Reference

Primer paso: en la pantalla de relaciones agregamos las dos tablas que vamos a relacionar (puedes descargar la base de datosempleado-tablas.mdb, la cual contiene las tablas sin relaciones que puedes ver en la imagen de abajo) . Los dos campos a relacionar son N_EMPLE que aparecen en negrita ya que son clave pricipal...

Den här boken ger ovärderlig hjälp för alla som ska skriva en vetenskaplig artikel eller uppsats. Att kunna hantera formalia är en viktig del av det professionella vetenskapliga hantverket och förtjänar samma uppmärksamhet som andra delar av forskningsprocessen.

I Konsten att skriva en fotnot diskuteras detaljfrågor kring formalia, såsom citat- och referatteknik samt hantering av illustrationer och fotnoter, men framför allt tar författarna ett helhetsgrepp på vetenskaplig formalia. Boken är tänkt att vara ett hjälpmedel att användas under själva skrivandet och ger exempel på en mängd frågeställningar som kan infinna sig för uppsatsskribenten. Hur ska egentligen referenser utformas i en vetenskaplig text? Ska en fotnot stå före eller efter punkten? Hur redovisas internetkällor i källförteckningen?

Boken vänder sig till nya studenter som behöver en bok i behändigt format att hålla hårt i under uppsatsskrivandet, men också till den mer erfarna forskaren som kan behöva en uppslagsbok när det uppstår frågor kring hur hänvisningar ska utformas.

The article pays attention to spiritual formation as a vital focus in youth ministry. Spiritual formation will be described as a contextual process of meaning making and integration of what we believe into how we live our lives. The individualistic nature of especially postmodern spirituality gets attention. Lastly the article will focus on the connection between identity formation and spiritual formation, as well as the community orientated focus of Christian spirituality, which makes it so valuable for youth ministry today.

Die transformasie van die regbank in Suid-Afrika is 'n noodsaaklike en onvermydelike proses. Hierdie artikel poog om 'n verduideliking te gee van die begrip politieke transformasie en die rol daarvan in hierdie proses. Dit poog ook om vas te stel of 'n regmatige regsproses wat effektief, toeganklik, verantwoordbaar en verteenwoordigend van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap is, bereik en gehandhaaf kan word, binne die grondwetlike raamwerk en die demokratiese proses van transformasie. Die vraag is gevolglik nie of transformasie moet plaasvind nie, maar watter stappe geneem moet word om te verseker dat die transformasieproses effektief en deursigtig is en dat die onafhanklikheid van die regbank gerespekteer word. Transformation and the judiciary : independence under threat? The transformation of South Africa's judiciary is necessary and inevitable. This paper seeks to explain and discuss the concept of political transformation and its role in this process. It also seeks t...

Despite ongoing research there is no consensus amongst scholars regarding the definition and meaning of restorative justice. While various ideas have been advanced on what restorative justice is supposed to be, the literature is unclear as to whether it should be a mainstream role-player in criminal justice. In this contribution it is envisaged that all the different arguments regarding restorative justice will be addressed to position it in relation to mainstream criminal justice and rehabilitation. It appears that the key objective of restorative justice is restoration and addressing harms after the victim has granted forgiveness. However, some victims will take a long time to forgive while others will never forgive. Some scholars believe that a restorative justice conference is much more effective in preventing further crime i.e. promotes (rehabilitation) than the formal threats of the Criminal Justice System. This contribution takes a critical look at restorative justice and whe...

This article discusses the City Improvement District as a recent phenomenon in urban South Africa. The reason for doing so stems from a lack of basic information on the concept in the local literature. The findings, based on a study conducted in the second half of 2004 and including all the Improvement Districts in operation in the country at that time, are presented in three key areas of the concept - land use profiles, financial aspects and services rendered. This is done within the context of the international situation with regards to the concept, and compared with an international study conducted in 2003, as basis. STEDELIKE OPGRADERINGSDISTRIK IN SUID-AFRIKA: 'N VERKENNENDE OORSIG In hierdie artikel word die Stedelike Opgraderingsdistrik as 'n onlangse fenomeen in stedelike Suid-Afrika bespreek. Die rede hiervoor is 'n gebrek aan basiese inligting oor die konsep in die plaaslike literatuur. Die bevindinge, gebaseer op 'n studie wat in die tweede helfte van 2004...

