Optimism in Positive Psychology
Prof.Dr. Ulaş Başar Gezgin2024, 6th International Conference on Global Practice of Multidisciplinary Scientific Studies
Optimism is one of the most important concepts in positive psychology. The benefits of being an optimist seem to outweigh the disadvantages by far. Most of the research supports this idea, and this is also how the general public thinks. By being an optimist, we expect good things to happen in the future, and we believe we can achieve our goals. On the contrary, if we are a pessimist, we tend to believe that things will not go our way. Consequently, we will have less motivation to act. In this article, we take a closer look at optimism in positive psychology, which is the kind of psychology that approaches the human psyche not from the aspect of psychopathology, but human thriving. Optimism is not as simple as it sometimes may sound. In this article, we examine its strong impact on well-being, life satisfaction, and even perceived pain management. But since optimism is not without any disadvantages, we also examined how some types of optimism, such as being too optimistic, can be not that good. Likewise, we talked about how some types of pessimism such as defensive pessimism can be beneficial in some cases. The most important point we find is that, the context is crucial when it comes to what kind of psychological attitude we should take, in terms of optimism or pessimism.
Related papers
Optimism and Its Impact on Mental and Physical Well-Being
2010
Many studies have been carried out about the effectiveness of optimism as a psychological phenomenon, leading to various theoretical formulations of the same concept, conceptualized as “disposition”, “attributional style”, “cognitive bias”, or “shared illusion”. This overview is an attempt to explore the “optimism” concept and its relations with mental health, physical health, coping, quality of life and adaptation of purpose, health lifestyle and risk perception. Positive and negative expectations regarding the future are important for understanding the vulnerability to mental disorders, in particular mood and anxiety disorders, as well as to physical illness. A significant positive relation emerges between optimism and coping strategies focused on social support and emphasis on positive aspects of stressful situations. Through employment of specific coping strategies, optimism exerts an indirect influence also on the quality of life. There is evidence that optimistic people presen...
Dispositional optimism and stress: keys to promoting psychological well-being
2021
psychological factors on the functioning of basic physiological systems (see Chida & Steptoe, 2009). In this sense, the presence of positive psychological resources, such as optimism, has been linked to a more adaptive physiological response to stressful events, as well as to the activity of brain structures involved in the emotional response, such as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the amygdala (Taylor et al., 2008). DISPOSITIONAL OPTIMISM: THE ORIGIN OF THE CONSTRUCT AND ITS RELEVANCE TO HEALTH The origin of the construct The concept of dispositional optimism is based on theoretical models that attempt to explain human behavior based on the value of expectations; these models consider the aim of behavior to be to respond to desired objectives (Carver & Scheier, 2000). When one approaches the attainment of a desired goal or avoids an undesired goal, an assessment is made with regard to the level of confidence or doubt relating to the goal. In this assessment, the extent to ...
Optimism Is Universal: Exploring the Presence and Benefits of Optimism in a Representative Sample of the World
Journal of Personality, 2013
Optimism & happiness: An ability?
Passive attitude towards life can be rational or non-rational and is determined by intuitive- and reflective evaluation of relational value from internal- or external resources: Western individualism internalizes the notion that the bad is stronger than the good and general health consensus of the bio-medical model requests for a continuous cognitive evaluation of uncertainty by the individual (Baumeister, 2001). This discussion emphasizes on personal well-being from a post-materialist thinking that advocates for an expansion of the Biopsychosocial model: Through a development of a hypothesis, we would like to understand whether happiness, perception of wealth and optimism are learned variables of well-being: The discussion first focuses on its target group and environment, then addresses the nature of positive thinking with an understanding of optimism & passion and concludes with an account for learned variables of well-being by value-evaluation and psychological distancing.
Seeing the glass half full: A review of the causes and consequences of optimism
Pratiques Psychologiques, 2012
EFFECTS OF OPTIMISM ON HAPPINESS
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between optimism and happiness. It is a co-relational study. In this study, 200 students of International Islamic University, Islamabad and Bahria University Islamabad were selected by random sampling method. The instruments used in this study were: Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R) and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). Data correlation analysis and stepwise regression were used. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the scales with a Pearson Correlation value equal to 0.29. Keywords: Positive Psychology, mental well being, Happiness, optimism.
Positive psychology: an introduction
American Psychologist; …, 2000
Medical students’ coping strategies and burnout syndrome in preclinical and clinical years
Academia Mental Health and Well-Being, 2024
Medical curriculum is stressful, as it entails an increased academic workload, new responsibilities, and rigorous standardized testing. Some students have effective coping strategies to manage stressors, while others engage in maladaptive ones leading to burnout syndrome. Self-report questionnaires of 131 medical students at the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine were administered through REDCap. These included the Maslach Burnout Inventory as a measure of burnout and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were used to determine the prevalence of burnout and coping strategies. Linear regression models were used to predict variables associated to burnout and its subscales. Prevalence of burnout was 96.20%. Burnout subscales differences were seen between medical school year with preclinical years associated with higher emotional exhaustion and clinical years associated with more professional efficacy. The most important negative coping mechanism associated to increased burnout was social withdrawal. Cooking, seeking family support and using the School of Medicine Wellness Center were positive coping mechanisms associated with less burnout. These results facilitate the recognition and promotion of effective strategies to decrease burnout among medical students. Future longitudinal studies with similar cohorts are necessary to further investigate causal relationships.
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6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
APRIL 9-16, 2024 / Lisbon, PORTUGAL
EDITORS
PROF. DR. MEHMET FIRAT BARAN
ASSOC. PROF. DR. ARZU ALTUNTAŞ
ASSOC. PROF. DR. SEYİTHAN SEYDOŞOĞLU
6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
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6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL
PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
APRIL 9-16, 2024 / Lisbon, PORTUGAL
PROCEEDINGS BOOK
(Abstracts & Full Texts)
EDITORS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Fırat BARAN
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ALTUNTAŞ
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOŞOĞLU
Cover Design: Atabek MOVLYANOV
ISBN: (1 hafta içerisinde eklenecektir)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11211705
ISSUED: May 17, 2024
6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF
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TOTAL ACCEPTED ARTICLES: 306
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6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF
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CHAIRPERSONS OF THE ORGANIZING BOARD
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mehmet Fırat BARAN
Siirt Üniversitesi
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ALTUNTAŞ
Siirt Üniversitesi
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOŞOĞLU
Siirt Üniversitesi
SYMPOSIUM COORDINATORS
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Assoc. Prof. Dr. Seyithan SEYDOŞOĞLU
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Siirt Üniversitesi
Atabek MOVLYANOV
IKSAD Scientific Support Coordinator
6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF
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Dr. Arzu ALTUNTAŞ (Siirt Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, TÜRKİYE)
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Dr. Mehmet POLAT (Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, ISPARTA)
Dr. Mehmet Can DAL( TC Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, DİYARBAKIR)
Dr. Mesut YILMAZ (Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Su Ürünleri Fakültesi, ANTALYA)
Dr. Nusret ÖZBAY (Bingöl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, BİNGÖL)
Dr. Nurhan KESKİN (Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, VAN)
Dr. Osman GÖKDOĞAN (Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, ISPARTA)
Dr. Ömer ACER (Siirt Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, SİİRT)
Dr. Özden Sevgül AYTAR (Siirt Üniversitesi, Tasarım MYO, SİİRT)
Dr. Umut Pekin TİMUR (Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, ÇANKIRI)
Dr. Reşat ESKİCİ (Dicle Üniversitesi, Bismil MYO, DİYARBAKIR)
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Dr. Adnan Abbas (Nanjing university of information science and technology, nanjing CHINA).
Dr. Ali Mekki (University of Sfax, Biological Engineering-Environmental Bioprocesses and Soil Science, Sfax-TUNISIA)
Dr. Ajar Nath Yadav (Eternal University, Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh-INDIA)
Dr. Ashokkumar Vallabhbhai Rajani (Junagadh Agricultural University, College of Agricultuew, Dept. of Agril. Chem. &
Soil Science, Gujarat-INDIA)
Dr. Barbara Wiśniowska-Kielian (University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, Department
of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Krakow-POLAND)
Dr. Blend Ibrahim (School of Tourism and Hospitality Management. Department of Tourism Girne American University,
CYPRUS)
Dr. hab. Barbara Sawicka (University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Agrobioengineering, Department of Plant
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M.Sc. Benjamin Bantchina (Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biosystems Engineering, BursaTURKEY)
Dr. Brygida Klemens (Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Economics and Management, Opole-POLAND)
Dr. Derya Timuçin, (School of Tourism and Hospitality Management. Department of Tourism Girne American University,
CYPRUS)
6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF
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Dr. Grzegorz Pączka (Rzeszów University, Department of Natural Theories of Agriculture and Environmental Education,
Rzeszów, POLAND)
Dr. Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi (University of Bengkulu, Faculty of Agriculture, Dept. of Crop Production, BengkuluINDONESIA)
Dr. Herák David, (Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, CZECH REPUBLIC)
Dr. Hüseyin Bozdağlar (Girne American University, School of Tourism and Hospitality Cyprus)
Dr. Irshad Bibi (University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, FaisalabadPAKISTAN)
Dr. İsmet Esenyel ( Girne American University, School of Tourism and Hospitality Cyprus)
Dr. Jam Nazeer Ahmad University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, FaisalabadPAKISTAN)
Dr. Khalid Hussain (University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Faisalabad-PAKISTAN)
Dr. Mazhar Rafique (University of Haripur, Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Department of Soil & Climate SciencesPakistan)
Dr. Muhammad Arshad (University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Entomology, FaisalabadPAKISTAN)
Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Naeem (University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, FaisalabadPAKISTAN)
Dr. Mohammad Mehdizadeh (Univesity of Mohaghegh, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Ardabili-IRAN)
Dr. Muhammad Zahid Ihsan (Islamia Univeristy of Bahawalpur, Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, BahawalpurPAKISTAN)
Dr. Muhammad Adnan (University of Swabi, Department of Agriculture, Swabi-PAKISTAN)
Dr. Muhammad Zubair Siddiqi (Hankyong National University, Department of Biotechnology, SOUTH KOREA)
Dr. Mushtaque Ahmed Jatoi, (University of Zagreb, Department of Pomology, Zagreb, Croatia, Beijing, CHINA)
Dr. Murat Akkaya (Girne American Universty, Vocatıonal School, CYPRUS)
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Ghazi Khan-PAKISTAN)
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Dr. Saddam Hussain (University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Faisalabad-PAKISTAN)
M.Sc. Setyo Budi Kurniawan (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Department of
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Pleven-BULGARIA)
Dr. Zain Mushtaq (Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore,
PAKISTAN)
Dr. Zhongbing Chen (Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Prague-CZECH
REPUBLIC)
Dr. Zizis Vryzas (Democritus University, Thrace School of Agricultural & Forestry Sciences, Department of Agricultural
Development, Orestiada-GREECE)
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Faisalabad-PAKISTAN)
Dr. Zubair Aslam (University of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Faisalabad-PAKISTAN)
6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF
MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL
PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
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APRIL 9-16, 2024
Lisbon, PORTUGAL
SYMPOSIUM SCHEDULE
6th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL
PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC
STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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LISBON LOCAL TIME
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Authors
Leman Üstündağ
Mustafa Deniz Türkoğlu
Merve Uysal
Zehra Funda Akbulut
Soner Guler
Zehra Funda Akbulut
Soner Guler
Faruk Osmanoğlu
Mehmet Rıza Kavanç
Affiliation
Bandirma Onyedi Eylul
University
Presentation title
Proverbs
Expressıon
with
Kinetic
Typographyabstract
On the Existence of Concircular Transformation on
Haliç University
Non-Riemannian Manifolds
Sustainability in Concrete: Exploring the Benefits of
Van Yuzuncu Yıl University
Pozzolanic Cementitious Materials
Van Yuzuncu Yıl University
Assessing the Role and Significance of Colored
Concrete in Modern Construction Practices
French and the Image of Amir Temur Interpretations
in Uzbek Literature (in the example of the novels of
Marcel Brion and Muhammad Ali)
Botirov Azizbek
Tashkent International
Students in the Process of Independent Education
Mirzakarimovich
University of Kimyo
Forming Knowledge Skills
Tashkent International
Information in the Process of Electronic Education
Rakhimov Akmal Akbarovich
University of Kimyo
Methods of Ensuring Security
National Forestry University of Public Administration Decisions in the Conditions
Yashchenko Ganna
Ukraine
of Military and Humanitarian Crises
Synthesis,
Spectral
Characterization
and
Senem Akkoç
Süleyman Demirel University Antiproliferative Activity of a Novel ThymolEyüp Başaran
Linked Imino Compound
A
Novel
Fluorine-Containing
Hydrazone
Eyüp Başaran
Süleyman Demirel University Compound: Synthesis, Structural and in Vitro
Senem Akkoç
Cytotoxic Activity Studies
Project Implementation Course the Role of the
Afyonkarahisar Health
Nurhan Doğan
Scientific Research Methodology in Determining the
Sciences University
Self-Efficacy Level
Nurhan Doğan
Afyonkarahisar Health
Suicide Mortality Trends in Children, Adolescents
İsmet Doğan
Sciences University
And Young Adults in Turkey
Conservation of Vernacular Architecture in Rural
Eastern Mediterranean
Kağan Günçe
Settlements with Tourism: A Case Study from
University
Northern Cyprus
Criminal Jurisdiction for International Crimes
Islam Safa Kaya
Kırıkkale University
Committed on the High Seas
Ali Cengiz
Kırıkkale University
Application of International Law of War
2,4-Dihydro-1h-Cyclopenta[B]Indol-3-One:
Yusuf Sert
Yozgat Bozok University
Frontier Molecular Orbbital Analysis
2-(2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-Yl)-5-FluoroisoindolineYusuf Sert
Yozgat Bozok University
1,3-Dione: Molecular Docking and Mep Analysis
Generations in The Workplace and Changing Work
Betül Yılmaz
Marmara University
Values
Participation Patterns of Adults Participating in The
University of Turkish
University of Turkish Aeronautical Association
Türkan Kaplan
Aeronautical Association Lifelong Development Application and Research
Centre (Yagem) Certificate Programmes
Nasirov Azimidin
Normamatovich
Tashkent International
University of Kimyo
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Face to Face / İbis Lisboa Malhoa
14.04.2024
HALL-1
LISBON LOCAL TIME
18 00 : 21 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Prof. Dr. M. Fırat BARAN
Authors
Eda Koçak Giyak
M. Berkay Kızılkan
Eda Koçak Giyak
Melekber Sülüşoğlu Durul
Sezai Ercişli
Affiliation
Siirt University
Siirt University
Kocaeli University
Arzu Altuntaş
Siirt University
Arzu Altuntaş
Siirt University
Canser Gül
Nilay Çömez
Sevda Albayrak
Hülya Durmuş
Hülya Durmuş
Canser Gül
Nilay Çömez
Sevda Albayrak
Seyithan Seydoşoğlu
Gülşah Bengisu
Mehmet Karaman
Mehmet Karaman
Esra Bilici
Şahin Ay
Ayhan Dağdeviren
Yusuf Ziya Akbaş
Yusuf Ziya Akbaş
Ayhan Dağdeviren
Presentation title
Evaluation of The Concept of Urban Heat Island in
Terms of Urban Sink Areas
A Review To Space Syntax With The Scope Of Urban
Planning And Architecture
The Importance Of Callus Culture In Fruit Growing
And Its Areas Of Use
The Effects of Global Migration on Urban Identity
from the Perspective of Landscape Architecture
An Evaluation on Artificial Intelligence Supported
Design and Planning in Landscape Architecture:
Trends and Applications
Manisa Celal Bayar
University
The Effect of Surface Treatments on Wear Resistance
in Cold Spray Coating of 7075 Aluminum Alloys
Manisa Celal Bayar
University
Effects of Surface Treatments Prior to Cold Spray on
the Wear Resistance of 2024 Alloys
What's That Smell? Alternative Forage Basil with
Reference of Pharmacological Animal Studies
Examination of Advanced Bread Wheat Genotypes
Muş Alparslan University (Triticum aestivum L.) in Terms of Yield and Some
Technological Quality Characteristics
Evaluation of Some Chickpea Varieties in Terms of
Muş Alparslan University
Morphological and Physiological Characteristics
Usak University
The Role of Estrogen Receptors in Malignities
Regulations Related to the Crime of Money
Siirt University
Laundering within the Scope of Financial Law
Siirt University
Çankırı Karatekin University The City of Museums: Bursa
Çankırı Karatekin University Culture Routes of Turkey
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
Face to Face / İbis Lisboa Malhoa
14.04.2024
HALL-2
LISBON LOCAL TIME
18 00 : 21 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Nilgün ONURSAL
Authors
Affiliation
Nilgün Onursal
Siirt University
Nilgün Onursal
Siirt University
Ferhat Öztürk
Tarkan Ayaz
Ferhat Öztürk
Tarkan Ayaz
Yılmaz Seçim
Mehmet Fatih Yalçinkaya
Zekeriya Yetiş
Raziye Pekşen Akça
Hatice Bekçi
Umay Büşra Celiloğlu
Hatice Bekçi
Raziye Pekşen Akça
Umay Büşra Celiloğlu
Yeter Çilesiz
Yeter Çilesiz
Şırnak University
Şırnak University
Presentation title
