SUpRFFXSHQW
SULQFLSDOHPHQW GH OD VpFXULWp GH OD SRSXODWLRQ LQWHUQH GH OD
SURWHFWLRQGHVHVOLEHUWpVHWGHO¶RUGUHSXEOLF
/¶DUPpHQLJpULDQHDYHFSHUVRQQHVDFWLYHVGpEXWVL
FUDLQWHHQ$IULTXHGHO¶2XHVWHVWSUpVHQWHPHQWGpP\WKLILpHjFDXVH
GHVRQLQFDSDFLWpjEDWWUHXQPRGHVWHPRXYHPHQWLQVXUUHFWLRQQHOHW
WHUURULVWHG
LGpRORJLHVDODILVWHGMLKDGLVWH%RNR+DUDPV¶HVWDUURJp
XQ WHUULWRLUH GH SOXVLHXUV PLOOLHUV GH NLORPqWUHV FDUUpV (Q
QRYHPEUHOHVLWHGH5),SXEOLDLW: ©'DQVVRQFRPPXQLTXpOH
VXOWDQ GH 6RNRWR D DFFXVp OHV VROGDWV QLJpULDQV GH SUHQGUH OHXUV
MDPEHV j OHXU FRX G
DEDQGRQQHU OHXU EDVH OHXUV DUPHV OHXUV
PXQLWLRQV HW OHXU pTXLSHPHQW PLOLWDLUH j O
DSSURFKH GHV LQVXUJpV
ெ/HVIRUFHVGHO
DUPpHQLJpULDQHQHUHIRQWVXUIDFHTX
DSUqVODILQGHV
DWWDTXHV PHXUWULqUHV a lancé Muhammad Sa'ad Abubakar le
deuxième dignitaire musulman du nord, HW HOOHV WHUURULVHQW
GDYDQWDJHGHVSRSXODWLRQVGpMjWHUURULVpHVHQLQVWDOODQWGHVEDUUDJHV
URXWLHUV HW HQ IRXLOODQW OHV PDLVRQVௗª.ª 0LVH j SDUW TXHOTXHV
HVFDUPRXFKHVpFKDQJpHVDYHFO¶DUPpHFDPHURXQDLVHDXVXMHWGHOD
SUHVTX¶vOHGH%DNDVVLFHFRQIOLWIURQWDOLHUDYDLWIDLOOLSURYRTXHUXQH
JXHUUH HQWUH OHV GHX[ SD\V HQ /HV GHX[ SD\V VH GLVSXWDLHQW
ϭϵϲ

FHWWH]RQHPDUpFDJHXVHDX[FRQILQVGXGHOWDGX1LJHUDXVRXVVRO
ULFKHHQSpWUROH/¶DUPpHQLJpULDQHQ¶DSDVXQHFXOWXUHG¶LQYDVLRQ
GHVWHUULWRLUHVYRLVLQVHQGpSLWGHVDIRUFHWKpRULTXH$XVVLpWRQQDQW
TXHFHODSXLVVHSDUDvWUHFHWWHDUPpHWRXUQpHYHUVVRQQRPEULODVVLVWH
jEHDXFRXSGHFRQIOLWVWUqVPHXUWULHUVGDQVODVRFLpWpQLJpULDQHHQWUH
OHVUHVVRUWLVVDQWVGX1RUGHWFHX[GX6XGFDWKROLTXHVHWPXVXOPDQV
HWOHJDQJVWpULVPHWUqVYLROHQWVDQVLQWHUYHQLUHIILFDFHPHQW¬TXRL
VHUWHOOHௗ"VLQRQjSDUWLFLSHUjGLYHUVHVPLVVLRQVGHPDLQWLHQGHOD
SDL[ GH O
218 DX /LEDQ ),18/ HQ ,UDN,UDQ *2018,, HQ
<RXJRVODYLHDX7LPRURULHQWDODX/LEHULDHQ6LHUUD
/HRQHHWDX&RQJR0218&3OXVUpFHPPHQWOH1LJHULDDHQYR\p
GHV WURXSHV DX 6RXGDQ HQ RFWREUH GDQV OH FDGUH GH O
8QLRQ
DIULFDLQH HW O
HQYRL GH KRPPHV DX 0DOL GDQV OH FDGUH GH
O
LQVXUUHFWLRQ WRXDUHJ HW LVODPLVWH TXL D IUDSSp OH SD\V 0,60$
&HSHQGDQWODKDXWHKLpUDUFKLHPLOLWDLUHHVWXQHFDVWHELHQLQVWDOOpH
/HV IRUFHV DUPpHV pWKLRSLHQQHV VRQW SDUPL OHV SOXV DFWLYHV GX
FRQWLQHQW /¶eWKLRSLH HVW XQH YLHLOOH QDWLRQ DIULFDLQH j O¶KLVWRLUH
DUFKLFRQQXH (OOH VH FDUDFWpULVH FRPPH OD VHXOH HQ $IULTXH j
Q¶DYRLUSDVpWpFRORQLVpHPDOJUpOHVWHQWDWLYHVGH0XVVROLQL&¶HVW
SHXWrWUHODUDLVRQGHODILHUWpHWOHVHQWLPHQWQDWLRQDOLVWHjIOHXUGH
SHDXGHVeWKLRSLHQV/¶eWKLRSLHDORQJWHPSVpWpFRQVLGpUpHFRPPH
OD PqUH GHV SDWULHV VRXYHUDLQHV G¶$IULTXH HQ IRL GH TXRL VHV
FRXOHXUVYHUWMDXQHHWURXJHGpFOLQpHVHQSOXVLHXUVFRQILJXUDWLRQV
IXUHQWDGRSWpHVSDUGHQRPEUHX[SD\VDIULFDLQVjOHXUDFFHVVLRQj
O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH 3RXU OHV PrPHV PRWLYDWLRQV $GGLV$EHED IXW
FKRLVLHFDSLWDOHGHO¶$IULTXHjODFUpDWLRQGHO¶28$&HVUrYHVGH
ILHUWpDIULFDLQHjWUDYHUVFHSD\VVHGLVVLSqUHQWEUXWDOHPHQWOHMRXU
ROHVPLOLWDLUHVHQFRUHHX[LQWHUURPSLUHQWOHUqJQHGHO¶HPSHUHXU
+DLOp 6pODVVLp HU SHQVDLWRQ GpLILp HW FRPEOH GH VDFULOqJH
O¶H[pFXWqUHQW FRPPH XQ YXOJDLUH TXLGDP /D UpYROXWLRQ PDU[LVWH
TXL V¶HQ VXLYLW GpVRUJDQLVD O¶DUPpH G¶DXWDQW SOXV TX¶HOOH IXW WUqV
PHXUWULqUH8QHpSXUDWLRQGHVSOXVGUDVWLTXHVYLGDGHVDVXEVWDQFH
XQHDUPpHLPSpULDOHGLVWLQJXpHHWSXLVVDQWH/DMXQWHPLOLWDLUHDpWp
YLWH FRQIURQWpH DX PRXYHPHQW VpSDUDWLVWH pU\WKUpHQ SXLV j XQH
GpVWDELOLVDWLRQGHODUpJLRQGHO¶2JDGHQSDUVDYRLVLQHVRPDOLHQQH
3URILWDQW GH OD IDLEOHVVH PRPHQWDQpH GH O¶eWKLRSLH 6L\DDG %DUUp
HQYDKLWFHWHUULWRLUHpWKLRSLHQ&HFRQIOLWDUPpGDQVOHFDGUHGHOD
JXHUUHIURLGHDOODLWYRLUXQUHQYHUVHPHQWG¶DOOLDQFH0HQJLVWXTXLWWD
ϭϵϳ

OHJLURQDPpULFDLQDOOLpGHO¶H[HPSHUHXU+DLOp6pODVVLpHUHWVLJQD

XQDFFRUGG¶DVVLVWDQFHPLOLWDLUHDYHF0RVFRX/¶eWKLRSLHUHMRLJQDLW
DLQVLODPrPHFRDOLWLRQTXHOD6RPDOLHVRXWHQXHHQSOXVGHO¶8566
SDUO¶$UDELHVDRXGLWH&HWWHYROWHIDFHQ¶DYDLWpWpSRVVLEOHTXHSDUFH
TXHOHVGLULJHDQWVVRYLpWLTXHVpWDLHQWFRQYDLQFXVG¶XQHUpDOLWpXQ
PDU[LVPHOpQLQLVPH SOXV DXWKHQWLTXH pWDLW SOXV UpDOLVDEOH DYHF
O¶eWKLRSLH TX¶DYHF XQH 6RPDOLH PXVXOPDQH $ORUV j FDXVH GH FH
UHYLUHPHQW6L\DDG%DUUpOHSUpVLGHQWVRPDOLHQGHPDQGDOHVRXWLHQ
GH:DVKLQJWRQ(QUHIXVDQWOHSUpVLGHQWDPpULFDLQ-LPP\&DUWHU
LVRODLWOD6RPDOLH/HV6RYLpWLTXHVDUUrWqUHQWODIRXUQLWXUHGHVDUPHV
j 6L\DDG %DUUp HW UpDVVLJQqUHQW OHXUV FRQVHLOOHUV PLOLWDLUHV GH
0RJDGLVFLR j $GGLV$EHED /D SHXU GH YRLU OH QpJXV URXJH
0HQJLVWXGLVSDUDvWUHDXSURILWG¶XQJRXYHUQHPHQWSURDPpULFDLQOHV
REOLJHDLW j IDLUH LQWHUYHQLU &XED HW VHV PLOOLHUV GH FRPEDWWDQWV
LQWHUQDWLRQDOLVWHV /¶DLGH PDVVLYH j O¶eWKLRSLH V¶RSSRVDLW j OD
VROLWXGH VRPDOLHQQH &HOOHFL IXW QDWXUHOOHPHQW pFUDVpH SDU OD
FRDOLWLRQ pWKLRFXEDLQH &HWWH GpURXWH HQWUDvQHUD j OD ORQJXH OD
OLTXLGDWLRQGHO¶eWDWVRPDOLHQ
5HQIRUFp SDU VD YLFWRLUH OH 'HUJ VH ODQoDLW GDQV XQH QRXYHOOH
RIIHQVLYHFRQWUHFHWWHIRLVFLO¶eU\WKUpH&RQWUDLUHPHQWjVDYRLVLQH
O¶eU\WKUpH IXW FRORQLVpH HW GpYHORSSpH SDU O¶,WDOLH (OOH IXW SODFpH
VRXVPDQGDWEULWDQQLTXHDSUqVODGpIDLWHLWDOLHQQHHQ/¶218
PLWILQjO¶RFFXSDWLRQEULWDQQLTXHHWDSSURXYDFRQWUHODYRORQWpGHV
eU\WKUpHQV XQH IpGpUDWLRQ DYHF O¶eWKLRSLH G¶+DLOp 6pODVVLp HU &H
GHUQLHU V¶HPSUHVVD GH OLPLWHU O¶DXWRQRPLH GH O¶eU\WKUpH OD
VRXPHWWDQW DLQVL DX SRXYRLU LPSpULDO 'qV ORUV GpEXWD XQH ORQJXH
OXWWHLQGpSHQGDQWLVWH0DOJUpXQUDSSRUWGHIRUFHWUqVIDYRUDEOHHWOH
VRXWLHQGXSDFWHGH9DUVRYLHWRXWHQWLHUOHVRIIHQVLYHVpWKLRSLHQQHV
HQMXLQpFKRXqUHQWFRQWUHODUpVLVWDQFHpU\WKUpHQQH8QHVpULH
GH YLFWRLUHV PLOLWDLUHV GHV PDTXLVDUGV pU\WKUpHQV DIIDLEOLUHQW OH
SRXYRLU pWKLRSLHQ /H QRXYHDX JRXYHUQHPHQW DFFHSWD
O¶LQGpSHQGDQFHGHO¶eU\WKUpH$XMRXUG¶KXLGpEDUUDVVpHGHVYHOOpLWpV
LPSpULDOLVWHV O¶DUPpH pWKLRSLHQQH HVW WUqV LPSOLTXpH GDQV OHV
RSpUDWLRQVRQXVLHQQHVGHPDLQWLHQGHODSDL[
/HV )RUFHV UZDQGDLVHV GH GpIHQVH )5' VRQW O
DUPpH DFWXHOOH GX
5ZDQGD GHSXLV MXLQ (OOH V
HVW DSSHOpH O
$UPpH SDWULRWLTXH
UZDQGDLVH $35 DSUqV MXLOOHW MXVTX
HQ MXLQ &RPPH OD
SOXSDUW GHV DUPpHV DIULFDLQHV OHV VWDWLVWLTXHV j VRQVXMHW VRQW WUqV
ϭϵϴ

FRQWURYHUVpHV 2IILFLHOOHPHQW O¶DUPpH UZDQGDLVH FRPSWH

KRPPHV DYHF XQ UDWLR GH PLOLWDLUHV SRXU KDELWDQWV
G¶DSUqV O
,QVWLWXW LQWHUQDWLRQDO G
pWXGHV VWUDWpJLTXHV GH /RQGUHV
,,66/DUpDOLWpVHPEOHWRXWDXWUHDXUHJDUGGHODPDQLqUHGRQWHOOH
DYDLWDVVXUpXQHFRXYHUWXUHWRWDOHGX&RQJRGpPRFUDWLTXHHQ
ORUVGHVRQLQYDVLRQGHFHSD\V1RXVDYLRQVQRXVPrPHVUHQFRQWUp
jFHWWHRFFDVLRQGHVXQLWpVHQWLqUHVGH PLOLWDLUHVUZDQGDLVGDQVOH
%DV&RQJR j .LPSHVVp HW j 0EDQ]D1JXQJX H[7K\VYLOOH j
NLORPqWUHVGH*LVHQ\LODYLOOHUZDQGDLVHODSOXVSURFKHGHOD
IURQWLqUHDYHFOD5'&'XWHPSVGHODVSOHQGHXUGXPREXWLVPHOD
&RPPXQDXWp pFRQRPLTXH GHV SD\V GHV *UDQGV /DFV &(3*/
RUJDQLVPHSRXUIDFLOLWHUOHVPRXYHPHQWVGHVELHQVHWGHVSHUVRQQHV
HQWUHOH=DwUHOH%XUXQGLHWOH5ZDQGDDXVHLQGHFHWDWWHODJHjWURLV
OHGpVpTXLOLEUHpWDLWIODJUDQW/H©JUDQGOpRSDUGªDYHFVDWRTXHHW
VD FDQQH VFXOSWpH SDUDGDLW WRXW SXLVVDQW IRUW GH O¶LQYXOQpUDELOLWp
SUpFRQoXHGHVRQDUPpH¬F{WpGHOXLOHVGHX[DXWUHVSUpVLGHQWV
SDUDLVVDLHQW O\PSKDWLTXHV j OD WrWH GH PLFUReWDWV $X JUDQG
pWRQQHPHQWGHVREVHUYDWHXUVQRQDYHUWLVO¶DUPpHGHODSHWLWHVRXULV
UZDQGDLVH EDWWLW j SODWH FRXWXUH FHOOH GX JUDQG IpOLQ ]DwURLV
GpVRUJDQLVDHWRFFXSDGXUDEOHPHQWVRQDQWUHHQ/DPRUDOHGH
O¶KLVWRLUHF¶HVWTXHO¶KpJpPRQLVPHQHWLHQWSDVjO¶DSSDUHQFHGHOD
IRUFHQLjODYRORQWpGHSXLVVDQFHPDLVjODWUDGXFWLRQUpHOOHGHOD
VXSpULRULWpVXUOHWHUUDLQ'HSXLVO¶DUPpHUZDQGDLVHFRQWU{OHOHQRUG
.LYXLQGLUHFWHPHQWjWUDYHUVGHVPRXYHPHQWVUHEHOOHVVHUYLOHV/D
VXSUpPDWLHGHO¶DUPpHUZDQGDLVHV¶HVWDFFUXHORUVTXHVHVWURXSHVRQW
GpIDLWO¶DUPpHRXJDQGDLVHSHQGDQWODJXHUUHGHV6L[-RXUVHQj
.LVDQJDQLDORUVTXHOHVGHX[DUPpHVpWUDQJqUHVRFFXSDLHQWOD5'&
6HVFDPSDJQHVDX&RQJROXLRQWSHUPLVGHPHWWUHODPDLQVXUOHV
LPPHQVHVULFKHVVHVPLQLqUHVGHOD5'&FRPPHO¶DWWHVWHQWSOXVLHXUV
UDSSRUWVGHV1DWLRQVXQLHVHWGHV21*$SUqVXQHDFFDOPLHGHSXLV
OD GpIDLWH GX 0RXYHPHQW GX PDUV pJDOHPHQW DSSHOp 0
VXSSOpWLI GH O¶DUPpH UZDQGDLVH OHV EUXLWV GH ERWWHV UpVRQQHQW j
QRXYHDX GDQV O¶HVW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH 'pPRFUDWLTXH GX &RQJR /H
5ZDQGDHWO¶2XJDQGDWUpSLJQHQWG¶LPSDWLHQFHjO¶LGpHG¶HQJDJHUj
QRXYHDX OHXUV DUPpHV VXU OH VRO FRQJRODLV ,OV RQW FUpp XQH IRUFH
FRPPXQHGpQRPPpH(DVWHUQ$IULFD6WDQGE\)RUFH($6) GRQWLOV
FRPSWHQW VH VHUYLU SRXU HQYDKLU RXYHUWHPHQW OH &RQJR
RIILFLHOOHPHQWDILQGHFRPEDWWUHOHV)'/5IDFHj©O¶LQHIILFDFLWpGH
OD02186&2ª3DUDOOqOHPHQWHQGpSLWGHVGpPHQWLVLOVSDUUDLQHQW
ϭϵϵ