Directors and boards face many challenges in terms of managing complexity. A key factor of success in practicing good corporate governance is the board’s ability to cope with paradox. The purpose of this research has been to explore the core corporate governance dilemmas facing boards. The investigation was qualitative in nature using the Delphi technique. Six core corporate governance dilemmas facing board members were identified one of which is not mentioned in the international literature. The findings should provide directors with an ability to identify the nature of the paradoxes they need to respond to.<br />

We have developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) cellular microarray platform to enable the rapid and efficient tracking of stem cell fate and quantification of specific stem cell markers. This platform consists of a miniaturized 3D cell culture array on a functionalized glass slide for spatially addressable high-throughput screening. A microarray spotter was used to deposit cells onto a modified glass surface to yield an array consisting of cells encapsulated in alginate gel spots with volumes as low as 60 nL. A method based on an immunofluorescence technique scaled down to function on a cellular microarray was also used to quantify specific cell marker protein levels in situ. Our results revealed that this platform is suitable for studying the expansion of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as they retain their pluripotent and undifferentiated state. We also examined neural commitment of mouse ES cells on the microarray and observed the generation of neuroectodermal precursor cells characterized by expression of the neural marker Sox-1, whose levels were also measured in situ using a GFP reporter system. In addition, the high-throughput capacity of the platform was tested using a dual-slide system that allowed rapid screening of the effects of tretinoin and fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) on the pluripotency of mouse ES cells. This high-throughput platform is a powerful new tool for investigating cellular mechanisms involved in stem cell expansion and differentiation and provides the basis for rapid identification of signals and conditions that can be used to direct cellular responses. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 106: 106–118. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

People often become confused, mistaking one thing for another, or taking two things to be the same. How should we assign semantic values to confused statements? Recently, philosophers have taken a pessimistic view of confusion, arguing that understanding confused belief demands signifi cant departure from our normal interpretive practice. I argue for optimism. Our semantic treatment of confusion can be a lot like our semantic treatment of empty names. Surprisingly, perhaps, the resulting semantics lets us keep in place more of our everyday interpretive practices in the face of confused belief.

Separation of the main metals contained in spent Li-ion batteries has been investigated using a treatment route consisting of the following steps: manual dismantling, acid leaching, precipitation with NH 4 OH and liquid-liquid extraction using Cyanex 272 [bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid] as the extractant agent. Aluminium, cobalt, lead and lithium were the main metal species identified in the residue. Lead was found solely in the anode of the battery, so this metal can be separated manually from the other metal species, which were found to predominate in the cathode. The following operational variables were investigated in the acid leaching step: temperature, solid/liquid ratio, H 2 SO 4 concentration and H 2 O 2 concentration which was used as the oxidizing agent. Around 55% of aluminium, 80% of cobalt and 95% of lithium were leached from the cathode when leaching solutions with H 2 O 2 were carried out. In the precipitation step, NH 4 OH was added to the leach liquor to raise the pH and aluminium was partially separated from cobalt and lithium at pH 5. After filtration, the aqueous solution was submitted to a purification step by liquid-liquid extraction with Cyanex 272 and around 85% of cobalt was separated.

Various types of transformations of toponyms coexist today in South Africa at every scale: street, suburb, village, town, city, municipality, district, province and country. Place names contribute to forge the identity of particular places, at different scales. The combination between place and scale creates various sets of identities. The change of place names is a pertinent tool to analyse territorial restructuring in post-apartheid South Africa. It raises the question of multiculturalism in a 'multilingual coexistence context'. Thus, it emphasises the question of memory of a past that new names want to rectify or to clear. Change of place names is at the intersection of spatial strategies and representations of all individuals. It is an entry point to study the evolution of today's identities in South Africa. If toponyms reflect the identity of a place, their changes are indicative of the multiple identities contained in one place or territory.