Examination Of The Removal Of Cobalt (Ii) From
Aqueous Solution By Mixed Type Sivas/Yildizeli Clay
In Terms Of Isotherm And Kinetic
Analysis Of Adsorption Kinetics Of Zinc With
Malatya Kilo With Linear Models Derived From
Pseudo-Second Kinetic Order Model
Evaluatıon of Yield Characteristics of Different Maize
Varieties Under Derı̇ k/Mardin Conditions
Determination of Yield Characteristics of Some Maize
Varieties Under Kızıltepe/Mardin Conditions
Necmettin Erbakan
University
Cultural Journey in the Kitchen: Ethiopian Culinary
Culture
Kayseri University
Supporting Children Learning with Nature with
Biomimicry
Kayseri University
Contribution Of Experimental Activity Examples
Prepared For Children To Learning
Sivas University of Science An Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
and Technology
Applications in Agricultural Biotechnology
Sivas University of Science
Modern Plant Biotechnology to Achieve Food Security
and Technology
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-1 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Yahya NAS
Authors
Ijlal Ocak
Emine Akkaş Baysal
Hazal Çelikkaya
Latif Onur Uğur
Servet Kesim
Latif Onur Uğur
Mena Azimi
Mehtap Ünlü Söğüt
Mena Azimi
Bertuğ Sakın
Kemal Barış Ilbi
Ceren Güneröz
Yahya Nas
Kübra Öztürk
Emine Anik
Affiliation
Presentation title
Afyon Kocatepe University
An Action Research on Using “Outdoor Experiments”
on “Pressure” Subject in 8th Grade Science Teaching
A Model Proposal for Estimate the Approximate Costs
Afyon Kocatepe University and Contract Fees of Public Education Buildings
(School Buildings)
A Model for Determining The Achievement Level in
Düzce University
Civil Engineering Education
Relationship Between Vitamin B-12 and The Human
Ondokuz Mayıs University
Gut Microbiome
The Role of Probiotic and Prebiotics in Calcium
Ondokuz Mayıs University
Bioavailability
The Effect of Individuals Emotional States on
University of Health
Language Usage in Relation to Environmental
Sciences
Influences
Evaluation of Gertrude Stein's Studio in the Context of
Ankara University
Postmodern Museum Practices
Influence of Foliar Applications of Calcium on Yield
Şırnak University
and Quality of Head Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var
capitata)
Digital Human Resources Management and Digital
İstanbul Kültür University
Marketing Management; Innovative Cooperation
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-2 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Özge KUTLU
Authors
Özge Kutlu
Sevinç Sütlü
Özge Kutlu
Deniz Say Şahin
Ferhat Öztürk
Tarkan Ayaz
Özge Ökcü
Ayşe Tanşu
Yonca Yavuz Akçay
Özge Ökcü
Rıdvan Gök
Celalettin Vatandaş
Saniye Vatandaş
Veysi Acıbuca
Aybüke Kaya
Tarkan Ayaz
Mehmet Günsen
Bilal Can Erkan
Korkmaz Bellitürk
Ahmet Çelik
Lebriz Çınar
Korkmaz Bellitürk
Ahmet Çelik
Ferhat Öztürk
Tarkan Ayaz
Affiliation
Presentation title
Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Digital Old Age: Digital Literacy and Adaptation to
University
Technology in The Elderly
Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy
Safe Housing from Elderly Rights Perspective
University
Evaluation of Yield Factors of Different Corn Varieties
Sirnak University
Under Harran Conditions
İstanbul Rumeli University
Current Treatment Approaches in Fibromyalgia
Syndrome
İstanbul Rumeli University Benefits of Exercise for Children
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal
University
Transformation Process of Shopping Spaces and
Shopping Centres
Wheat Production and Self-Sufficiency Levels of Oecd
Mardin Artuklu University
Countries
Potential Pest in Pistachio Fields of Şırnak Province:
Şırnak University
Pistachio Psyllid [Agonoscena Pistaciae Burck. and
Laut.) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae)]
Adıyaman University
Obtaining Vermicomposting From Mixture Of Snack
Sunflower Waste And Cow Manure For Zero Waste
Aim
Adıyaman University
Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture and The
Relationship Between Earthworms and Soil Health
Sirnak University
Comparison of Yield Characteristics of Some Corn
Varieties Under Harran/Şanlıurfa Environments
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-3 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Ayşe BOZKURT
Authors
Celalettin Vatandaş
Saniye Vatandaş
Ayşe Bozkurt
Nalan Şahin
Petek Balcı
Ali Kara
Nalan Şahin
Petek Balcı
Ali Kara
Sevde Hasanoğlu Sayın
Fatih Karataş
Fatıma Ceren Tunçel
Meral Günaldı
Sacide Pehlivan
Sevde Hasanoğlu Sayın
Sacide Pehlivan
Gül Kadan
Nazan Kaytez
Gül Kadan
Affiliation
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal
University
Cukurova University
Presentation title
Semantic and Functional Change of Shopping and
Fashion in the Age of Consumer Culture
Digital Transformation in the Public Sector: A New
Era in Governance
Uludağ University
Investigation of the pH Effect on APN Polymer
Uludağ University
Investigation of The Temperature Effect on APN
Polymer
Istanbul University
Investigation of The Htert Gene Mns16a Vntr Variant
in Lung, Breast and Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients
Molecular Mechanisms of Pyroptosis and Its
Relationship with Diseases
Investigation of The Effect of The Social Skills
Training Program Prepared for Primary School
Çankırı Karatekin University
Children During the Pandemic Period on Children's
Social Development and Friendship Skills
Investigation of University Students' Perceptions of
Çankırı Karatekin University Death and Happiness After Kahramanmaraş
Earthquake
Istanbul University
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-4 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Esam Y. Salah
Authors
Konstantin Babov
Svitlana Onishchak
Oleksandr Bibikov
Irina Babova
Alexander Plakida
Harish-A
Suganthi P
Darshini K
Christy Jenefa J
Suganthi P
Esam Y. Salah
Dushyanth N
Suganthi P
Deepak A
Balapriyan R
Brijesh M
R. J. Vishal
Suganthi P
Meena M
G. Kushal
K. Sravan Kumar
Akshay Jilla
Affiliation
Presentation title
Ukrainian Research Institute
of Medical Rehabilitation
Robotic Systems in Rehabilitation for Gunshot
and Resort Therapy of the
Wounds of the Upper Limb
Ministry of Health of
Ukraine
Flight Control System Using System of Linear
R.M.K. Engineering College
Equation
R.M.K. Engineering College
The Synergy of Mathematics and Biosystems
Engineering: Enhancing Precision and Sustainability
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar A Conformable Fractional Derivative Model for Hiv-1
Marathwada University Infection with Stem Cell Transplantation
Mathematics: The Key to Unlocking Solar and Wind
R.M.K. Engineering College
Energy Optimization
R.M.K. Engineering College
Guardian of the Deep: AI-powered Underwater Drones
for Aquatic Life Health Monitoring and Conservation
Mathematical Applications in Medical Science:
R.M.K. Engineering College Mathematical Applications in Epidemiological
Analysis and Disease Control
R.M.K. Engineering College A Matrix Based Simulation
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
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12.04.2024 / HALL-5 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Jitender Kumar
Authors
Affiliation
Presentation title
Akshay Jilla
R.M.K. Engineering College Basis and Rank
Atmakuri Bhuvanesh
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College Diy Ventilator
Atmakuri Bhuvanesh
Suganthi P
PR. Krithika Priya
S. Rekha
Aseel A. Kareem
Hussein Kh. Rasheed
Eman K. Hassan
Reem Y. Mahmood
Humaira Muzaffar
Muhammad Naeem Faisal
Bilal Aslam
Haseeb Anwar
Arslan Iftikhar
Shazad Irfan
Imran Mukhtar
Maham Fatima
Usman Haider
Muhammad Jawad Aslam
Jitender Kumar
Garima Hooda
Harmonizing Harvest: Revolutionizing Farming
R.M.K. Engineering College Economies Through Mathematical Modeling and
Optimization
Elevating Ayurvedic Education: Integration of
R.M.D. Engineering College, ChatGPT for Personalized Learning and Interactive
Teaching
University of Baghdad
Study the Effect of Glycerin on the Optical Properties
of PVA/ H 2 SO 4
Government College
University Faisalabad
Effect of Chieranthus Chieri Seeds on Pancreatic
Physiology and Beta-Cell Regeneration in AlloxanInduced Diabetic Rats
Mаhаrshi Dаyаnаnd
University
Jitender Kumar
Simran Sikka
Noureddine
Djilali
Mohamed
Dahmouni Said
Mustapha kamel fodil
University MOSTAGANEM
Assessing the Efficacy and Challenges of Skill
Development Programmes in India: Towards Strategic
Enhancements
Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Sustainable
Education of Higher Education Institutions in India:
Teacher’s Perception
Poultry Feeding by Azolla Microphyla Case of
Fayoumi (Mostaganem)
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-6 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Khalid Reggab
Authors
Affiliation
Khalid Reggab
Ziane Achour University
Kawya Pandey
Rafraf Shakil
Sharda University
Presentation title
The Investigation of The Energy Spectrum of
Specified Diatomic Molecules Via the Resolution of
Schrodinger Equation
Partition Shadows and Dalit Identity in Manoranjan
Byapari’s ‘Interrogating My Chandal Life’
Sustainable Manufacturing in Garments Industry by
Applying Simulation and Lean Tools
Farhat Ullah Shah
UET Peshawar
Pradhap R
Muthukumaran G
Ram Prakash K. R
R.M.K. Engineering College
Mathematics Applications in Engineering: Bridging
Theory to Practice
Mangalayatan University
A Review Article on Recent Innovation and Future
Obstacles in Drug Delivery System to the Eye
Priyanshi Goyal
Arnav Sharma
Tarunjot Singh
Kuldeep Singh
Harminder Singh
Touil Zoulikha
Lefkaier Ibn khaldoun
Ahmed Benbelghit
Halifa Bachir
Road Anomaly Detection in Real-Time Leveraging
Guru Nanak Dev University Artificial Intelligence in Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems (ADAS)
Laghouat Amar Telidji
University of Laghouat
The Characterization of a Plate Composite
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-1 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Aynur BILMEZ ÖZÇINAR
Authors
Dilan Kenanoğlu
Yeşim Fazlıoğlu
Şekip Caner Esmerli
Ceyla Özgür
Doğan Arslan
Aynur Bilmez Özçınar
Ayşe İrem Keskin
Cevdet Kızıl
Işıl Var
Nuray Güzeler
Büşra Alomar
Berfin Sucu
Işıl Var
Berfin Sucu
Çağrı Çelik
Nuray Güzeler
Gül Eda Kılınç
Yeliz Vergi
Gül Eda Kılınç
Alev Keser
Affiliation
Trakya University
Adana Alparslan Türkeş
Science and Technology
University
Siirt University
Presentation title
Content Analysis of Postgraduate Theses on
Multicultural Education
Optimization of Exhaust Emissions of A Diesel Engine
Using Different Proportions of Alcohol Diesel Fuel
Blends
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from Past to Present
Kadir Has University
Continous Assurance Auditing and Computer-Assisted
Accounting Auduting Processes
Cukurova University
Effect of Spirulina platensis on Lactic Acid Bacteria
Used as Starter Culture in Cheese Production
Cukurova University
Evaluation of Employees in a Catering Company in
Terms of Hand Hygiene
Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Physical Activity
Levels in Nutrition and Dietetics Department Students
Evaluation of Sensory Properties of Plant-Based
Ondokuz Mayıs University
Fermented Beverages
Ondokuz Mayıs University
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-2 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Mustafa CENGIZ
Authors
Melike Karabaş
Ayden Çoban
Haşim Bağcı
Ismail Akşit
Bahri Gür
Özgür Cengiz
Ismail Akşit
Okan Özbakır
Derya Güloğlu
Canan Vejselova Sezer
Mustafa Cengiz
Hatice Mehtap Kutlu
Mustafa Cengiz
Ana Luiza Ferreira Aydoğdu
Dicle Özavcı
Affiliation
Presentation title
Menderes University
Women’s Awareness Towards Gynecological
Institute of Health Sciences Cancers: The Example of Denizli Province
Review of Cash, Debt and Profitability Situation in
Aksaray University
İstanbul Stock Exchange Real Estate Activities Sector
The Importance Of Duties And Responsibilities In The
Kafkas University
Area Of Health And Safety At Work
Measures to Be Taken Within the Scope of
Kafkas University
Occupational Health and Safety in The Textile
Industry
Isparta University of
Inoculation Sequence in Soil and Seed
Applied Sciences
Eskişehir Teknik University
Siirt University
Istanbul Health and
Technology University
Siirt University
Evaluation of Effects of Harpagophytum Procumbens
on Wound Healing: an in Vitro Study
Evaluation Of The Cytotoxicity Of Devil's Claw Plant
On Mouse Fibroblast Cells
The Influence of Nursing Teamwork on The Quality of
Care
Repair of Traditional Masonry Stone Lime Buildings
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-3 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Fatma GÜR
Authors
Mehmet Turhal
Mehmet Turhal
Fırat Pala
Husrev Mennan
Fırat Pala
Husrev Mennan
Ismail Keleş
Alpaslan Bayrakdar
Fatma Gür
Muhammet Bayram Topcu
Ali Fuat Güneri
Bahri Gür
Fatma Gür
Affiliation
Karadeniz Technical
University
Karadeniz Technical
University
Presentation title
Multifractal Behavior of the Electrooculography
Signal
Reactive NiO Thin Film Coating Application with DC
Magnetron Sputtering Method
Siirt University
Weeds for Ecological Restoration
Siirt University
Principles Of Integrated Pest Management
Phytotherapeutic Plants Commonly Used In Wound
Care In Iğdir Province
A
Current
Denture
Base
Materials:
Ataturk University
Polyetheretherketone (Peek)
Engaging Flight Crew in Occupational Health and
Yildiz Technical University Safety Risk Management: an Implementation
Occupational Health and Safety Volunteer Flight Crew
Interaction of Selenium with Apoptotic Markers in
Atatürk University
Chemotherapeutic Agent-Induced Liver Injury: in
Silico Evaluation
Iğdır University
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-4 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Sanjeev Gupta
Authors
Affiliation
Jeevankumar
N. Sandeep
Central University of
Karnataka
Sanjeev Gupta
GLA University
Serenenen Altan-Uya
Citi University
Analice Maciel De Melo
Mateus David Finco
Belahlou Khalida
Belaidi Sihem
Belhadi Khaled
Sehili Tahar
Ferfeche Lynda
Debbache Nadra
Taher Sehili
Muinat Wuraola Salawu
Moruff Adeyemi Salawu
Tetyana Ivanova
Valery Kardashova
Federal University of
Paraíba
University of Brothers
Mentouri Constantine 1
Presentation title
Computational Analysis of Nanoparticle Shapes
Impact on Cylindrical Stream of Unsteady Oldroyd B
Hybrid Nanofluid with Radiative Heat
Generalized System of Extended Nonlinear
Variational Inequalities Governed by Gauss-SeidelType Iterative Approach
Influencing Factors on The Origin of Musical Sounds
and Vowels
Motivation in The Unıversıty Experıence and Its
Posıtıve Impact on the Job Market
Green Synthesıs of Zno Nanopartıcles by Two
Methods:
Comparison
and
Application
in
Photocatalysis
University of the Brothers Efficient Ibuprofene Degradation Via Photo-Fenton
Mentouri Constantine1 Process Over Eco-Friendly Fe-Succinate Mof
University of Lagos
Sumy State University
Influence of Directors Compensation on Earnings
Management Practices in the Nigerian Banking Sector
Emotional Interaction and Locus of Control in
Adolescence
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-5 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Marilena Carbone
Authors
Fahima Salaa
Aicha Medjdoub
Amine Khelifa
Asmaa Benabbou
Fahima Salaa
Aicha Medjdoub
Asmaa Benabbou
Amine Khelifa
Nesrine Dhieb
Chaima Jemai
Sana Khamessi
Skandar Msolly
Maryam Cheikhrouhou
Yosra Htira
Zohra Hadj Ali
Olfa Lajili
Faika Ben Mami
Chaima Jemai
Nesrine Dhieb
Yosra Htira
Zohra Hadj Ali
Imen Hedfi
Olfa Lajili
Faika Ben Mami
S. Fatima Rosaline Mary
Marilena Carbone
Alketa Caushi
Selim Ibrahimi
Amelia Ibrahimi
J. Nadhiya
K. Snega
MK Vijayalaskmi
Affiliation
Presentation title
Université de Mostaganem
Development and Characterisation of A Composite
Based on Diatomite
Elaboration of Organo-Inorganic Materials Based on
Université de Mostaganem of Natural Products and Their Applications in
Chemical Processes
National Institute of
Nutrition
Does the Presence of Diabetic Neuropathy Predict the
Presence of Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetics?
National Institute of
Nutrition
Clinical and Biological Characteristics of A Population
With Early-Onset Diabetic Neuropathy
Fatima College
University or Rome Tor
Vergata
A Study on Youth Perception Towards Millet Based
Enterprises with Specail Reference to Madurai, Tamil
Nadu, India
Influence of Cortisol on the Fibril Formation Kinetics
of Ab42 Peptide: A Multi-Technical Approach
Faculty of Movement Science
Mitigating Gestational Diabetes Risk: The Positive
Impact of Physical Activity During Pregnancy
Universiti Kuala Lumpur
Therapy for Tuberculosis and Medication Schedules:
A Comprehensive Review
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-6 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Amelia Ibrahimi
Authors
Moulay Driss Mellaoui
Khalid Abbiche
Abdallah Imjjad
Souad El Issami
Hanane Zejli
Ananya Lamba
Adwita Manocha
Sanidhya Mukund
M.Brijesh
Suganthi P
G. Revanth Kumar
Suganthi P
Amelia Ibrahimi
Marin Barleti
Selim Ibrahimi
Olsi Caushi
Mohamed Ait Oumeraci
Tarek Berrama
Hayet Tizi
Aya Alterkaoui
Nadir Dizge
Affiliation
Presentation title
Ibn Zohr University
Revealing the Influence of Tether Length on
Theintramolecular [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions of
Nitrones with Alkynes from the Molecular Electron
Density Theory Perspective
Symbiosis International
University
A Comparative Analysis of Enforcement of Investment
Arbitration Awards in India, Uk and Usa:
R.M.K. Engineering College
Linear Algebra Applications in Rural Development : A
Systematic Approach
R.M.K. Engineering College Mathemacal Modeling for Solar & Wind Energ
University of Tirana
The Role of Pharmacists in Pandemic Management:
Responsibilities and Contribution in Education,
Counseling, and Medication Assurance
University of Sciences and Potentiel Applications of Green Zinc Oxide
Technology Houari
Nanoparticles for Degradation of Difenoconazole in
Boumediene
Water
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-1 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Ayşe DEMIRKIRAN
Authors
Sena Eren
Semanur Sağlam
Feride N. Türk
Hasan Arslanoğlu
Süleyman Karataş
Özlem Güngören Pazzanese
Azra Namuslu
Ayşe Demirkıran
Evren Ayduran
Özge Cihanbeğendi
Mehmet Salih Durdu
Uğur Talaş
Burakhan Çubukçu
Hüseyin Bayram
Çakıroğlu Mehmet Günay
Affiliation
Presentation title
Canakkale Onsekiz Mart
University
Cr (Vi) Removal of Çanakkale Çan Thermal Power
Plant Flue Gas Treatment Waste from Wastewater:
Comparison with Magnetic Activated Carbon
Akdeniz University
Atatürk University
Ege University
Dokuz Eylul University
Opinions Of Education Administrators On Effective
School Development: A Case Study
In The Context Of Otheralization In Queer Cinema:
Movie Analysis Of Your Name Engraved Here
Investigation of Ptn (N= 2-15,18,22,24) Nano Clusters
by Usıng Density Functional Theory
Multi-Sensor Based Interface Desıgn for Biomolecule
Diagnosis
Bilecik Seyh Edebali
University
Construction Management And Image Processing
Based Inventory Tracking Automation
Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen
University
Examining the Role of Middle School Social Studies
Coursebooks in Acquiring Entrepreneurship Skill
Based on Students' Views
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-2 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Selin ATİK
Authors
Gökhan Karayunlu
Murat Ercan
Selin Atık
Ersin Orak
Mithat Şimşek
Büşra Kılıç
Sevinç Eşer Durmaz
Alev Keser
Erdinç Cesur
Erdinç Cesur
Levend Coşkuntuna
Levend Coşkuntuna
Affiliation
Mersin University
İzmir Katip Çelebi
University
Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa
University
Independent Researcher
Kırıkkale University
Sakarya University of
Applied Sciences
Sakarya University of
Applied Sciences
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal
University
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal
University
Presentation title
Effects of Foreign Migration on Service Provision of
Municipalities
Flat Character Desıng; The Example of The Jetsons
Determination Of Speed And Amperage Parameters In
Cnc Plasma Air Cutting Processes
The European Union's Response to The Covid-19
Pandemıc: Evaluatıng Actorness in Global Crises
Does Food Inflation Affect Nutritional Habits?
