1 2ect Ecs
1 2ect Ecs
1 2ect Ecs
au
CNAEM
Culture Arabe et
Traduction
CAT
Textes programmés avec des extraits de
propositions de traduction
Textes et extraits de traductions
ème
CAT (1 Année ECS & ECT)
ﲨ ِﺔ ِ
ْ ﺋ ُﻖ ﱠ0Ʉ ɄD
َ َ اﻟﱰ
. ﱰ ِﺟ ُﻢ َﻣﻨ ْ َﻬ ًﺠﺎ َﻟ ُﻪ ِ ِ ِ اﻟﻄﺮاﺋِ َﻖ ﱢ ِ ِ ِ َ ْ ﺑﻌ َﺪ و ْﺿ ِﻊ، ﺐ ِ
ْ َ ُ اﻟﺘ ْﻘﻨ ﱠﻴ َﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﻳ ﱠﺘﺨ ُﺬ َﻫﺎ ْاﳌ َ َأ ْن ُﻧ َﻮ ﱢﺿ َﺢ ﱠ، اﳌ َﺒﺎد ِئ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﺗ ْﺴ َﺘﻨ ُﺪ إِ َﻟﻴْ َﻬﺎ اﻷُ ْﺳ ُﻠﻮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ْاﳌ ُ َﻘ َﺎر َﻧ ُﺔ َ ْ َ ِ ﻣ َﻦ ْاﻷَﻧْ َﺴ
ﲔ َﻳ َﺪ ْﻳ ِﻪ
َ ْ ﱰ ِﺟ ُﻢ َﺑ ِ ﻮدا ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ ُﻘ ﱠﻮ ِة َو َﻗﺎﺑِﻼً ﻟ ِ ﱠﻠﺘ ْﻌ ِﺪ
ْ َﻓ. ﻳﻞ
ْ َ ُ ﺎﳌ ً اﻟﺜ ِﺎﲏ َﻣﺎ َﻳ َﺰ ُال َﻣ ْﻮ ُﺟ ﻮك َو ﱠ ٌ وﻣ ْﺴ ُﻜ
َ ﱪ َﻋﻨ ْ ُﻪ ٌ ﳘﺎ َﻣ ُﻌ ﱠ َ ُ َأ َﺣ ُﺪ، ﲔ ِ ْ ﲔ ُﻟ َﻐ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ
ِ ْ ﺎﻣ ِ َ ﺎرب ﺑ
َ ﲔ ﻧ َﻈ ْ َ ُ ِ ُﻳ َﻘ، ﲨﺔ
ِ َ َ اﻟﱰ
ْ َﳊْ َﻈ َﺔ ﱠ، ﱰ ِﺟ َﻢ
ِ
ْ َ ُ ﻟﻨَ َﺘ َﺬ ﱠﻛ َﺮ َأ ﱠن ْاﳌ
. ﻮل ٍ ُﻧ ْﻘ َﻄ ُﺔ اﻧْﻄِﻼَ ٍق َو َﻳﺮﺳﻢ ِﰲ ِذ ْﻫﻨ ِ ِﻪ ﻣﻼَ ِﻣ َﺢ ُﻧ ْﻘ َﻄ ِﺔ ُو ُﺻ
َ ُ ُ ْ
ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ْاﻹﻧ ِ ْ ﺳﻠﻮﺑﻴﱠ ُﺔ ْاﳌ ُ َﻘ َﺎر َﻧ ُﺔ ﻟ ِﻠْ َﻔ َﺮﻧْ ِﺴﻴﱠ ِﺔ َو ِ ِ
. 47 ، 46 . ﺻﺺ َ ، 1972 ، دﻳﺪﻳِﻲ، ﺠﻠ ِﻴﺰ ﱠﻳﺔ ّ ُ اﻷ، ﺎي َو َد ْار َﺑﻠْﻨﻲ َ َﻓﻴﻨ
ﻟﻤﺎذا ﻧﺘﺮﺟﻢ؟ ﻣﺎذا ﻧﺘﺮﺟﻢ؟ ﻛﯿﻒ ﻧﺘﺮﺟﻢ؟ ﻷدوﻧﯿﺲ: اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ
ﱰ ِﺟ ُﻢ ؟ َ ْ ﱰ ِﺟ ُﻢ ؟ َﻛﻴ َ ﱰ ِﺟ ُﻢ ؟ َﻣ ِ
ْ َ ﻒ ُﻧ ْ َ ﺎذا ُﻧ ْ َ ﻟ َﲈ َذا ُﻧ
. ﺨ ِﺼ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َﻋﻨ ْ َﻬﺎ ﺎو ُل َأ ْن ُأ َﻗ ﱢﺪ َم َأ ْﺟ ِﻮ َﺑﺘِﻲ ﱠ
ْ اﻟﺸ ِ َﺳ ُﺄ َﺣ. ﲨ ِﺔ َ َ ﻠﱰ ِ ٍ ﻒ ُﻧ َﱰ ِﺟﻢ ؟ َﺛﻼَ َﺛ ُﺔ َأﺳﺌِ َﻠ ٍﺔ ِﰲ ُﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻣ ْﴩ
ْ وع ﻟ ﱠ ُ َ ْ ُ ْ َ ْ ﱰﺟ ُﻢ ؟ َﻛﻴ
ِ ْ َ ﺎذا ُﻧ َ ﱰ ِﺟ ُﻢ ؟ َﻣ ِ
ْ َ ﻟ َﲈ َذا ُﻧ
ِﺧﻼَ ًﻓﺎ، اﻟﺸ ْﻌ ِﺮ َﻧ ْﻔ ِﺴ ُﻪ
ﲨ ُﺔ ﱢ َ َ َو ِﻣﻦ ِﺿ ْﻤ ِﻦ َذﻟ ِ َﻚ َﺗ ْﺮ. اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َوإِ َﻟﻴْ َﻬﺎ
ﲨ ِﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ﱡ ْ َأ ﱠن َأ َﺣ ًﺪا ْاﻟ َﻴ ْﻮ َم َﻳ ْﺮ ُﻓ ُﺾ َﻣﺒْ َﺪ َأ ﱠ، ال ْاﻷ َ ﱠو ِل
َ َ اﻟﱰ ِ ِﰲ ﻣﺎ َﻳ َﺘ َﻌ ﱠﻠ ُﻖ ﺑِﺎﻟﺴ َﺆ، َﻻ َأ ُﻇ ﱡﻦ
ﱡ َ
ﲨ ُﺔ ْاﻵ َﺧ ِﺮ َﻃ ِﺮ َﻳﻘ ٌﺔ ُﻣﺜْ َﲆ ِ ُ ﺎن َﻓﻬﻢ َﻧ ْﻔ ِﺴ ِﻪ إِ ﱠﻻ ﺑِ َﻘ ْﺪ ِر ﻣﺎ
ْ َ َﻓ. ﳛﺴ ُﻦ َﻓ ْﻬ َﻢ ْاﻵ َﺧ ِﺮ
ََﱰ ْ َ َ ْ ُ اﻹﻧْ َﺴ ِ ْ َﻻ ُ ْﳛ ِﺴ ُﻦ. ﺎﰲ َﻻ ُﺑ ﱠﺪ ِﻣﻨ ْ ُﻪ ِ ِ ِ ِ
َوﻫ َﻲ إ ًذا ﻓ ْﻌ َﻞ َﺛ َﻘ ﱞ، آﺧ ُﺮ َ اع ٌ ﲨ ُﺔ إِ ْﺑ َﺪ
ِ ِ ْ ﻮﻟ ِﺔ
ْ ﱠ. اﳉَﺎﺣﻆ
َ َ اﻟﱰ َ ِ َﳌ ُﻘ
1
ﲣ ﱠﻄﻰ َذﻟ ِ َﻚ ﺎد ِل َ ،وإِ ﱠﻧ َﲈ َ َ ﺎﻋ ِﻞ َو ﱠ
اﻟﺘ َﺒ ُ ف ﻟ ِﻠْ ِﺤ َﻮ ِار َأ ْو ﱠ
اﻟﺘ َﻔ ُ ﳎﺮد َﻃﺮ ٍ
ﻮب َ ،ﻧ ْﻮ ًﻋﺎ َو َﻛ ًﲈ ُ ،ﻳ َﺆ ﱢﻛ ُﺪ َأ ﱠن ْاﻵ َﺧ َﺮ َﱂْ َﻳ ُﻌ ْﺪ ُ َ ﱠ َ َ اﻟﺸ ُﻌ ِ ﲔ ﱡ ﺎت ِﰲ َﻣﺎ َﺑ ْ َ ات ُ .ﺛﻢ إِ ﱠن َﺗ َﻄﻮر ْاﻟﻌﻼَ َﻗ ِ
ﱡَ َ ﱠ
اﻟﺬ ِ ِ َﳌ ْﻌ ِﺮ َﻓ ِﺔ ﱠ
ﻳﻤ ِﺔ ، ِ
ﺼﻮر َﻧﺎ ا ْﻟ َﻘﺪ َ ﲢ ﱠﻴ ٌﺔ ﻟ ِ ُﻌ ِ ﻳﺚ ،إِ ﱠﻧﲈ ِﻫﻲ َ ِ
َ َ
اﳊ ِﺪ ِ
ﴫ َﻧﺎ ْ َ ﲨ ِﺔ إِ َﱃ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ِﰲ َﻋ ْ ِ اﺻ َﻠ َﺔ ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ﻴﻒ َأ ﱠن ُﻣ َﻮ َ ات ُ .ﻧ ِﻀ ُ اﻟﺬ َ ﺎﴏ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ُﺗ َﻜ ﱢﻮ ُن ﱠ ﴫا ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌﻨَ ِ ِ ﻜﻮن ُﻋﻨ ْ ُ ً إِ َﱃ َأ ْن َﻳ َ
اﻟﺜ َﻘﺎﻓِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ .ﰊ َ ،و ِﻣﻦ ْاﳍ ُ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ﱠ ﺖ ُﺟ ْﺰ ًءا َﻻ َﻳ َﺘ َﺠ ﱠﺰ ُأ ِﻣ َﻦ ْ ِ وﻫﺎ َ ،و ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﻛ َﺎﻧ ْ و ِﳌ َﱰ ِﲨِﻴﻬﺎ ،و َﺗﻌ ِﻤ ٌﻴﻖ و َﺗﻮ ِﺳ ِ ِ
ﺎﰲ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ
اع ﱠ ِ
اﻟﺜ َﻘ ﱢ اﻹ ْﺑ َﺪ ِ ﲨ ِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﺑ َﺪ ُؤ َ ﻴﻊ ﳊَ َﺮ َﻛﺔ ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ َ ْ ٌ َ ْ َ َ َ ْ
ﻴﻊ ْاﻟ َﻮ َﺳﺎﺋِ ِﻞ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ْاﺑ َﺘ َﻜ َﺮ ْ َﲥﺎ ﺗِ ْﻘﻨِ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ْاﻵ َﺧ ِﺮ َو َﻻ ﺐ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ُب َﲨِ َ
ِ
ﻒ َﻳ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﺠﻠ ُ ﻒ ﺑِ َﺄ ﱠ َﳖﺎ ِﺷﺒْ ُﻪ َﻣﻴْ َﺘ ٍﺔ ) َ . ( . .ﻛﻴْ َ ﻮﺻ َ ﲨﺔ َﻳﺼ ﱡﺢ َأ ْن ُﺗ َ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ ِ
ف َﻋ َﻦ ﱠ ْ اﲥﺎ َو َﺗ ْﻌ ُﺰ ُ إِ ﱠن َﺛ َﻘ َﺎﻓ ًﺔ َﺗ ْﻜ َﺘﻔﻲ ﺑِ َﺬ ِ َ
اﻟﺘ ْﻘﻨِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ؟
ﺖ َو َر َاء ﺗِﻠْ َﻚ ﱢ ﲨ ِﺔ ْاﻷَ ْﻋ َﲈ ِل ْاﻟ َﻔﻠْ َﺴ ِﻔ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َو ْاﻟ ِﻌﻠْ ِﻤ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َو ْاﻷ َ َدﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﻛ َﺎﻧ ْ ﱰََ ﻮن َأو ﻳﻌﻤ ُﻠ َ ِ
ﻮن ﻟ َ ْ ﳜ ﱢﻄ ُﻄ َ ْ َ ْ َ َُ
ﺎر ﱠﻳ ٌﺔ َ ،و َأ ﱠ َﳖﺎ َأ ْو َﺳ ُﻊ ﺎﺟ ٌﺔ َﺛ َﻘﺎﻓِ ﱠﻴ ٌﺔ َو َﺣ َﻀ ِ ﺎق َﺣ َﲨ َﺔ ِﰲ َﻫ َﺬا اﻟﺴ َﻴ ِ
ﱢ اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ
ﱰ ُض َﻛ َﺬﻟ َﻚ َأ ﱠن ﱠ ْ ﲨﺔ ُ .ﻳ ْﻔ َ َ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ
ﲣﻄﻴﻂ َو َر َاء ﱠ ْ
ﺎذا ُﻧ َﱰ ِﺟﻢ ؟ ﺳ َﺆ ٌال ﻳ ْﻔ َ ِﱰ ُض وﺟﻮد ر ْؤﻳ ٍﺔ و َ ْ ِ ٍ
ُ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ َﻣ َ ْ ُ ُ
ﻴﺪا ِﻣﻦ َأ ْن ُﺗ ْﱰ َك ِﻷَ ْﻫﻮ ِاء ْاﻷ َ ْﻓﺮ ِ ِ
اد . َ َ َ َو َأ ْﻛ َﺜ ُﺮ َﺗ ْﻌﻘ ً ْ
ﲑ ﻓِﻴﻪ ِ ِ
ﴫ َﻛﻼَﻣﻲ َﻋ َﲆ َر ْﺳ ِﻢ ْاﻷ ُ ُﻓ ِﻖ ﱠاﻟﺬي َأ َرى َأ ْن َﺗﺴ َ
ِ ِ
ﺎن َﻟ ُﻪ ُﻫﻨَﺎ .إ ًذا َ ،ﺳ َﺄ ْﻗ ُ ُ ﺎص َ ،ﻻ َﻣ َﻜ َ ﺎش َﺧ ﱟ ﲨ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻴ ْﻮ َم ِ ،ﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َوإِ َﻟﻴْ َﻬﺎ ،إِ َﱃ ﻧِ َﻘ ٍ اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ
ﺎج َواﻗ ُﻊ ﱠ ْ َﻫ َﻜ َﺬا َ ْ
ﳛ َﺘ ُ
ﲨ ِﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َوإِ َﻟﻴْ َﻬﺎ . َﺣ َﺮ َﻛ ُﺔ ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ
ﻳﺪ َﻫﺎ َﻣ ْﻌ ِﺮ َﻓ ًﺔ ﳐ َﺘﻠِ َﻔ ًﺔ َﺗ ِﺰ ُ
ﺎء ُ ْ ﺎق َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ﱡ ِ
اﻟﻠ َﻐﺎت َأ ْﺷ َﻴ َ ﺎت اﻷ ُ ْﺧ َﺮى ُﻫ َﻮ ْاﻷ ُ ُﻓ ُﻖ ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي ُﻳ ِﻀ ُ
ﻴﻒ إِ َﱃ َآﻓ ِ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﲨ ُﺔ ْاﻷَ ْﻋ َﲈ ِل ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ إِ َﱃ ﱡ ﲑ ﻓِﻴﻪ َﺗ ْﺮ َ َ ِ ِ
1ـ ـ ْاﻷُ ُﻓ ُﻖ ﱠاﻟﺬي َﻳﻨ ْ َﺒﻐﻲ َأ ْن َﺗﺴ َ
ِ
ﺎة َ ،أو ْاﻟﻌﻼَ َﻗ ِﺔ ﻣﻊ ْاﻟﻌ َﺎﱂِ و ْاﻷَ ْﺷﻴ ِ اﳊﻴ ِ ِ ِ ِ اﻟﺜ َﻘ ِﺎﰲ ،ﺳﻮاء ﻣﺎ ﱠاﺗﺼ َﻞ ﺑِ َﻘ َﻠ ِﻖ ْ ِ ِ اع ْاﻟﻌﺮ ِﰊ ،و َﺗ ِﺰ ُ ِ
ﺎء َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ﲑا َ ،أ ْو ﺑِ ُﻤ ْﺸﻜﻼَت ْ َ َ ﻮدا َو َﻣﺼ ً اﻹﻧْ َﺴﺎن ُ ،و ُﺟ ً ﻳﺪ َﻫﺎ ﻏﻨًﻰ ِﰲ َﺗ َﻜ ﱡﻮ ِ َﳖﺎ ﱠ ﱢ َ َ ٌ َ َ ﺎﻹ ْﺑ َﺪ ِ َ َ ﱢ َ ﺑِ ْ ِ
ِ اﳌ َﺴ ِ ﲨ ِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﺗﻨ ْ َﺪ ِر ُج ِﰲ ْ َ ﳚ َﻌ ُﻠﻨَﺎ َﻧ ِﺤ ُ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ َ ،و ﱠ اﻟﺬ ِ ﺎﺻ ِﺔ ﺑِ ﱢ ِ
ﺎﳼ - اﻟﺴ َﻴ ﱢ ﺎر ﱢ ﻴﺪ َﻋ ِﻦ ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ﲑ َ .و ِﰲ َﻫ َﺬا َﻣﺎ َ ْ اﻟﺘ ْﻌﺒِ ِ ات َ ،و ْاﻵ َﺧ ِﺮ َ ،و ﱡ ﻳﻦ َ ،و ﱠ ﺎﻟﺪ ِ اﳋَ ﱠ اﻟﺮ َؤى ْ َ ،و ُﻃ ُﺮﻗ َﻬﺎ َ ،أ ْو ﱡ
ﻮر ِةاﻟﺼ َ ﺎء ﱡ ﻹ ْﺑﻘﺎﺋ ِﻬ ْﻢ ُﺳ َﺠﻨَ َ
ﲑ ِﲠِﻢ َ ،أو ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﻹ ْﺑ َﺪاﻋ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ َﻧﻈْ َﺮ َة ﻣ ْﻦ َﻳ ْﺴ َﻌﻰ ﻟ ﱠﻠﺘ ْﺸ ِﻬ ِ ْ ْ
ب َ ،ﻻ َﻧﻈْﺮ َة اﻟﻨﱢ ﱢﺪﻳ ِﺔ ْ ِ ِ ِ
ﱠ َ اﻻ ْﺟﺘِ َﲈ ِﻋ ﱢﻲ َﺗﻠْﺒِ َﻴ ًﺔ ﻟ ِ َﺮ ْﻏ َﺒ ِﺔ ْاﻵ َﺧ ِﺮ ِﰲ اﻟﻨﱠ َﻈ ِﺮ إِ َﱃ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ اﻹ ْﻋﻼَ ِﻣﻲ – ِ
ﱢ ِْ
ْاﻟ ُﻘ ْﺪ ُس ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱡ
ﰊ 2007 / 11 / 05 ،
اﻟﴚ ِء َﺗ ْﻘ ِﺮﻳﺒًﺎ
ﺲ ﱠ ْ َﻗ ْﻮ ُل َﻧ ْﻔ ِ
ﺨ َﻴﻔ ٍﺔ َﺣ َﻘﺎﺋِ َﻖ ُﻣ َﻌ ﱠﻘ َﺪ ًة َو َﻣ َﻮاﻃِ َﻦ ُﻗ ُﺼ ٍ
ﻮر َﻓ ِ
ﺎﺿ َﺤ ًﺔ ﺎﻫ ِﺮ ﺑ ِﺪﳞِﻴ ٍﺔ ﺳ ِ ﳜﻔﻲ ﺧﻠْ َ ِ ف َ ،ﻛ َﲈ َﺳﻨَ َﺮى َذﻟ ِ َﻚ ْ ُ ، اﻟﴚ ِء َ ،ذﻟ ِ َﻚ َأ ﱠن ْاﳌﺮ ِ ﺎﻃ ِﺔ َﻗ ْﻮ ُل َﻧ ْﻔ ِ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﺟ َﻬ ٍﺔ َ ،ﻟﻴْ َﺲ ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﺒ َﺴ َ
ﻒ َﻇ َ ﱠ َ َ اد َ َُ ﺲ ﱠ ْ
ﲨ ِﺔ ؟ اﻟﱰ َ َ ِِ
اﳊَ َﺎﻟ ُﺔ َﻫﺬه _ َأ ﱠﻧﻨَﺎ َﻣﺎ ِز ْﻟﻨَﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ
ﱪ _ َو ْ ِ
ﻳﻒ َ .ﻫ ْﻞ ُﻳ ْﻤﻜ ُﻦ َأ ْن َﻧ ْﻌ َﺘ ِ َ اﻟﺘ ْﻌ ِﺮ َ اﻟﴚ ِء َﻳ َﺘ َﻀ ﱠﻤ ُﻦ َأ ْﻳ ًﻀﺎ ْاﻟ ِﻌ َﺒ َﺎر َة ا ِ
ﻟﺸﺎر َﺣ َﺔ َأ ْو ﱠ ؛ َو َأ ﱠن َﻗ ْﻮ َل َﻧ ْﻔ ِ
ﺲ ﱠ ْ
ﺎت اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِ
ﺎو ُز ُﻛ ﱠﻞ ﱡ ِ ٍ ِ ٍ وﱃ َأ ْن ﻳ َ ِ
ﻜﻮن ﻋ َﺒ َﺎر ًة َﻋ ْﻦ ﻓ ْﻜ َﺮة َﺳﺎﻣ َﻴﺔ َﺗ َﺘ َﺠ َ َ اﳊَ َﺎﻟ ُﺔ اﻷ ُ َ
ﲔْ : اﻋﺘِ َﺒ ُﺎر َﺣ َﺎﻟ َﺘ ْ ِ ﺎن َﺷﻴْ ًﺌﺎ ِﰲ َﺣ ﱢﺪ َذاﺗِ ِﻪ ُﻳ ْﻤ ِﻜ ُﻦ ْ ﳾ ٍء َﻳ َﺘ َﻌ ﱠﻠ ُﻖ ْاﻷ َ ْﻣ ُﺮ ؟ َﻓ ِﺈ َذا َﻛ َ ِ ِ ٍ
َوﻣﻦ ﺟ َﻬﺔ ُأ ْﺧ َﺮى ﺑِ َﺄ ﱢي َ ْ
ﲨ ُﺔ َﻧ ْﻮ ًﻋﺎ ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻮ ْﻫ ِﻢ . اﳊَ َﺎﻟ ِﺔ َﺗ ُﻜ ُ
ﻮن ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ﻮﻏ َﻬﺎ َ .و ِﰲ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْ ﻳﺪا ﻓِ ْﻜ َﺮ ٌة ُﻣﻄْ َﻠ َﻘ ٌﺔ َﻳ ْﺴﺘَ ِﺤ ُﻴﻞ ُﺑ ُﻠ ُ
ﲢ ِﺪ ً
اﻟﺜﺎﻧِ َﻴ ُﺔ َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َ ْ
َ ،و ﱠ
ﺎو َﺿ ِﺔ " َ ْ ،
اﳌ َﺠ ﱠﻠ ُﺔ ْاﻷ َ َدﺑِ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ َ ، Le Magazine littéraireﻳﻨَﺎﻳِ َﺮ . 2008 ﻳﻦ ْاﳌ ُ َﻔ َ وزا َ " ،ﲤ َ ِ
ﺎر ُ ﲑ إ ِ َﻳﲈ ُﻧ ِﻮ ْﻳﻞ ُد َ
ﺑِﻴِ ْ
اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ :اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺎن ﻟﻌﺒﺪ اﻟﻔﺘﺎح ﻛﯿﻠﯿﻄﻮ )اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب "ﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻟﻐﺘﻲ((.
ﲨ ُ
ﺎن َا ﱡ ْ
ﻟﱰ ُ َ
اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِ
اﳌ ْﺮ ُء ُﻟ َﻐ ًﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ﱡ آﺧ َﺮ َ :ﻫ ْﻞ َﻳ ْﻤ َﺘﻠِ ُﻚ ْ َ ﻴﻬ َﲈ َﻣ ًﻌﺎ ؟ َﻗ ْﺪ َﻻ َ ْﳖ َﺘ ِﺪي إِ َﱃ َﺟ َﻮ ٍ ﱪ َع ﻓِ ِ ِِ اﳌ ْﺮ ُء ْاﻣﺘِﻼَ َك ُﻟ َﻐ َﺘ ْ ِ ِ
ﺎت اب َﻣﺎ َﱂْ َﻧﻄْ َﺮ ْح ُﺳ َﺆ ًاﻻ َ ﲔ ؟ َﻫ ْﻞ ﺑِ ِﺈ ْﻣ َﻜﺎﻧﻪ َأ ْن َﻳ ْ َ ﻴﻊ ْ َ َﻫ ْﻞ َﻳ ْﺴ َﺘﻄ ُ
ﻮل َ " :ﻫ َﺰ ْﻣ ُﺘ َﻬﺎ َﻓ َﻬ َﺰ َﻣﺘْﻨ ِﻲ ُ ،ﺛ ﱠﻢ َﻫ َﺰ ْﻣ ُﺘ َﻬﺎ َﻓ َﻬ َﺰ َﻣﺘْﻨِﻲ " ،
ﺎﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َ ،ﻓ َﻴ ُﻘ ُ
ﺎء َﻋﻼَ َﻗ َﺘ ُﻪ ﺑِ ﱡ ﻒ ﻓِ ِﻴﻪ َأﺣ ُﺪ ْاﻟ ُﻘ َﺪﻣ ِ ؟ َأ َﺗ َﺬ ﱠﻛ ُﺮ َأ ﱠﻧﻨ ِﻲ َﺳ ِﻤ ْﻌ ُﺖ َﻛﻼَ ًﻣﺎ َﱂْ َأ ْﻋ ُﺜ ْﺮ َﺑ ْﻌ ُﺪ َﻋ َﲆ َﻣ ْﺮ ِﺟ ِﻌ ِﻪ َ ،ﻳ ِﺼ ُ
َ َ
ﻮع
اﳋُ ُﻀ َاﻟﴩ َﺳ ِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﺗﺄْ َﺑﻰ ْ ﲑ َة َﳍ َﺎ ِ ،ﳍ َ ِﺬ ِه ْاﻟ َﻜﺎﺋِﻨَ ِﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﳊَ ْﺮ َب َﺑﻴْﻨَ ُﻬ َﲈ ﺳ َﺠ ٌﺎل َ ،ﻣ ﱠﺮ ًة َﻟ ُﻪ َو َﻣ ﱠﺮ ًة َﻋ َﻠﻴْﻪ ؛ َو َﻟﻜ ﱠﻦ ْاﻟ َﻜﻠ َﻤ َﺔ ْاﻷ َﺧ َ ﲑا إِ َﱃ َأ ﱠن َﻋﻼَ َﻗ َﺘ ُﻪ ِ َﲠﺎ ُﻣ َﺘ َﻮ ﱢﺗ َﺮ ٌة َ ،و َأ ﱠن ْ ِ
ُﻣﺸ ً
ﺾ. اﻻ ْﺳﺘِ ْﺴﻼَ َم َﳍ َﺎ َ ،وإِ ْن َﻋ َﲆ َﻣ َﻀ ٍ ﺎﳌﺘِ َﻬﺎ َو ِ ﺎد َﻧﺘِ َﻬﺎ َو ُﻣ َﺴ َ َ ِ
اﳌ ْﺮ ُء ُﺑăﺪا ﻣ ْﻦ ُﻣ َﻬ َ ﺎد َ .ﻳﻨ ْ َﺘ ِﻬﻲ ْاﻟ ِﻘ َﺘ ُﺎل َداﺋِﲈ ﺑِﺎﻧْﺘِ َﺼ ِ
ﺎر َﻫﺎ َ ،و َﻻ َﳚِ ُﺪ ْ َ ً
و ِ ِ
اﻻﻧْﻘ ﱠﻴ َ َ
ﻒ ف َﺑﻴْﻨَ ُﻬ َﲈ ؟ َو َﻛﻴْ َ ﴫ ُﻒ َﻳ َﺘ َ ﱠ ﻒ َﻳﻨ ْ َﺘ ِﻘ ُﻞ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه إِ َﱃ ﺗِﻠْ َﻚ ؟ َﻛﻴْ َ ﲔ َأ ْو َأ ْﻛ َﺜ َﺮ ؟ َﻛﻴْ َﻒ َﺣ ُﺎﻟ ُﻪ َﻣ َﻊ ُﻟ َﻐ َﺘ ْ ِ اﺣ َﺪ ٍة َ ،ﻣ َﻊ ُﻟ َﻐﺘِ ِﻪ َ ،ﻓ َﻜﻴْ َ
ﺎن َﻫ َﺬا ﺣ ُﺎل ْاﳌ َﺘ َﻜ ﱢﻠ ِﻢ ﻣﻊ ُﻟ َﻐ ٍﺔ و ِ
َ َ َ ُ َ إِ َذا َﻛ َ
ﻴﺪ ﻣﺎ إِ َذا َﻛ َ ِ ف ﺑِ ﱠ ِ ِ ﻆ ،إِ َﱃ َﻛﺎﺗِ ٍ ﺎﺣ ِ اﳉ ِ ﻮع ِ ﲨ ٍﺔ ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ ِﻤ ﱠﺮ ٍة ؟ َﺳ َﺄ َﺗ َﻄ ﱠﺮ ُق إِ َﱃ َﻫ َﺬا ْ ََﻳ َﺘ َﺪ ﱠﺑ ُﺮ َأ ْﻣ َﺮ ُه َﻣ َﻊ َﻣﺎ ُﻳ َﲈ ِر ُﺳ ُﻪ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺗ ْﺮ َ َ
ﺎن ُﻳﺘْﻘ ُﻦ ُﻟ َﻐ ًﺔ َﻏ ْ َ
ﲑ ﺎﻟﺘﺄْﻛ َ ﺐ َﻻ َﻧ ْﻌ ِﺮ ُ ﺎدا إِ َﱃ ْ َ اﺳﺘﻨَ ً اﳌ ْﻮ ُﺿ ِ ْ
ﺎر ِﺳ ﱠﻴ َﺔ . ﳚ َﻬ ُﻞ ْاﻟ َﻔ ِ ٍ ِ ِِ ِ ِ
ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ،ﻣ َﻊ ْاﻟﻌﻠْ ِﻢ َأ ﱠن ِﰲ ُﻣ َﺼﻨﱠ َﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻋ ﱠﺪ َة َﻋﻼَ َﻣﺎت ُﺗﺸ ُ
ﲑ إِ َﱃ َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﱂْ َﻳ ُﻜ ْﻦ َ ْ
ِ
3
ِ داﺋِﻢ ِاﻻ ْﻟﺘِ َﻔ، اﳊﺮ َﻛ ِﺔ ِ ِ َأﻣﺎ ﻣﺰد ِوج ﱡ. ﺎر ِ ﻮن ِﺟ َﻬ َﺔ ْاﻟ َﻴ ِﻤ
َ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ َأ ْو ﺗِﻠْ َﻚ َﻣ ْﻌﻨَ ُﺎه َأ ْن َﺗ ُﻜث ِ َﲠ ِﺬ ِه ﱡ ِ ِﻣﻦ ْاﳌ ِﺴﺎﺣ
َوﺑِ َﲈ َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ،ﺎت ُ َ َ َ ْ َﻓ ِﺈ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َداﺋ ُﻢ، اﻟﻠ َﻐﺔ ُ َ ْ ُ ﲔ َأ ْو ِﺟ َﻬ َﺔ ْاﻟ َﻴ َﺴ ِ ﱠ َ َأ ْن َﺗ َﺘ َﺤ ﱠﺪ. ﺎت َ َ َ
.ﲔ ِ ْ َﻳﻨ ْ ُﻈ ُﺮ إِ َﱃ ِﺟ َﻬ َﺘ
ِ ْ َﻓ ِﺈ ﱠن َﻟ ُﻪ َو ْﺟ َﻬ، ﲔ
L’interprète
Peut-on posséder deux langues ? Peut-on en exceller toutes les deux à la fois ? Il se peut que nous ne
trouvions pas de réponse sans poser une autre question : peut-on posséder une langue ? Je me rappelle que
j’avais entendu un propos auquel je ne trouve pas encore de référence, dans lequel un ancêtre décrit son rapport
à l’arabe en disant : «Je l’ai vaincue et elle m’a vaincu, puis je l’ai vaincue et elle m’a vaincu ». Il indique que
son rapport avec la langue est tendu et que le conflit entre eux est sans fin, tantôt il est pour lui, tantôt pour elle ;
mais le dernier mot c’est pour cette entité féroce qui refuse de céder et de se soumettre.
Abdelfattāḥ Kilitū, « Tu ne peux pas parler ma langue », Dār aṭ-ṭalī’a li aṭ-ṭibā’a wa an-nachr, Beyrouth,
Liban, 1ère Edition 2002, pp : 27-31.
4
l’œuvre un sens du langage, et de la science du sujet un art de la pensée. Comme les grands « penseurs » sont
des artistes de la pensée. Alors, oui, traduire est un art.
Henri Meschonnic, Pour la poétique I , Paris, Gallimard, 1973.
اﻟﻨﱠﺎﻗِ ُﻞ
اﳌﺴ َﺄ َﻟ ُﺔ ْاﻷَﺳ ِ ِِ ٍ ِ ﻴﺪ ٍة ﻟِ ُﻮ ُﻟ ِ
ﺒﺎر َو َو ِﺳ َﻴﻠ ٍﺔ َو ِﺣ َ ﺎت َو َﻛ ِﺈ ْﺧ ٍ اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓ ِ اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ ﺐ ْاﻟ َﻐﺎﻟ ِ ُِﻳﻨ ْ َﻈ ُﺮ ِﰲ ْاﻷ َ ْﻏ َﻠ ِ
ﺐﲢ ُﺠ ُ ﺎﺳ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ َ ْ َ ﻮج َﻣﺎ َﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ُﻧﻄْ ُﻘ ُﻪ ﺑِ ُﻠ َﻐﺎت ُأ ْﺧ َﺮى َ .و َﻫﺬه ْ َ ْ ﲔ ﱠﻮاﺻ ٍﻞ َﺑ ْ َ ﲨﺔ َﻛ َﺘ ُ ﺐ إِ َﱃ ﱠ ْ
ِ
ﲑ َﻋﻨ ْ ُﻪ ِﰲ ﺎﺳﺘِﺜْﻨَﺎء َﻣﺎ َﻳﺘِ ﱡﻢ ﱠ
اﻟﺘ ْﻌﺒِ ُ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ
ﲨﺔ ،ﺑِ ْ
ِ ِ
ﺐ إِ ﱠﻻ ﺑِ َﻮاﺳ َﻄﺔ ﱠ ْ
ِ ﺎس َﻻ َﻳ َﺘ َﺄ ﱠﺗﻰ َﳍ ُ ْﻢ ﱠ
اﻟﺘ َﻤ ﱡﻜ ُﻦ ﻣ ْﻦ ُﻛ ﱢﻞ َﻣﺎ ُﻳ َﻘ ُﺎل َأ ْو ُﻳ ْﻜ َﺘ ُ ﺎد َﻫﺎ َأ ﱠن َأ ْﻏ َﻠﺒِ ﱠﻴ َﺔ اﻟﻨﱠ ِ ِ
ﳘ ﱠﻴ ًﺔ َﻋ ْﻦ َﺳﺎﺑِ َﻘﺘ َﻬﺎ َ ،و ُﻣ َﻔ ُ
ِ
َﺣﻘ َﻴﻘ ًﺔ َﻻ َﺗﻘ ﱡﻞ َأ َ ﱢ
ِ
ِ ِ ﺾ ﱡ ِ ﱪ َﺷﺄْ ُ َﳖﺎ َأ ْم َﺻ ُﻐ َﺮ َ ،و َﺑ ْﻌ ِ ﱡ ِ
ﺎص .اﻟﻠ َﻐﺎت اﻷُ ْﺧ َﺮى ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ُﻳ ْﻤﻜ ُﻦ َأ ْن َﻳ َﺘ َﻌ ﱠﻠ َﻤ َﻬﺎ ْاﻷ َ ْﺷ َﺨ ُ اﻟﻠ َﻐﺔ ْاﻷ ُ ﱢم َ ،ﻛ ُ َ
ﻳﺲ َ ،ﺟﺎﻟ ِ َﻴﲈ ْر 1973 ، ﺎر ْاﻟﺸ ْﻌ ِﺮ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ْ ،اﳌ ُ َﺠ ﱠﻠ ُﺪ ْاﻷ َ ﱠو ُل َ ،ﺑ ِ
ﻴﻚ ِ ،ﻣ ْﻦ َأ ْﺟ ِﻞ ﱢ ﻴﺸﻮﻧ ِ ْ ﻫﻴﻨ ْﺮي ِﻣ ُ
ﱰ ِﺟ ِﻢ ِ
َﻣ ْﺴ ُﺆوﻟﻴﱠ ُﺔ ْاﳌ ُ َ ْ
ﺎﳉَ ِﺔ َﻗ َﻀ َﺎﻳ َﺎﻧﺎ ت ُﻳ ْﻤ ِﻜﻨُ َﻬﺎ َأ ْن ُﺗ ِﻔ َ
ﻴﺪ ِﰲ ُﻣ َﻌ َ ﺎﻫﻴﻢ و َﺗﺼﻮرا ٍ ِ
ﻴﺦ َﻣ َﻔ َ َ َ ﱡ َ ﺎت َ ،و َأ ْﻳ ًﻀﺎ ِﰲ َﺗ ْﺮ ِﺳ ِ
اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓ ِ
ﲔ ﱠ ﻴﻞ ْ ِ
اﳊ َﻮ ِار َﺑ ْ َ ﱰ ِﺟ ِﻢ َو َد ْو ِر ِه ِﰲ َﺗ ْﻔ ِﻌ ِ ِ
َﻳ َﺘ َﻌ ﱠﻠ ُﻖ ْاﻷ َ ْﻣ ُﺮ إِ َذ ْن ﺑِ ُﻤ ِﻬ ﱠﻤﺔ ْاﳌ ُ َ ْ
ﺎﴏ ِة ؟ ﺎﺳﻴ ِﺔ ْ ِ ِ
اﳊَﺪ َﻳﺜﺔ َو ْاﳌ ُ َﻌ َ َ
ِ ِ ﺎﺳﻴ ُﺔ ﻟ ِ َﱰ َ َ ِ
ﲨﺔ ْاﻟ َﻔﻠْ َﺴ َﻔﺔ ﱢ
اﻟﺴ َﻴ ﱠ اﻟﺴ َﻴ ﱠ ْ
ِ ﺎت ْ َ ِ
اﳌ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ َو ﱢ اﻟﺮ َﻫ َﺎﻧ ُ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺴ َﻴﺎﺳ ﱠﻴﺔ َواﻻ ْﺟﺘ َﲈﻋ ﱠﻴﺔ َ .ﻓ َﲈ ﻫ َﻲ إِ َذ ْن ﱢ ﱢ
ِ ِ
ب " ﻣ ِﻬﻤﺔ ْاﳌ ُ َ ْ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ٍ
ﻦ َأ ﱠن ﱰﺟ ِﻢ " َ .وﺑِ ﱠ
ﺎﻟﺮ ْﻏ ِﻢ ﻣ ْ ﻮم ِ ُ ﱠ اﻟﺮ ْﺑ ُﻂ ُﳛ ُﻴﻠﻨَﺎ َﻋ َﲆ َﻓ ْﺎﻟ َﱰ ﺑِﻨ ْ َﻴﺎﻣﲔ َ ،و َﻋ َﲆ َﻧ ﱢﺼﻪ ْ َ
اﳌ ْﻮ ُﺳ ِ ﲔ َﻟ ْﻔ َﻈ َﺘ ْﻲ ُﻣ ِﻬ ﱠﻤﺔ َو َﻣ ْﺴ ُﺆوﻟ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ،و َﻫ َﺬا ﱠ َﻟ َﻘ ْﺪ َﺗ ﱠﻢ ﱠ
اﻟﺮ ْﺑ ُﻂ َﺑ ْ َ
ﺎﳊَ ِﻘ َﻴﻘ ِﺔ َ ،و ُﻫ َﻮ َﻣﺎ َﻻ
ﲨ ِﺔ ﺑِ ْ ِ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ْ ِ ِ
اﳋَﺎﻟ َﺼﺔ َ ،و َﻋﻼَ َﻗﺔ ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ﺎت َ ،و َﺣ ْﻮ َل ﱡاﻟﻠ َﻐ ِ
ﲔ ﱡ ﻴﻤ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َﺑ ْ َ
اﳊ ِﻤ ِ ِ
وﺣ ُﺔ َﻫ َﺬا ْاﳌ ُ َﻔ ﱢﻜ ِﺮ َ ،ﻳ َﺘ َﻤ ْﺤ َﻮ ُر َﺣ ْﻮ َل ْاﻟ َﻌﻼَ َﻗﺔ ْ َ
ِ ِ اﻟﺴﻴ َ ِ
ﺎق ﱠاﻟﺬي َﺗﻨ ْ َﺪ ِر ُج ﻓﻴﻪ ُأﻃْ ُﺮ َ ﱢ َ
ِ ٍ ﲢ ُﻴﻞ َﻋ َﲆ َﻟ ْﻔ َﻈ ِﺔ ﺣ ﱟﻞ ، Auflosungﺑِﻤﻌﻨ َﻰ َأ ﱠن ﻣ ِﻬﻤ َﺔ ْاﳌ َﱰ ِﺟ ِﻢ َﺗ َﺘﺤ ﱠﺪد ِﰲ ﻣﻮ ِ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ِﺳﻴ ُﺎﻗﻨَﺎ ﺑِﻤﺠﺎراﺗِ ِﻪ ،إِ ﱠﻻ َأ ﱠن ﻣ ِﻬﻤ َﺔ ِ ُ Aufgabe
ﺐ َﺣ ﱡﻠ َﻬﺎ .اﺟ َﻬﺔ ُﻣ ْﺸﻜ َﻠﺔ َﳚِ ُ َ ُ َُ َ ُ ﱠ ُ ْ َ ْ َ ُ ﱠ ُ َ َ َ ْ َ ُ ﱠ
ﺎﺳ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ .
اﳌﻌ ِﺮﻓِﻴ ِﺔ واﻟﺴﻴ ِ ِِ
ﱰ ِﺟ ِﻢ َ ،و َﻋ ْﻦ ِر َﻫ َﺎﻧﺎﺗﻪ ْ َ ْ ﱠ َ ﱢ َ
ِ ِ
ث َﻋ ْﻦ َﻣ ْﺴ ُﺆوﻟ ﱠﻴﺔ ْاﳌ ُ َ ْ َو ِﲠَ َﺬا َ
اﳌ ْﻌﻨ َﻰ َﻧ َﺘ َﺤ ﱠﺪ ُ
ِ ِ ِ ﻮﺟﺐ َأ ْن َﺗ ُﻜ َ ِ ِ ﺎﺳ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َو َﻗ َﻀ َﺎﻳ َاﳊ َﺪ َاﺛ ِﺔ اﻟﺴﻴ ِ ﺎك ﺣﺎﺟ ٌﺔ ﻣﺎﺳ ٌﺔ ﻟ ِﻼِ ﱢﻃﻼَ ِع َﻋ َﲆ ﻣ َﻔ ِ
ﻴﺐ ﻮن َﻫﺬه ْاﻟ َﻌ َﻤﻠ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ْاﻧﺘ َﻘﺎﺋ ﱠﻴ ًﺔ َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ َﺗ ْﺴ َﺘ ِﺠ َ ﺎﻫﺎ ُ .ﻳ ِ ُ ﱢ َ ﻴﻢ ْ َ ﺎﻫ ِ َ ﰲ ُ ،ﻫﻨَ َ َ َ َ ﱠ َﻓ َﻌ َﲆ اﳌ ُ ْﺴﺘَ َﻮى ْ َ ِ ِ
اﳌ ْﻌﺮ ﱢ
اﻟﺜ َﻘﺎﻓِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ﻮﻻ إِ َﱃ ْاﳌ َﺆﺳﺴ ِ ﱰ ِﺟ ُﻢ ( ﻟِ ُﻴ ْﺼﺒِ َﺢ َﻣ ْﻮ ُﻛ ً ِ ِ ﺎن وﺑِﺎﺳ ِﱰاﺗِ ٍ ٍ ِ ِﳌﻨ ْ َﺘ َﻈﺮ ِ
ﺎت ﱠ ُ ﱠ َ ﻴﺠﻴﺔ َ ،ﻓ ِﺈ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻳ َﺘ َﺠ َ
ﺎو ُز َﻓ َﻌﺎﻟ ﱠﻴ َﺔ ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﺮد ) َو ُﻫ َﻮ ْاﳌ ُ َ ْ ﱠ ﳎ َﺘ َﻤ َﻌﺎﺗﻨَﺎ َ .وﺑِ َﲈ َأ ﱠن ْاﻷ َ ْﻣ َﺮ َﻳ َﺘ َﻌ ﱠﻠ ُﻖ ﺑِ ِﺮ َﻫ َ ْ ات ُ ْ ُ َ
ﲡ ِﺎه . ﲨ ِﺔ ِﰲ َﻫ َﺬا ِ ِ
اﻻﻧْﺘِ َﻘﺎء َ ،وﻟ ِ َﺘ ْﺸ ِﺠ ِ ﻴﻞ َﻋﻤﻠِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓ ِﺔ ،و ِو َزار ُة ﱠ ِ اﳉَ ِﺎﻣ َﻌ ُﺔ َ ،و ِو َز َار ُة ﱠ
ﻳﻤ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ) ْ
ﺎد ِ
و ْاﻷَ َﻛ ِ
اﻻ ﱢ َ ﻴﻊ ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ اﻟﱰﺑِ َﻴﺔ ْاﻟ َﻮ َﻃﻨ ﱠﻴﺔ إِ َﻟ ْﺦ ( ﻟ َﺘ ْﻔﻌ ِ َ
ْ َ َ َ
ﺎت ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ُﻳ ْﻤ ِﻜ ُﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬ ِ
ﺎﺳﺔ َ ،و ِﰲ َر ْﺳ ِﻢ ﱠ َ ﱡ َ
ﺎت رﺟ ِﻞ اﻟﺴﻴ ِ
ﱢ َ َ َ ُ
ﻳﺪ ﻣﺴ ُﺆوﻟِﻴ ِ
ﲢﺪ َ ْ ﱠ
ﺎﺳﻴ ِﺔ ِ ،ﰲ َ ْ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺴ َﻴ ﱠ
ﲨ ِﺔ َﻗ َﻀﺎﻳﺎ ْ ِ
اﳊَ َﺪ َاﺛﺔ ﱢ َ ﺎﳼ َ ،ﺗ َﺘ َﺠ ﱠﲆ َأ َ ﱢ
ﳘ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ َﺗ ْﺮ َ َ ِ
اﻟﺴ َﻴ ﱢ َو َﻋ َﲆ اﳌ ُ ْﺴ َﺘ َﻮى ﱢ
5
ﻜﺎﻣ ِﺔ
َ َاﳊ ْ اﻻ ْﺟﺘِ َﲈ ِﻋ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َو
ِ اﻟﺪﻳﻤ ْﻘﺮاﻃِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َو ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺪ َاﻟ ِﺔ ِ ْ ﺎﳼ ﺣﻮ َل
َ ُ اﳊَ َﺪ َاﺛﺔ َو ﱢ ْ َ اﻟﺴ َﻴ ﱢ
ِ
ﺎب ﱢ ِ ﺎس ِ َﲠﺎ ؛ إِ ْذ َﻻ ُﻳ ْﻤ ِﻜ ُﻦ ﻟ ِﻠْ ِﺨ َﻄ ِ ِ ﺎﳼ و ْاﳌﺠ َﺘﻤ ِﻌﻲ
َ َاﻻ ْﺳﺘﺌْﻨ اﻟﺴ َﻴ ﱢ َ ُ ْ َ ﱢ
ِ ْ ﲔ ِﰲ
اﳊَ ْﻘ ِﻞ ﱢ َ ِﺎﻋﻠِ ﻟِﻠْ َﻔ
Traduction proposée :
Responsabilité du traducteur
Il s’agit donc de la tâche du traducteur et son rôle dans l’activation du dialogue entre les cultures, ainsi que
dans la consolidation des concepts pouvant être utiles au traitement des questions politiques et sociales dans
notre pays. Quels sont alors les enjeux cognitifs et politiques mobilisés pour traduire la philosophie politique
moderne et contemporaine ?
Les deux termes, tâche et responsabilité, dépendent l’un de l’autre, laquelle dépendance fait référence à
Walter Benjamin et à son texte intitulé « la tâche du traducteur ».
Azzeddine Al-Khattābī, Mouvement de la traduction arabe, p.31, Institution du Roi Abdelaziz,
Casablanca.
ﱰ ِﺟ ِﻢ
ُﻣ ِﻬ ﱠﻤ ُﺔ ْاﳌ ُ َ ْ
ﺎﻫ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َﻫ َﺬا ْاﻟ َﻌ َﻤ ِﻞ َأ ْو َذﻟِ َﻚ ﱠ
اﻟﺸ ْﻜ ِﻞ ِ
اك ﻣ ِ
ﺎم َﻋ َﻤ ٍﻞ َﻓﻨﱢ ﱟﻲ َأ ْو َﺷ ْﻜ ٍﻞ َﻓﻨﱢ ﱟﻲ ِ ،ﰲ إِ ْد َر َات َﺟ ْﺪ َوى َ ،و َﻧ ْﺤ ُﻦ َأ َﻣ َ ال َ ،ذ َ ﺎل ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻷ َ ْﺣ َﻮ ِ اﻹ َﺣ َﺎﻟ ُﺔ َﻋ َﲆ اﳌ ُ َﺘ َﻠ ّﻘﻲ ،ﺑِ َﺄ ﱢي َﺣ ٍ
ﱢ ﻮن ْ ِ َﻟ ْﻦ َﺗ ُﻜ َ
وض اﻟﻨﱠ َﻈ ِﺮ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ َﺣ ْﻮ َل ْاﻟ َﻔ ﱢﻦ َ .ذﻟِ َﻚ َأ ﱠن ِ
ﻮم ْاﳌ ُ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﻘﺒِ ِﻞ " ْاﳌ َﺜ ِ ﱢ
ﺎﱄ " ُﻳ َﺆ ﱢﺛ ُﺮ َﺳﻠْ ًﺒﺎ َﻋ َﲆ ُﻛ ﱢﻞ ْاﻟ ُﻌ ُﺮ ِ ﲨ ُﻬ ٍ
ﻮر َﻣﺎ َأ ْو َﻣ َﻊ َﻣ ْﻦ ُﻳ َﻤ ﱢﺜ ُﻠ ُﻬ ْﻢ َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻬ ُ ﻂ ُﻛ ﱠﻞ َﻋﻼَ َﻗ ٍﺔ َﻣ َﻊ ُ ْ َ .و َﻣﺎ ُﻳ َﻀ ﱢﻠ ُﻞ َﻟﻴْ َﺲ َﻓ َﻘ ْ
اﳉﺴﲈ ِﲏ و ْاﻟ ِﻔ ْﻜ ِﺮي ﻟِﻺِْﻧْﺴ ِ
ﺎن ،إِ ﱠﻻ َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻻ ﺎﻣ ٍﺔ َ .و َﻛ َﺬﻟ ِ َﻚ َﻳ ْﻔ َ ِﱰ ُض ْاﻟ َﻔ ﱡﻦ ْ ِ ٍ ﺖ ﻣ َﻄ َﺎﻟﺒ ًﺔ ﺑِ َﺄ ْن َﺗ ْﻔ َ ِﱰ َض إِ ﱠﻻ وﺟﻮد ْ ِ ِ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْاﻟ ُﻌ ُﺮ َ
َ ﱠ اﳉَ ْﻮ َﻫ َﺮ ْ ِ ْ َ ﱠ َ اﻹﻧْ َﺴﺎن َو َﺟ ْﻮ َﻫ َﺮ ُه ﺑِﺼ َﻔﺔ َﻋ ﱠ ُ ُ َ وض َﻟﻴْ َﺴ ْ ُ َ
ﺎﻫ ُﻪ .َﻳ ْﻔ َ ِﱰ ُض ِ ،ﰲ َأ ﱟي ِﻣ ْﻦ إِ ْﺻ َﺪ َاراﺗِ ِﻪ ،اﻧْﺘِ َﺒ َ
َو ْاﻟ َﱰ ﺑِﻴﻨ ْ َﺠ ِﻤﲔ
ﲨ ِﺔاﻟﱰ َ َ َﻓ ْ
ﺠ َﻮ ُة ﱠ ْ
ﺎد َﻳ ْﻘ ِﴤ َﻋ َﲆ َد ْو ِر َﻫﺎ اﻟﺸ ِﺪ َ ِ
ﻳﺪ ،ﳑ ﱠﺎ َﻳ َﻜ ُ ﻮر َﻫﺎ ﱠ ﰊ َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ ُﺿ ُﻤ َ ِ اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ ِ
ﲨﺔ ﰲ ْاﻟ َﻮ َﻃﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ
ِ
ﻒ َﺣ َﺮ َﻛﺔ ﱠ ْ ﺎم ُ 2002ﺿ ْﻌ َ اﻹﻧْ َﺴﺎﻧِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ْاﻷَ ﱠو ُل ﻟِ َﻌ ِ اﻟﺘﻨ ْ ِﻤ َﻴ ِﺔ ْ ِ
َأ ْﺑ َﺮ َز َﺗ ْﻘ ِﺮ ُﻳﺮ ﱠ
ﺲ َﻣﺎ ﻳﺪ َﻋ َﲆ ُﺧ ُـﻤ ِﺐ َﻗ ْﺪ َﻻ َﻳ ِﺰ ُ ﲨ ُﻪ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِﰊ ِﻣ ْﻦ ُﻛ ُﺘ ٍ
ﱰ ُِ ِ
اﻟﺼ َﺪد َأ ﱠن َﻣﺎ ُﻳ َ ْات ِﰲ َﻫ َﺬا ﱠ ﺎء ُ اﻹ ْﺣ َﺼ َ ﺖ ِْ ﺎﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َ .و َﻗ ْﺪ َﻛ َﺸ َﻔ ْ
اﳌ ْﻌ ِﺮ َﻓ ِﺔ َو َﺗ ْﻮﻃﻴﻨ ِ َﻬﺎ ﺑِ ﱡ ﻮل ِﰲ َﻧ ْﻘ ِﻞ ْ َ اﳌﺄْﻣ ِ
َْ ُ
ﱡ ُ
اﳊ ْﻜ َﻤ ِﺔ ِﰲ َﻋ ْﻬ ِﺪ
ﺖ ِْ ﺎء ﺑﻴ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِِ ِ ﲨﻪ ﺑ َﻠ ٌﺪ ُأورﰊ ﺻ ِﻐﲑ ِﻣﺜْ َﻞ ْاﻟﻴ َ ِ ِ
ﺎﱄ َﻣﺎ ُﺗ ْﺮ ِﺟ َﻢ ُﻣﻨ ْ ُﺬ إِﻧْ َﺸ َ ْ
ﲨ ِﱠﰊ َ ،و َأ ﱠن إِ ْ َ ِ
ﻮﻧﺎن ﱠاﻟﺬي َﻳﻘ ﱡﻞ َﻋ َﺪ ُد ُﺳ ﱠﻜﺎﻧﻪ َﻋ ْﻦ %5ﻣ ْﻦ ُﺳ ﱠﻜﺎن ْاﻟ َﻮ َﻃﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ ُ ُﱢﱞ َ ٌ ﱰ ُُِ َُﻳ َ ْ
ﺎﻟăõﻴﺎ.
òﺪ óﺣ
õ
اﺣ òó
ﺎمóو ﲨ ُﻪ إِ ْﺳ َﺒﺎﻧْ َﻴﺎ – َﻣ َﺜﻼً –õﰲﻋ ﱰ ُِ اﳌﺄْ ُﻣﻮن َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ ْاﻵ َن ُﻳ َﻮ ِازي َﻣﺎ ُﺗ َ ْ
َْ ِ
ِِ ت ْ ِ ﳎ َﺎﻻ ِ ﻮﺟ ﱢﻲ ْاﳍ َﺎﺋِ ِﻞ ِﰲ َﲨِ ِ ﻮﻟ ِ ﺎر ْ َ ِ ِ ﻴﺠ ًﺔ ﻟ ِﻼِﻧْ ِﻔ َﺠ ِ ِ اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﳊَ َﻴﺎة َ ،و َﺗ ْﺰ َد ُاد َﻫﺬه ْاﻷَ َ ﱢ
ﳘ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ﻴﻊ َ َ اﻟﺘ ْﻜﻨُ ُ
اﻟﺘ َﻘ ﱡﺪ ِم ﱢ
ﰲ َ ،و ﱠ اﳌ ْﻌﺮ ﱢ ﲨﺔ ْاﻟﻌﻠْﻤ ﱠﻴﺔ َﻳ ْﻮ ًﻣﺎ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻳ ْﻮ ٍم َﻧﺘ َ ﳘ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ﱠ ْ ﺎﻇ ُﻢ َأ َ ﱢَﺗ َﺘ َﻌ َ
اﻟﺸ ِﺪﻳ ِﺪ ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي ÷ﻮóﻫõﺮăﻳﺎ َﻣ َﻊ اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘ ِ ÷ﺿôﻊاﻟõﺬيóﻳóﺘﻨóóﺎﻗôﺾ óﺟ ÷ﺘðõﺠﺎ óﳍ õóﻣ ÷õﻤﻴõﺔóأ
÷اﻟõﻌﻠ
÷ﻌõﺮóﻓõﺔ ﺎﺳﺎ ô-ﻣóﺘóﻠ¬ﻘðﻴﺎﻟõﻠ ﺎﳌ ِﻨَﺎ ْاﻟﻌﺮ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﺑِﺎﻟﻨﱢ ْﺴ َﺒ ِﺔ إِ َﱃ َﻋ َ
ﺺ ﱠ ÷اﻟóﻮ
ôﻫóﻮ
óﺎó،و ÷ôﻪôﻣﻨﻨ ÷ﻛﺜóﺮ ÷óﻤ ﰊ ﻟ َﻜ ْﻮﻧﻪ – َأ َﺳ ً ََ ﱢ
ﻴﺴ ﱠﻴ ِﺔﺎب اﻟﺮﺋِ ِ ِ َِ اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﲨ ِﺔ ْاﻟ ِﻌﻠْ ِﻤﻴ ِﺔ ﺑِ ِﺼ َﻔ ٍﺔ ﺧ ٍ ﲨ ِﺔ ،ﺑِ ِﺼ َﻔ ٍﺔ َﻋ ٍ
ﰊ ُﻳ َﻌ ﱡﺪ ﻣ َﻦ ْاﻷَ ْﺳ َﺒ ِ ﱠ ﲨﺔ ْاﻟﻌﻠْﻤﻴﱠﺔ ﰲ َﻋﺎﳌﻨَﺎ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ ﻮر ﱠ ْ ﺎﺻﺔ َ ،و َﻻ َﺷ ﱠﻚ ِﰲ َأ ﱠن ُﻗ ُﺼ َ َ ﱠ ﱠ ﺎﻣﺔ َو ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ﱠ ﺎل ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ﳎ ِ ُﻧ َﻌ ِﺎﲏ ِﻣﻨ ْ ُﻪ ِﰲ َ َ
ﳎ َﺘ َﻤ َﻌﺎﺗِﻨَﺎ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َ .ﻟ َﻘ ْﺪ َأ ْﺣ َﺪ َ اﳋﺒِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ اﳉَ ِﺎﻣ ِﻌ ﱢﻲ َ ،و َﻳ ِﴚ ﺑِ ُﻮ ُﺿ ٍ اﻟﺘ ْﻌﻠِ ِ وراء َﺗﻌ ﱡﺜ ِﺮ ﺟﻬ ِ
ﲑا اﻏﺎ َﻛﺒِ ً ث َﻫ َﺬا ْاﻟ ُﻘ ُﺼ ُ
ﻮر َﻓ َﺮ ً ﻴﺚ ِﰲ ُ ْ ﻮح ﺑِ َﻤ َﺪى َﺗ َﻔ ﱢﴚ َداء اﻟﻼﱠﻋ ْﻠﻤ ﱠﻴﺔ ْ َ ﻴﻢ ْ ﻳﺐ ﱠ ﻮد َﺗ ْﻌ ِﺮ ِ ََ َ َ ُ ُ
ﻴﻊ ْاﻟ ِﻔ ْﻜ َﺮ ٍ ِ ٍ ِ
ﳚﺮي َﻣﻠْ ُﺆ ُه ﺑِ ِﺈ ْﺻ َﺪ َارات َﺗﺎﻓ َﻬﺔ ُﺗﺸ ُ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﲨﺔ ْاﻟﻌﻠْﻤﻴﱠﺔ َ ْ ﻮر ﱠ ْ ﺎﺟ َﻢ َﻋ ْﻦ ُﻗ ُﺼ ِ اغ اﻟﻨﱠ ِﰊ ،إِ ﱠن َذﻟ ِ َﻚ ْاﻟ َﻔ َﺮ َ ِ ِ
ﺎﻟﺘ ِﺎﱄ ﰲ َﺗ ْﻜﻮﻳﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ ِﻞ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ
اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َ ،وﺑِ ﱠ ِﻴﺞ ﱠ ِﰲ َﻧ ِﺴ ِ
ﻠﱰﺑِ َﻴ ِﺔ َو ْاﻟ ُﻌ ُﻠ ِ
ﻮم ِ
ﻮص َﺗ ْﺴ َﻌﻰ ْاﳌ ُﻨَ ﱠﻈ َﻤ ُﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ﻟ ﱠ ْاﳋُ ُﺼ ِ ﺨ َﺘﻠِ َﻔ ِﺔ َ ،و ِﰲ َﻫ َﺬا ْ ﺎﲏ ْاﳌ ُ ْ ت ﱠ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺘ َﻄ ﱡﻮر ْاﻹﻧْ َﺴ ﱢ
ﳎ َﺎﻻ ِ اﳋَﻠْ ِﻖ َو َ َ ﴎ ِار ْاﻟ َﻜ ْﻮ ِن َو ْ اﳋﺮ ِاﰲ ،و َأوﻫﺎم ْاﻟ ِﻌﻠْ ِﻢ ِ ِ
اﻟﺰاﺋﻒ َﻋ ْﻦ َأ ْ َ ﱠ َُ َ َ ْ َ
ﺎء َأ ْﻗﴡ درﺟ ِ ون إِ ْﻋ َﻄ ِ ﲢ ِﻘ ُﻴﻖ َذﻟِ َﻚ ُد َ ﴩ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ َ ِ
ﺎت َ ََ َ ﰊ َ .و ِﰲ َر ْأ ِﻳﻨَﺎ َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻻ ُﻳ ْﻤ ِﻜ ُﻦ َ ْ ِ
اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓﺔ ْاﻟﻌﻠْﻤ ﱠﻴﺔ ﰲ أ ْر َﺟﺎء ْاﻟ َﻮ َﻃﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ
ﻴﺠ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ ﻟِﻨَ ْ ِ
ﱰاﺗِ õ
÷ﺳóõ ÷ﺿõﻊإõóو
óﺎﻟăõﻴﺎإõﱃاﻟﺜóﻘóﺎﻓõﺔ óﺣ
óو
ﻳﺐ ِﳑ ﱠﺎ َأ ﱠدى إِ َﱃ ب ﻳﻨَ ِ ﺎد ِ وف َأ ﱠن َﻛﺜِﲑا ِﻣﻦ ْاﻷَ َﻛ ِ اﳌﻌﺮ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﻠﱰ َ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ ْاﻷ َ َ ِ ِ
اﻟﺘ ْﻌ ِﺮ ِﻮن َﺣ َﺮ َﻛ َﺔ ﱠ ﺎﻫ ُﻀ َ ﲔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ُ ﻳﻤ ﱢﻴ َ ً َ ﻮﻣ ًﺔ ُﻣ َﺘ َﻜﺎﻣ َﻠ ًﺔ َ ،وﻣ َﻦ ْ َ ْ ُ ﲨﺔ ْاﻟﻌ ْﻠﻤ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ،واﻟﻨﱠ َﻈ ِﺮ إِ َﻟﻴ ْ َﻬﺎ ﺑِﺼ َﻔﺘ َﻬﺎ َﻣﻨ ْ ُﻈ َ ﳘ ﱠﻴﺔ ﻟ ﱠ ْ ﱢ
ﺎﳖﺎ ِﻣ ْﻦ َأ ْﺟ َﻴ ٍ ِ ِ
ﺎﻹ َﺿ َﺎﻓﺔ إِ َﱃ ﺣ ْﺮ َﻣ ِ َ ﻴﴘ َﻋ َﻠﻴْ َﻬﺎ ،ﺑِ ْ ِ ﺐ ِ ِ ﲨ ُﺔ ْاﻟ ِﻌﻠْ ِﻤ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻣ ْﺼ َﺪ ِر ﱠ ِ ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺴﺎﻋ َﻴﺔ ﻟ َﺘ ْﺤﻘ ِﻴﻖ َﻫﺬه ْاﻟ َﻐ َﺎﻳﺔَ .و َﻫ َﻜ َﺬا ُﺣ ِﺮ َﻣﺖ ﱠ ْ
ﺎض ﻣﻌ َﻈ ِﻢ ْ ِ
إِ ْﺟ َﻬ ِ ُ ْ
ﺎل اﻟﺮﺋ ﱢاﻟﻄ َﻠ ِ ﱠ اﻟﱰ َ َ اﳉُ ُﻬﻮد ﱠ
ﺎﴍ ًة َ ،و َﻫ َﺬا ﺑِﻼَ ِ ﲔ ﱠاﻟ ِﺬﻳﻦ َأﺳﺴﻮا َﻋﻼَ َﻗ َﺘﻬﻢ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ ِﻌﻠْ ِﻢ ِﻣﻦ ِﺧﻼَ ِل َﺗﻌ ﱡﻠ ِﻤ ِﻪ ﺑِ ﱡ ِ ﻮر َﻫﺎ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﺿ ْﻤ ِﻦ ْاﳌ ُ َﺘ َﺨ ﱢﺼ ِﺼ َ ﲔ ْاﻟ ِﻌﻠْ ِﻤ ﱢﻴ َ
ﱰ ِﲨِ َ ِ
ﺎﻟﻠ َﻐﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴﺔ ُﻣ َﺒ َ َ َ ْ ُ ْ َ ﱠ ُ ﲔ َﻻ ُﺑ ﱠﺪ َأ ْن َﻳ َﺘ َﻮ َاﱃ ُﻇ ُﻬ ُ ﻣ َﻦ ْاﳌ ُ َ ْ
ﲨ ِﺔ ْاﻟ ِﻌﻠْ ِﻤ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ. ِ ِ اﳌﻮ ِار ِد ْاﻟﺒ َ ِ ِ
ﴩ ﱠﻳﺔ اﻟﻼﱠ ِز َﻣﺔ ﻟ ﱠ ْ
ﻠﱰ َ َ َ ﲑ َْ َ اﻟﺴ ُﺒ ِﻞ ﻟ ِ َﺘ ْﻮﻓِ ِ
َﺷ ﱟﻚ َأ ْﻓ َﻀ ُﻞ ﱡ
ف َﻛ َﲈ ِﻫ َﻲ اﳌﺼ َﺪ ِر واﻟ ﱡﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ْاﳍ َﺪ ِ ِ ÷ﻀﻤ õ óóﺗóﻄôﺎﺑõﻖ ÷õﻤﻴõﺔôﻟﻐõﻮ ÷اﻟõﻌﻠ óﲨõﺔ ﺐ ِﻣ َﻦ
َ َ ﲔاﻟ ﱡﻠ َﻐﺔ ْ َ ْ ÷ó ó،ﺑ
ﻮن اﳌ ô ÷ó ﻂإõﱃ
÷ óóﻌﻰóﻓóﻘ
÷ﺴ ăóﻳﺎó،ﻓõﻬóﻲóﻻ
ﺗ ó اﻟﱰ
÷ ﲨ َﺔ ْاﻷَ َدﺑِ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َأ ْﺻ َﻌ ُ َﻻ َﺷ ﱠﻚ ِﰲ َأ ﱠن ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ
ﱰ ِام ِﻣ َﺰ ِ اﻹﺑ َﻘ ِ اﻟﺘﺄْﺛِ ِ
اج اﺣ ِ َ
ﺲ َ ،و ْ اﻟﻠﺒْ ِ ﺎء َﻋ َﲆ ﱠ ﲑ َو ْ ِ ْ ات َو ُﺷ ْﺤﻨَ ِﺔ ﱠ اﻹﳛﺎء ِ ﺎﻇ ِﺮ َﺷ ْﻜ ِﻞ اﻟﺼﻴ َ ِ
ﺎﻏﺔ َﺑﻴْﻨَ ُﻬ َﲈ َ ،و َﻧ ْﻘ ِﻞ ْ ِ َ َ ﱢ ﱠ ﺎو ُز َذﻟِ َﻚ إِ َﱃ َﺗﻨَ َ اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﲨﺔ ْاﻟﻌﻠْﻤ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ َﺗ َﺘ َﺠ َ
ِ
اﳊَ ُﺎل َﻏﺎﻟ ًﺒﺎ ِﰲ ﱠ ْ ْ
7
اﳌﺠ ِ ِ ِ اﻟﱰ َ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﳜ َﺘﻠِ ُ
اﺳﺘِ َﺤ َﺎﻟ َﺘ َﻬﺎ َ ،و َﻟ ِﻜ ﱠﻦ ْاﻷ َ ْﻣ َﺮ َ ْ ُﻫﻨَ َ ِ
ﺎﺣﺎﺖ َﻧ َﺠ ً ﴍ ًﻗﺎ َ ،و َﺣ ﱠﻘ َﻘ ْ ﲑا َﻏ ْﺮ ًﺑﺎ َو َ ْ ﺎل ْاﻟﻌﻠْﻤ ﱢﻲ َ ،و َﻗ ْﺪ َﻗ َﻄ ْﻌ َﺖ َﺷ ْﻮ ًﻃﺎ َﻛﺒِ ً ﲨﺔ ْاﻵﻟ ﱠﻴﺔ ِﰲ ْ َ َ ﻒ ﺑِﺎﻟﻨﱢ ْﺴ َﺒﺔ إِ َﱃ ﱠ ْ ﺎك ﻣ ْﻦ َﻳ َﺮى ْ
اﻹﻧْ ِﺠﻠِ ِﻴﺰ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ َو ْاﻟ َﻔ َﺮﻧْ ِﺴ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ إِ َﱃ
ﲨ ِﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ِ
ات ُﻣ َﺸ ﱢﺠ َﻌ ٌﺔ ﻟ َﺘﻄْ ِﻮ ِﻳﺮ ُﻧ ُﻈ ٍﻢ آﻟ ﱠﻴﺔ ﻟ ﱠ ْ
ﻠﱰ َ َ ﺎد َر ٌ اﳌﻨ ْ ُﺸﻮد ِة و ُﺗﻮﺟ ُﺪ ِﰲ ْاﻟﻌ َﺎﱂِ ْاﻟﻌﺮ ِﰊ وﺧ ِ ِ
ﺎر ِﺟﻪ ُﻣ َﺒ َ ََ ﱢ َ َ َ َ َ َ ﺎء ِة ْ َ ِ
ﻮﻻ ُﻳ َﻘ ﱢﺮ ُ َﲠﺎ َأ ْﻛ َﺜ َﺮ َﻓ َﺄ ْﻛ َﺜ َﺮ ﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻜ َﻔ َ
َﻣ ْﻌ ُﻘ ً
ﺎﱄ َﻓ ِﺈ ﱠ َﳖﺎ َﺟ ِﺪ َﻳﺮ ٌة اﳊَ ِ ﱢاﺿ ِﻊ ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ َﻮ َاﻫﺎ ْ ﺖ ِﰲ َﻣ ْﺮ َﺣ َﻠ ِﺔ ْاﻟﺒِ َﺪ َاﻳ ِﺔ َ ،و َﻋ َﲆ ُر ْﻏ ِﻢ إِ ْﻗ َﺮ ِارﻧﺎ ﺑِ َﺘ َﻮ ُ ﻮن َﻋﺮب َﻏﺎﻟ ِﺒﺎ ،إِ ﱠﻻ َأ ﱠن َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْاﳌﺒﺎدر ِ
ات َﻣ َﺎز َاﻟ ْ َُ َ َ ً
ِ ِ
اﻟﻠ َﻐﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ،ﻧ ﱠﻔ َﺬ َﻫﺎ َﺑﺎﺣ ُﺜ َ َ ٌ
ﱡ ِ
ﺎﳌ ِ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ
اﻻﻗْﺘ ِ َﺼﺎدِ ﱠﻳ ُﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ُﺔ و ْاﻷ َ ْزﻣ ُﺔ ِ
َ
õ õ õ ÷õ ÷ﻀõﻮăﻳﺎﺑóõﻘﻀ óóﺗﺒôõﻂôﻋóõóﳖﺎﺗ õ õ ﲑ ﻣ َﻦ õ ِ ِ ِ ِ اﳉَ َﻮاﻧِ ِ ُﺗ َﻌ ﱡﺪ َﻗ ِﻀ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻘ َﻀ َﺎﻳﺎ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﳍ َﺎ ِﻣ َﻦ ْ
ﻲ) اﳌﻨóﺎﺣóﺎﻓﺔó
óﻛ óﻋﲆ
÷ﺎن ﻧóﺴ
اﻹ óóﺎﻳﺎ ÷ﺮ ÷ﻮ ﻟﻜ ÷ﻫﺘóﲈõم اﻻ
ﲑ ْاﻟ َﻜﺜ َ اﻟﺰ َو َاﻳﺎ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ُﺗﺜ ُ ﺐ َو ﱠ
اﻟﺜ َﻘﺎﻓِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ( .
ﺎد ﱠﻳ ِﺔ /ﱠ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺴ ﱠﻴﺎﺳ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ِ / ﱢ
ﺎﺳ ِﺔ َأ ْو ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
َو ُﻳ َﻌ ﱡﺪ ُﻣ ْﺼ َﻄ َﻠ ُﺢ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌﺔ ﻣ ْﻦ َأ ْﻛ َﺜ ِﺮ ْاﳌ ُ ْﺼ َﻄ َﻠ َﺤﺎت ْاﻟﻔ ْﻜ ِﺮ ﱠﻳﺔ اﻧْﺘ َﺸ ًﺎرا َو َذﻟ َﻚ ﻻ ْرﺗ َﺒﺎﻃﻪ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ َﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻘ َﻀ َﺎﻳﺎ ْاﳌ ُ ْﺠ َﺘ َﻤﻌ ﱠﻴﺔ َﺳ َﻮ ٌاء ْاﳌ ُ َﺘ َﻌ ﱢﻠ َﻘ ُﺔ ﺑِﺎﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد َأ ْو ﱢ
اﻟﺴ َﻴ َ
ﺖ ﻓِﻴﻪ اﺣ ِﺪ َو ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َﻫﻴْ َﻤﻨَ ْ ﺐ ْاﻟﻮ ِ
ﺎم ْاﻟ ُﻘﻄْ ِ َ ﺎﳌ ِ ﱢﻲ إِ َﱃ ﻧِ َﻈ ِ ﺎم ْاﻟ َﻌ َ ﲢ ﱡﻮ ِل اﻟﻨﱢ َﻈ ِ ﻮﻓﻴِﺘِ ﱢﻲ َو َ َاﻟﺴ ْﲢﺎد ﱡ
اﻻ ﱢ َ ِ
ﺎر ِ ﺨ َﺪام َﻫ َﺬا ْاﳌﺼ َﻠ ِﺢ َﻋ َﲆ ﻧِ َﻄﺎ ٍق و ِ
اﺳ ٍﻊ َﻣ َﻊ ْاﳖِ ﱠﻴ ِ َ ُ ْ اﺳﺘ ْ ُ
اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓ ِﺔ .وﺑ َﺪ َأ ِ
ََ ْ ﱠ
اﳌ ْﻘﺼﻮد ﺑِ ْﺎﻟﻌ َ ِ اﻟﴚ ِء َﻃﺎﺑﻊ ْاﻟﻌ َ ِ ِ
ﲢ ِﻮ ُﻳﻞ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂِ إِ َﱃ ﺎﳌ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َر ْﺳ َﻤ َﻠ ُﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂَِ ،أ ْي َ ْ ﺎﳌ ﱠﻴﺔَ ،و ْ َ ُ ُ َ َ َ َ ﺎب ﱠ ْ
ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺮأْ ُﺳ َﲈﻟ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ َﻋ َﲆ ُﻣ َﻘ ﱠﺪ َرات ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂِ َوﻣ ْﻦ َﺛ ﱠﻢ َﻓ ِﺈ ﱠن ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ َﺔ َأ ْو ْاﻟ َﻜ ْﻮ َﻛ َﺒ َﺔ ﻫ َﻲ إِ ْﻛ َﺴ ُ
ﱠ
ﻠﺮأْ ُﺳ َﲈﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔَ ،وﺑِ َﺄ ْن َﻳ ُﻜ َ
ﻮن ِ ِ ﺎم ﻟ ِﻼِﺳﺘِﻬﻼَ ِك و َﻧ ْ ِ ِ
ﴩ ْاﻟﻘ ﱠﻴ ِﻢ ْاﻟ َﻐ ْﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴﺔ ﻟ ﱠ َ
ِ ِ
ﺎم ﻟ ﱢﻠﺘ َﺠ َﺎرة َوﻧ َﻈ ٍ ْ ْ
ﴩ اﻟﺮأْﺳﲈﻟِﻴ ِﺔ َﻛﻨِ َﻈ ٍ ِ
ﻮم َﻋ َﲆ َﻧ ْ ِ ﱠ ُ َ ﱠ
ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺮأْﺳ َﲈ ِ ﱢﱄ َ . . .وﻫ َﻲ ﻣ َﻦ اﻟﻨﱠﺎﺣ ﱠﻴﺔ اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد ﱠﻳﺔ َﺗ ُﻘ ُ
ﺎم ِ
اﻟﻨﱢ َﻈ ِ ﱠ
ﳏ ﱠﺪ ٍد ﲔ ﺣﻮ َل و ْﺿ ِﻊ َﺗﻌ ِﺮ ٍ
ﻳﻒ ُ َ ْ ﲔ َْ
اﳌ ْﻌﻨَ َﻴ ْ َ َ ْ َ
اﻻﺧﺘِﻼَ ِ
ف َﺑ ْ َ ِ
اع ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌﺔ َﺳ َﺒ ًﺒﺎ ِﰲ ِ ْ ﺎد ﱠﻳ ِﺔ َو َﻗ ْﺪ َﻛ َ
ﺎن َﺗ َﻌ ﱡﺪ ُد َأﻧْ َﻮ ِ اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ ت ْ ِ
اﳊَ َﻴﺎة ِ َ
ﳎ َﺎﻻ ِ
ﰊ ِﰲ َﻛ ﱠﺎﻓ ِﺔ َ َ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂُ َﺳﺎﺋِ ًﺮا َو ْﻓ ًﻘﺎ ﻟ ِﻠﻨﱠ ُﻤ َ
ﻮذ ِج ْاﻟ َﻐ ْﺮ ِ ﱢ
َﳍ َﺎ . . . .
