IVANIČ, Peter. Relics of St. Constantine-Cyril in Slovakia. The worship of the remains of apostle... more IVANIČ, Peter. Relics of St. Constantine-Cyril in Slovakia. The worship of the remains of apostles, martyrs and saints has been practiced in Christianity since antiquity. Relics have spiritual and other meanings. In the present paper, I focus on the relics of St. Constantine-Cyril in Slovakia. Constantine-Cyril died in Rome in 869 and he is the co-patron of Europe together with his brother St. Methodius. The research itself was mainly focused on documenting the existence of relics, their description, dimensions and weight, identification of the certificate of authenticity of the relic, and the historical contexts of their acquisition. The research was conducted in nine Roman Catholic churches or church institutions (Banská Bystrica, Bzovík, Nitra, Rajec, Rakovice, Selce, the Spiš Chapter and Žilina) and in one Greek Catholic church (Košice). In the past, some relics were privately owned, but except for one case, they are currently owned by the church authorities. In two cases it was not possible to document the relics; their existence is, however, confirmed in the literature and archives. It is worth mentioning that after the Czech Republic, Slovakia comes second in the number of relics of St. Constantine-Cyril.
Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum of Ohrid belong to prominent figures of European history. T... more Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum of Ohrid belong to prominent figures of European history. They were excellent scholars in the second half of 9 th century and at the beginning of 10 th century. They belonged to the most famous disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius. Despite the fact that nowadays several of their autobiographies were preserved some data about their biography have not been clearly solved yet. In my contribution, I focus on the issue of their origin as it is stated in the works of Slovak and Czech historians, linguists, literary scientists or in works of encyclopaedic nature after 1900. Although these figures contributed to Great Moravian mission of the Solun Brothers they are only marginally mentioned in both Slovak and Czech historiography, especially in overview publications of works on Saints Cyril and Methodius. Especially on the origin of Saint Clement several hypotheses may be found.
The Byzantine mission of saint brothers Cyril and Methodius had a major impact on the spiritual h... more The Byzantine mission of saint brothers Cyril and Methodius had a major impact on the spiritual history of Great Moravia. In the centuries that followed, their works paved the way for the political and historical development of the Slavic nations, mainly in South-East and East Europe. The mission, which reached Great Moravia in 863, had several dimensions. The most important were evangelism and the cultural and civilizational dimensions. Translations of the Gospel and liturgical texts into Old Church Slavonic intensified the religious life of our ancestors and laid the foundations of literature and culture for almost the entire Slavic world. From this point of view, research should be focused on the role and reflection of this historical and cultural heritage in the ecclesiastical and spiritual, national and cultural life of the Slavic nations. The aim of this article is to assess the significance of Christian and Byzantine cultural values in terms of the collective Slavic identity....
Cultural tourism has undergone fundamental changes in several countries of post-socialist Europe.... more Cultural tourism has undergone fundamental changes in several countries of post-socialist Europe. In Slovakia, this fact concerns, for example, localities with a strong connection to the church and its cultural heritage. These monuments belong to the foundations of cultural tourism, yet the state intentionally did not prefer them as tourist destinations until 1989. Only after political and social changes were such localities exploited by tourism with a qualitative and quantitative increase in cultural tourism. The aim of this paper is to investigate the recent changes in cultural tourism in urban areas and to address alternative cultural tourism products to diversify the offerings. To do so, Nitra (Slovakia) was used as a case study area. The main used methods were comparative analysis of information sources and questionnaire surveys, aimed at residents, entrepreneurs, and tourists. The main result is that Nitra has the potential to become an important center of cultural tourism/sta...
IVANIČ, Peter. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš and the Research of Croatian-Glagolitic Monuments. Vševlad Jo... more IVANIČ, Peter. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš and the Research of Croatian-Glagolitic Monuments. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš contributed significantly to the preservation of Slovak historic libraries. His study of library collections enabled him to discover several unique pieces written in Croatian Glagolitic (The Hlohovec Glagolitic Letters and The Svätý Anton (Báč) Fragment). The Hlohovec Glagolitic Letters contain texts from the missal written in the 14th century. The Svätý Anton (Báč) Fragment is a fragment of the Croatian-Glagolitic Breviary, which originated in the 15th century. In the collections of the Apponyi Library in Oponice, Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš discovered a reference about a Slavonic Code that was part of the Medici Library collection (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana) in Florence. He established that the Code was written in Croatia in the 14th century and it contains an incomplete breviary along with ritual, as well as a translation of the sequence Dies irae.
