Sitaxentan

Sitaxentan

File:Sitaxsentan.svg
Systematic (IUPAC) name
N-(4-chloro-3-methyl-1,2-oxazol-5-yl)-2-[2-(6-methyl-2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)acetyl]thiophene-3-sulfonamide
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
Licence data	EMA:Link
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) UK: POM (Prescription only)
Routes of administration	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	70 to 100%
Protein binding	>99%
Metabolism	Hepatic (CYP2C9- and CYP3A4-mediated)
Biological half-life	10 hours
Excretion	Renal (50 to 60%) Fecal (40 to 50%)
Identifiers
CAS Number	184036-34-8 210421-64-0 (sodium salt)
ATC code	C02KX03 (WHO)
PubChem	CID: 216235
IUPHAR/BPS	3950
DrugBank	DB06268
ChemSpider	21106381
UNII	J9QH779MEM Y
KEGG	D07171
ChEMBL	CHEMBL282724
Synonyms	Sitaxsentan; TBC-11251
Chemical data
Formula	C18H15ClN2O6S2
Molecular mass	454.906 g/mol
SMILES Cc1cc2OCOc2cc1CC(=O)c3sccc3S(=O)(=O)Nc4onc(C)c4Cl

Sitaxentan sodium (TBC-11251) is a medication for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It was marketed as Thelin by Encysive Pharmaceuticals until Pfizer purchased Encysive in February 2008. In 2010, Pfizer voluntarily removed sitaxentan from the market due to concerns about liver toxicity.

Mechanism of action

Sitaxentan is a small molecule that blocks the action of endothelin (ET) on the endothelin-A (ET_A) receptor selectively (by a factor of 6000 compared with the ET_B). It is a sulfonamide class endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) and is undergoing Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review for treating pulmonary hypertension. The rationale for benefit compared with bosentan, a nonselective ET blocker, is negligible inhibition of the beneficial effects of ET_B stimulation, such as nitric oxide production and clearance of ET from circulation. In clinical trials, the efficacy of sitaxentan has been much the same as bosentan, but the hepatotoxicity of sitaxentan outweighs its benefits. Dosing is once daily, as opposed to twice daily for bosentan.

Regulatory status

On December 10, 2010 Pfizer announced it would be withdrawing sitaxentan worldwide (both from marketing and from all clinical study use), citing that it is a cause of fatal liver damage.

Sitaxentan was approved for marketing in the European Union in 2006, in Canada in 2006 and in Australia in 2007. By February 2008 it had been launched commercially in Germany, Austria, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain and Italy.

In March 2006, the FDA recommended an approvable status to sitaxentan but said it would not yet approve the product. In July 2006, sitaxentan received a second approvable letter stating that efficacy outcome issues raised in the context of the STRIDE-2 study were still unresolved. In July 2007, Encysive commenced a formal dispute resolution process in a preliminary meeting with the FDA. In September 2007 the company announced that it was making preparations for another phase III clinical trial (intended to be named STRIDE-5) to overcome the FDA's concerns. The takeover by Pfizer resulted in a reconfiguration and extension of these plans, to include combination therapy with sildenafil. The Sitaxentan Efficacy and Safety Trial With a Randomized Prospective Assessment of Adding Sildenafil (SR-PAAS) was an ongoing program of three clinical trials conducted in the United States (ClinicalTtrials.gov identifiers: NCT00795639, NCT00796666 and NCT00796510) with anticipated completion dates between June 2010 and January 2014.

Adverse effects

Adverse effects observed with sitaxentan are class effects of endothelin receptor antagonists, and include :

• liver enzyme abnormalities (increased ALT and AST)
• headache
• edema
• constipation
• nasal congestion
• upper respiratory tract infection
• dizziness
• insomnia
• flushing

Because sitaxentan inhibits metabolism of warfarin, a decreased dose of warfarin is needed when co-administered with sitaxentan. This is because warfarin acts to prevent blood from clotting, and if it remains unmetabolized, it can continue to thin the blood.

External links

• http://www.drugs.com/nda/thelin_050714.html
• Mucke HAM: Sitaxsentan for the Oral Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Benefits from Endothelin Receptor Subtype Selectivity? Clinical Medicine: Therapeutics 2009:1 111–121.
• ATS 2005. The International Conference of the American Thoracic Society. 20–25 May 2005. San Diego, CA.
• Robyn J. Barst, MD; Stuart Rich, MD, FCCP; Allison Widlitz, MS, PA; Evelyn M. Horn, MD; Vallerie McLaughlin, MD and Joyce McFarlin, RN : Clinical Efficacy of Sitaxsentan, an Endothelin-A Receptor Antagonist, in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Chest. 2002;121:1860-1868.
• American Heart Association. Primary or Unexplained Pulmonary Hypertension