Principais Parasitose Veterinárias
Principais Parasitose Veterinárias
Principais Parasitose Veterinárias
Introdução
As doenças parasitárias são uma das principais patologias que acometem as aves
selvagens mantidas em cativeiro (Pinto et al., 1993; Greiner e Ritchie, 1994; Gómez-
Puerta et al. 2009; Oliveira et al. 2011). O dano causado ao hospedeiro e a
sintomatologia dependem da patogenicidade e intensidade da infecção ou infestação e
do estado geral do animal (competência imunológica) (Godoy, 2006). Microorganismos
de baixa patogenicidade podem eventualmente causar doença clínica grave em aves
imunossuprimidas, estressadas ou com doenças concomitantes (Oliveira et al. 2011;
Santos et al. 2011).
Os psitacídeos são aves que ocupam todo globo terrestre, desde áreas tropicais até
regiões frias (Godoy, 2006). Diversas doenças acometem estas aves tanto em cativeiro
como em vida livre, dentre elas as endoparasitoses (Godoy, 2006; González--Acuña et
al. 2007, Santos et al. 2011). No Brasil, os helmintos de psitacídeos são bem
conhecidos, destacando-se os nematódeos do gênero Ascaridia (Godoy, 2006). A
obstrução intestinal, decorrente de elevada cargas parasitárias por Ascaridia sp., é
relativamente comum, desencadeando intussuscepção e morte (Godoy, 2006; González-
Acuña et al. 2007).
As aves de rapina estão no topo da cadeia alimentar e dividem-se em dois grupos:
os rapinantes diurnos (ordens Accipitriformes, Falconiformes) e os noturnos (ordem
Strigiformes) (Sanmartín et al. 2004; Pereira, 2006). As infecções causadas por
endoparasitos são frequentes nestas aves, sem a manifestação de sinais clínicos (Pereira,
2006; Santos et al. 2011). No entanto, o parasitismo pode tornar-se evidente em
condições de estresse comuns ao cativeiro, e as infecções acentuadas por parasitos
gastrintestinais podem causar diarreia, anorexia, perda de peso e morte (Santos et al.
2011). Pinto et al. (1994) apresentaram uma vasta lista de nematódeos parasitos de
Accipitriformes no Brasil.
A identificação de parasitos é importante para o conhecimento das espécies mais
frequentes em aves silvestres de cativeiro, além de favorecer a implementação rápida e
eficaz de medidas de controle (Oliveira et al. 2011; Santos et al. 2011). O objetivo deste
estudo foi identificar os parasitos de aves das ordens Psittaciformes e Accipitriformes
de cativeiro que vieram a óbito no estado da Paraíba.
23
Material e Métodos
Resultados
Psittaciformes
Accipitriformes
Psittaciformes
A prevalência observada nas aves deste estudo (45,6%) é similar a que foi
observada (48%) por Freitas et al. (2002), por meio de exames coproparasitológicos, em
psitacídeos de cativeiro no estado de Pernambuco.
A ascaridíase se destaca como uma das mais frequentes parasitoses gastrintestinais
em psitacídeos, estando associada com sinais clínicos tais como perda de peso, anorexia
e, em casos severos, morte (Greiner e Ritchie, 1994)
Neste experimento foram estudadas aves pertencentes ao gênero Ara, Amazona
Diopsittaca e Aratinga. Segundo Hodová et al. (2008), cinco espécies de Ascaridia são
freqüentes em Psittaciformes, sendo A. hermaphrodita e A. platyceri as mais freqüentes.
No Brasil, Pinto et al. (1993) observaram A. hermaphrodita como específica de
psitacídeos dos gêneros Amazona, Anodorhynchus, Ara, Aratinga, Brotogeris, Conurus,
Pyrrhura, Psittacus, Pionus, Pelecitus.
O primeiro relato deste nematódeo em psitacídeos foi descrito por Martínez et al.
(2003) na Argentina; por González-Acuña et al. (2007) no Chile e por Gómez-Puerta et
al. (2009) no Peru. No Brasil, Barros et al. (2002) registraram pela primeira vez o
parasitismo por A. hermaphrodita em Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus. Marsello et al.
(2006) relataram a ocorrência de A. hermaprhodita em papagaios da espécie
Cyanoliseus patagonus na Argentina.
Neste trabalho, apenas 14 (15,90%) apresentaram obstrução intestinal por A.
hermaprhodita. González-Acuña et al. (2007) e Hodová et al. (2008) também
registraram a obstrução intestinal por A. hermaphrodita como causa mortis de
psitacídeos, no qual, Hodová et al. (2008) obtiveram em um dos psitacídeos
necropsiados um número de 242 espécimes de helmintos.
Trabalhos realizados por Jorge Luis et al. (2007) registraram o parasitismo em aves
Columbiformes e Galiformes silvestres por Raillientina spp. em 2,71% (14) através dos
exames coproparasitólogicos no Zoológico de Cuba. Pesquisa realizada por Adang et al.
(2008) relata a infecção de Columbiformes por Raillientina tetragona 65 (27,1%), R.
echinobothrida 26 (10,6%) na Nigéria. Neste estudo é relatado pela primeira vez o
28
Accipitriformes
Santoro et al. (2010) obteve o parasitismo como causa mortis nas aves estudadas, o
que difere deste trabalho, onde nenhum parasito identificado esteve associado a morte
das aves. Segundo estes autores, Synhimantus spp. e S. laticeps estão associados com
erosão e úlceras na mucosa gástrica, enquanto que infecções com mais de 100
espécimes de Centrorhynchus spp. estiveram associadas com enterite, diarreia,
caquexia, intussuscepção e morte.
Por outro lado, Kinsella et al. (1995) não registraram lesões associadas à presença
de Synhimantus sp., S. hamatus e Centrorhynchus kuntz em aves de rapina nos Estados
Unidos, mas chamaram a atenção para o potencial de patogenicidade de C. kuntz,
especialmente em aves jovens.
Pouco se conhece acerca dos efeitos patogênicos dos parasitos de aves de rapina
(Santoro et al. 2010) e, embora os sinais clínicos do parasitismo não sejam frequentes,
estes podem tornar-se evidentes em condições de estresse associados com altas cargas
parasitárias (Freitas et al. 2002; Santoro et al. 2010; Santos et al. 2011). Neste sentido, o
diagnóstico e tratamento das parasitoses deveria ser parte da rotina dos cuidados com a
saúde dessas aves em cativeiro (Freitas et a. 2002; Santos et al. 2011).
Conclusões
Todos os parasitos identificados neste estudo são registrados pela primeira vez em
Psitaciformes e Accipitriformes no estado da Paraíba. No Brasil, as espécies Diopsittaca
nobilis e Aratinga cactorum são apresentadas pela primeira vez como hospedeiros de
Ascaridia hermaphrodita, além de Amazona aestiva como hospedeiro de Raillietina sp..
As infecções por helmintos em aves selvagens devem ser prevenidas, pois em elevadas
quantidades podem causar a morte destes animais.
Agradecimentos
Referências
30
Adang KL, Oniye SJ, Ajanusi OJ, Ezealor AU, Abdu PA (2008) Gastrointestinal
helminths of the domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica Gmelin, 1789
Aves:Columbidae) in Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Science World Journal 3: 33-37.
Amato JFR, Böeger WA, Amato SB (1991) Protocolos para laboratório: coleta e
processamento de parasitos de pescado. Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro. 81p.
Anderson RC, Chabaud AG, Willmott S (2009) Keys to the nematode parasites of
vertebrates. Archival volume. CABI International, Wallingford.
Barros LA, Luzes LP, Almeida FM (2002) First case report of Ascaridia hermafrodita
(Froelich, 1789) Railliet & Henry, 1914 (Nematoda, Ascaridoidea) in the Brazilian
hyacinth macaw, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (Latham, 1790) Spix, 1824 (Aves,
Psitacidae). Revista Brasileira de Ciências Veterinárias 9: 114-115.
