Department of Library and Information Services

century. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the major impetus of change, key paradigm shifts, new roles, opportunities and challenges for academic librarians. The paper also discusses skills and competencies for modern academic librarians to enable them to meet these challenges and finally, a way forward is recommended. This chapter is based on an indepth desk-top review of literature and the author' own experience and points of view.

Increasingly, the importance of e-government is growing owing to higher quality delivery of government services, improved citizen empowerment through access to e-information, and better interactions between governments and their stakeholders. Despite all this recognition and appreciation of e-government, there is slow uptake and high failure of e-government in developing countries. A huge imbalance still remains between developed and developing countries, specifically in Africa because of numerous impediments. Africa lags far behind all other regions in the world. Some African countries have initiated e-government, such as Ghana, Nigeria, and South Africa, yet others have not taken any initiative or are very slow in realizing its full take off, for instance, Tanzania, Botswana, and Zambia. In light of the above background, the main purpose of this chapter is to determine the challenges and based on the findings make recommendations for adoption of E-Government in Arica. The chapter reviews the theoretical underpinning of E-Government as a tool for modernizing public administration; examines the present state of e-government in Africa; highlights the challenges and barriers African countries encounter in their quest to develop E-Government; reviews the role of public libraries in E-Government, and finally, makes recommendations for E-Government adoption in Africa and other developing countries.

In today's knowledge-based economies, appropriate Knowledge Management (KM) has proved a strategic management tool to survive and thrive in the ever-changing global market. Therefore, increasingly, all types of organisations including tertiary institutions are adopting KM. This paper focuses on university libraries and presents the partial findings of a study carried out to investigate and explore KM practices in Southern African Development Community (SADC) university libraries. A structured questionnaire was used to carry out the study. The study revealed the main reasons for practicing KM to improve library services: to improve library services and productivity, produce more with less, avoid duplication of efforts and leverage existing knowledge. The major challenges were identified as constant budget decline, lack of incentives, inadequate staff training and expertise, a lack KM strategy, insufficient information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and a lack o...

Introduction "A commitment to scholarly work carries with it a responsibility to circulate that work as widely as possible: this is the access principle. In the digital age, that responsibility includes exploring new publishing technologies and economic models to improve access to scholarly work. Wide circulation adds value to published work; it is a significant aspect of its claim to be knowledge. The right to know and the right to be known are inextricably mixed. Open Access can benefit both" (Willinsky, 2010). Increasingly, this capacity to close the gap between developed and less developed countries through access to information becomes more important for educational, cultural, and scientific development. OA can foster information and knowledge sharing within research, educational, and scientific communities in traditionally economically disadvantaged regions (Canada, 2009). Based on the latest literature, this paper examines academic libraries' initiatives in promoting open access. It will also look at the obstacles and challenges faced in open access with specific reference to developing countries. First of all it would be suitable to appreciate the concept of open access. What is Open Access (OA)? According to BOAIthe concept of Open Access refers to "[the] free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself" (BOAI, 2002). The Bethesda Statement (2003) defines open access, where "The author(s) and copyright holder(s) grant(s) to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship as well as the right to make small numbers of printed copies for their personal use". The Guru of Open Access Harnad (2008) has described the characteristics of Open Access. "Information, which is Free, immediate, permanent, full-text, on-Line and accessible". Harnad suggests three main justifications of OA: "to maximise the uptake, usage, applications and impact of the research output of your university; to measure and reward the uptake, usage, applications and impact of the research output of your university (research metrics) and, to collect, manage and showcase a permanent record of the research output and impact of your university".

