Papers by Dr. Hira Mujahid
Academy of education and social sciences review, Feb 29, 2024
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY): lets others distribute and copy the article, to create extr... more Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY): lets others distribute and copy the article, to create extracts, abstracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation), to include in a collective work (such as an anthology), to text or data mine the article, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit the author(s), do not represent the author as endorsing their adaptation of the article, and do not modify the article in such a way as to damage the author's honour or reputation.
Using a panel of 73 countries from 2000 to 2008, this study uses Investment Development Path theo... more Using a panel of 73 countries from 2000 to 2008, this study uses Investment Development Path theory as a framework that utilises institutional quality (IQ) as a threshold for the effect of economic development on OFDI. Using the dynamic threshold model, we find new evidence that the strong promoting effect is initiated when IQ is within a certain interval, which is supplementary to IDP theory. Finally, we propose the corresponding advice.
Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the impact of capital account liberalization and foreign ... more The purpose of the study is to evaluate the impact of capital account liberalization and foreign bank ownership on income inequality. In this study, we have analyzed BRICS countries. In this study, we have used an unbalanced panel dataset. The timeline was 1991-2020, and the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) were analyzed. To measure the data on capital account liberalization, we have used the KAOPEN index. We used income inequality as the independent variable in the study, and we measured it through Gini Coefficient. At the same time, the capital account liberalization is taken as the dependent variable and measured it through the KAOPEN index. The author analyzed per capita income, unemployment rate, inflation, and population growth as controlled variables. In robustness analysis, institutional quality variables such as corruption and government stability ratings were included. The study found that sustainable capital account liberalization and forei...
The important modification of the compensation hypothesis rests on the principle; increased trade... more The important modification of the compensation hypothesis rests on the principle; increased trade openness increase the domestic economic volatility. The economic theory recommend increase of international trade require integration into huge, even markets, and involve risk diversification, in fact it may support rather than reduce stability. By the same indication, however, economic theory also suggests that smaller economies should familiar with greater levels of volatility than larger economies, this study quantify the relationship proposed in case of Pakistan containing dataset since 1966-2009. The verification presented here suggests that the level of domestic economic volatility is not only because of international trade integration, there are some other factors too; however trade integration may have eased rather than emphasizing on creating domestic economic volatility.
This research analyzes the prevailing trend of smoking among youth belonging to numerous universi... more This research analyzes the prevailing trend of smoking among youth belonging to numerous universities in the metropolitan city of Karachi. The study aims to report the prevalence of student smoking activity by taking several significant factors into account. For primary data collection, a survey questionnaire, containing close-ended questions was floated and responses of 123 students belonging to diverse universities in Karachi were recorded. The findings of the study stressed the conclusion that male students are likely to smoke more as compared to female students. The study also reported significant contributors from other variables like family behavior toward smoking and peer encouragement. Concerning smoking trends, this study shows students' characteristics as well such as smoking 100 cigarettes in life and smoking a whole cigarette in the past 30 days, etc. Other personal opinions and social factors included the reason for smoking, students' attitudes toward smoking on health, perception of having smoke-free public places, and intention to join cessation programs to quit smoking. The study also puts light upon relevant kinds of literature that shows similar indication in this regard.
The objective of the present study is to examine the determinants of service sector growth such a... more The objective of the present study is to examine the determinants of service sector growth such as external debt, population, gross domestic product per capita, foreign direct investment and government consumption and employed labour force in services. For this purpose the study employed co-integration technique and vector error correction model for investigating long run as well as short run relationship among variables respectively during the annual time period 1976-2010. Results proposed that there is significant effect of population, foreign direct investment, consumption and investment on service sector growth in Pakistan.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between trade openness, financial op... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between trade openness, financial openness and
macroeconomic volatility in Pakistan. For this purpose, time series data from 1970-2010 and ARDL co
integration technique was used to find the long run relationship. The results proposed that in the long run,
trade openness generates volatility in output and investment, whereas financial openness has significant effect
only on investment volatilities. Furthermore, the error correction model suggested that in the short run, trade
and financial openness significantly affect output, consumption and investment volatilities.
The primary purpose of the study is to forecast the exchange rate of Indian Rupees against the US... more The primary purpose of the study is to forecast the exchange rate of Indian Rupees against the US Dollar by combining the three univariate time series models i.e., ARMA/ARIMA, exponential smoothing model, Naïve and one non-linear multivariate model i.e., NARDL. For this purpose, the authors choose the monthly data of exchange rate and macroeconomic fundamentals i.e., trade balance, federal reserves, money supply, GDP, inflation rate and interest rate over the period from January 2011 to December 2020. The data from January 2020 to December 2020 are held back for the purpose of in-sample forecasting. By applying all the models individually and combinedly, the NARDL model out performs other individual and combined models with the least MAPE value of 0.6653. It is the evidence that the Indian Rupee may forecast through non-linear analysis of macroeconomic fundamentals rather than single univariate models. The findings will be beneficial for the policy makers, FOREX market, traders, tourists and other financial markets.