Bush AO, Lafferty KD, Lotz JM, Shostak AW (1997) Parasitology meets ecology in its
own terms: Margolis et al revisited. Journal of Parasitology 83: 575-583.
Freitas MFL, Oliveira JB, Cavalcanti MBD, Leite AD, Magalhães VS, Oliveira RA,
Sobrinho AE (2002) Parasitos gastrointestinales de aves silvestres em cativeiro em el
estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Parasitología Latinoamericana, 57: 50-54.
Godoy SN (2006) Psittaciformes (Arara, Papagaio, Periquito). In: Cubas ZS, Silva JCR,
Dias JLC (eds) Tratado de Animais Selvagens, 1st edn. Roca, São Paulo, pp 222-251.
Greiner EC, Ritchie PW (1994) Parasites. In: Ritchie, Harrison, Harrison (eds) Avian
Medicine: Principles and Application.Wingers Publishing Inc., pp 1007-1009.
Khalil LF, Jones A, Bray RA (1994) Keys to the cestode parasites of vertebrates. CAB
International, Wallingford.
32
Kinsella JM, Foster GW, Forrester DJ (1995) Parasitic helminthes of six species of
hawks and falcons in Florida. Journal of Raptor Research 29: 117-122.
Krone O (2000) Endoparasites in free-ranging birds of prey in Germany. In: Lumeij JT,
Remple JD, Redig PT, Lierz M, Cooper JE (Eds.), Raptor Biomedicine III. Zoological
Education Network, Inc., 1st edn. Lake Worth, Florida, pp 101–116.
Marsello JF, Choconi RG, Sehgal RNM, Tell L, Quillfeldt P (2006) Blood and intestinal
parasites in wild Psittaciformes: a case study of burrowing parrots (Cyanoliseus
patagonus). Ornitologia Neotropical 17: 515–52
Martínez FA, Troyano JC, Lendesma S, Antonchuk LA, Fescina N (2003) Presencia de
Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Froelich, 1789) en Ara chloroptera (Aves, Psittaciformes) en
Argentina. Revista de Salud Animal 25: 212-214.
Monteiro CM, Amato JFR, Amato, SB (2006) Primeiro registro de Syncuaria squamata
(Linstow) (Nematoda, Acuariidae) em biguás, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin)
(Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23: 1268–1272.
Pinto RM, Vicente JJ, Noronha D (1993) Nematode parasite of Brazilian Psittacid birds,
with emphasis on the genus Pelecitus Raillet & Henry, 1910. Memórias do Instituto
Oswaldo Cruz 88: 279-284.
Pinto RM, Vicente JJ Noronha D (1994) Nematode parasites of brazilian Accipitrid and
Falconid birds (Falconiformes). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 89: 359-362.
Umur S, Beyhan YE, Pecmezci GZ, Açici M, Gurler AT (2010) First record of
Synhimantus (S.) laticeps (Rudolphi, 1819) Railliet, Henry et Sisoff, 1912 (Nematoda,
34
Acuariidae) in Accipiter nisus (Aves, Accipitridae) in Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak
Derg 57: 139-142.
Vicente JJ, Rodrigues HO, Gomes DC, Pinto, RM (1995) Nematóides do Brasil. Parte
IV. Nematóides de aves. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 12:1–273.
Yamaguti S (1961) Systema Helminthum. Vol. III. The nematodes of vertebrates. Parts
I and II. Interscience Publishers Inc., New York.
CAPÍTULO II
Menezes1, Paulo Guilherme Carniel Wagner3, Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela1, Thais
Ferreira Feitosa1
1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de
Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros S/N, CEP 52171-900,
* Corresponding author. Tel: +55 83 8723 3990; fax: +55 83 3422 2246. E-mail
address: christiemelo@hotmail.com
Resumo
são escassos. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os parasitos de 16
Abstract
Studies about the parasitic fauna of migratory sea birds of the genus Puffinus are scarce.
Therefore, the aim of this study were to identify parasites of 16 specimens of Puffinus
spp. (Procellariiformes, Procellariidae) that died during the period June 2011 to
were collected biting lice and / or gastrointestinal helminths in seven (43,75%) birds.
The lice were collected in five (31,25%) birds and species were identified Halipeurus
helminths was also 31,25% and the nematodes species were Seuratia shipleyi
Naubates sp., Seuratia shipleyi, Contracaecum sp. and Tetrabothrius sp. in Puffinus
spp. Brazil.
Introdução
costeiras do mundo. Cento e quarenta e oito espécies ocorrem neste país, representando
o que evidencia a importância deste país com relação à conservação destas aves
vigilância epidemiológica. Os países que estão na rota destas aves, preocupam-se com a
contato destas aves com as domésticas também pode aumentar, para ambas, o risco de
únicos entre as aves, assim como sua fauna parasitária. A costa do estado da Paraíba faz
1979; Zonfrillo, 1988; Foster et al., 1996; Price et al., 2003; Valim et al., 2006). Por
outro lado, os estudos sobre os helmintos são escassos (Bourgeouis e Threlfall, 1979;
saúde pública e a saúde ambiental (Catão-Dias, 2003). Neste sentido, o objetivo deste
Material e Métodos
população local e banhistas das praias de Tambaú, Cabo Branco, Intermares, Lucena e
apresentarem doença clínica. Posteriormente, eram colocadas nos recintos com aves da
mesma espécie.
(Figura 1) vieram a óbito. As aves foram mantidas sob congelamento (-10ºC) até a
partes, formalina 37% - cinco partes, ácido acético glacial - duas partes), preservados
Resultados
e/ou helmintos, os quais são apresentados na tabela 1. No caso das aves marinhas
efeitos deletérios dos parasitos. No presente estudo, nenhum dos parasitos identificados
Algumas amostras não puderam ser identificadas em nível de espécie devido à ausência
abdominal.
distribuídas lateralmente.
43
mesotórax e metatórax que são fundidos e suas garras são bastante musculosas. O
proeminente.
O Naubates sp. tem a cabeça afiladada, onde foi visualizado o labro, as maxilas,
mesotórax e metatórax fundidos, o abdômen por sua vez é dividido em oito segmentos,
observada na maioria das aves (80%). O número de espécies de piolhos por ave
mais prevalentes (80%) do que os cestódeos (20%). Foram identificados, uma espécie e
Neste estudo, todas as aves parasitadas apresentaram infecção por uma única
ventrículo (Figura 3), enquanto Tetrabothrius sp. foi coletado no intestino delgado.
45
fêmea. Observou-se no Contracaecum sp. extremidade anterior larga, com dois lábios
Discussão
Ectoparasitos
do que a registrada (100%) por 15 aves da espécie P. gravis na Flórida, Estados Unidos,
por Foster et al. (1996). Os parasitos podem afetar direta ou indiretamente a saúde, além
parasitadas por cerca de 128 espécies das subordens Amblycera e Ischnocera (Price et
46
Unidos (Foster et al., 1996), com exceção dos gêneros Ancistrona e Docophoroides que
Puffinus (Foster et al., 1996; Valim et al., 2006). Corroborando esta assertiva,
Timmermann (1959) e Price et al. (2003) indicaram que H. diversus e T. aviator são
como os piolhos mais prevalentes (Bourgeois e Threlfall, 1979; Foster et al., 1996). O
Threlfall, 1979) e nos Estados Unidos (Foster et al., 1996), em P. griseus na Inglaterra
(Clay, 1964), na Escócia (Zonfrillo, 1988), além de Puffinus yelkouan mauretanicus nas
P. puffinus (Valim et al., 2006), enquanto que outra espécie conhecida como T. hexakon é
1996; Valim et al., 2006) como em P. griseus (Clay, 1964; Zonfrillo, 1988; Valim et al.,
gênero Puffinus (Foster et al., 1996), tendo sido identificada em 13 espécies de aves deste
sp., ainda que unicamente em nível de gênero, confirma a associação existente entre
estes piolhos e as aves da família Procellariidae, dados que corroboram com (Fowler e
Furness, 1987; Foster et al., 1996; Valim et al., 2006). O gênero Saedmundssonia está
constituído por cerca de 85 espécies, das quais sete têm como hospedeiros espécies do
gênero Puffinus (Foster et al., 1996). S. peusi foi assinalada em P. gravis tanto no
Canadá quanto nos Estados Unidos (Bourgeois e Threlfall, 1979; Foster et al., 1996).