ODFUpDWLRQG¶XQHQRXYHOOH©rébellion des Tutsisª VXUOHVYHVWLJHVGX

0GRQWOHVFRPEDWWDQWVVHVRQWUpIXJLpVGDQVOHVGHX[SD\VDSUqV
OHXUGpURXWHGH
/¶$QJROD HVW XQ FDV VSpFLILTXH HQ $IULTXH QRLUH 8Q SD\V
SHUSpWXHOOHPHQWHQFRQIOLWDUPpGHSXLVODJXHUUHFRQWUHOHVWURXSHV
SRUWXJDLVHVSRXUVHOLEpUHUGXFRORQLDOLVPHMXVTX¶jQRVMRXUVRVHV
PLOLWDLUHV DIIURQWHQW OHV FRPEDWWDQWV GX )URQW GH /LEpUDWLRQ GH
O¶(QFODYHGX&DELQGD)/(&KRVWLOHjOHXUSUpVHQFHVXUOHWHUULWRLUH
FDELQGDLV /HV UHVVRXUFHV ILQDQFLqUHV LQFRPPHQVXUDEOHV VRQW
GLODSLGpHV SRXU HQWUHWHQLU XQH DUPpH SOpWKRULTXH GLVSHQGLHXVH HW
GLVSURSRUWLRQQpH TXDQW DX[ EHVRLQV GH SURWHFWLRQ GH OD QDWLRQ
DQJRODLVH6RQUDWLRPLOLWDLUHSDUUDSSRUWjODSRSXODWLRQHVWO¶XQ
GHVSOXVKDXWVG¶$IULTXHPLOLWDLUHVSRXUKDELWDQWVWRXMRXUV
VHORQ ,,66 7RXWH O¶$IULTXH IUDQFRSKRQH HQ SURFODPH VRQ
LQGpSHQGDQFH/¶$IULTXHVRXVGRPLQDWLRQEULWDQQLTXHVHODQFHGDQV
FH SURFHVVXV SRXVVp SDU OH PRXYHPHQW G¶pPDQFLSDWLRQ JKDQpHQ
LPSXOVpSDUOHWULEXQ.ZDPp1NUXPDK3HQGDQWFHWHPSVO¶$IULTXH
OXVRSKRQHHVWHQSDQQHSDUFHTXHOHFRORQSRUWXJDLVHQDGRSWDQWOD
FRORQLVDWLRQ GH SHXSOHPHQW FRQILQDLW GDQV XQ FRUVHW OHV OLJXHV
LQGpSHQGDQWLVWHV(Q$QJRODODUpYROWHpFODWDOHIpYULHUDSUqV
XQ PDVVDFUH GH FRORQV (Q UHSUpVDLOOHV O¶DUPpH SRUWXJDLVH
PDVVDFUDGDQVXQYpULWDEOHSRJURPSOXVGHDXWRFKWRQHVGH
OD FRPPXQDXWp QRLUH 3OXVLHXUV PLOOLHUV G¶$QJRODLV V¶H[LODLHQW
G¶DXWUHVSULUHQWOHPDTXLV0DOJUpXQHIIRUWGHJXHUUHFRQVLGpUDEOH
HQ KRPPHV HW HQ PR\HQV OHV 3RUWXJDLV IXUHQW YDLQFXV GH JXHUUH
ODVVH pUHLQWpV HW DSSDXYULV 8Q FRXS G¶eWDW PLOLWDLUH FRQWUH OH
GLFWDWHXUSRUWXJDLV0DUFHOR&DHWDQRGpQRPPp©ODUpYROXWLRQGHV
°LOOHWVª PLW ILQ DX[ JXHUUHV FRORQLDOHV $ORUV TXH OH
QRYHPEUH OD MHXQH 5pSXEOLTXH SRSXODLUH G¶$QJROD pWDLW
SRUWpH VXU OHV IRQWV EDSWLVPDX[ OH SD\V UHQWUDLW GDQV XQH JXHUUH
FLYLOHFDODPLWHXVHVRXVO¶LQVWLJDWLRQGHVSXLVVDQFHVpWUDQJqUHV/HV
eWDWV8QLVHWO¶8QLRQVRYLpWLTXHV¶DIIURQWDLHQWjWUDYHUVO¶$IULTXHGX
6XGHW&XEDVXUFHWWHWHUUHDXUDLWRQGLWKDUDVVpHGHYRLUVHVHQIDQWV
WRXMRXUVGDQVO¶DGYHUVLWpHWODKDLQHGHO¶DXWUH/HSRLQWG¶RUJXHGH
FHWWH JXHUUH FLYLOH IXW OD EDWDLOOH GH &XLWR &XDQDYDOH (OOH HVW
FRQVLGpUpH GDQV O¶KLVWRLUH PLOLWDLUH FRPPH OD SOXV JUDQGH EDWDLOOH
DpURWHUUHVWUHMDPDLVFRQQXHHQ$IULTXHVXEVDKDULHQQHVROGDWV
GH O
DUPpH VXGDIULFDLQH GRQW OHV qPHEDWDLOORQ G
LQIDQWHULH HW
ϮϬϬ

qPHEDWDLOORQPpFDQLVpHWGHVpOpPHQWVGHOD6:$7)6RXWK:HVW
$IULFDQ 7HUULWRULDO )RUFH VRXWHQDLHQW XQ FRUSV GH
FRPEDWWDQWV GH O
8QLRQ QDWLRQDOH SRXU O
LQGpSHQGDQFH WRWDOH GH
O
$QJROD81,7$IDFHjVROGDWVDQJRODLVHWJXpULOOHURV
GHV)RUFHVDUPpHVUpYROXWLRQQDLUHVFXEDLQHV&XLWR&XDQDYDOHpWDLW
XQSRLQWVWUDWpJLTXHVLWXpGDQVOHVXGHVWGHO
$QJRODVXUXQHURXWH
LPSRUWDQWH $SUqV XQH RIIHQVLYH YLFWRULHXVH YHUV 0DYLQJD HW OHV
FDPSV GH O
8QLWD OHV IRUFHV JRXYHUQHPHQWDOHV DQJRODLVHV pWDLHQW
REOLJpHV GH UHFXOHU VRXV OHV ERPEDUGHPHQWV VXGDIULFDLQV FDU OD
FKXWH GH OD ERXUJDGH DXUDLW HQWUDvQp OD SDUWLWLRQ GX SD\V 0DLV
O
DUPpH VXGDIULFDLQH Q
H[SORLWD SDV VD YLFWRLUH HW VH FRQWHQWD
G
DVVLpJHU PROOHPHQW OD YLOOH SHUPHWWDQW DLQVL j &XED G
HQYR\HU
KRPPHVGHWURXSHVG
pOLWHHQUHQIRUW/DEDWDLOOHVHVROGDSDU
XQ pFKHF UHODWLI GH WRXWHV OHV IRUFHV HQJDJpHV HQ GpSLW GHV
SURFODPDWLRQVGHYLFWRLUHGHVXQVHWGHVDXWUHV&HSHQGDQWGDQVXQ
GHX[LqPHIURQWXQHRIIHQVLYHFXEDLQHDXVXGRXHVWGHO
$QJRODjOD
IURQWLqUH DYHF OD 1DPLELH OHV 0LJ SUHQDLHQW O
DYDQWDJH VXUOHV
0LUDJH VXGDIULFDLQV FORXpV DX VRO SDU OHV DUPHV DQWLDpULHQQHV
PRGHUQHV VRYLpWLTXHV /D PHQDFH FXEDLQH VXU OD 1DPLELH ILW
GpILQLWLYHPHQW UHFXOHU O¶$IULTXH GX 6XG HW DERXWLW DX GpQRXHPHQW
G¶XQH DXWUH JXpULOOD UpYROXWLRQQDLUH LPSRVDQW OD VROXWLRQ
O¶LQGpSHQGDQFHGHOD1DPLELHFRQWUHOHUHWUDLWFXEDLQG
$QJROD3RXU
OHV$QJRODLVOHV&XEDLQVHWOHVUpYROXWLRQQDLUHVDIULFDLQVODEDWDLOOH
GH&XLWR&XDQDYDOHHVWKLVWRULTXHFDUHOOHDXUDLWPLVILQjO
DSDUWKHLG
/
$QJROD FpOpEUHUD O
DQQLYHUVDLUH GH OD EDWDLOOH j SDUWLU GH
&HWWH EDWDLOOH HVW DXVVL FRPPpPRUpH j &XED /¶pWDWPDMRU VXG
DIULFDLQSDYRLVDLWDXVVLHQV¶DSSX\DQWVXUXQELODQVUHPHQWELDLVp
GL[LWVRQSRUWHSDUROH©VLODGpIDLWHSRXUO
$IULTXHGX6XGVLJQLILHOD
PRUWGHWUHQWHHWXQVROGDWVODSHUWHGHWURLVWDQNVGHFLQTYpKLFXOHV
EOLQGpVHWGHWURLVDYLRQVDORUVLO\DELHQXQHGpIDLWH6LODYLFWRLUH
SRXU OD )$3/$ HW OHV &XEDLQV VLJQLILH OD PRUW GH GH OHXUV
VROGDWVODSHUWHGHWDQNVGHYpKLFXOHVEOLQGpVGHDYLRQV
HWG
DXWUHVpTXLSHPHQWVPLOLWDLUHVG
RULJLQHVRYLpWLTXHG
XQPRQWDQW
HVWLPpjPLOOLDUGGHUDQGVDORUVLOVRQWJDJQpª
/HV DFFRUGV GH %LFHVVH IXUHQW VLJQpV j (VWRULO 3RUWXJDO OH

PDLSDUOHSUpVLGHQWDQJRODLV-RVp(GXDUGRGRV6DQWRVHWOH
FKHIGHO
81,7$-RQDV6DYLPELGDQVOHFDGUHGHODUpVROXWLRQGHOD
JXHUUH FLYLOH DQJRODLVH 0DOJUp FHV DFFRUGV OD JXHUUH FLYLOH QH
ϮϬϭ

SUHQGUD ILQ TX
HQ IpYULHU DYHF O¶pOLPLQDWLRQ SK\VLTXH GH FH
GHUQLHU0DLVOHVDUPHVQHVHVRQWSDVWXHVGDQVFHSD\VORLQGHOj
/HV DUPHV HQ WRXV JHQUHV OHV PLQHV DQWLSHUVRQQHO RQW PHXUWUL HW
PXWLOpOHSHXSOHDQJRODLVTXDUDQWHDQVGXUDQWVDQVUpSLWDFFXPXODQW
GHO¶DFULPRQLHDSSRUWDQWXQHH[SpULHQFHJXHUULqUHjQXODXWUHSDUHLO
&H IXQHVWH KpULWDJH HVW PLV DX VHUYLFH G¶XQH VWUDWpJLH
H[SDQVLRQQLVWH 6LQRQ FRPPHQW FRPSUHQGUH O¶XELTXLWp DQJRODLVH
GDQV OHV DIIDLUHV LQWpULHXUHV GHV SD\V YRLVLQVௗ" (Q PDL VRQ
DUPpH D HQYDKL OH &RQJR.LQVKDVD SRXU DSSX\HU OHV 5ZDQGDLV HW
O¶$OOLDQFH GHV IRUFHV GpPRFUDWLTXHV SRXU OD OLEpUDWLRQ GX &RQJR
=DwUH$)'/GH/DXUHQW'pVLUp.DELODTXLRQWUHMHWpKRUVGXSD\V
OHV UpPLQLVFHQFHV FRPEDWLYHV GH O¶DUPpH PREXWLVWH (Q
RFWREUHOHV)RUFHVDUPpHVDQJRODLVHV)$$SRXUFKDQJHUOD
GRQQHSROLWLTXHDX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHXVqUHQWGHVPrPHVPpWKRGHV
JXHUULqUHVHQIODJUDQWGpOLWGHYLROGHO¶LQWpJULWpWHUULWRULDOHG¶XQeWDW
&HWWHIRLVO¶RVIXWSOXVVROLGHjFURTXHU'DQVOH1LEROHNSRXUYHQLU
jERXWGHODUpVLVWDQFHGHVSDUWLVDQVGH3DVFDO/LVVRXEDOHSUpVLGHQW
GpFKX O¶DUPpH DQJRODLVH FDPSD WURLV ORQJXHV DQQpHV VXU OH VRO
FRQJRODLV WXDQW YLRODQW UDWLVVDQW HW WHUURULVDQW OHV YLOODJHRLV
LQQRFHQWV¬FKDTXHIRLVOHVPLOLWDLUHVDQJRODLVRQWOLYUpSRXUGH
PDXYDLVHV UDLVRQV XQ FRPEDW DFKDUQp FRPPH VL O¶DYHQLU GH
O¶$QJRODpWDLWGLUHFWHPHQWHQH[WUrPHGDQJHU
$X &DELQGD OH VWDWLRQQHPHQW HW OH FRPSRUWHPHQW GHV WURXSHV

DQJRODLVHV SRVHQW XQ SUREOqPH GLIIpUHQW ELHQ TXH OHV WHQGDQFHV j
O¶KpJpPRQLVPH UHVWHQW LQFKDQJpHV (OOHV VRQW FRQIURQWpHV j XQH
UpEHOOLRQ LQWpULHXUH LQGpSHQGDQWLVWH IDPpOLTXH PDLV GLJQH HW
RSLQLkWUH /H &DELQGD HVW XQH GHV GL[KXLW SURYLQFHV GH O
$QJROD
VLWXpHjO
H[WUrPHQRUGGXSD\V&HWWHHQFODYHHVWFRLQFpHHQWUHOD
5pSXEOLTXH GpPRFUDWLTXH GX &RQJR HW OD 5pSXEOLTXH GX &RQJR
&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHVDQVFRQWLQXLWpWHUULWRULDOHDYHFO¶$QJROD3DU
DLOOHXUVOH&DELQGDHVWKLVWRULTXHPHQWGLIIpUHQW3ULQFLSDXWpLVVXH
GH O
DQFLHQ UR\DXPH /RDQJR GLVWLQFWH GX UR\DXPH .RQJR GRQW
O¶$QJRODIDLVDLWSDUWLHDYDQWO
DUULYpHGHVFRORQLVDWHXUVHXURSpHQVLO
DYDLWGpMjXQHH[LVWHQFHSURSUHjFHWWHpSRTXH'HYHQXSURWHFWRUDW
SRUWXJDLVjODVXLWHGHODVLJQDWXUHGXWUDLWpGH6LPXODPEXFRVLJQp