Academy of Education and Social Sciences Review
Pakistan is a country that is facing different issues and trying to stand on its own feet. COVID-... more Pakistan is a country that is facing different issues and trying to stand on its own feet. COVID-19 has made things
worse for the citizens economically, politically, and psychologically. Therefore, the study focused on the stress level
of university students, the education sector was poorly affected by the lockdown, and more stress can be seen
in university students. The study aims to describe the development and validation of the 6-item COVID-19 and develop
it with the Student Stress Questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed and validated with 411 Pakistani
university students. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted, suggesting a two-component solution confirmed
by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The study measure COVID-19 students’ stressors related to (1)
Academic performance and (2) Stress-related to Education. The study provided a brief, valid and reliable measure
to evaluate perceived stress to be used for thoughtful the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown
Now a days, it is debated that why some countries are facing great macroeconomic volatility and t... more Now a days, it is debated that why some countries are facing great macroeconomic volatility and the crises. The basic reasons of dreadful macroeconomic performance and the volatility is due to poor quality of institutions and unnecessary government spending, high inflation, and mismanaged exchange rates. This study investigates the relationship between institutional quality, human capital and volatility of economic output; and uses various indicators of institutional quality. The sample includes a panel of 140 open economies, subject to the availability of data covering annual time period from 2002 to 2014. The results propose that greater institutional quality increases economic performance and reduces the output volatility in the economy.
This study analyzes the complex relationship between corruption, governance, and government reven... more This study analyzes the complex relationship between corruption, governance, and government revenue. It explores some of the collective influence approaches to corruption and Governance on Government revenue. The panel data of ninety-six countries from 2005 to 2020 is being collected from the Corruption perception index (CPI), World development indicator (WDI), and worldwide Governance indicators (WGI). For the analysis, panel data fixed effect and D&K technique is used among corruption, governance, and Government revenue. The findings show that corruption significantly and negatively affects government revenue, while governance significantly and positively impacts government revenue. So, the government needs to improve the governance quality to enhance the tax revenue and control the corruption level in the economy.
The central object of this paper is to give detailed analysis of educational disparity in Pakista... more The central object of this paper is to give detailed analysis of educational disparity in Pakistan. This study is examined all over provinces of rural and urban of Pakistan including Islamabad for the period of 2014-15 and the data is used from PSLM. In particular, we calculate education inequality all over the population and beyond the employed population. This study is investigated individually male and female having age equal to 15 years and over and are not being enrolled in any educational institutions. The study finds that there is lack of education over the populace. Whereas, strength of education disparity is extremely low athwart in employed people. When we compare rural-urban areas of Pakistan. The study find that urban areas are less disparity in education as compare to rustic areas. The study also investigates that education inequality are extra serious amid female than male. The province wise contrast shows that education inequality is high in Baluchistan and Sindh while there is less education disparity is Islamabad.
The study's primary objective is to explore the impact of remittances, corruption, and governance... more The study's primary objective is to explore the impact of remittances, corruption, and governance on the poverty of Pakistan. For this purpose, the study uses data period 1996-2019. The study applies the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach for estimation. The error correction model (ECM) can be derived using a simple linear transformation that integrates short-term adjustments with long-run equilibrium without falling long-run association. The results indicate that personal remittances, governance, and control of corruption have a significantly negative effect on poverty. The sign of a negative error correction term indicates that considered variables in the model have a long-run and stable relationship. The results proposed that personal remittances, good governance, and corruption affect poverty. Therefore, the study recommends the policymakers encourage overseas Pakistanis to send their earnings to Pakistan through legal transfer. The government should strengthen the institutions to increase their effectiveness and control of corruption.
Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 2021
The inflation instability creates destruction on the economy not only concerning change in prices... more The inflation instability creates destruction on the economy not only concerning change in prices but also over rising in the level of prices instability. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between inflation volatility, openness, and quality of institutions for the panel of 182 economies, OECD, and Non-OECD economies for the period of 1998 to 2018. The paper found that institutional quality has a significant impact on inflation volatility. It also suggests political stability and the absence of violence, regulatory quality, and rule of law dampen the inflation volatility of OECD. However, government effectiveness increases the inflation volatility in non- OECD economies. Trade openness reduces the inflation volatility of OECD conversely increases the inflation volatility of non-OECD economies. The volatility of inflation of OECD and non-OECD can be improved by a low exchange rate. The policy implications are central banks do use measures internally and emphasize the stability of headline inflation rates over the medium term. It has to be taken into consideration that institutional quality influences average inflation rates
Journal of History and Social Sciences
This study analyzes the complex relationship between corruption, governance, and government reven... more This study analyzes the complex relationship between corruption, governance, and government revenue. It explores some of the collective influence approaches to corruption and Governance on Government revenue. The panel data of ninety-six countries from 2005 to 2020 is being collected from the Corruption perception index (CPI), World development indicator (WDI), and worldwide Governance indicators (WGI). For the analysis, panel data fixed effect and D&K technique is used among corruption, governance, and Government revenue. The findings show that corruption significantly and negatively affects government revenue, while governance significantly and positively impacts government revenue. So, the government needs to improve the governance quality to enhance the tax revenue and control the corruption level in the economy.
Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 2021
The inflation instability creates destruction on the economy not only concerning change in prices... more The inflation instability creates destruction on the economy not only concerning change in prices but also over rising in the level of prices instability. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between inflation volatility, openness, and quality of institutions for the panel of 182 economies, OECD, and Non-OECD economies for the period of 1998 to 2018. The paper found that institutional quality has a significant impact on inflation volatility. It also suggests political stability and the absence of violence, regulatory quality, and rule of law dampen the inflation volatility of OECD. However, government effectiveness increases the inflation volatility in non-OECD economies. Trade openness reduces the inflation volatility of OECD conversely increases inflation volatility of non-OECD economies. The volatility of inflation of OECD and non-OECD can be improved by a low exchange rate. The policy implications are central banks do use measures internally and emphasize the stability of headline inflation rates over the medium term. It has to be taken into consideration that institutional quality influences average inflation rates.
Economic Studies journal, 2015
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between trade liberalization, government siz... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate the link between trade liberalization, government size and the macroeconomic volatility in case of Pakistan. For this purpose, paper used time series data from 1967-2010 and employed co integration technique to find long run relationship. The results proposed that in long run trade liberalization and economic size create volatility in output. However consumption volatility is directly link with trade liberalization and government size. It is proposed that increase in trade liberalization and government size may reduce the investment volatility in long run. Furthermore error correction model suggested that in short run output volatility, trade liberalization, and economic size are negatively linked whereas government size directly linked with output, consumption and investment volatility in the short run.
International Journal of Experiential Learning & Case Studies, 2021
The central object of this paper is to give detailed analysis of educational disparity in Pakista... more The central object of this paper is to give detailed analysis of educational disparity in Pakistan. This study is examined all over provinces of rural and urban of Pakistan including Islamabad for the period of 2014-15 and the data is used from PSLM. In particular, we calculate education inequality all over the population and beyond the employed population. This study is investigated individually male and female having age equal to 15 years and over and are not being enrolled in any educational institutions. The study finds that there is lack of education over the populace. Whereas, strength of education disparity is extremely low athwart in employed people. When we compare rural-urban areas of Pakistan. The study find that urban areas are less disparity in education as compare to rustic areas. The study also investigates that education inequality are extra serious amid female than male. The province wise contrast shows that education inequality is high in Baluchistan and Sindh whil...
The objective of the present study is to examine the determinants of service sector growth such a... more The objective of the present study is to examine the determinants of service sector growth such as external debt, population, gross domestic product per capita, foreign direct investment and government consumption and employed labour force in services. For this purpose the study employed co-integration technique and vector error correction model for investigating long run as well as short run relationship among variables respectively during the annual time period 1976-2010. Results proposed that there is significant effect of population, foreign direct investment, consumption and investment on service sector growth in Pakistan.
Uploads
Papers by Dr. Hira Mujahid
macroeconomic volatility in Pakistan. For this purpose, time series data from 1970-2010 and ARDL co
integration technique was used to find the long run relationship. The results proposed that in the long run,
trade openness generates volatility in output and investment, whereas financial openness has significant effect
only on investment volatilities. Furthermore, the error correction model suggested that in the short run, trade
and financial openness significantly affect output, consumption and investment volatilities.
worse for the citizens economically, politically, and psychologically. Therefore, the study focused on the stress level
of university students, the education sector was poorly affected by the lockdown, and more stress can be seen
in university students. The study aims to describe the development and validation of the 6-item COVID-19 and develop
it with the Student Stress Questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed and validated with 411 Pakistani
university students. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted, suggesting a two-component solution confirmed
by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The study measure COVID-19 students’ stressors related to (1)
Academic performance and (2) Stress-related to Education. The study provided a brief, valid and reliable measure
to evaluate perceived stress to be used for thoughtful the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown
macroeconomic volatility in Pakistan. For this purpose, time series data from 1970-2010 and ARDL co
integration technique was used to find the long run relationship. The results proposed that in the long run,
trade openness generates volatility in output and investment, whereas financial openness has significant effect
only on investment volatilities. Furthermore, the error correction model suggested that in the short run, trade
and financial openness significantly affect output, consumption and investment volatilities.
worse for the citizens economically, politically, and psychologically. Therefore, the study focused on the stress level
of university students, the education sector was poorly affected by the lockdown, and more stress can be seen
in university students. The study aims to describe the development and validation of the 6-item COVID-19 and develop
it with the Student Stress Questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed and validated with 411 Pakistani
university students. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted, suggesting a two-component solution confirmed
by the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The study measure COVID-19 students’ stressors related to (1)
Academic performance and (2) Stress-related to Education. The study provided a brief, valid and reliable measure
to evaluate perceived stress to be used for thoughtful the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown