Ikonoborstvo

A painting — U ovom elizabetanskom propagandnom delu, gornji desni ugao slike prikazuje muškarce zauzete povlačenjem i razbijanjem ikona, dok se moć prebacuje sa umirućeg kralja Henrija VIII sa leve strane, na njegovog daleko upornijeg protestantskog sina, dečaka kralja Edvarda VI u centru.^[1]^[2]^[3]
Nacionalna galerija portreta, London

Ikonoborstvo ili ikonoklazam (from Greek: стгрч. εἰκών + стгрч. κλάω)^[i] je društveno verovanje u važnost uništavanja ikona i drugih slika ili spomenika, najčešće iz verskih ili političkih razloga. Ljudi koji se bave ili podržavaju ikonoklazam nazivaju se ikonoklastima, što je izraz koji se figurativno primenjuje na svakog pojedinca koji osporava „negovana verovanja ili poštovane institucije na osnovu toga da su pogrešna ili pogubna“.^[4]

Nasuprot tome, onaj ko duboko poštuje religiozne slike naziva se (od strane ikonoboraca) ikonopoklonikom; u vizantijskom kontekstu takva ličnost se naziva ikonodulom ili ikonofilom.^[5] Ikonoborstvo generalno ne obuhvata uništavanje likova određenog vladara nakon njegove ili njene smrti ili svrgavanja, što je praksa poznatija kao damnatio memoriae.

Iako ikonoklazam mogu da sprovode pristalice različite religije, on je češće rezultat sektaških sporova između frakcija iste religije. Termin potiče iz vizantijskog ikonoborstva, borbe između zagovornika i protivnika religioznih ikona u Vizantijskom carstvu od 726. do 842. godine. Stepeni ikonoborstva uveliko variraju među religijama i njihovim ograncima, ali su najjači u religijama koje se protive idolopoklonstvu, uključujući avraamske religije.^[6] Van religioznog konteksta, ikonoklazam se može odnositi na pokrete za široko rasprostranjeno uništavanje simbola ideologije ili uzroka, kao što je uništavanje monarhističkih simbola tokom Francuske revolucije.

Ikonoborstvo u hrišćanskoj istoriji

Poznati su raštrkani izrazi protivljenja upotrebi slika: 305–306. godine, činilo se da je Elvirski sinod podržavao ikonoborstvo; Kanon 36 kaže: „Slike se ne smeju stavljati u crkve, da ne bi postale objekti bogosluženja i obožavanja.“^[7]^[8]^[ii] Proskripcija je prestala nakon uništenja paganskih hramova. Međutim, rasprostranjena upotreba hrišćanske ikonografije počela je tek kada se hrišćanstvo sve više širilo među neznabošcima nakon legalizacije hrišćanstva od strane rimskog cara Konstantina (oko 312. godine). Tokom procesa hristijanizacije pod Konstantinom, hrišćanske grupe su uništile slike i skulpture koje su izražavale politeističku državnu religiju Rimskog carstva.

Među ranim crkvenim teolozima, ikonoklastičke tendencije su podržavali teolozi kao što su: Tertulijan,^[9]^[10]^[11] Kliment Aleksandrijski,^[10] Origen,^[12]^[11] Laktancije,^[13] Justin Filozof,^[11] Jevsevije Kesarijski i Epifanije Kiparski.^[10]^[14]

Napomene

^ From стгрч. εἰκών + κλάω. Iconoclasm may also be considered as a back-formation from iconoclast (Greek: εἰκοκλάστης). The corresponding Greek word for iconoclasm is εἰκονοκλασία, eikonoklasia.
^ A possible translation is also: "There shall be no pictures in the church, lest what is worshipped and adored should be depicted on the walls."