IVANIČ, Peter. On the Matter of Imported Artefacts from the Byzantine Empire on Territory of Grea... more IVANIČ, Peter. On the Matter of Imported Artefacts from the Byzantine Empire on Territory of Great Moravia in the 9 th Century. Contacts between the Byzantine Empire and the territory of Great Moravia started already in the 6 th century. A large amount of evidence refers to an influence of Byzantium on sacral architecture, literature and material culture of the 9 th century Great Moravia. The main goal of the article is to elaborate on the connection of Byzantium and Great Moravia using the evidence of archaeological findings in the present day Czech Republic and Slovakia (e. g. silk, ceramics, pectoral crosses, coins, jewellery, etc.). As the research has shown, only a few objects were directly made in the Byzantine Empire. Peripheral areas of the Byzantine cultural sphere (e. g. Dalmatia, Istria) had a considerable influence on the territory of Great Moravia, more than Byzantium itself.
Slovensko a Macedónsko spájajú viaceré väzby, no výskum slovensko-macedónskych vzťahov nemá vo ve... more Slovensko a Macedónsko spájajú viaceré väzby, no výskum slovensko-macedónskych vzťahov nemá vo vede veľkú tradíciu. V príspevku som sa zameral na paralely v ojkonymii, pričom sledujem pomenovania obcí odvodené od slov breza, bystro, bystrý, cer, jabloň a jelša. Pri jednotlivých obciach uvádzam súčasnú podobu názvu a tiež jeho historické podoby. Následne sa zaoberám aj jeho etymológiou.
The territory of present Czech and Slovak Republics got into contact with Christianity as early a... more The territory of present Czech and Slovak Republics got into contact with Christianity as early as at the end of antiquity period. Mass Christianization of this geographical territory began to take place since the end of the 8 th century. The presence of Christians in the observed territory during the period of Early Middle Ages is evident only from a limited number of written sources preserved up to date. These sources prove the subsequent spread of Christianity among Slavs living in this region, mainly in the 9 th century. At the same time, they indicate the fact that the Christianization process exhibits influences from a variety of cultures.
Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš and the Research of Croatian-Glagolitic Monuments. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš cont... more Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš and the Research of Croatian-Glagolitic Monuments. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš contributed significantly to the preservation of Slovak historic libraries. His study of library collections enabled him to discover several unique pieces written in Croatian Glagolitic (The Hlohovec Glagolitic Letters and The Svätý Anton (Báč) Fragment). The Hlohovec Glagolitic Letters contain texts from the missal written in the 14th century. The Svätý Anton (Báč) Fragment is a fragment of the Croatian-Glagolitic Breviary, which originated in the 15th century. In the collections of the Apponyi Library in Oponice, Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš discovered a reference about a Slavonic Code that was part of the Medici Library collection (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana) in Florence. He established that the Code was written in Croatia in the 14th century and it contains an incomplete breviary along with ritual, as well as a translation of the sequence Dies irae.
Pope Leo XIII issued the Encyclical Grande Munus on the 30th of September 1880, right at the b... more Pope Leo XIII issued the Encyclical Grande Munus on the 30th of September 1880, right at the beginning of his long pontificate. He noted apostolical merits of Sts. Cyril and Methodius there and extended their feast to the whole Church. The feast of Sts. Cyril and Methodius was set on the 5th of July by the Pontiff. The great thanksgiving pilgrimage of the 1.400 Slavs to Rome between the 25th of June and the 5th of July 1881 was a direct answer of the Slavs to the emphasis, which the Pope placed on the importance of the CyrilloMethodian heritage by the Encyclical Grande Munus, and his favour to the Slavonic cause. The representatives of the Slovak Catholics favourably reacted to the Encyclical and atteded the pilgrimage. The author of the paper will deal with the reaction of the Slovak Catholics to the two aforementioned events in the press in the 19th century.