An Evaluation on Determining Common Success
Factors of High-Performance Insurance Agencies
A Review on Professional Skills and Competencies
Affecting the Performance of Insurance Professionals
Animal Welfare Practices in Dairy Farming
The Importance of Increasing Silage Consumption in
Dairy Cows
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-3 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Emine TIMUÇIN
Authors
Alper Tunga Şenay
Ali Aygün
Zeynep Karaçor
Burcu Güvenek
Ayşe Çoban
Taner Çevik
Fatih Özyurt
Engin Avcı
Zeynep Tatlı
Emine Timuçin
Emine Timuçin
Zeynep Tatlı
Zeynep Karaçor
Burcu Güvenek
Saim Mert Kalın
Zeynep Karaçor
Burcu Güvenek
Affiliation
Selçuk University
Selçuk University
Presentation title
Effects Of Outdoor Access Age On The Body Weight
Of Broilers Raised In A Free-Range System
Application of Rational Transformation Programs in
Turkish Economy and Its Effects
Arel University
Performance Evaluation of ConvNeXt, Swin
Transformers and ResNet-50 Models for Classification
of Medical Images
Trabzon University
Concept Cartoon Development Process Of Teacher
Candidates
Trabzon University
Reflectıons of an Online Training Program About
Autism
Selçuk University
The Impacts of Green Economy on Resource
Utilization by Sectors
Selçuk University
The Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in The Learning
Economy: an Evaluation on The Turkish Economy
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-4 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Natalia Hakimi
Authors
Natalia Hakimi
Fatin Syazwani Safiyuddin
Ija Hazirah Nur Rosni
Liyana Nadhirah Kamal
Erma Shahida Kaap
Rasheedul Haque
R Shamganesh
Suganthi P
Poojitha. N
Suganthi P
Suganthi P
Priyadarshini K
Priyajothi N
Suganthi P
Parvatha Srini K P
Suganthi P
Dushyanth N
Afrith Sulthan A
Judson Samuel Y
Rajesh B
Affiliation
Presentation title
MAHSA University
Transforming Accounting Systems in Hospitality:
Embracing Cloud Technology and Technological
Innovations
R.M.K. Engineering College AI for Fashion
R.M.K. Engineering College
Tech-Infused Landscapes: Advancements
Challenges in Modern Landscape Architecture
and
R.M.K. Engineering College Nethiya Sree M
R.M.K. Engineering College Vector Calculus in Computer Graphics
R.M.K. Engineering College
Application of Mathematics in Rocket Launch
Trajectory Analysis
R.M.K. Engineering College Medical Diagnosis: Transforming Healthcare
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-5 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Ivan PAVLOVIC
Authors
Natasa Antic
Aberrahamane Ziari
Abderrahmane Medjerab
Baratadewa Sakti Perdana
Tamamudin
Hendri Hermawan Adinugraha
Abhijit Chatterjee
Pintu Das
Ivan Pavlovic
Purushoth V S
Siddharth P
Salah Uddin Maruf
Habibur Rahman Masrur
Farjana Akther Niha
Anna Kopiczko
Joanna Cieplińska
Affiliation
Beka Vet Veterinary
Pharmacy
Climatology Laboratory
Presentation title
A Complementary Approach to Treating Pets - Bach
Flower Drops
Impact of Climate Change on Temperatures Study
Area: North-East Algeria
UIN KH Abdurrahman
Wahid Pekalongan
Enhancing Customer Trust Through Islamic Digital
Marketing: An Empirical Study
Sarala Birla University
Comparative Study of Water Excellency for the Two
Distinct Water Bodies of Ranchi, Jharkhand
Scientific Institute of
Veterinary Medicine of
Serbia
Coccidiosis of Partridges (Perdix Perdix) in Serbia
R.M.K. Engineering College Footstep Power Generator
University of Science and Impact of Climate Change on Vulnerable People in
Technology Beijing
Bangladesh: A Study in Sunamganj
Józef Piłsudski University of
Determinants of Bone Mineral Density After Spinal
Physical Education in
Cord Injury
Warsaw
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
12.04.2024 / HALL-6 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Drita Avdyli
Authors
R. Sundhararajan
S.G.Raman
R.Jothilakshmi
Affiliation
Presentation title
Mohamed Sathak AJ College Herbal Elegance: Unveiling the Potential of Natural
of Pharmacy
Ingredients in Anti-Dandruff Hair
Drita Avdyli
Universiteti Meshetar
Political Immigration in The Arberesh Areas in Italy,
Turkey and Argentine, from 1945 to 1990
Dora Naletina
Toni Kozina
Tomislav Rožić
University of Zagreb
The Importance of Safe Public Transport: A
Systematic Literature Review
Rida Zulfiqar
University of Szeged
The Impact of Political Pressure on Judicial
Independence: A Comparative Analysis of India and
the UK
Jogendra Kumar
Sam Jefferston
Baipalli Nikhilesh
S. Vignesh Radhakrishnan
P. Pathmanaban
U. Elaiyarasan
Osamah Ihsan Ali
Gyurika István
Taha Husseın Mohammed
V.S. Tharun Prasath
S. Mithun Raj
S. Tharun Ganesh
U. Elaiyarasan
Pauri Garhwal Utarakhand Human Activity Recognition Using Rnn
Easwari Engineering
College
Arduino Based Autonomous Vehicle Using Voice
Recognition
University of Pannonia
Microstructural Enhancement of CVD Coatings for
Machining Applications
Easwari Engineering
College
All Wheel Parking Brake using Commercial Vehicle
Spring Actuator
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-1 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Uğur DURAN
Authors
Burcu Güvenek
Zeynep Karaçor
Hümeyra Avcı
Berkant Dindar
Özgür Karataş
Emine Öztürk Karataş
Özgür Karataş
Emine Öztürk Karataş
Uğur Duran
Uğur Duran
Mustafa Er
Elif Nur Er Özkan
Mete Kalyoncu
Pınar Kızılkaya
Handan Evran
Affiliation
Presentation title
Selçuk University
The Relationship Between Green Economy and
Sustainable Growth
Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa
University
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocomposite Swim Fin
Design
İnönü University
Institutionalization in Football Clubs
İnönü University
Sports Facilities Problem in Turkish Sports
İskenderun Technical
University
İskenderun Technical
University
Konya Teknik University
Ardahan University
The
Hermite-Bell-Based
Apostol-Bernoulli
Polynomials
The 2-Variable Truncated Degenerate Exponential
Polynomials of Order Α
Optimization of Material Transportation Route During
The in-Factory Logistics Process Using the Bees
Algorithm
Composite Film Production from Cellulose
Nanofibrils
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-2 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Ali Beyhan UÇAK
Authors
Serap Tepe
Serkan Eti
Serap Sarıbaş
Elif Sarıgüzmen
Barış Incesu
Samet Çelik
Kevser Bahadır
Muhittin Baran
Filiz Karadağ
Ali Beyhan Uçak
Ali Beyhan Uçak
Halime Erzen Yıldız
Berna Oto
Selda Karadağ
Fikret Bektaşoğlu
Turgut Kırmızıbayrak
Affiliation
University of Health
Sciences
Presentation title
Determining the Levels of Psychological Preparedness
for Disasters Among Students in the Health Field
Apocalyptic Narratives in Cinema: the Political,
Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey
Religious and Cultural Presence of the Maya, a
University
Mesoamerican Civilization in the movie “Apocalypto”
Match Box Packaging Designs Produced as Corporate
Katip Çelebi University Identity Carrier Reflections of 20th Century Art
Movements
Ege University
Obesity Prediction Model Proposal Using Machine
Learning Techniques
Benefitting from Climate Data, Siirt Zivzik Pari
Determination of Plant Water Consumption
Sunflower Lines Using Climate Data Determination of
Siirt University
Plant Water Consumption
The Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation With
Van Yuzuncu Yil University
(18F) Fluorodeoxyglucose
Siirt University
Kafkas University
General Situation of Turkey Breeding in Türkiye
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-3 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Görkem ÖZTÜRK
Authors
Hanife Müderrisoğlu
Attila Erdemirci
Furkan Çapoğlu
Furkan Çapoğlu
Attila Erdemirci
Hanife Müderrisoğlu
Affiliation
Presentation title
Hitit University
Evaluations On Secularism In The Early Republican
Period
Hitit University
Understanding Of Public Administration Of Local
Administrators In Anatolian Geography
Nimet Yaşın
İzmir Katip Çelebi
University
Minimalist Approach in Patrick Caulfield Illustrations
Tuğçe Uçar
Eskişehir Osmangazi
University
Tuğçe Uçar
R. Gülay Öztürk
Görkem Öztürk
Mehmet Fırat Baran
Belma Doğan Öz
Görkem Öztürk
Mehmet Fırat Baran
Belma Doğan Öz
Kader Aydın
Mehmet Fırat Baran
Eskişehir Osmangazi
University
Istanbul Commerce
University
Soliton Solutions Of (2 + 1)-Dimensional
Calogerobogoyavlenskii-Schiff
Equation
With
Rational (G'/G) Expansion Method
Application Of The Modified Sardar Sub Equation
Method For Zakharov-Kuznetsov Coupled System
New Consumers of The Digital World and The
Digitalization of The Gifting Tradition
Siirt University
Economic Analysis Of Open Vegetable Production In
Batman Province
Siirt University
Profitability Analysis of Field Crops Production in
Batman Province
Input Usage and Gross Profit Analysis in Banana
Production (Mersin Province Example)
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-4 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Victoria POSTOLACHE
Authors
Kapil Ahuja
Ekta Rani
Hassan Boukita
Mohamed El Ammari
Najiba Brhadda
Rabea Ziri
Victoria Postolache
Mammadova Asmethanım
Mahalakshmi Avnk
Suganthi P
S. Sindhuja
S. Keshikaa
S. Pavai Madheswari
R. Subhashinib
Santhi M Georgeb
M. Monika
Suganthi P, Meena
Affiliation
IMSAR
Ibn Tofail University
Presentation title
Volatility Analysis of ESG Indices and Conventional
Stock Market Indices: A comparative study
A bibliometric review of literature in urban vegetation
studies over the last five years
Alecu Russo Balti State
University
Azerbaycan, Bakü Devlet
Üniversiteti
Optimal Directions for Ensuring Financial Security at
the Economic Entity Level
Consonants in Two Languages of The Same Language
Famıly Within Comparative Study
An Overview of Food Engineering Branches: From
R.M.K. Engineering College
Chemistry to Packaging
R.M.K Engineering College
Advancements in Smart Waste Management Systems:
A Comprehensive Overview
R.M.K Engineering College
Integrating Mathematics into Zootechnics: A Pathway
to Efficient Livestock Management
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-5 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Felicia KING-AGBOTO
Authors
Felicia King-Agboto
Chizoma Catherine Okpara
Laksita M
Parvatha Srini K P
Suganthi P
Prithwin V P
Suganthi P
Meena M
Muhammad Yousuf
Ibrar Ul Haq
Anns Uzair
Fouzia Liaqat
Muhammad Kamran
Muhammed, Y.
Adejoh, S. O.
Muhammad, U. H.
Aliyu, P. A.
Akhtarul Islam Amjad
Mohd. Vaseem
Affiliation
Presentation title
Retirement Anxiety and Job Performance Among
Imo State University
Secondary School Teachers
Comprehensive Overview of All Branches of Food
R.M.K Engineering College Engineering: Innovations, Challenges, and Future
Prospects
National Institute of Fashion
Ecofriendly Fibres for Sustainable Textile Production
Technology
Sam Jones. J
R.M.K Engineering College Hybrid Inverter with Solar Battery Charging
Mokesh V
Pragathish B
Suganthi P
R.M.K Engineering College
R.M.K Engineering College
Mathematical Optimization in 3D Printing:
Maximizing Efficiency and Minimizing Cost
Thal University Bhakkar
Exploring Connectivity in Fuzzy Graphs: Applications
in Network Analysis and Decision Making
Federal University of
Technology
Effects of Interest Rate on Credit Accessed by Maize
Farmers in Kuje Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria
Unlocking Agricultural Potential: Harnessing the
Power of Mathematics in Agriculture
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-6 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Harshini chiramani
Authors
Harshini chiramani
Joshika S
Kancharala Likhitha
Pulivarthi Manisha
Asrith. R
Gnanabalan. D
Rathinavel. M
Atmakuri Bhuvanesh
Lalitha Ramachandran
A. Harish,
S. Kavin,
A. Chaitanya Teja
A.Afrith Sulthan
Kaviya R
Suganthi P
Priyavarshini A
Suganthi P
Nancy lilly Maria C.S.
Suganthi P
Jayavarsini. M
Suganthi P
Darshini K
Christy Jenefa J
Divya Shri S
Deepika
Lalitha Ramachandran
Affiliation
Presentation title
R.M.K. Engineering College Cosmic Solar: Revolutionizing Energy
R.M.K. Engineering College
QR-Enhanced Pill Barcode Scanner for Safer
Medication Management
R.M.K. Engineering College Smart Remote
R.M.K. Engineering College
Harnessing Biotechnology for Sustainable Food
Production
R.M.K. Engineering College Signal Processing Using Differential Algebra
Sustainability 2.0: Harnessing the Power of Innovation
to Heal Our Planet
Engineering science: using Mathematics in Image
R.M.K. Engineering College
Processing
R.M.K. Engineering College
R.M.K. Engineering College
Harnessing the Power Of AI: A Motivational Tool for
Depression
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-1 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Atik RAHIMOV
Authors
Fatih Türkoglu
Mustafa Şahin
Fatih Türkoglu
Mustafa Şahin
Songül Düger
Gülay Ekici
Songül Düger
Gülay Ekici
Gökçe Sarı
Busra Özdenizci Köse
Busra Özdenizci Köse
Atik Rahimov
Affiliation
Presentation title
Selcuk University
Carcinoid Tumors of The Appendix
Selcuk University
Mırızzı Syndrome and Choledoc Injury Encountered
During Cholecystectomy Operation
Gazi University
Interculturalism and Coursebook: A Critical Analysis
A Content Analysis Of Research From Different
Countries On Pisa Exam Results
Süleyman Demirel
An Analysis Of The Movie Metropolis Through
University
Heidegger's Technical Concept
From Bits to Qubits: Exploring the Quantum Software
Gebze Technical University
Development Lifecycle
Challenges and Innovations In Testing and Validation
Gebze Technical University
for Quantum Software Development
Syrian Arab Republic in the Eurasianism, Middle East
Bursa Technical University and Mediterranean Policy of the Russian Federation
from Historical Perspective to the Present
Gazi University
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-2 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Ilkün ORBAK
Authors
Berkay Karaçor
Metin Mustafa Elçim
Mustafa Özcanlı
Berkay Karaçor
Anıl Aslan
Mustafa Özcanlı
Özgür Kılınç
Canan Duygu Arslan
Pınar Sökülmez Kaya
Farid Huseynov
Ibrahim Dipçik
Ibrahim Dipçik
Farid Huseynov
Ilkün Orbak
Âli Yurdun ORBAK
Ali Yarıkkaya
Fatih Sezer
Kerim Güler
Ceren Göksu
Ahmet Feyzioğlu
Affiliation
Presentation title
Çukurova University
A Modal Analysis Study Using Different Materials in
the Formula Student Car Chassis
Çukurova University
An Optimization Study: Examining
Materials Usage in The Truck Chassis
Different
Ondokuz Mayıs University The Role Of Nutrition In Circadian Rhythm
Trust and Help Intention of Internet Users Regarding
Gebze Technical University Calls for Help in Disaster Relief Calls Via Social
Media: A Survey Research
Gebze Technical University
Maltepe University
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart
University
Marmara University
The Role of Social Media in Disaster Relief and Crisis
Communication: A Literature Review
Lean Manufacturing Study in Industrial Engineering –
Automotive Supplier Company Application
Functional Analysis of Hb24 Gene and Its Role in
Adventitious Rooting in Arabidopsis Thaliana
Development of Fintech Technologies for Moneypay
Application
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-3 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Erhan KAHYA
Authors
Taner Ateş
Huseyin Selcuk Kılıç
Bahar Sennaroğlu
Fatih Sarı
Umutcan Pekmez
Işıl Keçik Büyükhatipoğlu
Durmuş Ali Bircan
Bekir Yıldırımcı
Yılmaz Erbil
Süleyman Karataş
Zhyldyz Akunova
Affiliation
Marmara University
Gaziantep University
Çukurova University
Akdeniz University
Presentation title
An Analysis of Time Series Data and Enhancing
Demand Forecasting Accuracy: A Case Study Using
Arima Modeling in Glass Production Industry
Factors Affecting The Success Of Porcelain Laminate
Veneer Restorations
Minimizing Delamination Factor in Glass Fiber
Reinforced Plastic Composite Drilling Through
Taguchi Optimization
Migration Policies In Education, Immigrant, Asylum
Seeker And Refugee Problems: The Case Of Afghan
Immigrants
Erkin Cihangir Karataş
Independent Researcher
Water Resources and Availability Status in Turkey
Erhan Kahya
Yasin Aslan
Haluk Gümüş
Hakan Adanacıoğlu
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal
University
Identification of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) on
Seedlings with The Help of Deep Learning Method
Burcu Kunay
Hilal Özdemir
Ege University
Food Miles: an Assessment of Agricultural Products
Analysıs of the Impact of Sustainable New Luxury
Brands on Generatıon Y and Z’s Purchase Intentions
İstanbul Ticaret University
and Consumer Behavıor in Terms of Gender and
Income Status
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-4 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Jenifer Alat Stephen
Authors
Nitika Saini
Barinderjit Singh
Ramisetti Veera Harshitha
Pranathi T M
Nandhini S D
Tünde Dzurov Vargová
Daniela Matušíková
V. Pavithra
G.Sandhiya
K. Sanjani
Suganthi P
Meena M
Jenifer Alat Stephen
Rosy Dhall
Mikul
Salma S
Reshma L
Suganthi P
Meena M
Affiliation
Presentation title
I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical Kinnow Waste Utilization: Essential Compounds,
University
Extraction and Utilization
R.M.K. Engineering College
Mathematical Modeling of Neural Networks for
Predictive Analysis in Healthcare
University of Prešov
New Era in Tourism Service Delivery by Merging
Quality and Safety
R.M.K. Engineering College
Clearing Our Cosmic Path: Innovative Solutions for
Space Debris Mitigation
Tashkent Medical Academy Development of Crispr-Cas9 Technology
Gandhinagar University
Mapping the Landscape of Service Quality
R.M.K. Engineering College Innovations in Aquaponics Technology
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-5 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Ripom Paul
Authors
Ripom Paul
Muhammad Shoaib
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Rishmail Saleem
Bilal Shoukat
Summer Piao
Gokul Raj.V
Karthik Surya.A.A
Samsundar.A
Sharavana Deepak.S.V
Sudhanssu.R.S
S. Pavai Madheshwari
R. Subhashini
Santhi M George
Igor Pantić
Jovana Paunović Pantić
Svetlana Valjarević
Jelena Čumić
Prabhu Das
Lahouel Khemissi
Boumaza Abdecharif
Gasmi Meriem
Soham Bindu
Koustav Sarkar
Ummulkher Abdulqadir
Badlani
Sakina Kheda
Affiliation
Raiganj University
Presentation title
From Tradition to Trends: The Emergence of Folk Art
Innovation by Rural Entrepreneurs of Uttar Dinajpur
University of Science and Rare Earth Element Doped Cobalt Nickel Ferrites for
Technology Beijing
Treatment of Synthetic Dyes from Wastewater
Analysis of Development of a Three-Dimensional
R.M.K Engineering College Constitutive Model for Simulating Shape Memory
Alloys – A Review
University of Belgrade
Deep Learning in Analysis of Two-Dimensional
Signals in Physiological Sciences
Birsa Munda College
Understanding the Rising Threat of Cybercrime
Against Women in India
University of Abbes
Laghrour
Synthesis and Characterization of Cu doped ZnO Thin
Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Dip Coating Technique
SRM Institute of Science and Immunotherapy for Cancer Using Chimeric Antigen
Technology
Receptors (CARs)
Studying the Effects of Screen Time and Digital
Caucasus International
Devices on Children’s Endocrine and Metabolic
University
Health
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-6 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Adjoudj Abdellatif
Authors
Saima Abbas
Zainab Umar
Motasem Mirza
Shaima Aslam
Saima Ayyaz
Adjoudj Abdellatif
S. Shivaanishri
Mr. Yuvashree
Ananya Lamba
Adwita Manocha
Sanidhya Mukund
Tanzeela Asghar
Abdul Ghaffar
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Nur Syazwani Binti Mohd
Nawi
Nur Ezza Fitrani Binti
Muhammad Fitri
M.Monica
R.Saravanan
R. Srinivasan
Bukola O. Adetola
Ireoluwa H. Omoniyi
Raquel H. Nieves
Affiliation
Presentation title
University of Cyberjaya
The Impact of Anger Management Training on Anger
and Odd Behavior: A Study Among University
Students in Pakistan
University Center of Tipaza The Behavior of Barley in A Changing Environment
R.M.K Engineering College The Third Eye for The Blind
Symbiosis International
University
A Comparitive Analysis of Enforcement of Investment
Arbitration Awards in India, UK and USA
Computational Study on Hyperthermic Cancer
University of Agriculture Treatment: Evaluating Pristine and Coated
Nanostructures through Finite Element Analysis
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Awareness of Ergonomics Among Oil Palm Office
Workers
Bharath Institute of Higher
Pharmacological and Toxicological aspects of Datura
Education and Research
University Institute of
Tourism Research-IUIT
Social Sustainability Perceptions of Osun-Osogbo
Festival at Nigeria’s World Heritage Site
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-1 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Nurullah TAŞ
Authors
Derya Kaman
Affiliation
Kayseri University
Presentation title
Evaluation Of The Environment-Development
Relationship In Development Plans
Elif Bayrakçı
Burcu Çaki Döner
Gaziantep Islamic Science
Care And Counseling In Maternal-Perinatal Infections
and Technology University
Nurullah Taş
Gebze Technical University From Traditional to Smart: Managing Change in Cities
Nurullah Taş
Gebze Technical University
Local Government Activities Towards Becoming A
Smart City: The Case of Istanbul
Khoja Akhmet Yassawi
International KazakhTurkish University
The Role of Media in Dictatorships: Historical
Perspective and Implications
Ayman Kole
Emre Daghan Tokgöz
Ömer Keski
Merve Okutan
Faysal Selimoğlu
Eldam Shams Aldeen Mustafa
Gediz Uğuz
Investigation of Catalyst Effect in The Preparation of
Pda Based Melamine Sponges
Studies On The Use Of Chemometric Methods In The
Necmettin Erbakan
Biotechnological Production And Analysis Of
University
Antibiotics
Modification
And
Characterization
Of
Ondokuz Mayıs University Clinopthylloline For Adsorptive Desulfurization Of
Crude Oil
Hitit University
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-2 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Hasan Hüseyin ÖZTÜRK
Authors
Yücel Kadıoğlu
Samira Samadzadeh
Özlem Arat
Dilek Kaya-Akyüzlü
Mustafa Danışman
Selin Özkan-Kotiloğlu
Çiğdem Akça
İsmail Karabekmez
Filiz Boran
Erol Alver
H. Hazar Camci
F. Betül Yilmaz Güler
Gülşah Aktaş Çelik
Ş. Hakan Atapek
Abdulaziz Alkan
F. Betül Yilmaz Güler
Gülşah Aktaş Çelik
Ş. Hakan Atapek
Hasan Hüseyin Öztürk
Ulaş Başar Gezgin
Feyza Döndü Bilgin
Muhammed Emre Ayhan
Affiliation
Ataturk University
Presentation title
Analysis of Voriconazol in Pharmaceutical
Preparations Using Assisted Uv-Visible Region
Spectrophotometry Method
Ankara University
Effect of Faah Rs324420 Polymorphism on The Risk
of Opioid Use Disorder
Hitit University
Production of Carbon-Based Materials From Walnut
And Peanut Biomass
Kocaeli University
Metallurgical and Mechanical Characterization of
Aluminide Coated Inconel 625 Alloy by ThermoReactive Diffusion Method
Kocaeli University
Surface Modification of Ti6al4v Alloy by ThermoReactive Diffusion Coatings
Istanbul Galata University Optimism in Positive Psychology
Aydın Adnan Menderes
University
Necmettin Erbakan
University
Effects of Drought on Paspalum dilatatum Anatomy
Sers Active Nanomaterials for Biosensor Application
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-3 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Hanife DURGUN
Authors
Cem Özkurt
Emir Ayçiçek
Fatma Aksoy
Hanife Durgun
Neslihan Geçer
Fatma Aksoy
Hanife Durgun
Beyzanur Toy
Filiz Büyüker Tan
Şeyda Korkmaz
Özlem Tuna
Filiz Büyüker Tan
Şeyda Korkmaz
Özlem Tuna
Müslim Bayrak
Mehmet Irfan Karadede
Gökçe Kayin Arici
Ayden Çoban
Hanife Durgun
Fatma Aksoy
Nejla Köksal
Affiliation
Sakarya University of
Applied Sciences
Ordu University
Presentation title
Text Summarisation with Deep Learning: An
Investigation on the Effect of Epoch Number
Nursing Care of a Patient with a Diagnosis of
Pneumonia According to The Henderson Nursing
Model: Case Report
Ordu University
Orlando's Nursing Interaction Model For Nursing Care
in The Postpartum Period: Case Report
Yalova University
Investigation Of Activated Carbon Production And
Dyestate Removal From Surgery Sludge
Yalova University
Production Of Activated Hydrochar By Hydrothermal
Carbonization Method And Its Evaluation In Crystal
Violet Adsorption
İzmir Katip Çelebi
University
Aydın Adnan Menderes
University
Ordu University
Effects of Vitamins on Orthodontic Tooth Movements
The Effect Of Birth Interventions On Met Birth
Expectations And Satisfaction
Nursing Care Plan for A Copd Patient According to
Roy Adaptation Theory: Case Report
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-4 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Neha Agrawal
Authors
Shreyas K.C.