1996; Palma e Pilgrim, 2002). Este é o primeiro registro de Naubates sp. em Puffinus
spp. no Brasil.
Alguns piolhos muitas vezes são extraviados para outros países. O termo
natural, sem a intervenção humana (Palma e Pilgrim, 2002). Ainda segundo estes
autores, o termo contaminante se aplica aos piolhos que são transferidos acidentalmente,
pela ação humana, de um hospedeiro natural para outro não habitual. No Brasil, a
Threlfall, 1979; Foster et al., 1996). O ectoparasitismo nas aves é determinado por
2011).
hospedeiro, algumas espécies são menos específicas, além disto, Valim et al. (2005) e
Helmintos
que as relatadas em P. gravis por Bourgeois e Threlfall (1979) (97%) e Foster et al.
(Bourgeois e Threlfall, 1979), Estados Unidos (Foster et al., 1996) e Brasil (Domingues
2005).
que também foi observado por Bourgeois e Threlfall (1979) e Foster et al. (1996). O
único registro de helmintos de Puffinus no Brasil foi realizado por Domingues et al.
(2005).
et al., 1996). Segundo Foster et al. (1996), todos são parasitos conhecidos em P. gravis,
González-Acuña, 2005).
nordeste. Em vários casos, as parasitoses estão listadas entre as causas de encalhe e morte
dos animais (Marigo, 2003). A associação entre aves e cetáceos foi observada por Scherer
et al. (2010), que relatam a interação de golfinhos da espécie Stenella frontalis apenas
com aves Procellariiformes (albatrozes, petréis, pardelas e afins), onde a espécie Puffinus
gravis foi a mais observada, sendo considerada as aves que mais interagem com
Cruz. No entanto, os únicos nematódeos registrados por estes autores em aves da ordem
(Procellariiformes, Diomedeidae).
na cidade de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul. Segundo estes autores, os nematódeos
1968). S. shipleyi, Stegophorus spp. e Tetrabothrius spp. são parasitos heteroxenos, mas
al., 2005).
al., 2005).
Bourgeois e Threlfall (1979) e Foster et al. (1996) observaram que aves de vida
ectoparasitos e endoparasitos.
Conclusões
Neste estudo, se assinala pela primeira vez a presença de Naubates sp., Seuratia
marinhas migratórias, onde para isto, é preciso saber a interação e a capacidade destas
Agradecimentos
Ao professor Dr. Fabrício Bezerra de Sá, pela ajuda com as fotografias dos
parasitos. E ao (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa) Cnpq pela concessão dos recursos para
realização da pesquisa.
Referências
52
Amato, J.F.R., Böeger, W.A., Amato, S.B., 1991. Protocolos para laboratório: coleta e
Anderson, R.C,, Chabaud, A.G., Willmott, S., 2009. Keys to the nematode parasites of
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Palma, R.L., Pilgrim, R.L.C., Aguilar, J.S., 1999. Ectoparasites from the Balearic
Palma, R.L., Pilgrim, R.L.C., 2002. A revision of the genus Naubates (Insecta:
Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., 2003. World checklist of chewing lice with
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Palma, R.L., Johnson, K.P., Clayton, D.H. (eds). The chewing lice: world checklist and
biological overview. Illinois, Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. 501p.
Scherer, A.L., Petersen, E.S., Schuh, M.H., Cristofoli, S.I., Tavares, C.L.M., Duarte,
A., Petry, A.V., Sander, M., 2010. Interação entre aves marinhas (Procellariiformes) e
Silva, R.J., Raso, T.F., Faria, P.J., Campos, F.P., 2005. Occurrence of Contracaecum
Boddaert 1783 (Pelecaniformes, Sulidae). Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 57, 565-567.
Valim, M.P., Teixeira, R.H.F., Amorim, M., Serra-Freira, N.M., 2005. Malófagos
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Conclusões gerais
ANEXOS
Cristiane Maria <crisalicemelo@gmail.com>
01-Apr-2012
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Parasitology Research
Complete List of Authors: Melo, Cristiane; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Medicina
Veterinária
Pe
Veterinária
Menezes, Danilo José; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Medicina
Veterinária
Longo Ribeiro Vilela, Vinícius; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande,
Medicina Veterinária
Re
Veterinária
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3 1 Parasites of Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in captivity in Paraíba State, Northeastern Brazil
4 2
5
3 Cristiane Maria Fernandes de Melo1*, Jaqueline Bianque de Oliveira2, Ana Célia Rodrigues Athayde1,
6
7 4 Antônio Flávio Medeiros Dantas1, Danilo José Ayres de Menezes1, Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela1, Thais
8 5 Ferreira Feitosa1, Paulo Guilherme Carniel Wagner3, Andrei Brum Febrônio4
9
10 6
11 7 1
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos
12
8 - PB, CEP: 58.108-110, Brazil.
13
2
14 9 Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Departmento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de
15 10 Pernambuco, Recife-PE, CEP 52171-900, Brazil.
16 3
17 11 Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens (CETAS)/ IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e
18 12 Recursos Naturais Renováveis) Cabedelo-PB, Brazil.
Fo
19 4
13 Autonomous Veterinarian, Aracajú-SE, Brazil.
20
21 14 *Corresponding author. Tel: +55 83 8723.3990; fax: +55 83 3422.2246. E-mail:
22 15 christiemelo@hotmail.com
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24 16
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25 17 Abstract
26 18 The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of gastrointestinal parasites in captivity birds of
27
28 19 Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes orders. The birds came from trafficking or domestic captivity and
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29 20 were sent to the Wildlife Screening Center (CETAS) of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and
30
31 21 Natural Resources (IBAMA) in Cabedelo, Paraíba State, Brazil. During the period of June to December
32 22 2011, 97 birds died and were necropsied, 88 parrot species Amazona aestiva (n = 54), Amazona
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33 23 amazonica (n = 26), Diopsittaca nobilis (n = 4), Aratinga cactorum (n = 3) and Ara macao (n = 1), and
34
35 24 nine species Accipitriformes Rupornis magnirostris. In 43 (44.3%) birds, the presence of nematodes,
36 25 cestodes, and/or gastrointestinal acanthocephalans was detected. Prevalence in the Psittaciformes was
vi
37
26 45.6% (41/88), and the helminths identified were Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Ascaroidea, Ascarididae)
38
39 27 (40/41, 97.6%) and Raillietina sp. (Cyclophillidea, Davaineidae) (1/41, 2.4%). A. hermaphroditic was
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40 28 found in all species of parrots, and Raillietina sp. was found only in A. aestiva. The prevalence in
41
42 29 Accipitriformes was 22.2% (2/9), and the helminths identified were Synhimantus rectus (Spirurida,
43 30 Acuariidae) (2/2, 100%) and Centrorhynchus tumidulus (Acanthocephala, Centrorhynchidae) (1/2, 50 %.)
44
31 All parasites identified in this study were first recorded as Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in the state
45
46 32 of Paraíba. In Brazil, D. nobilis and A. cactorum are presented for the first time as hosts of A.
47 33 hermaphrodita, besides A. aestiva as host to Raillietina sp. It was concluded that captive Psittaciformes
48
49 34 and Accipitriformes are often affected by nematodes, cestodes, and acanthocephalans, and that the
50 35 implementation of control measures is vital.
