Papers by Carol A. Schultze
Northwest Anthropological Conference Proceedings, 2023
Recent and ongoing work under the auspices of Washington State's Chehalis Basin Strategy has brou... more Recent and ongoing work under the auspices of Washington State's Chehalis Basin Strategy has brought renewed attention to the archaeology of rivers and floodplains. This talk will show that floodplains are complex depositional environments that defy the easy targeting of 'high probability' locations for archaeological survey. We review geomorphological concepts applicable to floodplain archaeology and apply them to Washington State case studies using geographic information system (GIS); laser imaging, detection, and ranging (LiDAR); and historical map data. Despite the complexities, some generalizations and truisms regarding probable site locations do emerge from this study. These can be used as a guide to survey sampling strategies for habitat restoration and flood control projects throughout the region.
University Press of Colorado eBooks, 2017
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2009
Archaeological excavations at a U-shaped pyramid in the northern Lake Titicaca Basin of Peru have... more Archaeological excavations at a U-shaped pyramid in the northern Lake Titicaca Basin of Peru have documented a continuous 5-mdeep stratigraphic sequence of metalworking remains. The sequence begins in the first millennium AD and ends in the Spanish Colonial period ca. AD 1600. The earliest dates associated with silver production are 1960 ؎ 40 BP (2-sigma cal. 40 BC to AD 120) and 1870 ؎ 40 BP (2-sigma cal. AD 60 to 240) representing the oldest known silver smelting in South America. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of production debris indicate a complex, multistage, high temperature technology for producing silver throughout the archaeological sequence. These data hold significant theoretical implications including the following: (i) silver production occurred before the development of the first southern Andean state of Tiwanaku, (ii) the location and process of silverworking remained consistent for 1,500 years even though political control of the area cycled between expansionist states and smaller chiefly polities, and (iii) that U-shaped structures were the location of ceremonial, residential, and industrial activities.
This paper discusses the emergence of silver metallurgy some two millennia ago in the south centr... more This paper discusses the emergence of silver metallurgy some two millennia ago in the south central Andes. It is argued that the availability of multiple abundant resources and a high population density were instrumental in the development of this complex technology. The potential for such resource-rich environments to stimulate and sustain innovation is briefly discussed, particularly for prestige goods in societies engaged in socially competitive networks. The Puno Bay area of Lake Titicaca and its hinterland is shown to be one such resource-rich region, which may have contributed to its role in developing a complex and labour-intensive silver metallurgy as part of a larger mining-metallurgical landscape.
Mining and Quarrying in the Ancient Andes, 2013
Archaeological excavations at a U-shaped pyramid in the northern Lake Titicaca Basin of Peru have... more Archaeological excavations at a U-shaped pyramid in the northern Lake Titicaca Basin of Peru have documented a continuous 5-m-deep stratigraphic sequence of metalworking remains. The sequence begins in the first millennium AD and ends in the Spanish Colonial period ca. AD 1600. The earliest dates associated with silver production are 1960 ± 40 BP (2-sigma cal. 40 BC to AD 120) and 1870 ± 40 BP (2-sigma cal. AD 60 to 240) representing the oldest known silver smelting in South America. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of production debris indicate a complex, multistage, high temperature technology for producing silver throughout the archaeological sequence. These data hold significant theoretical implications including the following: (i) silver production occurred before the development of the first southern Andean state of Tiwanaku, (ii) the location and process of silverworking remained consistent for 1,500 years even though political control of the area cycled between expansionist states and smaller chiefly polities, and (iii) that U-shaped structures were the location of ceremonial, residential, and industrial activities.
This dissertation presents an archaeological investigation of Tiwanaku economic, cultural, and po... more This dissertation presents an archaeological investigation of Tiwanaku economic, cultural, and political expansion into Puno Bay in the northern Lake Titicaca Basin of highland Peru during the period of the Tiwanaku state, circa AD 500 – 1100. It is a contribution to the study of colonialism in human prehistory, addressing the expansionary activities of archaic states, mechanisms of state authority, and the means used to project state power at a distance.
Kumeyaay Village in San Diego, California
Undergraduate Senior Thesis at Reed College, Oregon, USA.