Reference

^ Aston, Margaret (1993), The King's Bedpost: Reformation and Iconography in a Tudor Group Portrait, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-48457-2 .
^ Loach, Jennifer (1999), Bernard, George; Williams, Penry, ур., Edward VI, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, стр. 187, ISBN 978-0-300-07992-0
^ Hearn, Karen (1995), Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530–1630, New York: Rizzoli, стр. 75—76, ISBN 978-0-8478-1940-9
^ "Iconoclast, 2," Oxford English Dictionary; see also "Iconoclasm" and "Iconoclastic."
^ „icono-, comb. form”. OED Online. Oxford University Press. Приступљено 28. 3. 2019.
^ Crone, Patricia. 2005. "Islam, Judeo-Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (11. новембар 2018)." pp. 59–96 in From Kavād to al-Ghazālī: Religion, Law and Political Thought in the Near East, c. 600–1100, (Variorum). Ashgate Publishing.
^ Elvira canons, Cua, Архивирано из оригинала 2012-07-16. г., „Placuit picturas in ecclesia esse non debere, ne quod colitur et adoratur in parietibus depingatur” .
^ The Catholic Encyclopedia, „This canon has often been urged against the veneration of images as practised in the Catholic Church. Binterim, De Rossi, and Hefele interpret this prohibition as directed against the use of images in overground churches only, lest the pagans should caricature sacred scenes and ideas; Von Funk, Termel, and Henri Leclercq opine that the council did not pronounce as to the liceity or non-liceity of the use of images, but as an administrative measure simply forbade them, lest new and weak converts from paganism should incur thereby any danger of relapse into idolatry, or be scandalized by certain superstitious excesses in no way approved by the ecclesiastical authority.”
^ Dimmick, Jeremy; Simpson, James; Zeeman, Nicolette (2002). Images, Idolatry, and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England: Textuality and the Visual Image (на језику: енглески). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-154196-4.
^ ^а ^б ^в Jensen, Robin Margaret (2013). Understanding Early Christian Art (на језику: енглески). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95170-2.
^ ^а ^б ^в Strezova, Anita (2013-11-25). „Overview on Iconophile and Iconoclastic Attitudes toward Images in Early Christianity and Late Antiquity”. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies.
^ O'Gorman, Ned (2016). The Iconoclastic Imagination: Image, Catastrophe, and Economy in America from the Kennedy Assassination to September 11 (на језику: енглески). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31023-7.
^ Humphreys, Mike (2021). A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm (на језику: енглески). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-46200-7.
^ Kitzinger, 92–93, 92 quoted

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Spoljašnje veze

Iconoclasm in England, Holy Cross College (UK)
Design as Social Agent at the ICA by Kerry Skemp, April 5, 2009
Hindu temples destroyed by Muslim rulers in India

[4] From стгрч. εἰκών + κλάω. Iconoclasm may also be considered as a back-formation from iconoclast (Greek: εἰκοκλάστης). The corresponding Greek word for iconoclasm is εἰκονοκλασία, eikonoklasia.

[10] A possible translation is also: "There shall be no pictures in the church, lest what is worshipped and adored should be depicted on the walls."

[1] Aston, Margaret (1993), The King's Bedpost: Reformation and Iconography in a Tudor Group Portrait, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-48457-2 .

[2] Loach, Jennifer (1999), Bernard, George; Williams, Penry, ур., Edward VI, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, стр. 187, ISBN 978-0-300-07992-0

[3] Hearn, Karen (1995), Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530–1630, New York: Rizzoli, стр. 75—76, ISBN 978-0-8478-1940-9

[5] "Iconoclast, 2," Oxford English Dictionary; see also "Iconoclasm" and "Iconoclastic."

[6] „icono-, comb. form”. OED Online. Oxford University Press. Приступљено 28. 3. 2019.

[crone-7] Crone, Patricia. 2005. "Islam, Judeo-Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (11. новембар 2018)." pp. 59–96 in From Kavād to al-Ghazālī: Religion, Law and Political Thought in the Near East, c. 600–1100, (Variorum). Ashgate Publishing.

[8] Elvira canons, Cua, Архивирано из оригинала 2012-07-16. г., „Placuit picturas in ecclesia esse non debere, ne quod colitur et adoratur in parietibus depingatur” .

[9] The Catholic Encyclopedia, „This canon has often been urged against the veneration of images as practised in the Catholic Church. Binterim, De Rossi, and Hefele interpret this prohibition as directed against the use of images in overground churches only, lest the pagans should caricature sacred scenes and ideas; Von Funk, Termel, and Henri Leclercq opine that the council did not pronounce as to the liceity or non-liceity of the use of images, but as an administrative measure simply forbade them, lest new and weak converts from paganism should incur thereby any danger of relapse into idolatry, or be scandalized by certain superstitious excesses in no way approved by the ecclesiastical authority.”

[11] Dimmick, Jeremy; Simpson, James; Zeeman, Nicolette (2002). Images, Idolatry, and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England: Textuality and the Visual Image (на језику: енглески). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-154196-4.

[:0-12] а ^б ^в Jensen, Robin Margaret (2013). Understanding Early Christian Art (на језику: енглески). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95170-2.

[:4-13] а ^б ^в Strezova, Anita (2013-11-25). „Overview on Iconophile and Iconoclastic Attitudes toward Images in Early Christianity and Late Antiquity”. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies.

[14] O'Gorman, Ned (2016). The Iconoclastic Imagination: Image, Catastrophe, and Economy in America from the Kennedy Assassination to September 11 (на језику: енглески). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31023-7.

[15] Humphreys, Mike (2021). A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm (на језику: енглески). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-46200-7.

[16] Kitzinger, 92–93, 92 quoted

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