Road toll research is one of the marginal topics of Slovak historiography. Toll fees included bot... more Road toll research is one of the marginal topics of Slovak historiography. Toll fees included both a „dry“ toll paid for roads and a bridge („water“) toll paid next to fords, on the bridges, ferries and in the ports. Fees were originally part of the Royal Regal Right. This paper deals with the issue of road tolls collected in the southwestern Slovakia, were several important roads were situated in the Middle Ages. Based on the preserved written sources, the author managed to document a dense network of toll stations in the examined area. Most of them are documented in written sources only in the 14th and 15th century. One can assume that some of them existed in the older period. The amount of the fee is mentioned only in few cases. Several major toll stations (e.g. in Starý Tekov) were claimed by several owners and the documents testify long-standing disputes.
Christianization, associated with consolidation of power and establishment of early Christian sta... more Christianization, associated with consolidation of power and establishment of early Christian state formations, contributed significantly to creation of medieval Europe. Although the territory of today´s Moravia (eastern part of the Czech Republic) and Slovakia came into contact with Christianity already at the end of antiquity, the more intensive Christianization of these lands took place only from the 8 th century, when this territory was settled by Slavs. Missionaries from the Frankish Empire, from the territory of Istria, Dalmatia and northern Italy came here. Domestic Slavic elites started to convert to Christian-ity as from the 9 th century. For them, Christianity became a means of recognizing their social status externally and allowed them to integrate with the more culturally advanced Christian world. Archaeological findings (e.g. crosses and captorgs, plaques and bells from Bojná, objects of secular character), written sources, sacral architecture and burying methods testify to the existence of Christianity in the territory of today´s Moravia and Slovakia, especially in centers of the power. Povzetek: Pokristjanjevanje, povezano z utrjevanjem oblasti in vzpostavljanjem zgodnjih krščanskih državnih tvorb, je odločilno prispevalo k oblikovanju sre-dnjeveške Evrope. Čeprav je ozemlje današnje Moravske (vzhodnega dela da-našnje Češke republike) in Slovaške prišlo v stik s krščanstvom že ob koncu an-tike, se je intenzivnejše pokristjanjevanje omenjenih dežel dogajalo šele od 8. stoletja naprej, ko so to ozemlje naselili Slovani. Tja so prihajali misijonarji iz Frankovskega cesarstva, Istre, Dalmacije in severne Italije. Domače slovanske elite so se v 9. stoletju začele spreobračati v krščanstvo. Zanje je krščanstvo pomenilo sredstvo zunanje podkrepitve njihovega družbenega položaja in jim 1 The survey was elaborated within the VEGA Project No. 1/0006/18 "Imago Episcopi-Power of a Bishop and its Presentation in the Middle Ages". 656 Bogoslovni vestnik 80 (2020) • 3 je omogočilo vključitev v kulturno razvitejši krščanski svet. O navzočnosti kr-ščanstva na ozemlju današnje Moravske in Slovaške, zlasti v središčih oblasti, pričujejo arheološke najdbe (npr. križi in kaptorgi, plošče in zvonovi iz Bojne, predmeti posvetnega značaja), pisni viri, sakralna arhitektura in načini pokopa-vanja mrtvih.
In their contribution on the subject of crossings over the River Váh between Trenčín and Komárno ... more In their contribution on the subject of crossings over the River Váh between Trenčín and Komárno in the high and late Middle Ages, the authors predominantly employed archaeological and written sources, as well as cartographic and pictorial sources from more recent periods. River crossings (fords, ferries and bridges) played an important part in the observed period in the transportation network. The analysis of the investigated territory showed that the majority of locations listed in primary written sources were also sites with water finds. Water finds from the Váh catchment area to the north of Šala almost exclusively comprised weapons, mostly stabbing and cutting ones. The weapons might have been deposited in the river intentionally. In contrast, water finds from the area between Šala and the village of Neded included miscellaneous objects that might be associated with transport, trade or the accidental washing away of these objects.
Medzi rokmi 1907 až 19441 boli v rôznych slovenských periodikách postupne uverejnené správy o pam... more Medzi rokmi 1907 až 19441 boli v rôznych slovenských periodikách postupne uverejnené správy o pamiatkach napísaných hlaholským písmom, ktoré boli objavené v niekoľkých knižniciach na Slovensku. Doteraz poznáme štyri takéto dokumenty. Hlaholské listy hlohovské, Krtíšsky hlaholský zlomok a Svätoantonský (Báčsky) zlomok sa nachádzajú v zbierkach Literárneho archívu Slovenskej národnej knižnice. Okrem nich je známy zlomok českej hlaholskej biblie pod názvom Zlomok zo Spišskej Novej Vsi. Ide o fragmenty z väčších diel, ktoré boli napísané v 14. a 15. storočí.
Research of toll stations belongs to the marginal topics of the Slovak historiography. The contri... more Research of toll stations belongs to the marginal topics of the Slovak historiography. The contribution deals with the matter of toll paying in the territory in the Region Lower and Central Považie through which several important roads run in the Middle Ages. Tolls included the so called dry toll paid on roads and the so called bridge or wet toll paid on bridges, ferries, and rivers. Toll fees were formerly a part of the royal revenue law. The author managed to prove the dense network of toll stations in the given territory on the basis of preserved primary literary sources. Most of these toll stations were founded in the 14th-15th centuries.
Saint Methodius, a native of Thessalonica, was not only one of the leading Christian missionaries... more Saint Methodius, a native of Thessalonica, was not only one of the leading Christian missionaries and diplomats of the 9th century, but also an active traveller. He undertook several missionary and diplomatic journeys, which are mentioned in contemporary sources. The paper analyses his journeys to the Khazars, Great Moravia, Rome and finally in 881 to Byzantium. We trace the possible routes and the times it would have taken for Methodius to complete the journeys.
A monastery in today Hronský Beňadik was one of wealthy ecclesiastical institutions in the mediev... more A monastery in today Hronský Beňadik was one of wealthy ecclesiastical institutions in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Hungarian king Géza I (1074 – 1077) was the founder of the monastery. The paper is focused on the abbey estates which are recorded in the founding charter from the year 1075 and the charter of Pope Innocent III (1198 – 1216) dated to 1209. Both charters mention 25 settlements and "terra Sugolgi" with the St. Martin's Chapel in Dvory nad Žitavou. Some estates are recorded only in one of the charters.
IVANIČ, Peter. Relics of St. Constantine-Cyril in Slovakia. The worship of the remains of apostle... more IVANIČ, Peter. Relics of St. Constantine-Cyril in Slovakia. The worship of the remains of apostles, martyrs and saints has been practiced in Christianity since antiquity. Relics have spiritual and other meanings. In the present paper, I focus on the relics of St. Constantine-Cyril in Slovakia. Constantine-Cyril died in Rome in 869 and he is the co-patron of Europe together with his brother St. Methodius. The research itself was mainly focused on documenting the existence of relics, their description, dimensions and weight, identification of the certificate of authenticity of the relic, and the historical contexts of their acquisition. The research was conducted in nine Roman Catholic churches or church institutions (Banská Bystrica, Bzovík, Nitra, Rajec, Rakovice, Selce, the Spiš Chapter and Žilina) and in one Greek Catholic church (Košice). In the past, some relics were privately owned, but except for one case, they are currently owned by the church authorities. In two cases it was not possible to document the relics; their existence is, however, confirmed in the literature and archives. It is worth mentioning that after the Czech Republic, Slovakia comes second in the number of relics of St. Constantine-Cyril.
Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum of Ohrid belong to prominent figures of European history. T... more Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum of Ohrid belong to prominent figures of European history. They were excellent scholars in the second half of 9 th century and at the beginning of 10 th century. They belonged to the most famous disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius. Despite the fact that nowadays several of their autobiographies were preserved some data about their biography have not been clearly solved yet. In my contribution, I focus on the issue of their origin as it is stated in the works of Slovak and Czech historians, linguists, literary scientists or in works of encyclopaedic nature after 1900. Although these figures contributed to Great Moravian mission of the Solun Brothers they are only marginally mentioned in both Slovak and Czech historiography, especially in overview publications of works on Saints Cyril and Methodius. Especially on the origin of Saint Clement several hypotheses may be found.
The Byzantine mission of saint brothers Cyril and Methodius had a major impact on the spiritual h... more The Byzantine mission of saint brothers Cyril and Methodius had a major impact on the spiritual history of Great Moravia. In the centuries that followed, their works paved the way for the political and historical development of the Slavic nations, mainly in South-East and East Europe. The mission, which reached Great Moravia in 863, had several dimensions. The most important were evangelism and the cultural and civilizational dimensions. Translations of the Gospel and liturgical texts into Old Church Slavonic intensified the religious life of our ancestors and laid the foundations of literature and culture for almost the entire Slavic world. From this point of view, research should be focused on the role and reflection of this historical and cultural heritage in the ecclesiastical and spiritual, national and cultural life of the Slavic nations. The aim of this article is to assess the significance of Christian and Byzantine cultural values in terms of the collective Slavic identity....