Kiran Kumar M.
Raymond Oriebe Anyasi
Harrison Ifeanyichukwu
Atagana
Desmond Chiagozie Agbo
Joyce Onyenaturuchi Anyasi
Raymond
Neha Agrawal
Sagaya Aurelia
Olufemi Adeyemi Adetola
Affiliation
Jain Deemed to be
University
Presentation title
A Study on The Causal Impact of World Crude Oil
Prices on Indian Stock Market
University of South Africa
Modelling of the Growth of Tobacco by Indole Acetic
Acid (IAA) Used to Control Soil Organic Pollution
Christ Deemed to be
University
Federal University of
Technology Akure
Olufemi Timothy Ogunbode
Ogbomoso, Oyo State
Ladoke Akintola University
of Technology
Olufemi Timothy Ogunbode
Ogbomoso, Oyo State
Miss Poonam
Vijay Kumar
Sunil Kumar
Ladoke Akintola University
of Technology
Ribka Nova Sartika Sembiring
Parmiana Bangun
Indira Gandhi University
Kemenkes Poltekkes Medan
Prodi D III Kebidanan
Pematangsiantar
Image Segmentation Method for Checking The
Effectiveness of Vitiligo Treatment
Selected Physical, Mechanical and Chemical
Properties of Groundnut Kernel for Processing of
Groundnut
Decolonization and its Aftermath: Pessimism and
Optimism’s description of Nigerian Space, 1980 s2015
A History of the Phenomena of the ‘First’ in the Baptist
Medical Centre Ogbomoso, 1907-1997
Sustainable Utilization of Bio-waste Compost for
Faradic and non -Faradic Type Energy Storage
Applications
The Effectiveness of Pilates and Birthing Ball
Exercises on Lower Back Pain and Self-Efficacy in
Pregnant Women in the Third Trimester at the Batu
Anam Community Health Center, Siantar District.
Simalungun Regency
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-5 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Sakina Kheda
Authors
Abderrahim Guetteche
Rima Boutkouk
Mohamed Nacer Guetteche
Salah Eddine Bensebti
Abdelhafid Chabane
Kabiru Hamisu
Hafsat Sanusi Mohammed
Sulaiman Auwalu Yaro
Abdulnasir Lawan Isah
Ahmad Usman Shuaib
Abdullahi Taofeek Lawal
G. Sriker Reddy
Shahid Ali Rajput
Aziz Ul Rahman
Atif Rehman
Asghar Abbas
Kashif Hussain
Sarmad Frogh Arshad
Usman Ali
Muhammad Asif Raza
Baseer Ahmad
Rana Muhammad Shahbakht
Sakina Kheda
Hafsa Naeem
Bouthaina Trabelsi Werchfeni
Mariem Ben Hamida
Houda Ben Ayed
Maroua Trigui
Sourour Yaich
Mondher Kassis
Jamel Dammak
Souhir Chelly
Boutheina Trabelsi Wercheni
Asma Ammar
Olfa Ezzi
Mansour Njah
Mohamed Mahjoub
Affiliation
Presentation title
Université Constantine 1
Study of A Beam Reinforced with Glass Fiber and
Carbon Fiber Composites
SR University
Influence of Artificial Intelligence in Sustaining
Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria
Muhammad Nawaz Shareef Icariin Rescued Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal
University of Agriculture Injury in Mice via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway
Tbilisi State Medical
University
Implications of Professional Stress on Pregnancy
Complications
Production of Bio-Plastic and its Characterization
University of Agriculture
using Banana Peel
Hedi Chaker University
Evaluation of Medical Device Reprocessing, As Part
of A Quality Improvement Project
Hedi Chaker University
Students & Knowledge of the Healthcare Associated
Infection Prevention Climate in the Practice
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
13.04.2024 / HALL-6 / SESSION-3
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
13 00 : 15 00
15 00 : 17 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Mengxiangji
Authors
Bouthaina Trabelsi Werchfeni
Houda Ben Ayed
Mariem Ben Hamida
Mahdi Kchaw
Ons Walha
Sourour Yaich
Jamel Damak
Souhir Chelly
Boutheina Trabelsi Wercheni
Asma Ammar
Olfa Ezzi
Mansour Njah
Mohamed Mahjoub
Ajayi, Olayemi T.
Omisakin, Funke-Wale T
Affiliation
Presentation title
Hedi Chaker University
Evaluation of Health Professionals' Knowledge
on Septic Isolation: Results of A Quasi-Experimental
Study
Hedi Chaker University
Post-Covid Irritability in the Tunisian Population 2022
– Prevalence and Predictive Factors
The Federal Polytechnic
Ilaro
Nguyen Thi Kim Phuoc
Le Tran Thanh Liem
Kien Giang University
Shanza Khanum
Muhammad Asad
University of Education
Simeana Beshi
Driola Susuri
S. Saravanan
P. Velmurugan
Mengxiangji
Rasheedul Haque
University Ukshin Hoti
Annamalai University
MAHSA University
Assessment of the Role of Art in the Built Environment
and Enhancement of Education: An Example of The
Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro
Heavy Metals Polluted Soil Treatment by
Phytoremediation in Vietnam – A Review
Therapeutic Potential of Sareehn (Albizia Lebbeck)
Seeds Extract Against Toxic Effects of Graphene
Nanosheets in Mori (Cirrhinus Mrigala)
Corporate Insolvency and Restructuring: Legal
Approaches to Financial Distress
Effect of Pyramid Shaped Absorber Plate and Cotton
Fins on the Solar Still
Research on Factors Affecting the Development
Direction of Independent Clinical Laboratories in
China in the Post Epidemic Era
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-1 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Alamettin BAYAV
Authors
Tuğçe Bulut Demir
Irfan Marangoz
Zeynep Şimşek
Irfan Marangoz
Rabia Reyhan Kısa
Hümeyra Akbayir
Mahsa Hakki
Onur Muratal
Hasan Ismail Yavuz
Can Duran
Funda Gül Koç
Rıdvan Yamanoğlu
Aylin Karaca
Leyla Güven
Alamettin Bayav
Bektaş Kadakoğlu
Bahri Karli
Bektaş Kadakoğlu
Bahri Karlı
Alamettin Bayav
Cemal Özalp
Affiliation
Kırşehir Ahi Evran
University
Kırşehir Ahi Evran
University
Presentation title
Frequently Used Methods in Determining the Aerobic
Capacity of Athletes
Strength Measurement Tests In Individual And Team
Sports
The Experience of Raising Children As A Single
Marmara University
Mother: The Goat And Her Three Children Fable
İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Investıgatıon of Children's Educational Place Furniture
University
in Terms of Ergonomics
Kocaeli University
Hot-Press Coating of Ni-Hard 4 Alloy on Pure Iron
Ataturk University
Plants and Herbal Products Frequently Used in The
Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
Isparta University of Applied
A Global Outlook on Beekeeping from Türkiye
Sciences
Isparta University of Applied Structural Analysis Of Wheat Production: Türkiye
Sciences
Example
Determining the Relationship Between Nurses'
Muş Alparslan University Evaluation of Health Technologies and Their Attitudes
Towards Artificial Intelligence
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-2 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Zekiye ŞENGÜL
Authors
Mustafa Enes Öztürk
Fatma Meydaneri Tezel
Necmi Serkan Tezel
Fatma Meydaneri Tezel
Necmi Serkan Tezel
Merve Kılıç
Ayden Çoban
Şerife Nur Güçlüer
Ayden Çoban
Miray Kaya
F. Gül Koçsoy
Zekiye Şengül
Affiliation
Istanbul Technical
University
Presentation title
Seismic Analysis of Bridges with Piers on Different
Local Soil Classes
Karabük University
Mxenes for Energy Storage in Supercapacıtors
Karabük University
Effects of Pore Structure on Electrochemical Charge
Storage Mechanism in Supercapacitors
The Effect of Current Inductıon Methods on The
Intrapartum Process
Aydın Adnan Menderes
University
Aydın Adnan Menderes
University
Firat University
Siirt University
Postpartum Hypertensıon and Current Approaches
The Function of Gothic Objects In “The Transition of
Juan Romeo” and “The Enormous Radio”
Adapting to Climate Change through Climate-Smart
Agricultural Insurance Smart Contracts and
Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT)
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-3 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Sipan SOYSAL
Authors
Hilal Yılmaz
Serap Demirel
Sibel Turan Sirke
Serap Demirel
Hilal Yılmaz
Sibel Turan Sirke
Sibel Turan Sirke
Hilal Yılmaz
Serap Demirel
Ibrahim Selvikaya
Abdurrahim Yılmaz
Abdurrahim Yilmaz
Fatih Demirel
Sipan Soysal
Fatih Demirel
Sipan Soysal
Abdurrahim Yılmaz
Sipan Soysal
Fatih Demirel
Abdurrahim Yılmaz
Affiliation
Presentation title
Kocaeli University
The Role of WRKY Transcription Factors in Drought
Stress Tolerance of Plants
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University
Use of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RİPs) in
Agriculture
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Use of Chloroplast Genomes in Plant Breeding
Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal
University
Dormancy in Seeds and Methods of Breaking
Dormancy
Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal
University
A General Assessment of Seed Banks
Iğdır University
In Silico Investigation of Some Monoterpenes Against
Fusarium oxysporum
Siirt University
Use of Seaweed Fertilizers in Organic Farming
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-4 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: R. Saravanan
Authors
Ramzi El Idrissi
Abdelkabir Bacha
Fatima Lmai
Imo Moses Akpan
Michael Okon Bassey
Aniekan Essienubong Ikpe
R. Saravanan
Ristina Siti Sundari
Rilla Tresnadola Tarigan
Farhan Ahmad
Affiliation
Presentation title
Analysis of a Traditional and a Fuzzy Logic Enhanced
Hassan II University
Perturb and Observe Algorithm for the MPPT of a
Photovoltaic System
Adoption of Electric Vehicles (Evs) As A Sustainable
Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic
Transportation Solution: Reshaping the Trends in
Ikot Osurua
Conventional Automobile Applications
Bharath Institute of Higher Synthesis and Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles from
Education and Research Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Tridax Procumbens.L
University of Perjuangan Added Value of Over-Riped Bananas Fruit Become
Tasikmalaya
Dried-Soggy Sale-Pisang
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-5 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Karimova Rena Jabbar
Authors
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Ismayilova Konul Idris
Ismayilova Fatma Zakir
Mammadov Shahmar Ajdar
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Ismayilova Fatma Zakir
Abaszade Zumrud Amirgulu
Mammadov Shahmar Ajdar
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Aliyeva Samaya
Mirmohammed
Jafarova Zemfira Ibrahim
Alakbarova Mehriban Gani
Nelya Novotorzhina
Shafa Kazimzadeh
Mehpara Safarova
Gariba Gahramanova
Yegana Mustafayeva
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Huseynova Gulbeniz Asif
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Aliyeva Gunel Muharram
Mammadov Shahmar Ajdar
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Babayeva Mansura Yashar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Aliyeva Gunel Muharram
Mammadov Shahmar Ajdar
Ulviyya Mammadova
Boyukkhanim Jafarzade
Rana Ibrahimova
Vilayet Abdiyev
Sevinj Ismayilova
Nigar Aliyeva
Affiliation
Presentation title
Azerbaijan Medical
University
Insulin Resistance and Iron Metabolism in Diabetes
Azerbaijan Medical
University
Characterization and Diagnostic Determination of
Physiological Changes of Persistent Hyperplasia of
The Thymus Gland
Azerbaijan Medical
University
Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Adipose
Tissue Dysfunction of Metabolic Complications
Associated with Adiposogenital Obesity
Institute of Chemistry of
Additives
1,3-Bisisopropylxanthogenatesulfophenol
As
Extreme Pressure Additive for Transmission Oils
Study
an
Azerbaijan Medical
University
Physıologıcal
Defıciency
Azerbaijan Medical
University
Stress-Induced Disruption of the Adrenal Glands, One
of The Most Important Organs for Pregnancy
Ministry of Science and
Education of Azerbaijan
Exploring the Ecological and Medical Benefits of Dill
(Anethum graveolens) as an Alternative to Spirulina
(Arthrospira platensis): A Comparative Study
Baku State University
Study of Respiration intensity and Reducing Activity
in Different Barley snd Wheat Genotypes Under Salt
Stress Conditions
of
Adrenal
Cortex
Drug
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-6 / SESSION-1
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
08 00 : 10 00
10 00 : 12 00
HEAD OF SESSION: Le Thi Hong Nhung
Authors
Nazila Ragimova
Almammadova Mehriban
Lkadi Omar
Nassraoui Mohammed
Bouksour Otmane
Shirinova Lala
Abbasov Mehraj
Namazova Kamala
Aslanov Azer
Gasım Amrahlı
Musayeva Narmina
Guliev Rashad
Shirinova Nargiz
Affiliation
Presentation title
Improving the Approach to Software Configuration of
Ukrainian State University
Automated Control Systems Using Experimentalof Railway Transport
Static Models
University Hassan II
Design Optimization and Mechanical Characterization
of Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures
Western Caspian University
Immune System Actıvatıon in the Path Morphology of
Sars-Cov
Le Thi Hong Nhung
Nha Trang University
Le Thi Hong Nhung
Nha Trang University
The Problem of Competition for Clean Agricultural
Products and Solution for an Integrated Value-Added
Model for Clean Agriculture in Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
Proposing a Model of Experiential Education Through
Social Impact Projects in Vietnam
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-1 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Laila AFIA
Authors
Affiliation
Laila Afia
Rachid Salghi
Ibnou Zohr University
Laila Afia
Rachid Salghi
Ibnou Zohr University
Hina Mohsin
Bilal Bahadar
Farzin Sheikh
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Muhammad Rizwan Khalid
Ahmed Nawaz
Muhammad Umair
Abdul Ghaffar
Ahmed M. Al-Hammadi
Chhaya Sonar
Prakash Kamble
University of Peshawar
Presentation title
Insights into the Corrosion Inhibition Performance of
Three Natural Heterocyclic Diazepines for Carbon
Steel El in 1m Hcl Medium
Experimental Evaluation of 2-Hydroxy-1-(2-Hydroxy4-Sulfo-1-Naphthylazo)-3-Naphthoic Acid As A
Novel Corrosion Inhibitor for C38 Steel in
Hydrochloric Medium
Sustainable Urban Development in Pakistani Cities:
Challenges, Opportunities, and Policy Implications
University of Agriculture
Catalytic Conversion of Mixed-Density Plastics into
Combustible Fuel Through Microwave Pyrolysis
University of Agriculture
Electromagnetic Surface Waves Between Two
Dissimilar Media for High Frequency Applications
B A M University
Factors Affecting Water Quality- A PCA Approach
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-2 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Talha Usman
Authors
Syed Anam Shaheen Abbas
Shah
Muhammad Shoaib
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Talha Usman
Iqra Asghar
Soham Bindu
Koustav Sarkar
Imade Choulli
Mustapha Elyaqouti
Elhanafi Arjdal
Driss Saadaoui
Dris Benhmamou
Baso Madiong
Andi Tira
Almusawir
Affiliation
Presentation title
Synthesis and Characterization of Silica-Chitosan
University of Agriculture Decorated Magnetic Nanostructure for Wastewater
Treatment
University of Technology Analysis of Integral Transforms and Their Numerical
and Applied Sciences,
Simulations
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Chemical
University of Agriculture
Reduction of Agno3 with Nabh4
SRM Institute of Science and ImmunotherapyfFor Cancer Using Chimeric Antigen
Technology
Receptors T Cell (Cars)
Ibn Zohr University
JAYA-Integrated Hybrid Optimization: Accurate
Estimation of Single-Diode Model Parameters in
Photovoltaic Cells
Bosowa University
Social Forestry: Solutions for Resolving Tenurial
Conflicts in Forest Areas in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-3 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Bertina HOXHA LAMI
Authors
Khanifah Auliana
Sultan Mubarok
Seema Rathee
Nishu Goyal
Sonali Parashar
Dyah Anindita Nur Wulandari
Usama Zahid
Muhammad Ramzan Khawar
Yasir Javed
Dongwhi Choi
Natesh Gunturu
Balamurali Dhara V
Adepu Ramesh
Syed Anam Shaheen Abbas
Shah
Muhammad Shoaib
Muhammad Ayyaz
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Bertina Hoxha Lami
Denada Rada
Affiliation
UIN K.H. Abdurrahman
Wahid Pekalongan
Maharshi Dayanand
University,
UIN K.H. Abdurrahman
Wahid Pekalongan
Presentation title
Halal Behavior in Media Technology System
Mapping the Evolution of the Gig Economy: A
Comprehensive Review of Scientific Literature and
Trends
The Level of Awareness of The Younger Generation in
Avoiding Usury on Interest in Using Sharia Products
in Kendal, Indonesia
Fabrication of Metal-Organic Frameworks Based
University of Agriculture Supercapacitors and Investigation of its Faradaic and
Non-Faradaic Response
JSS College of Pharmacy
Regulatory Pathway of Class I Medical Device Elastic
Bandage of USA
University of Agriculture
Testing of a CdS/g-C3N4/TiO2 Ternary Photocatalysts
for Photocatalytic Applications
Sports University of Tirana
Impact of The Digital Transformation in Medical
Laboratories
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-4 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Pham Duc Thuan
Authors
Denada Ahmeti
Ambra Purde
Pham Duc Thuan
Ayesha Batool
Farkhanda Anjum
Hafsa Naeem
Zainab Fatima
M. Amzaoued
S. Zriouel
M. Mabrouki
M. Amzaoued
S. Zriouel
M. Mabrouki
M. Amzaoued
S. Zriouel
M. Mabrouki
Nina Kanev
Assya Bojinova
Karolina Papazova
Nina Kanev
Assya Bojinova
Karolina Papazova
Affiliation
Logos University
Presentation title
Effects of Artficial Intelligence on the Labor Market
Can Tho University
Diplomatic Relations Between Vietnam and the United
States As Seen From Us Covid-19 Vaccine Aid Policy
to Vietnam
University of Agriculture
Climate Change: a Pathway to the Economic
Prosperity
Room Temperature Ferromagnetic Behavior of
University Sultane Moulay
Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor for Spintronics
Slimane
Applications
First Principle Study of Of High-TC Ferromagnetism
University Sultane Moulay
of ZnTe for Spintronic and Opto-Electronic
Slimane
Applications
University Sultane Moulay Spintronics System: Spin Polarization and Magnetic
Slimane
Characterization
University of Sofia
Anatase/Rutile Composites – On The Photocatalytic
Degradation Of Orange Ii Azo-Dye
University of Sofia
Synthesis Of Zno, Znfe2o4 And Zno/Znfe2o4 Films
And Investigation Of Their Photocatalytic Efficiencies
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-5 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Irina-Ana DROBOT
Authors
Irina-Ana Drobot
Milena Milojević
Suzana Knežević
Došenović Marinković
Goran Stanišić
Boussalah Mohammed Ettahar
Guella Sofiane
Medjahdi Malika
Ganya, Adamu Hauni
Dauda, Hauwa
Ango, Monica
Asabe Ibrahim
Simeana Beshi
Driola Susuri
Nedeljko M. Milanović
Andrijana Ž. Miletić
Sanja D. Mijajlović
Sabrina Roguai
Abdelkader Djelloul
Sara Seddoqi
Fatima Aouinti
Ouahiba Laout
Zaina Idir
Nadia Gseyra
Affiliation
Presentation title
Technical University of Civil Walks in the Personal Opinions and Fictional Works of
Engineering Bucharest, Virginia Woolf and Graham Swift
Unit for Agricultural and Application of Unconventional Livestock Production
Business Studies and
As an Alternative and Support for Rural and
Tourism,
Sustainable Development
Djillali Liabes University,
Removal of Textile Dyes by Adsorption on Activated
Carbon Synthesized from the Jujube Kernels
Usmanu Danfodiyo
University,
The Effectiveness of School Placements in Facilitating
Student Teacher Learning and Professional
Development
Corporate Insolvency and Restructuring: Legal
Approaches to Financial Distress
Teachers and Parents in The World of Stem Concepts
University of Kragujevac - Action Research in the Function of Popularizing Stem
Activities
Investigation of The Effects of Ni Doping on The
The University of Abbes
Structural, Microstructural, and Optical Properties of
Laghrour Khenchela
Tin Oxide Films Using Psp Method
University “Ukshin Hoti,”
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and AntiMohammed First University İnflammatory Activities of Aqueous Extract of Pistacia
lentiscus L. from the Eastern Region of Morocco
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
14.04.2024 / HALL-6 / SESSION-2
Zoom Meeting ID: 833 4101 6484
Zoom Passcode: 121314
Lisbon Local Time
Ankara Local Time
10 30 : 12 30
12 30 : 14 30
HEAD OF SESSION: Fidan Nasirova
Authors
Shahriyar Guliyev
Cemil Atakara
Fidan Nasirova
Səriyyə Abidova Elşən Qızı
Vusal Zulfugarov
Murat Özay Taşkın
Sümer Esin Şenyurt
Seriyye Gündoğdu
Affiliation
Presentation title
Reliable Systems for Prototype Fly-By-Wire Autopilot
Nakhchivan State University
Uav Building Overview
Cyprus International
Reconstructıon Practıces: A Comparatıve Study of
University
London, Tallınn, and Gırne
Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər “Kalila and Dimna” As a Source of Moral-Didactic
Akademiyası
Motives
Elmi Araşdırmalar
Quba qəzasında yaşayan etnik qruplar
Organization of İnterdisciplinary Research at
Azerbaycan Milli Bilimler
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences:
Akademisi
Philosophical Approach
Turkey's Strengthening Military Presence in the Horn
University of Wroclaw
of Africa: The Case of Somalia
The role of Yücel Feyzioğlu in the upbringing of
AMEA Doğubilimleri
Turkish immigrant children in Germany in line with
Enstitüsü
national-spiritual values
(All speakers required to be connected to the session 10 min before the session starts)
Moderator is responsible for ensuring the smooth running of the presentation, managing the group discussion and dynamics.
