Stredovek

V severovýchodním sousedství obecního úřadu čp. 53 v Úlibicích (okr. Jičín) provedli pracovníci AO RMaG v Jičíně drobný záchranný archeologický výzkum vyvolaný stavbou parkovacích stání. Výkopy pro opěrnou stěnu odhalily 4 zahloubené objekty datované do 14. až počátku 15. století.a na ně nasedající vrstvu, kterou lze interpretovat jako novověkou ornici s různorodou příměsí a s nálezy keramiky, datované od raného středověku po novověk.

The Hoard of Medieval Coins from the Village Stizhok. In the spring of 2011, a clay pot was found in a field nearby the village Stizhok (Shumsk district, Ternopil’ region,Ukraine). The pot contained about 2500 silver coins struck in the Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate, Caffa, Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, and Lithuania. The significant part of oriental coins bears the Tartar, Moldavian and Lithuanian countermarks. Most likely, the treasure was hidden during the Tartar military expansion atthe end of 15th and beginning of 16th centuries.

Keywords. Numismatics, medieval numismatics, coin hoard, Genoese colonies in Crimea,  Genoese history, Poland, Ukraine, Golden Horde, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, Wallachia, Asprokastron, 15th century, Svidrigailo, Vladislav II. Нумизматика, средневековая нумизматика, клады монет, генуэзские колонии в Крыму, Аспрокастрон, надчеканы на монетах Золотой Орды и Крымского Ханства, денежное обращение 15-го века, каталог монет с надчеканами, Каффа, Молдавия, Мунтения, Владислав II, Свидригайла."

LABANC, Peter-GLEJTEK, Miroslav. The career of Provost Mutimír of Spiš. On personnel and cultural transfer in the Hungarian kingdom in the mid 13th century. Historický časopis, 2020, 68, 3, pp. 385-407, Bratislava. The study traces the internal dynamic of society in mid 13th century Hun-garian kingdom by means of prosopographical analysis of the career of Provost Mutimír of Spiš. Thanks to systematic archive research, enough written sources have been collected. In addition, a unique object, namely a hitherto unknown seal of Mutimír, has been found. Analysis of this exceptional collection of sources has verified some hypotheses from older expert literature, but some did not stand up to examination and some new ideas have emerged. Reconstruction of Mutimír's career enables us to examine the method of selection of persons suitable to hold middle level positions in the church hierarchy, and at the courts of members of the royal family. In 21st century corporate language, we could use the designation headhunting. A no less important aspect of such a career was the transfer of the spiritual or intellectual culture, which a person such as Mutimír had acquired from his geographical and social origin, education and previous activity. In the case of Mutimír, we see this not only in his important collection of manuscripts, which he left to Collegiate chapter of Spiš, but also in his seal showing Byzantine influence resulting from his close cooperation with Maria Laskaris, the Byzantine wife of King Bela IV.

The results of rescue excavation in Kláštor pod Znievom. Content of the article is the processing of finds from rescue archaeological research in Kláštor pod Znievom (distr. Turčianske teplice) -site Pri Rybníkoch. During the excavation was uncovered part of the settlement, dated on the basis of archaeological finds to 11th -12th Century. Apart from settlement finds from Early Middle Ages was found one object dated to Late Bronze Age and Older Iron Age. This article contains mostly the evaluation of pottery finds, typology of features from Early Medieval settlement. In the end tried the authors to set the site into the context of settlement structure of Upper Turiec in prehistory and Early Middle Ages, as well as to assign it to the historical events from the turn of 11th and 12th Century. Obr. 2 Rozmiestnenie identifikovaných sídliskových objektov Obr. 3 Objekt 30/2012.