51 36
52
53 37 Keywords: captivity, helminthes, Psitacids, raptors.
54 38
55
56 39
57 40
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59
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Parasitology Research Page 2 of 13
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3 41 Introduction
4 42 Parasitic diseases represent one of the major pathologies affecting wild birds kept in captivity
5
6
43 (Pinto et al., 1993, Greiner and Ritchie, 1994; Gómez-Puerta et al., 2009; Oliveira et al., 2011). Damage
7 44 to the host and symptoms depend on the pathogenicity and intensity of infection or infestation and the
8 45 general condition of the animal (immune competence) (Godoy, 2006). Microorganisms of low
9
10 46 pathogenicity can ultimately cause severe clinical disease in birds that are immunosuppressed, stressed, or
11 47 have concomitant diseases (Oliveira et al., 2011; Santos et al., 2011).
12
48 Parrots are birds that occupy the entire earth globe, from tropical areas to cold regions (Godoy,
13
14 49 2006). Several diseases affect these birds both in captivity and in the wild, among them endoparasitoses
15 50 (Godoy, 2006; González - Acuña et al., 2007; Santos et al., 2011). In Brazil, helminths of parrots are well
16
17 51 known, especially nematodes of the genus Ascaridia (Godoy, 2006). Intestinal obstruction, due to high
18 52 parasitic loads of Ascaridia sp., is relatively common, causing intussusception and death (Godoy, 2006;
Fo
19
53 González-Acuña et al., 2007).
20
21 54 Birds of prey are at the top of the food chain and are divided into two groups: the diurnal (orders
22 55 Accipitriformes, Falconiformes) and nocturnal (order Strigiformes) birds of prey (Sanmartín et al., 2004;
r
23
24 56 Pereira, 2006). Infections caused by endoparasites without the manifestation of clinical signs are common
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25 57 in these birds (Pereira, 2006; Santos et al., 2011). However, the presence of parasites may become
26 58 apparent in conditions of stress common in captivity, and gastrointestinal infections may become
27
28 59 exacerbated by parasites causing diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, and death (Santos et al., 2011). Pinto et
er
33 63 (Oliveira et al., 2011; Santos et al., 2011). The aim of this study was to identify the parasites of birds of
34
35 64 the orders Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in captivity in the state of Paraíba.
36 65
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66 Materials and Methods
38
39 67 The birds studied were kept on the premises of the Wildlife Screening Center (CETAS) of the
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40 68 Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA) Cabedelo Collection. The birds came
41
42 69 from animal trafficking and had been seized by the Forest Police or delivered by the population of the
43 70 cities of João Pessoa and Cabedelo to CETAS during the period of June to December 2011. Upon arrival
44
71 at this institution, the birds were identified, banded, and placed in quarantine, where they were dewormed
45
46 72 and treated in cases of clinical disease. Later, they were placed in enclosures with birds of the same
47 73 species.
48
49 74 Many birds were in poor physical condition due to packaging and transportation, and eventually
50 75 died during quarantine. During the period of June to December 2011, 88 parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes)
51 76 died, 54 of them from the species Amazona aestiva (True Puffin), 26 were A. amazonica (Mangrove
52
53 77 Puffin), four were Diopsittaca nobilis (Red-shouldered Macaw), three were Aratinga cactorum (Caatinga
54 78 Parakeet), and one was Ara macao (Scarlet Macaw). Parrots are the second largest group of animals
55
56 79 delivered to CETAS (bird order Passeriformes are the first), and A. Amazon, A. Aestiva, and D. nobilis are
57 80 the most frequent species. Parrots came from both trafficking and domestic captivity. Besides the parrots,
58
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Page 3 of 13 Parasitology Research
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3 81 hawks - nine Carijó species Rupornis magnirostris (syn. Buteo magnirostris) (Aves, Accipitriformes) -
4 82 from trafficking also died.
5
6
83 Some specimens were necropsied immediately after death, while others were kept frozen (-10 °
7 84 C) until the completion of autopsies, which occurred on the premises of CETAS. During the autopsy,
8 85 helminths were collected solely from the gastrointestinal tract; they were collected, processed and fixed
9
10 86 following the methodology adapted by Hoffmann (1987), Amato et al. (1991) and Monteiro et al. (2006).
11 87 Parasites were identified according to the following keys: Skrjabin et al. (1951), Yamaguti (1961, 1963),
12
88 Petrochenko (1971), Khalil et al. (1994), Vincent et al. (1995), Anderson et al. (2009), and specialized
13
14 89 and scientific articles. The data on prevalence and intensity of infection were calculated according to
15 90 Bush et al. (1997).
16
17 91 This study was approved by the System of Authorization and Information on Biodiversity -
18 92 SISBIO/Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation - ICMBio (No. 29661-1).
Fo
19
93
20
21 94 Results
22 95 Of the 97 birds examined, in 43 (44,3%) the presence of nematodes, cestodes, and/or
r
23
24 96 acanthocephalans was detected. The prevalence of helminth in Psittaciformes was 45.6% (41/88).
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25 97 Prevalence obtained was expected since the infection with gastrointestinal parasites is frequent in wild
26 98 birds, especially those kept in captivity.
27
28 99 The parasites were found in 1/1 (100%) Ara macao, 24/26 (92,3%) A. amazonica, 1/3 (33,3%)
er
29 100 Aratinga cactorum, 14/54 (25.9%) A. Aestiva, and 1/4 (25%) D. nobilis.
30
31 101 Helminthes identified were the nematode Ascaridia hermaphrodita (Ascaroidea, Ascarididae)
32 102 (40/41, 97,6%) and cestode Raillietina sp. (Cyclophillidea, Davaineidae) (1/41, 2.4%). A. hermaphrodita
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33 103 was found in the small intestine of all species studied, while Raillietina sp. was found only in the small
34
35 104 intestine of A. aestiva. The present study indicates for the first time parasitism by Ascaridia
36 105 hermaphrodita in Diopsittaca nobilis and Aratinga cactorum, besides Raillietina sp. parasiting Amazona
vi
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106 aestiva.
38
39 107 Intensity of infection by A. hermaphrodita was 253,5 (range 4-503) (Figure 1). Of the 40 birds
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40 108 parasitized by A. hermaphrodita, intestinal obstruction by this nematode was the cause of death in 14
41
42 109 birds (Figure 1).
43 110 The morphological characteristics observed in Ascaridia hermaphrodita were three oral lips (one
44
111 dorsal and two lateral) and spicules in males.
45
46 112 As to birds of prey, the nematode Synhimantus rectus (Figure 2) (Spirurida, Acuariidae) (2/2,
47 113 100%) was found in the ventricle and pro-acanthocephalan, and Centrorhynchus tumidulus
48
49 114 (Acanthocephala, Centrorhynchidae) (1/2, 50%) was collected in the small intestine.
50 115 It was noted that in Synhimantus rectus the mouth opening is small and there are uneven spikes
51 116 in the male, with no copulatory bursa.
52
53 117 The prevalence of helminths was 22.2% (2/9), considered low due to the reduced number of
54 118 birds examined. The intensities of infection were low: S. rectus ranged from 2 to 4 specimens, whereas
55
56 119 for C. tumidulus it was 2 specimens. None of the parasites found was associated with the death of birds.
57 120
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Parasitology Research Page 4 of 13
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3 121
4 122 Discussion
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6
123 The prevalence in birds is similar to what was recorded (46.7%) through fecal examinations in
7 124 wild birds in captivity in the state of Pernambuco by Freitas et al. (2002). The prevalence obtained was
8 125 expected since gastrointestinal infection with parasites is common in wild birds, especially those kept in
9
10 126 captivity.