CONTENTS
AUTHOR
TITLE
Page No
Ali Yarıkkaya
Fatih Sezer
Functional Analysis Of Hb24 Gene And Its Role In Adventitious
Rooting In Arabidopsis Thaliana
1
Proverbs Expressıon With Kinetic Typographyabstract
3
On The Existence Of Concircular Transformation On NonRiemannian Manifolds
4
Yashchenko Ganna
Public Administration Decisions In The Conditions Of Military
And Humanitarian Crises
6
Islam Safa Kaya
Criminal Jurisdiction For International Crimes Committed On
The High Seas
7
Application Of International Law Of War
9
Generations In The Workplace And Changing Work Values
11
Leman Üstündağ
Mustafa Deniz Türkoğlu
Merve Uysal
Ali Cengiz
Betül Yılmaz
Türkan Kaplan
Bertuğ Sakın
Yahya Nas
Özge Ökcü
Ayşe Tanşu
Yonca Yavuz Akçay
Özge Ökcü
Rıdvan Gök
Veysi Acıbuca
Aybüke Kaya
Participation Patterns Of Adults Participating In The University
Of Turkish Aeronautical Association Lifelong Development
Application And Research Centre (Yagem) Certificate
Programmes
The Effect Of Individuals Emotional States On Language Usage
In Relation To Environmental Influences
13
15
Influence Of Foliar Applications Of Calcium On Yield And
Quality Of Head Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L. Var Capitata)
17
Current Treatment Approaches In Fibromyalgia Syndrome
19
Benefits Of Exercise For Children
21
Ferhat Öztürk
Tarkan Ayaz
Wheat Production And Self-Sufficiency Levels Of Oecd
Countries
Potential Pest In Pistachio Fields Of Şırnak Province: Pistachio
Psyllid [Agonoscena Pistaciae Burck. And Laut.) (Hemiptera:
Aphalaridae)]
Evaluatıon Of Yield Characteristics Of Different Maize Varieties
Under Derı̇ k/Mardin Conditions
Ferhat Öztürk
Tarkan Ayaz
Determination Of Yield Characteristics Of Some Maize Varieties
Under Kızıltepe/Mardin Conditions
27
Ferhat Öztürk
Tarkan Ayaz
Evaluation Of Yield Factors Of Different Corn Varieties Under
Harran Conditions
28
Ferhat Öztürk
Tarkan Ayaz
Comparison Of Yield Characteristics Of Some Corn Varieties
Under Harran/Şanlıurfa Environments
29
Ayşe Bozkurt
Digital Transformation In The Public Sector: A New Era In
Governance
30
Robotic Systems In Rehabilitation For Gunshot Wounds Of The
Upper Limb
32
Flight Control System Using System Of Linear Equation
33
Harnessing The Power Of Ai: A Motivational Tool For
Depression
34
Tarkan Ayaz
Konstantin Babov
Svitlana Onishchak
Oleksandr Bibikov
Irina Babova
Alexander Plakida
Harish-A
Suganthi P
Darshini K
Christy Jenefa J
Divya Shri S
Deepika
Lalitha Ramachandran
23
25
26
Darshini K
Christy Jenefa J
Suganthi P
The Synergy Of Mathematics And Biosystems Engineering:
Enhancing Precision And Sustainability
35
Esam Y. Salah
A Conformable Fractional Derivative Model For Hiv-1 Infection
With Stem Cell Transplantation
36
Mathematics: The Key To Unlocking Solar And Wind Energy
Optimization
37
Guardian Of The Deep: Ai-Powered Underwater Drones For
Aquatic Life Health Monitoring And Conservation
38
Mathematical Applications In Medical Science: Mathematical
Applications In Epidemiological Analysis And Disease Control
39
A Matrix Based Simulation
40
Basis And Rank
41
Atmakuri Bhuvanesh
Suganthi P
Diy Ventilator
42
Atmakuri Bhuvanesh
Suganthi P
Harmonizing Harvest: Revolutionizing Farming Economies
Through Mathematical Modeling And Optimization
43
Pr. Krithika Priya
S. Rekha
Aseel A. Kareem
Hussein Kh. Rasheed
Eman K. Hassan
Reem Y. Mahmood
Humaira Muzaffar
Muhammad Naeem Faisal
Bilal Aslam
Haseeb Anwar
Arslan Iftikhar
Shazad Irfan
Imran Mukhtar
Maham Fatima
Usman Haider
Muhammad Jawad Aslam
Jitender Kumar
Garima Hooda
Elevating Ayurvedic Education: Integration Of Chatgpt For
Personalized Learning And Interactive Teaching
44
Study The Effect Of Glycerin On The Optical Properties Of Pva/
H2SO4
45
Effect Of Chieranthus Chieri Seeds On Pancreatic Physiology
And Beta-Cell Regeneration In Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
46
Assessing The Efficacy And Challenges Of Skill Development
Programmes In India: Towards Strategic Enhancements
48
Role Of Artificial Intelligence (Ai) In Sustainable Education Of
Higher Education Institutions In India: Teacher’s Perception
49
Poultry Feeding By Azolla Microphyla Case Of Fayoumi
(Mostaganem)
50
Khalid Reggab
The Investigation Of The Energy Spectrum Of Specified
Diatomic Molecules Via The Resolution Of Schrodinger Equation
51
Kawya Pandey
Rafraf Shakil
Partition Shadows And Dalit Identity In Manoranjan Byapari’s
‘Interrogating My Chandal Life’
52
Farhat Ullah Shah
Sustainable Manufacturing In Garments Industry By Applying
Simulation And Lean Tools
53
Pradhap R
Muthukumaran G
Ram Prakash K. R
Mathematics Applications In Engineering: Bridging Theory To
Practice
54
A Review Article On Recent Innovation And Future Obstacles In
Drug Delivery System To The Eye
56
Dushyanth N
Suganthi P
Deepak A
Balapriyan R
Brijesh M
R. J. Vishal
Suganthi P
Meena M
G. Kushal
K. Sravan Kumar
Akshay Jilla
Akshay Jilla
Jitender Kumar
Simran Sikka
Noureddine
Djilali
Mohamed
Dahmouni Said
Mustapha Kamel Fodil
Priyanshi Goyal
Arnav Sharma
Tarunjot Singh
Kuldeep Singh
Harminder Singh
Touil Zoulikha
Lefkaier Ibn Khaldoun
Ahmed Benbelghit
Halifa Bachir
Derya Güloğlu
Jeevankumar
N. Sandeep
Sanjeev Gupta
Road Anomaly Detection In Real-Time Leveraging Artificial
Intelligence In Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (Adas)
57
The Characterization Of A Plate Composite
58
Inoculation Sequence In Soil And Seed
59
Computational Analysis Of Nanoparticle Shapes Impact On
Cylindrical Stream Of Unsteady Oldroyd B Hybrid Nanofluid
With Radiative Heat
Generalized System Of Extended Nonlinear Variational
Inequalities Governed By Gauss-Seidel-Type Iterative Approach
61
62
Influencing Factors On The Origin Of Musical Sounds And
Vowels
63
Motivation In The Unıversıty Experıence And Its Posıtıve Impact
On The Job Market
64
Green Synthesıs Of Zno Nanopartıcles By Two Methods:
Comparison And Application In Photocatalysis
65
Efficient Ibuprofene Degradation Via Photo-Fenton Process Over
Eco-Friendly Fe-Succinate Mof
66
Influence Of Directors Compensation On Earnings Management
Practices In The Nigerian Banking Sector
67
Emotional Interaction And Locus Of Control In Adolescence
68
Development And Characterisation Of A Composite Based On
Diatomite
69
Elaboration Of Organo-Inorganic Materials Based On Of Natural
Products And Their Applications In Chemical Processes
70
Does The Presence Of Diabetic Neuropathy Predict The Presence
Of Retinopathy In Type 2 Diabetics?
71
Clinical And Biological Characteristics Of A Population With
Early-Onset Diabetic Neuropathy
73
S. Fatima Rosaline Mary
A Study On Youth Perception Towards Millet Based Enterprises
With Specail Reference To Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
75
Marilena Carbone
Influence Of Cortisol On The Fibril Formation Kinetics Of Ab42
Peptide: A Multi-Technical Approach
76
Serenenen Altan-Uya
Analice Maciel De Melo
Mateus David Finco
Belahlou Khalida
Belaidi Sihem
Belhadi Khaled
Sehili Tahar
Ferfeche Lynda
Debbache Nadra
Taher Sehili
Muinat Wuraola Salawu
Moruff Adeyemi Salawu
Tetyana Ivanova
Valery Kardashova
Fahima Salaa
Aicha Medjdoub
Amine Khelifa
Asmaa Benabbou
Fahima Salaa
Aicha Medjdoub
Asmaa Benabbou
Amine Khelifa
Nesrine Dhieb
Chaima Jemai
Sana Khamessi
Skandar Msolly
Maryam Cheikhrouhou
Yosra Htira
Zohra Hadj Ali
Olfa Lajili
Faika Ben Mami
Chaima Jemai
Nesrine Dhieb
Yosra Htira
Zohra Hadj Ali
Imen Hedfi
Olfa Lajili
Faika Ben Mami
Moulay Driss Mellaoui
Khalid Abbiche
Abdallah Imjjad
Souad El Issami
Hanane Zejli
Ananya Lamba
Adwita Manocha
Sanidhya Mukund
M.Brijesh
Suganthi P
Revealing The Influence Of Tether Length On Theintramolecular
[3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions Of Nitrones With Alkynes From
The Molecular Electron Density Theory Perspective
77
A Comparative Analysis Of Enforcement Of Investment
Arbitration Awards In India, Uk And Usa:
78
Linear Algebra Applications In Rural Development : A
Systematic Approach
80
Mathemacal Modeling For Solar & Wind Energ
81
Potentiel Applications Of Green Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles For
Degradation Of Difenoconazole In Water
82
Ayşe Demirkıran
Investigation Of Ptn (N= 2-15,18,22,24) Nano Clusters By Usıng
Density Functional Theory
83
Evren Ayduran
Özge Cihanbeğendi
Multi-Sensor Based Interface Desıgn For Biomolecule Diagnosis
85
G. Revanth Kumar
Suganthi P
Mohamed Ait Oumeraci
Tarek Berrama
Hayet Tizi
Aya Alterkaoui
Nadir Dizge
Hüseyin Bayram
Çakıroğlu Mehmet Günay
Gökhan Karayunlu
Murat Ercan
Examining The Role Of Middle School Social Studies
Coursebooks In Acquiring Entrepreneurship Skill Based On
Students' Views
Effects Of Foreign Migration On Service Provision Of
Municipalities
87
89
The European Union's Response To The Covid-19 Pandemıc:
Evaluatıng Actorness In Global Crises
91
Sevinç Eşer Durmaz
Alev Keser
Does Food Inflation Affect Nutritional Habits?
93
Levend Coşkuntuna
Animal Welfare Practices In Dairy Farming
95
Levend Coşkuntuna
The Importance Of Increasing Silage Consumption In Dairy
Cows
97
Zeynep Karaçor
Burcu Güvenek
Zeynep Karaçor
Burcu Güvenek
Saim Mert Kalın
Zeynep Karaçor
Burcu Güvenek
Natalia Hakimi
Fatin Syazwani Safiyuddin
Ija Hazirah Nur Rosni
Liyana Nadhirah Kamal
Erma Shahida Kaap
Rasheedul Haque
R Shamganesh
Suganthi P
Application Of Rational Transformation Programs In Turkish
Economy And Its Effects
99
The Impacts Of Green Economy On Resource Utilization By
Sectors
101
The Effectiveness Of Monetary Policy In The Learning Economy:
An Evaluation On The Turkish Economy
103
Transforming Accounting Systems In Hospitality: Embracing
Cloud Technology And Technological Innovations
105
AI For Fashion
107
Tech-Infused Landscapes: Advancements And Challenges In
Modern Landscape Architecture
108
Vector Calculus In Computer Graphics
109
Clearing Our Cosmic Path: Innovative Solutions For Space
Debris Mitigation
110
Büşra Kılıç
Poojitha. N
Suganthi P
Priyadarshini K
Priyajothi N
Suganthi P
V. Pavithra
G.Sandhiya
K. Sanjani
Suganthi P
Meena M
M. Monika
Suganthi P, Meena
Prithwin V P
Suganthi P
Meena M
Salma S
Reshma L
Suganthi P
Meena M
Mokesh V
Pragathish B
Suganthi P
Parvatha Srini K P
Suganthi P
Dushyanth N
Afrith Sulthan A
Judson Samuel Y
Rajesh B
Natasa Antic
Aberrahamane Ziari
Abderrahmane Medjerab
Baratadewa Sakti Perdana
Tamamudin
Hendri Hermawan Adinugraha
Abhijit Chatterjee
Pintu Das
Ivan Pavlovic
Integrating Mathematics Into Zootechnics: A Pathway To
Efficient Livestock Management
111
Mathematical Optimization In 3d Printing: Maximizing
Efficiency And Minimizing Cost
112
Innovations In Aquaponics Technology
113
Unlocking Agricultural Potential: Harnessing The Power Of
Mathematics In Agriculture
114
Application Of Mathematics In Rocket Launch Trajectory
Analysis
115
Medical Diagnosis: Transforming Healthcare
116
A Complementary Approach To Treating Pets - Bach Flower
Drops
117
Impact Of Clımate Change On Temperatures
118
Enhancing Customer Trust Through Islamic Digital Marketing:
An Empirical Study
119
Comparative Study Of Water Excellency For The Two Distinct
Water Bodies Of Ranchi, Jharkhand
120
Coccidiosis Of Partridges (Perdix Perdix) In Serbia
121
Purushoth V S
Siddharth P
Salah Uddin Maruf
Habibur Rahman Masrur
Farjana Akther Niha
Anna Kopiczko
Joanna Cieplińska
Footstep Power Generator
122
Impact Of Climate Change On Vulnerable People In Bangladesh:
A Study In Sunamganj
124
Determinants Of Bone Mineral Density After Spinal Cord Injury
125
Drita Avdyli
Political Immigration In The Arberesh Areas In Italy, Turkey And
Argentine, From 1945 To 1990
126
Rida Zulfiqar
The Impact Of Political Pressure On Judicial Independence: A
Comparative Analysis Of India And The Uk
127
Human Activity Recognition Using Rnn
128
Arduino Based Autonomous Vehicle Using Voice Recognition
129
Microstructural Enhancement Of Cvd Coatings For Machining
Applications
130
All Wheel Parking Brake Using Commercial Vehicle Spring
Actuator
131
The Relationship Between Green Economy And Sustainable
Growth
132
Jogendra Kumar
Sam Jefferston
Baipalli Nikhilesh
S. Vignesh Radhakrishnan
P. Pathmanaban
U. Elaiyarasan
Osamah Ihsan Ali
Gyurika István
Taha Husseın Mohammed
V.S. Tharun Prasath
S. Mithun Raj
S. Tharun Ganesh
U. Elaiyarasan
Burcu Güvenek
Zeynep Karaçor
Hümeyra Avcı
Serap Sarıbaş
Barış Incesu
Samet Çelik
Kevser Bahadır
Muhittin Baran
Filiz Karadağ
Kader Aydın
Mehmet Fırat Baran
Hanife Müderrisoğlu
Attila Erdemirci
Furkan Çapoğlu
Furkan Çapoğlu
Attila Erdemirci
Hanife Müderrisoğlu
Nimet Yaşın
Tuğçe Uçar
Tuğçe Uçar
Kapil Ahuja
Ekta Rani
Hassan Boukita
Mohamed El Ammari
Najiba Brhadda
Rabea Ziri
Victoria Postolache
Mammadova Asmethanım
Mahalakshmi Avnk
Suganthi P
S. Sindhuja
S. Keshikaa
S. Pavai Madheswari
R. Subhashinib
Santhi M Georgeb
Felicia King-Agboto
Chizoma Catherine Okpara
Laksita M
Parvatha Srini K P
Suganthi P
Muhammad Yousuf
Ibrar Ul Haq
Anns Uzair
Fouzia Liaqat
Muhammad Kamran
Akhtarul Islam Amjad
Mohd. Vaseem
Sam Jones. J
Harshini Chiramani
Joshika S
Kancharala Likhitha
Pulivarthi Manisha
Apocalyptic Narratives In Cinema: The Political, Religious And
Cultural Presence Of The Maya, A Mesoamerican Civilization In
The Movie “Apocalypto”
134
Obesity Prediction Model Proposal Using Machine Learning
Techniques
136
Input Usage And Gross Profit Analysis In Banana Production
(Mersin Province Example)
138
Evaluations On Secularism In The Early Republican Period
140
Understanding Of Public Administration Of Local Administrators
In Anatolian Geography
142
Minimalist Approach In Patrick Caulfield Illustrations
144
Soliton Solutions Of (2 + 1)-Dimensional
Calogerobogoyavlenskii-Schiff Equation With Rational (G'/G)
Expansion Method
Application Of The Modified Sardar Sub Equation Method For
Zakharov-Kuznetsov Coupled System
146
148
Volatility Analysis Of Esg Indices And Conventional Stock
Market Indices: A Comparative Study
150
A Bibliometric Review Of Literature In Urban Vegetation Studies
Over The Last Five Years
151
Optimal Directions For Ensuring Financial Security At The
Economic Entity Level
152
Consonants In Two Languages Of The Same Language Famıly
Within Comparative Study
153
An Overview Of Food Engineering Branches: From Chemistry
To Packaging
155
Advancements In Smart Waste Management Systems: A
Comprehensive Overview
156
Retirement Anxiety And Job Performance Among Secondary
School Teachers
157
Comprehensive Overview Of All Branches Of Food Engineering:
Innovations, Challenges, And Future Prospects
158
Exploring Connectivity In Fuzzy Graphs: Applications In
Network Analysis And Decision Making
159
Ecofriendly Fibres For Sustainable Textile Production
160
Hybrid Inverter With Solar Battery Charging
161
Cosmic Solar: Revolutionizing Energy
162
Asrith. R
Gnanabalan. D
Rathinavel. M
Atmakuri Bhuvanesh
Lalitha Ramachandran
A. Harish,
S. Kavin,
A. Chaitanya Teja
A.Afrith Sulthan
Kaviya R
Suganthi P
Qr-Enhanced Pill Barcode Scanner For Safer Medication
Management
163
Smart Remote
164
Harnessing Biotechnology For Sustainable Food Production
165
Priyavarshini A
Suganthi P
Signal Processing Using Differential Algebra
166
Jayavarsini. M
Suganthi P
Engineering Science: Using Mathematics In Image Processing
167
Fatih Türkoglu
Mustafa Şahin
Carcinoid Tumors Of The Appendix
168
Fatih Türkoglu
Mustafa Şahin
Mırızzı Syndrome And Choledoc Injury Encountered During
Cholecystectomy Operation
169
Gökçe Sarı
An Analysis Of The Movie Metropolis Through Heidegger's
Technical Concept
170
Development Of Fintech Technologies For Moneypay
Application
172
Factors Affecting The Success Of Porcelain Laminate Veneer
Restorations
174
Kinnow Waste Utilization: Essential Compounds, Extraction And
Utilization
176
Mathematical Modeling Of Neural Networks For Predictive
Analysis In Healthcare
177
New Era In Tourism Service Delivery By Merging Quality And
Safety
178
Development Of Crispr-Cas9 Technology
179
Rosy Dhall
Mikul
Mapping The Landscape Of Service Quality
180
Ripom Paul
From Tradition To Trends: The Emergence Of Folk Art
Innovation By Rural Entrepreneurs Of Uttar Dinajpur
181
Rare Earth Element Doped Cobalt Nickel Ferrites For Treatment
Of Synthetic Dyes From Wastewater
182
Analysis Of Development Of A Three-Dimensional Constitutive
Model For Simulating Shape Memory Alloys – A Review
183
Deep Learning In Analysis Of Two-Dimensional Signals In
Physiological Sciences
184
Kerim Güler
Ceren Göksu
Ahmet Feyzioğlu
Fatih Sarı
Umutcan Pekmez
Işıl Keçik Büyükhatipoğlu
Nitika Saini
Barinderjit Singh
Ramisetti Veera Harshitha
Pranathi T M
Nandhini S D
Tünde Dzurov Vargová
Daniela Matušíková
Jenifer Alat Stephen
Muhammad Shoaib
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Rishmail Saleem
Bilal Shoukat
Summer Piao
Gokul Raj.V
Karthik Surya.A.A
Samsundar.A
Sharavana Deepak.S.V
Sudhanssu.R.S
S. Pavai Madheshwari
R. Subhashini
Santhi M George
Igor Pantić
Jovana Paunović Pantić
Svetlana Valjarević
Jelena Čumić
Understanding The Rising Threat Of Cybercrime Against Women
In India
185
Synthesis And Characterization Of Cu Doped Zno Thin Films
Prepared By Sol-Gel Dip Coating Technique
186
Immunotherapy For Cancer Using Chimeric Antigen Receptors
(Cars)
187
Studying The Effects Of Screen Time And Digital Devices On
Children’s Endocrine And Metabolic Health
188
The Impact Of Anger Management Training On Anger And Odd
Behavior: A Study Among University Students In Pakistan
189
The Behavior Of Barley In A Changing Environment
190
The Third Eye For The Blind
191
A Comparitive Analysis Of Enforcement Of Investment
Arbitration Awards In India, Uk And Usa
192
Computational Study On Hyperthermic Cancer Treatment:
Evaluating Pristine And Coated Nanostructures Through Finite
Element Analysis
194
Awareness Of Ergonomics Among Oil Palm Office Workers
195
Pharmacological And Toxicological Aspects Of Datura
196
Evaluation Of The Environment-Development Relationship In
Development Plans
197
Care And Counseling In Maternal-Perinatal Infections
199
Ayman Kole
Emre Daghan Tokgöz
The Role Of Media In Dictatorships: Historical Perspective And
Implications
201
Ömer Keski
Merve Okutan
Investigation Of Catalyst Effect In The Preparation Of Pda Based
Melamine Sponges
202
Yücel Kadıoğlu
Samira Samadzadeh
Analysis Of Voriconazol In Pharmaceutical Preparations Using
Assisted Uv-Visible Region Spectrophotometry Method
204
Gökçe Kayin Arici
Ayden Çoban
The Effect Of Birth Interventions On Met Birth Expectations And
Satisfaction
205
Shreyas K.C.