Cultural tourism has undergone fundamental changes in several countries of post-socialist Europe.... more Cultural tourism has undergone fundamental changes in several countries of post-socialist Europe. In Slovakia, this fact concerns, for example, localities with a strong connection to the church and its cultural heritage. These monuments belong to the foundations of cultural tourism, yet the state intentionally did not prefer them as tourist destinations until 1989. Only after political and social changes were such localities exploited by tourism with a qualitative and quantitative increase in cultural tourism. The aim of this paper is to investigate the recent changes in cultural tourism in urban areas and to address alternative cultural tourism products to diversify the offerings. To do so, Nitra (Slovakia) was used as a case study area. The main used methods were comparative analysis of information sources and questionnaire surveys, aimed at residents, entrepreneurs, and tourists. The main result is that Nitra has the potential to become an important center of cultural tourism/sta...
IVANIČ, Peter. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš and the Research of Croatian-Glagolitic Monuments. Vševlad Jo... more IVANIČ, Peter. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš and the Research of Croatian-Glagolitic Monuments. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš contributed significantly to the preservation of Slovak historic libraries. His study of library collections enabled him to discover several unique pieces written in Croatian Glagolitic (The Hlohovec Glagolitic Letters and The Svätý Anton (Báč) Fragment). The Hlohovec Glagolitic Letters contain texts from the missal written in the 14th century. The Svätý Anton (Báč) Fragment is a fragment of the Croatian-Glagolitic Breviary, which originated in the 15th century. In the collections of the Apponyi Library in Oponice, Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš discovered a reference about a Slavonic Code that was part of the Medici Library collection (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana) in Florence. He established that the Code was written in Croatia in the 14th century and it contains an incomplete breviary along with ritual, as well as a translation of the sequence Dies irae.
IVANIČ, Peter. On the Matter of Imported Artefacts from the Byzantine Empire on Territory of Grea... more IVANIČ, Peter. On the Matter of Imported Artefacts from the Byzantine Empire on Territory of Great Moravia in the 9 th Century. Contacts between the Byzantine Empire and the territory of Great Moravia started already in the 6 th century. A large amount of evidence refers to an influence of Byzantium on sacral architecture, literature and material culture of the 9 th century Great Moravia. The main goal of the article is to elaborate on the connection of Byzantium and Great Moravia using the evidence of archaeological findings in the present day Czech Republic and Slovakia (e. g. silk, ceramics, pectoral crosses, coins, jewellery, etc.). As the research has shown, only a few objects were directly made in the Byzantine Empire. Peripheral areas of the Byzantine cultural sphere (e. g. Dalmatia, Istria) had a considerable influence on the territory of Great Moravia, more than Byzantium itself.
Slovensko a Macedónsko spájajú viaceré väzby, no výskum slovensko-macedónskych vzťahov nemá vo ve... more Slovensko a Macedónsko spájajú viaceré väzby, no výskum slovensko-macedónskych vzťahov nemá vo vede veľkú tradíciu. V príspevku som sa zameral na paralely v ojkonymii, pričom sledujem pomenovania obcí odvodené od slov breza, bystro, bystrý, cer, jabloň a jelša. Pri jednotlivých obciach uvádzam súčasnú podobu názvu a tiež jeho historické podoby. Následne sa zaoberám aj jeho etymológiou.
The territory of present Czech and Slovak Republics got into contact with Christianity as early a... more The territory of present Czech and Slovak Republics got into contact with Christianity as early as at the end of antiquity period. Mass Christianization of this geographical territory began to take place since the end of the 8 th century. The presence of Christians in the observed territory during the period of Early Middle Ages is evident only from a limited number of written sources preserved up to date. These sources prove the subsequent spread of Christianity among Slavs living in this region, mainly in the 9 th century. At the same time, they indicate the fact that the Christianization process exhibits influences from a variety of cultures.
Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš and the Research of Croatian-Glagolitic Monuments. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš cont... more Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš and the Research of Croatian-Glagolitic Monuments. Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš contributed significantly to the preservation of Slovak historic libraries. His study of library collections enabled him to discover several unique pieces written in Croatian Glagolitic (The Hlohovec Glagolitic Letters and The Svätý Anton (Báč) Fragment). The Hlohovec Glagolitic Letters contain texts from the missal written in the 14th century. The Svätý Anton (Báč) Fragment is a fragment of the Croatian-Glagolitic Breviary, which originated in the 15th century. In the collections of the Apponyi Library in Oponice, Vševlad Jozef Gajdoš discovered a reference about a Slavonic Code that was part of the Medici Library collection (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana) in Florence. He established that the Code was written in Croatia in the 14th century and it contains an incomplete breviary along with ritual, as well as a translation of the sequence Dies irae.
Pope Leo XIII issued the Encyclical Grande Munus on the 30th of September 1880, right at the b... more Pope Leo XIII issued the Encyclical Grande Munus on the 30th of September 1880, right at the beginning of his long pontificate. He noted apostolical merits of Sts. Cyril and Methodius there and extended their feast to the whole Church. The feast of Sts. Cyril and Methodius was set on the 5th of July by the Pontiff. The great thanksgiving pilgrimage of the 1.400 Slavs to Rome between the 25th of June and the 5th of July 1881 was a direct answer of the Slavs to the emphasis, which the Pope placed on the importance of the CyrilloMethodian heritage by the Encyclical Grande Munus, and his favour to the Slavonic cause. The representatives of the Slovak Catholics favourably reacted to the Encyclical and atteded the pilgrimage. The author of the paper will deal with the reaction of the Slovak Catholics to the two aforementioned events in the press in the 19th century.
Road toll research is one of the marginal topics of Slovak historiography. Toll fees included bot... more Road toll research is one of the marginal topics of Slovak historiography. Toll fees included both a „dry“ toll paid for roads and a bridge („water“) toll paid next to fords, on the bridges, ferries and in the ports. Fees were originally part of the Royal Regal Right. This paper deals with the issue of road tolls collected in the southwestern Slovakia, were several important roads were situated in the Middle Ages. Based on the preserved written sources, the author managed to document a dense network of toll stations in the examined area. Most of them are documented in written sources only in the 14th and 15th century. One can assume that some of them existed in the older period. The amount of the fee is mentioned only in few cases. Several major toll stations (e.g. in Starý Tekov) were claimed by several owners and the documents testify long-standing disputes.
Christianization, associated with consolidation of power and establishment of early Christian sta... more Christianization, associated with consolidation of power and establishment of early Christian state formations, contributed significantly to creation of medieval Europe. Although the territory of today´s Moravia (eastern part of the Czech Republic) and Slovakia came into contact with Christianity already at the end of antiquity, the more intensive Christianization of these lands took place only from the 8 th century, when this territory was settled by Slavs. Missionaries from the Frankish Empire, from the territory of Istria, Dalmatia and northern Italy came here. Domestic Slavic elites started to convert to Christian-ity as from the 9 th century. For them, Christianity became a means of recognizing their social status externally and allowed them to integrate with the more culturally advanced Christian world. Archaeological findings (e.g. crosses and captorgs, plaques and bells from Bojná, objects of secular character), written sources, sacral architecture and burying methods testify to the existence of Christianity in the territory of today´s Moravia and Slovakia, especially in centers of the power. Povzetek: Pokristjanjevanje, povezano z utrjevanjem oblasti in vzpostavljanjem zgodnjih krščanskih državnih tvorb, je odločilno prispevalo k oblikovanju sre-dnjeveške Evrope. Čeprav je ozemlje današnje Moravske (vzhodnega dela da-našnje Češke republike) in Slovaške prišlo v stik s krščanstvom že ob koncu an-tike, se je intenzivnejše pokristjanjevanje omenjenih dežel dogajalo šele od 8. stoletja naprej, ko so to ozemlje naselili Slovani. Tja so prihajali misijonarji iz Frankovskega cesarstva, Istre, Dalmacije in severne Italije. Domače slovanske elite so se v 9. stoletju začele spreobračati v krščanstvo. Zanje je krščanstvo pomenilo sredstvo zunanje podkrepitve njihovega družbenega položaja in jim 1 The survey was elaborated within the VEGA Project No. 1/0006/18 "Imago Episcopi-Power of a Bishop and its Presentation in the Middle Ages". 656 Bogoslovni vestnik 80 (2020) • 3 je omogočilo vključitev v kulturno razvitejši krščanski svet. O navzočnosti kr-ščanstva na ozemlju današnje Moravske in Slovaške, zlasti v središčih oblasti, pričujejo arheološke najdbe (npr. križi in kaptorgi, plošče in zvonovi iz Bojne, predmeti posvetnega značaja), pisni viri, sakralna arhitektura in načini pokopa-vanja mrtvih.
