Philosophy

Die empirischen Implikationen des Unbewussten, eine noch recht junge, vorwiegend qualitativ strukturierte und in einem transzendentalen Maße apperzeptiv verifizierte Wissenschaft, bestimmt als kosmologischer Grundgedanke äußere Tiefe und innerweltliche Zeitlichkeit des Unerreichbaren, gegliedert in Seinsformen archaischer Konstruktionsanalyse und begleitet vom synthetischen Forschungsgeist existenzieller Entschlossenheit. Diese Entschlossenheit, primitives Substrat fundamentalkausaler Erkenntniskategorien fungiert in einer apriorischen Parallelfunktion als ganzheitliches im Sein und dessen direktem, kontinuierlich zergliederten Seinsprodukt, ein tendenziell hyperphysisches Gebrauchsgut ohne formale Substanz, aber mit dem mechanisch-triebhaften Absolutheitsanspruch, der seit jeher mit induktiver Daseinsanalytik einhergeht ohne den spezifischen Aspekt des Toten, des verschlossenen Seins korrelativ zu bedenken. Der Tod ist folglich, wie auch das Seiende nur partiell destruktiv, vielmehr das Nichts im Nichtsein: Erschreckend erkennt sich die betrachtende Vergangenheit selbst als gnadenlose Verschlingerin des heterogenen Seienden, des Seienden, das die Welt in ihrer absoluten Fülle und mit beträchtlichem Ganzseinkönnen durchdringt und sich dem solipsistischen Strukturkomplex, der Raum und Zeit über all jene altehrwürdigen Komponenten mangelhafter Intentionalität erhebt, gleichsam als systematisch-vollkommene Willensbekundung anempfiehlt. Auch die Seinsformen der Ontologie sind demzufolge also keine Schludrigkeit, kein Mangel am Selbst, sondern einer am Sein. Somit wird für jedermann die sowohl anthropologisch fundierte als auch phänomenologisch typisierte Begräbnisstelle des Ontologischen zum Wegweiser in die eigene Existenz, ins eigene logos, die unausweichliche Wiederkehr des Unerreichbaren als dualistische Kategorisierung analytischer Provenienz.

Spreizdübel, Sätze und Prinzipien vermengen sich nicht nur, wie bereits beschrieben (Kapitel 5, §7) in Unlust unter Berücksichtigung typologisch externer Onomatopoesie zu wildgewachsenen Parasiten aus funktionaler Seinstheorie, durch das fabelhafte Reflektieren und Jonglieren 248 mit den größten Auswüchsen morgenländischer Idolatrie schöpfen sie vielmehr, so lehrt es seit Morgenstern auch okzidental-anthroposophische Theosophie, das Triebleben der Rekurrenz als ungeliebtes Nebenprodukt der destruktiven Seinsanalyse Hegels, auf ewig in diesen Strukturprozessen schwelgend. Hieraus folgt eine Abschattung des Dinglichen, die sich in mannigfaltiger Hybris zum Durch-Dinglichen stilisiert. Das Durch-Dingliche aber war und ist evidente Kategorisierung der Rekurrenz. Letztlich belanglos, sind die schwärmerisch-rationaltheologischen Versuche Husserls, dem Dinglichen neues Leben einzuhauchen, ohne die Begattung der Rekurrenz mit ihrem Konterpart, welcher sich in der Negation des Negativen, des Durch-Dinglichen substituiert. Denn der mit Scharfsinn (argutia) begabte muss sich davor hüten, sich in inhaltsschweren Quisquilien zu ergehen. Damit dient er nur der Dinglichkeit, er erweitert sie nicht.

Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript eines im Mai  2019 am Institut für Philosophie der staatlichen Universität Sankt-Petersburg gehaltenen Vortrages (vgl. Rezension:http://www.intelros.ru/readroom/credo_new/k3-2019/39503-recenziya-na-doklad-doktora-maksa-fon-shponeka.html).

In this paper I will describe and attempt to resolve one of the main problems of David Benatar’s text "Better Never To Have Been: The Harm of Coming Into Existence": whether it is possible for a right not to exist to be posited without there ever being a person in existence to hold such a right. I will conclude that this is indeed possible given an experience oriented view of personhood that I shall outline, and what other conclusions might be drawn from such a view.

In this essay I will examine Schopenhauer’s contention that there is, in fact, no happiness, and that instead it is merely a lack of suffering that we label as such. To do this, I will first explore the claim itself, as well as some additional hypotheses and arguments that Schopenhauer presents for this position. I will then make a number of objections and provide refutations for each of them, with the resulting conclusion being favourable for Schopenhauer’s position; however, I will also comment on some areas of philosophy that could possibly yield problems for the position, as well as discussing briefly what sorts of further conclusions might be drawn from the nonexistence of happiness, and which areas are clearly not affected by it without further argumentation.