ϰϵ
)LHIGH3DVFDO/LVVRXEDGDQVOHVXGGX&RQJRIRUPpSDUOHVUpJLRQVGX1LDULGH
OD%RXHQ]DHWGHOD/pNRXPRX
ϮϬϮ

OHHUIpYULHUFHGRFXPHQWMXULGLTXHIXWSUpVHQWpSDUOH3RUWXJDO
j OD FRQIpUHQFH GH %HUOLQ SRXU FHUWLILHU VHV SUpWHQWLRQV VXU FH
WHUULWRLUH$XMRXUG¶KXLVXUODEDVHGXPrPHGRFXPHQWOHV&DELQGDLV
UHYHQGLTXHQWOHXUDXWRQRPLHYLVjYLVGHO¶$QJROD'HSOXVGXUDQW
ODFRORQLVDWLRQSRUWXJDLVHOHVWDWXWGHVGHX[SD\VpWDLWGLIIpUHQWOH
SUHPLHU OH &DELQGD pWDLW XQ SURWHFWRUDW F¶HVWjGLUH XQ eWDW
UHFRQQX PDLV VRXV SURWHFWLRQ G¶XQH SXLVVDQFH TXL DVVXPH OD
GLSORPDWLHODGpIHQVHHWG¶DXWUHVIRQFWLRQVUpJDOLHQQHV7DQGLVTXH
OH VHFRQG O¶$QJROD pWDLW XQH FRORQLH WHUULWRLUH RFFXSp HW
DGPLQLVWUp SDU OD PpWURSROH (Q VXU OH PRGqOH GH O¶$IULTXH
pTXDWRULDOH IUDQoDLVH O¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ FRORQLDOH UHJURXSD OD
GLUHFWLRQ GHV GHX[ WHUULWRLUHV j /XDQGD FRPPDQGpH SDU OH PrPH
JRXYHUQHXU 3RXUWDQW O¶$IULTXH SROLWLTXH D WRXMRXUV FRQVLGpUp FHV
GHX[ HQWLWpV VpSDUpPHQW (Q O¶2UJDQLVDWLRQ GH O¶8QLWp
$IULFDLQH 28$ GpVLJQDLW OH &DELQGD FRPPH qPHeWDW j
GpFRORQLVHU HW O¶$QJROD qPH ¬ O¶LQGpSHQGDQFH OHV PRXYHPHQWV
DXWRQRPLVWHV FDELQGDLV TXL RQW GXUHPHQW OXWWp GH OHXU F{Wp FRQWUH
O¶DUPpHFRORQLDOHQHIXUHQWSDVFRQYLpVjODVLJQDWXUHGHVDFFRUGV
©G¶$OYRUªSDUDFKHYDQWOHSURFHVVXVGHGpFRORQLVDWLRQ$LQVLDYHF
ODPDQVXpWXGHGXJRXYHUQHPHQWSRUWXJDLVG¶REpGLHQFHFRPPXQLVWH
HWODFRQQLYHQFHGX&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOHPDU[LVWHOpQLQLVWHVRXWLHQ
LQFRQGLWLRQQHO G¶$JRVWLQR 1HWR SUpVLGHQW GH OD QRXYHOOH
5pSXEOLTXH SRSXODLUH G¶$QJROD PDU[LVWH SURVRYLpWLTXH
O¶DQQH[LRQIRUFpHGX&DELQGDSDUO¶$QJRODIXWHQWpULQpHHQYLRODWLRQ
GX GURLW LQWHUQDWLRQDO 'qV ORUV OHV &DELQGDLV UHQWUqUHQW HQ
UpVLVWDQFH/¶$QJRODDXUDLWUHSULVOHFRQWU{OHGHO
HQFODYHJUkFHDX
VRXWLHQGHV&XEDLQVHWODFRPSOLFLWpGHVeWDWVYRLVLQV¬FDXVHGHV
UHVVRXUFHVQDWXUHOOHVGX&DELQGDLOGHPHXUHMXVTX¶jFHMRXUVRXVOH
MRXJG¶XQHRFFXSDWLRQLOOpJDOHGHV)RUFHVDUPpHVDQJRODLVHV(OOHV
V¶\ VRQW pWDEOLHV HQ PDVVH HW DJLVVHQW FRPPH XQH DUPpH
G¶RFFXSDWLRQ DYHF OHV H[FqV G¶XVDJH PDVVDFUHV GHV SRSXODWLRQV
FLYLOHVGHVWUXFWLRQVGHVYLOODJHVGpSODFHPHQWVGHVKDELWDQWVYHUVOHV
SD\VYRLVLQVHWF7RXWHFHWWHVLWXDWLRQDSRXURULJLQHODPDOpGLFWLRQ
SpWUROLqUH /H &DELQGD VH UpYqOH FRPPH XQH IRUPLGDEOH pSRQJH j
SpWUROH3UqVGHGXSpWUROHDQJRODLVHVWH[WUDLWGX&DELQGDVRLW
PLOOLRQGHEDULOVMRXU(QGpFLGDQWG¶RUJDQLVHUGDQVODYLOOHGH
&DELQGD XQH SDUWLH GH OD FRXSH G¶$IULTXH GHV QDWLRQV GH IRRWEDOO
&$1 OH SRXYRLU SROLWLTXH GH /XDQGD SHQVDLW
V\PEROLTXHPHQW GpPRQWUHU VD PDLQ PLVH VXU O
HQFODYH DSUqV
ϮϬϯ

O
HIIULWHPHQWGHVPRXYHPHQWVDUPpVLQGpSHQGDQWLVWHVLVVXVGX)URQW
GH OLEpUDWLRQ GH O
HQFODYH GH &DELQGD )/(& ,O O¶D DSSULV j VHV
GpSHQV DSUqV O¶DWWDTXH j OD PLWUDLOOHXVH SHUSpWUpH FRQWUH OH EXV GH
O¶pTXLSHWRJRODLVHGHIRRWEDOO'HQRPEUHX[MRXHXUVGHODVpOHFWLRQ
WRJRODLVHDLQVLTXHGHVPHPEUHVGXVWDIIWHFKQLTXHRQWpWpEOHVVpV
JUDYHPHQWSDUEDOOH$XOHQGHPDLQGHO
DWWDTXHO
HQWUDvQHXUDGMRLQW
DLQVLTXHO
LQWHQGDQWVXFFRPEDLHQWjOHXUVEOHVVXUHV&HWWHDWWDTXHD
pWp UHYHQGLTXpH SDU OHV )RUFHV GH OLEpUDWLRQ GH O
eWDW GX
&DELQGD3RVLWLRQ PLOLWDLUH XQ PRXYHPHQW DUPp TXL VH EDW SRXU
O
LQGpSHQGDQFHGX&DELQGD/DGpPRQVWUDWLRQDX[\HX[GXPRQGH
HQWLHUTXH©WRXWYDELHQHQWUHO¶$QJRODHWOH&DELQGDªDYDLWpFKRXp
1REOHVVH REOLJH OH &DELQGD HVW XQ WHUUHDX IHUWLOH j OD UpEHOOLRQ
MXVTX¶jODOLEpUDWLRQGHVRQWHUULWRLUH

ϮϬϰ

8QHVROXWLRQDOWHUQDWLYHjO¶DUPpH
/HV SRSXODWLRQV DIULFDLQHV IRQWHOOHV WRXMRXUV FRQILDQFH j OHXUV
IRUFHV GH O¶RUGUH HW j OHXUV DUPpHVௗ" 2U FHOOHVFL pSURXYHQW GHV
GLIILFXOWpVjV¶LQVFULUHGDQVXQHORJLTXHG¶eWDWQDWLRQDXSRLQWGHQH
SDV HQ rWUH OH JDUDQW (Q HIIHW O¶eWDWQDWLRQ FRQFHSW WKpRULTXH
SROLWLTXH HW KLVWRULTXH GpVLJQH OD MX[WDSRVLWLRQ G
XQ eWDW HQ WDQW
TX
RUJDQLVDWLRQSROLWLTXHHWG¶XQHQDWLRQF
HVWjGLUHGHVLQGLYLGXV
TXL DFFHSWHQW G¶DSSDUWHQLU j XQH PrPH HQWLWp $FFHSWHQWLOV GH
FRQILHUOHXUGHVWLQDX[KRPPHVHQDUPHVௗ"(QUpDOLWpFHQ¶HVWSDV
GHJDLHWpGHF°XUTX¶LOVWROqUHQWOHXUHPSULVH
'HSXLV OH GpEXW GX ;;,qPHVLqFOH XQH YLQJWDLQH GH SD\V DIULFDLQV
VXELVVHQWGHVDIIURQWHPHQWVDUPpVRXGHVVLWXDWLRQVGHFULVHSOXVRX
PRLQVSURIRQGVHWSOXVRXPRLQVUpVROXV5'&&RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH
/LEHULD&{WHG
,YRLUH%XUXQGL5ZDQGD$QJROD6RXGDQ6RPDOLH
2XJDQGD7FKDG0DOLSRXUQHFLWHUTXHOHVSOXVUpFHQWVIUDSSpVSDU
FHWWHLQGLJQLWp$LQVLOHPRGqOHeWDWQDWLRQDXTXHODVSLUHO¶$IULTXH
V¶pORLJQH SHWLW j SHWLW /
DEVHQFH GH YpULWDEOH GpPRFUDWLH OHV
FRQWH[WHVGHFULVHpFRQRPLTXHHWVRFLDOHVRQWjQ¶HQSRLQWGRXWHU
OHVFDXVHVSURIRQGHVGHODGpVWDELOLVDWLRQGHO
eWDW
'DQVODVLWXDWLRQGHVWDJQDWLRQpFRQRPLTXHHWVRFLDOHGHO¶$IULTXH
VXEPHUJpHG¶LPPHQVHVSRFKHVG¶LQGLJHQFHHWGHGpVRUGUHGDQVOD
JHVWLRQ GHV DIIDLUHV GH O¶eWDW SRXU OH ELHQ GHV $IULFDLQV IDXWLO
SULYLOpJLHUOHVTXHVWLRQVVpFXULWDLUHVRXV¶RFFXSHUSULRULWDLUHPHQWGX
GpYHORSSHPHQW KXPDLQௗ" /¶pFKHF GHV SROLWLTXHV PLOLWDULVWHV HVW
LQGpQLDEOH$XFRXUVGHVFLQTXDQWHGHUQLqUHVDQQpHVOHVPLOLWDLUHV
DXSRXYRLURQWWHQWpVDQVVXFFqVWRXWHVRUWHG¶DFWLRQPHWWDQWHQDYDQW
OHXUSUpVHQFHHWOHXUVLOOXVLRQV/HPRPHQWGXFKDQJHPHQWHVWYHQX
/¶DUPpH HQ $IULTXH GRLW UHWURXYHU VRQ U{OH WUDGLWLRQQHO HW V¶HQ
FRQWHQWHU,OHVWWHPSVG¶RVHUG¶LQQRYHUHQFKRLVLVVDQWXQQRXYHDX
PRGH G¶RUJDQLVDWLRQ GH O¶eWDW VDQV DUPHV GH JXHUUH RX DYHF XQH
DUPpHLQYLVLEOHHWYpULWDEOHPHQWDXVHUYLFHGHODQDWLRQ(QHIIHWOHV
LQVWLWXWLRQV PLOLWDLUHV DSSDUDLVVHQW FRPPH UHVSRQVDEOHV GHV
PDOKHXUV GHV eWDWV DIULFDLQV TXDQG OHV FDGUHV RX OD WURXSH
RUFKHVWUHQW OH FKDRV j OHXU VHXO SURILW Q¶HVWFH SDV JpQpUDO
'LHQGpUpௗ" 3RVHU OD TXHVWLRQ GH O¶XWLOLWp GH O¶DUPpH HQ $IULTXH
UHYLHQWjSpURUHUVXUOHSDUDGR[HGHO¶°XIHWGHODSRXOH/HVSHXSOHV
VRQW SHUSpWXHOOHPHQW GDQV O¶LQVpFXULWp OH YHQWUH YLGH DYHF GHV
ϮϬϱ

EHVRLQV PDWpULHOV VDQLWDLUHV HW FXOWXUHOV LQDFFHVVLEOHV /H

PLOLWDULVPH VHV DEXV EHOOLFLVWHV HW VHV GpULYHV DXWRULWDLUHV RQW
HQJHQGUpXQDEkWDUGLVVHPHQWPDLV VDQVTXLpWXGHLOQ¶HVWSRLQWGH
SURJUqVTXLIDLWQDvWUHODSDL[P\VWLTXHGHO¶kPH2VRQVDYDQWDJHU
DORUVOHELHQrWUHDX[GpSHQVGXWRXWVpFXULWDLUH3URPRXYRQVOHOLEUH
FKRL[SROLWLTXHGHVFLWR\HQVSULYLOpJLRQVODGpPRFUDWLHGRQQRQVOD
SULRULWpDXELHQrWUHGHVSRSXODWLRQV4XHFKDFXQIDVVHVRQPpWLHU
OHV PLOLWDLUHV j OD FDVHUQH OHV SUpODWV GDQV OHV OLHX[ GH FXOWH OHV
HQVHLJQDQWV j O¶pFROH HW OHV PpGHFLQV j O¶K{SLWDO 4XH FHX[ TXL
EULJXHQW GHV PDQGDWV pOHFWLIV DVVXPHQW OH ULVTXH GH GpPLVVLRQQHU
DXSDUDYDQWGHOHXUVIRQFWLRQV4X¶LOVUHQRQFHQWjOHXUSODFHIRUWHHW
FHVVHQWGHV¶DSSX\HUVXUOHXUFRUSRUDWLRQHWOHXUHWKQLH/DSROLWLTXH
HVW XQ FRPEDW j DUPHV pJDOHV (Q FDV G¶pFKHF GH OHXU GpPDUFKH
TX¶LOVHQWLUHQWOHVFRQVpTXHQFHVODVRUWLHVDQVWXPXOWHGHODVFqQH
SROLWLTXH
8Q FRQVWDW VDXWH DX[ \HX[ /HV DUPpHV DIULFDLQHV VRXYHQW
GpPHVXUpHVHWFKR\pHVSDUOHVJRXYHUQDQWVF{WRLHQWGDQVOHXUSD\V
ODJUDQGHPLVqUH'DQVFHUWDLQVFDVFHWWHSDXYUHWpWRXFKHWRXWHOD
QDWLRQ j O¶H[FHSWLRQ GH FH JURXSH VRFLDO /HV EXGJHWV PLOLWDLUHV
UXLQHQW OHV pFRQRPLHV 8QH PDVVH ILQDQFLqUH FRORVVDOH HVW
KDELWXHOOHPHQWDOORXpHjO¶HQWUHWLHQGHVPDWpULHOVO¶pTXLSHPHQWGHV
IRUFHVHWODUpPXQpUDWLRQGHVKRPPHVHQDUPHVWDQGLVTXHOHSHXSOH
FURXSLWGDQVXQGpQXHPHQWLQQRPPDEOHDXSRLQWGHFRPSURPHWWUH
O¶LQWpJULWp GH O¶LQGLYLGX 1RQ FRQWHQW G¶rWUH XQ IUHLQ DX
GpYHORSSHPHQW O¶DUPpH HQ UHQIRUoDQW OHV GHVSRWHV SDU XQ VRXWLHQ
LQFRQGLWLRQQHO GHPHXUH O¶REVWDFOH SULQFLSDO YHUV OD GpPRFUDWLH
YpULWDEOH(OOHHVWO¶LQVWUXPHQWGHVGLFWDWHXUVLQDPRYLEOHV*DERQ
&RQJR 7RJR &DPHURXQ 7FKDG HWF ¬ WUDYHUV O¶LPS{W TX¶LOV
V¶pFKLQHQW j SD\HU HW OHV UHVVRXUFHV GX SD\V GLODSLGpHV SDU OH
SRXYRLUOHVFLWR\HQVSDXYUHVGHVXUFURvWILQDQFHQWO¶RXWLOTXLOHV
RSSUHVVHHWHQWUDYHOHXUOLEHUWp
/HV VRFLpWpV pYROXpHV RX FHOOHV TXL DVSLUHQW j OH GHYHQLU RQW
O¶REOLJDWLRQGHPHWWUHHQDFFRUGOHEHVRLQGHVpFXULWpGRQWOHVIRUFHV
DUPpHVRQWODUHVSRQVDELOLWpG¶DVVXUHUDYHFOHGHYRLUG¶KRQRUHUHW
GHIDLUHSDUWDJHUOHVYDOHXUVGpPRFUDWLTXHVOHVGURLWVGHO¶KRPPHHW
OHV OLEHUWpV IRQGDPHQWDOHV /H SRXYRLU PLOLWDLUH HVW FDSDEOH
G¶LQIOXHQFHUODGpPRFUDWLHHWVHVYDOHXUVGXIDLWGHODSUpURJDWLYHGH
OD FRHUFLWLRQ RFWUR\pH SDU OH SHXSOH OXLPrPH /HV LQWpUrWV GHV
ϮϬϲ

PLOLWDLUHV GRLYHQW GRQF rWUH VXERUGRQQpV DX[ LQWpUrWV GH OD QDWLRQ
GpPRFUDWLTXHWRXWHQWLqUH/¶HQFDGUHPHQWGXSRXYRLUPLOLWDLUHHVW
GRQFXQHSULRULWpSRXUXQJRXYHUQHPHQWGpPRFUDWLTXH/HFRQWU{OH
GHVIRUFHVDUPpHVSDUOHVUHSUpVHQWDQWVGXSHXSOHDGHX[H[LJHQFHV
VXVFHSWLEOHVG¶LQVWDXUHUODFRQILDQFHHWGHFRQVROLGHUODSDL[
/D SUHPLqUH REOLJDWLRQ G¶RUGUH LQWpULHXU LPSRVH OD VRXPLVVLRQ GX
SRXYRLU PLOLWDLUH DX[ DXWRULWpV FLYLOHV HW DX[ SULQFLSHV GH OD
5pSXEOLTXHO
LQGLYLVLELOLWpGHODQDWLRQODVpSDUDWLRQGHODVRFLpWp
FLYLOHHWGHODVRFLpWpUHOLJLHXVHOD5pSXEOLTXHVRFLDOHHWVXUWRXWOD
GpPRFUDWLH ¬ TXHOTXHV H[FHSWLRQV SUqV OH 0DURF OH /HVRWKR«
O¶$IULTXHHVWHQUpSXEOLTXHGRQFDGKqUHjFHVUqJOHVVLQRQRQLQYHQWH
XQHDXWUHIRUPHGHO¶eWDW
/DGHX[LqPHFRQFHUQHOHVDIIDLUHVH[WpULHXUHVGRQFODGLSORPDWLH
TXLH[FOXWGHPHQDFHURXG¶HPSOR\HUODIRUFHFRQWUHXQDXWUHeWDW
WDQWTXHWRXWHVOHVSRVVLELOLWpVGHQpJRFLDWLRQQ¶RQWSDVpWppSXLVpHV
/¶DUPpHHQ$IULTXHGRLWIDLUHDWWHQWLRQjQHSDVHQGRVVHUOHU{OHGH
IDLVHXU GH URLV /¶LPSOLFDWLRQ SURQRQFpH GDQV OH SDQLHU j FUDEHV
SROLWLTXHQXLUDLWjVRQLPSDUWLDOLWpHWVRQSURIHVVLRQQDOLVPH)DLUH
DWWHQWLRQ DX[ VROOLFLWXGHV GHV SROLWLFLHQV HQ PDO GH VRXWLHQ TXL
GpWRXUQHQW OHV \HX[ SXGLTXHPHQW SRXU QH SDV YRLU O¶LQGLFLEOH
HQFRXUDJHQW HW PrPH LQFLWHQW OHV PLOLWDLUHV j O¶LQFLYLVPH j
O¶HQULFKLVVHPHQW SHUVRQQHO HQ LQVWLWXDQW O¶LPSXQLWp &¶HVW FH TXL
DUULYH DX[ JDUGHV SUpVLGHQWLHOOHV YpULWDEOHV JDUGHV SUpWRULHQQHV
SOXV SXLVVDQWHV TXH OH UHVWH GHV IRUFHV DUPpHV (OOHV RQW XQ UpHO
SRXYRLUGLVVXDVLI/HSUpVLGHQW,EUDKLP%DUp0DwQDVVDUDGX1LJHUD
pWp DLQVL DVVDVVLQp SDU VD JDUGH SUpVLGHQWLHOOH &HOXL GH *XLQpH OH
FDSLWDLQH 0RXVVD 'DGLV &DPDUD D TXDQW j OXL pWp YLFWLPH G¶XQH
WHQWDWLYHG¶DVVDVVLQDWFRPPLVHSDUOHFKHIGHVDJDUGHSUpVLGHQWLHOOH
4XDQWj/DXUHQW'pVLUp.DELODLODVXFFRPEpjXQFRPSORWLQWHUQH
,OIDXWV¶DEVWHQLUGHVXFFRPEHUDXV\QGURPHG
KXEULVODPDODGLHGX
SRXYRLU TXL JXHWWH WRXV OHV FKHIV PLOLWDLUHV 3HUWH GX VHQV GHV
UpDOLWpV LQWROpUDQFH j OD FRQWUDGLFWLRQ DFWLRQV j O
HPSRUWHSLqFH
REVHVVLRQGHVDSURSUHLPDJHHWDEXVGHSRXYRLU
/HVGpSHQVHVPLOLWDLUHVOHEXGJHWGHODGpIHQVHHWODQRPLQDWLRQGHV
FKHIV PLOLWDLUHV PDLV DXVVL OHV PLVVLRQV GHV IRUFHV DUPpHV
GHPHXUHQW GHV GRPDLQHV FRQWU{OpV SULRULWDLUHPHQW SDU OH V\VWqPH
SROLWLTXH GpPRFUDWLTXH /D &RQVWLWXWLRQ HQ GpVLJQDQW OHV RUJDQHV
ϮϬϳ

TXLSUHVFULYHQWOHVPLVVLRQVDX[PLOLWDLUHVGpILQLWOHSURFHVVXVGH
VXSHUYLVLRQGHVIRUFHVDUPpHVMRXHXQU{OHFUXFLDOGDQVOHFRQWU{OH
SDU OD UHSUpVHQWDWLRQ QDWLRQDOH VXU OHVGLWHV IRUFHV DUPpHV &HOD
VXSSRVHO¶H[LVWHQFHG¶XQRUJDQHpOXGpPRFUDWLTXHPHQW,OH[DPLQH
HW VXSHUYLVH OHV GpFLVLRQV DGRSWpHV SDU OHV DXWRULWpV GRWpHV GH OD
FRPSpWHQFHHQPDWLqUHPLOLWDLUH/H3DUOHPHQWHQWDQWTX¶RUJDQHpOX
DGHFHIDLWXQHUHVSRQVDELOLWpIRQGDPHQWDOHGDQVODWkFKHGHPLVH
HQ FRXSH GHV IRUFHV DUPpHV /H FRQWU{OH GLUHFW HVW HQFRUH SOXV
PDQLIHVWH ORUVTXH OH 3DUOHPHQW SDU O¶LQWHUPpGLDLUH G¶XQH
FRPPLVVLRQad’ hocDXQSRXYRLUGHGpFLVLRQRXV¶DUURJHO¶LQLWLDWLYH
GHV ORLV PLOLWDLUHV j WUDYHUV O¶H[DPHQ GX EXGJHW GHV DUPpHV HW OH
WUDYDLOURXWLQLHUGHODFRPPLVVLRQGHGpIHQVH(OOHGRLWYHLOOHUDXVVL
ELHQ j OD QHXWUDOLWp GH O¶DUPpH TX¶j VRQ DVVXMHWWLVVHPHQW
GpUDLVRQQDEOH DX FKHI GH O¶H[pFXWLI FDU FHWWH UHODWLRQ HVW
FRQVWDPPHQW LQWROpUDEOH HW SHUQLFLHXVH ORUVTXH OH SUpVLGHQW GH OD
5pSXEOLTXH HVW OXLPrPH XQ PLOLWDLUH /HV SDUOHPHQWV OHV PLHX[
LQIRUPpVVRQWFHX[TXLRQWXQSRXYRLUG¶DSSUREDWLRQSUpDODEOH¬
GpIDXWG¶XQHQFDGUHPHQWVWULFWGHODSROLWLTXHGHGpIHQVHQDWLRQDOH
SDUOHSHXSOHjWUDYHUVVHVpOXVXQDXWUHPRGqOHH[LVWH,OHVWVRXYHQW
DGRSWp SDU GHV SHWLWV SD\V 0DLV QXO Q¶LQWHUGLW TX¶LO QH VRLW SDV
DSSOLTXpHQ$IULTXHLOV¶DJLWGHODVXSSUHVVLRQSXUHHWVLPSOHGH
O¶DUPpH DYHF SRXU FRQVpTXHQFH XQH UpRULHQWDWLRQ GHV PR\HQV
ILQDQFLHUV j UpLQMHFWHU DX SURILW G¶DXWUHV SRVWHV EXGJpWDLUHV HW XQH
GLSORPDWLH G\QDPLTXH DQWLEHOOLTXHXVH %LHQ VRXYHQW XQH DUPpH
FDERVVpH QH GLVVXDGH SDV XQ DGYHUVDLUH GpWHUPLQp j SDVVHU j
O¶DWWDTXHSRXUH[HPSOH%RNR+DUDPHQ$IULTXHGHO¶2XHVW¬TXRL
oDVHUWG¶HQWUHWHQLUGHVIRUFHVRQpUHXVHVVLHOOHVVRQWLQFDSDEOHVGH
VHUYLU GH ERXFOLHU DX SHXSOH 3RXUTXRLQH SDV XWLOLVHU OH SDUDSOXLH
G¶XQHJUDQGHSXLVVDQFHpWUDQJqUHௗ"/¶$OOHPDJQHHWOH-DSRQVHVRQW
UHOHYpVHWGpYHORSSpVVRXVFHOXLGHVeWDWV8QLVVDQVKRQWH
,OQ¶\DSDVTXHO¶DUPpHFRPPHpOpPHQWGpVWDELOLVDWHXUHQ$IULTXH
'DQVO¶pGLILFDWLRQGHVeWDWVPRGHUQHVSDUOHVFRORQVO¶REMHFWLIpWDLW
OH GpYHORSSHPHQW GHV SURGXFWLRQV DJULFROH HW PLQLqUH QRQ OHV
UHODWLRQVKDUPRQLHXVHVHQWUHOHVSRSXODWLRQVG¶XQHPrPHFRQWUpHGH
VRUWH TXH OHV QRWLRQV GH SUR[LPLWp HWKQLTXH GH VLPLOLWXGH
OLQJXLVWLTXH RQW pWp LJQRUpHV HQWUDvQDQW DXMRXUG¶KXL GHV PRWLIV GH
FULVH /D SROLWLTXH FRORQLDOH GX ©GLYLVHU SRXU PLHX[ UpJQHUª HQ
FRQILDQWFHUWDLQHVPLVVLRQVQRWDPPHQWOHPDLQWLHQGHO¶RUGUHjXQ
ϮϬϴ

JURXSH HWKQLTXH VSpFLILTXH D HQJHQGUp GHV UDQF°XUV WHQDFHV TXL

UHQWUHQWHQpUXSWLRQGHQRVMRXUV(QWRXWHORJLTXHVXUIRQGGHOXWWH
WULEDOHODVRFLpWpGDQVFHUWDLQVSD\VVHWURXYHIRQFLqUHPHQWGLYLVpH
'DQVFHFRQWH[WHODIDLEOHVVHGHO¶eWDWTXLQHSHXWrWUHHQWLqUHPHQW
FRPEOpH SDU O¶DUPpH LUUpSUpKHQVLEOH DSSRUWH GRQF VRQ ORW
G¶LQVWDELOLWp
'DQVOHWUqVORLQWDLQSDVVpGXWHPSVGHQRVDQFrWUHVLOH[LVWDLWXQH
UHODWLRQP\VWLTXHHQWUHOHFRPEDWWDQWHWOHVSRSXODWLRQVTX¶LODYDLW
OD FKDUJH GH SURWpJHU &H SDFWH pWDLW VFHOOp SDU XQ ULWH LQLWLDWLTXH
GUDVWLTXHHWIpWLFKLVWH¬SUpVHQWTXHFHOLHQDpWpVXSSULPpSDUOH
PRGHUQLVPH OH VROGDW SURWHFWHXU D SHUGX VRQ FDUDFWqUH VDFUp ,O
DSSDUWLHQWGpVRUPDLVjVDKLpUDUFKLH&RPPHQWV¶pWRQQHUGXSHXGH
FRQVLGpUDWLRQGXPLOLWDLUHDIULFDLQjVRQHQYLURQQHPHQWYpFXSDUOH
UHVWHGHODVRFLpWpFRPPHXQUHSOLLGHQWLWDLUHௗ"&RPPHQWrWUHVXUSULV
GHO¶DEVHQFHGHVHQWLPHQWQDWLRQDOGHFHVKRPPHVHQNDNLௗ"¬OHXU
FRUSV GpIHQGDQW FHV DUPpHV SRVWLQGpSHQGDQFH RQW GHV VWUXFWXUHV
VDQVDXWKHQWLFLWpVDQVOLHQP\VWLTXHHWFXOWXUHODYHFOHXUVUDFLQHV
'¶HPEOpH HOOHV VH VRQW LQVFULWHV GDQV XQH UHODWLRQ DPELJXs DYHF
OHXUV SURSUHV eWDWV &HV DUPpHV RQW RXEOLp G¶rWUH OH SURGXLW GHV
WUDGLWLRQVJXHUULqUHVVSpFLILTXHPHQWDIULFDLQHVIDLWHVGHEUDYRXUHGH
JORLUHPDLVDXVVLGHFRQVLGpUDWLRQjO¶pJDUGGHVFRQFLWR\HQV6LjOD
EDVHHOOHVQHVRQWSDVUHVSRQVDEOHVLOOHXUDSSDUWLHQWGHUHFUpHUFHWWH
UHODWLRQ
$XWUHSKpQRPqQHjPHWWUHDXGpELWGHVJRXYHUQDQWVGHODSUHPLqUH
KHXUHVXUOHFRQWLQHQWHWQRQVXUOHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHVODWHQWDWLYH
GH PDUJLQDOLVDWLRQ GHV IRUFHV PLOLWDLUHV VRLW HQ UpGXLVDQW OHXU
HQYHUJXUH SDU OH WUXFKHPHQW GHV UHVWULFWLRQV EXGJpWDLUHV HW VRXV
pTXLSHPHQWVPDWpULHOVVRLWHQSULYLOpJLDQWGHVIRUFHVSDUDOOqOHVDILQ
GHUHWLUHUDX[DUPpHVOHPRQRSROHGHODGpWHQWLRQGHVPR\HQVGHOD
YLROHQFH/¶LPPL[WLRQGDQVODVSKqUHSROLWLTXHIXWVRXYHQWODULSRVWH
GHODWURXSH/HVWRUWVVRQWGRQFSDUWDJpV

ϮϬϵ


$SUqVFHORQJUpTXLVLWRLUHHWFHSODLGR\HUTXLFRQVWLWXHQRWUHK\PQH
DXFKDQJHPHQWQ¶KpVLWRQVSDVjUHVVDVVHUTXH
7RXV OHV $IULFDLQV VRQW GHV IUqUHV /D IUDWHUQLWp GRLW GpSDVVHU OHV
IURQWLqUHV HW OD TXLpWXGH HQYDKLU OHV QDWLRQV DIULFDLQHV /D SDL[
QpFHVVDLUH j O¶pSDQRXLVVHPHQW GH O¶LQGLYLGX Q¶HVW SDV VLPSOHPHQW
XQHDEVHQFHGHJXHUUH(OOHUHSUpVHQWHXQHGLVSRVLWLRQG¶HVSULWHWXQ
pWDW SK\VLTXH TXH FHUWDLQV SHXSOHV DWWHLJQHQW HQ FRQFHYDQW GHV
VWUXFWXUHVHWGHVPpFDQLVPHVGHSUpYHQWLRQGHVFRQIOLWVHWTXLpYLWHQW
OH UHFRXUV j OD YLROHQFH 3DU FRQVpTXHQW OHV eWDWV DIULFDLQV QH
GHYUDLHQWSDVKpVLWHUjVHSDVVHUGHVDUPpHVGHW\SHFODVVLTXHWUqV
GLVSHQGLHXVHV HW VRXYHQW IDFWHXU G¶DEDLVVHPHQW %DQQLU OD JXHUUH
QRQ SDV HQ VXSSULPDQW OH IHUPHQW GH FHWWH YLROHQFH PDLV HQ
SURVFULYDQWO¶RXWLO
/¶DSSHO DX[ PLOLWDLUHV O¶LGpH GH JRXYHUQHU VRXV OH SUpWH[WH GH
JDUDQWLU OD VpFXULWp GHV SRSXODWLRQV PLHX[ TXH OH IHUDLHQW G¶DXWUHV
FRPSRVDQWHV GH OD QDWLRQ GRLW rWUH UHPLVH HQ TXHVWLRQ /¶KLVWRLUH
UpFHQWH GH O¶$IULTXH OpJLWLPH FHWWH SRVLWLRQ 'HV GLVSRVLWLRQV GH
UHFKDQJHH[LVWHQW/DSUHPLqUHFRQVLVWHjWURXYHUXQFRQVHQVXVDX
VHLQGHODQDWLRQHQPDOGHEUXLWGHERWWHVHQYXHGHUHFRXULUjOD
GpIHQVH FLYLOH FLWR\HQQH. (Q OLHX HW SODFH G¶XQH DUPpH GH PpWLHU
WRXV OHV FLWR\HQV HQ kJH GH FRPEDWWUH VDQV GLVWLQFWLRQ GH VH[H HW
G¶RULJLQHVHSUpSDUHUDLHQWjODPRELOLVDWLRQJpQpUDOHSRXUODGpIHQVH
GXSD\V3RXUFHODFHWWHIUDQJHGHODSRSXODWLRQVHUDLWUpSHUWRULpH
pTXLSpHHQWUDvQpHUpJXOLqUHPHQW'qVOHWHPSVGHSDL[OHVFLWR\HQV
VROGDWV IHUDLHQW GHV SpULRGHV GH VHUYLFH GDQV GHV XQLWpV SUp
SRVLWLRQQpHV DX[ IURQWLqUHV IDFH DX GDQJHU LGHQWLILp IRUPHOOHPHQW
&HWWH DUPpH QH V¶RFFXSHUDLW TXH GHV FRQIOLWV H[WpULHXUV FRQWUH OHV
IRUFHVpWUDQJqUHVTXLPHQDFHUDLHQWODTXLpWXGHGXSD\VRXO¶LQWpJULWp
WHUULWRULDOH/DVpFXULWpGHVDIIDLUHVLQWpULHXUHVVHUDLWFRQILpHjXQH
IRUFHSXEOLTXHFRQVWLWXpHG¶XQLWpVSURIHVVLRQQHOOHVHWSHUPDQHQWHV
'DQVFHWWHVRFLpWpWRXVOHVFLWR\HQVDXUDLHQWXQHH[FHOOHQWHPDvWULVH
GHVDUPHVGHJXHUUHGHVRUWHTX¶DXFXQHQQHPLQ¶RVHUDLWHQYDKLUXQ
SD\VDYHFDXWDQWGHFRPEDWWDQWVTXHG¶KDELWDQWV(QFDVGHFULVHOD
ϮϭϬ

PRELOLVDWLRQJpQpUDOHPHWWUDWRXWOHSD\VVXUOHSLHGGHJXHUUH&HWWH
RUJDQLVDWLRQ GRLW V¶DFFRPSDJQHU GH O¶LQWHUGLFWLRQ VWULFWH GH
GpWHQWLRQG¶DUPHVGHJXHUUHHQGHKRUVGHVGLVSRVLWLRQVOpJDOHV/D
GpIHQVHFLYLOHFLWR\HQQHVXSSULPHGHIDLWO¶DUPpHGHPpWLHUDYHFVHV
GpIDXWV (OOH UHYLHQGUDLW PRLQV FKHU TXH O¶LQVWLWXWLRQ SHUPDQHQWH
UHPSOLHGHIRQFWLRQQDLUHVEXGJpWLYRUHVTXLSRXUWURPSHUOHXUHQQXL
V¶LPPLVFHQW HQ SROLWLTXH &KDTXH FLWR\HQ DSSHOp DX[ DUPHV
HIIHFWXHUDLWXQVpMRXUVRXVOHGUDSHDXGHO¶RUGUHGHWURLVVHPDLQHV
SDU DQ /¶LQGHPQLWp j FRQVHQWLU VHUDLW GRQF LQIpULHXUH DX VDODLUH
DOORXpjXQPLOLWDLUHGHFDUULqUH'¶DXWUHSDUWOHFRWGHUHYLHQWG¶XQ
FLWR\HQVROGDWVHUDLWPRLQGUHHWYLWHUHQWDELOLVpSDUFHTX¶LOQHVHUDLW
SDVRLVLIFRPPHOHSURIHVVLRQQHODFWXHO,O\DDXVVLGHVDYDQWDJHV
OLpVjODFRQQDLVVDQFHGXQLYHDXVDQLWDLUHGHVIRUFHVYLYHVGXSD\V
JUkFHDX[YLVLWHVPpGLFDOHVV\VWpPDWLTXHVSUDWLTXpHVDYDQWFKDTXH
LQFRUSRUDWLRQ &HWWH SRSXODWLRQ VHUDLW DVWUHLQWH j XQH FXOWXUH
SK\VLTXH LUUpSURFKDEOH $LQVL XQH WHOOH RUJDQLVDWLRQ VHUYLUDLW GH
melting potSRXUWRXVOHVUHVVRUWLVVDQWVGXSD\V/DVHXOHGLIILFXOWp
FRQVLVWHjOLTXLGHUO¶DQFLHQV\VWqPH6LWRXWOHPRQGHHVWG¶DFFRUG
SRXU FKDQJHU HW pYROXHU YHUV XQ eWDW PRLQV FRQIOLFWXHO QRXV
SUpFRQLVRQV GH UHQGUH OHXU OLEHUWp j WRXV OHV PLOLWDLUHV HQ OHV
LQGHPQLVDQWHWHQOHVIRUPDQWjGHQRXYHDX[PpWLHUVFDUSHUVRQQH
QH IHUD SOXV XQH FDUULqUH GH SOXVLHXUV GpFHQQLHV &H FKRL[
V¶DSSXLHUDLWQpFHVVDLUHPHQWVXUXQHSROLWLTXHGHERQYRLVLQDJHDYHF
OHV SD\V IURQWDOLHUV 'HV RUJDQLVPHV GH SUpYHQWLRQV GH FRQIOLWV
ELODWpUDX[VHUDLHQWPLVHQSODFH
(QYXHGHVXSSULPHUOHSRLGVG¶XQHIRUFHPLOLWDLUHWURSpFUDVDQWHVXU
ODQDWLRQODVHFRQGHVROXWLRQSOXVDPELWLHXVHIDLWDSSHOjXQJURXSH
GH SD\V G¶XQH VRXVUpJLRQ TXL PXWXDOLVHUDLHQW OHV PR\HQV
ILQDQFLHUV OH SHUVRQQHO HW OHV PDWpULHOV SRXUEkWLU XQH VHXOHIRUFH
DUPpH TXL LQWHUYLHQGUDLW DX[ IURQWLqUHV GH OD FRDOLWLRQ /H PRQGH
DFWXHOHVWVRXPLVDX[WHQGDQFHVjODJOREDOLVDWLRQGLVVROXWLRQGHV
LGHQWLWpV QDWLRQDOHV DEROLWLRQ GHV IURQWLqUHV HW FRQFHSWLRQ GHV
VWUDWpJLHV FRPPXQHV /D VpFXULWp LQWpULHXUH F¶HVWjGLUH OD MXVWLFH
DYHF VRQ HQYLURQQHPHQW O¶RUJDQLVDWLRQ FDUFpUDOH OD SROLFH PDLV
DXVVLOHVVHUYLFHVGHUHQVHLJQHPHQWOHVGRXDQHVODSUpYHQWLRQGHV
FDWDVWURSKHVHWODOXWWHFRQWUHOHVSpULOVQRQPLOLWDLUHVGHPHXUHUDLHQW
GXUHVVRUWGHODVRXYHUDLQHWpGHVeWDWVPHPEUHV6HXOHO¶DUPpHVHUDLW
FRPPXQH LQWHUDUPpHV HW SOXULQDWLRQDOH DYHF XQ FRPPDQGHPHQW
Ϯϭϭ

XQLTXH /HV PLOLWDLUHV GHV SD\V DVVRFLpV WUDYDLOOHUDLHQW HQVHPEOH

VDQV GLVFULPLQDWLRQ /D FRQWULEXWLRQ GH FKDFXQ VHUDLW IRUFpPHQW
PRLQV RQpUHXVH TXH FH TX¶LO GpSHQVHUDLW HQ HQWUHWHQDQW VD SURSUH
DUPpH 3RXU pYLWHU G¶DYRLU GHV XQLWpV IRUPpHV HQ EORF KRPRJqQH
G¶XQH VHXOH QDWLRQDOLWp VXVFHSWLEOH GH SURYRTXHU GHV UpDFWLRQV
FRPPXQDXWDULVWHVOHEUDVVDJHVHUDGHULJXHXU,OIDXWVHJDUGHUGH
SROLWLVHU FHWWH DUPpH LQWHUpWDWLTXH DILQ GH SURWpJHU VRQ
SURIHVVLRQQDOLVPH (OOH VHUD UpJLH SDU XQH OpJLVODWLRQ FODLUH
DQWLFRUUXSWLRQHWSUpVHUYpHGHWRXWHWHQWDWLRQHWFRPSURPLVVLRQDYHF
OHFULPHRUJDQLVpRXOHVSROLWLTXHVPDOKRQQrWHV(OOHQHVHUDMDPDLV
DVVRFLpHjXQHRSpUDWLRQLQWpULHXUHPrPHGXW\SH9LJLSLUDWH&HFL
SRXU JDUDQWLU VD QHXWUDOLWp YLVjYLV GHV DIIDLUHV GH SROLWLTXH
LQWpULHXUH DX[ eWDWV ,O HVW LPSRUWDQW GH GRWHU FHWWH DUPpH G¶XQH
FDSDFLWp GH SURMHFWLRQ DILQ GH SRUWHU HQ WRXW SRLQW GX WHUULWRLUH GH
O¶DOOLDQFHOHVIRUFHVQpFHVVDLUHVHWOHVPDWpULHOVDGpTXDWV8QDFFHQW
SDUWLFXOLHU GHYUDLW rWUH PLV VXU O¶HIILFDFLWp HW OD UDSLGLWp GHV
RSpUDWLRQV/HWUDQVSRUWDpULHQHWKpOLSRUWpODPDULQHHWOHVWURXSHV
PpFDQLVpHVOHVFRPPDQGRVHWOHUHQVHLJQHPHQWVRQWGHVGRPDLQHV
jSULYLOpJLHU
(QILQ O¶DXGDFH FRQGXLW j VH SDVVHU GH O¶DUPpH GH PpWLHU SRXU
DPpOLRUHU OD YLH GHV SRSXODWLRQV HW DVVXUHU OHXU VpFXULWp SDU XQH
SROLWLTXHGHQHXWUDOLWpHWXQHGLSORPDWLHG\QDPLTXH/DQHXWUDOLWpHW
QRQOHQHXWUDOLVPHGRFWULQHSUpFRQLVDQWOHUHIXVG¶DGKpVLRQjWRXW
V\VWqPH G¶DOOLDQFH PLOLWDLUH FRQGXLW j SUpVHUYHU XQ SHXSOH GHV
YHOOpLWpV GH SUpGDWLRQ GH VHV YRLVLQV /D QHXWUDOLWp FRQGXLW j
UHQIRUFHUODFRKpVLRQQDWLRQDOHSDUFHTXHODSRSXODWLRQVHGpWRXUQH
GHV FRQWLQJHQFHV H[WpULHXUHV SRXU VH SUpRFFXSHU GH VD SURSUH
FRQGLWLRQ /D SROLWLTXH GH QHXWUDOLWp V¶RSSRVH VROHQQHOOHPHQW j OD
JXHUUHFRPPHPR\HQGHUqJOHPHQWGHVGLIIpUHQGVHQWUHSD\V3DUOD
FRQYHQWLRQ GH /D +D\H GH O¶LQWpJULWp WHUULWRULDOH G¶XQ SD\V
QHXWUH GRLWrWUH UHVSHFWpH VFUXSXOHXVHPHQW 4XHOOH TXH VRLW OD
EHOOLJpUDQFH DXFXQH SDUWLH SUHQDQWH j XQ FRQIOLW Q¶D OH GURLW G¶HQ
IDLUH XQ WKpkWUH G¶RSpUDWLRQV &HWWH JDUDQWLH G¶LQYLRODELOLWp SHUPHW
VRLWGHVHSDVVHUG¶DUPpHFODVVLTXHVRLWGHOLPLWHUOHVIRUFHVDUPpHV
DX[ PLVVLRQV FLEOpHVௗ VDFKDQW TX¶XQ SD\V QHXWUH D OH GURLW GH
V¶RSSRVHUVLQpFHVVDLUHSDUODIRUFHjWRXWHYLRODWLRQGHVDQHXWUDOLWp
/HV$IULFDLQVUHVWHUDLHQWLOVOHVVHXOVjVHVRXFLHURXWUHPHVXUHGH
OHXUVpFXULWpDYDQWOHELHQrWUHௗ"(VWLOLPSRVVLEOHG¶LPDJLQHUODYLH
ϮϭϮ

VDQVVHSUpRFFXSHUGHODYLROHQFHௗ"&HWWHVLWXDWLRQHVWIDFWLFH/HV
FHUFOHVG¶LQWpUrWLOOpJLWLPHHWLQGpOLFDWSURILWHQWVRLWGXEXVLQHVVGH
OD GpIHQVH QDWLRQDOH VRLW GH O¶DWPRVSKqUH WURXEOH GHV SpULRGHV
G¶LQVpFXULWpSRXUUHQIRUFHUOHXUSRVLWLRQDXSRXYRLURXV¶HQULFKLUDX[
GpSHQVGHVSOXVKXPEOHV/DYUDLHDXWRULWpGHO¶eWDWQHUpVLGHSOXV
GHQRVMRXUVGDQVOHVDUPHVPDLVGDQVOHVSURXHVVHVpFRQRPLTXHV
pGXFDWLYHVHWFXOWXUHOOHV8QHDUPpHQpFHVVLWHODPRELOLVDWLRQG¶DX
PRLQVXQWLHUVGHVUHVVRXUFHVILQDQFLqUHVG¶XQSD\VHWO¶HQJDJHPHQW
j SOHLQ WHPSV G¶XQH ERQQH SDUWLH GHV IRUFHV YLYHV VDQV TXH FHOD
UDSSRUWHXQTXHOFRQTXHDYDQWDJHDX3,%QDWLRQDO&HWWHGpSHUGLWLRQ
FRUUHVSRQGjSOXVGHODPRLWLpGHODFDSDFLWpG¶pGLILFDWLRQG¶XQSD\V
PRGHUQH 8QH DUPpH FODVVLTXH GRWpH GHV XQLWpV GH FRPEDW DX[
HIIHFWLIVjODIRLVSOpWKRULTXHVHWLQGLVFHUQDEOHVDYHFXQHDUWLOOHULH
UXLQHXVH XQH FDYDOHULH GLVSHQGLHXVH HW XQH DYLDWLRQ KRUV GH SUL[
PDLV LQXWLOH VDQV FDSDFLWp G¶HQWUDvQHPHQW GHV JUDGpV HQ JUDQG
QRPEUHHWGHVFROOHFWLIVEXGJpWDLUHVRFWUR\pVHQXVDQWGHVPpWKRGHV
SURFKHV G¶XQ WHUURULVPH SROLWLFRDGPLQLVWUDWLI XQH DUPpH GH FH
JHQUHUHSUpVHQWHXQHFKDUJHpFRQRPLTXHVRFLpWDOHHWSROLWLTXHSRXU
OH SD\V ,O IDXW V¶HQ GpEDUUDVVHU 'pSHQVHU SOXV SRXU OHV DUPHV HW
PRLQVSRXUOHVEHVRLQVYLWDX[GXSHXSOHQ¶DSSRUWHSDVODJDUDQWLH
G¶DYRLUODSDL[HWODVpFXULWp%LHQDXFRQWUDLUHjIRUFHG¶rWUHVXUOH
VHQWLHUGHODJXHUUHRQUpFROWHODWHPSrWH%UDYRQVOHFRQIRUPLVPH
DEVXUGHGHODUpVROXWLRQGHVFRQIOLWVSDUOHVDUPHV,QQRYRQVJUkFH
DX[ VROXWLRQV DOWHUQDWLYHV TXL IDYRULVHQW OD QRQYLROHQFH OD
GpPRFUDWLHHWO¶HQJDJHPHQWFLWR\HQGHWRXWHODSRSXODWLRQDFTXLVHj
ODVpFXULWpJOREDOH%kWLVVRQVGHVQDWLRQVQRQPLOLWDULVpHVFDUGHV
VRPPHV FRORVVDOHV VRQW JDVSLOOpHV HW WRXWH OD FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GH OD
FRPPXQDXWp QDWLRQDOHHVWGpWRXUQpHSDUGHVTXHVWLRQVGHGpIHQVH
VXSHUIpWDWRLUHV3RXUWDQWO¶DEVHQFHG¶XQHDUPpHGHPpWLHUGDQVXQ
SD\VQHGRLWSDVODLVVHUFURLUHTXHO¶RQHVWHQSOHLQHRSpUDWLRQSRUWHV
RXYHUWHVELHQDXFRQWUDLUH6LRQH[FOXWOHVPLFUReWDWLQVXODLUHVXQ
SD\VVDQVDUPpHH[LVWHEHOHWELHQTXLSOXVHVWGDQVODUpJLRQGHOD
SODQqWHODSOXVPLOLWDULVpHO¶$PpULTXHFHQWUDOHOH&RVWD5LFD
/DVVpHGHVJXHUUHVFLYLOHVHWGHUHFRXUVLQFHVVDQWVDX[DUPHVjOD
PRLQGUHFRQWUDGLFWLRQSROLWLTXHO¶DUPpHIXWDEROLHDX&RVWD5LFD
XQ SD\V VHSW IRLV SOXV SHWLW TXH OH &RQJR%UD]]DYLOOH DYHF XQH
SRSXODWLRQ SUHVTXH LGHQWLTXH PLOOLRQV G¶KDELWDQWV &RPPH DX
&RQJR DSUqV OHV DIIURQWHPHQWV LQWHUHWKQLTXHV GH OD ILQ GH OD
Ϯϭϯ