11 127 Many of the gastrointestinal parasites identified in Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in several
12
128 countries were not found in the present study, perhaps due to various factors, such as the number of birds
13
14 129 analyzed, geographic distribution, diet, and source of the material analyzed (Santos et al., 2011). Some
15 130 studies use parasites obtained by autopsy, while others are based on fecal analyses, which are crucial in
16
17 131 identifying the different groups of parasites in wild birds. In autopsies, helminths are more prevalent,
18 132 while protozoa are diagnosed frequently in fecal parasite studies (Silva et al., 2009, Santos et al., 2011).
Fo
19
133
20
21 134 Psittaciformes
22 135 The prevalence in psittacines studied is similar to what was observed (48%) by Davis et al.
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24 136 (2002) in parrots in captivity in the state of Pernambuco.
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25 137 Ascariasis stands out as one of the most common gastrointestinal parasitic infections in
26 138 psittacines and is associated with clinical signs such as weight loss, anorexia, and in severe cases, death
27
28 139 (Greiner and Ritchie, 1994). According Hodová et al. (2008), five species of Ascaridia are frequent in
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29 140 Psittaciformes, with A. platyceri and A. hermaphrodita the most common. In Brazil, Pinto et al. (1993)
30
31 141 observed As. hermaphrodita as specific of psittacines genera Amazona, Anodorhynchus, Ara, Aratinga,
32 142 Brotogeris, Conurus, Pyrrhura, Psittacus, Pionus, and Pelecitus, a fact corroborated in studies of parrots
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33 143 in Argentina, Chile, and Peru (Martínez et al., 2003; Marsello et al., 2006; González-Acuña et al., 2007;
34
35 144 Gómez-Puerta et al., 2009).
36 145 Another type of Ascaridia spp., Ascaridia sprenti, was observed in Australian parrots by (Mines,
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146 1979). In Brazil, Barros et al. (2002) reported for the first time parasitism by A. hermaphrodita in
38
39 147 Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus.
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40 148 González-Acuña et al. (2007) and Hodová et al. (2008) recorded intestinal obstruction by A.
41
42 149 hermaphrodita as a cause of death in parrots; Hodová et al. (2008) obtained 242 specimens of helminths
43 150 in necropsied psittacines. The lesions observed by González-Acuña et al. (2007) were severe, with
44
151 congestion of the intestinal mucosa and increased mucus production.
45
46 152
47 153 Accipitriformes
48
49 154 In birds of prey in Italy, Santoro et al. (2010) recorded by means of necropsy, a prevalence of
50 155 95%. On the other hand, via fecal examinations, Santos et al. (2011) determined the prevalence of 13.5%
51 156 in birds of prey in captivity in Mexico.
52
53 157 The Centrorhynchus spp. is considered one of the most prevalent helminths of birds of prey in
54 158 Europe, with prevalence ranging from 1.1% in Germany (Krone, 2000), to 63.6% in Spain (Sanmartín et
55
56 159 al., 2004), and 100% in Italy (Santoro et al., 2010).
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3 160 Birds of prey are infected by a variety of internal parasites, including nematodes, cestodes,
4 161 trematodes, acanthocephalans, and coccidia (Sanmartín et al., 2004, Santos et al., 2011). On the lists of
5
6
162 nematodes and acanthocephalans parasites of raptors in Brazil, including R. magnirostris, Synhimantus
7 163 spp., S. rectus and C. tumidulus are emphasized (Travassos, 1915, 1926, Pinto et al., 1994, Vicente et al.,
8 164 1995; Joppert, 2007). Conversely, Dimitrova and Gibson (2005) presented a list of acanthocephalans of
9
10 165 the genus Centrorhynchus deposited in the Natural History Museum of London. In addition to the
11 166 aforementioned species, S. laticeps, S. hamatus, Centrorhynchus sp., C. kuntz, C. globocaudatus, C.
12
167 buteonis, and C. aluconis have also been noted in falconiformes in several countries (Ferrer et al., 2004;
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14 168 Sanmartín et al., 2004, Acosta et al., 2010, Santoro et al., 2010; Umur et al., 2010).
15 169 According to Sanmartín et al. (2004), helminths of birds of prey are not very specific in relation
16
17 170 to species or groups of hosts, but have a close relationship with the diet of these birds. Synhimantus spp.
18 171 and Centrorhynchus spp. have a heteroxenous cycle with intermediate invertebrate and vertebrate hosts,
Fo
19
172 which are part of the diet of birds (Travassos 1926; Sanmartín et al., 2004, Dimitrova 2005, Santoro et al.,
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21 173 2010).
22 174 According to Gomez-Puerta et al. (2009), these helminths are located in mucus membranes of
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24 175 the pro-ventricle, and may occur in the esophagus of birds. When in their natural habitat, these birds act
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25 176 as asymptomatic, and when in centers of poultry production, conservation farms, and zoos, they act as
26 177 carriers.
27
28 178 Santoro et al. (2010) considered intestinal obstruction as a cause of death in the birds studied,
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29 179 which differs from this work. According to these authors, Synhimantus spp. and S. laticeps are associated
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31 180 with erosion and ulcers in the gastric mucosa, whereas infections with more than 100 specimens of
32 181 Centrorhynchus spp. were associated with enteritis, diarrhea, cachexia, intussusception, and death.
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33 182 On the other hand, Kinsella et al. (1995) reported no injuries related to the presence of
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35 183 Synhimantus sp., S. hamatus, and Centrorhynchus kuntz in birds of prey in the United States, but called
36 184 attention to the potential pathogenicity of C. kuntz, especially in young birds.
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185 Little is known about the pathogenic effects of parasites of birds of prey (Santoro et al., 2010),
38
39 186 and although the clinical signs of parasitism are infrequent, they may become evident under conditions of
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40 187 stress associated with high parasite loads (Freitas et al., 2002, Santoro et al., 2010, Santos et al., 2011). In
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42 188 this respect, the diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases should be part of routine health care of these
43 189 birds in captivity (Davis et al., 2002, Santos et al., 2011).
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190
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46 191 Conclusion
47 192 All parasites identified in this study were first record in Psittaciformes and Accipitriformes in the
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49 193 state of Paraíba. In Brazil, Diopsittaca nobilis and Aratinga cactorum are presented for the first time as
50 194 hosts of Ascaridia hermaphrodita, besides Amazona aestiva as host to Raillietina sp. Helminth infections
51 195 in wild birds should be prevented, because in great quantities, they can cause the death of these animals.
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53 196
54 197 Acknowledgments
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56 198 The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support received from CNPq.
57 199
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11 206 237.
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14 208 Amato JFR, Böeger WA, Amato SB (1991) Protocolos para laboratório: coleta e processamento de
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25 216 hyacinthinus (Latham, 1790) Spix, 1824 (Aves, Psitacidae). Revista Brasileira de Ciências Veterinárias 9:
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33 222 Dimitrova ZM, Gibson DI (2005) Some species of Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911 (Acanthocephala:
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39 226 Ferrer D, Molina R, Castellà J, Kinsella JM (2004) Parasitic helminths in the digestive tract of six species
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7 243 Veterinária e Zootecnia 59: 539-540.
8 244 Greiner EC, Ritchie PW (1994) Parasites. In: Ritchie, Harrison, Harrison (eds) Avian Medicine:
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18 251 Hoffmann RP (1987) Diagnóstico de Parasitismo Veterinário. Sulina, Porto Alegre, pp 156.
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32 261 Florida. Journal of Raptor Research 29: 117-122.
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35 263 Krone O (2000) Endoparasites in free-ranging birds of prey in Germany. In: Lumeij JT, Remple JD,
36 264 Redig PT, Lierz M, Cooper JE (Eds.), Raptor Biomedicine III. Zoological Education Network, Inc., 1st
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42 268 (Nematoda, Acuariidae) em biguás, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin) (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) no
43 269 Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23: 1268–1272.
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46 271 Marsello JF, Choconi RG, Sehgal RNM, Tell L, Quillfeldt P (2006) Blood and intestinal parasites in wild
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49 273 515–529.