ﺎد ﱠﻳ ِﺔ َ .و ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ُﺔ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ ِ
ﺎﳉَ َﺘﻨَﺎ َﻋ َﲆ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌﺔ ِ َ
ﴫ ُﻣ َﻌ َ ﺎﳌ ِ ﱢﻲ َﻓ َﺴ ْﻮ َ
ف َﻧ ْﻘ ُ ُ ﺎد ْاﻟ َﻌ َ اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ ات ْاﻟﻌﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد ﱠﻳﺔ َﻋ َﲆ ِ َ َْ
ﻮﻋﻨَﺎ ﻳ َﺘﻌ ﱠﻠ ُﻖ ﺑِ َﺘﺄْﺛِﲑ ِ
َ َوﻣﻦ َﺣﻴْ ُﺚ َأ ﱠن َﻣ ْﻮ ُﺿ َ َ َ
ِ
8
. اﻟﺮأْ ُﺳ َﲈﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ْاﳌ ُ َﺘ َﻘ ﱢﺪ َﻣ ِﺔ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﻟ َﺼﺎﻟ ِﺢ اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد ﱠﻳﺎت ﱠ
http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=160058
Proposition de traduction
9
ﺎن َﻣ ْﺮ َﻛ ِﺰ ﱞي ﻟ ِﻠْ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔاﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﻮ ﱡي ِر َﻫ ٌ اﻟﺘﱠﻨَ ﱡﻮ ُع ﱡ
ﺎب ، وز َﻋ َﺎﱂٍ ُﻣﺘَ َﻌ ﱢﺪ ِد ْاﻷَ ْﻗ َﻄ ِ
ﻳﺪ ِة َ ،و ُﺑ ُﺮ ُ
اﳉَ ِﺪ َ
اﺻ ِﻞ ْ اﻹ ْﻋﻼَ ِم َو ﱠ
اﻟﺘ َﻮ ُ ﻮﺟ َﻴﺎ ْ ِ ﻮﻟ ْ وغ ﺗِ ْﻜﻨُ ُ ﱪى َ ،و ِﻫ َﻲ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ُﺔ َو ُﺑ ُﺰ ُ ِ ِ
ﲔ َﺛﻼَث َﻇ َﻮاﻫ َﺮ ُﻛ ْ َ
ﺎﴏ ﺑِﺎﻟﺮﺑ ِ
ﻂ َﺑ ْ َ ِ
َﻳ َﺘ َﻤ ﱠﻴ ُﺰ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂُ ْاﳌ ُ َﻌ ُ ﱠ ْ
ﻮذ ًﺟﺎ َﻋ َﻔﺎ اﻟﺴﺎﺋِ ِﺪ َﻧ ُﻤ َ ﻮذ ِج ْاﻟ ُﻜ ﱢﻞ ﺑِ ْ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﺎﻹﻧْﺠﻠ ِﻴﺰ ﱠﻳﺔ ﱠ ÷ﻦ َﻧ ُﻤ َõﻣ ÷ﻮóﳌõﺔ
ó،óو ăóﻳﺎﻟõﻠ
÷óﻌ ÷ﺮﻛõﺰ ¬óيõر
óﻫðﺎﻧﺎóﻣ اﻟﻠﻐõﻮ اﻟﺜﻼَ َﺛ ُﺔ ِﻣ َﻦاﻟﺘﻨ´ﻮ
õóع´ اﻫ ُﺮ ﱠ اﻟﻈﻮ ِ ِِ
ﲡ َﻌ ُﻞ َﻫﺬه ﱠ َ ﻳﻜﺎ " َ .و َ ْ ﻮل ِﰲ " َﻋ َﺎﱂِ َﻣﺎ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َأ ْﻣ ِﺮ َاﻟﺪ ُﺧ ُ
َو ﱡ
ﺎﻣﺘِ َﻴ ٍ
ﺎز . ِ
اﻟﺘ َﺨ ﱡﺼ َﺼﺎت ﺑِ ْ ﺎر ُﻣ َﺘ َﻌ ﱢﺪ ِد ﱠ ﺎﺳ ﱠﻴ ًﺔ َ ،ﻻ ُﻳ ْﻤ ِﻜ ُﻦ َﺣ ﱡﻠ َﻬﺎ إِ ﱠﻻ ِﰲ إِ َﻃ ٍ َﻋﻨ ْﻪ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ َ .ﻟ ِﻜﻦ َذﻟِ َﻚ ﻳﻄْﺮح ﻣ ْﺸ ِﻜ َﻠ ًﺔ ﻣﻨ ْﻬ ِﺠﻴ ًﺔ َأﺳ ِ
َ َ ﱠ َ َ َ ُ ُ ﱠ ُ ﱠَ ُ
اﺻ ُﻞ َواﻟﺘﱠﻨَ ﱡﻮ ُعاﺻ ِﻞ ،اﻟْ َﻌ َﺪ ُد ، 2013 ، 2اﻟﺘﱠ َﻮ ُ اﻹ ْﻋﻼَ ِم َواﻟﺘﱠ َﻮ ُ ﻮم ْ ِ اﳌ َﺠ ﱠﻠ ُﺔ اﻟْ َﻔ َﺮﻧْ ِﺴﻴﱠ ُﺔ ﻟ ِ ُﻌ ُﻠ ِ ﺎن َﻣ ْﺮ َﻛ ِﺰ ﱞي ﻟ ِﻠْ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔ " َ ْ ، وﺳﺘِﻴﻨُﻮف " ،اﻟﺘﱠﻨ َ ﱡﻮ ُع ﱡ
اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﻮ ﱡي ِر َﻫ ٌ ﻴﺨﺎﻳِ ُﻴﻞ ُأ ْ ِﻣ َ
ِ
اﻟﺜﱠ َﻘ ﱡ
ﺎﰲ .
اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ :دور اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﯿﺦ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ،ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻮﺑﻮش.
ﺎد ﱠﻳ ِﺔ .
اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ
ِ َ
اﻟﺪوﻟِﻴ ِﺔ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟﺒﺤ ِ ِ ﺎﳌ ِﻴ ِﺔ ،وﺑﻨ ْ ِ ِ ﺎد ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ) َ ، ( OCDEو ُﻣﻨَ ﱠﻈ َﻤ ِﺔ ﱢ اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ وإِ َﺿ َﺎﻓ ًﺔ إِ َﱃ َذﻟ ِ َﻚ َﺗ ُﻘﻮم ُﻛ ﱞﻞ ِﻣﻦ ْاﳌﻨَ ﱠﻈﻤ ِﺔ ْاﻷُورﺑﻴ ِﺔ ﻟ ِﻠﺘﱠﻌﺎو ِن و ﱠ ِ ِ
ﺚ اﻟﺘ ْﺴ ِﻮ َﻳﺎت ﱠ ْ ﱠ َ ْ ﻚ ﱠ اﻟﺘ َﺠ َﺎرة ْاﻟ َﻌ َ ﱠ َ َ اﻟﺘﻨ ْﻤ َﻴﺔ ِ َ َ ُ َ ُﱢﱠ َ ُ َ ُ َ
ﺎﳌ ِ ﱢﻲ )ﺎد ﱢي ْاﻟ َﻌ َاﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ ﺎﻋ َﻠ ِﺔ ِﰲ ْاﻟﻌﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔ َﺗ َﺘﺠﺴ ُﺪ ِﰲ َذﻟِ َﻚ ﱠ ِ
اﻟﺜ ُﺎﻟﻮث ِ َ َ ﱠ َْ
ت ْاﻟ َﻔ ِاﻟﺪوﻟ ِﻴ ِﺔ واﻟﺴﻴ َﻄﺮ ِة َﻋ َﻠﻴﻬﺎ َ ،ﻏﲑ َأ ﱠن َأ َﻫﻢ ْاﳌﻨَ ﱠﻈﲈ ِ
ﱠ ُ َ َْ َْ
ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ
ﲑ َد ْوﻟ ﱠﻴﺔ ﻟ َﺘ ْﺤ ِﺮ ِﻳﺮ َﻧ َﻔ َﻘﺎت اﻻ ْﺳﺘﺜْ َﲈ َرات ﱠ ْ ﱠ َ ﱠ ْ َ َﻋ ْﻦ َﻣ َﻌﺎﻳِ َ
ﲑ َﳍﺎ َ ،ﻛﲈ َأ ﱠن َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْاﳍﻴ َﺌ ِ ﺎد َﻫﺎ َو ﱠ ِ ِ ﻒ َأﺑﻌ ِ ﺨ َﺘﻠِ ِ
ﺎد ِة ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔ ﺑِ ُﻤ ْ ِ ِ ِ اﻟﺪو ِﱄ ْ ،اﳌﻨَ ﱠﻈﻤ ُﺔ ْاﻟﻌ َ ِ ِ وق اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘ ِﺪ ﱠ
ﺎت َْ َ اﻟﺘﻨ ْﻈ َ َْ ﻮم ﺑِ َﺪ ْو ٍر َﻓﺎﻋ ٍﻞ ِﰲ ﻗ ﱠﻴ َ
ﺎﳌ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ﻟ ﱢﻠﺘ َﺠ َﺎرة ( َﺣﻴ ْ ُﺚ َﺗ ُﻘ ُ اﻟﺪ ْو ِ ﱡﱄ ْ ،اﻟ َﺒﻨ ْ ُﻚ ﱠ ْ ﱡ ُ َ َ ُﺻﻨ ْ ُﺪ ُ
ﻴﴘ ﻟ ِ ِﺴﻴﺎﺳ ِﺔ ْاﻟﻌﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔ و َﺗ ْﻀ َﻐ ُﻂ َﻋ َﲆ ﱡ ِ اﻟ ﱠﺪوﻟ ِﻴ َﺔ ِﻫﻲ ْاﳌﻮﺟﻪ ِ ِ
ﺎﲥﺎ .ﻴﻬ ِ َاﻟﺪ ﱠو ِل ﻟﻠْ َﻌ َﻤ ِﻞ ﺑِ َﺘ ْﻮ ِﺟ َ اﻟﺮﺋ ﱡ ﱠ َ َ ْ َ ْ ﱠ َ َُ ﱢ ُ ﱠ
ﺎت َﻋ َﻤﻠِ َﻬﺎ ت ،و َذﻟِ َﻚ َﻋﱪ آﻟ ِﻴ ِ
َْ ﱠ َ
اﳌﺠ َﺎﻻ ِ اد ﻟ ِﻮﺣ َﺪ ِة ْاﻟﻌ َﺎﱂِ ِﰲ ُ ْ ِ ِ
ﳐ َﺘﻠﻒ ْ َ َ َ
ﻴﺨﻬﺎ و ْ ِ ِ
اﻹ ْﻋ َﺪ َ ْ
ِ ِ ِ
ﳘ ﱠﻴﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌﺔ َو َﺗ ْﺮﺳ َ َ
ﻴﺪ َأ َ ِ
ﱢ
ﻴﴘ ِﰲ َﺗﺄْﻛِ ِ ت ﱠ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ِ
اﻟﺪ ْوﻟ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد ﱠﻳ ُﺔ ﺑ َﺪ ْور َرﺋ ﱟ ﻮم ْاﳌ ُﻨَ ﱠﻈ َﲈ ُ
َﺗ ُﻘ ُ
ﺎﺳ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﺗ ْﺴ َﺘﻨِ ُﺪ إِ َﻟﻴْ َﻬﺎ َ ،ذﻟ ِ َﻚ َأ ﱠ َﳖﺎ
ﻴﻢ ْاﻷ َﺳ ِ اﻟﺪو ِر ْاﳌﻮ ﱠﻛ ِﻞ ﻟ ِ ُﻜ ﱟﻞ ِﻣﻨ ْﻬﺎ و ْ َ ِ
اﳌ َﻔﺎﻫ ِ َ َ َ
ِ ِ ﺎﳋﺼ ِ ِ ِ
ﻮص ﻣ ْﻦ ﺧﻼَ ِل ْاﻟ َﻮ َﻇﺎﺋﻒ َو ﱠ ْ ُ َ
ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِِ
َو ْاﻟ َﻘ َﻮاﻋﺪ ْاﳌ ُ ْﻠ ِﺰ َﻣﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ُﺗﻨ ْﺸ ُﺌ َﻬﺎ َ ،و َﺗﺘَ َﺠ ﱠﲆ َﻫﺬه ْاﳌ ُ َﺴ َ َ
ﺎﳘ ُﺔ ﺑِ ْ ُ ُ
ﻴﺪ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔ
ﲡ ِﺴ ِ
ﺎل ِﰲ َ ْ اﳌ َﺠ ِ ﻮص َﻫ َﺬا ْ َﺎد ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ﺑِ ُﺨ ُﺼ ِ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ ت ﱠ ِ ِ
اﻟﺪ ْوﻟ ﱠﻴﺔ ِ َ
ﺎﳘ ُﺔ ْاﳌﻨَ ﱠﻈﲈ ِ
اﻟﺪ ْو ِ ﱢﱄ َ .و َﺗ َﺘ َﺠ ﱠﲆ ُﻣ َﺴ َ َ ُ َ
ﺎد ﱠاﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ
ﺎل ِ َ ﳎ ِ ﻴﱪاﻟِ ﱠﻴ ًﺔ ِﰲ َ َ ِ ِ ِ
ﻮﺟ َﻴﺎ َرأْﺳ َﲈﻟﻴﱠ ًﺔ ﻟ ِ َ ﻮﻟ ْ إﻳﺪ ُﻳ ُ ُﺗ َ ْ ِ
ﱰﺟ ُﻢ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻬ ً
ﻮﻣﺎ َو ْ
اﻟﺪ ْوﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ .
ﺎر ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ﱠ
اﻟﺘ َﺠ ِ
ت ﱢ ﲢ ِﺮ ِﻳﺮ ْاﳌﺒﺎد َﻻ ِ
َُ َ َو َ ْ
ﺖ اﻫ َﺘﻤ ِ ِ
اﻟﻄ َﺎﺑ ِﻊَ ،و َﻗﺪ ْ ﱠ ﺎﳌِ ﱠﻴ َﺔ ﱠ
ﺖ ْاﻷ َ ْﺳ َﻮ ُاق ْاﻟ َﲈﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ َداﺋِ ًﲈ َﻋ َ اق ْاﻟﲈﻟ ِﻴ ِﺔ ْاﻟﻌ َ ِ
ﺎﳌ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َ ،و َﻗ ْﺪ َﻛ َﺎﻧ ْ وغ ْاﻷَ ْﺳ َﻮ ِ َ ﱠ َ ﺎد ﱠﻳ ِﺔ َﻋ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ًﺔ َو َذﻟ ِ َﻚ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ ُﺑ ُﺰ ِ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ
ﺎﻃﺎت ِ َ
و ُﺗ َﺸ ﱢﻜ ُﻞ ْاﻟﻌﻮ َ َﳌ ُﺔ ْاﻟﲈﻟِﻴ ُﺔ َأ ْﻛ َﺜﺮ اﻟﻨﱠ َﺸ َ ِ
َ َ ﱠ َْ َ
ﺎﳌِﻲ ﻟِﻸَْﺳ َﻮ ِ
اق ْاﻟ َﲈﻟِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َﻗﺒْ َﻞ ﺎﳌِ ﱢﻲ َ .ﻟ ِﻜ ْﻦ ُر ْﻏ َﻢ ﱠ ﺎم اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘ ِﺪ ﱢي ْاﻟ َﻌ َ اﻟﻄﺎﺑ ِﻊ ﻟ ِ َﻀﺒ ِ ِ ٍ ِ
اﻟﺜﺎﻧ َﻴﺔ ﺑِ َﻮ ْﺿ ِﻊ َﻗ َﻮاﻋ َﺪ َو ُﻣ َﺆ ﱠﺳ َﺴﺎت َد ْوﻟﻴﱠ َﺔ ﱠ َ
ﺎﳌ ِﻴ ِﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ ﴫ ُة ِﰲ ْ ِ
ْ اﻟﻄ َﺎﺑ ِﻊ ْاﻟ َﻌ َ ﱢ ﻂ اﻟﻨﱢ َﻈ ِ ْ ب ْاﻟ َﻌ َ ﱠ اﳊَ ْﺮ ِ اﻟﺪ ﱠو ُل ْاﳌ ُﻨ ْ َﺘ َ
ﱡ
ﺎﴍ ﻟ ِﻠْﻤ َﺆﺳﺴ ِ ِ ِ اﻟﺪ َو ِل إِ َد َار ًة َو َﻃﻨ ِ ﱠﻴ ًﺔ َ ،وﺑِ ْ ِ
ﺎت ُﺗ َﺪ ُار ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﻗ َﺒ ِﻞ ﱡ اﻟﺘﺴ ِﻌﻴﻨَ ِ ِ ِ ﺖ ِﰲ ْاﻟ ُﻌ ُﻤ ِ ﺎت ،إِ ﱠﻻ َأ ﱠ َﳖﺎ َﱂْ َﺗ ُﻜ ْﻦ ُﻣ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ًﺔ َﺣﻴْ ُﺚ َﻇ ﱠﻠ ْ اﻟﺘﺴ ِﻌﻴﻨَ ِ
ﺎت ﺎﻹ ْﴍاف ْاﳌ ُ َﺒ ِ ُ ﱠ َ ﻮم َو َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ ﺑِ َﺪ َاﻳﺔ َﻋ ْﻘﺪ ﱢ ْ ﱢْ
اﳌ َﺤ ﱢﻠ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ .ﴫﻓِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ْ َ
اﳌ ْ َِْ
ﺎﻟﺪ ﱠو ُل ﲢ ﱡﻜ ٍﻢ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﻗ َﺒ ِﻞ ﱡ
اﻟﺪ ﱠو ِل َ .ﻓ ﱡ ﻴﺐ َﻋﻨ ْ َﻬﺎ َأ ﱡي َ َ ِ ِ
اﻟﺮ ْﺳﻤ ﱢﻲ َ ،و َﻳﻐ ُ اﻹ َﻃ ِ
ﺎر ﱠ ﺎر َﺟ ٍﺔ َﻋ ِﻦ ْ ِ ود َ ،و َﺧ ِ اق ﻣﺎﻟِﻴ ٍﺔ َﻋﺎﺑِﺮ ٍة ﻟ ِﻠْﺤ ُﺪ ِ
ُ َ ﺎم َأ ْﺳ َﻮ ٍ َ ﱠ
ِ وﻣﺎ اﺳ َﺘﺠ ﱠﺪ ِﺧﻼَ َل َﻋ ْﻘ ِﺪ ﱢ ِ ِ
اﻟﺘ ْﺴﻌﻴﻨَﺎت ُﻫ َﻮ ﻗ َﻴ ُ َ َ ْ َ
ﺎﳌِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ .
اق ْاﻟ َﲈﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َ
ﺎدر ًة َﻋ َﲆ َأ ْن َﺗ َﺘ َﺤ ﱠﻜﻢ َأ ْو ُﺗ َﻘﻨﱢ َﻦ َﺣﺮ َﻛ َﺔ ْاﻷَﺳ َﻮ ِ
ْ َ َ
ِ ﺎد َر ٍة َﻋ َﲆ ﱠ
اﻟﺘ َﺪ ﱡﺧ ِﻞ َ ،ﺑﻴْ َﺪ َأ ﱠ َﳖﺎ َﺣﺘْ ًﲈ َﱂْ َﺗ ُﻌ ْﺪ َﻗ َ
ﺖ َﻏﲑ َﻗ ِ ٍ
ﺐ َﻋ ْﻦ ُﺑ ْﻌﺪ َ ،و ُر ﱠﺑ َﲈ َﻣﺎ َز َاﻟ ْ ْ َ
ِ
ُﺗ َﺮاﻗ ُ
ﺎد ِئ ُﻣ َﺪ ﱠو َﻧ ِﺔ
ﻴﺦ ﻣﺒ ِ
ﱰﺳ ِ َ َ
ﻮذ َﻫﺎ َزاد َﺗﻮﺳﻌﺎ َﻧﺘِﻴﺠ ًﺔ ﻟِ َ ِ
َ ْ َ َ ﱡ ً ﺎﳌ ِ ﱠﻴ ًﺔ ﺑِ َﲈ ﻟ ِ ْﻠ َﻜﻠِ َﻤ ِﺔ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻣ ْﻌﻨَﻰ َ ،ﻛ َﲈ َأ ﱠن ُﻧ ُﻔ َ ت َﻋ َ ﺎﳌِﻲ ﻣﻨَ ﱠﻈﲈ ٍ ِ
اﻟﺪ ْو ِ ﱢﱄ َو ْاﻟ َﺒﻨ ْﻚ ْاﻟ َﻌ َ ﱢ ُ َ وق اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘ ِﺪ ﱠ
َﻟ َﻘ ْﺪ َأ ْﺻ َﺒﺢ ُﻛ ﱞﻞ ِﻣ ْﻦ ُﺻﻨ ْ ُﺪ ِ
َ
اﳉَ ْﺪ َو َﻟ ِﺔ
ﺎد ِة ْ ِ اﳌ ْﺪﻳﻮﻧِﻴ ِﺔ وﺳ ُﻠ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﻴﻒ َﺑ َﺮ ِاﻣ ِﺞ َا ﱠﻟﺘ ْﻘ ِﻮ ِ
ﻮك و َﺗ ْﻜﺜِ ِ
ِ
ﻮك ﻣ ْﺴ َﻄ َﺮات إِ َﻋ َ ﺎع َﺣ ْﺠ ِﻢ ْ َ ُ ﱠ َ ُ اﻟﺴﻨَ ِﻮ ﱠﻳﺔ َﻣ َﻊ ْاﻷ َ ْﻋ َﻀﺎء َ ،ﻛ َﲈ َأ ﱠن ْارﺗ َﻔ َ
ﻳﻢ ْاﳍ َﻴْ َﻜ ﱢﲇ َ ،و َر ْﻓ ِﻊ َﻋ َﺪد اﻻ ْﺳﺘ َﺸ َﺎرات ﱠ اﻟﺴ ُﻠ َ ُﺣ ْﺴ ِﻦ ﱡ
اﻟﺪو ِل ْاﻷ َ ْﻋ َﻀ ِ ﻴﺪ ِﻣﻦ ِﺳﻴ ِ ﺎﻟﺘﺄْﻛِ ِ ِ ﲣ َ ِﱰ ُق ْ اﻟﺪو ِﱄ ﺻﻼَ ِﺣﻴ ٍ ِ َأ ْﻋ َﻄﻰ ﻟِ ُﺼﻨ ْ ُﺪ ِ
ﺎء . ﺎدة ﱡ َ ْ َ َ ﺺ ﺑِ ﱠ ود ْاﻟ َﻮ َﻃﻨ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َو ُﺗ َﻘ ﱢﻠ ُ
اﳊُ ُﺪ َ ﺎت َ ْ ﱠ وق اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘﺪ ﱠ ْ ﱢ َ
ﺎﺳ ﱠﻴ ِﺔﺎة اﻟﺴﻴ ِ
ﱢ ﱠ
اﳊﻴ ِ
ﻴﻞ ْ َ َﺎد ِة َﺗ ْﺸ ِﻜ ِ اﻟﺪو ِﱄ َأد ًاة َﻗ ِﻮﻳ ًﺔ و َﻓ ِ
ﺎﻋ َﻠ ًﺔ ِ ِ
ﻹ َﻋ َ ﱠ َ
ِ
وق اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘﺪ ﱠ ْ ﱡ َ ف َﻋ َﻠﻴْ َﻬﺎ ُﺻﻨ ْ ُﺪ ُ
ﴩ ُ ﺎد ِة ْاﳍ َﻴْ َﻜ َﻠ ِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ُﻳ ْ ِ ِ ﺎت اﺳﺘِ ْﻘﺮ ِار ِ ِ ِ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد ْاﻟ ُﻜ ﱢ ﱢﲇ َو َﺑ َﺮاﻣ ُﺞ إِ َﻋ َ َو ُﲤ َ ﱢﺜ ُﻞ ُﳐَ ﱠﻄ َﻄ ُ ْ َ
10
ﺎم اﻟﺘﱠ ْﺼ ِﺪ ِﻳﺮ ْاﻟ َﻘﺎﺋِ ِﻢ َﻋ َﲆ
ِ ﻴﻢ ﻧِ َﻈ
ِ ﻴﻘ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َو َﺗ ْﺪ ِﻋ
ِ اﳊ ِﻘ
َ ْ ﻴﻞ
ِ اﳌ َﺪ
ِ اﺧ ِ ِت إِ َﱃ َﺗ ْﻘﻠ
َ ْ ﻴﺺ ِ اﳊ َﺎﻻ ْ ﺎد َة ْاﳍ َﻴْ َﻜ َﻠ ِﺔ َأ ﱠد
ِ ت ِﰲ َأ ْﻏ َﻠ
َْ ﺐ
ِ ِ َ ﲔ ِﻣﻦ ْاﻟﺒ
َ َذﻟ َﻚ َأ ﱠن إِ َﻋ، ﴩ
ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﺎدﻳ ِﺔ و
َ َ ِ ِاﻻ ْﺟﺘ َﲈﻋ ﱠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠْ َﻤﻼَﻳ
ِ ِ ِ و
َ اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼ ﱠ َ
. ﺎﻫ َﺮ ِة ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﻘ ِﺮِ ﺎﴍ ِﰲ َﻋﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔ َﻇ
ْ ٍ ِ ات َأ َﺛ ٍﺮ ُﻣ َﺒ ﻴﺼ ِﺔ َوﺑِ ﱠ
ُ ﺎﻟﺘ ِﺎﱄ َﻓ ِﻬ َﻲ َذ ِ ْاﻟﻴ ِﺪ ْاﻟﻌ ِﺎﻣ َﻠ ِﺔ
َ اﻟﺮﺧ
ﱠ َ َ
https : / / www . marocdroit . com : ﻟ ِﻠْ َﻤ ْﻮﻗِ ِﻊ، ﻮش َ ﻮﺑ ُ ُﳏَ ﱠﻤ ُﺪ ُﺑ
Traduction personnelle :
Proposition de traduction
ﺐ ْاﻷ َ ْر ِ ِ
ض! َأﻧْﻘ ُﺬوا َﻛ ْﻮ َﻛ َ
ﱪ َﻋ َﺪ ٍد ﳘ ﱠﻴﺔ َﺳ َﻴ ْﺠ َﻤ ُﻊ َأ ْﻛ َ َ
ث ﺑﺎﻟِ ُﻎ ْاﻷَ َ ِ
ﱢ
ِ
اﻟﺘﻨ ْﻤ ﱠﻴﺔ ْاﳌ ُ ْﺴ َﺘ َﺪ َاﻣﺔ َ ،و ُﻫ َﻮ َﺣ َﺪ ٌ َ
اﻟﺪوﻟِﻴ َﺔ ﺣﻮ َل ﱠ ِ ِ
ﱪ ْاﻟﻘ ﱠﻤ َﺔ ﱠ ْ ﱠ َ ْ
ﻮب َأ ْﻓ ِﺮ ْﻳﻘﻴﺎ ِ ،ﻣﻦ َ 26ﻏ ْﺸ َﺖ إِ َﱃ ُ 4ﺷ َﺘﻤ ِ ِ
ْ َ ْ َ ﻮر ُغ ِﰲ َﺟﻨُ ِ ﻴﻒ ﺟ َ ِ
ﻮﻫﺎﻧ ْﺴ ُﺒ ْ
ِ
َﺗ ْﺴ َﺘﻀ ُ ُ
ﺎءوا ِﻣ ْﻦ َأ ْﻛ َﺜﺮ ِﻣ ْﻦ َ 180د ْو َﻟ ًﺔ ْ .اﻟ ُﻜ ﱡﻞ َﺳ ُﻴ َﺤ ِ ٍ ﻒ ﻣ َﺸ ِ ٍ ِﻣﻦ ر َؤﺳ ِ
ﺎو ُل َ ﺎرك َو ُﻣ َﺸ َﺎر َﻛﺔ َﺟ ُ ﲔ َأ ْﻟ َ ُات ،إِ َﺿ َﺎﻓ ًﺔ إِ َﱃ ِﺳ ﱢﺘ َ
ﴩ ﺳﻨَﻮ ٍ
ﲨﻌ ِﻬ ْﻢ ُﻣﻨ ْ ُﺬ َﻋ ْ ِ َ َ
ﺎت َﱂ ﻳ َﺘﻮﺻ ْﻞ إِ َﱃ َ ْ ِ
ُْ َ ﱠ
اﳊ ُﻜﻮﻣ ِ
اﻟﺪ ﱠول َو ْ ُ َ
ﺎء ﱡ ِ
ْ ُ َ
ﺐ ْاﻷ َ ْر ِ ﻒ َﻧ ْﻘ ِﴤ َﻋ َﲆ ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﻘ ِﺮ ؟ َﻛﻴ َ ِ ﻒ ُﻧ َﺤﺎﻓِ ُﻆ َﻋ َﲆ ْاﻟﺒِ َﻴﺌ ِﺔ ؟ َﻛﻴْ َ اﻹ ْﻧ َﺴﺎﻧِ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َ ْ
ﺺ ِْ ﲑ ِة ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َ ُ اﻹﺟﺎﺑ َﺔ َﻋ ِﻦ ْاﻷَﺳﺌِ َﻠ ِﺔ ْ ِ
ض؟ ﻒ ُﻧﻨ ْﻘ ُﺬ َﻛ ْﻮ َﻛ َ ْ ﺎء َ :ﻛﻴْ َﲨ َﻌ َ ﲣ ﱡ اﳋَﻄ َ ْ ِْ َ َ
ﴩ ﺳﻨَﻮ ٍ ِ ور ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ات ، ﺺ ﺑِﻪ َﻗ ْﺪ َﺗ ﱠﻢ ُﻣﻨ ْ ُﺬ َﻋ ْ ِ َ َ ﱰ ﱠﺑ ُ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ ﱠﻴﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﺗ َ َ اﻟﴩ ِ ﱠ ﻴﺺ ﱡ ُ َذﻟ َﻚ َأ ﱠن َﻛ ْﻮ َﻛ َﺒﻨَﺎ َﻟﻴْ َﺲ َﻋ َﲆ َأ ْﺣ َﺴ ِﻦ َﻣﺎ ُﻳ َﺮ ُام َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ ُﻫ َﻮ ِﰲ َو ْﺿ ٍﻊ َﺳ ﱢﻴ ٍﺊ ﻟﻠْ َﻐ َﺎﻳﺔ َ .و َذﻟ َﻚ ُر ْﻏ َﻢ َأ ﱠن َﺗ ْﺸﺨ َ
ﱰ ٍار َ ،و ْاﳌِ َﻴ َﺎه ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﺬ َﺑ ِﺔ ِﰲ ُﻧ ْﺪ َر ٍة ﺎﻹ ْﻋﻼَ ِن َأ ﱠن ْاﳌﻨَ َ ِ
ﺎخ ِﰲ ا ْﺣ ِ َ ُ اﳋَ َﻄ ِﺮ ﺑِ ْ ِ
ﻮس ْاك َد ﱡق َﻧ ُﺎﻗ ِ ض َ .و َﻗ ْﺪ َﺗ ﱠﻢ ِﺣﻴﻨَ َﺬ َﺐ ْاﻷ َ ْر ِ وﱃ َﺣ ْﻮ َل َﻛ ْﻮ َﻛ ِ ﱪ ِاز َﻳﻞ َ ،ﻏ َﺪ َاة ْاﻟ ِﻘ ﱠﻤ ِﺔ اﻷ ُ َ
ﲑو ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ َ َ
ِﰲ ِرﻳﻮ ِد ِ
ﳚﺎﻧ َُ ُ
ﺎر َﻧ َﺴ َﻤ ٍﺔ . . .
ﻒ ﺑِ َﺄ ْﻛ َﺜ َﺮ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﻣﻠْ َﻴ ِ
ﳎ َﻤﻠِ ِﻪ َﻳ ْﻌ ِﺼ ُ
اض َ ،و ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﻘ َﺮ ِﰲ ُ ْﺎﻻﻧْ ِﻘ َﺮ ِ
اﳊ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ﻣ َﻬ ﱠﺪ َد ٌة ﺑِ ِ
اع ْ َ ُ
ﲣ َﺘﻔﻲ ،و َﻋ َﴩ ِ
ات ْاﻷ َﻧْ َﻮ ِ َ َ
ﻣﺴ َﺘ ِﻤﺮ ٍة ،و ْاﻟ َﻐﺎﺑ ِ
ﺎت َ ْ ُ ْ ﱠ َ َ
ﺖ . 2002 ، ﻮﻣﺎﺗِ ْ
ﻴﻚ َ ،ﻏ ْﺸ َ ِ
ﻮﻣﻮﻧْ ْﺪ دﻳﺒْ ُﻠ َ ﺐ ْاﻷ َ ْر ِ
ض ُ ،ﻟ ُ
ِ
ﻮﲏ َ ،أﻧْﻘﺬوا َﻛ ْﻮ َﻛ َ إِ ْﺟﻨَ ْ
ﺎﺳ ُﻴﻮ َر ُاﻣ ِ
اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ :اﻟﺘﻔﺘﺖ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ زﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ،ﻟﺴﻠﯿﻤﺎن إﺑﺮاھﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮي
ﺎرﳜِ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ اﻟﺘ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﺎد ْاﻷ ُورﰊ ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َﳚﻤﻊ ﺑ َ ِ ِ ِ ﲢ ِ ﻴﺲ ﻟ ِﻼِ ﱢ َﺎب َرﺋِ ٍ ﻻﻧْﺘِ َﺨ ِ اﻟﺪ َو ِل ْاﻷُور ﱢﺑ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ِ اﻟﺘ َﻮ ﱡﺟ ِﻪ ْاﻵ َن ُﻫ َﻮ ُو ُﺻ ُ َﻧ َﲈ ِذ ِج َﻫ َﺬا ﱠ
ﺎﲥﺎ ﱠ ﱰ َاو ُح َﺧﻠْﻔ ﱠﻴ ُ َ ﲔ ْاﻟ َﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻘ ْﻮﻣ ﱠﻴﺎت ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﺗ َ َ ْ َ ُ َْ ُﱢﱢ ُ ﻮل ﱡ
ﲑ ﻣﺴ ُﺒ ٍ ِ و ﱠ ِ
ﻮق . ﺎﲥﺎ َ ،و َﻋ َﻘﺎﺋ ُﺪ َﻫﺎ ﺑِ َﺸ ْﻜ ٍﻞ َﻏ ْ ِ َ ْ اﻟﺜ َﻘﺎﻓ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ َو َﺗ َﺘ َﺒ َﺎﻳ ُﻦ ُﻟ َﻐ ُ َ
ﺎﲥﺎ َو َﺛ َﻘ َﺎﻓ ُ َ َ
ِ ِ ِ ﺎت ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﺷ ِﻬ َﺪ َﻫﺎ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂ َﻋ َﲆ َﻣ َﺪى ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻘ َﺪ ْﻳ ِﻦ ْاﻟﲈ ِﺿ ﱠﻴ ْ ِ اﻋ ِ ِ
ﺎﳖﺎ َأ ْن ﲔ َ ،أ ﱠن ْاﳍ ُ ِﻮ ﱠﻳﺎت ْاﻟ َﻘ ْﻮﻣ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َﻟ ْﻦ َﺗﻨ ْ َﺪﺛ َﺮ َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ ﺑِ ِﺈ ْﻣ َﻜ ِ َ َ ُ اﻟﴫ َ ﺎﻟﺮ ْﻏ ِﻢ ﻣ ْﻦ ُﻛ ﱢﻞ ﱢ َ ﺖ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ُﺔ ،ﺑِ ﱡ
َﻟ َﻘ ْﺪ َأ ْﺛ َﺒ َﺘ ْ
ﺎت َأ ْو ﺖ َأد َاة َﺗﻨَ ُﺎﻓ ٍﺮ و َﺗﻨﺎﺑ ٍﺬ واﺳﺘِﻌ َﺪ ٍاء َ .أي َأ ﱠن َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْاﳍ ِﻮﻳ ِ ﻴﻬﺎ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂ ﺑِ َﺤﻴْ ُﺚ ُﺗ ْﺼﺒِ ُﺢ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ُﺔ َد ْﻋ َﻮ ًة ﻟ ِ ﱠﻠﺘ َﻌ ُﺎﻳ ِ ِ ﺎة ﻣ ْﺸ َ ٍ ٍ ﺎﻏ َﻢ ِﰲ إِ َﻃ ِ
ُ ﱠ ْ َ ُ َ ْ ْ ﺶ َ ،و َﻟﻴْ َﺴ ْ َ ُ ﱰ َﻛﺔ َﻳ َﺘ َﻌ َﺎﻳ ُﺶ ﻓ َ ﺎر َﺣ َﻴ ُ َ َﺗ َﺘﻨَ َ
اﻟﺜ َﻘﺎﻓِﻴ َﺔ ِﻫﻲ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ُﺗ َﺸ ﱢﻜ ُﻞ ْاﳌﺠ َﺘﻤﻊ ْاﻟﻌ َ ِ ِ ﱠ ِ ِ
اﻟﺴﻼَ ُم . ﻮد ُه ﱠ ﺐ َأ ْن َﻳ ُﺴ َ ﺎﳌ ﱠﻲ ﱠاﻟﺬي َﳚِ ُ ُ ْ َ َ َ اﻟﺘ َﻌ ﱡﺪد ﱠﻳﺎت ﱠ ﱠ َ
ﺎر َﺗ ﱠﺘ ِﺨ ُﺬ ُه َﺣ َﺮ َﻛ ُﺔ ﺎم َ ،ﻛ َﺄ ﱠﻧﻨَﺎ َﻻ َﻧ ِﻌﻲ َأ ﱠي َﻣ َﺴ ٍ ِ ﺎﴏ ﺳﻴ ِﺠ ُﺪ َأ ﱠن ﻫ ِﺬ ِه اﻟﺮؤﻳ َﺔ ْاﻟﻌ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ْ
ﺎﳌ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َﻏﺎﺋ َﺒ ٌﺔ َﻋﻨﱠﺎ َ ،ﻧ ْﺤ ُﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ُب ،ﺑِ َﺸ ْﻜ ٍﻞ َﺗ ﱟ ﱡ َْ َ َ ﰊ ْاﳌ ُ َﻌ ِ َ َ َﻟﻜ ﱠﻦ اﳌ ُ َﺪ ﱢﻗ َﻖ ﰲ ْاﻟ َﻮاﻗ ِﻊ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ
ﻮر ٍة ﻟِ َﻌﺎ َﱂٍ
ﺎﲡﺎه ُﺻ َ
ﻴﺚ ﺑِ ﱢ َ ِ ﺎت ِﰲ ﺳﻌ ٍﻲ ﺣﺜِ ٍ
َ ْ َ
ﺎت واﻟﺼ َﺪاﻣ ِ ِ
اﻋﺎت َواﻻ ْﺧﺘﻼَ َﻓ َ ﱢ َ
ِ ِ ﺎرﳜِﻴ ٌﺔ َﺗ ِﺴﲑ و َﺗ َﺘ َﻘ ﱠﺪم و َﺗ َﺘ َﺸ ﱠﻜ ُﻞ ،و َﺗﺘَﺠﺎو ُز اﻟﴫ َ ِ
ﱢ َ َ َ َ ُ َ ُ َ
ِ
ﴩ ﱢي ْاﻵ َن َ .وﻫ َﻲ َﺣ َﺮ َﻛ ٌﺔ َﺗ ِ ﱠ ﻳﺦ ْاﻟ َﺒ َ ِ ﺎر ِاﻟﺘ ِ
ﱠ
ﴩ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ .
اﺳﺘِ ْﻤ َﺮ ِار ْاﻟ َﺒ َ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﺎر َوﺣﻴﺪ َﻛ َﲈ َﻳﺒْ ُﺪو َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ ْاﻵ َن ﻟﻠْﺤ َﻔﺎظ َﻋ َﲆ َﺣ َﻴﺎة َو ْ
ﺶ ْاﳌ ْﺸ َﱰ ِك َﻛﺎﺧﺘِﻴ ٍ ِ ٍ
ْ ﱠ اﻟﺘ َﻌ ُﺎﻳ ِ ُ َ ﴩ ﱠﻳ ُﺔ َ ،و ُأ ُﺳ ُﺲ ﱠ اﳌ َﺼﺎﻟ ِ ُﺢ ْاﻟ َﺒ َ ِ
ﲡ َﻤ ُﻌ ُﻪ ْ َ اﺣ ٍﺪ َ ْو ِ
َ
ﲔﴩ َﺑ ْ َﺎل ْاﻟ َﺒ َ ِﲡ َﻌ ُﻞ ِﻣ َﻦ اﻧْﺘِ َﻘ ِ ÷ﺤðﺮا،ﺑِ َﻮ َﺳﺎﺋِ َﻞ َ ْ
óﺑ
óﺟăﻮاóو اﳊõóﺪﻳﺜõﺔ
óóﺑăﺮاóو ÷ óﺳﺎﺋõõﻞ
اﻟﺘﻨ´óﻘõﻞ ﱪóو ÷ﻦõﻗóﺒôﻞó،ﺳ
óﻮñاءóﻋ
÷ó ÷ﺎõﻣ
÷ﺪóﻫ
÷óﻳﺸóﻬﺎدòلóﱂ
َﻓ ْﺎﻟ َﻴ ْﻮ َم َﻳ ْﺸ َﻬ ُﺪ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂُ َﺣ َﺮ َﻛ َﺔ ﱢاﺗ َﺼﺎòلôﻣóﺘóﺒó
÷ﻦ õðﻣ
óﻋﺎ
÷ﻮ óﻧ óó
ﲢ´ﻘﻖ ó،ăو ﲑðة õﺟ
ﺪا óرõﺿﻴõﺔﻛﺮ õ
ðôةóﺻﻐó÷ ó ÷اﻷ õôة ﲡ َﻌ َﻞ ِﻣ َﻦ
÷اﻟﻜóﺮ ﺖ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ ِﻔ ْﻌ ِﻞ َأ ْن َ ْ ﺎﻋ ْ اﺳ َﺘ َﻄ َ ¬ﺗﺼﺎ ِل ْ ِ ِ ِ
اﳊَﺪ َﻳﺜﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ ْ اﻻ ó ﺳﺎﺋõõﻞ õ
ﱪóوó ÷وóﻋ
÷ó ÷ﻮõﻣăﻴﺎó،أات َﻋ َﻤﻼً روﺗﻴﻨ ِăﻴﺎóﻳ ْاﻟ َﻘﺎر ِ
ﱠ
ﺎﻋ ِﺔ ُﻛ ﱠﻞ َﻳ ْﻮ ٍم . اﺻ ِﻞ َﻋ َﲆ َﻣ َﺪى ﱠ
اﻟﺴ َ اﻟﺘ َﻮ ُ ﺎﻋ ِﻞ َو ﱠ اﻟﺘ َﻔ ُ ﴩ َﻋ َﲆ ﱠ ات ْاﻟ َﺒ َ ِ ﺎن َﱂ ﻳ ُﻜﻦ ﻣ َﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﺑِ ِﻤﺜْ ِﻞ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه اﻟﺼﻮر ِة ِﻣﻦ ِﻗﺒ ُﻞ ،ﺑِﺎﻟﻨﱢﺴﺒ ِﺔ ﻟ ِ ُﻘ ُﺪر ِ
َ َْ ﱡ َ ْ َ اﳌ َﻜ ْ َ ْ ُ ً
ﺎن و ْ َ ِ ِ
اﻟﺰ َﻣ َ
ِ
َﺿ ْﻐﻂ ﱠ
اﻟﺪ ْﻫ َﺸ ِﺔ _ ات َ ،ﻓ ِﺈ ﱠﻧﻨَﺎ َﻧ ِﺠ ُﺪ َأﻧْ ُﻔ َﺴﻨَﺎ َﻧ ْﺤ ُﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ َب َﻧﻨ ْ َﻜ ِﻔ ُﺊ _ ﺑِ َﺸ ْﻜ ٍﻞ َﻳ ْﺪ ُﻋﻮ إِ َﱃ ﱠ ﻳﺪ و ْﻓ ًﻘﺎ ِﳍ ِﺬ ِه ْاﳌ َﺘ َﻐﲑ ِ ﺎﳌِﻲ ْ ِ ِ ﺤ َﻮ َﺗ ْﺸ ِﻜ ِ
َ ُ ﱢَ اﳉَﺪ َ ﻴﻞ ْاﳌ ُ ْﺠ َﺘ َﻤ ِﻊ ْاﻟ َﻌ َ ﱢ ﴩ ﱠﻳ ُﺔ َﻧ َْو َﺑﻴْﻨَ َﲈ َﺗ َﺘ َﻘ ﱠﺪ ُم ْاﻟ َﺒ َ ِ
اﻟﺪ ﱠو ِل َﻓ َﻘ ْ اﻟﺘ َﻔ ﱡﺘ ِ
ﺖ َ ،ﻟﻴْ َﺲ َﻋ َﲆ ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ َﻮى ﱡ ان ِﻣ َﻦ ﱠ ﲣ ﱠﻄﻰ ُﻋﻤﺮ َﻃﺮ ِﺣ ِﻪ ْاﻵ َن َأ ْﻛ َﺜﺮ ِﻣﻦ َﻗﺮ ٍن ِﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣ ِ
ﺎن ،إِ َﱃ َأ ْﻟﻮ ٍ اﺣ َﺪ ِة " ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َ َ
اﻟﺪو َﻟ ِﺔ ْاﻟﻮ ِ
ﻂ، اﻟﺘ َﺸ ﱢﻈﻲ َ ،و ﱠ َ َ ﱠ َ َ ْ ْ ُْ ْ َ َﻋ ْﻦ ُﺣﻠْ ِﻢ " ﱠ ْ
12
اﺣ ِﺪ ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي ِ ﺐ ْاﻟﻮ
َ ِ اﳌ ْﺬ َﻫ َ ْ َﺑ ْﻞ َﻋ َﲆ ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَ َﻮى، ﻒ ِ ِاﻟﻄﻮاﺋ ِ ِ اﺣ َﺪ ِة ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ﻳﺘِﻢ اِﺧ ِﱰ ُاﻗﻬﺎ ﺑِ َﺪ َﻋﺎوى ﱠ
َ َو َﻻ َﻋ َﲆ ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ َﻮى ْاﻷ َ ْد َﻳﺎن َأ ْو ﱠ، اﻟﺘ َﻔ ﱡﺘﺖ َ َ َ ْ َ ﱡ
ِ ﺑ ْﻞ َﻋ َﲆ ﻣﺴ َﺘﻮى ْاﻟ َﻘﺒِ َﻴﻠ ِﺔ ْاﻟﻮ
َ َ ْ ُ َ
ٍ و َﻋ َﺪ ٍاء ُﳑ، ﺎر ٍع ٍ َ اﻫﺐ ﺟ ِﺪ ِ
. ﻴﺖ َ ِ ﻳﺪة ﺑِ َﺸ ْﻜ ٍﻞ ُﻣ َﺘ َﺴ َ َ َﻳ َﺘ َﻔ ﱠﺘ ُﺖ َأ ْﻳ ًﻀﺎ إِ َﱃ َﻣ َﺬ
ﺎر ِﺟ ﱠﻴ ٌﺔ َﳍ َﺎ َﻣ َﺼ ِﺎﳊُ َﻬﺎ ِﰲ ِ ﺎك ِﻗ ًﻮى َﺧ َ َﺖ ُﻫﻨ ْ َﻟ ِﻜ ْﻦ َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ َﻟ ْﻮ َﻛ َﺎﻧ، ً َد ْﻋ ًﲈ َأ ْو َﺗ ْﺴﻬﻴﻼ، اﻟﺘ ْﻔ ِﺮ ِﻳﻖ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه
ﺎوى ﱠ َ ﻮن َو َر َاء َد َﻋ ُ ﺎر ِﺟ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ َﻗ ْﺪ َﺗ ُﻜ
ِ ﻳﺪ َﺗ ْ ِﱪ َﺋ َﺔ َأ ﱢي ُﻗ ﱠﻮ ٍة َﺧ
ُ َو َﻟ ْﺴ ُﺖ ُأ ِر
ِ
اﻻ ْﺟﺘِ َﲈ ِﻋ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َو ُﻋ ْﻤ ِﻖ ُﻣ َﻜ ﱢﻮﻧِﻨَﺎ ْاﻟ ِﻔ ْﻜ ِﺮ ﱢي َﻣﺎ ُﻳ ْﻔ ِﺮ ُزِ ﺎك ِﰲ َﺑ ْﺬرﺗِﻨَﺎ
ْ َ َﺎوى َدﻟ ِ ٌﻴﻞ َﻋ َﲆ َأ ﱠن ُﻫﻨ ﻳﻌ َﺔ ﳌ ِﺜْ ِﻞ ﺗِﻠْ َﻚ ﱠ
َ اﻟﺪ َﻋ ِ اﺳﺘِ َﺠ َﺎﺑ َﺘﻨَﺎ ﱠ
َ اﻟﴪ ْ اﻟﺘ َﻔ ﱡﺘﺖ َﻓﻼَ َﺷ ﱠﻚ َأ ﱠن
ِ اﻟﺘ َﺸ ﱢﻈﻲ و ﱠ
َ َﻫ َﺬا ﱠ
ِ اﻟﺘﺤﺰﺑ ِ ِ َ ْ اﻟﺘ ْﻔ ِﺮ ِﻳﻖ ِ ِ ِ
. ﺎت َ اﳌﺒْﻨ ﱢﻲ َﻋ َﲆ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺼﺒِ ﱠﻴﺎت َو ﱠ َ ﱡ ﺎوى ﱠ َ اﻟﺴ ْﻬ َﻞ ﻟ ُﻜ ﱢﻞ َد َﻋ اﻻﻧْﺤ ﱠﻴ َﺎز ﱠ
ﺎﺟ ٍﺔ ﻟ ِ ُﻜ ﱢﻞ ﺗِﻠْ َﻚ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ َ ِﻮﺷﻪ ْاﻟﻌﺘ ِ َ اﻻﺳﺘِﻌﲈر ْاﻟ َﻘ ِﺪﻳﻢ ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َﻛ ِ
َ ﻴﺪ َة ﻟﻼِ ْﺳﺘﻴﻼَء َﻋ َﲆ َﺛ َﺮ َوات َو ُﻣ َﻘ ﱠﺪ َرات ْاﳌ ُ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﻌ َﻤ َﺮات َﱂْ َﻳ ُﻌﺪ ْاﻟ َﻴ ْﻮ َم ِﰲ َﺣ َ ُ َ ﺎن ُﻳ ْﺮﺳ ُﻞ ُﺟ ُﻴ َ َ َ ْ ْ َﻓﻼَ َﺷ ﱠﻚ َأ ﱠن
ِِ ِ ِ ِ و ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َﳚِ ُﺪ ْاﻟﻴﻮم، " ﻳﻢ " َﻓﺮ ْق َﺗﺴ ْﺪ ِ ِ ِ ﺎن ﺑِ ِﺈﻣ َﻜﺎﻧِ ِﻪ َأ ْن َﳛﺼ َﻞ َﻋ َﲆ اﻟﻨﱠﺘِﻴﺠ ِﺔ َﻧ ْﻔ ِﺴﻬﺎ َﻋﱪ ِﺷﻌ
ْ َ إِ َذا َﻛ، ﻮش ِ اﳉُ ُﻴْ
.ﰊاﺳﺘ َﺠ َﺎﺑ ًﺔ ُﻣﻨ ْ َﻘﻄ َﻌ َﺔ اﻟﻨﱠﻈﲑ ﰲ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂِ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ ْ ََْ َ ُ ﺎره ْاﻟ َﻘﺪ ِ ﱢ َ َْ َ َ ُ ْ
اﻻﻧْ ِﻐﻼَ ِق ِ ﺎو ِز ِ ِ
ُ ﱪا َأ ْو َوﺳ َﻴﻠ ًﺔ ﻟ َﺘ َﺠ
ِ َ ﺎدﻳ ٍﺔ و ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ﻳ ْﻔ َﱰ ُض َأ ْن َﺗ ُﻜ
ً َ ْ ﻮن ﻣﻨ َ ُ
ِ
َ ﲑ َﻋ ﱠ
ٍ ِ
َ ْ اﳊَﺪ َﻳﺜ َﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﻧ ْﺸ َﻬ ُﺪ ﺑِ َﺴ َﺒﺒِ َﻬﺎ َﺛ ْﻮ َر َة ﱢاﺗ َﺼ َﺎﻻت َﻏ
ِ ْ ﺎت ِ اﻟﺘ ْﻘﻨِﻴ
َواﻟﻼﱠﻓ ُﺖ َأ ْﻳ ًﻀﺎ َأ ﱠن ﱢ ﱠ
ِ
ﻮن ﺑِ ِﻪ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻣ ْﺬ َﻫﺒِ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ َأ ِو َ ُﺎﻫ َﺪ َة ﻟِ َﲈ ُﻳ َﻐ ﱢﺬي َﻣﺎ ُﻳ ْﺆ ِﻣﻨَ ون ْاﳌ ُ َﺘ َﺎﺑ َﻌ َﺔ َأ ْو ْاﳌ ُ َﺸ ِ ﻂ َﻣ َﻊ َأ ْﻓ َﻜ
ُ َو َﻳ ْﻌ َﺘ، ﺎر ُﻫ ْﻢ َﺳ َﻠ ًﻔﺎ
َ ﺎد ْ ﺐ َﻓ َﻘ ُ ﺎﺳَ َون َﻣﺎ َﻳ َﺘﻨ َ ﳜ َﺘ ُﺎر ْ َ ، َﻏﺎﻟ ِ ًﺒﺎ، إِ ْذ إِ ﱠن ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ َب، ﻮس ٍ َﻣ ْﻌ ُﻜ
13
potentiel de recherche et de développement technologique et le système financier, la transmission des règles du
jeu régionales et le développement du commerce intrarégional seraient de nature à maîtriser le processus de
libéralisation économique et à contrôler ses conséquences sociopolitiques et culturelles. Force est d’avancer
que la régionalisation offre une bonne plate-forme aux pays proches géographiquement, dans la majorité des
cas, sans entrer en opposition radicale avec l’ouverture multilatérale. Elle est donc une tendance lourde de la
mondialisation économique.
L’intégration dans les créneaux de la richesse contemporaine n’est pas une tâche aisée. L’exercice est
tellement ardu et redoutable. Il soulève autant de questionnements quant à ses piliers. Ses instruments, ses
acteurs et ses implications et conditions endogènes et exogènes sont aussi importants plus que le choix pour ou
contre cette tendance. L’exercice est complexe dans la mesure où la mondialisation tant commerciale,
financière, scientifique et technologique dicte aux pays en voie de développement, souvent enfermés et vivant
avec de modestes moyens financiers et une idéologie de planification et d’autodéveloppement donnant leurs
résultats négatifs dont ils faisaient l’objet d’ajustements inadaptés plongeant ces pays dans la crise du système
économique depuis les années 70 (crises de paiement de la dette extérieure, vulnérabilité du régime de change,
crise de la poussée des prix des produits de base et des fluctuations des taux d’intérêt sur les marchés financiers
internationaux, etc.). Ces pays sont mal préparés pour intérioriser les enjeux du libre échange et de la
compétitivité économique.
Hamid Harbal, La mondialisation et la régionalisation, http://www.tanmia.ma/ (22-08-2006).
Proposition de traduction
اﳉ َﻬ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ ُﺔ
ِ ْ اﻟْ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ُﺔ َو
ِ ِ ت ﱠ ِ اﻟﺘﺒﺎد َﻻ ِ ă وóﺪõﻋõﺎج ِﰲ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْاﻟ َﻘ َﻮا ِ ِ وﻳﻨ ْﺒ ِﻐﻲ َأ ْن ﻳﺘِﻢ. ﺎدﻳ ٍﺔ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ٍ ِ اﳊ ِﺎﱄ و ْﻓ َﻖ َﻗﻮ ِ
ﻦ
ْ اﻟﺪ ْوﻟ ﱠﻴﺔ َو َﻋ ُ َ ﻳﺢ َﻋ ْﻦ َﻃ ِﺮ ِﻳﻖ ﱠ
ُ اﻟﺘ َﻤ ْﻮﺿ ُﻊ ْاﳌ ُ ِﺮ ُ اﻻﻧْﺪ َﻣ َ ﱠ َ َ َ ﲢ ُﺎﻟ َﻔﺎت ﺳ َﻴﺎﺳ ﱠﻴﺔ َو ْاﻗﺘ َﺼ ﱠ َ َ اﻋ َﺪ َو َ َ ﺻ َﻴ َﻎ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂُ ْ َ ﱡ
ِ ِﺎر و َا ﱠﻟﺘﺴﻨ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﻳﺪ ًة َﻋ ِ ِ ِ ِ ٍ ٍ ٍ َﻃ ِﺮ ِﻳﻖ ﻣﻨ ْ ُﻈﻮﻣ ِﺔ َﴍ َاﻛ ٍﺔ ِﺟﻬ
. . . ﻴﺪ ْ َ ِ ﱪ اﻻ ْﺳﺘﺜْ َﲈ ِر َواﻻ ْﺑﺘ َﻜ َ ْ َ اﻟﺼﻨَﺎﻋ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ َﺗ ﱠﻢ َﺗﻄْ ِﻮ ُﻳﺮ َﻫﺎ ﻟﺘَﻠ ِﺞ َأ ْﺳ َﻮ ًاﻗﺎ َﺟﺪ
ﺎﻟﺮأْ ُﺳ َﲈ ﱠﻟﻴ ُﺔ ﱢ َﻓ ﱠ. ﻮﻳﺔ ُﻣ َﻮ ﱠﺳ َﻌﺔ ُﻣ َﺘ َﻮ ِاز َﻧﺔ إِ َﱃ َﺣ ﱟﺪ َﻣﺎ َ ﱠ َ َ َ
. http://www.tanmia.ma/ 22 - 08 - 2006 ، اﳉ َﻬ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ ُﺔ ِ ْ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ُﺔ َو، ﻴﺪ َﺣ ْﺮ َﺑﺎل ُ َِﲪ
Support : La famille et valeurs au Maroc, Rahma Bourqia
14
La famille et les valeurs au Maroc
Traditionnellement, la religion, la tribu et la famille constituaient des cadres d’appartenance et de
socialisation où l’individu puisait ses repères de sociabilité et se procurait le référentiel des schémas culturels.
La religion constituait un cadre de référence des codes sociaux, des règles de conduites et des valeurs et offrait
une base à tout un système axiologique qui délimitait les frontières d’une territorialité culturelle donnée. Les
sociétés comme la société marocaine, et comme celle de la plupart des pays arabo-musulmans, ont hérité après
leur indépendance d’un réservoir de valeurs traditionnelles qui intervient dans les relations des individus et des
groupes avec l’État et la collectivité. La religion, la coutume, la tradition, les droits coutumiers sont les
principales sources des valeurs, véritables réservoirs référentiels de valeurs morales qui régissent l’appréciation
de l’individu, les relations sociales et les rapports à la communauté. Les sources de l’ordre éthique traditionnel
sont la religion, les croyances et les pratiques sociales. Les valeurs morales sont indissociables de l’ordre
religieux dans la société. La religion délimite le cadre moral et dicte les valeurs à suivre par rapport à soi, aux
autres et à la communauté.
La religion, la coutume, la tradition, les droits coutumiers sont les principales sources des valeurs qui
régissent l’appréciation de l’individu, les relations sociales et les rapports à la communauté.
On pourrait énumérer quelques notions qui, évoquées avec nostalgie par les personnes âgées et utilisées de
nos jours pour parler des valeurs d’antan, constituent un lexique des valeurs du registre traditionnel. Il existe
ainsi tout un répertoire des valeurs appartenant au registre culturel traditionnel comme celles de l’endurance, de
la justice, de l’obéissance (ta’a), de la bénédiction (rda), la droiture (maakoul), la confiance (niya), la parole
donnée (kalma), le bien (kheir), etc. Ce lexique se compose de valeurs éthiques qui interviennent à l’échelle
individuelle, dans la sphère familiale, dans la relation à la communauté et au sacré, pour constituer un véritable
réservoir de valeurs éthiques.
La famille est la première institution où se transmettent et se reproduisent les valeurs. L’organisation
familiale traditionnelle et son modèle de famille étendue est maintenue et régie par le principe de hiérarchie
prononcée et par le principe d’autorité. Il est certain que des différenciations existaient entre le milieu rural et
urbain en ce qui concerne les modes et les niveaux de vie. Néanmoins, les principes qui régulent les relations
entre parents et enfants, entre hommes et femmes et entre aînés et cadets sont presque les mêmes dans les deux
milieux, à savoir ceux de l’autorité.
Rahma Bourqia, Sociologue, présidente de l’université Hassan II – Mohammedia, Casablanca.
15
، ﲑﺗِ ُﻪ ِ َ ﻄﺎﳏﻪ و ﱢ
َ اﲡ َﺎه َﻣﺴ
ِ ِ ِ ِ
َ ُ َ َﺗ ْﻌﻜ ُﺲ َو ْﺿﻌ ﱠﻴ َﺘﻪ َو َﻣ: ﺐ إِ َﻟﻴْﻪ
ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ُ اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓ ُﺔ ِﰲ اﳌ ُ ْﺴ َﺘ َﻮى ْاﳌ ُ ْﺠ َﺘ َﻤﻌ ﱢﻲ ﻣ ْﻦ َﺣﻴْ ُﺚ إِ ﱠ َﳖﺎ َﺗ ْﻌﻜ ُﺲ َواﻗ َﻊ ْاﳌ ُ ْﺠ َﺘ َﻤ ِﻊ ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﺗﻨ ْ َﺴ ﱠ: ﺎك ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﺟ َﻬ ٍﺔ َﺛﺎﻧِ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ َ ََو ُﻫﻨ
. ﳏ ﱠﺪ َد ٍة َ ُ ﺎرﳜِ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ
ِ اﺟﺘِﲈ ِﻋ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ ُﻣ َﻌ ﱠﻴﻨَ ٍﺔ َوﺑِ َﻤ ْﺮ َﺣ َﻠ ٍﺔ َﺗ ٍ ِ
َ ْ اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓ َﺔ ُﻣ ْﺮ َﺗﺒِ َﻄ ٌﺔ َد ْو ًﻣﺎ ﺑِ َﻮ ْﺿﻌ ﱠﻴﺔ
اﳊَ ﱡﻖ َأ ﱠن ﱠ
ْ َو
. ﺎن ِ اﳌ َﻜ َ ْ ﺎن َو ِ اﻹﻧْﺴ ِﺎﲏ ْاﻟﻌﺎم ﺑِ َﻘﻄْ ِﻊ اﻟﻨﱠ َﻈ ِﺮ َﻋ ِﻦ اﻟﺰﻣ
َ ﱠ ﺐ ِْ َ ﱢ َ ﱢ ِ ِﺎﳉَﺎﻧ ْ ِاﻟﺜﺎﻟِ ُﺚ ﺑ َو َﻳ ْﺮ َﺗﺒِ ُﻂ اﳌ ُ ْﺴ َﺘ َﻮى ﱠ
ﻪôأﻧó،ﺎóﻨõﻴﻨô÷ﻋ
أóﺐ ó÷ﺼ ﻧôﻊóﻀóﻧó÷ن ôõ
أóﺐ ﳚó÷ﻞ ﺑó،ﺎﲏ õﺴóﻧ
¬ ÷
õ÷
اﻹ وóﻌ¬ﻲõﻤóﺘó÷ﺠ
ô÷اﳌوóد¬يõ÷ﺮ
ﻔó÷اﻟ
ﲔ
ó÷ ﺑóﻴﺎăﻔõﻌ´ﺴóﺗó َﻓﻨَ ْﻔ ِﺼ َﻞ، اﻟﺜﻼَ َﺛ ِﺔ َﻧﻈْ َﺮ ًة ُﺳ ُﻜﻮﻧِ ﱠﻴ ًﺔ ﺎت ﱠِ َﳚِﺐ َأ ْن َﻻ َﻧﻨ ْ ُﻈﺮ إِ َﱃ ْاﳌﺴ َﺘﻮﻳ
ََ ُْ َ ُ
ﺎﲥﺎ َﺷﻴْ ًﺌﺎ ِﻣ َﻦ َ ِ ﲔ َﻃ ﱠﻴ َ ْ ﲢ ِﻤ َﻞ َﺑ
ْ َ ﺎم َﻻ ُﺑ ﱠﺪ َأ ْن ِ ِ ِ ِ اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓ َﺔ َﻋ َﲆ ﱠ
ﺎﲏ ْاﻟ َﻌ ﱢ
اﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ْاﻹﻧْ َﺴ ﱢ إِ ﱠن ﱠ. ﺎم ُﻣﻄْ َﻠ ٌﻖ ﺎص ُﻣﻄْ َﻠ ٌﻖ َو َﻻ َﻋ ﱞ ﺎك َﺧ ﱞ َ َﲑ ِه َﻟﻴْ َﺲ ُﻫﻨ ِ ْ َﻛﲈ ِﰲ َﻏ، ان
َ
ِ اﳌﻴ َﺪ
ْ َ ْ ِﰲ َﻫ َﺬا
. اﺣ َﺪ ًة ُﻣ َﺘ َﻜ ِﺎﻣ َﻠ ًﺔ ِ إِ ﱠن ْاﳌﻄْ َﻠ َﻖ واﻟﻨﱢﺴﺒﻲ ﻳ َﺸ ﱢﻜﻼَ ِن ُﻫﻨَﺎ ﺣ ِﻘ َﻴﻘ ًﺔ و، ﻮﻣﻴ ِﺔ ِ ِ ٍ َ ِﻮﺻﻴ َﺘﻬﺎ َﺗ ﱠﺘ ِﺴﻢ ﺑ ِ ْ ﲢ ِﻤ ُﻞْ َ اﻟﺜ َﻘ َﺎﻓ ِﺔ ِ إِ ﱠن ُﻋﻤ، ﻮﺻﻴ ِﺔ ِ
َ َ ُ َ ْ ﱠ ُ ﴚء ﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ ُﻌ ُﻤ ﱠ ْ ُ َ ﺎص َﻛ َﲈ َأ ﱠن ُﺧ ُﺼ ﱠ اﳋَ ﱠ ﻮﻣ ﱠﻴ َﺔ ﱠ ُ اﳋُ ُﺼ ﱠ ْ
. 52 ، 51 : ص. ص، 1977 ، اﻟﱰ َﺑ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ُر ْؤ َﻳ ٌﺔ َﺗ َﻘ ﱡﺪ ِﻣﻴﱠ ٌﺔ ﻟ ِﺒَ ْﻌ، ُﳏَ ﱠﻤ ُﺪ َﻋﺎﺑِ ٍﺪ اﳉّﺎﺑِﺮي
ْ ﺾ ْاﳌ ُ ْﺸﻜﻼَت اﻟْﻔ ْﻜ ِﺮ ﱠﻳﺔ َو ﱠ
Traduction personnelle :
Responsabilités de la culture
La culture est l’ensemble de productions intellectuelles. Cette définition nous permet d’entreprendre la culture
selon trois points de vue, ou trois niveaux, différents, mais complémentaires :
Tout d’abord, la culture au niveau individuel signifie l’assimilation de l’individu pour la production
intellectuelle, ou pour l’une des ses parties, et la contribution à son enrichissement. Par conséquent, il est inutile
d’envisager une culture complète et définitive, on parle plutôt d’intellectuels qui s’instruisent continuellement.
Mohamed Abed Al-Jabri, Perspective progressiste de certains problèmes de pensée et d’éducation, 1977,
pp. :51-52.
16
Histoires de femmes battantes au Maroc
Osire Glacier, chercheuse marocaine à l’Université Bishop (Sherbrooke, Canada), brosse 31 portraits de
femmes ayant marqué l’histoire du Maroc, du IVe au XXe siècles. Elles étaient reines, «caïdates», chefs de
tribus, poétesses, féministes, conseillères de grands sultans comme Youssef Ibn Tachfine et Moulay Ismaïl.
L’auteure déconstruit la croyance selon laquelle l’identité culturelle se confond avec le patriarcat :
l’émergence des femmes ne date pas du XXe siècle.
La résistance, l’exercice du pouvoir politique, le leadership social ne sont pas l’apanage des hommes.
Avant même qu’elles soient, en ce début du XXIe siècle, députées, ministres, chefs d’entreprises, agents
d’autorité, magistrats, pilotes de ligne, présidentes d’associations mondialement reconnues, elles étaient depuis
des siècles reines, «caïdates», chefs de tribus, conseillères de sultans, ambassadrices auprès de pays étrangers.
C’est dire que l’émergence de la femme marocaine sur la scène publique n’est pas nouvelle. C’est ce qu’a
essayé de démontrer Osire Glacier, née Haddouche, une Marocaine vivant au Canada, professeur au
département d’histoire et de sciences politiques et études internationales à l’Université Bishop (Sherbrooke,
Canada) dans son livre «Femmes politiques au Maroc d’hier à aujourd’hui», Éditions Tarik.
Si les femmes brillent par leur savoir, leur intelligence et leur influence dans l’exercice du pouvoir, elles ne
sont mises en exergue que pour conforter la position des hommes. Pour mener à bien ce travail de recherche,
il fallait surtout de la patience et de la motivation, l’auteure n’a manqué ni de l’une ni de l’autre. Pourquoi ce
livre ? Osire Glacier répond : «Lors de mes travaux de recherche, raconte-t-elle, j’ai été interpellée par certains
récits qui s’opposent avec véhémence à l’égalité des droits entre les femmes et les hommes au Maroc, au nom
de la sauvegarde de la culture et des traditions nationales. Pourtant, à y voir de près, ces récits confondent
l’identité culturelle nationale avec le patriarcat, défini ici comme une organisation sociale et politique qui
privilégie les hommes au détriment des femmes».
C’est pour déconstruire cette croyance qu’elle s’est embarquée dans cette aventure. Elle survole alors seize
siècles pour arracher de l’oubli, et nous les présenter sous forme de portraits attachants et bien documentés, 31
femmes ayant marqué l’histoire politique et sociale du Maroc.
L’étude s’étend donc de la deuxième moitié du IVe siècle, avec un premier portrait consacré à la reine Tin
Hinan des touaregs Ahaggar, sous le royaume vandale (439-533), jusqu’au Maroc du XXe siècle avec
l’emblématique Malika Al-Fassi, nationaliste de la première heure et seule femme à apposer sa signature à côté
de celles de 66 hommes sur le Manifeste de l’indépendance de 1944. Certes, l’auteure n’a pas mentionné
d’autres femmes qui méritent leur place dans cet ouvrage, mais pour être aussi exhaustif, comme elle le dit (voir
entretien), il lui fallait remplir plusieurs volumes.
JAOUAD MDIDECH, La Vie éco, 30/1/2014
ِ ﺎت ﻣ ٍ ِ ﻗِﺼ
ﻼت ٌ ﻨﺎﺿ ُ ٌ ﺺ ﻧ َﺴﺎء َﻣ ْﻐ ِﺮﺑِﻴﱠ ُ َ
ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻘ ْﺮ ِن، ب ِ ﲈﲥِ ﱠﻦ ِﰲ َﺗ ٍ َﻟﻮﺣ ًﺔ ﻟ ِﻨ ِﺴ31 َﺗﺮﺳﻢ، ( وك ﺑِ َﻜﻨَ َﺪا ِ ُ ِاﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ﺑِ َﺠ ِﺎﻣ َﻌ ِﺔ ﺑ ِ ْاﻟﺒ، ﻼﺳﻴِﻲِ وزﻳﺮ ﺟ
ِ اﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ
َ ْ ﻳﺦ
ِ ﺎر ِ ﺎء َو َﺿ ْﻌ َﻦ َﺑ َﺼ َ َ ْ ُ ُ ْ ُ ﲑ ْﺑ ُﺮ ْ ﻮب ) ﺷ َ ﻴﺸ َ ْ ﺎﺣ َﺜ ُﺔ َ ْ ُ ِ ُأ
ﲔ ِ ﺎﺷ ِﻔَ ﻒ ْﺑ ِﻦ َﺗ ُ ﻮﺳ ِ ٍ ﲔ ﻛِﺒ
ُ ﺎر ﻣﺜْ َﻞ ُﻳ
ِ ِ ٍ
َ َ ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ َﺸ َﺎرات ﻟ َﺴﻼَﻃ، ﲢ ِﺮ ِﻳﺮ َﻳﺎت
ٍ ٍ ﺎﻋ
ْ َ ، ﺮات ِ َﺷ، ت َﻗﺒﺎﺋِ َﻞ
َ
ِ و َز ِﻋﻴﲈ، " ات ٍ " َﻗﺎﺋِ َﺪ، ﺎت ٍ ﻧِﺴﺎء ُﻛﻦ ﻣﻠِ َﻜ. ﴩﻳﻦ ِ ِ
َ اﻟﺮاﺑِ ِﻊ َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ ْاﻟ َﻘ ْﺮن ْاﻟﻌ ْ ِ َ َ ٌ ﱠ
َ َ ﱠ
ﻂ إِ َﱃ ِ ﻮد َﺗ ِ ِ
َ َذﻟ َﻚ َأ ﱠن ُﺑ ُﺰ، اﻟﺴﻠْ َﻄ َﺔ ْاﻷَ َﺑ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ َﺔ ِ ِ ِ
ﻳﺾ ْاﳌ ُ ْﻌ َﺘ َﻘﺪ ﱠاﻟﺬي َﻳ َﺮى َأ ﱠن ْاﳍ ُ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ َﺔ ﱠ ِ ِ ِ
ِ ﻮم َﻫﺬه ْاﻟ َﻜﺎﺗ َﺒ ُﺔ ﺑِ َﺘ ْﻘ ِﻮ ِ
ْ ﳜ ُﻪ َﻓ َﻘ
ُ ﺎر ُ وغ َﻧ ْﺠ ِﻢ اﻟﻨﱢ َﺴﺎء َﻻ َﻳ ُﻌ اﻟﺜ َﻘﺎﻓ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َﺗ َﺘ َﲈ َﺷﻰ َو ﱡ ُ َو َﺗ ُﻘ. َو َﻣ ْﻮ َﻻ َي إِ ْﺳ َﲈﻋ ُﻴﻞ
. ﻳﻦ
َ ﴩ ِ ْ ْاﻟ َﻘ ْﺮ ِن ْاﻟ ِﻌ
17
ِ اي ْاﻷ َ ِﺧ
.ﲑ َ ﻮن َﻣﺜْ َﻮ ُ ُﻫﻨَﺎ َﺳ َﻴ ُﻜ: َو َﻃ َﺄ ْ َﲥﺎ َﻗ َﺪ َﻣ ُﺎه َﻗ َﺎل
ﻳﻢِ اﳊَ ﱢﻲ ْاﻟ َﻘ ِﺪ ْ ﺎن َﻳ ْﺴ ُﻜ ُﻦ ِﰲ َ َﻛ.ﻳﻘ ﱠﻴ ِﺔِ ﻒ َﻋﻦ ﺣﻴﺎﺗِ ِﻪ ِﰲ اﻟﺼ ﱢﺪ
ﱠ َ َ ْ ُ ﲣ َﺘﻠ
ِ ْ َ ﺎﺻﻤ ِﺔ َﻻِ
َ ﻒ َأ ﱠن َﺣ َﻴ َﺎﺗ ُﻪ ِﰲ ْاﻟ َﻌ ْ ﲑ ٍة
َ اﻛﺘَ َﺸ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ﻮل ﱡ
َ اﻟﺸ ﱠﺒﺎن ! َﻟﻜ ْﻦ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ ُﻣ ﱠﺪة َﻗﺼ ِ َﻫ َﻜ َﺬا ُﺗ َﺆ ﱢﺛﺮ ْاﻷ َ ْﺣﻼَم ِﰲ ُﻋ ُﻘ
ُ ُ
اﳌ ِﺪﻳﻨَ ِﺔ
َ ْ اﻻﻧْﺘِ َﻘ ُﺎل إِ َﱃ
ِ اﻟﺪ َواء ُﻫ َﻮ
َ َو َﻇ ﱠﻦ َأ ﱠن ﱠ، اﻟﺼ ﱢﺪﻳﻘ ﱠﻴﺔ
ِ ِ
ﻮه ﱠ
ِ ِ
َ اﻟﺮ َﺑﺎط َﻛ َﲈ َﺳﺌ َﻢ ُو ُﺟ ﻮه ﱢ
ِ
َ ﺚ َأ ْن َﺳﺌ َﻢ ُو ُﺟ ْ َﻓ َﻠ ْﻢ َﻳﻠْ َﺒ. ﺎصِ ﺎح َﻧ ْﻔ َﺲ ْاﻷ َ ْﺷ َﺨ ٍ ُﻳ َﺼﺎﻓِ ُﺢ ُﻛ ﱠﻞ َﺻ َﺒ، َﻣ َﻊ ُأ ﱢﻣ ِﻪ َو َز ْو َﺟﺘِ ِﻪ
ﺎﻟﺮ ﱠﺟ َﺎﻟ ِﺔ ٍ
ﲑ َﻋﺎﺑِ َﺌﺔ ﺑِ ﱠ ُ ْ َﻏ، ﺨ َﻤ ٌﺔ ْ ﺎﺣﻨَ ٌﺔ َﺿ ِ ت َﺷ ْ ﺎءَ َﺟ، اﺟﺘﻪ
ِ ِ ﺎن راﻛِﺒﺎ َﻋ َﲆ در
َ َﱠ ً َ َ ﺎم َﻛ ِ َو َﻳ ْﻮ ًﻣﺎ ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻷ َ ﱠﻳ. ﻴﺤ ِﺔ ِ ِ ِ
َ اﺟ ًﺔ ﻟ َﻴ َﺘﻨَ ﱠﻘ َﻞ ِﰲ َﺷ َﻮ ِارﻋ َﻬﺎ ْاﻟ َﻔﺴ َ اﺿ َﻄ ﱠﺮ إِ َﱃ َأ ْن َﻳﺒْ َﺘﺎ َع َد ﱠر ْ ﺎك َ َ ُﻫﻨ. ﱪى َ ْ اﻟﻜُ
اﻟﺘ َﻮ ُاز َن َﻓ َﻔ َﻘ َﺪ ﱠ، اﳋَﻠْ ِﻔ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ
ْ َﻣ ﱠﺴﺘْ ُﻪ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺠ َﻠ ُﺔ، اﳊَﺎﻓِ َﻠ َﺔ َﱂْ ُﲤ ْ ِﻬﻠْ ُﻪ
ْ َﻟ ِﻜ ﱠﻦ، ﲔ َﻓ َﻔ َﻌ َﻞ ِ ﻮق َﻳﺄْ ُﻣ ُﺮ ُه َأ ْن َﻳ ِﻤ َﻴﻞ َأ ْﻛ َﺜ َﺮ إِ َﱃ ْاﻟ َﻴ ِﻤُ ُ َﺳ ِﻤ َﻊ ْاﻟﺒ. ﲑ ِة ِ
َ اﻟﺼﻐ
ِ
اﻟﺴ ﱠﻴ َﺎرات ﱠ اﺟﺎت َو ﱠ
ِ
َ اﻟﺪ ﱠرﺤﺎب ﱠِ َوﺑِ َﺄ ْﺻ
Traduction personnelle :
L’enseignant et la ville
Il y avait à As-Saddiqiyya un enseignant, en tête des plus compétents. Il est né au Sud, et élevé à Rabat. La
majorité des jeunes de la ville ancienne, qui ont réussis leur parcours d’étude et qui ont été recrutés dans les
grandes villes marocaines, étaient ses disciples. Il faisait son travail comme il faut, mais il se sentait en exil vis-
à-vis de la vraie vie qu’il menait alors qu’il était étudiant. Dernièrement il a été transféré à Rabat. Lorsqu’il y
posa les pieds, il dit : c’est ici que sera ma dernière demeure.