Introduction "A commitment to scholarly work carries with it a responsibility to circulate that work as widely as possible: this is the access principle. In the digital age, that responsibility includes exploring new publishing technologies and economic models to improve access to scholarly work. Wide circulation adds value to published work; it is a significant aspect of its claim to be knowledge. The right to know and the right to be known are inextricably mixed. Open Access can benefit both" (Willinsky, 2010). Increasingly, this capacity to close the gap between developed and less developed countries through access to information becomes more important for educational, cultural, and scientific development. OA can foster information and knowledge sharing within research, educational, and scientific communities in traditionally economically disadvantaged regions (Canada, 2009). Based on the latest literature, this paper examines academic libraries' initiatives in promoting open access. It will also look at the obstacles and challenges faced in open access with specific reference to developing countries. First of all it would be suitable to appreciate the concept of open access. What is Open Access (OA)? According to BOAIthe concept of Open Access refers to "[the] free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself" (BOAI, 2002). The Bethesda Statement (2003) defines open access, where "The author(s) and copyright holder(s) grant(s) to all users a free, irrevocable, worldwide, perpetual right of access to, and a license to copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship as well as the right to make small numbers of printed copies for their personal use". The Guru of Open Access Harnad (2008) has described the characteristics of Open Access. "Information, which is Free, immediate, permanent, full-text, on-Line and accessible". Harnad suggests three main justifications of OA: "to maximise the uptake, usage, applications and impact of the research output of your university; to measure and reward the uptake, usage, applications and impact of the research output of your university (research metrics) and, to collect, manage and showcase a permanent record of the research output and impact of your university".

This paper discusses the IT industry in Botswana in the context of five major findings of recently conducted surver. Looking at the challenges and opportunities facing the industry, the paper provides proposals on what needs to be done by all stakeholders including the government, the private sector and individual institutions to mitigate the challenges facing the industry and build on the opportunities available to enhance IT growth in Botswana.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a bibliometric perspective of Knowledge Management (KM) literature in libraries for the past 21 years (1998-2019), based on Web of Science core collection bibliographical database. The objectives of the paper are to examine a bibliometric profile of publications in the field of KM in libraries and analyze the emerging research trends in KM research in libraries and information centers through Keyword co-occurrence.  This study used bibliometric and citation analysis methods to explore the profile and research trends in knowledge management research in libraries. A total of 83 sources were retrieved via Web of Science’s core collection database using the terms “Knowledge Management, Libraries, Information centers, librarians, information professionals”. Data was analyzed through Web of Science’s Clarivate Analytics, then exported to Microsoft Excel and VOSviewer for production of images and graphs. Findings revealed that the most research outpu...

Technology has been a key driving force for change and emergence of new technology has brought a revolution in disseminating and sharing of research outputs at faster speed worldwide. Open access (OA) as a means for free availability of scholarly content via the Internet has enormous benefits accrue to the OA stakeholders. The purpose of this paper is to review all activities that can sensitize researchers and the scholarly community at large regarding the new publishing opportunity for dissemination of their research outputs at faster speed. The paper examines the open access OA concept, characteristics of OA and its growth. It also discusses open access models, OA benefits and copyright in digital era. Critical analysis of the rational for copyright law and fair for dealing were examined. It was inferred that OA as an accelerator for innovation, helps speedy the translation of ideas into innovative new services, products and other commercial ventures that fuel economic growth.

In a traditional setting, marketing Library and Information Services (LIS) had been a challenge. Social Media (SM) has opened new platforms for librarians and information professionals to market library and information services. The purpose of this paper is to explore how libraries and information centers are using Social Media applications for marketing library and information services world-wide. The paper reviews empirical studies on the utilization of Social Media for marketing, discusses the most widely used Social Media tools, and, analyses the general guidelines for the utilization of Social Media applications in libraries and information centers. Finally, the paper presents a framework for the successful design and utilization of Social Media applications in marketing libraries and information centers. This paper is based on an in-depth desk-top review of literature and the author’s own points of view.

Due to revolution in university libraries, the role of librarians has changed drastically. Knowledge management (KM) is no more a fad, but a reality to be productive and a means to gain and sustain a competitive edge over rivals in all areas of life. This paper presents the findings of a study entitled, "Knowledge Management in University Libraries: A case of SADC countries" carried out by the author to investigate knowledge management (KM) practices in SADC (Southern African Development Community) university libraries. The preliminary findings of the study were published in an Open Access book chapter titled, "An Empirical study of Knowledge Management in University Libraries in SADC countries". The focus of the paper is the impetus to practise KM and how KM is being practised, including the challenges and benefits associated with it. A questionnaire survey was used to carry out the study, including both quantitative and qualitative questions. The main reasons f...