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51 275 Martínez FA, Troyano JC, Lendesma S, Antonchuk LA, Fescina N (2003) Presencia de Ascaridia
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53 276 hermaphrodita (Froelich, 1789) en Ara chloroptera (Aves, Psittaciformes) en Argentina. Revista de
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4 280 for Parasitology 9: 371-379.
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281 .
7 282 Oliveira JB, Santos T, Vaughan C, Santiago H (2011) External parasites of raptors (Falconiformes and
8 283 Strigiformes): identification in an ex situ population from Mexico. Revista de Biología Tropical 59: 1257-
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10 284 1264.
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286 Pereira RJC (2006) Falconiformes e Strigiformes (Águia, Gavião, Falcão, Abutre, Coruja). In: Cubas ZS,
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14 287 Silva JCR, Dias JLC (eds) Tratado de Animais Selvagens. 1st edn. Roca, São Paulo, pp 252-267.
15 288
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17 289 Petrochenko, V.I. 1971. Acanthocephala of domestic and wild animals. Vol. II. K. I. Skrjabin (ed.). Israel
18 290 Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem and U.S. Department of Agriculture and National Science
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291 Foundation, Washington.
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22 293 Pinto RM, Vicente JJ, Noronha D (1993) Nematode parasite of Brazilian Psittacid birds, with emphasis
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24 294 on the genus Pelecitus Raillet & Henry, 1910. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 88: 279-284.
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26 296 Pinto RM, Vicente JJ Noronha D (1994) Nematode parasites of brazilian Accipitrid and Falconid birds
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28 297 (Falconiformes). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 89: 359-362.
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31 299 Sanmartín, ML, Álvarez F, Barreiro G, Leiro J (2004) Helminth fauna of Falconiform and Strigiform
32 300 birds of prey in Galicia, Northwest Spain. Parasitology Research 92: 255–263.
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35 302 Santoro M, Tripepi M, Kinsella JM, Panebianco A, Mattiucci S (2010) Helminth infestation in birds of
36 303 prey (Accipitriformes and Falconiformes) in Southern Italy. Veterinary Journal 186: 119–122.
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39 305 Santos T, Oliveira JB, Vaughann C, Santiago H (2011) Health of an ex situ population of raptors
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46 310 Skrjabin K I, Shikhobalova N P, Mozgovoi A A (1951) Key to Parasitic Nematodes. Vol. 2, Oxyurata and
47 311 Ascaridata (Translated from Russian in 1982). Amerind Publishing, New Delhi, India.-olhar se esta certa
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49 312 esta referencia
50 313
51 314 Travassos L (1915) Revisão dos Acanthocephalos brasileiros. II. Família Echinorhynchidae Hamann,
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53 315 1892. Brazil Medico 48: 377.
54 316
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3 317 Travassos L (1926) Contribuições para o conhecimento da fauna helminthologica brasileira. XX. Revisão
4 318 dos Acanthocephalos Brasileiros. Parte II. Família Echinorhynchidae Hamann, 1892, sub-fA.
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319 Centrorhynchinae Travassos, 1919. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 19: 31–125.
7 320
8 321 Umur S, Beyhan YE, Pecmezci GZ, Açici M, Gurler AT (2010) First record of Synhimantus (S.) laticeps
9
10 322 (Rudolphi, 1819) Railliet, Henry et Sisoff, 1912 (Nematoda, Acuariidae) in Accipiter nisus (Aves,
11 323 Accipitridae) in Turkey. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg 57: 139-142.
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324
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14 325 Vicente JJ, Rodrigues HO, Gomes DC, Pinto, RM (1995) Nematóides do Brasil. Parte IV. Nematóides de
15 326 aves. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 12:1–273.
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17 327
18 328 Yamaguti S (1961) Systema Helminthum. Vol. III. The nematodes of vertebrates. Parts I and II.
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329 Interscience Publishers Inc., New York.
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21 330
22 331 Yamaguti S (1963) Systema Helminthum. Vol. V. The Acanthocephala of vertebrates. Parts I and II.
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24 332 Interscience, New York.
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SISBIO
9 Nome: Cristiane Maria Fernandes de Melo CPF: 060.889.804-00
10 Título do Projeto: Parasitos em aves selvagens e exóticas apreendidas no estado da Paraíba
11
Nome da Instituição : Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - Campus de Patos CNPJ: 05.055.128/0005-08
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Cronograma de atividades
16 # Descrição da atividade Início (mês/ano) Fim (mês/ano)
17 1 necropsias, coleta de material, identificações parasitológicas. 07/2011 03/2012
18 2 treinamento de técnica de identificação 08/2011 09/2011
3 confecção dos artigos científicos para dissertação 11/2011 12/2011
19 4 envio para revistas e periódicos 02/2012 03/2012
20 De acordo com o art. 33 da IN 154/2009, esta autorização tem prazo de validade equivalente ao previsto no cronograma de atividades do projeto.
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Observações e ressalvas
23 As atividades de campo exercidas por pessoa natural ou jurídica estrangeira, em todo o território nacional, que impliquem o deslocamento de recursos humanos e
24 1 materiais, tendo por objeto coletar dados, materiais, espécimes biológicos e minerais, peças integrantes da cultura nativa e cultura popular, presente e passa da,
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25 obtidos por meio de recursos e técnicas que se destinem ao estudo, à difusão ou à pesquisa, estão sujeitas a autorização do Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia.
Esta autorização NÃO exime o pesquisador titular e os membros de sua equipe da necessidade de obter as anuências previstas em outros instrumentos legais, bem
26 como do consentimento do responsável pela área, pública ou privada, onde será realizada a atividade, inclusive do órgão gestor da unidade de conservação estadual,
2
27 distrital ou municipal, ou do proprietário, arrendatário, posseiro ou morador de área dentro dos limites de unidade de conservação federal cujo processo de
28 regularização fundiária encontra-se em curso.
Este documento somente poderá ser utilizado para os fins previstos na Instrução Normativa IBAMA n° 154/2007 ou na Instrução Normativa ICMBio n° 10/2010, no que
29
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3 especifica esta Autorização, não podendo ser utilizado para fins comerciais, industriais ou esportivos. O material biológico coletado deverá ser utilizado para atividades
30 científicas ou didáticas no âmbito do ensino superior.
A autorização para envio ao exterior de material biológico não consignado deverá ser requerida por meio do endereço eletrônico www.ibama.gov.br (Serviços on-line -
31 4 Licença para importação ou exportação de flora e fauna - CITES e não CITES). Em caso de material consignado, consulte www.icmbio.gov.br/sisbio - menu
32 Exportação.
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33 O titular de licença ou autorização e os membros da sua equipe deverão optar por métodos de coleta e instrumentos de captura direcionados, sempre que possível,
5 ao grupo taxonômico de interesse, evitando a morte ou dano significativo a outros grupos; e empregar esforço de coleta ou captura que não comprometa a viabilidade
34 de populações do grupo taxonômico de interesse em condição in situ.
35 Este documento não dispensa o cumprimento da legislação que dispõe sobre acesso a componente do patrimônio genético existente no território nacional, na
36 6 plataforma continental e na zona econômica exclusiva, ou ao conhecimento tradicional associado ao patrimônio genético, para fins de pesquisa científica,
bioprospecção e desenvolvimento tecnológico. Veja maiores informações em www.mma.gov.br/cgen.
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38 AS DATAS das expedições, as condições para realização das coletas e de uso da infra-estrutura da unidade.