In 2013 an archaeological excavation was carried out on
the grounds of the castle in the village of Zdechovice
(Pardubice District) which was associated with the
construction of a sewage system. The most interesting
discovery was the unearthing of part of a 13thcentury
inhumation cemetery in the area of the socalled
cour
d'honneur, south of the castle (Fig. 3, Fig. 4). Apart from
the inhumation cemetery, the archaeological excavation
in the area of the cour d'honneur also exposed a number
of archaeological situations, usually associated with a later
fortified house, the castle building and its numerous
alterations. These situations are only briefly described in
the publication and only mentioned in cases when they
influenced the state of preservation of the cemetery and
the individual human skeletons.
The rescue excavation in the courtyard of the brewery
and in the area of the cour d'honneur exposed an extensive
cultural layer containing 10th to 12/13th century finds.
The inhumation graves were dug into this cultural layer
– perhaps as early as the late 12th century, but certainly
during the 13th century. A total of 104 graves with the
remains of 113 individuals were documented there – in
a pattern of deposition ranging from one up to three
layers. All the bodies were stretched out on their backs,
and their orientation was, with several minor divergences,
west – east (with heads to the west). Coffins were observed
in at least 17 cases (Table 1). Some of the grave pits were
lined with stones and at least 4 graves were covered by
tombstones. Grave pits were identified in 23 cases in the
cemetery. They were always rectangular in shape and their
corners were rounded (Fig. 7: 1–5). The length of the grave
pits were also influenced by the body height of the buried
person. The widths of the pits ranged between 35 and 60 cm,
the average being 50 cm. The lengths of the pits ranged
between 105 and 195 cm, the average being 141.8 cm.
However, the pit of grave 6 was different. It was an
irregular oval pit with a length of 238 cm which expanded
in a lobelike
fashion on the eastern side, next to the feet
of the buried person.
Due to a poor degree of preservation or small amounts
of skeletal material, it was only possible to determine in
some cases whether the individual buried in the grave was
adult or immature. Age was more precisely determinable
in 68 cases (Table 6). It was also possible to determine
the gender of 39 adult individuals. The ratio between
men and women at the cemetery was almost equal.
Pavel Horník – Radek Bláha – Petra Sehnoutková – Martin Mazáč
Zdechovice – medieval burial ground
Most graves contained no grave goods. Only grave 45
yielded a silver coin and a bronze finger ring (Fig. 9:5)
which was found on one of the fingers of the right hand.
Under the fingers, on the pelvis, a silver coin was placed
(Fig. 9:7, Fig. 44:1), which has been determined as a
middlesized
bracteate struck under Ottokar II of Bohemia
(1253–1278).15 It is a type from the years 1265–1267(?),
Cach 820b. Although the whole palm has not survived,
it is obvious that this means of payment had intentionally
been placed in the hand of the buried person and served
as the socalled
Charon's obol (Brádle–Horník 2014, 3–6),
i. e. as a means for providing for the needs of the deceased
in afterlife. Another finger ring was found in the cultural
layer between graves 26, 27 and 28. This open finger
ring with pointed ends (Fig. 9:6) was made from tape wire.
Its upper part is hammered out and decorated with a group
of mutually intersecting lines. Its dating is complicated,
but the 13th century cannot be ruled out. A small, but
from the viewpoint of dating the excavated situations very
important, assemblage consists of four temple rings (Fig.
9:1–4). The temple ring is a typical piece of jewellery
during the late phase of the Early and the beginning of the
High Middle Ages, i.e. the 10–13th centuries. Three temple
rings were found in test pit 2 (Fig. 9:1–3). Unfortunately,
their precise contexts could not be determined because
the jewellery was part of an accumulation of bones which
arose due to the collapse of the southern section of the
test pit. Two temple rings have an identical diameter of
35.9 mm (Fig. 9:1–2) and the third one even of 41.4 mm
(Fig. 9:3). All of them are made from a thin wire of onecomponent
brass16 with a diameter of 1.4–1.6 mm. The
fourth, somewhat more robust temple ring with a smaller
diameter (Fig. 9:4) comes from grave no. 54. However,
not even its precise location could be determined. The
grave was identified in the northern wall of test pit 5 and
part of the skeletal remains including the temple ring were
recovered only after the collapse of the excavation's wall.
It is made of copper and its surface is refined with silver
plating. Its diameter slightly exceeds 30 mm and amounts to
31.2 mm. The diameter is actually very important for dating
S-shaped temple rings. Pieces with a diameter of more
than 30 mm appeared sometime during the 12th century
(Štefan 2009, 182) and during the following century, temple
rings disappeared from grave goods (Nechvátal 1999,
124–125, compare Čechura 2010, 115). Settlement finds,
too, seem to confirm the dying away of this piece jewellery in the 13th century (Richter–Vokolek 1995, 80).
The temple rings in our assemblage can therefore be dated
to the advanced 12th century, with a possible overlap into
the following century.
A link between the cemetery and a sacral building is
questionable. We can rule out a direct link to the originally
Romanesque church of Saint Peter and Paul, which is
approximately 400 m distant from the excavation area.
The test pits dug in the cour d'honneur did not identify
any remains of a sacral building, which, however, can
only be due to the extent of excavation works. It is also
necessary to mention that there is the castle chapel in
the immediate southern vicinity of the excavation area,
but it is of Baroque origin and there is no evidence or
indication to allow us to speculate about an earlier sacral
building in its place.
The current state of research does not enable us to
establish the reasons for the cemetery's demise. There could
have been a number of causes, such as spatial conditions,
the cemetery’s location close to a water course (Červený
brook), etc. A possible reason could also be a change in
ownership and the emergence of a fortified noble residence
(or hypothetically its 'relocation' further from the church
of Saint Peter and Paul). Regardless of whether there was
an immediate cause or not, after the area stopped serving
as a cemetery, a fortified house with a moat was built. It
is first mentioned in written sources in 1373 (Rosůlek
1909, 116; Sedláček 1931, 244). The foundation of the
fortified house certainly preceded the first written account,
for the written sources of that time did probably not
record its very beginnings. Its construction at the close
of the 13th or in the first half of the 14th century therefore
cannot be ruled out, with respect also to its preserved
elements incorporated into the current castle building. The
construction of the fortified house with a moat probably
also resulted in damage to a section of the cemetery. Some
graves could also have been destroyed during the conversion
of the fortified house into a castle.