Books by Carol A. Schultze
E. Ben-Yosef, I. W. N. Jones (eds.), “And in Length of Days Understanding” (Job 12:12): Essays on Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond in Honor of Thomas E. Levy, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, 2023
Like the Eastern Hemisphere, the cultures of the Americas developed a rich tradition of metallurg... more Like the Eastern Hemisphere, the cultures of the Americas developed a rich tradition of metallurgy millennia ago. The Andes were an independent center of innovation, arriving at the similar technologies and end products in the absence of direct or indirect contact. It is fascinating that human ingenuity and experimentation arrived at similar industrial processes in at least two areas of the world. In this paper we review the great metallurgy traditions in the Pre-Columbian Andes with an emphasis on copper.
"Arqueología de la Cuenca del Titicaca, Perú, es una compilación de textos escritos por investiga... more "Arqueología de la Cuenca del Titicaca, Perú, es una compilación de textos escritos por investigadores reconocidos y los de nuevas generaciones que han desarrollado sus trabajos arqueológicos en los últimos años en el Altiplano vinculado a la cuenca del lago Titicaca, en el actual Perú. Asimismo, por primera vez, se reúnen en idioma castellano, textos de arqueólogos peruanos y norteamericanos en un diálogo esperado por largo tiempo y que ahora estará disponible para especialistas y público en general. De esta manera, se cumple con poner a disposición de la comunidad científica y, en especial de las comunidades y regiones estudiadas de Puno, un libro que describe la rica y profunda historia de las épocas prehispánicas de esta área, lo cual, seguramente, ayudará a entender la herencia cultural de este pueblo que se profundiza en el tiempo pero que se puede reconocer hasta la actualidad. Para conseguir este objetivo, los capítulos del libro describen un recorrido que comienza con la llegada de los primeros humanos a la zona, pasando por la conformación de las primeras sociedades aldeanas, la formación de los primeros estados como el de Pukara, la expansión de la sociedad Tiwanaku en la región, la aparición de los denominados señoríos altiplánicos, Collas y Lupacas, principalmente, hasta llegar, finalmente, a la expansión y ocupación del Imperio Inca en esta zona. Creemos que esta obra será una herramienta útil de investigación, consulta y difusión de la arqueología de la cuenca del lago Titicaca, aunque claramente trasciende ese marco para
integrarse como parte de la historia general de los Andes."
Gold & silver smelting by Carol A. Schultze
This paper discusses the emergence of silver metallurgy some two millennia ago in the south centr... more This paper discusses the emergence of silver metallurgy some two millennia ago in the south central Andes. It is argued that the availability of multiple abundant resources and a high population density were instrumental in the development of this complex technology. The potential for such resource-rich environments to stimulate and sustain innovation is briefly discussed, particularly for prestige goods in societies engaged in socially competitive networks. The Puno Bay area of Lake Titicaca and its hinterland is shown to be one such resource-rich region, which may have contributed to its role in developing a complex and labour-intensive silver metallurgy as part of a larger mining-metallurgical landscape.
Proceedings of the …, Jan 1, 2009
Archaeological excavations at a U-shaped pyramid in the northern Lake Titicaca Basin of Peru have... more Archaeological excavations at a U-shaped pyramid in the northern Lake Titicaca Basin of Peru have documented a continuous 5-m deep stratigraphic sequence of metalworking remains. The sequence begins in the first millennium AD and ends in the Spanish Colonial period ca. AD 1600. The earliest dates associated with silver production are 1960 . 40 BP (2-sigma cal. 40 BC to AD 120) and 1870 +/- 40 BP (2-sigma cal. AD 60 to 240) representing the oldest known silver smelting in South America. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of production debris indicate a complex, multistage, high temperature technology for producing silver throughout the archaeological sequence. These data hold significant theoretical implications including the following: (i) silver production occurred before the development of the first southern Andean state of Tiwanaku, (ii) the location and process of silverworking remained consistent for 1,500 years even though political control of the area cycled between expansionist states and smaller chiefly polities, and (iii) that U-shaped structures were the location of ceremonial, residential, and industrial activities.
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Papers by Carol A. Schultze
Books by Carol A. Schultze
integrarse como parte de la historia general de los Andes."
Gold & silver smelting by Carol A. Schultze
integrarse como parte de la historia general de los Andes."