Governance in general is becoming increasingly important in contemporary management, but specifically the governance of Digital Forensics. In order to manage governance disciplines effectively, closer attention needs to be paid to the technical aspects of specialised fields covered within an organisation. This paper presents a novel, scientific definition of Digital Forensic (DF) governance and a preliminary best practice framework. Similar to other existing organisational governance disciplines, DF governance assists organisations in guiding the management team and stakeholders in setting up mandates and expected actions from the organisation's incident response team. The DF governance framework is designed with a strong input from related governance disciplines, as well as a sound knowledge of the DF discipline. It can support and supplement the role technology and information plays within the business environment. The adoption of this framework by organisations will serve as internal guidance document when addressing digital incidents and attacks.

During the period 1999 to 2005, I was the convenor of the Citizens Forum for Constitutional Reform, a coalition of over 150 civil society organisations working for the review of the 1999 Constitution. We have done extensive review and advocacy campaigns and our publications include the following: i.

Purpose: The article focuses on organisations' capability to deliver their vision and strategies through the use of project management and, in particular, the project delivery capability of organisations themselves. Problem investigated: Although quantitative evidence does exist that organisations do receive value from project management, the track record of failed projects shows the opposite. This can be attributed to the fact that there is no holistic approach in the implementation of project management, which means that organisations do not receive the value they are supposed to get from project management. Design and/or methodology: The problem of a holistic approach is addressed through a theoretical framework that shows the various building blocks of project delivery capability as well as the relationship between the various components within the building blocks. The benefits of such a holistic framework are the improvement of project delivery capability and an understandi...

This article reviews a number of psychologically informed studies of Jesus in view of the criteria pertaining to psychobiography. It argues that the studies have produced divergent interpretations of Jesus because of a lack of data and the nature of the sources. This is especially true of these studies as they used psychological approaches based on childhood experiences. The framework for psychobiography also allows for the use of other methods that are more concerned with religious adults in coping situations. These may be applied to explore theories about the psychological development of the adult Jesus. The article shows also that the use of the New Testament sources also implies assumptions with regard to the nature of these sources and the people who had produced those sources.

Identifying objects in conversation is a fundamental human capability necessary to achieve efficient collaboration on any real world task. Hence the deepening of our understanding of human referential behaviour is indispensable for the creation of systems that collaborate with humans in a meaningful way. We present the construction of REX-J, a multi-modal Japanese corpus of referring expressions in situated dialogs, based on the collaborative task of solving the Tangram puzzle. This corpus contains 24 dialogs with over 4 h of recordings and over 1,400 referring expressions. We outline the characteristics of the collected data and point out the important differences from previous corpora. The corpus records extra-linguistic information during the interaction (e.g. the position of pieces, the actions on the pieces) in synchronization with the participants' utterances. This in turn allows us to discuss the importance of creating a unified model of linguistic and extra-linguistic information from a new perspective. Demonstrating the potential

along with the participants in the Cape Town Global Administrative Law Workshop for invaluable comments. I would also like to thank Hima Lawrence for providing excellent research assistance. A more extensive, but somewhat less up to date, report of this research is

One of the basic assumptions associated with the theoretical model as described in this article is that an organisation (a system) can acquire capabilities through intentional strategic and operational initiatives. This intentional capability-building process also implies that the organisation intends to use these capabilities in a constructive way to increase competitive advantage for the firm. Opsomming Een van die basiese aannames wat geassosieer word met die teoretiese model wat in hierdie artikel beskryf word, is dat ’n organisasie (’n stelsel) vermoëns deur doelgerigte strategiese en operasionele inisiatiewe kan bekom. Hierdie voorgenome vermoë-skeppingsproses, veronderstel ook dat die onderneming daarop ingestel is om hierdie vermoëns op ’n konstruktiewe wyse te benut om die mededingende voordeel van die organisasie te verhoog.

Boards of directors have the ultimate responsibility for governance – including internal control – in their organisations. Management is tasked with the design, implementation and maintenance of internal control systems. Internal auditors play a key role in independently evaluating these controls, acting as agents on behalf of the board of directors in order to mitigate the possibility of management not acting in the best interest of the organization, leaving gaps in the internal control system, and, in some instances, doing so in order to enable unlawful personal gain. The Committee of Sponsoring Organisations’ Integrated Framework for Internal Control (hereafter referred to as the COSO framework) is used as a recognised framework, which, if implemented, could result in an effective internal control system and served as the basis for the design of the research instrument of the research. The questionnaire was distributed to internal audit practitioners. Responses were obtained from...

This study focuses on the surface modification of the commercial aromatic polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes with thermo-responsive copolymers poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) (P(NIPAM-co-Am)) for improved membrane properties. Firstly, thermo-responsive copolymers P(NIPAM-co-Am) with certain lower critical solution temperature (LCST) were synthesized by free radical copolymerization in aqueous solution. The resultant copolymers were then used to modify the commercial TFC

The Declaration and Treaty of the SADC, signed by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Heads of State and Government in Windhoek in 1992, expressed confidence that recent developments such as the independence of Namibia and the transition in South Africa "... will take the region out of an era of conflict and confrontation, to one of cooperation; in a climate of peace, security and stability. These are prerequisites for development ..." The Declaration called, among others, for "... a framework of co-operation which provides for ... strengthening regional solidarity, peace and security, in order for the people of the region to live and work together in peace and harmony ... The region needs, therefore, to establish a framework and mechanisms to strengthen regional solidarity, and provide for mutual peace and security." The subsequent establishment of the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security has given some effect to these ambitious intentions. Give...

The study assessed the compliance of construction professionals to ethical standards in the Nigerian construction industry. The study area was Lagos State and the target respondents were the registered professionals including architects, quantity surveyors, builders and engineers. A total of one hundred and seventy (170) questionnaire were randomly administered on the professionals and one hundred and thirty eight (138) were retrieved representing 81.18% response rate. Findings revealed that professionals displayed high level of compliance to clients service delivery with Mean Item Score (MIS) ranged between 3.22 to 3.79, educational and professional qualification with Mean Item Score (MIS) ranged 3.18 to 3.71 and standards of practice with Mean Item Score (MIS) ranged between 3.16 to 3.63. The overall rating revealed that professionals have highest level of compliance to standards of practice with 54.76%, while the least ranked ethical standards was fair compensation with 49.31%. A...

The full range model of leadership includes laissez-faire behaviour, transactional leadership, and transformational leadership. The model conceptualises leadership in terms of the behaviours associated with various styles and this conceptualisation has been empirically supported. In this article the personality traits of managers exercising different leadership styles are explained in terms of, and add to, the description of these styles. Members of a management team were assessed in terms of their preferred leadership styles and two groups were identified. Some of the managers relied on both transformational behaviours and active transactional behaviours with an absence of behaviours associated with passive styles. The rest of the managers used behaviours associated with all the styles. An integrated personality profile was compiled for each manager. Definite trends were observed when comparing the profiles of the managers in the two leadership groups. Transformational leadership was defined in terms of the interpersonal more than the visionary aspect of leadership with interpersonal styles and work and social ethics being emphasised. Behaviours associated with transactional leadership as well as with more passive styles were also noted. The findings provide further support for the conceptualisation of leadership in terms of the full range model of leadership.