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40 Equipe
# Nome Função CPF Doc. Identidade Nacionalidade
41
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1 Ana Celia Rodrigues Athayde colaboradora do projeto 237.117.874-87 5823481 SSP-PB Brasileira
42 2 Andrei Manoel Brum Febronio voluntário 819.205.395-49 1292428457 SSP/BA-BA Brasileira
43 3 Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela voluntário no projeto 076.551.384-60 3136425 SSP-PB Brasileira
4 Antônio Flávio Medeiros Dantas coordenador do projeto 798.789.624-15 1409281 SSP-PB Brasileira
44 5 Danilo José Ayres de Menezes pesquisador colaborador 698.169.803-04 1377024 SSP-PI Brasileira
45 6 PAULO GUILHERME CARNIEL WAGNER veterinário 541.924.120-04 4026357576 SSP-RS-RS
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Locais onde as atividades de campo serão executadas
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# Município UF Descrição do local Tipo
49 1 PATOS PB Patos/PB Fora de UC
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52 Atividades X Táxons
# Atividade Táxons
53 1 Coleta/transporte de amostras biológicas ex situ Piciformes, Psittaciformes, Strigiformes, Passeriformes, Falconiformes
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Este documento (Autorização para atividades com finalidade científica) foi expedido com base na Instrução Normativa nº154/2007. Através do código
de autenticação abaixo, qualquer cidadão poderá verificar a autenticidade ou regularidade deste documento, por meio da página do Sisbio/ICMBio na
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SISBIO
9 Nome: Cristiane Maria Fernandes de Melo CPF: 060.889.804-00
10 Título do Projeto: Parasitos em aves selvagens e exóticas apreendidas no estado da Paraíba
11
Nome da Instituição : Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - Campus de Patos CNPJ: 05.055.128/0005-08
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Material e métodos
16 1 Amostras biológicas (Aves) Fezes, Penas, Animal morto ou partes (carcaça)/osso/pele, Ectoparasita
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19 Destino do material biológico coletado
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SISBIO
Este documento (Autorização para atividades com finalidade científica) foi expedido com base na Instrução Normativa nº154/2007. Através do código
de autenticação abaixo, qualquer cidadão poderá verificar a autenticidade ou regularidade deste documento, por meio da página do Sisbio/ICMBio na
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SISBIO
9 Nome: Cristiane Maria Fernandes de Melo CPF: 060.889.804-00
10 Título do Projeto: Parasitos em aves selvagens e exóticas apreendidas no estado da Paraíba
11
Nome da Instituição : Universidade Federal de Campina Grande - Campus de Patos CNPJ: 05.055.128/0005-08
12
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Registro de coleta imprevista de material biológico
17 De acordo com a Instrução Normativa nº154/2007, a coleta imprevista de material biológico ou de substrato não
18 contemplado na autorização ou na licença permanente deverá ser anotada na mesma, em campo específico, por
19 ocasião da coleta, devendo esta coleta imprevista ser comunicada por meio do relatório de atividades. O transporte do
20 material biológico ou do substrato deverá ser acompanhado da autorização ou da licença permanente com a devida
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anotação. O material biológico coletado de forma imprevista, deverá ser destinado à instituição científica e, depositado,
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23 preferencialmente, em coleção biológica científica registrada no Cadastro Nacional de Coleções Biológicas (CCBIO).
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SISBIO
Este documento (Autorização para atividades com finalidade científica) foi expedido com base na Instrução Normativa nº154/2007. Através do código
de autenticação abaixo, qualquer cidadão poderá verificar a autenticidade ou regularidade deste documento, por meio da página do Sisbio/ICMBio na
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Cristiane Maria <crisalicemelo@gmail.com>
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1 Identification of parasites in Puffinus spp. (Birds, Procellariiformes) from Northeastern Brazil
3 Cristiane Maria Fernandes de Melo1, Jaqueline Bianque de Oliveira2, Ana Célia Rodrigues Athayde 1,
4 Antônio Flávio Medeiros Dantas1, Danilo José Ayres de Menezes1, Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela1*,
6
1
7 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos
14 crisalicemelo@gmail.com
15
16 Abstract
17 Studies on the parasitic fauna of migratory sea birds of the genus Puffinus are scarce. Therefore, the aim
18 of this study was to identify parasites of 16 specimens of Puffinus spp. (Procellariiformes, Procellariidae)
19 that died during the period of June 2011 to December 2011 at the Wildlife Screening Center (CETAS) of
20 the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources (IBAMA) in Cabedelo, Paraíba. During
21 necropsy, biting lice and/or gastrointestinal helminths were collected in seven (43.75%) birds. The lice
22 were collected in five (31.25%) birds, and the species identified were Halipeurus diversus, Trabeculus
23 aviator, Austromenopon paululum), Saedmundssonia sp. and Naubates sp. The prevalence of helminths
24 was also 31.25% and the nematodes species were Seuratia shipleyi and Contracaecum sp., and cestodes
25 Tetrabothrius sp.. This is the first record in Brazil of Naubates sp. Seuratia shipleyi, Contracaecum sp.,
27
29
30
31 Introduction
32 Brazil shelters a great portion of the biodiversity of marine and coastal birds of the world. One
33 hundred and forty-eight species occur in this country, accounting for 28% of global orders
35 country as to the conservation of these birds (Brusque and Vooren 1999). The local concentration of
36 migratory seabirds, besides their maintenance, is also important within the context of epidemiologic
37 surveillance. Countries that are on the route of these birds are concerned about the entrance of pathogens
38 and the consequent occurrence of diseases (Nunes et al. 2006). Contact of these birds with domestic birds
39 can also increase, for both, the risk of infections due to new diseases, leading to mortality.
40 Amongst migratory seabirds, order Procellariiformes stands out, composed of four families:
41 Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Diomedeidae, and Pelecanoididae, with a diet consisting of fish or marine
42 invertebrates (Brusque and Vooren 1999). The biology and behavior of Procellariiformes are unique
43 among birds, as well as their parasitic fauna. The coast of Paraíba state is part of the migratory route of
45 shearwaters or silly birds (Brusque and Vooren 1999). Ectoparasites of Puffinus spp. have been well
46 documented, including biting lice as the most frequent and abundant (Bourgeois and Threlfall 1979;
47 Zonfrillo 1988; Foster et al. 1996; Price et al. 2003; Valim et al. 2006). Moreover, studies on helminths
48 are scarce (Threlfall and Bourgeois 1979; Foster et al. 1996; Domingues et al. 2005).
49 Knowledge of the parasite fauna of wild animals is essential for conservational medicine in the
50 prevention of impacts on biodiversity, public health, and environmental health (Cato-Dias 2003). In this
51 regard, the aim of this study was to identify ectoparasites and helminths of migratory seabirds in captivity
52 at the Wildlife Screening Center (CETAS) of the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural
54
56 The birds analyzed were maintained on the premises of CETAS at IBAMA, located in Cabedelo,
57 Paraíba. The birds were supplied by the local population and sunbathers from the beaches or by forest
58 police. Upon arrival at this institution, the birds were identified, banded, and released in quarantine,
59 where they were dewormed and treated when there was clinical disease. Later, they were placed in
62 causes or illness. The birds were kept in a freezer (-10 ° C) until the necropsies, which occurred at the
63 CETAS facilities.
64 During physical examination which precedes the necropsies, we observed the presence of lice,
65 which were collected and preserved in ethanol 70 º GL for subsequent identification. At the laboratory,
66 the lice were clarified in a battery of phenol-xylene and then mounted on permanent slides with synthetic
67 resin (Entellan ®). For identification, we used the dichotomous keys of Timmermann (1965), Pilgrim and
68 Palma (2002), and Price et al. (2003), and specialized scientific articles.
69 While the necropsies were being conducted, helminths, collected only in the gastrointestinal
70 tract, were gathered, fixed, and processed following the methodology adapted by Monteiro et al. (2006),
71 Hoffmann (1987), and Amato et al (1991). Endoparasites were mounted on slides with permanent
72 synthetic resin (Entellan ®) and identified in accordance with the following dichotomous keys: Yamaguti
73 (1961); Khalil et al (1994); Vicente et al. (1995); and Anderson et al. (2009).