Abdellah Laroui, Al-Fariq, 1986.
18
la jouissance tout en la retardant, et chaque désir qu’elle satisfait en suscite un autre, nanti du souvenir
fastueux des précédents.
Qui a inventé les histoires qu’elle raconte ? La question est oiseuse et sans pertinence, car dictée par une
curiosité étrangère au livre des Nuits, qui ne s’intéresse qu’au processus de transmission. A aucun moment, on
ne parle de l’origine des histoires, comme si elles avaient été connues et racontées de tout temps. Elles se
racontent, mais ne s’inventent pas, elles sont là, elles ont toujours été là, suspendues comme des fruits mûrs à
un arbre éternel : il suffit de tendre la main pour les cueillir. Leur narration est un acte qui répète un nombre
indéfini d’actes antérieurs similaires, sans qu’il soit possible, ou concevable, de remonter à un foyer initial qui
serait à l’origine de leur émergence.
Abdelfattah Kilito, l’Œil et l’Aiguille, Ed. Le Fennec, 1992.
اﳊَ ْﻜ ِﻲَﻓ ﱡﻦ ْ
اﻟﺴ ِﺎﻣ ِﻊ َ ،ﻓ ْﻀﻼً ﺎح ِﰲ ِ ِ ﴎ ِد َﻫﺎ َواﻟﻨﱠ َﺠ ِ ِ ِ ِ اﳊ ْﻜ ِﻲ .إِ ْذ َﻻ َﺗ ْﻜ ِﻔﻲ ﻣ ْﻌ ِﺮ َﻓ ُﺔ ْ ِ َﲤ ْ َﺘﻠِ ُﻚ َﺷ ْﻬ َﺮ َز ُاد َﻣ ْﻮ ِﻫ َﺒ ًﺔ َﺧ ِ
اﺳﺘ ْﻬ َﻮاء ﱠ ْ اﳊ َﻜ َﺎﻳﺎت ﺑِ َﻘ ْﺪر َﻣﺎ َﻳﻨ ْ َﺒﻐﻲ َﻣ ْﻌ ِﺮ َﻓ ُﺔ َ ْ َ ﺎر َﻗ ًﺔ َﺗ َﺘ َﺠ ﱠﲆ ِﰲ َﻓ ﱢﻦ ْ َ
ﺎﳌ ُﺘْ َﻌ ُﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﲤ ْﻨَ ُﺤ َﻬﺎ ِﺣ َﻜ َﺎﻳ ٌﺔ َﻣﺎ َﺗ ْﺰ َد ُاد
ﺺ ُﳑ ْﺘِ ٌﻊ ِﰲ َﻣﻨ ْ َﻈ ِﺮ ِه َو َﻣ ْﺴ َﻤ ِﻌ ِﻪ َ .و َﻫ َﻜ َﺬا َﻓ ْ ﺨ ٌ ﺎﺟ ًﺤﺎ ُﻛ ﱠﻠ َﲈ َأ َﺧ َﺬ ُه َﻋ َﲆ َﻋﺎﺗِ ِﻘ ِﻪ َﺷ ْ ﻜﻮن َﻧ ِ ﺎن َ ،و ْ
اﳊَ ْﻜ ُﻲ َﻳ ُ ﺎل َﻓ ﱠﺘ ٍ ﲨ ِ ات َ َ َﻋ ْﻦ َذﻟ ِ َﻚ َ ،ﻓ ْﺸ َﻬ َﺮ َز ُاد َذ ُ
ﻮن َﻋ ِﺠ َﻴﺒ ًﺔ ﺎﳊ َﻜ َﺎﻳ ُﺔ َﻳﻨ ْ َﺒ ِﻐﻲ َأ ْن َﺗ ُﻜ َ
ﻒ ﻣﺎ ُﻫ َﻮ َﻏﺮاﺋِﺒِﻲ َ .ﻓ ْ ِ
َ ﱞ
ِ ِ
ﺎ ﺿ ْﻤ َﻦ ﺻﻨ ْ َ
óﺎﻳﺎﲥ ِ
ﻜóóó ÷نóﺗóﻀóﻊ õﺣ óóأ
صóﻋﲆ õﺮ ô
ﲢ
÷ إõﻧóﲈ
ó õﻜﻲóأăﻳﺎﻛ ó
óóو
ﺎن óﲢ
÷ óóادóﻻ
÷ﻬóﺮزﻴﺢ ô.ﺛﻢإõن óﺷ
اﳌﻠِ ِ اﻟﺘ َﺄ ﱡﻣ ِﻞ ِﰲ ْاﻟ َﻮ ْﺟ ِﻪ َ
َﻣ َﻊ ﱠ
ﻴﻚ.1992 ، ات ُﻟﻮﻓِﻴﻨ ِ ُ ﻮر ُ واﻹﺑﺮ ُة َ ،ﻣﻨ ْ ُﺸ َ
َ ﲔاﻟﻌ ُ ِ
ﺎح ﻛﻴﻠ ُﻄﻮَ ،
ِ
َﻋﺒ ْ َﺪاﻟ ْﻔﺘَ ُ َو َﻏ ِﺮ َﻳﺒ ًﺔ َ ،وإِ ﱠﻻ َﻓ ِﻬ َﻲ َﻻ َﺗ ْﺴ َﺘ ِﺤ ﱡﻖ َأ ْن ُﲢْ َﻜﻰ .
ﺎت َﺗ َﻌ ﱡﺪ ِد
اﺿﺤ ٌﺔ ﺣﻮ َل ﻣ َﻘﻮﻣ ِ
ت ُر ْؤ َﻳ ٌﺔ َو َ َ ْ ُ ﱢ َ
ِ ﲢ ﱠﺪ َد ْﲔ إِ ﱠﻻ إِ َذا َ َ ﳏ َﺎر َﺑ َﺔ ْاﻷُ ﱢﻣ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َﻻ ُﻳ ْﻤ ِﻜ ُﻦ َأ ْن َﻳ ُﻜ َ
ﻮﻧﺎ َﻓ ﱠﻌ َﺎﻟ ْ ِ ﻴﻢ ) ِﰲ ُﺑ ْﻌ ِﺪ ِه ﱡ
اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﻮ ﱢي( َو ُ َ اﻟﺘ ْﻌﻠِ ِ
ﻮﻣ ِﺔ ﱠإِ ﱠن إِ ْﺻﻼَ َح َﻣﻨ ْ ُﻈ َ
ﺎﻋ ِ ﻴﻔ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ِﰲ َﻛ ﱠﺎﻓ ِﺔ ْاﻟ ِﻘ َﻄ َ ﻴﺪ ِﻣﻦ إِﻣ َﻜﺎﻧِﻴﺎ ِﲥﺎ ْاﻟﻮﻇِ ِ ِ ِ ﰊ إِ ﱠﻻ إِ َذا َﺟ َﻌﻠْﻨَﺎ ﱡ ﻂ َْ ِ اﻟﺘﻌ ﱡﺪ ِد َأ ْن ﻳ َﱰﺳ َﺦ ِﰲ ْاﻟﻮﺳ ِ ِ ِ ﺎﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ ِ
ﺎت ﺑِ ْ َاﻟﻠ َﻐ ِ
ﺎت اﻟﻠ َﻐ َﺔ ْاﻟ َﻮ َﻃﻨ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َﺗ ْﺴ َﺘﻔ ُ ْ ْ ﱠ َ َ اﳌ ْﻐﺮ ِ ﱢ َ َ َ َ ﱠ ب َ .و َﻻ ُﻳ ْﻤﻜ ُﻦ ﳍ َ َﺬا ﱠ َ ﱡ
اﺻ ِﻞ ) ( . . . اﳌ ْﻌ ِﺮ َﻓ ِﺔ َو ﱠ
اﻟﺘ َﻮ ُ َو ُﺗ ْﺼﺒِ ُﺢ ُﻟ َﻐ َﺔ َﻧ ْﻘ ِﻞ ْ َ
اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﻮ ﱢي ت ِﳋﻠْ َﺨ َﻠ ِﺔ ْاﳌ ِﺤ ِ ﺎﺷ َﻠ ُﺔ ِﳉَ ْﻌﻠِ َﻬﺎ َﻛ َﺬﻟ ِ َﻚ ِﻫ َﻲ ُ َ
ت ْاﻟ َﻔ ِ ب َﻻ ُﻳ ْﻤ ِﻜ ُﻦ َأ ْن َﺗ ُﻜ َ ﺎﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ ِ اﻟﻔ ْﺼ َﺤﻰ ﺑِ ْ َ إِ ﱠن ﱡ
اﻟﻠ َﻐ َﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ َﺔ ُ
ﻴﻂ ﱡ ُ ﺎو َﻻ ٌ َ ﳏ َ ﺎو َﻻ ُﻮن ُﻣ َﻬ ﱠﺪ َد ًة َ ،و ْاﳌ ُ َﺤ َ
اﺻ ِﻞ اﻟﻠ َﺬ ْﻳ ِﻦ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺷﺄْ ِﳖِ َﲈ َأ ْن ُﻳ َﻌ ﱢﺰ َزا َوﻇِ َﻴﻔ َﺘ ْﻲ ﱠ
اﻟﺘ َﻮ ُ ﲔ ﱠ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﻮ ﱢﻳ ِ
اﻟﺘﻨَ ﱡﻮ َع ﱡ
اﻟﺘ َﻌ ﱡﺪ َد َو ﱠ ﳏﻴﻄِ َﻬﺎ ُﻳﻼَﺋِ ُﻢ ﱠ اﻟﻔ ْﺼ َﺤﻰ َﺗﺜْﺒِ ًﻴﺘﺎ ﺳﻠِﻴﲈ َوﻣ َﻌ ْﻘ َﻠﻨًﺎ ِﰲ ُ ِ
َ ً ُ ﻴﺖ ُ ب .إِ ﱠن َﺗﺜْﺒِ َ ﺎﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ ِ اﻟﻄﺒِ ِ
ﻴﻌ ﱢﻲ ﺑِ ْ َ ﱠ
ﲢ ِﺪ ِ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﻮﻳ َﺔ اﻟﺴﻠِﻴﻤ َﺔ ُﺗﺴ ِ ِ اﳌ ِﻌ َ ِ ﻴﺪ ﻟ ِ َﺘﺤ ِﺪ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﺎن اﻟﻨﱠﺎﺗِ ُﺞ ْاﻟ َﻮ َﻃﻨ ِ ﱡﻲ ْ
ﻳﺪ " ﺎﻫ ُﻢ ِﰲ َ ْ ﻴﺸﺔ َ ،ﻓﻼَ ُﺑ ﱠﺪ ﻣ ْﻦ َﺗ َﻮ ﱠﻗ ِﻊ َأ ﱠن ْاﻟﺒِ َﻴﺌ َﺔ ﱡ ﱠ ﱠ َ َ ﻳﺪ ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ َﻮى ْ َ ﺎس ْاﻟ َﻮﺣ َ ْ ﺎم َﱂْ َﻳ ُﻌﺪ ْاﳌ ْﻘ َﻴ َ اﳋَ ﱡ َواﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘ ِﻞ َ .وإِ َذا َﻛ َ
ﺎر ﱢي . اﻟﺘ َﻄ ﱡﻮ ِر ْاﻟ ِﻔ ْﻜ ِﺮ ﱢي َواﻟﻨﱡ ْﻀ ِﺞ ْ
اﳊَ َﻀ ِ ﱪ َﻋ ِﻦ ﱠ ِ
ﴩ ﱢي " ﱠاﻟﺬي ُﻳ َﻌ ﱢ ُ ﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻟ ِﻠﺘﱠ َﻄ ﱡﻮ ِر ْاﻟ َﺒ َ ِ
اﻟﱰ ﱢ ﴍ ﱠْ ْاﳌ ُ َﺆ ﱢ ِ
ِ ِ ِ ِِ
ﺎط ، 2003 ،ﺑﺘﴫف. اﻟﺮ َﺑ ُ
اﻟﺰ َﻣﺎن َ ،ﺻﺺ ، 34 ، 33 .ﱢ ات ﱠ ﻮر ُاﻟﻠ َﻐ ُﺔ َو ْاﻟﺒِﻴﺌَ ُﺔ َ ،ﻣﻨ ْ ُﺸ َ
ﺮي ،ﱡ ﺎﳼ اﻟﻔ ْﻬ ﱢ َﻋﺒ ْ ُﺪ اﻟْ َﻘﺎدر ْاﻟ َﻔ ﱢ
19
La langue et l’environnement
C’est vraiment étrange d’entendre dire que l’arabe classique n’est pas menacé, que seules les langues
étrangères et les dialectes sont menacés, et qu’il n’est pas agaçant donc que nos réunions soient tenues en
français, ou nos rapports ou nos correspondances rédigés en cette langue, ou que nos ordinateurs dans les
bureaux de poste ; des banques, de l’administration, etc. soient francisés.
Abdekader El-Fassi Al-Fihri, la langue et l’environnement, Éditions Az-Zamman, pp. 33,34,
Rabat, 2003.
20
Textes et extraits de traductions
ème
CAT (2 Année ECS & ECT)
Support : Au nom du « choc des civilisations » , Tariq Ali
Au nom du « choc des civilisations »
De la boîte de Pandore, toujours béante, de l’empire américain, s’échappent des
monstres qui se répandent dans un monde que les États-Unis ne contrôlent pas encore
complètement. Depuis le 11 septembre, l’un de ces monstres est invoqué d’un studio de
télévision à l’autre par ceux qui dénoncent la menace que représentent ces barbares pour
notre civilisation capitaliste mondiale.
C’est en 1993 que Samuel P. Huntington publia son désormais célèbre « Choc des
civilisations » conçu comme un pamphlet contre un théoricien rival du département d’État :
Francis Fukuyama, tenant de la thèse de la « fin de l’histoire ».
Pour Samuel P. Huntington, la défaite de l’Union soviétique avait mis fin à toutes les
querelles idéologiques, mais pas à l’histoire. La culture - et non la politique ou l’économie -
allait dominer le monde.
Il dénombrait huit cultures : occidentale, confucéenne, japonaise, islamique, hindoue,
slave orthodoxe, latino-américaine et - peut-être - africaine (il n’était pas sûr que l’Afrique
soit vraiment civilisée !). Chacune incarnait différents systèmes de valeurs symbolisés chacun
par une religion, « sans doute la force centrale qui motive et mobilise les peuples ». La
principale ligne de fracture passait entre « l’Occident et le reste », car seul l’Ouest valorise
« l’individualisme, le libéralisme, la Constitution, les droits humains, l’égalité, la liberté, le
règne de la loi, la démocratie, les marchés libres ». C’est pourquoi l’Ouest (c’est-à-dire les
États-Unis) doit se préparer militairement à affronter les civilisations rivales, et notamment
les deux plus dangereuses : l’islam et le confucianisme, qui, si elles devaient s’unir,
menaceraient la culture de la civilisation. Et l’auteur concluait : « Le monde n’est pas un. Les
civilisations unissent et divisent l’humanité... Le sang et la foi : voilà ce à quoi les gens
s’identifient, (...) »
ﺎﳌ ِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ
َ اﻟﺮأْ ِﺳ َﲈﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ ِ
َﺣ َﻀ َﺎرﺗﻨَﺎ ﱠ
1
اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ :اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ورھﺎن اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ دﯾﺎب
ﺎن ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔاﻟﱰ َﲨَ ُﺔ َو ِر َﻫ ُ
ﱠْ
ﺎﳼ َ ،و ْارﺗِ َﺒﺎﻃِ َﻬﺎ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﻮﻻ َﲥﺎ َ ،و َﲤ َﻈْ ُﻬﺮﻫﺎ َﻛ َﻌﺎﻣ ِﻞ َﺗ ْﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺳ َﻴ ﱟ
ﲨ ِﺔ َو َﺗ ْﻮ ِﺟ ِﻴﻪ َﻣ ْﺪ ُﻟ َ ِ ِ ِ
ﲑ َﻫﺎ ِﰲ َﺗ َﺸ ﱢﻈﻲ َﻋ َﻤﻠ ﱠﻴﺔ ﱠ ْ
اﻟﱰ َ َ ﻮﺣﻲ ﺑِ َﺘﺄْﺛِ ِ ﺎت ْاﻟﻌﻮ َ َﳌ ِﺔ ُ ،ﺗ ِ
َْ
ات ِﰲ َﲡَ ﱢﻠﻴ ِ
َ ﴍ ٌ ِ
) َ ( . . .و َراﻫﻨًﺎ َ ،ﺗ َﺘ َﻮ َاﺗ ُﺮ ُﻣ َﺆ ﱢ َ
اﻟﺪ ْوﻟِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ( َو َﻃ ْﻔ َﺮ ٍة
اﻟﺘ َﺠﺎ َر ِة ﱠ اﻟﺘ ْﻌ ِﻤ ِ ِ
ﲑ َ ،و ُﻣﻨَ ﱠﻈ َﻤ ُﺔ ﱢ اﻟﺪ ْو ِ ﱡﱄ ﻟ ِﻺِْﻧْ َﺸﺎء َو ﱠ اﻟﺪ ْو ِ ﱢﱄ ْ ،اﻟ َﺒﻨ ْ ُﻚ ﱠ وق اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻘ ِﺪ ﱠ ﴘ ) ُﺻﻨ ْ ُﺪ ُ ِ ِ ٍ ِ ٍ ِ ٍ
ﻮم َﻋ َﻠﻴْ َﻬﺎ ،ﻣ ْﻦ َﴍ َﻛﺎت َﻛ ْﻮﻧ ﱠﻴﺔ َوإ َﻃﺎر ُﻣ َﺆ ﱠﺳ ﱟ
ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﺑِ ْﺎﻵﻟ ﱠﻴﺎت ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﺗ ُﻘ ُ
ﻮﻣ ٍﺔ َﺛ َﻘﺎﻓِ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ . ﻮﻟﻮﺟ ﱠﻴﺔ َو َﻣﻨ ْ ُﻈ َ
ﺗِ ْﻜﻨُ ُ ِ ٍ
2
Support :
Le dialogue euro-méditerranéen : Constat et perspectives d'une politique inachevée
Depuis le «11 septembre» et la crispation des relations entre le monde arabo-musulman et l'occident, le
dialogue euro-méditerranéen est devenu un exercice encore plus nécessaire et exigeant.
Les enjeux de ce dialogue sont, en effet, d'une immense importance pour l'ensemble des pays bordant la
méditerranée, mais aussi pour toute l'Europe, d'influence méditerranéenne ou non.
Ils sont d'abord culturels. La coexistence entre le monde judéo-chrétien et le monde arabo-islamique n'a jamais
été, d'un point de vue historique, chose facile. Mais, depuis les années 1990, les oppositions se sont encore
accentuées. Une partie du monde islamique a succombé à la tentation d'un repli identitaire, tandis que l'opinion
occidentale en général, et européenne en particulier, a commencé à regarder avec une incompréhension et une
inquiétude croissantes les manifestations de ce repli, par ailleurs observables sur un plan culturel et religieux au
sein des communautés immigrées en Europe. La montée de cet antagonisme est donc un motif d'inquiétude
pour tous ceux qui considèrent que le développement et l'harmonie du bassin méditerranéen constituent une
condition de l'équilibre de l'ensemble européen tout entier.
Les enjeux sont aussi économiques. Le Sud de la Méditerranée, contrairement à l'Amérique Latine ou au
Sud-Est asiatique, n'a pas su devenir une région économique émergente. A l'exception de la Turquie, ces pays
se caractérisent par une offre industrielle peu compétitive et la structure de leurs exportations est encore proche
de celle des PVD. Les divisions entre les pays du Machrek, la détérioration des relations israélo-palestiniennes,
la fermeture politique et économique de la Syrie, ont empêché la constitution d'un « marché commun du Levant
». Cette situation, qui marginalise et fragilise nombre de pays du Sud et de l'Est de la Méditerranée, entretient
les antagonismes culturels et religieux avec la rive nord et se traduit par une forte pression migratoire aux portes
de l'Europe.
Les enjeux sont, enfin, d'ordre géopolitique et militaire. La région est tourmentée par des conflits
interétatiques, mais aussi intra-étatiques, nombreux et violents. Certains datent de l'après guerre, comme au
Moyen-Orient. D'autres sont apparus plus récemment. De nouvelles puissances régionales ont émergé à la
périphérie de la région, comme l'Iran et l'Irak. Toutes ces considérations mêlées ont abouti, en 1995, à ce que la
diplomatie française a appelé un « rééquilibrage » de la politique de l'Union européenne. Il s'agissait aussi pour
ses promoteurs de faire en sorte que l'Union européenne devienne un acteur à part entière dans le dossier proche
oriental jusqu'ici laissé à la charge exclusive des États-Unis.
D’après Fondation Robert Schuman : Le Centre de recherches et d’études sur l’Europe, Synthèse n°41,
22/4/2002.
ِ ﲑ ﻣ ْﻜﺘَ ِﻤ َﻠ ِﺔ ْاﻷ َر َﻛ ٍ ﺎق ِﺳﻴ ِ ِ ِْ
ﺎن ْ ُ ِ ْ ﺎﺳﺔ َﻏ
َ َ ُ َﺣﻘ َﻴﻘ ُﺘ ُﻪ َو َآﻓ، وﻣ َﺘ َﻮ ﱢﺳﻄ ﱡﻲ ُ ُ اﳊ َﻮ ُار ْاﻷ
ُ ور
ِ اﻋ ِ ِ õ ﺎر
õﺗó÷ﻦ ﻣõ÷ﺳﻼ õó
ﺴõ÷اﳌ õ ÷اﻟﻴﻬ ﺑóﺶôﺎﻳôﻌóواﻟﺘó. ﺎت ِﻫ َﻲ َأ ﱠو ًﻻ َﺛ َﻘﺎﻓِ ﱠﻴ ٌﺔ ِِ
ﺎت َ َﻟﻜ ﱠﻦ ﱢ، ﻴﺎ َأ َﺑ ًﺪا ﺑِ ْﺎﻷَ ْﻣ ِﺮ ا ْﳍ َ ﱢﲔăﳜ
َ اﻟﴫ ﱂó¬ﻲó
ﻜôﻳó÷
õ÷
اﻹ
¬õﺮóﻌó
ﰊ ÷اﻟ ﺎﱂóﻌó÷اﻟ
õ
وóﻴﺤ¬ﻲ ¬ي
ﻮد ﺎﱂóﻌó÷اﻟ
ôóõ ﲔ
ó÷ ُ اﻟﺮ َﻫ َﺎﻧ
َو َﻫﺬه ﱢ
ﰊ ﺑِ ِﺼ َﻔ ٍﺔ ٍ ﺑﻴﻨَﲈ ﺑ َﺪ َأ اﻟﺮأْي ْاﻟﻌﺎم ْاﻟ َﻐﺮ ِﰊ ﺑِ ِﺼ َﻔ ٍﺔ َﻋ، ات
ُ ُ َو ْاﻷ، ﺎﻣﺔ
ور ﱢ ﱡ ﱠ ﱠ ُ َ ﱡ ْ ﱡ َ َ َْ اﻻﻧْﻄِ َﻮ ِاء َﺣ ْﻮ َل ﱠ
ِ اﻟﺬ ِ ﻹ ْﻏﺮاء
ِ ات ِ ِ ِ ْ ِ َو َﻗ ِﺪ اِ ْﺳ َﺘ ْﺴ َﻠ َﻢ ُﺟ ْﺰ ٌء ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂ. 1990 ﺎم
َ َ ِ اﻹ ْﺳﻼَﻣ ﱢﻲ ِ ت ِﺣ ﱠﺪ ًة ُﻣﻨ ْ ُﺬ َﻋ
ْ َز َاد
3
اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ :اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﻘﻠﻢ ﺳﻌﯿﺪ أﺣﻤﺪ ﺑﯿﻮﻣﻲ
اﻻﻗْﺘِ َﺼﺎدِ ﱡي ﺎط ِ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ُﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِﻴﱠ ُﺔ َواﻟﻨ ﱠ َﺸ ُ
ﱡ
ﲏ ْاﻷ َ ْﺳ َﺒ ُﻖ ) ِوﻳﲇ َ ِ ﻀﺎﻋ َﺘ َﻚ َﻓ َﻌ َﻠﻴْ َﻚ َأ ْن َﺗ َﺘ َﺤ ﱠﺪ َ ِ َ ِ ِ ْ ﻴﻌﻨِﻲ ﺑِ َ ت َأ ْن َﺗﺒِ َ ث ُﻟ َﻐ َﺘ َﻚ َوإِ َذا َأ َر َد َ ﺐ َأ ْن َأ َ َﺎﻋﺘﻲ َﳚِ ُ
ت َأ ْن َأﺑِﻴﻌ َﻚ ﺑِ َﻀ َ ِ " إِ َذا َأ َر ْد ُ
ث ﺑ ْﺎﻷ ْﻟ َﲈﻧ ﱠﻴﺔ " اﳌ ُ ْﺴ َﺘ َﺸ ُﺎر ْاﻷ ْﻟ َﲈ ﱡ ﲢ ﱠﺪ َ َ
ت(. ْﺑ َﺮاﻧْ ِﺪ ْ
ﻳﻜ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َﺣ ْﺮ ٌب ُﻟ َﻐ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ ٍﺔ ُأﻃْﻠِ َﻖ َﻋ َﻠﻴْ َﻬﺎ " َﺣ ْﺮ ُب ْ َ ﺎت ْاﳌ ﱠﺘ ِﺤ َﺪ ِة ْاﻷ َﻣ ِﺮ ِ ﺖ ِﰲ ْاﻟ ِﻮ َﻻﻳ ِ ﺎﺳﻊ ﻋ َ ِ
ﺎﺟ ِﻢ " ، اﳌ َﻌ ِ
ْ ُ َ ﴩ ْاﳌﻴﻼَ ِد ﱢي َ ،ﻧ َﺸ َﺒ ْ اﻟﺘ َ َ َ
ﺎت ِﻣﻦ ْاﻟ َﻘﺮ ِن ﱠ ِ
َ ْ
اﻟﺜﻼَﺛِﻴﻨِﻴ ِ
ﱠ اﺧ ِﺮ ﱠ ِﰲ َأو ِ
َ
ﺎظ َﻋ َﲆ ُﻫ ِﻮ ﱠﻳﺘِ َﻬﺎ ِﻣ َﻦ ا ﱠﻟﺘ َﺄ ﱡﺛ ِﺮ اﳊ َﻔ ِﻳﻜﺎ ( َو ْ ِ ﻮر ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻔﺘِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ) َأ ْﻣ ِﺮ َ اﺳﺘِ ْﻘﻼَ ِل ْ
اﳉُ ْﻤ ُﻬ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ت ِﰲ اﻟﻨﱢ َﻬ َﺎﻳﺔ َﻋ ْﻦ َﺗﺄْﻛﻴﺪ ْ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ َو َأ ْﺳ َﻔ َﺮ ْ
ﺎل ﱡ ﳎ ِ ﺎر ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ِﰲ َ َ ت ِﺣ ﱠﺪ ُة ْاﳌ ُﻨَ َﺎﻓ َﺴ ِﺔ ﱢ
اﻟﺘ َﺠ ِ اﺳ َﺘ َﻌ َﺮ ْ
ﻴﻬﺎ ْ
ِ
َوﻓ َ
اﻟﻌﻈْ َﻤﻰ ! ﳏ ُﺪ ِ
ود ﺑِ ْ ِﱪ َ
ﻳﻄﺎﻧْ َﻴﺎ ُ اﻟﻼﱠ َ ْ
ور ِﺳ ْﺴ ِﱰ ) ( Worcesterﱠاﻟ ِﺬي ﳘﺎ ُو ْ
ﻳﺚ ﻟ ِ ﱡﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ِ ِ ِ
اﻹ ْﻧ ِﺠﻠ ِﻴﺰ ﱠﻳﺔ َ :أ َﺣ ُﺪ ُ َ
اﳊ ِﺪ ِ
ﺎﻋﺔ ْاﳌ ُ ْﻌ َﺠ ِﻢ ْ َ
اد ِﺻﻨَ َ ِ ﲔ ِﻣﻦ رو ِ
ﲔ ْاﺛﻨَ ْ ِ ْ ُ ﱠ ﺎر ﱠﻳ ُﺔ َﺑ ْ َاﻟﺘ َﺠ ِت َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْاﳌ ُﻨَ َﺎﻓ َﺴ ُﺔ ﱢ َو َﻗ ْﺪ َﺟ َﺮ ْ
اﻟﻌﻈْ َﻤﻰ َ .و ْاﻵ َﺧ ُﺮ ُﻫ َﻮ ُو ْﺑ ْﺴ َﱰ ) ( Wobsterﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َأ ْﻋ َﻠ َﻦ َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ " ﻳﻄﺎﻧْ َﻴﺎ ُ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ﻟ ِ ِ ِﱪ َ
ﺎد ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ﱡ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﺠﻠ ِﻴﺰ ﱢي ْاﳌ ُ َﺤﺎﻓﻆ َ ،وﻣ ْﻦ َﺛ ﱠﻢ ﻟﻠْ َﻬﻴْ َﻤﻨَﺔ ِ َ
اﻹﻧْ ِ ِ
ﻮذ ِج ْ ِ ﴫ ﻟِﻠﻨﱠ ُﻤ َ َﻛ َ ِ
ﺎن َﻳﻨ ْ َﺘ ُ
ﻳﻜ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ِﻫ َﻲ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ و ِﰲ ا ْﳊ ُﻜﻮﻣ ِﺔ َأﻳ ًﻀﺎ " ،ور َأى َأ ﱠن ْاﳌﲈرﺳ َﺔ ْاﻟﻌﺎﻣ َﺔ ﻟ ِﻸُْﻣ ِﺔ ْاﻷَﻣ ِﺮ ِ
ْ ﱠ َ ﱠ َُ َ َ ََ ُ َ ْ ﺎص ِﰲ ﱡ َ اﳋَ ﱡﺎﻣﻨَﺎ ْ ﻮﻧﺎ ِﻷَ ْن ﻳ ُﻜ َ ِ
ﻮن َﻟﻨَﺎ ﻧ َﻈ ُ َ ﺑِ َﻮ ْﺻ ِﻔﻨَﺎ ُأ ﱠﻣ ٌﺔ ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ ِﻘ ﱠﻠ ٌﺔ َﻓ ِﺈ ﱠن َﻛ َﺮ َاﻣ َﺘﻨَﺎ َﺗ ْﺪ ُﻋ َ
ﻠﻴﺰ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ
اﻹﻧْ ِﺠ ِ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ِ
اض َﻋ َﲆ َﺳﻴْ َﻄ َﺮ ِة ﱡ اﻻ ْﻋ ِ َ
ﱰ َ ﻂ ِóﻳ ِﺔ َ ،ﱂْ ُﻳ ْﻘ َﺼ ْﺪ ﺑِ ِﻪ َﻓ َﻘ ْ õﻴõﺔ´
اﻟﻠﻐõﻮ ÷ﻘóﺮاﻃ ﻳﻤ
¬ ăﻴﺎﻟõﻠﺪ
ô
ﻳﻜﻴ َﺔ ْاﳌﻮﺣ َﺪ َة و َﻗ ﱠﺪم ﻣ ْﺬ َﻫﺒﺎ ِﺳﻴ õ
ﺎﺳ اﻟﻠ َﻐ َﺔ ْاﻷَ ْﻣ ِﺮ ﱠ ُ َ ﱠ َ َ َ ً ﱠ
ِ ﲢ ﱢﺪ َد َو ْﺣ َﺪ َﻫﺎ ﱡ ﲔ َأ ْن ُ َ َﻳ َﺘ َﻌ ﱠ ُ
ﺎﺳ ِﻤ ِﻪ َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ َأ ْﺻ َﺒ َﺢ َﻫ َﺬا اج ﺑِ ْ
ِ ِ ِ ﻳﻜ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ﺑِ َﻮ ْﺻ ِﻔ َﻬﺎ ﱡ
اﻟﻠ َﻐ َﺔ ْاﻟ َﻘﺎﺋ َﺪ َة ﻟ ْﻠ ُﻤ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﻘ َﺒ ِﻞ ُ .ﺛ ﱠﻢ َﺑﻨَﻰ ُﻣ ْﻌ َﺠ َﻤ ُﻪ ﱠاﻟﺬي َر َ
اﻹﻧْ ِﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳ ِﺔ ْاﻷ َﻣ ِﺮ ِ
ْ ﱠ اﻟﻠ ْﻬ َﺠ ِﺔ ِ
ﻴﺦ ﱠ اﳌ ْﺪ َر ِﺳ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َﺑ ْﻞ َﻗ َﺼ َﺪ ﺑِ ِﻪ َأ ْﻳ ًﻀﺎ َﺗ ْﺮ ِﺳ َ َْ
ود ْن ) ِ ( Dudenﰲ َأ ْﻟ َﲈﻧْ َﻴﺎ َو َﻻ َﻳ َﺰ ُال َﻫ َﺬا ْاﳌ ُ ْﻌ َﺠ ُﻢ َﻳ َﺘﻨَ َﺎﻓ ُﺲ َﻋ َﲆ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﲑ ) ِ ( Robertﰲ َﻓ َﺮﻧْ َﺴﺎ َ ،و ُد َ اﻻ ْﺳ ُﻢ ُﻣ َﺮاد ًﻓﺎ ﻟﻠْ ُﻤ ْﻌ َﺠ ِﻢ ِﰲ ْاﻟ ِﻮ َﻻ َﻳﺎت ْاﳌ ُ ﱠﺘﺤ َﺪة َ ،ﺷﺄْ ُﻧ ُﻪ َﺷﺄْ ُن ُروﺑِ ْ
ﻠﻴﺰﻳ ِﺔ َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ ْاﻟ َﻴ ْﻮ ِم .