Environmentally induced conflicts can trigger migration. This paper analyzes the location decisions of migrants, i.e., the 'sorting' of migrants into alternative destinations. We argue that this sorting depends on a variety of factors. The selection of migrants affects preferences over where to settle and depends on the underlying type of environmentally induced conflict. In addition to (transport-related) migration costs, migration governance shapes the sorting pattern of migrants. Immigration policies in destination countries impose further costs to migration or even prevent settlement. At the same time, national immigration policies depend on the 'supply' of migrants that are expected to arrive, as well as on other countries' policies regarding immigration. In addition, coordination failure of destination countries may feed back to the sorting decisions of migrants. The chapter discusses sorting not only from a theoretically but also empirical perspective, thereby highlighting both existing studies on sorting and the empirical challenges to analyzing sorting behavior in the context of migration that is induced by environmental conflict.

The New World primate Aotus nancymaae has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a model for evaluation of malaria vaccine candidates, given its susceptibility to experimental infection with the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. We present here the nucleotide sequences of the complete cDNA of MHC-DQA1 and of the polymorphic exon 2 segments of MHC-DQB1/DQB2. In a group of three nonrelated animals captured in the wild, five alleles of MHC-DQA1 could be identified. They all belong to one lineage, namely Aona-DQA1*27. This lineage has not been described in any other New World monkey species studied. In a group of 19 unrelated animals, 14 Aona-DQB1 alleles could be identified which are grouped into the two lineages Aona-DQB1*22 and Aona-DQB1*23. These lineages have been described previously in the common marmoset and cotton-top tamarin. In addition, two Aona-DQB2 sequences could be identified which are highly similar to HLA-DQB2 sequences. Essential amino acid residues contributing to MHC DQ peptide binding pockets number 1 and 4 are conserved or semi-conserved between HLA-DQ and Aona-DQ molecules, indicating a capacity to bind similar peptide repertoires. These results fully support the use of Aotus monkeys as an animal model for evaluation of future subunit vaccine candidates.

 The New World primate Aotus nancymaae is susceptible to infection with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and has therefore been recommended by the World Health Organization as a model for evaluation of malaria vaccine candidates. We present here a first step in the molecular characterization of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II DRB genes of Aotus nancymaae (owl monkey or night monkey) by nucleotide sequence analysis of the polymorphic exon 2 segments. In a group of 15 nonrelated animals captivated in the wild, 34 MHC DRB alleles could be identified. Six allelic lineages were detected, two of them having human counterparts, while two other lineages have not been described in any other New World monkey species studied. As in the common marmoset, the diversity of DRB alleles appears to have arisen largely by point mutations in the β-pleated sheets and by frequent exchange of fixed sequence motifs in the α-helical portion. Pairs of alleles differing only at amino acid position b86 by an exchange of valine to glycine are present in Aotus, as in humans. Essential amino acid residues contributing to MHC DR peptide binding pockets number 1 and 4 are conserved or semiconserved between HLA-DR and Aona-DRB molecules, indicating a capacity to bind similar peptide repertoires. These results support fully our using Aotus monkeys as an animal model for evaluation of future subunit vaccine candidates.

 Sequences of Aotus nancymaae immunoglobulin kappa light-chain rearrangements were analyzed after reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Among 22 in-frame rearrangements analyzed, 12 IGKV genes belonging to the families 1, 2, or 3 were identified. Aotus counterparts for all five human IGKJ genes were found. The identity of the deduced human and Aotus amino acid sequences was between 83% and 92% for junctional regions and 74% for the constant region. Sequence comparisons between rearrangements indicated that somatic mutations, the addition of nongermline-encoded nucleotides, and exonuclease trimming contribute to the generation of diversity of Aotus immunoglobulin kappa chains. The high identity of Aotus and human IGK genes is comparable to that of T-cell receptor genes and further supports the proposal to use the Aotus Plasmodium falciparum infection model for the evaluation of malaria vaccine candidates.

 The New World primate Aotus nancymaae is susceptible to infection with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and has therefore been recommended by the World Health Organization as a model for the evaluation of malaria vaccine candidates. Recently, we have shown that Aotus TCRVA genes and TCRJA segments exhibit a high degree of similarity to human counterparts. In the present report we used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to analyze the sequences of A. nancymaae TCRβ-chain gene rearrangements. Alignment with human sequences and phylogenetic comparison identified 18 distinct Aotus TCRBV genes homologous to the human TCRBV gene families 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 15, 24, and 28. Multiple Aotus genes were found in the TCRBV4, 5, 6, and 7 families. Some of these TCRBV genes aligned best to the same human gene and thus do not seem to have separate human homologues. Amino acid sequences of the Aotus TCRBV genes were 77 to 90% identical to their closest human counterparts. Ten distinct Aotus TCRBJ segments homologous to the human segments J1-1, J1-2, J1-4, J1-5, J1-6, J2-1, J2-2, J2-3, J2-4, J2-5 were found. In some cases the amino acid sequences of Aotus and human TCRBJ segments were completely identical. A comparison of the proportion of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions in Aotus vs human β-chain-encoding genes revealed a dominance of synonymous substitutions in TCRBJ segments and of nonsynonymous substitutions in TCRBV segments. Dominance of nonsynonymous substitutions was more pronounced in TCRBV CDR1 and CDR2 regions than in the framework regions. No evidence for the emergence of new TCRBJ segments or TCRBV families was found. These results confirm that the TCR repertoire in primates is remarkably stable and support the concept of using Aotus monkeys as an infection model for the evaluation of future subunit vaccine candidates.