GpFHQQLH OH HUGpFHPEUH DX OHQGHPDLQ G¶XQH JXHUUH

FLYLOH PHXUWULqUH GRQW -RVp )LJXHUHV )HUUHU VRUWLW YDLQTXHXU DSUqV
GHX[PRLVGHFRPEDWVFHOXLTXHO¶RQDSSHOOHSOXVFRPPXQpPHQW
©'RQ 3HSHª SULW OD WrWH G¶XQ JRXYHUQHPHQW SURYLVRLUH HW DSUqV
DYRLUDQQRQFpODQDWLRQDOLVDWLRQGHVEDQTXHVLOGpFUpWDO¶DEROLWLRQ
GHO¶DUPpH'RQ3HSHRIIULWODFDVHUQHGH%HOODYLVWDjO¶XQLYHUVLWpGX
&RVWD5LFDTXLGpFLGDGHODFRQYHUWLUHQPXVpHQDWLRQDO/¶DUPpH
GLVVRXWHOHEXGJHWPLOLWDLUHIXWWUDQVIpUpVXUFHOXLGHO¶pGXFDWLRQ(Q
jSHLQHGL[DQVO¶HVSpUDQFHGHYLHDGpFROOpOHWDX[GHPRUWDOLWpGXH
DX[ PDODGLHV EpQLJQHV D FKXWp HW O¶pGXFDWLRQ D IDLW XQ ERQG
LQFUR\DEOH /D VXSSUHVVLRQ GH O¶DUPpH SHUPLW FKDTXH DQQpH GH
ILQDQFHU O¶HQVHPEOH GHV XQLYHUVLWpV SXEOLTXHV GX SD\V HW WURLV
K{SLWDX[$XMRXUG¶KXLOHSD\VFRQQDvWXQWDX[G¶DOSKDEpWLVDWLRQGH
&{Wp VDQWp OHV &RVWDULFDLQV EpQpILFLHQW G¶XQH FRXYHUWXUH
VRFLDOHHWG¶XQHPpGHFLQHSHUIRUPDQWH. /H&RVWD5LFDHVWGHYHQXOH
SD\V OH SOXV WUDQTXLOOH OH SOXV VWDEOH HW OH SOXV GpPRFUDWLTXH
G¶$PpULTXHFHQWUDOHYRXV\WURXYHUH]OHVIURQWLqUHVOHVSOXVVUHV
GHODUpJLRQ
,OQ¶HVWSDVIDFLOHGHVHGpOHVWHUGHO¶LOOXVLRQGHSXLVVDQFHTXHSURGXLW
O¶LQVWLWXWLRQPLOLWDLUHHQFRXUDJpHSDUVRQHPSULVHVXUOHVWHQDQWVGX
SRXYRLU OD SHUVLVWDQFH GHV WKpRULHV GH O¶LQIDLOOLELOLWp HW
O¶pJRFHQWULVPH GH VHV PHPEUHV SODFpV GX F{Wp GH OD FURVVH TXL
SRLQWHQWOHIXVLOVXUOHSHXSOH3RXUSDUYHQLUjV¶HQGpEDUUDVVHULO
IDXWUHPSOLUGHVFRQGLWLRQVGLIILFLOHVPDLVQRQFRQWHQWLYHV
0rPHGDQVOHVVRFLpWpVDIULFDLQHVWUDXPDWLVpHVSDUOHVH[DFWLRQVHW
O¶DFFDSDUHPHQW GH OD IRUFH SDU OHV PLOLWDLUHV XQ DFFRUG RX XQ
FRQVHQWHPHQW JpQpUDO HVW SRVVLEOH VXU OD TXHVWLRQ GH O¶H[LVWHQFH
G¶XQHDUPpHGHPpWLHUWUDGLWLRQQHOOH/HUDVOHEROGHODUXHDIULFDLQH
HVW j SHLQH YRLOp FRQWUH OHV PLOLWDLUHV /D MHXQH JpQpUDWLRQ GHV
KRPPHVSROLWLTXHVHVWRXYHUWHDXGpEDWHWSUrWHSRXUXQFRQVHQVXV
DEVROX /HV FRQYHUJHQFHV G¶RSLQLRQ VRQW j SUpVHQW WDQJLEOHV /H
SURMHW j IDLUH DFFHSWHU FRQVLVWH j DVVXUHU GLUHFWHPHQW OD VpFXULWp
LQWpULHXUH GX SD\V DXWUHPHQW TXH SDU OD IRUFH DUPpH HW PHWWUH HQ
SODFHGHVGLVSRVLWLRQVGHVDFFRUGVHWXQHRUJDQLVDWLRQGHGpIHQVH
FRPPXQHDYHFOHVeWDWVYRLVLQV/HUpVXOWDWILQDOUHYLHQGUDLWG¶XQH
SDUWjUpJOHUOHVFRQWHQWLHX[HQWUHeWDWVVDQVUHFRXULUDX[DUPHVGH
JXHUUHHWG¶DXWUHSDUWjGpPDQWHOHUOHVEDORXUGVTXHVRQWGHYHQXHV
OHV DUPpHV GH W\SH FODVVLTXH ,O HVW DXVVL YUDL TX¶HQ YLYDQW HQ
Ϯϭϰ

DXWDUFLHRQQ¶pFKDSSHSDVSRXUDXWDQWDX[DJUHVVLRQVH[WpULHXUHV
VXUWRXWORUVTX¶LO\DGHVPRWLIVG¶rWUHKDwRXFRQYRLWp/HSDFLILVPH
VDQV QXDQFH Q¶pSDUJQH SDV XQ SD\V FRQWUH OHV SURYRFDWLRQV RX OD
EHOOLJpUDQFHDYHFXQDXWUH1RUPDOHPHQWRQYRLWYHQLUXQHJXHUUH
/HV FDXVHV GH FRQIOLWV DUPpV GpFRXOHQW G¶XQH PHQDFH FODLUHPHQW
UHFRQQDLVVDEOHTXLGHPDQGHjrWUHWUDLWpHMXVTX¶jODSKDVHXOWLPHGHV
SUHPLqUHV HVFDUPRXFKHV /HV UDLVRQV GH EHOOLJpUDQFH VRQW
PXOWLSOHVOHEHVRLQG¶H[SDQVLRQWHUULWRULDOHDYHFVRQFRUROODLUHOHV
SUREOqPHV GHV IURQWLqUHV OH PRXYHPHQW PDVVLI GHV SRSXODWLRQV
SURYRFDQWXQHVDWXUDWLRQO¶DVSLUDWLRQjODSXLVVDQFHGpPHVXUpHG¶XQ
OHDGHU SROLWLTXH OH GpVpTXLOLEUH FULDQW GH OD EDODQFH FRPPHUFLDOH
YRXpjpWUDQJOHUO¶pFRQRPLHGXYRLVLQO¶H[SORLWDWLRQIUDXGXOHXVHGHV
ELHQVHVVHQWLHOVVLWXpVjO¶LQWpULHXUGHVIURQWLqUHVG¶DXWUXLHWF3RXU
FHUWDLQV eWDWV OD JXHUUH UHVWH XQH VROXWLRQ UDWLRQQHOOH SRXU UpJOHU
OHXUVGLIILFXOWpVDX[GpSHQVGHVYRLVLQV/DJXHUUHUpSRQGDXVVLjGHV
FDXVHV LUUDWLRQQHOOHV O¶REVFXUDQWLVPH OH IDQDWLVPH HWKQLTXH RX
UHOLJLHX[
3RXUDGRSWHUXQHPHVXUHVLUDGLFDOHTXHOHGpVDUPHPHQWXQLODWpUDO
WRXWHVOHVTXHVWLRQVjUpVRXGUHGRLYHQWrWUHVRXVFRQWU{OH,OIDXW{WHU
DX[ EHOOLTXHX[ OHV UDLVRQV G¶LQVDWLVIDFWLRQ HQ OHXU H[SRVDQW VDQV
DPEDJHVOHSURMHWHWHQVLJQDQWGHVDFFRUGVGHQRQDJUHVVLRQ3DU
H[HPSOHV¶DVVXUHUODWXWHOOHG¶XQHJUDQGHSXLVVDQFHPLOLWDLUHSDUGHV
WUDLWpV FODLUV HW GLYXOJXpV SDUWRXW &HWWH GLVSRVLWLRQ HVW SOXV
GLVVXDVLYH TXH WRXWHV OHV ERPEHV DWRPLTXHV SRXU VHSUpPXQLU GHV
VXUSULVHV'qVORUVTXHOHVDUPHVGHOD)UDQFHVWDWLRQQHQWGHPDQLqUH
SpUHQQH DX 6pQpJDO DX *DERQ HQ &{WH G¶,YRLUH DX 7FKDG HWF
FHUWHV SRXU SURWpJHU OHV LQWpUrWV IUDQoDLV SRXUTXRL FHV SD\V
HQWUHWLHQQHQWGHVDUPpHVTXLOHXUSRVHQWSOXVGHSUREOqPHVTX¶HOOHV
Q¶HQUpVROYHQWௗ"1HYDXGUDLWLOSDVPLHX[VHPHWWUHVRXVOHSDUDSOXLH
IUDQoDLVGLJQHPHQWHWIDLUHO¶pFRQRPLHG¶XQHDUPpHLQXWLOHREMHWGH
FRQIOLW LQWHUQHௗ" /HV SKpQRPqQHV GH GpVWDELOLVDWLRQ LQWHUQH OH
PDLQWLHQGHO¶RUGUHSXEOLFGHUHQVHLJQHPHQWG¶DLGHDX[SRSXODWLRQV
FLYLOHV GDQV OHV FDV GH FDWDVWURSKHV LPSRUWDQWHV HW PrPH GH OD
VXUYHLOODQFHDX[IURQWLqUHVVHUDLHQWFRQILpVDX[XQLWpVSDUDPLOLWDLUHV
FRPSRVpHV GH SROLFLHUV JHQGDUPHV HW JDUGHVQDWLRQDX[ TXL QH
IHUDLHQWSDVXVDJHG¶DUPHVOpWDOHV

Ϯϭϱ


&21&/86,21
/HPpWLHUGHVDUPHVHVWXQVDFHUGRFHTXHO¶RQFKRLVLWSDUDPRXUGH
VDSDWULHOHJRWGHO¶HIIRUWSRXVVpTXHOTXHIRLVjVRQSDUR[\VPHOD
ILHUWp GH O¶XQLIRUPH HW O¶LQWpJULWp TXL V¶\ UDWWDFKH /D QREOHVVH GH
O¶DUPpHYLHQWGXIDLWTX¶DXSpULOGHODYLHGHVHVPHPEUHVHOOHHVW
FDQWRQQpH DX VHUYLFH GHV DUPHV SRXU OD SURWHFWLRQ GHV FLWR\HQV
LQFDSDEOHVGHVHGpIHQGUHVHXOV/¶DWWLWXGHGHYUDLVPLOLWDLUHVSOHLQV
GHGLJQLWpG¶DVFpWLVPHHWVDQVpJDUGSRXUOHXUVSURSUHVLQWpUrWVOHV
UHQGHVWLPDEOHVDX[\HX[GHWRXWHODFRUSRUDWLRQ/¶DUPpHHVWDXVVL
FDUDFWpULVpH SDU OH UHQRQFHPHQW YRORQWDLUH DX[ ELHQV EDVVHPHQW
PDWpULHOVVLQRQHOOHUHIXVHUDLWGHFRPEDWWUHOHVHQQHPLVGHODQDWLRQ
SRXUSUpVHUYHUOHVSRVLWLRQVVRFLDOHVDFTXLVHVSDUVHVPHPEUHVHWVH
EDWWUH SRXU OHXU ULFKHVVH DFFXPXOpH 4XHOOH FRPPXQDXWp
SURIHVVLRQQHOOH LQFDUQH PLHX[ OH SDWULRWLVPH O¶DWWDFKHPHQW HW
GpYRXHPHQW j OD SDWULH TXH O¶DUPpHௗ" 3RXUWDQW OD FRPSLODWLRQGH
O¶KLVWRLUHUpFHQWHGHO¶$IULTXHH[SRVHWDQWGHVLWXDWLRQVUpGKLELWRLUHV
JpQpUpHV SDU GHV PLOLWDLUHV YpUHX[ SLqWUHV SROLWLFLHQV pJRwVWHV HW
LQFDSDEOHVGHVHKLVVHUDXQLYHDXGHVHQMHX[GXGpYHORSSHPHQWGH
O¶$IULTXH/HSDUWDJHGHPHXUHVDQVFRQWHVWHOHPDvWUHPRWGHO¶HVVRU
GXFRQWLQHQWTXHOHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHVSHXWrWUHSDUQDWXUHQ¶DUULYHQW
SDV DLVpPHQW j DFFRPSOLU 3RXUTXRL GRQF ODLVVHU OH SRXYRLU DX[
PLOLWDLUHVௗ" ¬ O¶pYLGHQFH O¶DUPpH GRLW UHQWUHU VDJHPHQW GDQV OHV
UDQJV j F{Wp GHV DXWUHV LQVWLWXWLRQV GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH FDU GDQV FH
V\VWqPHSROLWLTXHGDQVOHTXHOODVRXYHUDLQHWpDSSDUWLHQWDXSHXSOH
TXLH[HUFHOHSRXYRLUSROLWLTXHGLUHFWHPHQWRXSDUO
LQWHUPpGLDLUHGH
UHSUpVHQWDQWV pOXV LO Q¶\ D SDV GH SODFH SULYLOpJLpH SRXU XQH
TXHOFRQTXHFRPPXQDXWpVLIRUWHVRLWHOOH
/DSUHVTXHWRWDOLWpGHVQDWLRQVDIULFDLQHVYLWVRXVOHUpJLPHSROLWLTXH
GH OD UpSXEOLTXH XQH IRUPH G¶eWDW DQWLQRPLTXH GX UR\DXPH GX
VXOWDQDW GH OD SULQFLSDXWp GDQV OHTXHO OHV IDPLOOHV UpJQDQWHV VRQW
LQDPRYLEOHV 3RXU UDSSHO OD UpSXEOLTXH HVW OD VHXOH FUpDWLRQ
SROLWLTXH TXL GRQQH O¶HVSRLU j XQ ILOV GH SD\VDQ RX XQH KRQQrWH
SHUVRQQHGHODVRXVFODVVHGDQVODVRFLpWpGHJUDYLUOHVPDUFKHVGX
SRXYRLU JUkFH j VHV TXDOLWpV LQWULQVqTXHV 3DU FRQVpTXHQW XQH
FRWHULHVRFLDOHjODGLUHFWLRQGXSD\VTXLWHQWHUDLWGHYHUURXLOOHUjVRQ
VHXOSURILWOHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHODUpSXEOLTXHRXO¶DFFHVVLELOLWpDX
VRPPHW GH O¶eWDW GRLW rWUH IHUPHPHQW FRPEDWWXH /HV DUPpHV
DIULFDLQHVjFHWpJDUGQ¶RQWMDPDLVGRQQpGHVJDJHVG¶H[HPSODULWp
Ϯϭϳ

4XHGHPRUWVLQXWLOHVVXUOHFDWDIDOTXHGHODFRXUVHDXSRXYRLUGRQW
OHVKRPPHVHQNDNLRQWSRUWpFHVP°XUVG¶XQDXWUHkJHDXVXPPXP
GHO¶DEMHFWLRQ/¶RGHXUGHVFDGDYUHVLOOXVWUHVHWGHVVLPSOHVSDWULRWHV
KDSSpV SDU OD YLROHQFH SROLWLTXH V¶H[KDOH GH FHWWH FRUSRUDWLRQ DX
SRLQWG¶HPSHVWHUWRXWHODQDWLRQDIULFDLQH3DUOHXUDWWLWXGHQpJDWLYH
FHV DUPpHV DIULFDLQHV VRQW GHYHQXHV GH YpULWDEOHV DUPpHV
G¶RFFXSDWLRQ
,UUpPpGLDEOHPHQWYRXpHDX[GLFWDWXUHVPLOLWDLUHVjODFRUUXSWLRQHW
j OD VWDJQDWLRQ O¶$IULTXH HVW j OD FURLVpH GHV FKHPLQV (OOH GRLW
LQYHQWHUGHQRXYHDX[PRGHVGHSURWHFWLRQGHVeWDWVHQUDSSRUWDYHF
VDSKLORVRSKLHKXPDQLVWHRO¶KRPPHHVWUHFRQQXrWUHDXGHVVXVGH
WRXWDYHFODIHUPHYRORQWpGHUDWWUDSHUOHWHPSVSHUGX/DLVVHUO¶pSpH
GDQVOHIRXUUHDXWRXWHQPHWWDQWODGLSORPDWLHDXGLDSDVRQ)DYRULVHU
OHGLDORJXHHQWRXWHVFLUFRQVWDQFHVHQWUHFLWR\HQVHWDVVRFLHUWRXWOH
PRQGHjODVDXYHJDUGHGHVSD\VௗWHOHVWOHWULSW\TXHGHODQRXYHOOH
GpIHQVHQDWLRQDOHHQ$IULTXH(QPDWLqUHGHVpFXULWpLQGLYLGXHOOHHW
FROOHFWLYH DSUqV DQV G¶LQGpSHQGDQFH HW GH IRQFWLRQQHPHQW
DXWRJpUpDSUqVWDQWG¶DYDWDUVUpSXJQDQWVYpFXVOHV$IULFDLQVVRQW
pGLILpVVXUOHUHWDUGGXFRQWLQHQW,OVVRQWSURFKHVG¶XQDFFRUGGHV
YRORQWpVVXUOHXUGpIHQVHHWODPDQLqUHG¶XWLOLVHUO¶DUPpH3URILWDQW
GH FH VHQWLPHQW ODUJHPHQW SDUWDJp TXL UHQYRLH OHV PLOLWDLUHV j OD
FDVHUQHHWTXLSU{QHOHUpWDEOLVVHPHQWGHODGpPRFUDWLHYpULWDEOHOHV
OHDGHUVSROLWLTXHVRQWODORXUGHWkFKHGHFRQFUpWLVHUFHFRQVHQVXVSDU
GHV GpFLVLRQV VDOYDWULFHV 2Q QH IDEULTXH SDV G¶DUPHV GDQV VHV
HQWLWpVSDXYUHVG¶$IULTXHWDQWPLHX[ௗ1¶HQDFKHWH]SDVQRQSOXV
5pVROYH]YRVFRQIOLWVSDUGHVMRXWHVYHUEDOHVSOXW{WTXHSDUODJXHUUH
0RELOLVH]KRPPHVHWIHPPHVGDQVXQHRUJDQLVDWLRQGHGpIHQVHjOD
IRLVSDVVLYHHWFRQTXpUDQWH6LYRXVIDLWHVOHFKRL[G¶XQHDUPpHGH
PpWLHUUpPXQpUH]FRUUHFWHPHQWVHVPHPEUHVWRXWHQOHXU{WDQWOHV
UDLVRQV GH V¶LPPLVFHU GDQV OHV DIIDLUHV SROLWLTXHV 2UJDQLVH] GHV
SDVVHUHOOHVSRXUTXHVHVXQLWpVSDUWLFLSHQWDXGpYHORSSHPHQWVRFLR
pFRQRPLTXH 6L YRXV IDLWHV OH FKRL[ G¶XQH IRUFH GH UpVLVWDQFH GX
SHXSOHTXLLPSOLTXHWRXVOHVFLWR\HQVjGLYHUVWLWUHVODQpFHVVLWpG¶XQ
JURXSH SURIHVVLRQQHO DJXHUUL GHPHXUH LPSpULHXVH SRXU OD
PDLQWHQDQFH HW OD ORJLVWLTXH GHV PDWpULHOV SRXU O¶LQVWUXFWLRQ HW
O¶HQFDGUHPHQW GHV VROGDWVFLWR\HQV &HV PLOLWDLUHV QH GRLYHQW HQ
DXFXQFDVV¶pPDQFLSHUKRUVGXSRXYRLUSROLWLTXH&HSHQGDQWLOIDXW
VHPpILHUFRPPHGHODSHVWHGHVPLOLFHVF¶HVWjGLUHGHVXQLWpVGH
Ϯϭϴ

SDUDPLOLWDLUHV SROLWLVpV HW SDUWLVDQV (OOHV VRQW VRXYHQW

LQFRQWU{ODEOHV HW VRXUFH GH FRQIXVLRQFRPSOH[LILDQW OHV TXHVWLRQV
GH GpIHQVH QDWLRQDOH ,O Q¶HVW SDV LQWHUGLW GH IDLUH OH FKRL[ GX
SDFLILVPH DEVROX ELHQ DX FRQWUDLUH 5HMHWHU OD JXHUUH HW VHV
LQVWUXPHQWVDERPLQDEOHVUHFRXULUjODQRQYLROHQFHHQULFKLWODWHUUH
TXLDGRSWHFHWWHGRFWULQHSROLWLTXH
&¶HVW DX SUL[ GH O¶DEDQGRQ GH OD SROLWLTXH SDU OHV PLOLWDLUHV TXH
O¶DSDLVHPHQWVHSURGXLUDHWV¶pWHQGUDjWRXWOHFRQWLQHQWOHVGUDJRQV
DIULFDLQV pPHUJHURQW HW FKDTXH FLWR\HQ WLUHUD SDUWL GHV ULFKHVVHV
pQRUPHVGHO¶$IULTXH

Ϯϭϵ

7DEOHDXFDUDFWpULVDQWODEDUEDULHHWO¶DSSURSULDWLRQGHODSROLWLTXHDIULFDLQH
SDUOHVPLOLWDLUHV
SUpVLGHQWVGHOD5pSXEOLTXHRXFKHIVG¶eWDWPLOLWDLUHVLQWpULPDLUHV
SUpVLGHQWVGHOD5pSXEOLTXHDVVDVVLQpVDXFRXUVG¶XQSXWVFK
3D\V 3UpVLGHQWVPLOLWDLUHV 3UpVLGHQWVDVVDVVLQpV
%RXPHGLHQH&KDGOL %RXGLDI
$OJpULH
%HQGMHGLG
/DPLVDQD6D\H]HUER 6DQNDUD7KRPDV
%XUNLQD)DVR 2XHGUDRJR-%
6DQNDUD%ODLVH&DPSDRUp
0LFRPEpUR%DJD]D 1GDGD\H1WDU\DPLUD
%XUXQGL
%X\R\D
&HQWUDIULTXH %RNDVVD%R]L]H NROLQJED %DUWKpOHP\%RJDQGD
/HV&RPRUHV $VVRXPDQL $OL6RLOLKL$EGDOODK
6RJOR&KULVWRSKH.pUpNRX
%pQLQ
$OOH\
%RWVZDQD 6HUHWVH,DQ.KDPD
0DULHQ1JRXDEL<RPEL 1JRXDEL0DVVDPED'pEDW
&RQJR%]Y
6DVVRX
&RQJRNLQ 0REXWX /DXUHQW'pVLUp.DELOD
&{WHG¶,YRLUH *Xpw *Xpw
1DJXLE1DVVHU6DGDWH $QRXDUHO6DGDWH
eJ\SWH 0RXEDUDN
7DQWDZL6ROLPDQDO6LVVL
$QGRP0HQJLVWX%HQWL 6pODVVLp%DQWH$QGRP
eWKLRSLH
.LGDQ
*DPELH <DK\D-DPPHK
$QNUDK$IULID $FKHDPSRQJ$NZDVL$IULID
*KDQD $FKHDPSRQJ$NXIIR )UHGHULFN$NXIIR
-HUU\5DZOLQJV
/&RQWp'DGLV&DPDUD6
*XLQpH
.RQDWp
9LHLUD0DQp6HDEUD 9LHLUD$QVRXPDQH0DQp
*XLQpH%LVVDX
.XUXPD
*XLQpHpTXDWR 2ELDQJ1JXHPD0EDVRJR )UDQFLVFR0DFtDV1JXHPD
/LEHULD 6DPXHO'RHSULQFH-RKQVRQ 7ROEHUW 6DPXHO'RH
/LE\H .DGDIL .DGDIL
5DPDQDQWVRD 5LFKDUG5DWVLPDQGUDYD
5DWVLPDQGUDYD
0DGDJDVFDU
$QGULDPDKD]R'LGLHU
5DWVLUDND
07UDRUp7RXPDQL7RXUp
0DOL
6DQRJR
2XOG6DOHN2XOG$KPHG
0DXULWDQLH
/RXO\
ϮϮϬ

2XOG+DLGDOODK2XOG
6LG
$KPHG7D\D
2XOG0RKDPHG9DOO2XOG
$EGHO$]L]
6H\QL.RXQWFKp$OL6DwERX ,EUDKLP%DUp0DwQDVVDUD
1LJHU 0DwQDVVDUD0DODP:DQNp
7DQGMD'MLER
$JXL\L,URQVL*RZRQ 7DIDZD%DOHZD
0XUWDOD2EDVDQMR%XKDUL -RKQVRQ$JXL\L,URQVL
1LJHULD
%DEDQJLGD$EDFKD
$EGXOVDODPL$EXEDNDU
$PLQ'DGD%D]LOLR2NHOOR
2XJDQGD
7LWR2NHOOR
5ZDQGD -XYpQDO+DE\DULPDQD +DE\DULPDQD
6mR7RPpHW )HUQDQGR3HUHLUD
3ULQFLSH
0RPRK6WUDVVHU-XOLXV
6LHUUD/HRQH
%LR.RURPD
6LDG%DUUH$EGXOODKL<XVXI $EGLUDVKLG$OL6KHUPDNH
6RPDOLH
$KPHG
1RsO2GLQJDU0DOORXP 7RPEDOED\H
7FKDG
,GULVV'pE\
7RJR %RGMROOp'DGMR(\DGpPD 6\OYDQXV2O\PSLR
*QDVVLQJEp
7XQLVLH =LQHHO$ELGLQH%HQ$OL

ϮϮϭ

3DUWLFLSDWLRQGHV)RUFHVDUPpHVVpQpJDODLVHVDX[RSpUDWLRQVGHO¶218
218&&RQJRHQKRPPHVSRXUXQHGXUpHGHWURLVPRLV
81()6LQDwHQeJ\SWHGHjFRQWLQJHQWVGHKRPPHVௗ
),18//LEDQGHjFRQWLQJHQWVGHKRPPHVௗ
0,185&$5&$GHjFRQWLQJHQWVGHKRPPHVௗ
0218& 5'& GH j FRQWLQJHQWV GH KRPPHV )38 GH
KRPPHVௗ
0,18//LEHULDGHjFRQWLQJHQWGHKRPPHVHWFRQWLQJHQWVGH
KRPPHVௗ
218&,&{WHG¶,YRLUHGHjFRQWLQJHQWVGHKRPPHVௗ
0,1867$++DwWLGHj)38GHKRPPHVௗ
0,18$'6RXGDQFRQWLQJHQWGHKRPPHVௗ
0,1860$0DOLHQTXLDUHOD\pOD0,60$TXLHVWHQFRXUVௗ
*2081,, ,UDQ,UDN G¶DRW j GpFHPEUH FRQWLQJHQWV GH
RIILFLHUVௗ
0218,. (QWUH ,UDN.RZHwW GH PDL j GpWDFKHPHQWV GH j
RIILFLHUVௗ
81$9(0 $QJROD G¶DRW j PDUV FRQWLQJHQWV G¶XQH GL]DLQH
G¶RIILFLHUVௗ
$35218&&DPERGJHGXGpFHPEUHDXGpFHPEUH
0,18$55ZDQGDMDQYLHUjPDLREVHUYDWHXUVௗ
021825 2XJDQGD GH VHSWHPEUH j QRYHPEUH FRQWLQJHQWV GH
RIILFLHUVௗ
)2535218([<RXJRVODYLHMDQYLHUj3ROLFH*HQGDUPHULHௗ
0218&5'&RQJRDRWjREVHUYDWHXUVௗ
218&,&{WHG¶,YRLUH&LYSROVHWREVHUYDWHXUVPLOLWDLUHVGHSXLVௗ
0,1867$++DwWLXQHFLQTXDQWDLQHGH&LYSROVGHHQFRXUVௗ
0,1877LPRU/HVWH&LYSROVGHௗ
0,18$'6RXGDQRIILFLHUVHW8QSROVௗ
0,185&$77FKDGGHj8QSROVௗ
ϮϮϮ

7$%/('(60$7,(5(6

3UpIDFH
,QWURGXFWLRQ
/DJHQqVHGHPRQKLVWRLUH
5HWRXUVXUODJHQqVHGHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHV
/HVDUPpHV©SRSXODLUHVªQ¶RQWSDVpWpGHVUpXVVLWHV
)DLUHFRwQFLGHUOHVPLVVLRQVGHVDUPpHVDYHFO¶LQWpUrWGHODQDWLRQ
/H&RQJRDSUqVODSULVHGHSRXYRLUGHVPLOLWDLUHV
/DFRUUXSWLRQXQPDOGHVWHPSVPRGHUQHVPLQHOHVDUPpHVDIULFDLQHV
&RPELHQFRWHO¶HIIRUWPLOLWDLUHௗ"
/¶DUPpHIDFHjODYLROHQFHSROLWLTXH
/¶DUPpHIDFHjODGpPRFUDWLHHQ$IULTXH
/HVFRXSVG¶eWDWHQ$IULTXH
/HVPLOLWDLUHVG¶$IULTXHGX1RUGDXGLDSDVRQ
/HFRPSRUWHPHQWGHVPLOLWDLUHVDXFRPEDW
&RPPHQWO¶DUPpHPDOLHQQHDIDLOOLSURYRTXHUODGLVORFDWLRQGXSD\V
/¶DUPpHVpQpJDODLVH
/H.LYX
2QDO¶DUPpHTXHO¶RQPpULWH
/HVDUPpHVKpJpPRQLTXHVGHO¶$IULTXHVXEVDKDULHQQH
8QHVROXWLRQDOWHUQDWLYHjO¶DUPpH
&RQFOXVLRQ

ϮϮϯ

Structures éditoriales du groupe L’Harmattan
L’Harmattan Italie L’Harmattan Hongrie

Via degli Artisti, 15 Kossuth l. u. 14-16.
10124 Torino 1053 Budapest
harmattan.italia@gmail.com harmattan@harmattan.hu
L’Harmattan Sénégal L’Harmattan Mali

10 VDN en face Mermoz Sirakoro-Meguetana V31
BP 45034 Dakar-Fann Bamako
senharmattan@gmail.com syllaka@yahoo.fr
L’Harmattan Cameroun L’Harmattan Togo

TSINGA/FECAFOOT Djidjole – Lomé
BP 11486 Yaoundé Maison Amela
inkoukam@gmail.com face EPP BATOME
ddamela@aol.com
L’Harmattan Burkina Faso
Achille Somé – tengnule@hotmail.fr L’Harmattan Côte d’Ivoire
Résidence Karl – Cité des Arts
L’Harmattan Guinée Abidjan-Cocody
Almamya, rue KA 028 OKB Agency 03 BP 1588 Abidjan
BP 3470 Conakry espace_harmattan.ci@hotmail.fr
harmattanguinee@yahoo.fr
L’Harmattan Algérie
L’Harmattan RDC 22, rue Moulay-Mohamed
185, avenue Nyangwe 31000 Oran
Commune de Lingwala – Kinshasa info2@harmattan-algerie.com
matangilamusadila@yahoo.fr
L’Harmattan Maroc
L’Harmattan Congo 5, rue Ferrane-Kouicha, Talaâ-Elkbira
67, boulevard Denis-Sassou-N’Guesso Chrableyine, Fès-Médine
BP 2874 Brazzaville 30000 Fès
harmattan.congo@yahoo.fr harmattan.maroc@gmail.com
Nos librairies en France
Librairie internationale Lib. sciences humaines & histoire

16, rue des Écoles – 75005 Paris 21, rue des Écoles – 75005 Paris
librairie.internationale@harmattan.fr librairie.sh@harmattan.fr
01 40 46 79 11 01 46 34 13 71
www.librairieharmattan.com www.librairieharmattansh.com
Librairie l’Espace Harmattan Lib. Méditerranée & Moyen-Orient