اﻹﻧْ ِﺠ ﱠ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ِ
ﻮق ﱡ اﻟﺴﻴْ َﻄﺮ ِة َﻋ َﲆ ﺳ ِ
ُ ﱠ َ
ﻴﺪ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ
اﻟﺘ ْﻘﻠِ ِ
ﺎت ﱠاﻟﻠﻬﺠ ِ
ت َﺗﻄْ َﻐﻰ َﻋ َﲆ ﱠ َ َ ﴩ َﻫﺎ َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ َﻛ َ
ﺎد ْ ﻳﻜ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َ ،و َﻧ ْ ِ
اﻹﻧْﺠﻠِ ِﻴﺰﻳ ِﺔ ْاﻷَﻣ ِﺮ ِ
ْ اﻟﻠ َﻐﺔ ِ ْ ﱠ
ﺎب ﱡ ِ
اﺳﺘِﺘْ َﺒ ِ ِ ِ
ﺎر ﱠﻳ ُﺔ َﻋﺎﻣﻼً َﺣﺎﺳ ًﲈ ِﰲ ْ اﻟﺘ َﺠ ِ
ﺖ ْاﳌ ُﻨَ َﺎﻓ َﺴ ُﺔ ﱢ
َو َﻫ َﻜ َﺬا َﺷ ﱠﻜ َﻠ ْ
ﳏﻮ ِرﻳ ًﺔ ِ ،ﻣﺜْ َﻞ اﻟﻨﱡ ُﻘ ِ
ﻮد ﺎدي ْ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﳊَﺪﻳﺚ َرﻛ َﻴﺰ ًة ْ َ ﱠ
ﺎط ِ ِ ِ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼ ﱢ
اﻟﻠ َﻐ ُﺔ ﺑِﺎﻟﻨﱢﺴﺒ ِﺔ ﻟ ِﻠﻨﱠ َﺸ ِ
َْ ت ﱡ ْ ó ăõóﻴﺎ óﺣ
ﺘﻰﻏóﺪ ﺎﻣﻰﻋ ó
ﺎﳌ ﺎد و ﱡ ِ
اﻟﻠ َﻐﺔ َﺗóﺘﻨóó
ﲔ ِ ِ ِ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼ َ ﺖ ْاﻟ َﻌﻼَ َﻗ ُﺔ َﺑ ْ َﻠﻴﺰ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ َ ،و َﻗ ْﺪ َﻇ ﱠﻠ ْ اﻹﻧْ ْﺠ ِ ﻟِ ﱡﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ِ
ﺎد َﻗ ْﺪ َأ ْﺻ َﺒ َﺢ َد ْو ُر ُهôﻣõﻬăﲈ اﻋﺘِﲈدا َﻛﺒِﲑا َ ،ﻛﲈ َأ ﱠن ِ ِ ﺎط ِ ِ ِ ﺎل ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َﻳ ْﻌ َﺘ ِﻤ ُﺪ َﻋ َﻠﻴْ ِﻪ اﻟﻨﱠ َﺸ ُاﻻ ﱢﺗ َﺼ ِ ﺎﴏ ِ ăﻴﺎõﻣ
÷ﻦóﻋﻨَ ِ ِ ÷ﴫاóأﺳ õ óõóﳖﺎ ôﻋ ﳘﻴôﺘóﻬﺎõﻣ ÷ôﺄ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼ َ َ ً اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد ﱡي ْ َ ً ﺎﺳ ﻨó ðô ÷ﻮ ÷ﻦﻛ óóأ¬óóﺗﻨﺸ
ó،و
ﻳﺪ ٍة َﱂْ َﻳ ُﻜ ْﻦ ِﻷَ ْﻫﻠِ َﻬﺎ َﻋ ْﻬ ٌﺪ ِ َﲠﺎ َ ،ﻛ َﲈ ﺎت َﺟ ِﺪ َ ﲔ ُﻟ َﻐﺘِﻬﺎ ِﰲ ﺑِ َﻴﺌ ٍ ِ ٍ ِ
اﻻ ْﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد ﱢي ِﻷُ ﱠﻣﺔ ﻣ َﻦ ْاﻷ ُ َﻣ ِﻢ إِ َﱃ َﲤ ْﻜ ِ َ
ﺎط ِ ِ ِ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ِﰲ اﻟﻨﱠ َﺸ ِ
ﺎل َﻋ َﻠﻴْ َﻬﺎ َ .و َﻛ َﲈ َأ ﱠدى ﱠ َ ﱡ ُ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ َو ْ ِ
اﻹ ْﻗ َﺒ ِ ﺎر ﱡ ِﰲ اﻧْﺘِ َﺸ ِ
ب َو ُﻣﻨ ْ َﺘ َﺠ ِﺎﲥِ ْﻢ َ ،و َﻛ َﲈ ﺐ َﻣ َﻊ َﺑ َﻀﺎﺋِ ِﻊ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﺎر ﱠﻳ ِﺔ َ ،ﺟﻨ ْ ًﺒﺎ إِ َﱃ َﺟﻨ ْ ٍ اﳌﻨَﺎﻓِ ِﺬ ﱢ
اﻟﺘ َﺠ ِ ﱪ َْ ﴍ ًﻗﺎ َو َﻏ ْﺮ ًﺑﺎ َ ،ﻋ ْ َ
ﺎر َﻫﺎ ِﰲ ﻣﻨَﺎﻃِ ِﻖ ْاﻟﻌ َﺎﱂِ ْاﳌ ْ ِ ِ
ﺨ َﺘﻠ َﻔﺔ ْ َ ، ُ َ َ ﺎن ْاز ِد َﻫ ِث َﻣ َﻊ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ إِ ﱠﺑ َ َﺣ َﺪ َ
ﺎل َ ،ﻋ ِﺎﻣﻼً ِﻣ ْﻦ َأ َﻫ ﱢﻢ َﻋ َﻮ ِاﻣ ِﻞ اﻻ ﱢﺗ َﺼ ِ ﻮﺟ َﻴﺎ َو ِﻮﻟ ْ اﻟﺘ ْﻜﻨُ ُ
ﺎت ﱢ ﻮق ﻣﻨ ْ َﺘﺠ ِ
ﻳﺚ َ ،ﻻ ﺳ ﱠﻴ َﲈ ِﰲ ُﺳ ِ ُ َ
ِ اﳊَ ِﺪ ُ ﺎد ﱡي ْ اﻻ ْﻗﺘِﺼ ِ
ﺎط ِ َ ﻠﻴﺰﻳ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻴ ْﻮ َم َ ،ﺣﻴْ ُﺚ ُﻳ َﻤ ﱢﺜ ُﻞ اﻟﻨﱠ َﺸ ُ
ﺠ ﱠ اﻹﻧْ ْث َﻣ َﻊ ِ ﳛ ُﺪ ُ
َْ
ﲔ " ِﺻ َﻠ ُﺔ ﲔ " ﻟِﻴﻨِ ُ ﺎد ُﻟ َﻐ ٍﺔ َز َاد اﻧْﺘِ َﺸ ُﺎر َﻫﺎ َو ْ ِ
اﻹ ْﻗ َﺒ ُﺎل َﻋ َﻠﻴْ َﻬﺎ َ .و ُﻳ َﺒ ﱢ ُ ِ ِ
ﺎﲥﺎ َ ،ﻓ ُﻜ ﱠﻠ َﲈ َﻧﺸ َﻂ ْاﻗﺘ َﺼ ُ
ﻮب ( ر ْﻫﻨًﺎ ﺑِ ْ ِ ِ
ﺎﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد ﱠﻳ ِ َ اﻟﺸ ُﻌ ِ َ ﺎت ) َو ﱡ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِ
ﺖ َﻣ َﺼﺎﺋِ ُﺮ ﱡ ﺎر َﻫﺎ َ ،و َﻗ ْﺪ َأ ْﺿ َﺤ ْ اﻧْﺘِ َﺸ ِ
ﺎء َ ،ﻗﺎﺋِﻼً " :ﱡ اﻟﴩ ِاء و ْاﻷَﺧ ِﺬ و ْاﻟﻌ َﻄ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﻮق َ ،و َﲤ ْ ِﻜ ِ ﺎد اﻟﺴ ِ اﺣ ِﺪ ﻟ ِﻠْﻤﺠﺘَﻤ ِﻊ َﻋﻦ َﻃ ِﺮ ِﻳﻖ إِﺳﻬ ِﺎﻣﻬﺎ ِﰲ إِﳚ ِ ﺎن ْاﻟﻮ ِ ﻴﻞ ْاﻟ ِﻜﻴ ِ ِ ﱡ ِ
اﻟﻠ َﻐ ُﺔ ﲔ ْاﻷُ ﱠﻣﺔ ﻣ ْﻦ َﻋ َﻤﻠ ﱠﻴﺎت ْاﻟ َﺒﻴْ ِﻊ َو ﱢ َ َ ْ َ َ ﱡ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ ْ َ َ اﻟﻠ َﻐﺔ ﺑِ َﺘ ْﺸﻜ ِ ﱠ
ﺎر ﱟي ُﺣ ﱟﺮ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ ِﻔ ْﻌ ِﻞ ،ﲡ ِ ﺎﻣ ٍﻞ ِ َ وف ْاﻷ َ ْﻛ َﺜ ِﺮ َأ َ ِ
ﳘ ﱠﻴ ًﺔ ﻣ ْﻦ َأ ْﺟ ِﻞ َﺗ َﻌ ُ ﱢ
اﻟﻈﺮ ِ ِ
اﳌ ْﺤ ُﺪود ُ ،ﻫ َﻮ َأ َﺣ ُﺪ ﱡ ُ ﲑ َْ اﻹﻧْﺴ ِﺎﲏ ،ووﺣ َﺪ ُة ﱡ ِ
اﻟﻠ َﻐﺔ َو َﺗ َﻄ ﱡﻮ ُر َﻫﺎ َﻏ ْ ُ ﺎﻣ ِﻞ ْ ِ َ ﱢ َ َ ْ
ِ ِ
ﻫ َﻲ ْاﻷ َ َد ُاة ْاﻷ َ َﺳﺎﺳ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ﻟ ﱠﻠﺘ َﻌ ُ
ِ
4
République (l’Amérique) et la préservation de son identité vis-à-vis de l’influence illimitée de la Grande-
Bretagne !
Site « Dīwān Al-‘Arab », par Said Ahmed Bayyūmī, 2006. http://www.diwanalarab.com/
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Ce que je dois à Khatibi
Khatibi et moi, nous nous intéressons aux mêmes choses : aux images, aux signes, aux traces, aux
lettres, aux marques. Et du même coup, parce qu'il déplace ces formes, telles que je les vois, parce qu'il
m'entraîne loin de moi, dans son territoire à lui, et cependant comme au bout de moi-même, Khatibi
m'enseigne quelque chose de nouveau, ébranle mon savoir.
Khatibi est actuel : il contribue à cet éclaircissement qui progresse aujourd'hui en moi : peu à peu, je
me rends compte combien l'entreprise sémiologique, à laquelle j'ai participé et participe encore, est
restée prisonnière des catégories de l'Universel, qui règlent, en Occident, depuis Aristote, toute
méthode. En interrogeant la structure des signes, je postulais innocemment que cette structure
démontrait une généralité, confirmait une identité, qui, au fond, en raison du corpus sur lequel j'ai
toujours travaillé, n'était que celle de l'homme culturel de mon propre pays. En un sens, Khatibi fait la
même chose pour son propre compte, il interroge les signes qui lui manifesteront l'identité de son
peuple. Mais ce n'est pas le même peuple. Mon peuple à moi n'est plus «populaire». La mise en scène
de son identité – qu'on appelle ses «traditions» – n'est plus qu'un objet de musée (celui précisément des
Traditions Populaires, situé au bord du bois de Boulogne, non loin d'un ancien jardin zoologique : dans
les deux cas, il s'agit d'une réserve d'«exotisme»). Ce que j'ai à interroger, à quelque niveau de l'échelle
sociale que je me place, c'est un Français «culturel», façonné par les vagues successives du
rationalisme, de la démocratie, des communications de masses. Ce que Khatibi interroge, c'est un
homme intégralement «populaire» qui ne parle que par ses signes à lui, et qui se trouve toujours trahi
par les autres, qu'il soit parlé (par les folkloristes) ou tout simplement oublié (par les intellectuels).
L'originalité de Khatibi, au sein de sa propre ethnie, est donc éclatante : sa voix est absolument
singulière et par là-même absolument solitaire. Car ce qu'il propose, paradoxalement, c'est de retrouver
en même temps l'identité et la différence : une identité telle, d'un métal si pur, si incandescent, qu'elle
oblige quiconque à la lire comme une différence.
Roland Barthes, 1979.
ﻳﻦ ﺑِ ِﻪ ِﳋَﻄﻴﺒِﻲ ِ
ُ َﻣﺎ َأ َﻧﺎ َﻣﺪ
ﺖ َﻧ ْﻔ ِﺴ ِﻪ ِ و ِﰲ ْاﻟﻮ ْﻗ. ﺎت
َ َ
ِ ﻼﻣ ِ
َ َ ﺎﳊُ ُﺮوف َو ْاﻟ َﻌ ْ ِ َوﺑ، ﺎر ِ ﺎﻟﺼ ﱠﻮ ِر َو ْاﻷ َ ِد ﱠﻟ ِﺔ َو ْاﻵ َﺛ ٍ ِ
ﺑِ ﱡ، ﺎء َواﺣ َﺪة
ِ ْ إِ ﱠﻧﻨِﻲ و
َ اﳋَﻄﻴﺒِﻲ َ ْﳖ َﺘ ﱡﻢ ﺑِ َﺄ ْﺷ َﻴ َ
َﺑﻴْﻨَ َﲈ، إِ َﱃ َأ ْر ِﺿ ِﻪ ُﻫ َﻮ، ﻴﺪا َﻋ ْﻦ َذ ِاﰐ ً َﻛ َﲈ َأ َر ُاه َﻳﺄْ ُﺧ َﺬ ِﲏ َﺑ ِﻌ، ﲑ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْاﻷ َ ْﺷ َﻜ َﺎل ِ ِ َ ُ ، ﻳﺪا
ُ ِﻷ َ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ ُﻳ َﻐ ﱢ، ﳜﻠْﺨ ُﻞ َﻣ ْﻌ ِﺮ َﻓﺘﻲ ً ُﻳ َﻌ ﱢﻠ ُﻤﻨ ِﻲ اﳋَ ِﻄﻴﺒِﻲ َﺟ ِﺪ
1979 ، ﺎرت ْ وﻻ ُن َﺑَ ُر " .اﻟﻄ َﺮ ِف اﻷَ ْﻗ َﴡ ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻧ ْﻔ ِﴘ ُأ ِﺣ ﱡﺲ َﻛ َﺄ ﱢﲏ ِﰲ ﱠ
ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﯿﻒ ﻟﻦ ﯾﺘﻜﺮر: اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ
ِ اﳊ ِﺪ ِ َﻋ َﺘﺒَ ُﺔ َﳏَ ﱠﻄ ِﺔ َﺑ
ﻳﺪ َ ْ ﺎب
ِ ِ ِﺎﻫ َﺪ َﻛﺜ ِ ﲣ َﺘ ِﺰ ُن ﻣ َﺸ ْ َ ون َﻓﻸَِ ﱠن َذاﻛِ َﺮ َﺗ ُﻪ ِ َﳜ ِ َ َوإِ َذا َﻛ
، " ﺎم ٌ " َﻏ َﺮ ٌام َو اﻧْﺘ َﻘ، " ﺐ اﳊُ ﱡْ ﻮع ٌ ُ " َﳑ ْﻨ، " ﺐ اﳊُ ﱡ ْ َ " ، ﲑ ًة ﻣ ْﻦ َأﻓْﻼَ ِم
ْ ﳛ َﻴﺎ َ َ َ ﱰ د َﻣ ْﺸ َﻖ َﻛ َﲈ َﻓ َﻌ َﻞ
َ آﺧ ُﺮ ْ ْ َ ْاﺧ َﺘ َﺎر ْاﻟ َﻘﺎﻫ َﺮ َة َو َﱂ
ْ ﺎن
ْ َﺗ َﺴ ﱠﻠ َﻠ، اﻟﺴ ﱢﻴ ُﺪ ِ َ ْ َأ، اﳌﻨ ْ َﻔ ُﻠﻮﻃِﻲ ِ اﳊَ ِﻜ
َ ْ ، ﻴﻢ ْ َﺗ ْﻮﻓِ ُﻴﻖ، ﲔٍ ْ َﻃ َﻪ ُﺣ َﺴ: ﺎب ِ ﺾ ْاﻟ ُﻜ ﱠﺘ ِ ُﺛ ﱠﻢ َأ ْﺳ َﲈ ُء َﺑ ْﻌ، ﻮم ٍ ُﺎن َو ُأ ﱡم ُﻛ ْﻠﺜ
ُ ش َو َأ ْﺳ َﻤ َﻬ
ِ ﻳﺪ ْاﻷ َﻃْ َﺮ ِ َو ِﻣ ْﻦ َأ َﻏ ِﺎﲏ َﻋﺒْ ِﺪ ْاﻟ َﻮ ﱠﻫ
ُ ﺎب َو َﻓ ِﺮ
ﺖ ﲪ ُﺪ ُﻟﻄْﻔﻲ ﱠ
ِ اﳊ ِﺪ ِ ان َﺑ ِ ﳜﺮج إِ َﱃ ﻣﻴ َﺪ ِ اﳋَ ِﺎﻣْ ﳏ ﱠﻤ ِﺪ ِ ب ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻣ َﺪ ِار ِ ﺎب َﺷ َﺎﻟ َﺔ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ ُﻘ ْﺮ ِ ﺎن ُﻳﻨ ْ ِﺠ ُﺰ َﻫﺎ ِﰲ َﻣ ْﻜ َﺘ َﺒ ِﺔ َﺑ
َ اﳊُ ﱠﺮ ِة ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﻛ ِ إِ َﱃ َﻧ ْﻔ ِﺴ ِﻪ ِﻣﻦ ِﺧﻼَ ِل ا ْﳌ َﻄﺎﻟ ِﻌ
ﻳﺪ َ ْ ﺎب َْ ُ ُ ْ َ ﻂ َو ُﻫ َﻮ ْ ْاﻵ َن َﻓ َﻘ. . . ﺲ َُ س ْ ﺎت َ ُ ْ
5
ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ اﻟﺸ ِ ِ ْ َ ، اﳊَ ِﻘ َﻴﺒ َﺔ َوا ْﻟ َﺒ ْﺪ َﻟ َﺔ
ْ ًَﺣﺎ ِﻣﻼ
ﻮﻻ َﻻ َﻋﻼَ َﻗ َﺔ َﻟ ُﻪ ﺑِ َﲈً ﳎ ُﻬ ُ ُﻳ ْﺪ ِر ُك َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻳ ْﺮ َﺗ، اﻟﺮ َﺑﺎط ْاﳍ َﺎد َﺋﺔ
ْ َ ﺎد َﻋ َﺎﻟ ًﲈ ﺎر ِع ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﻻ َﻋ ْﻬ َﺪ َﻟ ُﻪ ِ َﲠﺎ ِﰲ َﻣﺪﻳﻨَﺔ ﱢ َ ﺲ ُأ ُﻏ ْﺴ ُﻄ َﺲ اﻟﻼﻓ َﺤﺔ َو َﺿ ْﻮ َﺿ
ﺎء ﱠ ِ ﲢ َﺖ َﺷ ْﻤ
ِ اﻟﻄ
ان َو ﱠ ِ اﺧ َﻞ ﺟﻼَﺑِﻴﺐ ﻣ َﺘﺒﺎﻳِﻨَ ِﺔ ْاﻷَ ْﻟﻮ ِ ﺎت اﻟﺴﻤﺮاء د ِ ﻳ ُﺪور ﺣﻮ َل َﻧ ْﻔ ِﺴ ِﻪ و ُﻫﻮ ﻳ َﺘﺎﺑِﻊ ا ْﻟ َﻘﺎﻣ، ﻳ ِﺪﻳﺮ رأْﺳﻪ ﻳ ِﻤﻴﻨًﺎ ُﺛﻢ ﻳﺴﺎرا. ﺎﻫ َﺪه ِﰲ ﺗِﻠْ َﻚ ْاﻷ َ ْﻓﻼَ ِم اﻟﺮوﻣﺎﻧْ ِﺴﻴ ِﺔ ا ْﻷ َﻧِ َﻴﻘ ِﺔ
ﺎتُ ﺎﻗ ﱠﻴ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َْ ﱠ َ ُ ُ َ َ ْ َ ُ َ ً َ َ ﱠ َ ُ َ َ ُ ُ ﱡ َ ﱠ ُ َ َﺷ
ُﺛ ﱠﻢ َﻫ َﺬا: ﻒ َﻋ ﱠﲈ َﺗ َﺮ َﻛ ُﻪ ِﰲ ﺑِﻼَ ِد ِه ٌ ِﳐﺘَﻠ ْ ُ ﻴﻂٌ ِ َﺧﻠ. اﳊَ ْﻤ َﺮ ِاء ِ
ْ ﺮاﺑﻴﺶ َ وﺑ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َو
اﻟﻄ ور ﱢ ِ ِ
ُ ُ اﻟﺮ َﺟﺎل ﺑِ ْﺎﻟﺒِ َﺪل ْاﻷ
ِ ِ
اﻟﺴ ْﻮ َداء َﻏﺎﻟ ًﺒﺎ َو َﺑ ْﻌ ُﺾ ﱢ ﺎء ِﰲ ُﻣﻼَ َء ِﲥِ ﱠﻦ ﱠ
ِ
وس ُر ْﻏ َﻢ ﱠ
ُ اﻟﺼ ْﻬﺪ َو اﻟﻨﱢ َﺴ ِ اﻟﺮ ُؤَﻋ َﲆ ﱡ
ﻮﺟ ُﺪ َﺻ ِﺪﻳ ٌﻖ َ ب َﺣﻴْ ُﺚ ُﻳ ِ اﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ
َْ ﺖ ِ ان ﺑﻴ ِ
ْ َ ﴪ َﻋ ْﻦ ُﻋﻨ ْ َﻮ
ِ ٍ
َ َﺟ ﱠﺮ َب َأ ْن َﻳ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﻔ. ﺎت ﰲ َﺣ َﺮ َﻛﺔ َﻻ َ ْﲥ َﺪ ُأ
ِ ُ اﺟ َ اﻟﺪ ﱠر َ ﺎت
اﻟﻜ ﱡﺎرو َو ﱠ ِ اﳌﻴ َﺪ
ُ ان َو َﻋ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ْ َ اي ْاﻷ َ ْﺻ َﻔ ُﺮ ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي
ْ َ ْ ﳜ َ ِﱰ ُق َو َﺳ َﻂ َْ
ْ اﻟﱰ ْﻣ َﻮ
ﻒ َ ْ " ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻓ ْﻀﻠِ َﻚ َﻛﻴ: ﺎء َﻋ َﲆ َرأْ ِﺳ ِﻪ ِ ِ ٍ واﺳ َﺘﻨ ْﺠ َﺪ ﺑِﲈ َﺗﻌ ﱠﻠﻤﻪ ِﻣﻦ ُﻟ َﻐ ٍﺔ َﻋﺮﺑِﻴ ٍﺔ َﻓ ِﺼ، ﺎم
َ ﻴﺤﺔ َو ُﻫ َﻮ َﻳ ْﺴ َﺄ ُل َر ُﺟﻼً َﻳ ْﺮ َﺗﺪي َﺟﻼﱠﺑِ ﱠﻴ ًﺔ ُﻣ َﻘ ﱠﻠ َﻤ ًﺔ َو َﻳ َﻀ ُﻊ ﻋ َﲈ َﻣ ًﺔ َﺑﻴْ َﻀَ َ ﱠ ْ ُ َ َ َ َ ْ َ ٍ اﻟﺮ ْﺣ َﻠﺔ ُﻣﻨ ْ ُﺬ َﻋ
ِ
َﺳ َﺒ َﻘ ُﻪ إِ َﱃ ﱢ
ٍ ﻮل ِﻋ ﱠﺪ َة ﻣﺮ ُ اﻟﺮ ُﺟ َﻞ َﻳ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﻮ ِﺿ ُﺤ ُﻪ َﻋ ﱠﲈ َﻳ ُﻘ ٍ َ ﻮز ِة ؟ " َﻛ َ ب ْاﻟ َﻜﺎﺋِ ِﻦ ﺑِ َﺤ ﱢﻲ ْاﻟ َﻌ ُﺠ ِ اﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ ِ َأ ِﺻ ُﻞ إِ َﱃ ﺑﻴ
َﻓ َﻜ ﱠﺮ َر، اﺻ ُﻞ ُ اﻟﺘ َﻮ َو َﺗ َﻌ ﱠﺜ َﺮ ﱠ. ات َﱠ َﻣﺎ َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ ﱠ، ﴪ َﻋﺔ َو ُﻫ َﻮ َﻳ َﺘ َﻠ ْﻌﺜَ ُﻢ ْ ُ ِﺎن َﻳ َﺘ َﻜ ﱠﻠ ُﻢ ﺑ َْ ﺖ َْ
َﻻ، ﻮﺳ ﱠﻴ َﺔ ِ اﻟﻜﺎﺑ ﺎد ﺗِﻠْ َﻚ ﱠ ُ ﺔ! َو ِﻋﻨ ْ َﺪ َﻣﺎ َﻳ ْﺴﺘَ ِﻌóﻴõﺮﺑóﻌó÷اﻟ ﻻóﻪôﻜﻨõﻟó
ﻢôﻜﻠóﺘóﻳó وóﻴﺎăõﺑó ﻳﺒóﻮن َﻋ َﲆ َﻫ َﺬا ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َ ﻒ ْاﻟ َﲈ ﱠر ُة َﺣ ْﻮ َﻟ ُﻪ َﻳ َﺘ َﻔ ﱠﺮ ُﺟ اﺣ ٍﺪ َو ْاﻟ َﺘ ﱠ
ِ ْاﳌﺤﺎو َﻟ َﺔ ﻣﻊ َأ ْﻛ َﺜﺮ ِﻣﻦ و
ُ َ ﺤ َﻈ َﺔ ْ اﻟﻠ ُ ﲪ ﻴﺪ َ ﱠ ﺮóﻋô
÷ﺪو َ ْ َ َ َ َ َ ُ
ﻳﻘ ِﻪ " َﻧﺒِﻴ ُﻪ " ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َﻋ َﺎﻧ َﻘ ُﻪ ﺑِ َﺤ َﺮ َار ٍة َو ُﻫ َﻮ
ِ اﻟﻀﻴﺎع َﻗﺒ َﻞ َأ ْن ﳞِ ﱠﻞ َﻋ َﻠﻴ ِﻪ وﺟﻪ ﺻ ِﺪ
َ ُ ْ َ ْ ُ ْ َ َ ﲢ ﱠﻤ َﻞ َذﻟ َﻚ ﱠ
ِ ََ ﻒَ ْﻮز ِة َو َﻻ َﻛﻴَ ب ِﰲ ْاﻟ َﻌ ُﺠ ِ اﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ
َْ ﺖ ِ ﻮل إِ َﱃ ﺑﻴ
َْ َ ﺎع ْاﻟ ُﻮ ُﺻ َ اﺳ َﺘ َﻄ
ْ ﻒ َ َْﻳ َﺘ َﺬ ﱠﻛ ُﺮ ُﻣﻄْ َﻠ ًﻘﺎ َﻛﻴ
َ ﲣ ُﺮ ُج ِﻣ ْﻦ َﻓ ِﻤ ِﻪ ِﻣﺜْ َﻞ ُﻧ ْﻄ ِﻖ َﻫ ُﺆ َﻻ ِء ﱠاﻟ ِﺬﻳ َﻦ َﻛ ِ ِ
ﻳﺪ َأ ْو َﺳ ِﻤ َﻌ ُﻬ ْﻢ ِﰲ ِ اﳊ ِﺪ ِ ﺎن ُﻳ َﻜ ﱢﻠ ُﻤ ُﻬ ْﻢ ِﰲ َﺑ
َ ْ ﺎب ْ َ " َو َﻛﻠِ َﲈ ُﺗ ُﻪ. . .pِY ََĆ U
ﱠÐD َLَ ǬﱠÐ {
ً 1ْ ًَĆ gْH ِ
َ íًَت ْاﻟ َﻘﺎﻫ َﺮ َة َأ ْﻫﻼ َ " َﻧ ﱠﻮ ْر: ﻴﺢ ِ
ُ َﻳﺼ
ِ ِ ْ ِ ﺐ ُﻟ َﻐ َﺔ ْاﻟ َﻜﻼَ ِم ْاﳌ
َو َﺿ ِﺤ َﻚ َﺻ ِﺪ ُﻳﻘ ُﻪ َﻃ ِﻮﻳﻼً َو ُﻫ َﻮ َﻳ ْﺴ َﺘ ِﻤ ُﻊ َﳌ ْﺸ َﻬ ِﺪ. ﳜﺒِ ُﻂ َﻇ ْﻬ َﺮ ُه ِﰲ ﺗِﻠْ َﻘﺎﺋِ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ َواﻧْﻄِﻼَ ٍق ْ َ َو ُﻫ َﻮ َﻳ ْﻀ َﺤ ُﻚ ﺑِ َﻤﻺِْ ﻓِ ِﻴﻪ َو، ﴫ ﱠﻳ ِﺔ ِ ِ
َ َﺻﺪ ُﻳﻘ ُﻪ إِ َذ ْن ا ْﺳ َﺘ ْﻮ َﻋ. ْاﻷ َ ْﻓﻼَ ِم
ﺖ َز ْي َﻣﺎ ْ ْ اﺧ َﺬة ُﻛﻨ ْ ﻚ َو َﻻ ُﻣ َﺆ ٍ ُﴫ ﱠﻳﺔ ِﰲ ُأ ْﺳﺒ
ْ َأ ْﺻ َﻠ. ﻮع َو َﺣ َﺎﺗﺒْ َﻘﻰ َز ْي ْاﻟ ُﺒﻠْ ُﺒ ْﻞ ِ ْ ِ ﻚ ْاﳌ ْ ﻚ َﺣﺎﻧْ َﻌﻠْ َﻤ ْ " ْو َﻻ ْ َﳞ ﱠﻤ: َﻗ َﺎل َﻟ ُﻪ. ﺎس ِ ﺎﻫ ِﻢ َﻣ َﻊ اﻟﻨﱠ ﻮﺑ ِﺔ ﱠ
ُ اﻟﺘ َﻔ َ اﳊَﺪﻳﺪ َو ُﺻ ُﻌ
ِ ِ ْ ﺎب ِ ﻣﻴ َﺪ
ِ ان َﺑ َْ
، ﺎو َﻣ ِﺔ ِ ب َو َأ ْﺧ َﺒ
َ ﺎر ْاﳌ ُ َﻘ ِ اﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ ِ وه َﻋ ْﻦ َأ ْﺣ َﻮ
َ ْ ال ُ ﴪ
ِ ِ ِ ِ
ُ ﻮن ﻣ ْﻦ ُﻏ َﺮﻓ ِﻬ ْﻢ ﻟ ُﻴ َﺴ ﱢﻠ ُﻤﻮا َﻋ َﻠﻴْﻪ َو َﻳ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﻔ
ِ َ ﳜﺮﺟ ِ وﰊ ِﰲ اﻟ ﱠﺸﲈ ِﻋﲔ ! " و ﺑ َﺪ َأ ﺑﻌ ُﺾ ﱠ
ُ ُ ْ َ اﻟﻄ َﻠ َﺒﺔ َْ َ ﱠ ِ اﻟﻌ ُﺮ
ُ ب ﻣﺜْ َﻞ
ِ ِ اﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ َ ْ ﻮﻟﻮ َﻋﻨ ْ ْﺪ َﻧﺎ ِﰲ
ُ ﺑِﻴْ ُﻘ
ِ ﺎن َﺑ َﻄ َﻞ ِﻗ ﱠﺼ ِﺔ ِﻏ َﺮ ٍام ِﰲ َﻣ َﺪ ِار
س َ ﴪ َﻋ ٍﺔ ِﻷ َ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻛ ِ
ْ ُ ِف َﻋ َﻠﻴْﻪ ﺑ َ َﺗ َﻌ ﱠﺮ. ﻘﻮﻟ ِﺔ
َ اﳌ ْﺼ َ ْ اﻟﺴ ْﻤ َﺮ ِاء
ﴩة ﱠ
ِ َ ﻨﺎﺳ َﻘ ِﺔ و ْاﻟﺒ
َ َ َ
ِ اﳌﻼَ ِﻣ ِﺢ ْاﳌ َﺘ
ُ َ ْ اﻟﺮ ِﺷ َﻴﻘ ِﺔ َو ِ ﺎد ِر ُذو ْاﻟ َﻘﺎﻣ ِﺔ ﱠ
اﻟﻄ ِﻮ َﻳﻠﺔ ﱠ َ
ِ ﺎن ِﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨِ ِﻬﻢ َﻋﺒ ُﺪ ْاﻟ َﻘ
ْ ْ ْ َ ْ َ َو َﻛ
ِ " ﺣﺐ َﻧﺰ َل ِﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﲈ ِء َﻓﺎﺟﻌ ِﲇ َﻟﻪ ﺑِﺮﺑ: ﻮل ِﰲ ﻣﻄْ َﻠ ِﻌﻬﺎ ُ ﻮﺑ ِﺔ َﻳ ُﻘ َ ْ ﻴﺬ ِة
َ ﺐ ِر َﺳ َﺎﻟ ًﺔ إِ َﱃ اﻟ ﱢﺘﻠْ ِﻤ ِ ْ َو. ﺲ َﻗﺒْ َﻞ َﺳ َﻔ ِﺮ ِه
ِ اﳋَ ِﺎﻣ ْ ﳏ ﱠﻤ ِﺪ
َ َو َﻛ. " ﻚ ُﻋﻨ ْ َﻮ ًاﻧﺎ
ﺎن ْ َ ُ َﱢ ََ ﱠ َ ُ ﱞ َ َ َ ُاﳌ ْﺤﺒ َ اﺷ َﺘ َﻬ َﺮ َﻋﺒْ ُﺪ ْاﻟ َﻘﺎد ِر ِﻷ َ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻛ َﺘ َُ
ﺺ َﻏ َﺮ ٍام ُأ ْﺧ َﺮى ِﰲ ِ ِ ِ ِ ُ وﺳﻴ ُﻜ، ﺲ ِ اﳋَ ِﺎﻣ ِ ِ ِ ﻮن إِ َﻟﻴﻬﺎ وإِ َﻟﻴ ِﻪ ِﻋﻨ ْ َﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺮ ِ ُ اﻟﺘﻼَ ِﻣ
ُ ﻮن ﻟ َﻌﺒْﺪ ْاﻟ َﻘﺎد ِر ﻗ َﺼ َ َ ْ ﻒاﻟﺼ ﱢب َو َﻃﺎﻟ َﺒﺎت ﱠ ِ ان َو َﺳ َﻂ ُﻃﻼﱠ َ َُﱠ ْ َ َ ْ َ اﻟﺮ َﺳ َﺎﻟ َﺔ ﺧﻠْ َﺴ ًﺔ َو َﻳ َﺘ َﻄ ﱠﻠ ُﻌ ﻮن ﱢ َ ﻴﺬ َﻳ َﺘ َﺪ َاو ُﻟ ﱠ
.ﺎﺣ َﺮ ِة
ِ اﻟﻠﻴﻠِﻴ ِﺔ اﻟﺴ ِ ِ ِ ﻠﺴ َﻬ ِﺮ َو ْﻓ َﻖ ُﻃ ُﻘ
ﻮس ْاﻟ َﻘﺎﻫ َﺮة ﱠ ْ ﱠ ﱠ
ِ ِ ِ ِ
َو ُﻣ َﻐ َﺎز َﻟﺔ ْاﻟ َﺒﻨَﺎت َواﻟﺘﱠ َﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﻟ ﱠ، ﺲ ِ اﳌﻠْ َﺒ َ ْ ﺎﻫ َﺮ ِة ِﻷ َ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻳﺒْ ُﺪو َﻛ َﺄ ﱠﻧ َﲈ ُﺧﻠِ َﻖ ﻟ ِ َﻴ َﺘ َﻔ ﱠﺮ َغ ِﻷَ َﻧ َﺎﻗ ِﺔ
ِ ْاﻟ َﻘ
ٍ ِ ِ ِ
ْ ﻣ ْﻦ ِر َو َاﻳﺔ "ﻣﺜْ َﻞ َﺻﻴ ْﻒ َﻟ،ُﳏَ ﱠﻤ ُﺪ َﺑ ﱠﺮ َادة
."ﻦ َﻳﺘَ َﻜ ﱠﺮ َر
6
nouvelle se révèle, prête à passer par-dessus bord la sacro-sainte entente franco-allemande (d'où les tensions très fortes
de ces derniers jours), prompte à mettre en scène ses soutiens en Europe centrale (Pays baltes, Slovaquie, Pologne) et en
Europe du Nord (Pays-Bas, Finlande) pour s'imposer à tous.
Cette soudaine affirmation de puissance est du jamais vu depuis le début de la construction européenne. Et ce
moment de rupture a bel et bien été souligné par plusieurs chefs d'État ou de gouvernement. L'Italien Mattéo Renzi l'a
expliqué au journal Il Messaggero : « Nous devons parvenir à un accord, la Grèce doit rester dans la zone euro et je l'ai
dit à l'Allemagne : trop c'est trop. Humilier ainsi un partenaire européen, alors que la Grèce a cédé sur presque tous les
points, est impensable. »
Même avertissement, venu cette fois d'un allié traditionnel de Berlin : Jean Asselborn, ministre luxembourgeois des
affaires étrangères, prévient dans le journal allemand Süddeutsche Zeitung qu'un Grexit« serait fatal pour la réputation de
l'Allemagne en Europe et dans le monde » et provoquerait « un conflit profond avec la France ». La réputation de Berlin
est déjà en miettes, comme en témoigne la campagne de mobilisation lancée sur Twitter sous le hashtag
«#ThisIsACoup»: de Pablo Iglesias, leader de Podemos, à l'économiste Paul Krugman, tous s'indignent de ce qui apparaît
comme un coup d'État à froid. Qualifiant de «pure folie» la liste des demandes faites à Athènes, Paul Krugman estime
qu'il s'agit là d'une «trahison grotesque de tout ce que porte le projet européen ».
Le fait qu'Angela Merkel, in fine, ne manquera sans doute pas d'arrondir les angles en se rangeant à un possible accord
qui organise l'humiliation de la Grèce, et chantera les louanges de la coordination avec la France, ne change rien à
l'affaire. Depuis l'annonce du référendum grec, et sa tenue le 5 juillet, un pouvoir allemand brutal, doctrinaire et faisant fi
de la fameuse « culture européenne du compromis » s'est révélé.
Il ne s'agit pas seulement du ministre des finances Wolfgang Schäuble, qui a demandé dès samedi un Grexit de cinq
années. C'est l'ensemble de la classe politique allemande qui a surpris par sa brutale intransigeance. Car les sociaux-
démocrates du SPD ont rivalisé de fermeté avec le pouvoir conservateur et la CDU-CSU. Dès l'annonce du référendum, le
29 juin, le président du SPD Sigmar Gabriel accuse Alexis Tsipras de vouloir briser la zone euro et prévient que le vote
grec sera un vote pour ou contre l'euro. Le soir même du scrutin, il assure que Tsipras« a rompu tous les ponts avec
l'Europe » et qu'une nouvelle aide est « difficilement envisageable ». Dans le même temps, c'est Martin Schulz, président
socialiste du Parlement, qui avait été le chef de file des socialistes européens pour les élections européennes, qui plaide
pour la mise en place « d'un gouvernement d'experts à Athènes » !...
François Bonnet, Mediapart.fr
َﻋ َﻠﻴْ ِﻪ َﻓ َﻤ ْﻦ َﺳ َﻴ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ ؟
7
ت ور ِة َﺑ َﺪ ْ
اﻟﺒﻨ ْ ُﺪ َ
ت َ ﻮﻓﺎ َ .ﺷﺘَﻼَ ُ ﻴﻄﺎ َو َﻣﻠْ ُﻔ ً ور ًة َو َﻗ ْﺮ َﻧﺒِ ً ﺖ َﺟﻨ ِﻴﻨَ ًﺔ َﻣ ْﺰ ُر َ
وﻋ ًﺔ ُﺑﻨ ْ ُﺪ َ
ﻴﺪ ِة و َأﻣﺎم ْاﻟﺒﻴ ِ ِ ِ
ﻮت ِﰲ ْاﻟﺒِﻼَد ْاﻟ َﺒﻌ َ َ َ َ َ ْ ت َﺑﻴْ ًﺘﺎ ُﻳ ْﺸﺒِ ُﻪ ْاﻟ ُﺒ ُﻴ َ اﳌ َﻄ ِﺮ َﳊْ َﻈ ًﺔ َ ،ﺻ َﺎر َر َذ ًاذا َو َر َأ ْ ﻮط ْ َﻒ ُﺳ ُﻘ ُ َﺧ ﱠ
ﴩ ُع اﻟﻨﱠﺎﻓِ َﺬ َة
ﻳﺢ ِﺳ َﺘ َﺎر ًة ُﻣ َﻄ ﱠﺮ َز ًة ُﺛ ﱠﻢ ُﺗ ْ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﻠ ْﻮن ْاﻷ َ ْﺻ َﻔ ِﺮ َ .ر َأت ْاﻣ َﺮ َأ ًة َﻋ َﲆ َرأْﺳ َﻬﺎ َﻣﻨ ْﺪ ٌﻳﻞ ُﺗ ِﺰ ُ
ﴬو ﱠ ِ ﺎﺻﻌ ًﺔ وﺳ َﻂ ﱠ ِ
اﻟﻠ ْﻮن ْاﻷ َ ْﺧ َ ِ َ ﺎء َﻧ َ َ َ
ِ
ﺖ َﺑﻴْ َﻀ َ ﻴﻂ َﺑ َﺎﻧ ْ ات ْاﻟ َﻘﺮ َﻧﺒِ ِ
ْ
ِﺷﺒﻪ ﻳﺎﺑِﺴ ٍﺔ َﻟ ِﻜﻦ َز ْﻫﺮ ِ
ﱠ َ َْ َ َ
ﺎدى ﺨ ًﺼﺎ َﻣ َﻌ َﻬﺎ ْاﻟ َﺘ َﻔ َﺖ َو َﻧ َ ﻮع ! َﻟ ِﻜ ﱠﻦ َﺷ ْ اﳉُ ُ ﺖ َﻧ ْﻔ َﺴ َﻬﺎ َﻫ ْﻞ َ ْﲥ ِﺬي َﻫ ْﻞ ُﻫ َﻮ ْ ﺎﳖﺎ َ :ﺳ َﺄ َﻟ ْ ت ِﰲ َﻣ َﻜ ِ َ اﲥﺎ َ ،و َﻣ ْﺮ َﺗﺎ َ َ
ﲡ ﱠﻤ َﺪ ْ ِ
ﻴﺢ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴﺔ ُ ،ﺗ َﻜ ﱢﻠ ُﻢ َﺟ َﺎر ِ َ
ﺎدي َ .ﻛ َﺎﻧ ْ ِ
ﺖ َﺗﺼ ُ
اﳌ َﻄ ِﺮ و ُﺗﻨَ ِ
ُر ْﻏ َﻢ ْ َ َ
ٍ ﴩ ُﺑﻮا ﻓِﻨ ْ َﺠ َ ﲣ ْﺸ ِﺨ ُﺶ ﺑِﺎ ْﻷَ َﺳ ِ ﺖ ِذ َر ً اﳌ ْﺮ َأ ُة َﺿ ِﺤ َﻜ ْ َو َﻗ َﺎل ﻟ ِﻠْ َﻤ ْﺮ َأ ِة ِﰲ اﻟﻨﱠﺎﻓِ َﺬ ِة َﺷﻴْ ًﺌﺎ َو ْ َ
وﺳ ُﻬ ْﻢﺎن َﻗ ْﻬ َﻮة َو ُﻳﻨَ ﱢﺸ ُﻔﻮا ُر ُؤ َ ﻴﻌﺎ َﻛ ْﻲ َﻳ ْ َ ﺖ " َﻋ َﻠﻴْ ِﻬ ْﻢ َﲨِ ً ﺐ َو " َﻋ َﺰ َﻣ ْ اﻟﺬ َﻫ ِﺎو ِر ﱠ اﻋﺎ ُ َ ﺖ َو َر َﻓ َﻌ ْ
ﻮص ِﰲ ْاﻟ َﻮ َﺣ ِﻞ . ت َﻧ ْﻔ َﺴ َﻬﺎ َﺗ ُﻐ ُ ﺎﻗﻲ َﻗ َﺎل ﻟِ َـﻤ ْﺮ َﺗﺎ " اﻧْ َﺘﺒِ ِﻬﻲ" َو َﻣ ْﺮ َﺗﺎ َو َﺟ َﺪ ْ ﺎﺳﻢ َﻋﺒ ُﺪ ْاﻟﺒ ِ
ﻮم َو َﻗ ُ ْ َ
ِ ﲑ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻬ ٍ ت ﺑِ َﻜﻼَ ٍم َﻏ ْ ِ اﻟﺮ ُﺟ ُﻞ َﻗ َﺎل إِ ﱠ ُﳖ ْﻢ َﻋ َﲆ َﻋ َﺠ َﻠ ٍﺔ َ ،و ْ َ
اﳌ ْﺮ َأ ُة َر ﱠد ْ اﳌ َﻄ ِﺮ .ﱠ ِﻣ َﻦ ْ َ
ﻮن اﻟ ﱡﺴﻠْ َﻄ َﺔ ْاﻟ ُﻌﺜْ َﲈﻧِ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َأ َﻧ َﺬا َك
* َﻛ ْﻮ ُ ُﳖ ْﻢ َﻳ ﱠﺘﺒِ ُﻌ َ
ِ ﻴﻊ َﺟﺎﺑِ َﺮ َ ،أ ْﻣ ِﺮ َ
َرﺑِ ُ
اﻟﺪ ُار ْاﻟﺒَﻴ ْ َﻀ ُ
ﺎء ،ص ص 71 - 69 : ﰊ ،ﱠ ﻳﻜﺎ ،ا ْ َﳌ ْﺮ َﻛ ُﺰ اﻟﺜﱠ َﻘ ﱡ
ﺎﰲ اﻟْ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱡ
اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ :رﻏﻢ اﻟﺜﺮوات اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ..اﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﯾﺠﺘﺎح اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ ،أﺣﻤﺪ وھﺪان
اﻟﻀ ْ ِ ر ْﻏﻢ اﻟﺜﱠﺮو ِ
ﰊﺎح ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂَ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱠ ﳚﺘَ ُ ﺨ َﻤﺔ ْ . .اﻟ َﻔ ْﻘ ُﺮ َ ْ ات ﱠ ُ َ ََ
÷ﻬﻼõك
ó õﺘõ
÷ﺳ اﻟﺼ ﱢﺤ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َ ،و َﺗ َﻮ َاﻓ ِﺮ ْاﳌِ ﱠﻴõﺎهاﻟﻨõﻘ
ﻴõﺔõﺻ¬ﺤăﻴﺎﻟõﻼ ِ
اﻟﺮ َﻋﺎ َﻳﺔ ﱢ اﻟﺘ ْﻌﻠِ ِ
ﻴﻢ َو ﱢ ﺎت ُﻣﻨ ْ َﺨ ِﻔ َﻀ ٍﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ﱠ اﻟﺪو ُل ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ُﺗﻌ ِﺎﲏ ِﻣﻦ ﻣﺴ َﺘﻮﻳ ٍ
ْ ُ ْ ََ َ
ِ
ﲑة ﺑِ َﺄ ﱠ َﳖﺎ ﺗﻠْ َﻚ ﱡ َ
اﻟﺪو ِل ْاﻟ َﻔ ِﻘ ِ
َ ﻳﻒ ﱡ َ ُﻳ ْﻤ ِﻜ ُﻦ َﺗ ْﻌ ِﺮ ُ
ﻴﻌ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ .
اﻟﻄﺒِ ِاف ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ ِﻤ ﱟﺮ ِ َﳌ َﻮ ِار ِد َﻫﺎ ﱠ ﺎف إِ َﱃ َذﻟِ َﻚ ﻣﻌ َﺎﻧﺎﲥﺎ ِﻣﻦ َﺗ َﺪ ْﻫﻮ ٍر واﺳﺘِﻨ ْﺰ ٍ
ُ َ ْ َ ُ َ َُ ْ اد ْاﳌ ُ ْﺠ َﺘ َﻤ ِﻊ َو ُﻳ َﻀ ُ َ óأو َﻧﻮ ًﻋﺎ ﻟِ ُﻜ ﱢﻞ َأ ْﻓﺮ ِ
َ اﻟﺼ¬ﺤ¬ﻲﻛăﲈ ْ ْ ÷اﻟõﻐóﺬõاء
¬ اﻟﺼ ﱢﺤ ﱢﻲ َو ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘóﻮى اﻟﴫف ﱢ
ِ
ﴩ ﱢي َو ﱠ ْ ْاﻟ َﺒ َ ِ
اﻻ ْﺟﺘِ َﲈ ِﻋ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ . اﳌ َﺪﻧِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َو ِ ﺎة ْ َ اﳊﻴ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﺎﻹ َﺿ َﺎﻓﺔ إِ َﱃ اﻧْﻌ َﺪ ِام ْاﳌ ُ َﺸ َﺎر َﻛﺔ ِﰲ ُﺻﻨ ْ ِﻊ ْاﻟ َﻘ َﺮ َارات ِﰲ ْ َ َ
ِ ﲑ ِآﻣﻨَ ٍﺔ ،ﺑِ ْ ِ َﻏ ْ ِ
وﻻ ٍر َ ،و َﻋ َﺪ ُد َﻫﺎ َ 45د ْو َﻟ ًﺔ ُﻣ ْﻌ َﻈ ُﻤ َﻬﺎ ﻴﻬﺎ َد ْﺧ ُﻞ ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﺮ ِد َﻋ ْﻦ ُ 600د َ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺪ َو ُل ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﻳﻨ ْ َﺨﻔ ُﺾ ﻓ َ ﲑ َة ﺑِ َﺄ ﱠ َﳖﺎ ﺗِﻠْ َﻚ ﱡ ِ
اﻟﺪ ْﺧ ِﻞ َأ ْي ْاﻟ َﻔﻘ َ اﻟﺪ ﱠو َل ُﻣﻨ ْ َﺨ ِﻔ َﻀ َﺔ ﱠ اﻟﺪ ْو ِ ﱡﱄ ﱡ ف ْاﻟ َﺒﻨ ْ ُﻚ ﱠ َو َﻋ ﱠﺮ َ
ِ ِ ﻴﻒ ﺑﺮ َﻧﺎﻣﺞ ْ ِ ِ ِ ِ òر óﺳ ﻴﻬﺎ ُﻣ َﺘ َﻮ ﱢﺳ ُﻂ َد ْﺧ ِﻞ ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﺮ ِد َﻋ ْﻦ ô300د óِ ِ ِ
ﺎﴍ ًة َﻋ ْﻦ ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ َﻮى ﱪ ُﻣ َﺒ َ َ ﲑ ُأ ْﺧ َﺮى ُﺗ َﻌ ﱢ ُ اﻹﻧْ َﲈء ﻟﻸُْ َﻣ ِﻢ ْاﳌ ُ ﱠﺘﺤ َﺪة َﻣ َﻌﺎﻳِ َ ăóﻳﺎَ .و ُﻳﻀ ُ َ ْ َ ُ ﻨõﻮ وﻻ ِﰲ َأ ْﻓ ِﺮ ْﻳﻘ َﻴﺎ ،ﻣﻨ ْ َﻬﺎ َ 15د ْو َﻟ ًﺔ َﻳﻘ ﱡﻞ ﻓ َ
اﱄ ِ %45ﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ ُﻔ َﻘ َﺮ ِاء ﺎك َﺣ َﻮ َ ْ اﺧ َﻠ َﻬﺎ َ 70د ْو َﻟ ًﺔ ِﻣ ْﻦ ُد ﱠو ِل ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂِ َ ،أ ْي ُﻫﻨَ َ
ﺎة ﻟ ِ َﺘ ُﻀﻢ د ِ
ﱠ َ
اﳊﻴ ِ اﻟﺪﻟِ ُﻴﻞ داﺋِﺮ َة ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﻘ ِﺮ ﺑِﻤ ْﻔﻬ ِ ِ ِ
ﻮم َﻧ ْﻮﻋ ﱠﻴﺔ ْ َ َ َ ُ َ َ ﺎة َ .و َو ﱠﺳ َﻊ َﻫ َﺬا ﱠاﳊﻴ ِ ِ ِ ﺎﻫﻴ ِﺔ ْ ِ ِ
اﻹﻧْ َﺴﺎن َو َﻧ ْﻮﻋ ﱠﻴﺔ ْ َ َ
ِ
َر َﻓ ﱠ
ﺎت ْاﳌ ُ ﱠﺘ ِﺤ َﺪ ِةﲢ َﺖ ﺧ ﱢﻂ ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﻘ ِﺮ ِﰲ ْاﻟ ِﻮ َﻻﻳ ِ ﻮن َﻓ ْﺮ ٍد َﻳ ِﻌ ُ
ﺎء َ ،و َﻳ ْﻜ َﺘﻔﻲ ُﻫﻨَﺎ ِذ ْﻛ ُﺮ َأ ﱠن ِ 30ﻣﻠْ ُﻴ َﺎك ُﻓ َﻘﺮاء ِﰲ ﺑِﻼَ ِد ْاﻷ َ ْﻏﻨ ِﻴ ِ ﲑ ُﻣﻨ ْ َﺨ ِﻔ َﻀ ِﺔ ﱠ ﳎ َﺘﻤﻌﺎ ٍ َﻳ ِﻌ ُ
َ ﻮن َ ْ َ ﻴﺸ َ َ اﻟﺪ ْﺧ ِﻞ َ ،أ ْي ُﻫﻨَ َ َ ُ ت َﻏ ْ ِ ﻮن ِﰲ ُ ْ َ َ ﻴﺸ َ
ﻳﻜﻴ ِﺔ ) ِ % 15ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴ ﱠﻜ ِ
ِ
ﺎن ( . َ ﱡ ْاﻷ َ ْﻣ ِﺮ ﱠ
8
اﻋﺘِ َﲈ ُد ُه َو ْاﻟ َﻌ َﻤ ُﻞ ﺑِ ِﻪ ِﻷَ ﱠو ِل
ْ اﻹﻧْ َﺴﺎﻧِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ُﻣﻨ ْ ُﺬ َأ ْن َﺗ ﱠﻢ
ِ ْ اﻟﺘﻨ ْ ِﻤ َﻴ ِﺔ ِ ث ﻣ َﺆ ﱢﴍ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﱪ ِاء ﱠ ِ ِ ِ ِ
َ َ ﴍ ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﻘ ِﺮ ﱠاﻟﺬي ْاﺑﺘُﻜ َﺮ ﻣ ْﻦ ﻗ َﺒ ِﻞ ُﺧ
ات ﱠ َ ُ اﻟﺘﻨ ْﻤ َﻴﺔ ﰲ ْاﻷ ُ َﻣ ِﻢ ْاﳌ ُ ﱠﺘﺤ َﺪة َواﺣ ًﺪا ﻣ ْﻦ َأ ْﺣ َﺪ ُ ﱪ ُﻣ َﺆ ﱢ ُ َ َو ُﻳ ْﻌ َﺘ
ِِ َ ْ ﺐ َﻋ َﲆ ُﻣ ْﺸ ِﻜ َﻠ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﻘ ِﺮ َﺑ ِﰲ ﱠ، َأ ﱡي َد ْو َﻟ ٍﺔ، اﻟﺪ ْو َﻟ ُﺔ
ِ اﻟﺘ َﻐ ﱡﻠ َ ُ اﻟﺘ َﻘ ﱡﺪ ِم ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي ِ ِ اﻹﻧْ َﺴﺎﻧِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ﻟ ِﻠْ َﻌ
ِ ْ اﻟﺘﻨ ْ ِﻤ َﻴ ِﺔ
َﻣ ﱠﺮ ٍة ِﰲ َﺗ ْﻘ ِﺮ ِﻳﺮ ﱠ
، ﻴﻬﺎ َ ﲔ ُﻣ َﻮاﻃﻨ ﲢ ﱢﻘ ُﻘ ُﻪ ﱠ ُ ﻴﺲ َﻫ َﺬا ْاﳌ ُ َﺆ ﱢ
ﴍ ُﻣ َﺘ َﻮ ﱢﺳ َﻂ ﱠ ُ َو َﻳﻘ، م1997 ﺎم
، ﻴﻢ ا ْﻟ َﻜ ِﺎﰲِ ِاﻟﺘ ْﻌﻠ َو ﱠ، ﺎﺳ َﺒ ِﺔ ِ َوف اﻟﺼﺤﻴ ِﺔ ْاﳌﻨ
ُ ﱢ ﱢﱠ
ِ اﻟﻈﺮ
ُﲑ ﱡ ِ ِ َو َﺗ ْﻮﻓ، ﺎن
ِ ﻳﻢ ﻟ ِﻠﺴ ﱠﻜ
ﺶ ْاﻟ َﻜ ِﺮ ِ ﱡ ِ ْاﳊَ ﱢﺪ اﻷ َ ْد َﻧﻰ ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻟ َﻌﻴ
ْ ﺎت ِ ﲢ ِﻘ ِﻴﻖ ﻣﺘَ َﻄ ﱠﻠﺒ
َ ُ ْ َ ﴍ َﻋ َﲆ ِ اﻟﱰﻛِ ُﻴﺰ ِﻣ ْﻦ ِﺧﻼَ ِل َﻫ َﺬا ْاﳌ ُ َﺆ ﱢ ِ ِ ِ
ْ َوﻟ َﺬﻟ َﻚ َﻳﺘ ﱡﻢ ﱠ
. ﻮلِ اﳌ ْﻘ ُﺒ َ ْ ﻴﴚ ِ ِ َ ْ واﳌﺴ َﺘﻮى
اﳌﻌ ﱢ َ ُْ َ
ِ َ ْ ﲢ َﺘ ﱡﻞ ْ َ اﻟﺘِﻲ، ِ ِ ٍ ٍ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺘ َﻮ ِاﱄ َﻋ َﲆ ﱠ55 َو61 َو59 َو77 ﺐ َ اﳌ َﺮاﺗ ﴫ ﱠ ُ ْ َﻓﻤ، ﺎﳌ ْﻐ ِﺮ ُب َ ْ َﻓ، ان
ُ ﻮد َ ﺎﻟﺴ َﻓ ﱡ، ﰊ َأ ْر َﺑ ُﻊ ُد ﱠول َﻋ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴﺔ ﻫ َﻲ ْاﻟ َﻴ َﻤ ُﻦ َو َﺗ َﺘ َﺬ ﱠﻳ ُﻞ َﻗﺎﺋ َﻤ َﺔ ْاﻟ َﻔ ْﻘﺮ ﰲ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂِ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ
ﴍ ﺑِﺎﻟﻨﱢ ْﺴ َﺒ ِﺔ ﻟ ِﻠْ َﻤ ْﻤ َﻠ َﻜ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ِ ﻴﻤ ُﺔ ْاﳌ ُ َﺆ ﱢ ِ ِ ِ ﻮﻟ ِﺔ ِﰲ ْاﳌ َﺆ ﱢ
َ َو َﺗﺒْ ُﻠ ُﻎ ﻗ، َد ْو َﻟ ًﺔ132 ﴍ َو ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﻳﺒْ ُﻠ ُﻎ َﺗ ْﻌ َﺪ ُاد َﻫﺎ ُ َ اﳌ ْﺸ ُﻤ َ ْ اﻟﺪ ﱠو ِل اﻟﻨﱠ ِﺎﻣ ﱠﻴ ِﺔاﻟﺪ َو ِل اﻟﻨﱠ ِﺎﻣ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﺗ ْﺪ ُﺧ ُﻞ ِﺿ ْﻤ َﻦ ﱡ ﻴﺐ ﱡ ِ ِِﰲ ُﺳ ﱠﻠ ِﻢ َﺗ ْﺮﺗ
: ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ
Malgré des richesses considérables.. la pauvreté envahit le monde arabe
On peut définir les pays pauvres comme étant les pays souffrant d’un faible niveau de subvention en matière
d’enseignement, de services sanitaires, d’abondance d’eau potable, d’assainissement, d’alimentation quantitativement
et qualitativement équilibrée pour tous les individus de la société. Ajoutons à cela la souffrance dont ils sont victimes à
cause de la détérioration et l’usure perpétuelles de leurs ressources naturelles.
http://www.hdrmut.net/vb/t249603.html
اﳉَ ِﺪ َ
ﻳﺪ ُة ﻴﱪاﻟ ِﻴﱠ ُﺔ ْ اﻟﻠ ِ َ
ﱢ
ﻮﺟ ﱠﻴ ٌﺔ َ ،و ُأ ْﺧ َﺮى ﻮﻟ ِ ﻳﺪ ُﻳ ُﻳﺪ ِة ُ :ﻣ َﻘ َﺎر َﺑ ٌﺔ إِ ْ
اﳉَ ِﺪ َ
ﻴﱪاﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ ْ ٍ ِ
ث ُﻣ َﻘ َﺎر َﺑﺎت ﻟ ﱢﻠ ِ َ ﺎﻟăõﻴﺎ" َﺛﻼَ َó óﺣõة
اﳉõóﺪﻳﺪ ﻴﱪاﻟõﻴõﺔ
÷ ﲢﻠِ ُﻴﻞ ﱢ
اﻟﻠ ِ َ ﺎن َﻫﺎﺑِ َﺮ ِﰲ َﻣ َﻘ َﺎﻟﺘِ ِﻪ " َ ْ َﻳ ْﻘ َ ِﱰ ُح ِﺳﺘِ َﻴﻔ ُ
ﻴﱪاﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ َﺔ ﻮح ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ُأ َﻓ ﱢﻀ ُﻠ َﻬﺎ َ .و َﻋ َﻠﻴْ ِﻪ َأﻃْ َﻠ َﻖ ﱢ
اﻟﻠ ْ َ ﲑ ُة ِﻫ َﻲ ﺑِ ُﻜ ﱢﻞ ُو ُﺿ ٍ ِ ِ ِ ÷ﻜﻼðاﺟõ õ
ﺘóﲈﻋăﻴﺎَ .و َﻫﺬه ْاﳌ ُ َﻘ َﺎر َﺑ ُﺔ ْاﻷ َﺧ َ ﻳﺪ َة óﺷ ÷ اﳉَ ِﺪ َ ﻴﱪاﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ َﺔ ْ
اﻟﻠ ِ َ ﱪ ﱢ ِ
ﺳ ﱠﻴﺎﺳ ﱠﻴ ٌﺔ َ ،و َﺛﺎﻟ َﺜ ٌﺔ َﺗ ْﻌﺘَ ِ ُ
ِ ِ
ﻮﻣﺎ ﺑِ َﻘ َﻄ ِﺎﺋ ِﻊ َﻛﻴْ ِﻔ ﱠﻴ ٍﺔ . ِ ٍ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ ÷ﻴõﺔ ِ ِ õ ÷ﺴóﺘõﻤăﺮاﻟõﻨó اﻟﺮ ْأ ُﺳ َﲈﻟ ِ ﱠﻴ َﺔ َﺗ ْﻌ ِﻤðﻴﻘﺎôﻣ
اﻟﺴﻮق ـ َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ َﻳ َﺮ َاﻫﺎ ُﺗ َﺘﺎﺑِ ًﻌﺎ َﳌ َﺮاﺣ َﻞ َأ ْو َأﻧْﻈ َﻤﺔ َﺗ َﺮ ُاﻛﻤ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ،ﻣ ْﻮ ُﺳ ً اﻟﺜﺎﺑóõﺘﺔ ـ ْاﻗﺘ َﺼﺎد ﱡ ÷اﻟﺒõﻨó ÷ﻔ õ
ﺲ ﱠ
اﻟﺪ َﻓﺎﺗِ ُﺮ ْاﻟ َﻔﻠْ َﺴ ِﻔﻴﱠ ُﺔ َ ،رﻗْ ُﻢ . 2013 ، 133 ﻮن ،ﱠ ورﻟ ِﻴُ ْ ِ
َأﻧْﺪري ُأ ْ
اﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﺔ :رﻣﺎد اﻟﺤﯿﺎة ،ﺣﺴﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺒﺎﺣﻲ
اﳊﻴﺎةِ
ﺎد ْ َ َ
َر َﻣ ُ
ﲔ َ ،و ِﰲ ﻟﺪ ﱠو ِار ِﻣ ْﻦ َﺣ ْﻮ ِﳍ َﺎ َﺳﺎﻛِﻨِ َ ﺎن َأ ْﻫ ُﻞ َا ﱡﻳﺪ َ ،و َﻛ َﺖ ِﰲ َﺿﻴ ٍﻖ َﺷ ِﺪ ٍ
ْ ت َأ ﱠ َﳖﺎ َﻛ َﺎﻧ ْ ﲑ إِ َﱃ َﻧ ْﻔ ِﺴ َﻬﺎ َ .ﻓ َﻘ ْﺪ َر َأ ْ ِ
اﳊُﻠْ َﻢ ْاﻷ َﺛ َ ﺐ َأ ْن َﻳ ْﺴ َﺘ ِﻤ َﻊ إِ َﱃ ُأ ﱢﻣ ِﻪ َو ِﻫ َﻲ ُﺗ َﺮ ﱢد ُد ْ ﻮﻟﺘِ ِﻪ َ ،ﻛ َ ِ
ﺎن ُﳛ ﱡ ِﰲ ُﻃ ُﻔ َ
ﻴﻊ ﱠاﻟ ِﺬﻳ َﻦ َﺳ ِﻤ ُﻌﻮا ْ ِ ﺠ َﺄ ًة اﻧْ َﺪ َﻓﻊ ِﻣ َﻦ اﻟﺴﲈ ِء َﻃﺎﺋِﺮ َأ ْﺧ َﴬ َ ،و ر َﻓ َﻌ َﻬﺎ إِ َﱃ اﻟﺴﲈ ِء ُ ،ﺛﻢ اﻧْ َﻄ َﻠ َﻖ ِ َﲠﺎ َﻧ ْﺤ َﻮ ﱠ ِ ِ
اﳊُﻠْ َﻢ اﻟﴩق َﺣﻴْ ُﺚ َﺑﻴْ ُﺖÐﱠَ .Ǭو َﲨِ ُ ْ ﱠ ﱠَ َ ُ ٌ ﱠَ َ ات َ .ﻓ ْ اب َﻛ َﺄ ﱠ ُﳖ ْﻢ َأ ْﻣ َﻮ ٌ َأ ْﻓ َﻮاﻫ ِﻬ ُﻢ ﱡ َ
اﻟﱰ ُ
ﱪ إِ ْﺧ َﻮ َﺗ ُﻪ َو َأ َﺧ َﻮ ُاﺗ ُﻪ َ ،و ِ ِ UÐFِْSﺮﺳ ِ ف ُﳛﻈِﻴﻬUnِ=Ǭ Ðnﱠ]ِ ْÐéَAæِÐ
ﱪ ُﻫ َﻮ َ ،ﻛ ُ َ ﺖ َﺗ ُﺮ ﱡد َﻗﺎﺋ َﻠ ًﺔ َ " :ﻣﺎ َأ ُﻇ ﱡﻦ َذﻟ َﻚ ! " ُ .ﺛ ﱠﻢ َﻛ ُ َ ﲑ َأ ﱠ َﳖﺎ َﻛ َﺎﻧ ْﻮل َ ،ﻏ ْ َ َhﱠ ُ ِ ِbَِْ=í
َºpَ_ْcَU َﻗ ُﺎﻟﻮا إِ ﱠن ُأ ﱠﻣ ُﻪ َﺳ ْﻮ َ ْ َ ﱠُ َ َْ
ﺎر ٍد ُﳑ ْﻄِ ٍﺮ اﺧﺮ ِﺷﺘ ٍ
ﺎء َﺑ ِ ﺎن ْاﻟ َﻮ ْﻗ ُﺖ َأ َو ِ َ َ آﺧ َﺮ َ .ز َار َﻫﺎ َﻣ ﱠﺮ ًة َ ،و َﻛ َ ٍ
ﲔ َو ْﻗﺖ َو َ ور َﻫﺎ َﺑ ْ َ
ﺎن ُﻫ َﻮ َﻳ ُﺰ ُاﻟﺪ ﱠو ِار َ .و َﻛ َ ﺖ ُأ ﱡﻣ ُﻪ َو ِﺣ َ
ﻴﺪ ًة ِﰲ ﱡ ْ hَ bِ=َí ض َﺳ ْﻌ ًﻴﺎ َو َر َاء َﻣﺎ َﻛََÐoﱠَُǬ
َºُْ4 َﺗ َﻔ ﱠﺮ ُﻗﻮا ِﰲ ْاﻷَ ْر ِ
ون إِ َﱃ اﳌ ُ ُﺪ ِنﺐ َ ْ. . .و َأ ْﻫ ُﻠ ُﻪ َﻳ ِﻔ ﱡﺮ َ ِ ِ ﺎﳍ َﺎ " :اِ ْﺳ َﻤ ْﻊ َﻳﺎ َو َﻟ ِﺪي . . .ﱡ
اﻟﺪ ﱠو ُار َأ ْﻗ َﻔ َﺮ ﳑ ﱠ ْﻦ ُأﺣ ﱡ ﺖ َﻟ ُﻪ َﺣ َ ﺎع َو ُﻫ َﻮ َﻳ َﺘ َﺄ ﱠﻣ ُﻠ َﻬﺎ َ ،و ُﺧ ْﻔ َﻴ ًﺔ َﻋﻨ ْ َﻬﺎ َﺑ َﻜﻰ ﺑِ ُﺤ ْﺮ َﻗ ٍﺔ ِ .ﰲ ﱠ
اﻟﻠﻴْ ِﻞ َ ،ﺷ َﻜ ْ اﻟﺸﻴ ُﺨ ِ
ﱠ ْ َ
ﻮﺧﺔ ْ .ار َﺗ َ
ﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻨ ْ ُﺬ َزﻣ ٍﻦ ﺑ ِﻌ ٍ ِ ﺖ ﱠ ِ ِ ٍ ﻴﺪ ًة ِ ِﰲ َﻫ َﺬا ْاﻟﺒﻴ ِ
اﻟﻠﻴْ ِﻞ َو ِﺣ َ
ﺎل ُﻇﻠْ َﻤ ِﺔ ﱠ
ﺎدر ًة َﻋ َﲆ اﺳﺘِ ْﻘ َﺒ ِ
ِ ﺎة ُﻫﻨَﺎ َأﺻﺒﺤ ْ ِ
ﺎﳊﻴ ِ
ﻴﺪ " َ َ اﻟﺸﺒِﻴﻪ ﺑِﺨ ْﺮ َﺑﺔ َﻫ َﺠ َﺮ َﻫﺎ َﺳﺎﻛﻨُ َ ُ َْ ْ ﲑ ًة َ . . .و َأ َﻧﺎ َﱂْ َأ ُﻋ ْﺪ َﻗ َ
ﺖ َﻋﺴ َ ْ َ َ اﻟﺮ ْز ِق َ .ﻓ ْ َ َ
َﺑ ْﺤ ًﺜﺎ َﻋ ِﻦ ﱢ
...
ِ ِِ ان ،ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ ُﻘﺮ ِ ِ ﱰى ِﻷ ُ ﱢﻣ ِﻪ ُﺷ ﱠﻘ ًﺔ ِﰲ َ ﻮل إِ َﱃ َأ ْن َﻃ َﻠ َﻊ اﻟﻨﱠ َﻬ ُﺎر ََ .ﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﺛﻼَ َﺛ ٍﺔ َأ ْﺷ ُﻬ ٍﺮ ْ ،اﳊ ُﻘ ِ ِ ِ َﱂَ َﻳﻨَ ْﻢ ﺗِﻠْ َﻚ ﱠ
ﱪى ، ب ﻣ ْﻦ ُﺷ ﱠﻘﺔ ُأ ْﺧﺘﻪ ْاﻟ ُﻜ ْ َ ْ ﲑ َو َاﻟﻘ ْ َ اﻛ َ َ اﻟﻠﻴْ َﻠ َﺔ َ ِ،ﺑ ْﻞ َﻇ ﱠﻞ َﻫﺎﺋ ًﲈ َﻋ َﲆ َو ْﺟ ِﻬﻪ ِﰲ ْ ُ
ِ ٍِ ِ ت ُﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻣﻦ ُ ِ ﻚ َأ ْن َﺗ ْﺴ َﻤ ِﻌﻲ َﺻ ْﻮ ِﰐ َ ،و َﺻ ْﻮ َ ﻒ ،وﺑﻌ َﺪ َأ ْن َﻋ ﱠﻠﻤﻬﺎ َﻛﻴﻔﻴ َﺔ اﺳﺘِﻌﲈﻟِ ِﻪ َ َ،ﻗ َﺎل َﳍﺎ ْ َ" َ:اﻵ َن ﺑِ ِﺈﻣ َﻜﺎﻧِ ِ ِ
ﴍ َق َو ْﺟ ُﻬ َﻬﺎ ﲔ َﻣ َﺘﻰ َأ َر ْدت ! " َ.ﻋﻨ ْ َﺪﺋﺬ َ َ،أ ْ َ ﲢ ﱢﺒ َ َ ْ ْ َ َ َ ْ ﱠ ْ َْ َو َأ ْد َﺧ َﻞ َﳍ َﺎ ْاﳍ َﺎﺗ َ َ َ ْ
اﳊﻴ ِ ِ ﻮن َ َ ِ ﲣﻨ ِ ُﻖ ﺻﻮﲥﺎ ْ " .اﻵ َن َأدر ْﻛ ُﺖ َأ ﱠن ﱠ ِ اﻟﻄ َﻤﺄْﻧِﻴﻨَ ِﺔ َ ،و َﺳ ِﻤ َﻌ َﻬﺎ َﺗ ُﻘ ُ
ﻮل ِو ﱡ ﺎد ِة َو ﱡ
ﺎة ﲑ ُة ِ ِﰲ ْ َ َ ﳏ ﱠﻄﺘﻲ ْاﻷَﺧ َ ان َﺳ َﺘ ُﻜ ُ
ﲑ َو َ ﴬ ُﻫ َﻮ َأ ْﻧ َﺖ َ ،و َأ ﱠن َ
اﻟﻘ ْ َ اﻟﻄﺎﺋ َﺮ ْاﻷ َ ْﺧ َ َ َْ ﻮع َ ْ َ ْ َ َ اﻟﺪ ُﻣ ُ اﻟﺴ َﻌ َﻮر ﱠ ﺑِﻨُ ِ
10
. "َ ! اﻟﺪﻧْ َﻴﺎ
ﱡ
ﳎ ﱠﺮ ُد َﺳ َﲈ ِﻋ ِﻪ
َ ُ . ﻮعِ ﲔ ِ ِﰲ اﻷُ ْﺳ ُﺒ ِ ْ ﻒ َﳍﺎ َﻣ ﱠﺮ ًة َأ ْو َﻣ ﱠﺮ َﺗ ِ َ و َﻛ. ُ َﻇ ﱠﻞ َﻋ َﲆ ِﺻ َﻠ ٍﺔ داﺋِﻤ ٍﺔ ﺑِ ُﺄﻣ ِﻪ، اﻟﻄ ِﻮ َﻳﻠ ِﺔ
َ ُ ﺎن َ ْﳞﺘ َ َ َ ﱢ اﻟﻐ ْﺮ َﺑ ِﺔ ﱠ
ُ ات ِ و ِﺧﻼَ َل ﺳﻨَﻮ. ِوﺗﺎه ِﰲ ْاﻟﻌ َﺎﱂ
َ َ َ َ َ َ ِ، اب ِ ﱰ َ ِ اﻻ ْﻏِ اﺧ َﺘﺎر َﺣ َﻴ َﺎة
َ ْ ُﺛ ﱠﻢ
ٍ و ِﰲ َﻟﻴ َﻠ ِﺔ ِﺷﺘ. ﻴﺪ ِ ﻮب ْاﻟﺒ ِﻌ ِِ ِ ِ اﳌﺼ ِ ﺎﻋ ُﺪه َﻋ َﲆ ﻣﻮ ِ ِ ِ ِ
ﺖ ْ ِ َو َﻛ َﺎﻧ، ﺎء َ ْ َ َ ِ ُاﳉَﻨ َ ﻴﻊ ِﰲ َﺟ َﺴﺪه َﺣ
ْ ﺮار ُة ُ َو َﺗﺸ، ﺐ ِ ﺎﻋ َ َ اﺟ َﻬﺔ َ َُ ُ َو ُﻳ َﻮ ﱢﻟ ُﺪ ِﰲ َﻧ ْﻔﺴﻪ َﺣ َﻴ ِﻮ ﱠﻳ ًﺔ ُﺗ َﺴ، اب ِ ﱰ َ ِ اﻻ ْﻏِ ﻳﺐ َو ْﺣ َﺸ َﺔ ُ َﺻ ْﻮ َ َﲥﺎ َﻛﺎن ُﻳﺬ
ون َأ ْن َﻳ ْﻐ ِﺴ َﻞ ِ َ َﻏﲑ َأ ﱠن اﻟﺘﱠﻌﺐ َﻏ َﻠﺒﻪ َﻓﻨَﺎم ﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ ِﻣﻦ د، ﻒ ِﻷُﻣ ِﻪ
ُ ْ َ َ َُ َ َ َْ
ِ
ﺎن َﻳ ْﻌ َﺘ ِﺰ ُم َأ ْن َ ْﳞﺘ َ ﱢ َ َﻛ. ﲑ ٍة إِ َﱃ ُﻟﻨ ْ ُﺪ َن ِ ٍ ِ َ َﻋ، ﻣ ِﺪﻳﻨَ ِﺔ ُﻏﺮﺑﺘِ ِﻪ، ﻴﺦ
َ ﺎد ﻣ ْﻦ ِر ْﺣ َﻠﺔ َﻗﺼ َ َْ
ِ
َ َ اﻟﺼ ْﻔ ِﺮ ِﰲ ْﻣ ُﻴﻮﻧ ﲢ َﺖ ﱢ ْ َ ﺮار ِة
َ ََد َر َﺟ ُﺔ اﳊ
ﺎف ِﻋﻨ ْ َﺪ ِ ﻮﻧﺎ ﺑِﺴﻌﺎد ِة ا ْﳋ ﱠﻄ
ُ َ َ َ ً َﻣ ْﺴ ُﻜ، اﻟﺪ ﱠو ِار ﺘﻬ ْﻢ ِﰲ ﱡ ِ ﺎم َﺑ َﻴ ﺐ ِﰲ ﱠ
َ اﻟﺮ ْﻣ ِﻞ َأ َﻣ ُ ﺎد َﺻﺒِ ﱠﻴﺎ َﻳﻠْ َﻌ
ٍ َ ﺎرب ْاﻟﻌ ْﴩ ﺳ
َ َر َأى َﻧ ْﻔ َﺴ ُﻪ َو َﻗ ْﺪ َﻋ، ﺎﻋﺎت َ َ َ ُ ِ اﺳ َﺘ َﻤ ﱠﺮ َﻣﺎ ُﻳ َﻘ ْ ﻴﻞ ﱠاﻟﺬي
ِ ِ اﻟﺜ ِﻘ ﺎء اﻟﻨﱠ ْﻮ ِم ﱠ َ َ َأ ْﺛﻨ. َأ ْﺳﻨَ َﺎﻧ ُﻪ
ﺖ ِﰲ َﺣ َﺎﻟ ٍﺔ ِﻣ َﻦ ُاﳍ َ ﱢﻢ ْ ٍ َو َﻛ َﺎﻧ، ﻴﻈ ٍﺔَ ِ ُﻣ َﻠ ﱢﻮ َﺣ ًﺔ ِ ِﲠ َﺮ َاو ٍة َﻏﻠ، ﺖ َﻋ َﻠﻴْ ِﻪ ُأ ﱡﻣ ُﻪْ َﺑ ْﻐ َﺘ ًﺔ َﻃ َﻠ َﻌ. ﱪ َﻛ ِﺔ
َ َ ﲑ َو ْاﻟ ِ اﻟﺸﺄْ ُن ِﰲ ُﻓ ُﺼ
ِ ْ َﻮل اﳋ ﴬ َاء َﻛ َﲈ ُﻫ َﻮ ﱠَ ْ اﻟﺪﻧْ َﻴﺎ َﺧ ﺖ ﱡ ِ ِﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟ ِ ِﻪ َﻛ َﺎﻧ. ﻴﻊ
ْ َ ْ ِ ِاﻟﺮﺑ ِ
ُﺣ ُﻠﻮل ﱠ
. ت ُ َﲠﺎ َﻋ َﲆ َرأْ ِﺳ ِﻪ ْ ﺖ اﳍِ َﺮ َاو َة َﻋﺎﻟ ِ ًﻴﺎ ُﺛ ﱠﻢ َﻫ َﻮ ِ ر َﻓﻌ، ﻮل َﺷﻴ ًﺌﺎ ِ ِ ِ ِ
َ َ ْ َ َوﻣ ْﻦ ُدون َأ ْن َﺗ ُﻘ. ب َﱂِ َﻳ َﺮ َﳍ ُ َﲈ َﻣﺜﻴﻼً َﻗﺒْ َﻞ َذﻟﻚ
ِ ِ َو ْاﻟ َﻜ ْﺮ
ْ ﺎﻫﺎ َﻋ َﲆ َرأْ ِﺳ ِﻪ ِﰲ َذﻟِ َﻚ ِ
. . . اﳊُﻠْ ُﻢ ْاﳌ ُ َﺮ ﱢو ُع َ ﴬ َﺑ ِﺔ ْاﳍ َﺮ َاو ِة ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ َﺗ َﻠ ّﻘ
ْ َ ِﻴﻬﺎ ﺑ
ً ِﺎن َﻣ ْﻮ ُﲥَﺎ َﺷﺒ َ و َﻛ. ض ِ اﳌ َﺮ َ ْ اع َﻣ ِﺮ ٍﻳﺮ َﻣ َﻊ ٍ ﴏ ِ ِ
َ ﺖ ُأ ﱡﻣ ُﻪ إ ْﺛ َﺮْ َﻗ َﻀ، َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ ﺑِ ْﻀ َﻌ ِﺔ َأ ْﺷ ُﻬ ٍﺮ
ِ اﳊﻴ
ِ ْ َد ُار ْاﻟ َﻌ، ﺎة ِ
. 2011 ، ﲔ َ َ ْ ﺎد
ُ َر َﻣ، اﳌ ْﺼ َﺒﺎﺣﻲ َ ﻮﻧ ُﺔ
َ َﺣ ﱡﺴ
ِ ِ ِ
ُ َا ْ َﳌ َﻄﺎﻟ
ﺐ اﻟﻨﱢ َﺴﺎﺋﻴﱠ ُﺔ ﰲ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺎﱂِ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮ ِ ﱢ
ﰊ
ﻮﺻﺎ ِﰲ ِﺻ ﱠﺤ ٍﺔ ٍ ِ ٍ ِ ٍ َ اﻫﻦ َأو ًﻻ و َﻗﺒ َﻞ ُﻛ ﱢﻞ ِ ٍ ٍ ِاﻻﺳﺘِ َﻔﺎد َة ِﻣﻦ َﺗﻨ ْ ِﻤﻴ ٍﺔ ﺳﻠ
ِ
ً ﳾء َﻋ َﲆ َﺳﺎﻛﻨَﺔ َواﻋ َﻴﺔ َو ُﺧ ُﺼ ْ ْ َ ﻴﻤﺔ َو ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَ َﺪ َاﻣﺔ َأ ْن ُﻳ َﺮ َ ﱠ َ َ َ ْ َ ْ وم ْ ُ َﻋ َﲆ ُﻛ ﱢﻞ
ُ ﳎﺘَ َﻤ ٍﻊ َﻳ ُﺮ
، ﻳﺪ ٍة
َ ﺐ َﻋ ِﺪ ِ ِ ِ ِ َ َ َﻓ َﻘ ْﺪ ر َأﻳﻨ، ت
َ ﺎﻫﺎ َوﻫ َﻲ ُﺗﻨَﺎﺿ ُﻞ ﻣ ْﻦ َأ ْﺟ ِﻞ َﻣ َﻄﺎﻟ ْ َ
ِ اﻻﻧْ ِﺸ َﻐ َﺎﻻ ِ اﳌﺮ َأ ُة ِﰲ ﻣ ْﻌ َﺰ ٍل َﻋ ْﻦ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه
َ
ِ
ْ َ ْ َو َﻟﻴْ َﺴﺖ. ﺎن َﻧ ْﻮ ُﻋ ُﻪ َ َو ُد، َﺟ ﱢﻴ َﺪ ٍة
َ ون َﲤ ْ ِﻴ ٍﻴﺰ َﻣ ْﻬﲈ َﻛ
ِ اﻟﺸ ْﻐ ِﻞ َﻋ َﲆ َﻗ َﺪ ِم ْاﳌﺴ ِ ِاﻟﺘ ْﻌﻠ
اﳊَ ﱢﻖ ِﰲ ﱠ ِ اﻟﺘﺼ ِﻮ ْ ِﻣﺜْ َﻞ
. إِ َﻟ ْﺦ، اﻟﺮ ُﺟ ِﻞ ﺎواة َﻣ َﻊ ﱠ َ َُ ﻴﻢ َو ﱡ ْ ﻳﺖ َو ْ اﳊَ ﱢﻖ ِﰲ ﱠ
ٍ ﱰوﻧِ ﱠﻴ ُﺔ ُﺟ ُﺴ
. 2009/ 02 / 23 ، ﻮر ِ ِ ْ ْاﻟﺒﻮاﺑ ُﺔ، وﺷ ْﻴﻞ
ُ ِ اﻹﻟ ْﻜ َ َﱠ
ِ َﻧﺎدﻳ ُﺔ َﻻر
ُ َْ
12
اﻟﺴ ﱢﻴ َﺪ ِة َو ُﻫ َﻮ َﻳ ُﺰ ﱡم َﺷ َﻔ َﺘﻴْ ِﻪ ُﻣ ْﻔ ِﺼ ًﺤﺎ
ﻮر َة إِ َﱃ ﱠ
اﻟﺼ َ ﺎد ﱡ
ٍ
وﺣ َﻬﺎ َ .ﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َو ْﻗﺖ َأ َﻋ َ
ﴬ ُر َ
ِ ﴬ ْاﻟ َﻔ َﺘ َﺎة َﻛ َ
ﺎن َﻳ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﺤ ُ
ﺖ ﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ َﺗ َﺘ َﻘﻮ َل إِ ﱠﻧﻪ ﺑ َﺪ َل َأ ْن ُ ِ
ﳛ َ ْ َُ ﱠ
ِ ِِ
اﳊَﻼﱠ ُق ِﰲ ُﻣ ِﻬ ﱠﻤﺘﻪ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺾ ْاﻟ َﻮ ْﻗ َ اﺳ َﺘ َﻤ ﱠﺮ ْ ﲔ ÐÈﱠُْÌَǬ
ْ . ْ dَL ﻓِ ْ
ﺎﺻ ِﺔ .