Houston, ons het 'n probleem! Gapings, glipsies en goggas in onlangse wysigings aan die siviele prosesreg in landdroshowe Die tempo van verandering op die gebied van siviele prosesreg het onlangs toegeneem. Grootskaalse verandering gaan egter dikwels gepaard met verwarring en ontwrigting. Merkwaardige veranderinge aan die struktuur en funksionering van die land se landdroshowe het onlangs 'n reeks "gapings, glipsies en goggas" tot gevolg gehad. Die aard en omvang van hierdie "gapings, glipsies en goggas" dui op 'n kommerwekkende ontwikkeling, naamlik dat onvoldoende sorg en aandag geskenk blyk te word gedurende die proses van wetsontwerp en opstel van regulasies. Indien dit nie aangespreek word nie, mag die verskeie probleme waarop hierdie artikel dui, selfs die toekomstige vlot transformasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel verhinder.

Evidence from various sources suggests that satisfaction with the individual components of an in-store shopping experience will result in customer satisfaction which will lead to customer retention and loyalty over the long term. It is argued that the in-store shopping experience (ISE) at store level consists of a variety of different dimensions that can be controlled by the retailer. This study reports on two phases of a long-term study on the controllable elements of the in-store shopping experience. Closely following the guidelines for multi-item scale development suggested by Churchill (1979) and based on the results of two empirical surveys, it is concluded that there are five dimensions of importance to consumers when assessing their satisfaction with an in-store shopping experience. These dimensions are merchandise value, personal interaction, merchandise variety, internal store environment and complaint handling. The proposed instrument in its current form demonstrates high ...

Information warfare has become an integral part of practically all international conflict situations. The most prominent recent manifestations include the Hamas-Israel conflict, the Estonia-Russia cyberwar and the Georgia-Russia war. While elements of this form of conflict are as old as humankind, the information age has created unique and new opportunities for information warfare to manifest as an upcoming national security threat in the 21st century. Despite the diverse, and sometimes even contradictory, definitions, the information revolution and growing global integration have ensured that information warfare is destined to become one of the most significant national security challenges in the future. After a critical presentation of broad, military and information technology-oriented definitions, information warfare is defined as actions focused on destabilising or manipulating the core information networks of a state or entity in society with the aim of influencing the ability and will to project power as well as efforts to counter similar attacks by an opposing entity and/or state. The core of this argument is that information as a power instrument can be used in both offensive and defensive roles. The definition proposed for information warfare encompass three forms of manifestation of information warfare, namely netwar, psychological operations and cyberwarfare. The differentiation between the three manifestations is done on a cognitive/technology continuum. This definition of information warfare provides an opportunity to identify the common elements and significant characteristics of this phenomenon. The foundations highlight the significance of networked relationships, the information revolution and digital age all central to the development of information warfare. At the same time modern conflict and war are manifesting within the context of the information age, ensuring that information warfare is becoming a significant national security threat. A thorough analysis of the manifestation and implications of information warfare in current and future conflicts in Africa, but also worldwide, would be necessary to understand conflict in its modern and future context.

This article analyses the coherence and coordination dilemma in peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction systems, with special reference to the United Nations' integrated approach concept. It argues that all peacebuilding agents are interdependent in that they cannot individually achieve the goal of the overall peacebuilding system. Pursuing coherence helps to manage the interdependencies that bind the peacebuilding system together, and coordination is the means through which individual peacebuilding agents can ensure that they are coherent with the overall strategic framework. The article is focused on two areas where the lack of coherence provides the most promise for improving peacebuilding coherence. The first is the need to generate a clearly articulated overall * Cedric de Coning is a joint Research Fellow at NUPI (the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs) and ACCORD (the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes).

The carbon-doped titania with high surface area was prepared by temperature-programmed carbonization of K-contained anatase titania under a flow of cyclohexane. This carbon-doped titania has much better photocatalytic activity for gas-phase photo-oxidation of benzene under irradiation of artificial solar light than pure titania. The visible light photocatalytic activity is ascribed to the presence of oxygen vacancy states because of the formation of Ti 3+ species between the valence and the conduction bands in the TiO 2 band structure. The co-existence of K and carbonaceous species together stabilize Ti 3+ species and the oxygen vacancy state in the as-synthesized carbon-doped titania.