The purpose of this study was to establish the factors affecting staff motivation in selected public libraries in Botswana. The study was conducted with the aim to propose an appropriate approach to motivating public librarians. Using a survey method, data was collected through the use of questionnaires, document analysis and observation of the working environment. Convenience sampling was used to select the population of the study. The study adopted Herzberg's Theory of Motivation as a theoretical framework. The findings revealed that librarians in these selected public libraries are de-motivated and dissatisfied with their jobs.Some of the factors that de-motivate librarians were identified as: job security; interpersonal relations at work; policies and procedures; working environment; benefits; and supervision. Based on the findings, the study recommends that Botswana National Library Services management should: adopt motivation theories to establish motivation programmes; up...

Introduction "A commitment to scholarly work carries with it a responsibility to circulate that work as widely as possible: this is the access principle. In the digital age, that responsibility includes exploring new publishing technologies and economic models to improve access to scholarly work. Wide circulation adds value to published work; it is a significant aspect of its claim to be knowledge. The right to know and the right to be known are inextricably mixed. Open Access can benefit both" (Willinsky, 2010). Increasingly, this capacity to close the gap between developed and less developed countries through access to information becomes more important for educational, cultural, and scientific development. OA can foster information and knowledge sharing within research, educational, and scientific communities in traditionally economically disadvantaged regions (Canada, 2009). Based on the latest literature, this paper examines academic libraries' initiatives in prom...

In Africa, the first Library and Information Science (LIS) education programs started in South Africa in 1938 as the "Department of Librarianship" at the University of Pretoria and today LIS education is considered a sophisticated programme like any other academic programs in all African countries. This paper discusses the major changes, opportunities and challenges at the DLIS. LIS education in Botswana boasts an admirable history of roughly 37 years, during which the Department of Library and Information Studies has made a significant contribution in human resource training, research and service. Today, DLIS offers both Bachelors and Masters Degree programmes in Library and information studies, Information systems, and Archives and Records management and it also offers M.Phil and PhD programmes. To equip future information professionals with the right skills and competencies for the current job market and to prepare them for the emerging global society, DLIS keeps reviewing its teaching curricula to introduce new programmes. Some of the development includes winter programme; Bachelor of Information Systems (BIS 210) programme for the curricula harmonisation; and forthcoming 'Bachelor of Information and Knowledge Management' (BIKM) programme. This paper is based on in-depth and latest literature review mainly from developing countries and the authors' experience as LIS practitioners and educators at DLIS.

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of pre-treatment and storage periods on the quality parameters of onion paste. The paste contains the natural flavor and health benefits, rather than artificial food flavoring substances and it can be used to prepare processed products. The processing of the onion paste which are preferred by the consumer, have long shelf life and involve low cost of production. Hence, it is necessary to maintain the quality and to increase shelf life of the products and generate an easy technology, which can be used in our agro climatic and processing conditions. Thus, in the investigation, a systematic approach was followed to store the different pretreated onion paste.

This paper presents the findings of a Master’s Dissertation titled ‘the gaps model of service quality: marketing of archival reference services of Botswana national archives and records services’ which was carried out to evaluate marketing of archival reference services at Botswana National Archives and Records Services (BNARS). A survey research method was used to exploit the objectives of the study. In order to enhance validity of the findings of the study, a triangulation data collection technique of questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentary research methods were used to collect data. The study has revealed that BNARS personnel failed to distinguish between marketing and promotion, which resulted in ineffective promotional / communication strategies. Some suggestions have been made to overcome this problem, including the need for BNARS to take its officers to regional (ESARBICA) and international (ICA) professional seminars and conferences.

Sustainable development in the 21st century is based on access to information and knowledge. Like their counterparts, African libraries have recognized the key role of libraries in achieving sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).The National Library of Uganda provides ICT training to female farmers to access weather forecasts, crop prices, and to set up online markets in their local languages. Nigerian Librarians developed a SDGs Action Group on Facebook to achieve SDGs. Similarly, public libraries in Botswana are actively engaged in achieving sustainable development goals. For example, supporting Goal 8, some public libraries provide basic ICT training to empower community so as to increase access to information for career and job opportunities leading to social and economic development. To support Goal 4: Quality education, some Public Libraries provide homework assistance to children to build strong educational foundation. To address Goal 5, Gender Equality, some public libraries ...