74 Data analysis was restricted to the estimation of prevalence (Bush et al. 1997). The intensity of
75 infestation and infection could not be calculated due to the process of preserving dead birds (freezing), as
76 well as the elapsed time between death and the completion of necropsies, which interfered in the quality
77 and quantity of the parasites collected. This study was approved by the System for Authorization and
79 (No. 29661-1).
80
81 Results
82 This study indicates, for the first time, the presence of Naubates sp., Seuratia Shipley,
84 From a total of 16 birds necropsied, seven (43.75%) were infested by arthropods and/or
85 helminthes (Table 1). In the case of migratory seabirds, the physical result of the migration process may
86 potentiate the deleterious effects of parasites. In the present study, none of the parasites identified was
88 The lice (Arthropoda, Phthiraptera) in both adult and nymphal stages were the only ectoparasites
89 found in five (31.25%) of the 16 birds necropsied. Some samples could not be identified at a species level
90 due to the absence of adult stages or of one sex. In total, the lice collected were identified as three species
91 and two genera: Halipeurus diversus (Ischnocera, Philopteridae), Trabeculus aviator (Ischnocera,
94 As to the diversity of lice, multiple infestation or polyparasitism was observed in the majority of
96 Adults and larvae of helminths were collected from the proventricle and small intestine of five
97 (31.25%) of the 16 birds necropsied. Nematodes were more prevalent (80%) than cestodes. Contrary to
98 what was exposed regarding ectoparasitism in this study, all birds parasitized were infected by only one
99 species of helminth.
100 The helminths identified were nematodes of the Acuaridae (Seuratia shipleyi family, Anisakidae
101 (Contracaecum sp.) family, and the cestode Tetrabothriidae (Tetrabothrius sp.) family.
102
103 Discussion
104 The prevalence of ectoparasites was lower in this study than that recorded in the state of Florida,
105 United States, by Foster et al. (1996), who found 100% of 15 birds parasitized by the P. gravis specie.
106 Parasites may directly or indirectly affect health, also interfering in the reproductive ability and success of
107 wild birds (Hinojosa-Sáez and González-Acuña 2005). Biting lice stand out as the most frequent and
108 abundant bird ectoparasites of the Procellariiformes order, which are parasitized by about 128 species of
109 the suborders and Amblycera and Ischnocera (Price et al. 2003), distributed into 14 genera of this specific
110 group of birds (Timmermann, 1965; Price et al. 2003; Valim et al. 2006).
111 The species of the genera Halipeurus and Trabeculus showed a high degree of specificity with
112 the Procellariidae family of birds, especially those of the genus Puffinus (Foster et al. 1996; Valim et al.
113 2006). Corroborating this assertion, Timmermann (1959) and Price et al. (2003) indicated that H. diversus
114 and T. aviator lice are specific to P. puffinus. In Brazil, these two species are the only ones observed in P.
115 puffinus of the collections of the National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Valim et al.
116 2006).
117 This research was also reported in Puffinus spp. lice of the genus Austromenopon sp. The A.
118 paululum is one of the most common species of lice in Puffinus birds (Foster et al. 1996), and has been
119 identified in 13 species of birds of this genus, including P. puffinus, P. gravis, and P. griseus (Threlfall
120 and Bourgeois 1979; Zonfrillo 1988; Foster et al. 1996; Valim et al. 2006).
121 For the genus Naubates, N. harrisoni is noted as having frequent occurrence in birds of the
122 genus Puffinus, including P. puffinus (Foster et al. 1996; Pilgrim and Palma 2002). Some lice are often
123 lost to other countries. The term astray (from the English, "straggler") is used to qualify lice that are
124 found occasionally in a host that is not its usual host, the result of natural contamination, without human
125 intervention (Palma and Pilgrim 2002). Further, according to those authors, the term contaminant applies
126 to lice that are transferred accidentally by human action, from a natural host to another non-habitual host.
127 In Brazil, the classification was assigned to the lost species Austromenopon edwardsi and S. bicolor
128 obtained from skins of P. puffinus and P. gravis, respectively, deposited at the Ornithological Collection
129 of the National Museum of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (Valim et al. 2006). This is the first
131 The number of bird species infested by lice ranged from 1-3 (Table 1), which was also recorded
132 in P. puffinus and P. gravis (Threlfall and Bourgeois 1979; Foster et al. 1996). Ectoparasitism in birds is
133 determined by physical (temperature and humidity), biological (susceptibility), and environmental (social
134 and reproductive behavior, and foraging) factors. Multiple parasitism by arthropods is common both in
135 wild birds and in birds kept in captivity. Captive birds are usually kept in enclosures with large numbers
137 The prevalence of helminths observed in this study (31.25%) is lower than that reported in P.
138 gravis by Bourgeois and Threlfall (1979) (97%) and Foster et al. (1996) (100%). Studies on helminth
139 parasites of the genus Puffinus are scarce, and the previously developed were performed with the species
140 P. gravis in Canada (Bourgeois and Threlfall 1979), United States (Foster et al. 1996) and Brazil
141 (Domingues et al. 2005), in addition to the species P. creatopus in Chile (Hinojosa-Sáez and González-
142 Acuña 2005). Nematodes were more prevalent (80%) than cestodes (Table 1), a fact also observed by
143 Bourgeois and Threlfall (1979), and Foster et al. (1996). In previous studies with P. gravis in other
144 countries, the helminths recorded were Stegophorus sp., S. diomedeae, S. stellaepolaris, S. shipleyi,
145 Tetrameres sp., larvae of Contracaecum sp., Tetrabothrius procerus, T. laccocephalus, T. diomedea, T.
146 filiformis, T. minor, and Tetrabothrius sp. (Threlfall and Bourgeois 1979; Foster et al. 1996). According
147 to Foster et al. (1996), all are known parasites in P. gravis, except S. diomedea, St. stellaepolaris, and T.
148 minor. In Chile, Tetrabothrius procerus and T. laccocephalus were the only species noted in P. creatopus
151 cases, parasites are listed among the causes of stranding and death of animals (Marigo 2003). The
152 association between birds and cetaceans was observed by Scherer et al. (2010), who reported the
153 interaction of the species of Stenella frontalis dolphins with Procellariiformes seabirds (albatrosses,
154 petrels, shearwaters, and the like), where the species Puffinus gravis, considered the birds that most
155 interact with dolphins in oceanic waters, has been the most frequently seen.
156 Domingues et al. (2005) reported parasitism by Seuratia spp. in P. gravis in Rio Grande, Rio
157 Grande do Sul according to these authors, the nematodes were fixed in the wall of the proventriculus.
158 Seuratia the genus is composed of the species S. Shipley, S. marina, S. procellariae and S. yamagutii
159 (Mendonça and Rodrigues 1968). S. shipleyi, Stegophorus spp. and Tetrabothrius spp. heteroxenos are
161 The nematodes of the family Anisakidae are parasites of aquatic organisms such as fish, marine
162 mammals and fish-eating birds (Bicudo et al. 2005) The main natural definitive hosts for these parasites
163 are piscivorous birds and marine mammals, but the possibility of infection of humans, resulting in
164 harmful effects to the body, has called attention to the importance of recording the presence of these
165 parasites in fish sold as food (Barros, et al. 2006). The species C. rudolphii, C. pelagicum, and
166 Contracaecum sp. have been identified in birds of the orders Ciconiiformes, Pelecaniformes, and
168 This study indicates the presence, for the first time in Brazil, of Naubates sp. Seuratia Shipley,
169 Contracaecum sp., and Tetrabothrius sp. in Puffinus spp. Although parasitism is ubiquitous in wild birds,
170 most of the parasites of these animals are unknown, especially in the state of Paraíba. The birds studied
171 also showed infestation by Trabeculus aviator, Halipeurus diversus, Saedmundssonia sp., and
173 Specific studies on the detection and identification of parasites of migratory seabirds are
174 necessary for understanding the interaction with and the ability of these seabirds to become carriers for
176
177 Acknowlwdgment
178 The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support received from CNPq and the help with
181
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