Abstract: In keeping with the auto-ethnographical approach (as postulated by Mitra (2010) and Spry (2001)) this paper strives to frame physical actions as expressive performance narratives in my own work as part of contemporary South African theatre. I aim to do so through ...

This article considered the literary representation of young South Africans coming of age within a post-apartheid, multicultural context and forging for themselves a modern identity across a divide between, and also within, cultures. They identify themselves with the global West, but also subscribe to indigenous African values, whilst recognising how they themselves have been damaged by corrupted cultural practices. Postcolonial theories of identity-formation – Said’s argument that post-imperial cultures are all hybrid and heterogeneous, Bhabha’s interstitial ‘third space’ where postcolonial identities are produced through processes of negotiation and translation, Hall’s theory that cultural identity is based on differences and discontinuities rather than on fixed essences, De Kock’s notion of a ‘cultural seam’ or site where cultures both differ and converge and difference and sameness are sutured together, Nuttall’s notion of entanglement, and Clingman’s theory of the transitive se...

The use of case docket analysis as a crime information product is often documented as significant to many criminal fact-finding activities. Despite the often theoretical reference to case docket analysis in literature, such as research papers and crime reports, the understanding and real-life experiences of criminal investigators, crime analysts and crime researchers regarding the practicability of this product remain silent. Insight into the dynamics of case docket analysis could inform these role-players of the value of case docket analysis as an effective crime information product. This article explores and describes criminal investigators', crime analysts' and crime researchers' first-hand understanding and operational experiences about the 'what', 'why' and 'how' of case docket analysis to assist in uncovering the hidden transcripts in crime data and translating such data into usable empirical evidence. The data was generated from a sample of...

the relationship between nigeria and South Africa is couched in the complex interdependence paradigm, in which the two states continue to depend on one another. the umbilical cord that joins the two straddles the economic, political, social, cultural and military spheres. Attempts by one to ‘do it all alone’ for the sake of self-interest will not only affect their relationship, but will also affect the whole concept on which the African union, the brain-child of Pretoria and Abuja, is based. the sensitivity and vulnerability of the two states to each other depends on the issues at hand. While South Africa appears to be vulnerable and sensitive to nigeria’s fossil fuel and diplomatic support, South Africa’s investments and technology transfer continue to be sources of Abuja’s vulnerability, and are very sensitive issues. As long as both states are dominant powers in their respective sub-regions, there is always a need for them to co-formulate some functional policy for African develo...

Background: Strategies to meet the healthcare needs of pregnant women are made available throughout antenatal, intra-partum and post-natal periods. These strategies are aimed at reducing perinatal and maternal mortality amongst women who access and utilise healthcare at an early stage. Late visits with irregular antenatal attendance result in failure to adequately use antenatal interventions.Objectives: This study intended to compare and describe the level of patient satisfaction with antenatal care between two groups of women who received free antenatal care from community private physicians and public midwives.Methods: A quantitative comparative descriptive design with a Likert-scale measure was used. Sixty women, half from each group, participated in the study. Structured questionnaires with closed-ended response options were used to obtain data.Results: The midwives’ group was less satisfied with antenatal care than the physicians’ group, with the former citing long waiting time...

Abstract: The aim of this article is to identify attributes of organisational culture and human resource practices required for successful transitions in mergers and acquisitions. Using primary data from five case studies on mergers and acquisitions, findings show that where neglect of ...

Intrinsic to being human is the fact that we all have the right to human dignity – to self-worth, autonomy and the ability of self-determination. When dealing with religious discrimination, by default notions of inequality and more specifically unfair or disadvantaged discrimination come to the fore. In the assessment of such discrimination disputes it is interesting to note the extent to which the courts have viewed equality through the prism of human dignity. In this sense human dignity canbe said to take central stage so-to-speak in the arena of discrimination dispute resolution. The rationale for this must be premised on the fact that human dignity is far more than just a constitutional right; it is an imperative that jurisprudentiallyattaches itself to the fact that unfair discrimination on the ground of religion impacts adversely on what and who we are as individuals.