Kiran Kumar M.
A Study On The Causal Impact Of World Crude Oil Prices On
Indian Stock Market
207
Neha Agrawal
Sagaya Aurelia
Miss Poonam
Vijay Kumar
Sunil Kumar
Image Segmentation Method For Checking The Effectiveness Of
Vitiligo Treatment
208
Sustainable Utilization Of Bio-Waste Compost For Faradic And
Non -Faradic Type Energy Storage Applications
209
The Effectiveness Of Pilates And Birthing Ball Exercises On
Lower Back Pain And Self-Efficacy In Pregnant Women In The
Third Trimester At The Batu Anam Community Health Center,
Siantar District. Simalungun Regency
210
Study Of A Beam Reinforced With Glass Fiber And Carbon Fiber
Composites
211
Prabhu Das
Lahouel Khemissi
Boumaza Abdecharif
Gasmi Meriem
Soham Bindu
Koustav Sarkar
Ummulkher Abdulqadir
Badlani
Sakina Kheda
Saima Abbas
Zainab Umar
Motasem Mirza
Shaima Aslam
Saima Ayyaz
Adjoudj Abdellatif
S. Shivaanishri
Mr. Yuvashree
Ananya Lamba
Adwita Manocha
Sanidhya Mukund
Tanzeela Asghar
Abdul Ghaffar
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Nur Syazwani Binti Mohd
Nawi
Nur Ezza Fitrani Binti
Muhammad Fitri
M.Monica
R.Saravanan
R. Srinivasan
Derya Kaman
Elif Bayrakçı
Burcu Çaki Döner
Ribka Nova Sartika Sembiring
Parmiana Bangun
Abderrahim Guetteche
Rima Boutkouk
Mohamed Nacer Guetteche
Salah Eddine Bensebti
Abdelhafid Chabane
Shahid Ali Rajput
Aziz Ul Rahman
Atif Rehman
Asghar Abbas
Kashif Hussain
Sarmad Frogh Arshad
Usman Ali
Muhammad Asif Raza
Baseer Ahmad
Rana Muhammad Shahbakht
Icarin Rescued Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Injury In Mice
Via Nrf2 Signaling Pathway
212
Sakina Kheda
Implications Of Professional Stress On Pregnancy Complications
214
Hafsa Naeem
Production Of Bio-Plastic And Its Characterization Using Banana
Peel
215
Evaluation Of Medical Device Reprocessing, As Part Of A
Quality Improvement Project
216
Students & Knowledge Of The Healthcare Associated Infection
Prevention Climate In The Practice
217
Evaluation Of Health Professionals Knowledge On Septic
Isolation: Results Of A Quasi-Experimental Study
219
Post-Covid Irritability In The Tunisian Population 2022 –
Prevalence And Predictive Factors
221
Bouthaina Trabelsi Werchfeni
Mariem Ben Hamida
Houda Ben Ayed
Maroua Trigui
Sourour Yaich
Mondher Kassis
Jamel Dammak
Souhir Chelly
Boutheina Trabelsi Wercheni
Asma Ammar
Olfa Ezzi
Mansour Njah
Mohamed Mahjoub
Bouthaina Trabelsi Werchfeni
Houda Ben Ayed
Mariem Ben Hamida
Mahdi Kchaw
Ons Walha
Sourour Yaich
Jamel Damak
Souhir Chelly
Boutheina Trabelsi Wercheni
Asma Ammar
Olfa Ezzi
Mansour Njah
Mohamed Mahjoub
Ajayi, Olayemi T.
Omisakin, Funke-Wale T
Shanza Khanum
Muhammad Asad
Simeana Beshi
Driola Susuri
S. Saravanan
P. Velmurugan
Mengxiangji
Rasheedul Haque
Rabia Reyhan Kısa
Aylin Karaca
Leyla Güven
Assessment Of The Role Of Art In The Built Environment And
Enhancement Of Education: An Example Of The Federal
Polytechnic, Ilaro
Therapeutic Potential Of Sareehn (Albizia Lebbeck) Seeds
Extract Against Toxic Effects Of Graphene Nanosheets In Mori
(Cirrhinus Mrigala)
Corporate Insolvency And Restructuring: Legal Approaches To
Financial Distress
Effect Of Pyramid Shaped Absorber Plate And Cotton Fins On
The Solar Still
Research On Factors Affecting The Development Direction Of
Independent Clinical Laboratories In China In The Post Epidemic
Era
The Experience Of Raising Children As A Single Mother: The
Goat And Her Three Children Fable
Plants And Herbal Products Frequently Used In The Treatment
Of Rheumatic Diseases
222
224
225
227
228
230
231
Mustafa Enes Öztürk
Seismic Analysis Of Bridges With Piers On Different Local Soil
Classes
233
Ramzi El Idrissi
Abdelkabir Bacha
Fatima Lmai
Analysis Of A Traditional And A Fuzzy Logic Enhanced Perturb
And Observe Algorithm For The Mppt Of A Photovoltaic System
235
Synthesis And Evaluation Of Silver Nanoparticles From
Ethanolic Leaf Extract Of Tridax Procumbens.L
236
Added Value Of Over-Riped Bananas Fruit Become Dried-Soggy
Sale-Pisang
237
Insulin Resistance And Iron Metabolism In Diabetes
238
Characterization And Diagnostic Determination Of Physiological
Changes Of Persistent Hyperplasia Of The Thymus Gland
239
Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations And Adipose Tissue
Dysfunction Of Metabolic Complications Associated With
Adiposogenital Obesity
240
1,3-Bisisopropylxanthogenatesulfophenol As An Extreme
Pressure Additive For Transmission Oils
242
Physıologıcal Study Of Adrenal Cortex Drug Defıciency
244
Stress-Induced Disruption Of The Adrenal Glands, One Of The
Most Important Organs For Pregnancy
245
Exploring The Ecological And Medical Benefits Of Dill
(Anethum Graveolens) As An Alternative To Spirulina
(Arthrospira Platensis): A Comparative Study
246
Study Of Respiration Intensity And Reducing Activity In
Different Barley Snd Wheat Genotypes Under Salt Stress
Conditions
247
Design Optimization And Mechanical Characterization Of
Additively Manufactured Lattice Structures
249
Immune System Actıvatıon In The Path Morphology Of Sars-Cov
250
R. Saravanan
Ristina Siti Sundari
Rilla Tresnadola Tarigan
Farhan Ahmad
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Ismayilova Konul Idris
Ismayilova Fatma Zakir
Mammadov Shahmar Ajdar
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Ismayilova Fatma Zakir
Abaszade Zumrud Amirgulu
Mammadov Shahmar Ajdar
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Aliyeva Samaya
Mirmohammed
Jafarova Zemfira Ibrahim
Alakbarova Mehriban Gani
Nelya Novotorzhina
Shafa Kazimzadeh
Mehpara Safarova
Gariba Gahramanova
Yegana Mustafayeva
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Huseynova Gulbeniz Asif
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Aliyeva Gunel Muharram
Mammadov Shahmar Ajdar
Karimova Rena Jabbar
Babayeva Mansura Yashar
Irada Aliyeva Jamilyevna
Abiyev Huseyn Azizulla
Aliyeva Gunel Muharram
Mammadov Shahmar Ajdar
Ulviyya Mammadova
Boyukkhanim Jafarzade
Rana Ibrahimova
Vilayet Abdiyev
Sevinj Ismayilova
Nigar Aliyeva
Lkadi Omar
Nassraoui Mohammed
Bouksour Otmane
Shirinova Lala
Abbasov Mehraj
Namazova Kamala
Aslanov Azer
Gasım Amrahlı
Musayeva Narmina
Guliev Rashad
Shirinova Nargiz
Le Thi Hong Nhung
Le Thi Hong Nhung
Laila Afia
Rachid Salghi
Laila Afia
Rachid Salghi
Hina Mohsin
Bilal Bahadar
Farzin Sheikh
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Muhammad Rizwan Khalid
Ahmed Nawaz
Muhammad Umair
Abdul Ghaffar
Ahmed M. Al-Hammadi
Chhaya Sonar
Prakash Kamble
Syed Anam Shaheen Abbas
Shah
Muhammad Shoaib
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Talha Usman
Iqra Asghar
Soham Bindu
Koustav Sarkar
Baso Madiong
Andi Tira
Almusawir
Khanifah Auliana
Sultan Mubarok
Seema Rathee
Nishu Goyal
Sonali Parashar
Dyah Anindita Nur Wulandari
Usama Zahid
Muhammad Ramzan Khawar
Yasir Javed
Dongwhi Choi
Natesh Gunturu
Balamurali Dhara V
Adepu Ramesh
Syed Anam Shaheen Abbas
Shah
Muhammad Shoaib
Muhammad Ayyaz
The Problem Of Competition For Clean Agricultural Products
And Solution For An Integrated Value-Added Model For Clean
Agriculture In Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
Proposing A Model Of Experiential Education Through Social
Impact Projects In Vietnam
Insights Into The Corrosion Inhibition Performance Of Three
Natural Heterocyclic Diazepines For Carbon Steel El In 1m Hcl
Medium
Experimental Evaluation Of 2-Hydroxy-1-(2-Hydroxy-4-Sulfo-1Naphthylazo)-3-Naphthoic Acid As A Novel Corrosion Inhibitor
For C38 Steel In Hydrochloric Medium
Sustainable Urban Development In Pakistani Cities: Challenges,
Opportunities, And Policy Implications
252
253
254
255
256
Catalytic Conversion Of Mixed-Density Plastics Into
Combustible Fuel Through Microwave Pyrolysis
257
Electromagnetic Surface Waves Between Two Dissimilar Media
For High Frequency Applications
258
Factors Affecting Water Quality- A Pca Approach
259
Synthesis And Characterization Of Silica-Chitosan Decorated
Magnetic Nanostructure For Wastewater Treatment
260
Analysis Of Integral Transforms And Their Numerical
Simulations
261
Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles By Chemical Reduction Of
Agno3 With Nabh4
262
Immunotherapyffor Cancer Using Chimeric Antigen Receptors T
Cell (Cars)
263
Social Forestry: Solutions For Resolving Tenurial Conflicts In
Forest Areas In South Sulawesi, Indonesia
264
Halal Behavior In Media Technology System
265
Mapping The Evolution Of The Gig Economy: A Comprehensive
Review Of Scientific Literature And Trends
266
The Level Of Awareness Of The Younger Generation In
Avoiding Usury On Interest In Using Sharia Products In Kendal,
Indonesia
267
Fabrication Of Metal-Organic Frameworks Based
Supercapacitors And Investigation Of Its Faradaic And NonFaradaic Response
268
Regulatory Pathway Of Class I Medical Device Elastic Bandage
Of Usa
269
Testing Of A Cds/G-C3n4/Tio2 Ternary Photocatalysts For
Photocatalytic Applications
270
Muhammad Yasin Naz
Shazia Shukrullah
Bertina Hoxha Lami
Denada Rada
Ayesha Batool
Farkhanda Anjum
Hafsa Naeem
Zainab Fatima
M. Amzaoued
S. Zriouel
M. Mabrouki
M. Amzaoued
S. Zriouel
M. Mabrouki
M. Amzaoued
S. Zriouel
M. Mabrouki
Milena Milojević
Suzana Knežević
Došenović Marinković
Goran Stanišić
Boussalah Mohammed Ettahar
Guella Sofiane
Medjahdi Malika
Ganya, Adamu Hauni
Dauda, Hauwa
Ango, Monica
Asabe Ibrahim
Simeana Beshi
Driola Susuri
Sabrina Roguai
Abdelkader Djelloul
Sara Seddoqi
Fatima Aouinti
Ouahiba Laout
Zaina Idir
Nadia Gseyra
Impact Of The Digital Transformation In Medical Laboratories
271
Climate Change: A Pathway To The Economic Prosperity
273
Room Temperature Ferromagnetic Behavior Of Diluted Magnetic
Semiconductor For Spintronics Applications
274
First Principle Study Of Of High-Tc Ferromagnetism Of Znte For
Spintronic And Opto-Electronic Applications
275
Spintronics System: Spin Polarization And Magnetic
Characterization
276
Application Of Unconventional Livestock Production As An
Alternative And Support For Rural And Sustainable Development
277
Removal Of Textile Dyes By Adsorption On Activated Carbon
Synthesized From The Jujube Kernels
278
The Effectiveness Of School Placements In Facilitating Student
Teacher Learning And Professional Development
279
Corporate Insolvency And Restructuring: Legal Approaches To
Financial Distress
Investigation Of The Effects Of Ni Doping On The Structural,
Microstructural, And Optical Properties Of Tin Oxide Films
Using Psp Method
280
281
Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, And Anti-Inflammatory
Activities Of Aqueous Extract Of Pistacia Lentiscus L. From The
Eastern Region Of Morocco
282
Shahriyar Guliyev
Reliable Systems For Prototype Fly-By-Wire Autopilot Uav
Building Overview
284
Cemil Atakara
Reconstructıon Practıces: A Comparatıve Study Of London,
Tallınn, And Gırne
286
Murat Özay Taşkın
Sümer Esin Şenyurt
Turkey's Strengthening Military Presence In The Horn Of Africa:
The Case Of Somalia
287
Ayhan Dağdeviren
Yusuf Ziya Akbaş
The City Of Museums: Bursa
289
Culture Routes Of Turkey
291
Cultural Journey In The Kitchen: Ethiopian Culinary Culture
293
Effects Of Interest Rate On Credit Accessed By Maize Farmers In
Kuje Area Council Of Abuja, Nigeria
295
Herbal Elegance: Unveiling The Potential Of Natural Ingredients
In Anti-Dandruff Hair
296
Yusuf Ziya Akbaş
Ayhan Dağdeviren
Yılmaz Seçim
Mehmet Fatih Yalçınkaya
Zekeriya Yetiş
Muhammed, Y.
Adejoh, S. O.
Muhammad, U. H.
Aliyu, P. A.