اﳋَ ﱠ اﻟﻄ ِﺮ َﻳﻘ ِﺔ ْ
ف َﻋ َﻠﻴْ َﻬﺎ ِ َﲠ ِﺬ ِه ﱠ
اﻟﺘﻌﺮ ِ ِ
َﻋ ْﻦ َﻋ ْﺠ ِﺰه ِﰲ ﱠ َ ﱡ
ت ﺑِ َﺄ ْﻛ َﻤﻠِ َﻬﺎ .اﻟﻨﱢ َﺴ ُﺎء َ َ
ﺎﻣ ُﻪ َﻋﺎﺋِﻼَ ٌ اﻟﺪ َر ِك ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َ َ ِ ﺎل واﺳ َﺘ َﻘﺮ َأﻣ ِ ِ ﻴﺠﺎر َﺗ ُﻪ ِﰲ ْ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﺎد ْ ِ
ﲪﻠْ َﻦ ت َأ َﻣ َ ﲡ ْﻤ َﻬ َﺮ ْ ﻮد َﻫﺎ َﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ َﻣ َﻘ ﱢﺮ ﱠ اﺳ َﺘﺄْ َﻧ َﻔﺖ ﱠ
اﻟﺴ ﱠﻴ َﺎر ُة ُﺻ ُﻌ َ ﺎم ْاﳌ ْﻘ َﻮد ْ . اﳊَ َ ْ ﱠ َ َ ت ﺟ َﻬ َﺔ َﺳﺎﺋ ِﻖ َﺳ ﱠﻴ َﺎر ِ َﲥﺎ ﱠاﻟﺬي َأﻃْ َﻔ َﺄ ﺳ َ َ َﻋ َ
ﺖ َ .ﺗﻮﺟﻬ ِ اﻟﺴ ِ ِ ِ اﳌ ْﺮ َأ َة َﺗﻨ ْ ِﺰ ُل َو َﻳ ْﺴ َﻤ ْﻌ َﻦ َرﻧِ َ اﻟﻠ َﻐ ِ ﺻﻮر َأو َﻻ ِد ِﻫﻦ وﺑَﻨ ِ ِ ِ
اﳌ ْﺮ َأ ُة
ﺖ َْ ﻮر ْاﻟ َﺘ َﻔ َﺘ ْ َ ﱠ َ اﻟﺼ ِﺎﰲ َ .ﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ ْاﻟ َﻌﻨ ْ َﺰات ْاﳌ ُ َﻌ ﱠﻠ َﻘﺔ َﻓ ْﻮ َق ﱡ ﺐ ﱠ اﻟﺬ َﻫ ِ
ﲔ ﱠ ﻂ َو ُﻫ ﱠﻦ َﻳ َﺮ ْﻳ َﻦ ْ َ ﻳﻦ َﻣ ُﺎﺗﻮا َﻏ َﺮ ًﻗﺎ َ .ﺗ َﻮ ﱠﻗ ْﻔ َﻦ َﻋ ِﻦ ﱠ
ﺎﲥ ﱠﻦ ﱠاﻟﺬ َ ﱠ ََ ُ ﱠَ ْ
ﺎﻋ ٍﺔ َ .و َﻻ َﻳﺒْ ُﺪو َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﺳ َﻴﺄْ ِﰐ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻳ ْﻮ ٍم َ .و َﻻ َﻳﺒْ ُﺪو َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﺳ َﻴﺄْ ِﰐ ِﰲ َﻳ ْﻮ ٍم
ﺐ َو َﻻ َﻳﺒْ ُﺪو َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﺳ َﻴﺄْ ِﰐ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﺳ َ ِ
ﻴﺲ َﻏﺎﺋ ٌ
ﺎب ﱠاﻟ ِﺬي َأﺧﱪﻫﺎ َﻛﲈ َأﺧﱪ ﱠاﻟ ِﺬﻳﻦ ِﻣﻦ َﻗﺒﻠِﻬﺎ َأ ﱠن ِ
اﻟﺮﺋ َ ﱠ َ ْ ْ َ ْ ََ َ َ ََْ ﻒ ِﻋﻨ ْ َﺪ ْاﻟ َﺒ ِ اﻟﺪرﻛِﻲ ْاﻟﻮ ِاﻗ ِ
إِ َﱃ ﱠ َ ﱢ َ
ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﻷ َ ﱠﻳ ِ
ﺎم .
ِ ِ اﺣﺘِ َﺠ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ِ ِ اﳌﺮ َأ ُة .و ِﰲ ْ ِ ِ ِ ِ
اﻟﺼ ﱠﻮ ُر إِ َﱃ َأ ْﻋ َﲆ .ﺎﺟ ِﻬ ﱠﻦ ُ .رﻓ َﻌﺖ ﱡ ﻳﻤ َﺘﺎ َﻏﺎدي ْﳚِﻲ ؟ َﱂْ َﻳ ُﻜ ﱠﻦ َﻳﻨ ْ َﺘﻈ ْﺮ َن َﻏ ْ َﲑ إِ َﺷ َﺎرة ﻟ َﻴﺒْ َﺪ ْﺋ َﻦ َﻣ ْﺮ َﺣ َﻠ َﺔ ْ ت اﻟﻨﱢ َﺴﺎء ِ :و ْ اﳊ ِ
ﲔ َﺗ َﺮ ﱠد َد َﺧﻠْ َﻔ َﻬﺎ َﺻ ْﻮ ُ َ ﻳﻤ َﺘﺎ َﻏﺎدي ْﳚﻲ ؟ َﻗ َﺎﻟﺖ ْ َ ْ ِو ْ
ﻳﺪا ِﻣﻦ ْاﻟ َﻐﺮ َﻗﻰ َﻟ َﻔ َﻈﻪ ْاﻟﺒﺤﺮ َ .ﻛ َﺎﻧ ِ ِ ِ ﻮر َ .ﻟ َﻘ ْﺪ ِﺟﺌْ َﻦ ِﻣ ْﻦ ُﻛ ﱢﻞ ْاﻟﺒِ َﻘ ِ
اﺧ َﺘ َﻔ ْﻮا ُﻣﻨْ ُﺬ ُﺷ ُﻬ ٍ ِ ِِ ﺎء َ .و ِﻗ َﺼ ِ ﺺ اﻟﻨﱢﺴ ِ ِ ِ
ﺖ ُ َ ُْ ﺎع َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َأ ْن َﺳﻤ ْﻌ َﻦ َأ ﱠن َﻓ ْﻮ ًﺟﺎ َﺟﺪ ً َ ْ ﻳﻦ ْﺺ َأ ْو َﻻدﻫ ﱠﻦ ﱠاﻟﺬ َ ﺑِ َﺪ ْو ِر َﻫﺎ َو َﻗ ْﻔ َﺖ َﺗ ْﺴ َﺘﻤ ُﻊ إِ َﱃ ﻗ َﺼ ِ َ
ِِ ﻴﺲ ﱠ ِ ﻴﺪ َﻫﺎ َرﺋِ ِ ﺎت ﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ ُﺗﻨَ ﱢﻐﺺ َﻋ َﲆ ﺣ ِﻔ ِ ﺖ َﻛﲈ َﺗ ْﻔﻌ ُﻞ ِﰲ ِﻣﺜْ ِﻞ ﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْاﳌﻨَﺎﺳﺒ ِ ﺎر َﻗﻠِﻴﻼً ِﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻳ ِ
ﺐ َﻋ َﲆ اﻟﻨﱠ ِ ِ اﳉَ ﱠﺪ ُة َﻗ ْﺪ َﺧ َﺮ ْﺟ َﺖ ِﻣ ْﻦ َ ْ
ﺖ َﳍ ُ ﱠﻦ َﺑ َﺪ َل َأ ْن ﺎﲥ َﲈ َ .ﻗ َﺎﻟ ْ اﻣ َﺮ َأﺗﻪ َﺣ َﻴ َ ُ
اﻟﺪ َرك َو َﻋ َﲆ ْ َ َ َ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ ﱠْ ﳐ َﺰ ِ َﳖﺎ ﻟ َﺘ ُﺼ ﱠ ْ
اﳌﺮ َأ ُة ِ ِ ِ اﳊَ ْﺸ َﺪ ُﻣﻨ ْ َﺤ ِﺪ َر ًة َﻧ ْﺤ َﻮ َأ ْﺳ َﻔ ِﻞ ﱠ
اﻟﺸ ِ ﺖ إِ َزارا َﻓﻮ َق رأْ ِﺳﻬﺎ و َﺗ َﻘ ﱠﺪﻣ ِ ِ ﺎر َذﻟ ِ َﻚ ﱠ ِ ُﺗ َﻀ ﱢﻴ ْﻌ َﻦ َو ْﻗ َﺘ ُﻜ ﱠﻦ ِﰲ ْاﻧﺘِ َﻈ ِ
ﲢ ﱢﺮ ُك َﻳ َﺪ َﻫﺎ واﻗ َﻔ ًﺔ ُ َ ﺎر ِع َ .ﺑﻘ ﱠﻴﺖ ْ َ ْ ﺖ ْ اﻟﻈﺎﱂِ َﺗ َﻌ َﺎﻟ ْﻮا َ ْﳖ ُﺠ ُﻢ َﻋ َﲆ ُﻣ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﻮ َد ِع ْاﻷ َ ْﻣ َﻮاتَ .و َر َﻣ ْ ً ْ َ َ َ َ
ﺎق ﻫ َﺬا اﻟﻨﱠﻬﺎر َ .ﱂ َﺗ ِﻀﻊ ِﻣﻨ ْﻬﺎ ِﺳﻮى ﺧ ِ ِ ﲔ .ﻟ ِﲈ َذا ﺳ َﺘﺘْﺒﻌﻬﻢ ؟ َﱂ ﻳ ِﻀﻊ ِﻣﻨ ْﻬﺎ َﻻ و َﻟ ٌﺪ و َﻻ ﺑِﻨ ْ ٌﺖ ِﰲ ﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْ َ ِ َﻛﻲ َﻻ ﻳﻨ ْ َﻘﻄِﻊ ِ
ﺖ إِ ْﺣ َﺴ َ َ
ﺎﳖﺎ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ ﱡﻠ ْﺆ ِم ﺎد َﻣ ٌﺔ َﻋ ﱠﺎﻗ ٌﺔ َﻗ َﺎﺑ َﻠ ْ ْ َ َ َ َ ُ ْ اﳌ ْﻌ َﺮ َﻛﺔ َ .و َﻳﻨ ْ َﺘﻈ ُﺮ َﻫﺎ َﻋ َﻤ ٌﻞ َﺷ ﱞ َ َ َ َ اﻟﺮﻧ ُ َ َ َ ُ ُ ْ ْ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ ﱠ
ﺎم ْاﳌ ِ ْﻘ َﻮ ِد .
اﺳ َﺘ َﻘ ﱠﺮ َأ َﻣ َ
ٍ
ﴪ َﻋﺔ َأ ْﻛ َ َﱪ َو ْ
ِ
اﻟﺴ َﲈء ﺑِ ُ ْ
ﻃ َﻔ َﺄ اﻟﺴﺎﺋِ ُﻖ اﻟﺴﻴﺠﺎر َة ﺑِﴪ َﻋ ٍﺔ و َﻧ َﻔ َﺚ ﱡ ِ
اﻟﺪ َﺧﺎن ِﰲ ﱠ ﱢ َ َ ُ ْ َ
ِ
ت إِ َﱃ ﱠ
اﻟﺴ ﱠﻴ َﺎرة َو َأ ْ ﱠ
َ ِ
َ _ْ Rﻠﺘ َﻬﺎ َ .ﻋ َ
ﺎد ْ DَL َو َﺳ ُﻴَِ
Ðnَ0Ûnﱠَُ Ǭ
ب اﻟْ ُﻔ َﻘ َﺮ ِاء " .ﴪ ِﺣﻴﱠ ِﺔ " َﺣﻼﱠ ُق َد ْر ِ ِ ﻳﻮﺳ ُ ِ
ﻒ َﻓﺎﺿ ٍﻞ ،ﻣ ْﻦ َﻣ ْ َ ُ ُ
La bonne
Les voitures de luxe, venant de ou allant vers des stations balnéaires secrètes, passèrent. Elles ne
stationnaient pas à tel point ou tel autre de la ville. Elles stationnaient plutôt seulement pour s’exposer, ou plutôt
pour que les démunis virent leur besoin s’aggraver, comme le vit le coiffeur ce matin-là. Il s’adressa alors au gardien
de nuit : regarde, toi cœur de pierre, dit-il en plaisantant. En ce matin-là, une de ces voitures costaudes s’arrêta
devant la boutique du coiffeur. Une femme obèse et de grande taille comme un cheval de Doukkala descendit. Une
femme dont les traits furent hybrides, une part de nomadisme et l’autre de civilisation. Elle portait une djellaba
étroite, les cheveux coupés et un siwak mâché pour longtemps à tel point que les lèvres furent noircies.
Yousouf Fādil, Pièce de théâtre « Le coiffeur de la rue des Fuqara » .
Support :
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1ـ أﺗﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻨﺺ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺎم:
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺠﯿﺔ :ﺗﺬﻛﯿﺮ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﻀﺮورة اﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان وﻣﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي ﻧﺴﯿﺎﻧﮭﻤﺎ.
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺠﯿﺔ :ﺗﺬﻛﯿﺮ اﻟﻄﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﻀﺮورة اﻟﺒﺪء ﺑﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان وﻣﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻨﺺ ﻟﺘﻔﺎدي ﻧﺴﯿﺎﻧﮭﻤﺎ.
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻨﮭﺠﯿﺔ:
ﯾﺴﺘﺤﺴﻦ اﻻﺑﺘﺪاء ﺑﺘﻤﺮﯾﻦ "اﻟﺘﻌﺠﯿﻢ" أوﻻ ﺛﻢ إﺗﺒﺎﻋﮫ ﺑﺘﻤﺮﯾﻦ "اﻟﺘﻌﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻲ" ،ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺬي ﯾﻘﺘﺮح ﯾﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﺻﻠﺔ
ﺑﻨﺺ اﻟﺘﻌﺠﯿﻢ .وﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ وردت ﻓﯿﮫ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ اﻹﻧﺸﺎء.
ﻻ ﺷﻚ أن اﻟﺤﻀﻮر اﻟﻘﻮي ﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻟﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﯾﺴﺘﻠﺰم اﻋﺘﻤﺎدھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﺗﺘﻘﻦ اﻹﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ
أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ أوﻟﻰ ،ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻧﻈﺮا ﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﯿﺘﮭﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج أﻛﺜﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﯿﺔ.
ﻓﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﺑﺎﻣﺘﯿﺎز إﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰﯾﺔ رﺟﺎل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ،وﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﮭﺎ أﻣﺮﯾﻜﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرھﺎ رأس
اﻟﺤﺮﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ .وھﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻞ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﺮﺻﺎت واﻷﺳﻮاق
اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ وﻏﯿﺮھﺎ .وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺘﺒﺎدر إﻟﻰ اﻟﺬھﻦ أن ھﺬه اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ھﻲ ﺷﺮط ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮوط اﻧﺪﻣﺎج اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ
ﺣﻀﻮر ﻗﻮي ﻓﯿﮭﺎ.
ﺑﯿﺪ أن اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺠﯿﻮﺳﯿﺎﺳﻲ واﻹﻗﻠﯿﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻐﺮب ﯾﻠﺰﻣﮫ أن ﯾﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﯿﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ أﺟﻨﺒﯿﺔ أوﻟﻰ .ذﻟﻚ أن اﻟﻤﻘﺎول اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻲ
ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ رﺟﺎل أﻋﻤﺎل ﯾﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮن اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﯿﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺎطﻘﯿﻦ ﺑﻐﯿﺮھﺎ .ﺛﻢ ﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ أن اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ دور
ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻮاق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ.
ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮق ﻟﯿﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺤﺘﺎﺟﮭﺎ ،ﺑﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﺪه ﻣﻦ ﺑﻀﺎﻋﺔ ً واﻟﺤﻖ أن ﻣﺎ ﯾﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎول اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻲ
ﻣﺴﺘﺠﯿﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﯾﯿﺮ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ أن ﻛﺎن ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ ،وﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﺪه ﻣﻦ ﺳﯿﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺔ أن ﻛﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﺎ.
163ﻛﻠﻤﺔً
16
Support : La faim et les moyens, Martine Bulard
La faim et les moyens
«Pour la première fois de l’histoire, plus d’un milliard de personnes se coucheront tous les soirs le ventre
vide. » De façon inattendue, ce constat accablant est établi par M. Robert Bruce Zoellick, président de la
Banque mondiale. Lequel précise que l’Objectif du millénaire pour le développement — éradiquer la faim d’ici
à 2015 — « ne sera pas atteint ». Après un net recul au cours de la dernière décennie, la pauvreté et la
malnutrition sont reparties à la hausse depuis 2008. Pour la seule année 2010, les experts de la Banque
mondiale prévoient que soixante-quatre millions de personnes supplémentaires (l’équivalent de la population
française) auront été plongées dans la marmite de l’extrême pauvreté.
Ainsi revoit-on des images que l’on croyait à jamais renvoyées au grenier des (mauvais) souvenirs,
comme les émeutes de la faim au Mozambique, les 1ier et 2ème septembre dernier. La Conférence des Nations
unies sur le commerce et le développement (Cnuced) en est réduite à un bilan en forme d’euphémisme : «La
sécurité alimentaire reste un problème pressant dans beaucoup de pays en développement. »
Des facteurs naturels accentuent ces déséquilibres. La mousson violente en Inde et les inondations au
Pakistan ont dévasté les récoltes de riz et de thé, dont les cours ont grimpé de plus d’un tiers en quelques mois.
Des incendies ont anéanti des champs de blé en Russie, réduisant les moissons et empêchant l’ensemencement
— ce qui aura des conséquences lors de la prochaine saison.
Mais l’actuelle flambée doit peu à la nature et beaucoup à la spéculation. Les matières premières sont
devenues le nouveau terrain de jeu des organismes de placement, qui disposent d’énormes liquidités offertes
gratuitement (ou presque) par les banques centrales. Après avoir tablé sur l’immobilier, les apprentis sorciers
de la finance se tournent vers les produits de base (les métaux non ferreux) et les matières agricoles. Ainsi, à la
mi-septembre, un des célèbres hedge funds (fonds spéculatifs) de Londres, Armajaro, a acheté l’équivalent du
quart du stock européen de cacao. Quelques jours plus tard, le cours de la tonne pulvérisait tous ses records. Ce
phénomène touche également le blé, le riz, le soja…
Des dirigeants européens s’en sont émus. Certains sont allés jusqu’à évoquer le besoin d’une régulation.
On avait déjà cette petite musique lors de la crise des subprime, et rien n’a changé. Les conséquences sont
d’autant plus graves pour les pays en développement que le Fonds monétaire international (FMI) et la Banque
mondiale les ont poussés à se tourner vers les marchés extérieurs et à abandonner les cultures locales. Du bout
de la plume, la Cnuced reconnaît désormais qu’« une stratégie de croissance durable exige une plus grande
attention à la demande intérieure » et lance un appel à « revoir le paradigme du développement tiré par
l’exportation ». Mieux vaut tard que jamais. Dommage qu’on en reste aux incantations, qui peuvent nourrir les
illusions mais certainement pas la planète.
Martine Bulard, Le Monde Diplomatique, octobre 2010
17
ﺎﺣ ًﺮا َ .أ ْﻋ َﺘ ِﻘ ُﺪ َأ ﱠن وﻧ َﻚ ﺳ ِ ِ
ﻴﻢ " َو َﻳ ْﻌ َﺘﻘ ُﺪ َ َ
ﻮﻧ َﻚ " ْ ِ
اﳊَﻜ َ ﻳﺪ ِة ُ .ﻳ َﺴ ﱡﻤ َ
اﳉَ ِﺪ َ
س ﺑِ ِﻤ ْﻬﻨَﺘِﻲ ْ ات اﻟﻨﱠﺎ ِ ﺎن َﻻ ُﺑ ﱠﺪ ِﻣ َﻦ ْاﳌ ُ َﻮ َاﻓ َﻘ ِﺔ ُ .ﺛ ﱠﻢ َأ ْﻗﻨَ َﻌﺘْﻨ ِﻲ َﻧ َﻈ َﺮ ُ
ﲔ َ ،و َﻛ َاﻟﺼ ِ ت َﻧ ْﻔﴘ ِﰲ ﱢ
اﻟﻄﺐ ،وﺟ َﺪ ﱡ ِ
ﱢ ﱠ َ َ
ﺐ َﺣ ﱡﻠ ُﻪ . ﳜﻔﻲ ُﻟ ْﻐ ًﺰا َﳚِ ُ ﲢ ﱠﺒﻨ ِﻲ َ ،أ َﺣ ﱠﺒﺘْﻨِﻲ َﻋ َﲆ َﻃ ِﺮ َﻳﻘﺘِ َﻬﺎ َ ،ﻟ ِﻜﻨﱠ َﻬﺎ َأ َﺣ ﱠﺒﺘْﻨ ِﻲ َ .و َأ َﻧﺎ ُﻣ َﺘ َﺄ ﱢﻛ ٌﺪ ِﻣ ْﻦ َأ ﱠن َﻣ ْﻮ َ َﲥﺎ ُ ْ ﺲ ِﱄ َ .ﻻ َﺗ ُﻘ ْﻞ إِ ﱠن َﺷﻤﺲ َﱂ ُ ِ
ْ َ ْ
ﺐ َﺷ ْﻤ ٍ ﺐ ُﺣ ﱢ
ِ
اﻟﺴ ْﺤ ِﺮ ﻫ َﻲ َﺳ َﺒ َُﻫ َﺎﻟ َﺔ ﱢ
ﺎن َ .ﺣﺎﺋِ ُﻂ ْاﻟ ُﻐ ْﺮ َﻓ ِﺔ َﱂْ َﻳ ُﻌ ْﺪ
ﲔ .اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺧ ُﺔ ِﰲ ُﻛ ﱢﻞ ﻣ َﻜ ٍ
َ َ َ َ اﻟﻠ ِﻌ ِ
ﺎر ﱢي ِﰲ َﻫ َﺬا اﳌ ُ ْﺴ َﺘ ْﺸ َﻔﻰ ﱠ اﻻ ْﺧﺘِ ﱠﻴ ِ
ﺠﻨ ِﻲ ِ ِ ِ ِِ ِ
اﻟﺼ ْﺪ َﻣﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌﺎﻃﻔ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ،و َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ ِ َﳖ َﺎﻳﺔ ﺳ ْ
ِ
ال ﱠ ﻒ إِ ﱠﻻ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َز َو ِ َو ْاﻷَ ْﻟ َﻐ ُﺎز َﻻ ُﺗ ْﻜ َﺘ َﺸ ُ
ون َﺟ ْﺪ َوى . ﻮن َ ،ﻟ ِﻜ ْﻦ ُد َ
ﺎن ﺑِﺎﻟﺼﺎﺑ ِ
ﻴﻄ َ ﱠ ُ اﳊ َ ﺎﺿ ُﻪ ﻣ َﻘ ﱠﴩ َوﻣ ْﺼ َﻔﺮ َ ،و َﳾء ِﻣﺜْ ُﻞ ْاﻟ َﻜﻤ َﺨ ِﺔ َ .ﻧ ﱠﻈ ْﻔ ُﺖ ْ ِ
ْ ْ ٌ َأ ْﺑ َﻴ َﺾ َ ،ﺑ َﻴ ُ ُ ٌ ُ ﱞ
ﺎﻟﺪاﻧِ َﲈ ْر ِك ؟
ﻚ ﺑِ ﱠ ﻣﺎ رأْﻳ ِ
َ َ ُ
ﻴﺖ َﻋ َﲆ ْاﳌ ِ ْﻔ َﺘ ِ
ﺎح . ﺎد َﺗ َﺘ َﺴ َﺎﻗ ُﻂ َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ َﺑ ِﻜ ُ ﻚ َﻋ َﲆ َﻋ ﱠﻜﺎ ْاﻟ َﻘ ِﺪ ِ ِ
ﻳﻤﺔ ﱠاﻟﺘﻲ َﺗ َﻜ ُ
َ
ﺎﻃﻮر َ .أ َﻧﺎ َﻻ َأ ْﻋ ِﺮ ُﻓﻪ َ ،ﻟ ِﻜﻨﱠﻪ َﻛ َﺘﺐ ﻣ َﻘ ًﺎﻻ ﺟﻌ َﻠﻨِﻲ َأﺑ ِﻜﻲ َ .ﱂ َأﺑ ِ
ْ ْ ْ َ َ ُ َ َ ُ ﻮر ُﻧ ْﻌ َﲈ َن اﻟﻨﱠ ُ َ
اﻟﺪ ْﻛ ُﺘ َ
ف ﱡ َأﻧْ َﺖ َﺗ ْﻌ ِﺮ ُ
ﺎذا َﺟ َﺮى ﻟِﻨُ ْﻌ َ
ﲈن ؟ وك َﻣ َﱪ َ َﻫ ْﻞ َأ ْﺧ َ ُ
اﻟﻠ ﱢﺪ .ﺧﺮج َﻛﺎ ْﳌﺴﺎﻓِ ِﺮﻳﻦ ْاﻟﻌ ِ ﺎﻏ ْﻦ َو َﺣ ﱠﻂ ِﰲ َﻣ َﻄ ِ اﻟﻄﺎﺋِ َﺮ َة ِﰲ َﻣ َﻄ ِ ِ ðداﻧõﲈ õ õﻤôﻞ óﺟ ﴎاﺋóõﻴﻞ
õﻷ ﻴﻊ ِز ﱠﻳóﺎر
óةإõ ِ
ﲔ َ ،ﻗ ﱠﺪ َم ﺎد ﱢﻳ َ َ َ َ َ َ َُ ﺎر ﱡ ﺎر ُﻛﻮﺑِﻨ ْ َﻬ َ ﺐ ﱠ ÷رﻛăﻴﺎَ .رﻛ َ اó ó óﻮاز ﳛóﻧôﻪó
÷ ÷ó َو َﺻ َﻞ إِ َﱃ َﻋ ﱠﻜﺎ َ ،ﻓ ُﻬ َﻮ َﻳ ْﺴ َﺘﻄ ُ
ت ﺎد ْ ت َﻓ َﺘ ٌﺎة ﺑِﻠِ َﺒ ٍ
ﺎس َﻋ ْﺴ َﻜ ِﺮ ﱟي َ ،أ َﻋ َ ﺎء ْ اﻻﻧْﺘِ َﻈﺎر .اﻧْ َﺘ َﻈﺮ ﺣﻮ َاﱄ رﺑ ِﻊ ﺳ َ ٍ
ﺎﻋﺔ َ ،ﺟ َ َ َ َ ْ ُْ َ َ
ﻮر ُﻧ ْﻌﲈ َن ِ
َ ﺐ ِﻣ َﻦ ﱡ
اﻟﺪ ْﻛ ُﺘ ِ ِ ِ اﻟﺮ ُﺟ ُﻞ ْ
اﳉَ َﻮ َاز َ ،ﲤ َ ﱠﻌ َﻦ ﻓﻴﻪ َ ،و َﻃ َﻠ َ
ِ
َﺟ َﻮ َاز ُه ﻟ َﺮ ُﺟ ِﻞ ْاﻷ َ ْﻣ ِﻦ َواﻧْ َﺘ َﻈ َﺮ َ ،أ َﺧ َﺬ ﱠ
ﺖ ﺑِ َﺸ ْﻜ ٍﻞ َد ِﻗ ٍﻴﻖ َ ،و َﺧ َﺮ َج ِﻣ َﻦﺖ َو ُﻧﺒِ َﺸ ْ ﻒ ِﰲ َﻣﺎ َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َأ ﱠ َﳖﺎ ُﻓﺘِ َﺤ ْ
اﻛ َﺘ َﺸ َﺐ َ ،أ َﺧ َﺬ َﺣ ِﻘ َﻴﺒ َﺘ ُﻪ ،ﱠاﻟﺘِﻲ ْ اﳊَ َﻘ ِﺎﺋ ِ
ﻴﻢ ْﺎﻋ ِﺔ َﺗ ْﺴﻠِ ِ
اﳉَ َﻮ َاز َو ِﻫ َﻲ َﺗ ْﻌ َﺘ ِﺬ ُر ُﻣﺒْ َﺘ ِﺴ َﻤ ًﺔ َ .أ َﺧ َﺬ َﺟ َﻮ َاز ُه َو َﺧ َﺮ َج إِ َﱃ َﻗ َ
َﻟ ُﻪ ْ
اﳌ َﻄ ِ
ﺎر . َْ
اﻟﻄﺎﺋِﺮ ِة َ ،ﻟ ِﻜﻨﱠ ُﻪ ُﻓ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ﻳﻊ ُ ،ﻛ ﱡﻞ َﳾ ٍء ﻓِ ِﻴﻪ َﻳﺮ َ ِ ﴘ ُﻣ ِﺮ ٍ ِ ات ِ ،ﻷ َ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻛ َ ِ َﱂ ُﺗ َﺆ ﱢﺛ ْﺮ ﻓِ ِﻴﻪ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْ ِ
ﻮﺟ َﺊ ﺎﻟﺴ ْﻜ َﺘﺔ ْاﻟ َﻘﻠْﺒِ ﱠﻴﺔ َﳊْ َﻈ َﺔ ُﺧ ُﺮوﺟﻪ ﻣ َﻦ ﱠ َ
ﺎب ﺑِ ﱠ
ﺎن َﻳ َﺘ َﻮ ﱠﻗ ُﻊ َأ ْن ُﻳ َﺼ َ
ﻒ َ .ﻛ َ
ﲡ ُ ْ ْ ﺎن ﰲ َو ْﺿ ٍﻊ َﻧ ْﻔ ﱟ اﻹ ْﺟ َﺮ َاء ُ ْ
ﺖ ﺑِﻼَ َد ُه . ﺎد ﱟي َ ،ﻛ َﺄ ﱠن َﻫ ِﺬ ِه ْاﻟﺒِﻼَ َد َﻟﻴْ َﺴ ْ
ف َﻛﻤﺴﺎﻓِ ٍﺮ َﻋ ِ
ﴫ ُ ُ
ِ ِ
ﺑِﻨَ ْﻔﺴﻪ َﻳ َﺘ َ ﱠ
ﻳﻤ ِﺔ َ ،ﻛ َﲈ َﻳ ْﻔ َﻌ ُﻞ ﺎء ْاﻟ ُﻘ ْﺪ ِ ِ ﺎح ،وﺑ َﺪ َل َأ ْن ﻳﺘﺠﻮ َل ِﰲ َأﺣﻴ ِ ِ ﺎد ِق ْ َ ِ ِﺎت َﻟﻴ َﻠ َﺘﻪ ِﰲ َأﺣ ِﺪ َﻓﻨَ ِ ﺎﻛ ِﴘ َأ ْو َﺻ َﻠ ُﻪ إِ َﱃ ْاﻟ ُﻘ ْﺪ ِ اﳌ َﻄ ِ ِ َﺧ َﺮ َج ِﻣ َﻦ ْ َ
س ْاﻟ َﻘﺪ َ َْ ََ َ ﱠ اﻟﺼ َﺒ ِ َ َ اﳌﺪﻳﻨَﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴﺔ َ ،و ِﰲ ﱠ َ س َ ،ﺑ َ ْ ُ ﺐ َﺗ ْ ﺎر َو َرﻛ َ
ﻴﺪا َو َﺗﺎﺋِ ًﻬﺎ ِﰲ َﻣ ِﺪﻳﻨَﺘِ ِﻪ َ .ﻗ َﺎل َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪﺎن َو ِﺣ ً ﺐ َأ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻣ َﺸﻰ َو َﻣ َﺸﻰ َو َﻣ َﺸﻰ َ .ﻛ َ اﳉَ ﱠﺰ ِار َ ،و َﻣ َﺸﻰ َ .ﻛ َﺘ َ اﳌ ِﺪﻳﻨَ ِﺔ ُﻗ ْﺮ َب َﺟ ِﺎﻣ ِﻊ ْ
ﺎﺣ ِﺔ ْ َﺎﻛﴘ إِ َﱃ َﻋ ﱠﻜﺎ َ .ﻧ َﺰ َل ِﰲ َﺳ َ
اﻟﺘ ْ ِ
ﺐ ﱠ ِ
ﺎح َ ،رﻛ َ اﻟﺴ ﱠﻴ ِ
ﻴﻊ ﱡ َﲨِ ُ
ﻒ َ ،ﻳ َﺘ َﻔ ﱠﺮ ُس ِﰲ ﺎن َﻳ ِﻘ ُ
ت ُأ ﱢﻣ ِﻪ َ .ﻣ َﺸﻰ ُﻧ ْﻌ َﲈ ُن َ ،ﺗ َﺎه ِﰲ ْاﻷَ ِز ﱠﻗ ِﺔ َ ،و َﻛ َ ﲔ ،و َﻻ ﻳ َﺘ َﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ ِﻣﻦ ﺑِﻼَ ِد ِه ِﺳﻮى َﻛﻠِﲈ ِ
َ َ ﻮﻟ ْﺪ ِﰲ ﻓ َﻠ ْﺴﻄ َ َ َ ُ ْ
ِ ِ ﺎﻋ َﺪ ِة َأ َﺣ ٍﺪ َ .ﻓ ُﻬ َﻮ ِﻣﺜْ ِﲇ َﱂْ ُﻳ َ
ون ُﻣ َﺴ َ َأ َر َاد َأ ْن َﳚِ َﺪ َﺑﻴْ َﺘ ُﻪ ُد َ
ﻮدا َ ،ﺑ ْﻞ َﻛ ُﺎﻧﻮا ﻮﻧﻮا َ ُﳞ ً ﺎﻟﻠ َﻐ ِﺔ ْاﻟ َﻌ َﺮﺑِ ﱠﻴ ِﺔ َ .ﻟ ِﻜﻨﱠ ُﻬ ْﻢ َﱂْ َﻳ ُﻜ ُ
اﺳ َﺘ ْﻘ َﺒ ُﻠﻮا ُأ ﱠم َﺣ َﺴ ٍﻦ ﺑِ ﱡ
ﻮه َﻛ َﲈ ْﺎﺳ َﺘ ْﻘ َﺒ ُﻠ ُ ﲑا َو َﺻ َﻞ ْاﻟ َﺒﻴْ َﺖ َ ،ﻗ َﺎل إِ ﱠﻧ ُﻪ َﻋ َﺮ َﻓ ُﻪ ِﺣ َ
ﲔ َر ُآه َ .ﻗ َﺮ َع ْاﻟ َﺒ َ
ﺎب َ ،ﻓ ْ
ِ ِ
ْاﻟ ُﺒ ُﻴﻮت َو َﻳ ْﻤﴚ َ .و َأﺧ ً
ِ
ﻓِ َﻠ ْﺴﻄِﻴﻨ ِ ﱢﻴ َ
ﲔ.
َد َﺧ َﻞ ْاﻟ َﺒﻴْ َﺖ َﺳ ﱠﻠ َﻢ َو َﺟ َﻠ َﺲ .
ﲑوت ، 1998 ،ص 113 - 112 .
اب َ ،ﺑ ْ ُ اﻟﺸ ْﻤ ِ
ﺲ َ ،د ُار ْاﻵ َد ِ ﺎب ﱠ ﺎس اﳋُ ِ
ﻮري َ ،ﺑ ُ إِ ْﻟﻴَ ُ
Bab Ach-Chams
Ô père ! Sais-tu que le métier d’un médecin est contre la pitié ? Tu ne peux point être médecin tout en ayant de
la compassion envers les patients. C’est ainsi que je suis un mauvais médecin. C’est par hasard que je suis devenu
médecin, car j’en n’avais jamais l’idée. C’est ainsi que la doctoresse chinoise m’eut désigné médecin. Elle ordonna
que je quittasse l’entraînement militaire pour rejoindre l’école de médecine. Moi je n’aime pas la médecine. Je me
trouvai en Chine, mon accord était inévitable. De plus, les regards des gens m’eurent convaincu de ce nouveau
métier. Ils m’appelaient le « sage » et me croyait magicien.
Elias Khoury, Bab Ach-Chams, Dar Al’Adaab, Beyrouth , 1998, pp.112-113.
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Support : L’émergence de l’économie solidaire : des initiatives variées, Bioforce.
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