In their contribution on the subject of crossings over the River Váh between Trenčín and Komárno ... more In their contribution on the subject of crossings over the River Váh between Trenčín and Komárno in the high and late Middle Ages, the authors predominantly employed archaeological and written sources, as well as cartographic and pictorial sources from more recent periods. River crossings (fords, ferries and bridges) played an important part in the observed period in the transportation network. The analysis of the investigated territory showed that the majority of locations listed in primary written sources were also sites with water finds. Water finds from the Váh catchment area to the north of Šala almost exclusively comprised weapons, mostly stabbing and cutting ones. The weapons might have been deposited in the river intentionally. In contrast, water finds from the area between Šala and the village of Neded included miscellaneous objects that might be associated with transport, trade or the accidental washing away of these objects.
Medzi rokmi 1907 až 19441 boli v rôznych slovenských periodikách postupne uverejnené správy o pam... more Medzi rokmi 1907 až 19441 boli v rôznych slovenských periodikách postupne uverejnené správy o pamiatkach napísaných hlaholským písmom, ktoré boli objavené v niekoľkých knižniciach na Slovensku. Doteraz poznáme štyri takéto dokumenty. Hlaholské listy hlohovské, Krtíšsky hlaholský zlomok a Svätoantonský (Báčsky) zlomok sa nachádzajú v zbierkach Literárneho archívu Slovenskej národnej knižnice. Okrem nich je známy zlomok českej hlaholskej biblie pod názvom Zlomok zo Spišskej Novej Vsi. Ide o fragmenty z väčších diel, ktoré boli napísané v 14. a 15. storočí.
Research of toll stations belongs to the marginal topics of the Slovak historiography. The contri... more Research of toll stations belongs to the marginal topics of the Slovak historiography. The contribution deals with the matter of toll paying in the territory in the Region Lower and Central Považie through which several important roads run in the Middle Ages. Tolls included the so called dry toll paid on roads and the so called bridge or wet toll paid on bridges, ferries, and rivers. Toll fees were formerly a part of the royal revenue law. The author managed to prove the dense network of toll stations in the given territory on the basis of preserved primary literary sources. Most of these toll stations were founded in the 14th-15th centuries.
Saint Methodius, a native of Thessalonica, was not only one of the leading Christian missionaries... more Saint Methodius, a native of Thessalonica, was not only one of the leading Christian missionaries and diplomats of the 9th century, but also an active traveller. He undertook several missionary and diplomatic journeys, which are mentioned in contemporary sources. The paper analyses his journeys to the Khazars, Great Moravia, Rome and finally in 881 to Byzantium. We trace the possible routes and the times it would have taken for Methodius to complete the journeys.
A monastery in today Hronský Beňadik was one of wealthy ecclesiastical institutions in the mediev... more A monastery in today Hronský Beňadik was one of wealthy ecclesiastical institutions in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Hungarian king Géza I (1074 – 1077) was the founder of the monastery. The paper is focused on the abbey estates which are recorded in the founding charter from the year 1075 and the charter of Pope Innocent III (1198 – 1216) dated to 1209. Both charters mention 25 settlements and "terra Sugolgi" with the St. Martin's Chapel in Dvory nad Žitavou. Some estates are recorded only in one of the charters.
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Papers by Peter Ivanič
The representatives of the Slovak Catholics favourably reacted to the Encyclical and atteded the pilgrimage. The author of the paper will deal with the reaction of the Slovak Catholics to the two aforementioned events in the press in the 19th century.
He undertook several missionary and diplomatic journeys, which are mentioned in contemporary sources. The paper analyses his journeys to the Khazars, Great Moravia, Rome and finally in 881 to Byzantium. We trace the possible routes and
the times it would have taken for Methodius to complete the journeys.
The representatives of the Slovak Catholics favourably reacted to the Encyclical and atteded the pilgrimage. The author of the paper will deal with the reaction of the Slovak Catholics to the two aforementioned events in the press in the 19th century.
He undertook several missionary and diplomatic journeys, which are mentioned in contemporary sources. The paper analyses his journeys to the Khazars, Great Moravia, Rome and finally in 881 to Byzantium. We trace the possible routes and
the times it would have taken for Methodius to complete the journeys.