R. Sundhararajan
S.G.Raman
R.Jothilakshmi
Mena Azimi
Fidan Nasirova
The Role of Probiotic and Prebiotics in Calcium Bioavailability
297
“Kalila and Dimna” As a Source of Moral-Didactic Motives
299
FULL TEXT
Lebriz Çınar
Korkmaz Bellitürk
Ahmet Çelik
Mehmet Günsen
Bilal Can Erkan
Korkmaz Bellitürk
Ahmet Çelik
Gül Kadan
Gül Kadan
Nazan Kaytez
Alketa Caushi
Selim Ibrahimi
Amelia Ibrahimi
Amelia Ibrahimi
Marin Barleti
Selim Ibrahimi
Olsi Caushi
Nedeljko M. Milanović
Andrijana Ž. Miletić
Sanja D. Mijajlović
Şekip Caner Esmerli
Ceyla Özgür
Olufemi Adeyemi ADETOLA
Ana Luiza Ferreira Aydoğdu
Serap Tepe
Serkan Eti
Canan Vejselova Sezer
Mustafa Cengiz
Hatice Mehtap Kutlu
Organic Matter in Sustainable Agriculture and The
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300
Obtaining Vermicomposting From Mixture Of Snack
Sunflower Waste And Cow Manure For Zero Waste Aim
326
Investigation of University Students' Perceptions of Death
and Happiness After Kahramanmaraş Earthquake
Investigation of The Effect of The Social Skills Training
Program Prepared for Primary School Children During the
Pandemic Period on Children's Social Development and
Friendship Skills
360
379
Mitigating Gestational Diabetes Risk: The Positive Impact
of Physical Activity During Pregnancy"
397
The Role of Pharmacists in Pandemic Management:
Responsibilities and Contribution in Education, Counseling,
and Medication Assurance
424
Teachers and Parents in The World of Stem Concepts Action Research in the Function of Popularizing Stem
Activities
Optimization of Exhaust Emissions of A Diesel Engine
Using Different Proportions of Alcohol Diesel Fuel Blends
Selected Physical, Mechanical and Chemical Properties of
Groundnut Kernel for Processing of Groundnut
The Influence of Nursing Teamwork on The Quality of Care
Determining the Levels of Psychological Preparedness for
Disasters Among Students in the Health Field
434
446
459
477
487
Evaluation of Effects of Harpagophytum Procumbens on
Wound Healing: an in Vitro Study
502
Evaluation Of The Cytotoxicity Of Devil's Claw Plant On
Mouse Fibroblast Cells
511
Social Sustainability Perceptions of Osun-Osogbo Festival at
Nigeria’s World Heritage Site
521
Sports Facilities Problem in Turkish Sports
536
Institutionalization in Football Clubs
546
Construction Management And Image Processing Based
Inventory Tracking Automation
556
Latif Onur Uğur
A Model for Determining The Achievement Level in Civil
Engineering Education
567
Ijlal Ocak
Emine Akkaş Baysal
Hazal Çelikkaya
An Action Research on Using “Outdoor Experiments” on
“Pressure” Subject in 8th Grade Science Teaching
599
Mustafa Cengiz
Bukola O. Adetola
Ireoluwa H. Omoniyi
Raquel H. Nieves
Özgür Karataş
Emine Öztürk Karataş
Özgür Karataş
Emine Öztürk Karataş
Mehmet Salih Durdu
Uğur Talaş
Burakhan Çubukçu
Halime Erzen Yıldız
Berna Oto
Nazila Ragimova
Almammadova Mehriban
Uğur Duran
Uğur Duran
Celalettin Vatandaş
Saniye Vatandaş
Erdinç Cesur
Haşim Bağcı
Dora Naletina
Toni Kozina
Tomislav Rožić
J. Nadhiya
K. Snega
MK Vijayalaskmi
Süleyman Karataş
Özlem Güngören Pazzanese
Olufemi Timothy Ogunbode
Ogbomoso, Oyo State
Olufemi Timothy Ogunbode
Ogbomoso, Oyo State
Süleyman Karataş
Zhyldyz Akunova
Ali Beyhan Uçak
Ali Beyhan Uçak
M. Berkay Kızılkan
Eda Koçak Giyak
Yusuf Sert
Yusuf Sert
Miray Kaya
F. Gül Koçsoy
Kağan Günçe
Hümeyra Akbayir
Mahsa Hakki
Zeynep Tatlı
Emine Timuçin
Zeynep Şimşek
Irfan Marangoz
Tuğçe Bulut Demir
Irfan Marangoz
Elif Sarıgüzmen
Fatma Gür
Onur Muratal
Hasan Ismail Yavuz
Can Duran
Funda Gül Koç
Rıdvan Yamanoğlu
Nurullah Taş
The Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation With (18F)
Fluorodeoxyglucose
Improving the Approach to Software Configuration of
Automated Control Systems Using Experimental-Static
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The Hermite-Bell-Based Apostol-Bernoulli Polynomials
The 2-Variable Truncated Degenerate Exponential
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Transformation Process of Shopping Spaces and Shopping
Centres
An Evaluation on Determining Common Success Factors of
High-Performance Insurance Agencies
Review of Cash, Debt and Profitability Situation in İstanbul
Stock Exchange Real Estate Activities Sector
624
630
636
649
669
680
698
The Importance of Safe Public Transport: A Systematic
Literature Review
712
Therapy for Tuberculosis and Medication Schedules: A
Comprehensive Review
728
Opinions Of Education Administrators On Effective School
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Decolonization and its Aftermath: Pessimism and
Optimism’s description of Nigerian Space, 1980 s- 2015
A History of the Phenomena of the ‘First’ in the Baptist
Medical Centre Ogbomoso, 1907-1997
Migration Policies In Education, Immigrant, Asylum Seeker
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Benefitting from Climate Data, Siirt Zivzik Pari
Determination of Plant Water Consumption
Sunflower Lines Using Climate Data Determination of Plant
Water Consumption
A Review To Space Syntax With The Scope Of Urban
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2,4-Dihydro-1h-Cyclopenta[B]Indol-3-One: Frontier
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2-(2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-Yl)-5-Fluoroisoindoline-1,3-Dione:
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The Function of Gothic Objects In “The Transition of Juan
Romeo” and “The Enormous Radio”
Conservation of Vernacular Architecture in Rural
Settlements with Tourism: A Case Study from Northern
Cyprus
Investıgatıon of Children's Educational Place Furniture in
Terms of Ergonomics
Concept Cartoon Development Process Of Teacher
Candidates
737
742
755
771
787
796
808
819
827
836
845
863
882
Strength Measurement Tests In Individual And Team Sports
896
Frequently Used Methods in Determining the Aerobic
Capacity of Athletes
Match Box Packaging Designs Produced as Corporate
Identity Carrier Reflections of 20th Century Art Movements
A Current Denture Base Materials: Polyetheretherketone
(Peek)
907
Hot-Press Coating of Ni-Hard 4 Alloy on Pure Iron
968
From Traditional to Smart: Managing Change in Cities
977
929
951
Nurullah Taş
Merve Kılıç
Ayden Çoban
Müslim Bayrak
Mehmet Irfan Karadede
Filiz Büyüker Tan
Şeyda Korkmaz
Özlem Tuna
Filiz Büyüker Tan
Şeyda Korkmaz
Özlem Tuna
Eldam Shams Aldeen Mustafa
Gediz Uğuz
Mena Azimi
Mehtap Ünlü Söğüt
H. Hazar Camci
F. Betül Yilmaz Güler
Gülşah Aktaş Çelik
Ş. Hakan Atapek
Abdulaziz Alkan
F. Betül Yilmaz Güler
Gülşah Aktaş Çelik
Ş. Hakan Atapek
Işıl Var
Nuray Güzeler
Büşra Alomar
Berfin Sucu
Işıl Var
Berfin Sucu
Çağrı Çelik
Nuray Güzeler
Kübra Öztürk
Emine Anik
Ersin Orak
Mithat Şimşek
Raziye Pekşen Akça
Hatice Bekçi
Umay Büşra Celiloğlu
Görkem Öztürk
Mehmet Fırat Baran
Belma Doğan Öz
Görkem Öztürk
Mehmet Fırat Baran
Belma Doğan Öz
Eda Koçak Giyak
Dilan Kenanoğlu
Yeşim Fazlıoğlu
Bektaş Kadakoğlu
Bahri Karlı
Alamettin Bayav
Nguyen Thi Kim Phuoc
Le Tran Thanh Liem
Erhan Kahya
Yasin Aslan
Azra Namuslu
Burcu Kunay
Hilal Özdemir
Local Government Activities Towards Becoming A Smart
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The Effect of Current Inductıon Methods on The
Intrapartum Process
991
1008
Effects of Vitamins on Orthodontic Tooth Movements
1016
Investigation Of Activated Carbon Production And Dyestate
Removal From Surgery Sludge
1025
Production Of Activated Hydrochar By Hydrothermal
Carbonization Method And Its Evaluation In Crystal Violet
Adsorption
Modification And Characterization Of Clinopthylloline For
Adsorptive Desulfurization Of Crude Oil
Relationship Between Vitamin B-12 and The Human Gut
Microbiome
1031
1037
1051
Metallurgical and Mechanical Characterization of Aluminide
Coated Inconel 625 Alloy by Thermo-Reactive Diffusion
Method
1070
Surface Modification of Ti6al4v Alloy by Thermo-Reactive
Diffusion Coatings
1079
Effect of Spirulina platensis on Lactic Acid Bacteria Used as
Starter Culture in Cheese Production
1089
Evaluation of Employees in a Catering Company in Terms
of Hand Hygiene
1101
Digital Human Resources Management and Digital
Marketing Management; Innovative Cooperation
Determination Of Speed And Amperage Parameters In Cnc
Plasma Air Cutting Processes
1114
Supporting Children Learning with Nature with Biomimicry
1134
Economic Analysis Of Open Vegetable Production In
Batman Province
1140
Profitability Analysis of Field Crops Production in Batman
Province
1151
Evaluation of The Concept of Urban Heat Island in Terms of
Urban Sink Areas
Content Analysis of Postgraduate Theses on Multicultural
Education
1161
Structural Analysis Of Wheat Production: Türkiye Example
1208
Heavy Metals Polluted Soil Treatment by Phytoremediation
in Vietnam – A Review
Identification of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) on Seedlings
with The Help of Deep Learning Method
In The Context Of Otheralization In Queer Cinema: Movie
Analysis Of Your Name Engraved Here
Analysıs of the Impact of Sustainable New Luxury Brands
on Generatıon Y and Z’s Purchase Intentions and Consumer
Behavıor in Terms of Gender and Income Status
1224
1122
1170
1242
1263
131
Selin Atık
Kemal Barış Ilbi
Ceren Güneröz
Ismail Keleş
Alpaslan Bayrakdar
Busra Özdenizci Köse
Busra Özdenizci Köse
Mehmet Karaman
Mehmet Karaman
Çiğdem Akça
İsmail Karabekmez
Filiz Boran
Erol Alver
Sena Eren
Semanur Sağlam
Feride N. Türk
Hasan Arslanoğlu
Bahri Gür
Fatma Gür
Haluk Gümüş
Hakan Adanacıoğlu
Faysal Selimoğlu
Gül Eda Kılınç
Yeliz Vergi
Gül Eda Kılınç
Alev Keser
Zehra Funda Akbulut
Soner Guler
Zehra Funda Akbulut
Soner Guler
Faruk Osmanoğlu
Mehmet Rıza Kavanç
Nasirov Azimidin Normamatovich
Botirov Azizbek Mirzakarimovich
Rakhimov Akmal Akbarovich
Senem Akkoç
Eyüp Başaran
Eyüp Başaran
Senem Akkoç
Nurhan Doğan
Nurhan Doğan
İsmet Doğan
Canser Gül
Nilay Çömez
Sevda Albayrak
Hülya Durmuş
Hülya Durmuş
Canser Gül
Flat Character Desıng; The Example of The Jetsons
Evaluation of Gertrude Stein's Studio in the Context of
Postmodern Museum Practices
Phytotherapeutic Plants Commonly Used In Wound Care In
Iğdir Province
From Bits to Qubits: Exploring the Quantum Software
Development Lifecycle
Challenges and Innovations In Testing and Validation for
Quantum Software Development
Examination of Advanced Bread Wheat Genotypes
(Triticum aestivum L.) in Terms of Yield and Some
Technological Quality Characteristics
Evaluation of Some Chickpea Varieties in Terms of
Morphological and Physiological Characteristics
1298
Production of Carbon-Based Materials From Walnut And
Peanut Biomass
1377
Cr (VI) Removal of Çanakkale Çan Thermal Power Plant
Flue Gas Treatment Waste from Wastewater: Comparison
with Magnetic Activated Carbon
1385
Interaction of Selenium with Apoptotic Markers in
Chemotherapeutic Agent-Induced Liver Injury: in Silico
Evaluation
1395
Food Miles: an Assessment of Agricultural Products
1412
Studies On The Use Of Chemometric Methods In The
Biotechnological Production And Analysis Of Antibiotics
Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Physical Activity
Levels in Nutrition and Dietetics Department Students
Evaluation of Sensory Properties of Plant-Based Fermented
Beverages
Sustainability in Concrete: Exploring the Benefits of
Pozzolanic Cementitious Materials
1434
Assessing the Role and Significance of Colored Concrete in
Modern Construction Practices
1501
French and the Image of Amir Temur Interpretations in
Uzbek Literature (in the example of the novels of Marcel
Brion and Muhammad Ali)
Students in the Process of Independent Education Forming
Knowledge Skills
Information in the Process of Electronic Education Methods
of Ensuring Security
Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Antiproliferative
Activity of a Novel Thymol-Linked Imino Compound
A Novel Fluorine-Containing Hydrazone Compound:
Synthesis, Structural and in Vitro Cytotoxic Activity Studies
Project Implementation Course the Role of the Scientific
Research Methodology in Determining the Self-Efficacy
Level
Suicide Mortality Trends in Children, Adolescents And
Young Adults in Turkey
1311
1328
1342
1350
1357
1367
1457
1473
1493
1508
1516
1521
1526
1536
1546
1554
The Effect of Surface Treatments on Wear Resistance in
Cold Spray Coating of 7075 Aluminum Alloys
1564
Effects of Surface Treatments Prior to Cold Spray on the
Wear Resistance of 2024 Alloys
1574
Nilay Çömez
Sevda Albayrak
Esra Bilici
Latif Onur Uğur
Servet Kesim
Özge Kutlu
Sevinç Sütlü
Özge Kutlu
Deniz Say Şahin
Celalettin Vatandaş
Saniye Vatandaş
Celalettin Vatandaş
Saniye Vatandaş
Nalan Şahin
Petek Balcı
Ali Kara
Nalan Şahin
Petek Balcı
Ali Kara
Sevde Hasanoğlu Sayın
Fatih Karataş
Fatıma Ceren Tunçel
Meral Günaldı
Sacide Pehlivan
Sevde Hasanoğlu Sayın
Sacide Pehlivan
Alamettin Bayav
Bektaş Kadakoğlu
Bahri Karli
Doğan Arslan
Aynur Bilmez Özçınar
Ayşe İrem Keskin
Cevdet Kızıl
Melike Karabaş
Ayden Çoban
Ismail Akşit
Bahri Gür
Özgür Cengiz
Ismail Akşit
Okan Özbakır
Dicle Özavcı
Mehmet Turhal
Mehmet Turhal
Muhammet Bayram Topcu
Ali Fuat Güneri
Erdinç Cesur
Alper Tunga Şenay
Ali Aygün
Ayşe Çoban
Taner Çevik
The Role of Estrogen Receptors in Malignities
A Model Proposal for Estimate the Approximate Costs and
Contract Fees of Public Education Buildings (School
Buildings)
Digital Old Age: Digital Literacy and Adaptation to
Technology in The Elderly
1586
1595
1624
Safe Housing from Elderly Rights Perspective
1630
Semantic and Functional Change of Shopping and Fashion
in the Age of Consumer Culture
1636
Transformation Process of Shopping Spaces and Shopping
Centres
1647
Investigation of the pH Effect on APN Polymer
1658
Investigation of The Temperature Effect on APN Polymer
1667
Investigation of The Htert Gene Mns16a Vntr Variant in
Lung, Breast and Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients
1678
Molecular Mechanisms of Pyroptosis and Its Relationship
with Diseases
1687
A Global Outlook on Beekeeping from Türkiye
1701
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants from Past to Present
1712
Continous Assurance Auditing and Computer-Assisted
Accounting Auduting Processes
1718
Women’s Awareness Towards Gynecological Cancers: The
Example of Denizli Province
1728
The Importance Of Duties And Responsibilities In The Area
Of Health And Safety At Work
1748
Measures to Be Taken Within the Scope of Occupational
Health and Safety in The Textile Industry
1760
Repair of Traditional Masonry Stone Lime Buildings
1772
Multifractal Behavior of the Electrooculography Signal
Reactive NiO Thin Film Coating Application with DC
Magnetron Sputtering Method
Engaging Flight Crew in Occupational Health and Safety
Risk Management: an Implementation Occupational Health
and Safety Volunteer Flight Crew
A Review on Professional Skills and Competencies
Affecting the Performance of Insurance Professionals
Effects Of Outdoor Access Age On The Body Weight Of
Broilers Raised In A Free-Range System
1786
Performance Evaluation of ConvNeXt, Swin Transformers
and ResNet-50 Models for Classification of Medical Images
1854
1800
1813
1830
1848
Fatih Özyurt
Engin Avcı
Emine Timuçin
Zeynep Tatlı
Berkant Dindar
Mustafa Er
Elif Nur Er Özkan
Mete Kalyoncu
Selda Karadağ
Fikret Bektaşoğlu
Turgut Kırmızıbayrak
R. Gülay Öztürk
Nancy lilly Maria C.S.
Suganthi P
Songül Düger
Gülay Ekici
Songül Düger
Gülay Ekici
Atik Rahimov
Berkay Karaçor
Metin Mustafa Elçim
Mustafa Özcanlı
Berkay Karaçor
Anıl Aslan
Mustafa Özcanlı
Özgür Kılınç
Canan Duygu Arslan
Pınar Sökülmez Kaya
Farid Huseynov
Ibrahim Dipçik
Ibrahim Dipçik
Farid Huseynov
Ilkün Orbak
Âli Yurdun ORBAK
Taner Ateş
Huseyin Selcuk Kılıç
Bahar Sennaroğlu
Durmuş Ali Bircan
Bekir Yıldırımcı
Yılmaz Erbil
Erkin Cihangir Karataş
Melekber Sülüşoğlu Durul
Sezai Ercişli
Özlem Arat
Dilek Kaya-Akyüzlü
Mustafa Danışman
Selin Özkan-Kotiloğlu
Çiğdem Akça
İsmail Karabekmez
Reflectıons of an Online Training Program About Autism
1863
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocomposite Swim Fin Design
1881
Optimization of Material Transportation Route During The
in-Factory Logistics Process Using the Bees Algorithm
1887
General Situation of Turkey Breeding in Türkiye
1899
New Consumers of The Digital World and The
Digitalization of The Gifting Tradition
Sustainability 2.0: Harnessing the Power of Innovation to
Heal Our Planet
1911
Interculturalism and Coursebook: A Critical Analysis
1935
A Content Analysis Of Research From Different Countries
On Pisa Exam Results
Syrian Arab Republic in the Eurasianism, Middle East and
Mediterranean Policy of the Russian Federation from
Historical Perspective to the Present
1951
A Modal Analysis Study Using Different Materials in the
Formula Student Car Chassis
1982
An Optimization Study: Examining Different Materials
Usage in The Truck Chassis
2006
The Role Of Nutrition In Circadian Rhythm
2034
Trust and Help Intention of Internet Users Regarding Calls
for Help in Disaster Relief Calls Via Social Media: A
Survey Research
2046
The Role of Social Media in Disaster Relief and Crisis
Communication: A Literature Review
2055
Lean Manufacturing Study in Industrial Engineering –
Automotive Supplier Company Application
2063
An Analysis of Time Series Data and Enhancing Demand
Forecasting Accuracy: A Case Study Using Arima Modeling
in Glass Production Industry
2084
Minimizing Delamination Factor in Glass Fiber Reinforced
Plastic Composite Drilling Through Taguchi Optimization
2111
Water Resources and Availability Status in Turkey
2123
The Importance Of Callus Culture In Fruit Growing And Its
Areas Of Use
2131
Effect of Faah Rs324420 Polymorphism on The Risk of
Opioid Use Disorder
2140
Production of Carbon-Based Materials From Walnut And
Peanut Biomass
2150
1931
1969
Filiz Boran
Erol Alver
Hasan Hüseyin Öztürk
Ulaş Başar Gezgin
Optimism in Positive Psychology
2158
Feyza Döndü Bilgin
Effects of Drought on Paspalum dilatatum Anatomy
2166
Muhammed Emre Ayhan
Sers Active Nanomaterials for Biosensor Application
2177
Text Summarisation with Deep Learning: An Investigation
on the Effect of Epoch Number
2189
Nursing Care of a Patient with a Diagnosis of Pneumonia
According to The Henderson Nursing Model: Case Report
2196
Orlando's Nursing Interaction Model For Nursing Care in
The Postpartum Period: Case Report
2209
Nursing Care Plan for A Copd Patient According to Roy
Adaptation Theory: Case Report
2219
Modelling of the Growth of Tobacco by Indole Acetic Acid
(IAA) Used to Control Soil Organic Pollution
2229
Influence of Artificial Intelligence in Sustaining Agriculture
and Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria
2241
Mxenes for Energy Storage in Supercapacıtors
2255
Effects of Pore Structure on Electrochemical Charge Storage
Mechanism in Supercapacitors
2264
Postpartum Hypertensıon and Current Approaches
2278
Cem Özkurt
Emir Ayçiçek
Fatma Aksoy
Hanife Durgun
Neslihan Geçer
Fatma Aksoy
Hanife Durgun
Beyzanur Toy
Hanife Durgun
Fatma Aksoy
Nejla Köksal
Raymond Oriebe Anyasi
Harrison Ifeanyichukwu Atagana
Desmond Chiagozie Agbo
Joyce Onyenaturuchi Anyasi
Raymond
Kabiru Hamisu
Hafsat Sanusi Mohammed
Sulaiman Auwalu Yaro
Abdulnasir Lawan Isah
Ahmad Usman Shuaib
Abdullahi Taofeek Lawal
G. Sriker Reddy
Fatma Meydaneri Tezel
Necmi Serkan Tezel
Fatma Meydaneri Tezel
Necmi Serkan Tezel
Şerife Nur Güçlüer
Ayden Çoban
Imo Moses Akpan
Michael Okon Bassey
Aniekan Essienubong Ikpe
Nazila Ragimova
Almammadova Mehriban
Imade Choulli
Mustapha Elyaqouti
Elhanafi Arjdal
Driss Saadaoui
Dris Benhmamou
Denada Ahmeti
Ambra Purde
Adoption of Electric Vehicles (Evs) As A Sustainable
Transportation Solution: Reshaping the Trends in
Conventional Automobile Applications
Improving the Approach to Software Configuration of
Automated Control Systems Using Experimental-Static
Models
2286
2305
JAYA-Integrated Hybrid Optimization: Accurate Estimation
of Single-Diode Model Parameters in Photovoltaic Cells
2311
Effects of Artficial Intelligence on the Labor Market
2321
Pham Duc Thuan
Diplomatic Relations Between Vietnam and the United
States As Seen From Us Covid-19 Vaccine Aid Policy to
Vietnam
2331
Nina Kanev
Assya Bojinova
Karolina Papazova
Anatase/Rutile Composites – On The Photocatalytic
Degradation Of Orange Ii Azo-Dye
2348
Nina Kanev
Assya Bojinova
Karolina Papazova
Irina-Ana Drobot
Mammadova Asmethanım
Səriyyə Abidova Elşən Qızı
Vusal Zulfugarov
Seriyye Gündoğdu
Zekiye Şengül
Fırat Pala
Husrev Mennan
Fırat Pala
Husrev Mennan
Abdurrahim Yilmaz
Fatih Demirel
Sipan Soysal
Fatih Demirel
Sipan Soysal
Abdurrahim Yılmaz
Sipan Soysal
Fatih Demirel
Abdurrahim Yılmaz
Ibrahim Selvikaya
Abdurrahim Yılmaz
Hilal Yılmaz
Serap Demirel
Sibel Turan Sirke
Serap Demirel
Hilal Yılmaz
Sibel Turan Sirke
Sibel Turan Sirke
Hilal Yılmaz
Serap Demirel
Seyithan Seydoşoğlu
Gülşah Bengisu
Cemal Özalp
Arzu Altuntaş
Arzu Altuntaş
Nilgün Onursal
Nilgün Onursal
Synthesis Of Zno, Znfe2o4 And Zno/Znfe2o4 Films And
Investigation Of Their Photocatalytic Efficiencies
2359
Walks in the Personal Opinions and Fictional Works of
Virginia Woolf and Graham Swift
Consonants in Two Languages of The Same Language
Famıly Within Comparative Study
Quba qəzasında yaşayan etnik qruplar
Organization of İnterdisciplinary Research at Azerbaijan
National Academy of Sciences: Philosophical Approach
The role of Yücel Feyzioğlu in the upbringing of Turkish
immigrant children in Germany in line with nationalspiritual values
Adapting to Climate Change through Climate-Smart
Agricultural Insurance Smart Contracts and Distributed
Ledger Technology (DLT)
2371
Principles Of Integrated Pest Management
2430
Weeds for Ecological Restoration
2438
A General Assessment of Seed Banks
2444
In Silico Investigation of Some Monoterpenes Against
Fusarium oxysporum
2452
Use of Seaweed Fertilizers in Organic Farming
2459
Dormancy in Seeds and Methods of Breaking Dormancy
2469
The Role of WRKY Transcription Factors in Drought Stress
Tolerance of Plants
2478
Use of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins (RİPs) in Agriculture
2487
Use of Chloroplast Genomes in Plant Breeding
2503
What's That Smell? Alternative Forage Basil with Reference
of Pharmacological Animal Studies
Determining the Relationship Between Nurses' Evaluation of
Health Technologies and Their Attitudes Towards Artificial
Intelligence
The Effects of Global Migration on Urban Identity from the
Perspective of Landscape Architecture
An Evaluation on Artificial Intelligence Supported Design
and Planning in Landscape Architecture: Trends and
Applications
Analysis Of Adsorption Kinetics Of Zinc With Malatya Kilo
With Linear Models Derived From Pseudo-Second Kinetic
Order Model
Examination Of The Removal Of Cobalt (Ii) From Aqueous
Solution By Mixed Type Sivas/Yildizeli Clay In Terms Of
Isotherm And Kinetic
2516
2381
2491
2397
2402
2413
2530
2540
2549
2559
2568
Hatice Bekçi
Raziye Pekşen Akça
Umay Büşra Celiloğlu
Pınar Kızılkaya
Handan Evran
Şahin Ay
Yeter Çilesiz
Yeter Çilesiz
Contribution Of Experimental Activity Examples Prepared
For Children To Learning
2581
Composite Film Production From Cellulose Nanofibrils
2587
Regulations Related to the Crime of Money Laundering
within the Scope of Financial Law
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications in
Agricultural Biotechnology
Modern Plant Biotechnology to Achieve Food Security
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ABSTRACT
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA'DA HB24 GENİNİN FONKSİYONEL ANALİZİ VE
ADVENTİF KÖKLENMEDEKİ ROLÜ
Ali YARIKKAYA* (ORCID: 0009-0008-5316-809X)
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, School of Graduate Studies, Department of Molecular
Biology and Genetics, Çanakkale-Türkiye
Email: ayarikkaya@stu.comu.edu.tr
Asst. Prof. Fatih SEZER (ORCID: 0000-0002-9436-0191)
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology
and Genetics, Çanakkale-Türkiye
Email: fatihsezer@comu.edu.tr
ÖZET
Adventif köklenme bitkilerin kök dokusu dışındaki bir dokudan köklenmesi olayıdır. Zirai
alanda yetiştirilen birçok tür, çelik yöntemiyle başarıyla üretilebilir ve uygulaması kolaydır,
ancak bu tekniğin başarısı, çeliğin adventif kök oluşturma yeteneğine bağlıdır. Adventif
köklenme aynı zamanda vejetatif yolla üreyen bitkiler için de önemlidir. Hormonların adventif
köklenme üzerinde önemli etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. Çelikle bitki üretiminde IBA ve IAA
hormonları yaygın olarak kullanılan hormonlardır. IBA’ ın etkisini IAA’e dönüşerek gösterdiği
düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle IBA-IAA dönüşümü, adventif kök oluşumunda kilit bir rol
oynamaktadır. HB24 geninin Arabidopsis türünde köklenme sürecinde görev aldığı ve IBAIAA dönüşümünü kontrol ettiği bilinmektedir, buna rağmen adventif köklenme üzerindeki
etkileri tam olarak araştırılmamıştır. Bu çalışma HB24 geninin adventif köklenme üzerindeki
etkilerini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu amaçla HB24 geninin insersiyonel TDNA mutant
hatlarında adventif kök gelişimi yabanıl tip bitkilerle karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir.