21 bis, rue des Écoles – 75005 Paris 7, rue des Carmes – 75005 Paris
librairie.espace@harmattan.fr librairie.mediterranee@harmattan.fr
01 43 29 49 42 01 43 29 71 15
Librairie Le Lucernaire
53, rue Notre-Dame-des-Champs – 75006 Paris
librairie@lucernaire.fr
01 42 22 67 13
Etudes
Souka Souka
L’Afrique malade africaines Série Défense
de ses militaires
Les pères des indépendances en Afrique appartenaient tous à la
société civile. Leur subrogation par les militaires dans des conditions
souvent antidémocratiques a propulsé au sommet des États, en un
demi-siècle, une centaine de présidents en treillis pour un résultat
déplorable.
Souka Souka
Coups d’État, corruption, violences contre le peuple et déroute au
combat ternissent l’image des armées africaines. Dans le même
temps, les nations n’ont cessé de s’appauvrir…
L’Afrique malade
de ses militaires
Retrouver le patriotisme, le professionnalisme et l’empathie qui sied
L’Afrique malade de ses militaires

au bon soldat oblige les armées africaines à recourir au processus
qui a permis la réussite des pays émancipés, loin des thérapies
cathartiques à l’africaine.
Des solutions simples et efﬁcaces existent. Cet ouvrage les expose

avec concision et clarté.
Souka SOUKA est diplômé de Saint-Cyr (promotion 1977-

1979), breveté de l’École supérieure de Guerre (Paris, 1994)
et ancien professeur à l’Université Paris XIII (Villetaneuse).
Etudes africaines
Préface de Bernard Commins
Série Défense
Couverture : Soldats de la MISCA en Centrafrique (2013). Minusca/Flickr, CC BY-SA
ISBN : 978-2-343-19832-3
23 €

L'afrique Malade de Ses Militaires

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

L'afrique Malade de Ses Militaires

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

L'afrique Malade de Ses Militaires

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Etudes

L’Afrique malade de ses militaires

Des solutions simples et efﬁcaces existent. Cet ouvrage les expose

Souka SOUKA est diplômé de Saint-Cyr (promotion 1977-

Couverture : Soldats de la MISCA en Centrafrique (2013). Minusca/Flickr, CC BY-SA

%HUQDGHWWH&ODUD$OYLQH$<20%$5*$La mission de la femme

6¶DSSX\DQW VXU XQH pFULWXUH FLVHOpH QRXUUL GH ULFKHV UpIpUHQFHV

$ OD GLIIpUHQFH GH O¶KLVWRLUH PLOLWDLUH G¶DXWUHV &RQWLQHQWV IDLWH GH

UHoRLYH XQ bazar5 IUDQoDLV FRPPH FRQVHLOOHU 4XHOTXHIRLV XQ

VDLQWF\ULHQV HQ $IULTXH -H WHQDLV j VRXOLJQHU FH SDUDGR[H HQWUH

$SUqV XQ UHIOX[ GDQV O¶HQWUHGHX[JXHUUHV OHV $IULFDLQV VRQW

PLOLWDLUHV j DUELWUHU OHXUV SURSUHV FRQIOLWV HQ WRXV OHV FDV j

©OD 'pIHQVH FLYLOHª SRXU FRQWRXUQHU OHV IRUFHV DUPpHV &HWWH

/¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH HQ $IULTXH VH SUpVHQWDLW VRXV IRUPH G¶XQLWpV

DIULFDLQV pWDLHQW DIIHFWpV GDQV GLYHUV EDWDLOORQV 8Q RX GHX[

/HV OXVRSKRQHV QRQ FRQWHQWV G¶DYRLU pWp H[FOXV GHV H[SpULHQFHV

O¶DSSHOODWLRQ GH ©GpOpJXp GX JRXYHUQHPHQWª 'pOLEpUpPHQW

FRPSDWLEOHV DYHF OD GpPRFUDWLH &HWWH UDLVRQ FUXFLDOH pWRXIIH OD

pSUHXYH OH SRXYRLU RSWDLW SRXU XQH VRXPLVVLRQ LGpRORJLTXH HQ

WHUURULVWHD\DQWHQJHQGUpTXDWRU]HYLFWLPHVFLYLOHVj.DLQ 1RUG OH

DYULO RX OD 081,60$ 0LVVLRQ 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQQHOOH

/RUVTXH O¶LQVWDELOLWp SROLWLTXH GpSDVVH OH VHXLO FULWLTXH O¶pTXLOLEUH

SHUFXWH /HXU QDWXUH FRPPDQGH O¶HQJDJHPHQW IDFH j O¶DGYHUVLWp

8Q SRLQW LPSRUWDQW TXL KRQRUH RX GLVFUpGLWH O¶LQVWLWXWLRQ PLOLWDLUH

WRXMRXUV OH ©VHFUHW GpIHQVHªௗ RU O¶LPSpUDWLI GH FRQILGHQWLDOLWp QH

/¶LQWHUYHQWLRQQLVPH IUDQoDLV VDQV ILRULWXUHV HQ $IULTXH DYHF VHV

SUqV GH GHX[ MRXUV 7UqV ORQJWHPSV OHV PLVVLRQQDLUHV FDWKROLTXHV

pSRXVHV TXL SURVSqUHQW SRXU OHXU FRPSWH GDQV O¶LPPRELOLHU OH

FRUURPSXH TXL SUpSDUH XQH ULSRVWH j WRXWH pYHQWXDOLWp FRQWUH OH

/H GLPDQFKH PDUV %UD]]DYLOOH V¶pYHLOOH SDUHVVHXVHPHQW

VXUWRXW SDU QpJOLJHQFH RX LQFRPSpWHQFH /HXUV SDUDGHV HW OHXUV

SXEOLFVௗ VDQV RPHWWUH OD IDLEOHVVH GH O¶DSSDUHLO MXGLFLDLUH OD

3RXUTXRL V¶H[SULPHU VXU 6LQJDSRXU GDQV FHW HVVDL FRQVDFUp DX[

/¶DUPpH GX JpDQW pFRQRPLTXH DIULFDLQ OH 1LJpULD HQ SOHLQH

%RNR +DUDP HVW XQ PRXYHPHQW LQVXUUHFWLRQQHO HW WHUURULVWH

ORJLVWLTXH HW GpPRWLYDWLRQ JpQpUDOLVpH 0DO DUPpV HW PDO

GH O¶pPHUJHQFH G¶XQH FRXUVH DX[ DUPHPHQWV GX SDXYUH 'HV

/¶,QVWLWXW LQWHUQDWLRQDO GH UHFKHUFKH VXU OD SDL[ GH 6WRFNKROP

OH JRXYHUQHPHQW VXU OHV FRXSXUHV G¶HDX TX¶LOV VXELVVHQW ,OV

&RPELHQ FRWH XQH JXHUUH DIULFDLQHௗ" 3XLVTX¶LO Q¶H[LVWH DXFXQH

/HV $IULFDLQV UpFHPPHQW FRQYHUWLV j OD GpPRFUDWLH Q¶RQW SDV

j DUUDFKHU OD GpPLVVLRQ GX SUpVLGHQW GH OD 5pSXEOLTXH %ODLVH

'DQVO¶KLVWRLUHGHO¶$OJpULHO¶$UPpHQDWLRQDOHSRSXODLUH $13 D

'HV PDQLIHVWDWLRQV VRQW EUXWDOHPHQW UpSULPpHV SDU OHV IRUFHV GH

&KDUOHV GH *DXOOH  HVW FRQVLGpUp FRPPH O¶KRPPH

3DUN&KXQJ+HH  SUpVLGHQWGHOD&RUpHGX6XGGH

$SUqV OD GRXORXUHXVH RFFXSDWLRQ MDSRQDLVH GXUDQW OD 'HX[LqPH

GH OHXUV PpIDLWV HQ pFKDQJH G¶LQYHVWLVVHPHQWV /HV FDSLWDX[

*HRUJH:DVKLQJWRQ  DYDLWJDJQpODFpOpEULWpSHQGDQWOD

YDVWH SURJUDPPH VRFLDO YLVDQW j OXWWHU FRQWUH OHV VpJUpJDWLRQV

/H FRXS G¶pWDW PRGHUQH QH FRQFHUQH SDV IRQGDPHQWDOHPHQW OD

3RXU 0DODSDUWH XQ FRXS G¶eWDW HVW XQH TXHVWLRQ G¶RUGUH

*DERQDLV j OHV VRXWHQLU j LQYHVWLU OHV pGLILFHV SXEOLFV HW OHV

O¶DUPpH /HV RUJDQLVHU DYHF ULJXHXU 3URILWHU GHV PHQDFHV

XQLTXHPHQW GDQV OHV FLUFRQVWDQFHV H[WUrPHV GH OD JXHUUH /HV

TXH OHV PLOLWDLUHV GpPRELOLVpV SDU O¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH DQFLHQV GHV

littéralement, sans hésitation ni murmure […] la réclamation n’est

QDWLRQDOH )/1 LOSDUWLFLSDjWRXWHVOHVOXWWHVTXLDPHQqUHQWOHSD\V

9RLFL OH SDUDQJRQ WFKDGLHQ 6HORQ OD JpRVWUDWpJLH GHV eWDWV

%HUQDGHWWH&ODUD$OYLQH$<20%$5*$La mission de la femme

6¶DSSX\DQW VXU XQH pFULWXUH FLVHOpH QRXUUL GH ULFKHV UpIpUHQFHV

UHoRLYH XQ bazar5 IUDQoDLV FRPPH FRQVHLOOHU 4XHOTXHIRLV XQ

VDLQWF\ULHQV HQ $IULTXH -H WHQDLV j VRXOLJQHU FH SDUDGR[H HQWUH

$SUqV XQ UHIOX[ GDQV O¶HQWUHGHX[JXHUUHV OHV $IULFDLQV VRQW

PLOLWDLUHV j DUELWUHU OHXUV SURSUHV FRQIOLWV HQ WRXV OHV FDV j

©OD 'pIHQVH FLYLOHª SRXU FRQWRXUQHU OHV IRUFHV DUPpHV &HWWH

DIULFDLQV pWDLHQW DIIHFWpV GDQV GLYHUV EDWDLOORQV 8Q RX GHX[

/HV OXVRSKRQHV QRQ FRQWHQWV G¶DYRLU pWp H[FOXV GHV H[SpULHQFHV

O¶DSSHOODWLRQ GH ©GpOpJXp GX JRXYHUQHPHQWª 'pOLEpUpPHQW

FRPSDWLEOHV DYHF OD GpPRFUDWLH &HWWH UDLVRQ FUXFLDOH pWRXIIH OD

pSUHXYH OH SRXYRLU RSWDLW SRXU XQH VRXPLVVLRQ LGpRORJLTXH HQ

WHUURULVWHD\DQWHQJHQGUpTXDWRU]HYLFWLPHVFLYLOHVj.DLQ1RUGOH

DYULO RX OD 081,60$ 0LVVLRQ 0XOWLGLPHQVLRQQHOOH

/RUVTXH O¶LQVWDELOLWp SROLWLTXH GpSDVVH OH VHXLO FULWLTXH O¶pTXLOLEUH

SHUFXWH /HXU QDWXUH FRPPDQGH O¶HQJDJHPHQW IDFH j O¶DGYHUVLWp

WRXMRXUV OH ©VHFUHW GpIHQVHªௗ RU O¶LPSpUDWLI GH FRQILGHQWLDOLWp QH

SUqV GH GHX[ MRXUV 7UqV ORQJWHPSV OHV PLVVLRQQDLUHV FDWKROLTXHV

pSRXVHV TXL SURVSqUHQW SRXU OHXU FRPSWH GDQV O¶LPPRELOLHU OH

FRUURPSXH TXL SUpSDUH XQH ULSRVWH j WRXWH pYHQWXDOLWp FRQWUH OH

/H GLPDQFKH PDUV %UD]]DYLOOH V¶pYHLOOH SDUHVVHXVHPHQW

VXUWRXW SDU QpJOLJHQFH RX LQFRPSpWHQFH /HXUV SDUDGHV HW OHXUV

SXEOLFVௗ VDQV RPHWWUH OD IDLEOHVVH GH O¶DSSDUHLO MXGLFLDLUH OD

/¶DUPpH GX JpDQW pFRQRPLTXH DIULFDLQ OH 1LJpULD HQ SOHLQH

ORJLVWLTXH HW GpPRWLYDWLRQ JpQpUDOLVpH 0DO DUPpV HW PDO

GH O¶pPHUJHQFH G¶XQH FRXUVH DX[ DUPHPHQWV GX SDXYUH 'HV

OH JRXYHUQHPHQW VXU OHV FRXSXUHV G¶HDX TX¶LOV VXELVVHQW ,OV

&RPELHQ FRWH XQH JXHUUH DIULFDLQHௗ" 3XLVTX¶LO Q¶H[LVWH DXFXQH

'DQVO¶KLVWRLUHGHO¶$OJpULHO¶$UPpHQDWLRQDOHSRSXODLUH$13D

&KDUOHV GH *DXOOH HVW FRQVLGpUp FRPPH O¶KRPPH

3DUN&KXQJ+HHSUpVLGHQWGHOD&RUpHGX6XGGH

GH OHXUV PpIDLWV HQ pFKDQJH G¶LQYHVWLVVHPHQWV /HV FDSLWDX[

*HRUJH:DVKLQJWRQDYDLWJDJQpODFpOpEULWpSHQGDQWOD

YDVWH SURJUDPPH VRFLDO YLVDQW j OXWWHU FRQWUH OHV VpJUpJDWLRQV

3RXU 0DODSDUWH XQ FRXS G¶eWDW HVW XQH TXHVWLRQ G¶RUGUH

*DERQDLV j OHV VRXWHQLU j LQYHVWLU OHV pGLILFHV SXEOLFV HW OHV

O¶DUPpH /HV RUJDQLVHU DYHF ULJXHXU 3URILWHU GHV PHQDFHV

XQLTXHPHQW GDQV OHV FLUFRQVWDQFHV H[WUrPHV GH OD JXHUUH /HV

TXH OHV PLOLWDLUHV GpPRELOLVpV SDU O¶DUPpH IUDQoDLVH DQFLHQV GHV

QDWLRQDOH)/1LOSDUWLFLSDjWRXWHVOHVOXWWHVTXLDPHQqUHQWOHSD\V

9RLFL OH SDUDQJRQ WFKDGLHQ 6HORQ OD JpRVWUDWpJLH GHV eWDWV

SROLWLTXHV &RPPH OH SRXYRLU FHQWUDO QH SHXW SDV FRQWU{OHU

O¶K{SLWDO GH 3DQ]L VXU OHV YLFWLPHV UpSHUWRULpHV HQ 5'&

©/HV PDX[ GH O¶DUPpH PDOLHQQH SHUVRQQHOV DGPLQLVWUDWLIV

©The Military Balance 2012 PHQWLRQQHXQWRWDOGHKRPPHV

KRPPHVGRQWDXPRLQVPLOLWDLUHVGLVSHUVpV HWG¶XQH

3DUDGR[DOHPHQW VL O¶LQWpJUDWLRQ GHV H[UHEHOOHV GH HW

'HSXLV MDQYLHU XQH JXHUUH RSSRVH O

eYDOXDWLRQ GH OD VLWXDWLRQ SUHPLqUHPHQW OH WHUULWRLUH PDOLHQ HVW

/¶RSpUDWLRQ 6HUYDO /H MDQYLHU OHV DXWRULWpV PDOLHQQHV

/H MDQYLHU GH VRXUFH PLOLWDLUH PDOLHQQH XQH XQLWp GH

/H IpYULHU OH SUpVLGHQW IUDQoDLV )UDQoRLV +ROODQGH HVW

IRUPDWLRQ O¶H[SpULHQFH HW OH FRPSRUWHPHQW GH O¶LQGLYLGX GH VRUWH

02186&2 /D SRVLWLRQ GX JRXYHUQHPHQW FRQJRODLV IXW

GpVRUGUH 'DQV OH WHUULWRLUH FKDTXH SRFKH HWKQLTXH SRVVqGH VD

GHV WULEXV ORFDOHV UHJURXSpHV SRXU O¶RFFDVLRQ HQ XQH FRDOLWLRQ

'H IDLW HQ GHKRUV G

OHJLURQDPpULFDLQDOOLpGHO¶H[HPSHUHXU+DLOp6pODVVLpHUHWVLJQD

FRQWURYHUVpHV 2IILFLHOOHPHQW O¶DUPpH UZDQGDLVH FRPSWH

$X &DELQGD OH VWDWLRQQHPHQW HW OH FRPSRUWHPHQW GHV WURXSHV

EHVRLQV PDWpULHOV VDQLWDLUHV HW FXOWXUHOV LQDFFHVVLEOHV /H

XQLTXH /HV PLOLWDLUHV GHV SD\V DVVRFLpV WUDYDLOOHUDLHQW HQVHPEOH

GpFHQQLH OH HUGpFHPEUH DX OHQGHPDLQ G¶XQH JXHUUH

SDUDPLOLWDLUHV SROLWLVpV HW SDUWLVDQV (OOHV VRQW VRXYHQW