Çimlenme sonrası kökler uzaklaştırılarak, hipokotil kısımları medyaya temas edecek şekilde
yeni bir medyaya aktarılmıştır. Bitkilerin adventif kök oluşumu 7. gün sonunda gözlenmiştir.
Mutant bitkilerde yabanıl tip bitkiler ile karşılaştırıldığında adventif köklenmenin azaldığı
gözlemlenmiştir. Bu etkinin bir transkripsiyon faktörü olan HB24’ün IBA-IAA dönüşümünü
gerçekleştiren genlerin anlatımlarını kontrol ederek gerçekleştirdiği düşünülmektedir. Bu
çalışma ile elde edilen sonuçlar adventif köklenmenin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi adına önemli
veriler ortaya çıkarmıştır. 2210-A burs programı için TÜBİTAK'a ve bu araştırmayı finanse
ettiği için Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi BAP'a (Zeytin HB24 geninin karakterizasyonu
ve Fonksiyonel Analizi - FBA-2022-3917) teşekkür ederim.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Adventif köklenme, HB24, IBA-IAA dönüşümü
1
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF HB24 GENE AND ITS ROLE IN ADVENTITIOUS
ROOTING IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
ABSTRACT
Adventitious rooting is the rooting of plants from a tissue rather than the root tissue. Many
cultivated agricultural species can be successfully propagated by the cutting method and are
easy to implement, but the success of this technique depends on the ability of the cutting to
form adventitious roots. Adventitious rooting is also important for plants that reproduce
vegetatively. It is known that hormones have important effects on adventitious rooting. IBA
and IAA hormones are hormones widely used in the cutting method. It is thought that IBA
shows its effect by turning into IAA. Therefore, IBA-IAA conversion plays a key role in
adventitious root formation. It is known that the HB24 gene is involved in the rooting process
and controls the IBA-IAA conversion in Arabidopsis species, but its effects on adventitious
rooting have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the HB24
gene on adventitious rooting. For this purpose, adventitious root development in insertion
TDNA mutant lines of the HB24 gene has been analyzed comparatively with wild-type plants.
Following germination, roots were removed, and hypocotyl portions were transferred to new
media in a manner that they would come into contact with the media. Adventitious root
formation in plants was observed after 7 days. It was observed that, compared to wild-type
plants, adventitious rooting decreased in mutant plants. This effect is thought to be mediated
by HB24, a transcription factor, regulating the expressions of genes involved in IBA-IAA
conversion. The results obtained from this study have provided important data for a better
understanding of adventitious rooting. I would like to thank TÜBİTAK for 2210-A scholarship
program and Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University BAP (Characterization and Functional
Analysis of the olive HB24 gene - FBA-2022-3917) for funding this research.
Keywords: Adventitious rooting, HB24, IBA-IAA transformation
2
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PROVERBS EXPRESSION WITH KINETIC TYPOGRAPHYABSTRACT
Leman ÜSTÜNDAĞ (ORCID: 0000-0002-4858-4960)
Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Gonen Vocational School, Design, Balikesir, Turkey.
Email:lustundag@bandirma.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
Introduction and Purpose: Communication is our most basic need. Language is the most
important tool for people to communicate with each other. Language consists of words and
defines verbal communication, which is the most effective form of communication. The need
for communication has constantly changed in the historical process and gained new forms.
Technology has developed, changed and new communication channels have been formed with
the need to reproduce information and deliver it to more masses. With the development of
technology, which is one of the most important parts of this change, people's communication
styles, their understanding of entertainment, and their social environment interactions have been
reshaped. Each language has proverbs that describe its own values. Proverbs are a concise,
pleasing, stereotyped expression tool that shows the moral and cultural values, lifestyle and
thought structure of nations. In the simplest terms, kinetic typography is expressed as an
animation application that conveys emotions and thoughts while using movement and writing
together. Today, the widespread use of digital environments, smart devices, etc. and the need
to access and comprehend information quickly have expanded the usage areas of kinetic
typography. This research is about the expression of a proverb selected to transfer proverbs
from the past to the present with kinetic typography. Due to the insufficiency of the number of
previous studies on this subject, the aim of this research is to create an experimental example.
The example chosen for the research; Ömer Asım Aksoy's "Dictionary of Proverbs and Sayings
Keywords: Proverbs, Kinetic Typography
3
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
RIEMANN OLMAYAN MANIFOLDLARDA ÇEMBER KORUYAN DÖNÜŞÜMÜN
VARLIĞI ÜZERINE
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mustafa Deniz TÜRKOĞLU* (ORCID: 0000-0001-8297-1326)
Haliç University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Mathematics, İstanbul-Türkiye
Email: mustafaturkoglu@halic.edu.tr
Merve UYSAL
Haliç University, Institue of Graduate Studies, Programme of Applied Mathematics, İstanbulTürkiye
Email: merveuysal001@ogr.halic.edu.tr
ÖZET
Weyl uzayları, Hermann Weyl tarafından 1918 yılında fizikteki birleşik alanlar teorisini
formülüze etmek için ortaya atılmıştır. Weyl'in bu çalışması başta kabul edilmese de Weyl
manifoldları hem fizikçilerin hem de matematikçilerin ilgi alanlarından olmuştur. Koordinat
fonksiyonu ile ifade edilen metrik tensör uzayımızın yapısını belirlemede büyük önem taşır. Bu
çalışmada, öncelikle olarak, Riemann manifoldları, bu manifoldlara ait uzayın geometrik
büyüklükleri, bu büyüklüklere dair eğrilik ve eğrilikle ilgili özellikler; sonrasında Weyl
manifoldları, bu manifoldların yapılarına dair özellikler verilerek; bunlara ek olarak üzerinde
yarı simetrik rekürant metrik koneksiyonu tanımlanmış Weyl manifoldları ve bu manifoldların
eğrilikleri, ilgili özellikleri ve niceliklerinden bahsedilmiştir. Böylece farklı metriklerle
tanımlanmış Weyl uzayının dönüşümleri içerisinde yer alan bileşenleri nasıl değiştiği
gözlenmiştir. Weyl manifoldları üzerinde çember koruyan (konsörkılır) dönüşümün varlığı
incelenerek; ispatlanmıştır. Bunun yanısıra yarı simetrik rekürant metrik koneksiyona sahip
eğriliğin yapısı, bu dönüşüm altında simetri özellikleri, Bianchi özdeşliği ispatlanarak literatüre
kazandırılmıştır. Konsörkılır eğriliğin konformal eğrilik altında gradyant olabilmesi için gerek
ve yeter koşul ispatlanarak, gösterilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Weyl Manifoldlar, Riemannian Manifoldlar, Konsörkılır Dönüşümler
4
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ON THE EXISTENCE OF CONCIRCULAR TRANSFORMATION ON NONRIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS
ABSTRACT
Weyl spaces were introduced by Hermann Weyl in 1918 to formulate the unified field theory
in physics. Although Weyl's work was not accepted at first, Weyl manifolds have been of
interest to both physicists and mathematicians. The metric expressed by the coordinate function
is of great importance in determining the structure of our tensor space. In this study, first,
Riemannian manifolds, geometric quantities of the space belonging to these manifolds,
curvature and curvature related properties of these quantities; then Weyl manifolds, properties
related to the structure of these manifolds; in addition to these, Weyl manifolds on which the
semisymmetric recurrent metric connection is defined and the curvatures of these manifolds,
the related properties and quantities are mentioned. Thus, it is observed how the components in
the transformations of Weyl space defined by different metrics change. The existence of a circle
preserving (concircular) map on Weyl manifolds is analyzed and proved. In addition, the
structure of the curvature with a semisymmetric recurrent metric conformation, symmetry
properties under this transformation, and Bianchi identity are proved and introduced to the
literature. The necessary and sufficient condition for a concircular curvature to be gradient
under conformal curvature is proved and shown.
Keywords: Weyl Manifolds, Riemannian Manifolds, Concircular Transformation
5
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DECISIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF MILITARY
AND HUMANITARIAN CRISES
Yashchenko GANNA (ORCID:0009-0003-0378-4031)
Doctor of Philosophy program student in the specialty "Public Management and
Administration", National Forestry University of Ukraine
Email: yashenko.gan@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Crisis situations, whether military or humanitarian in nature, present complex challenges for
decision-makers. The decisions made during such crises can have significant impacts on human
life, safety, and well-being. This makes it essential that public administrators take a thoughtful
and informed approach to decision-making in such situations. This essay will explore the role
of public administration in navigating military and humanitarian crises. It will argue that
decisions made during crisis situations should prioritize the protection of human life and safety,
be transparent and accountable, and involve international cooperation and coordination.
However, it will also consider counter-arguments that suggest decisions may need to prioritize
national security interests, be made quickly and without full information, and may be difficult
to achieve international cooperation and coordination. During crisis situations, decisions must
prioritize the protection of human life and safety. Such decisions should be based on the
principles of human rights and humanitarian law. This means that the needs of vulnerable
populations, such as refugees and internally displaced persons, should be taken into account.
Decision-makers should also consider the potential long-term consequences of their actions.
For example, decisions made during military crises may have lasting impacts on the political
and social stability of affected areas. Therefore, public administrators must take a
comprehensive approach to decision-making during crises, which prioritizes the needs of
affected communities. In addition to prioritizing human life and safety, decisions made during
crisis situations should be transparent and accountable. This means that decisions should be
communicated clearly to the public, and based on evidence and expert analysis. Decisionmakers must be accountable for their actions and decisions, and should be willing to answer
questions and justify their choices. Transparency and accountability are essential for
maintaining public trust and ensuring that decisions made during crisis situations are effective
and just. International cooperation and coordination are also essential for effective decisionmaking during crisis situations. Decisions should be made in consultation with other
governments and international organizations, taking into account international norms and
standards. Collaboration with non-governmental organizations and civil society groups can
help ensure decisions are informed by the needs of affected communities. Effective
international cooperation and coordination can help ensure that decisions made during crisis
situations are effective, just, and responsive to the needs of affected communities.
Keywords: Crisis, human life, safety
6
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
AÇIK DENİZDE İŞLENEN ULUSLARARASI SUÇLARDA CEZA YETKİSİ
Doç. Dr. İslam Safa KAYA
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi
Email:islamsafakaya@kku.edu.tr
ÖZET
Devletler, kendi egemenlikleri dahilinde olan iç sular ve karasuları ile yetinmemiş, kendi
lehlerine hak ve yetkiler barındıran bitişik bölge, münhasır ekonomik bölge ve kıta sahanlığı
alanlarında da egemenliklerini kullanmıştır. Tüm bu deniz alanları dışında kalan ve herhangi
bir devletin egemenliğinin söz konusu olmadığı deniz alanı ise ‘açık deniz’ olarak
adlandırılmaktadır. Tüm devletlerin ortak kullanımına tabi olan açık denizde, serbestlik ilkesi
temel ilkedir. Açık deniz, hiçbir devletin egemenliği altında olmadığından açık denizde bir
devletin yargı yetkisinin doğrudan uygulanması söz konusu olmamaktadır. Açık denizde
işlenen suçlarda yargı yetkisi tartışmalı olduğu için bu alanda uluslararası işbirliği ve yapılan
uluslararası andlaşmalar oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Ceza yetkisi belirlenirken belirli ilkeler
ve uluslararası andlaşmalar göz önünde bulundurulmaktadır. Örneğin, 1982 tarihli Birleşmiş
Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi, açık denizde işlenen suçlarla mücadele edebilmek için
önemli düzenlemeler içermektedir. Ceza yetkisinin belirlendiği ilkelerden biri ‘bayrak yasası’
ilkesidir. Bu ilke gereğince devletler, kendi bayraklarını taşıyan gemiler üzerinde münhasır
yetkiye sahip olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, geminin bayrağını taşıdığı devlet, gemide işlenmiş olan
suçlarda ceza yetkisine sahip olabilmekte ve yargılama yapabilmektedir. Açık denizde suç
işleyen kişinin, vatandaşı olduğu devlet de, kendi vatandaşı için ceza yetkisine sahip
olabilmekte ve yargı yetkisini kullanabilmektedir. Bazı suçların ise, tüm uluslararası toplumun
ortak menfaatlerine karşı işlendiği kabul edilmektedir. Söz konusu bu suçlar işlendiğinde
evrensel yargı yetkisi dediğimiz ilke devreye girmektedir. Bu suçları işleyen kişiler, herhangi
bir devlet tarafından yargılanabilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Açık deniz, uluslararası suçlar, ceza yetkisi, bayrak yasası, evrensel yargı
yetkisi
7
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CRIMINAL AUTHORITY FOR INTERNATIONAL CRIMES COMMITTED ON
THE HIGH SEA
ABSTRACT
States were not satisfied with the internal waters and territorial waters within their sovereignty.
They have also exercised their sovereignty in the contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone
and continental shelf areas, which contain rights and powers in their favor. The sea area outside
of all these sea areas, where the sovereignty of any state is not in question, is called the 'high
sea'. In the high seas, which are subject to the common use of all states, the principle of freedom
is fundamental. The high seas are not under the sovereignty of any state. Therefore, there is no
direct application of a State's jurisdiction on the high seas. Since jurisdiction over crimes
committed on the high seas is controversial, international cooperation and international
agreements in this field are of great importance. Specific principles and international
agreements are taken into account when determining criminal jurisdiction. For instance, the
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea contains important provisions to combat
crimes committed on the high seas. One of the principles on which criminal jurisdiction is
determined is the principle of 'flag law'. According to this principle, states have exclusive
jurisdiction over ships flying their flags. Therefore, the state whose flag the ship flies may have
criminal jurisdiction and prosecute crimes committed on board the ship. The state of nationality
of the person who commits a crime on the high seas may also have criminal jurisdiction and
can exercise jurisdiction over its own nationals. Some crimes are recognized as being
committed against the common interests of the entire international community. When such
crimes are committed, the principle of universal jurisdiction comes into play. People who have
committed such crimes can be prosecuted by any state.
Keywords: High seas, international crimes, criminal jurisdiction, flag law, universal
jurisdiction.
8
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ULUSLARARASI SAVAŞ HUKUKUNUN UYGULANMASI
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ali CENGİZ (ORCID: 0000-0003-1354-7358)
Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Law, Department of European Union Law,
Kırıkkale-Türkiye
Email: alicengiz@kku.edu.tr
ÖZET
Savaş ne yazık ki tarih boyunca sayısız insanın ölümüne, yıkıma ve acıya sebep olmuş bir
gerçektir. Özellikle 1. ve 2. Dünya Savaşları öncesi dönemde devletler savaşı meşru bir hak
olarak gördüğü için bu dönemde savaş tarihin bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Gelişen teknolojik
imkanlar, insan nüfusundaki artış ve küresel anlaşmazlıklar sebebiyle 1. ve 2. Dünya savaşları
büyük bir insani felakete sebep olmuştur. Dünya kamuoyu artık bu duruma sessiz kalmamayı
tercih etmiş ve savaşı meşru bir hak olarak gören geleneği terk ederek savaşı sadece zorunlu
durumlarda ve sınırlı bir şekilde uygulanabileceği hukuki bir zemine oturtmaya çalışmıştır.
Bunu yaparken savaş suçlarını ve yasaklarını uluslararası sözleşmelerle belirlemiş, bu suç ve
yasakların ceza ve yaptırımlarını da belirleyerek bunlara aykırı eylemlerin yargılanacağı yargı
organları tesis etmiştir. Bu hukuki reform küresel savaşları engellemiş görünse de bölgesel
savaşları engellemede yeterli olamamıştır. Özellikle Bosna’da yaşanan Srebrenitsa Katliamı,
ABD’nin Irak’ı İşgali ve Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı gibi birçok bölgesel savaş gerçekleşmiştir.
Savaş suçlarının tespiti ve bu suçların faillerinin yargılanarak cezalandırılması da uygulamada
tam anlamıyla etkili olamamaktadır. Bu kapsamda uluslararası savaş hukukunu inceleyip, bu
hukuk sisteminin eksik ve aksayan yönlerini tespit ederek çözüm ve öneriler sunmaya
çalışacağız.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Savaş, Meşru Müdafaa, Kuvvet Kullanımı, Savaş Suçları
9
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
APPLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF WAR
ABSTRACT
War is unfortunately a reality that has caused countless deaths, destruction and pain throughout
history. Especially in the period before the 1st and 2nd World Wars, war became a part of
history as states considered war as a legitimate right. Due to developing technological
opportunities, increase in human population and global conflicts, the First and Second World
Wars caused a great humanitarian disaster. The world public opinion has chosen not to remain
silent to this stuation and has abandoned the tradition that considered war as a legitimate right
and has tried to place war on a legal basis where it can only be implemented in cases of necessity
and in a limited way. While doing this, it determined war crimes and prohibitions with
international agreements, determined the penalties and sanctions of these crimes and
prohibitions, and established judicial bodies where actions contrary to them would be tried.
Although this legal reform seemed to prevent global wars, but it was not sufficient to prevent
regional wars. Many regional wars took place, especially the Srebrenica Massacre in Bosnia,
the US Occupation of Iraq and the Russia-Ukraine War. The most important reason for this i
the detection of war crimes and the prosecution and punishment of the perpetrators of these
crimes are not fully effective in practice. In this context, we will examine the international law
of war, identify the deficiencies and defects of this legal system and try to offer solutions and
suggestions.
Keywords: War, Self-Defense, Use of Force, War Crimes
10
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ÇALIŞMA HAYATINDA KUŞAKLAR VE DEĞİŞEN ÇALIŞMA DEĞERLERİ
Doç. Dr. Betül YILMAZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-3532-6479)
Marmara Üniversitesi, İktisat Fakültesi, Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Bölümü,
İstanbul-Türkiye
Email: betul.yilmaz@marmara.edu.tr
ÖZET
Günümüz çalışma hayatı farklı kuşaklardan oluşmaktadır. Bu kuşaklar literatürde; Sessiz
Kuşak (1925-1945), Bebek Patlaması Kuşağı (1946-1964), X Kuşağı (1965-1979), Y Kuşağı
(1980-1995) ve Z Kuşağı (1995-2010) olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Her bir kuşağın kendine özgü
karakteristik yapısı vardır ve birbirinden farklıdır. Aynı zamanda çalışma hayatında yer alan
kuşakların çalışmadan beklentileri ve çalışmaya yükledikleri anlam da birbirinden farklıdır. Bu
farklılıkların bilinmesi çalışma ortamında oldukça önem arz etmektedir. İş gücü piyasasının
büyük bir kısmı X, Y ve Z kuşaklarından oluşmaktadır. Her bir kuşağın farklılaşan bireysel
değerleri ve bunun etkisi çalışma hayatında da kendini göstermektedir. Bireysel değerler ve
çalışma değerlerinde ortaya çıkan bu farklılıklar çatışmalara neden olmaktadır. Her kuşağın
birbirini anlaması ve farklılıklarının ne olduğunu bilmesi kuşak çatışmalarını azaltacaktır.
Ulusal literatürde, kuşak sınıflandırmaları ve kuşakların karakteristik özelliklerinin ele alınışı
uluslararası literatürle benzer şekildedir. Her ülkenin, kültürü, değerleri, inançları gelenek ve
görenekleri birbirinden farklıdır. Bu farklılıklar toplumun şekillenmesinde ve onların
karakteristik yapısında etkili olmaktadır. Her kuşak bulunduğu dönem içinde kendine özgü
siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel olarak bir kimlik oluşturmakta ve bulunduğu dönemin koşullarını
yansıtmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada kuşak konusu Türkiye özelinde ele alınacaktır.
Türkiye’deki ekonomik, tarihsel, ve sosyo-kültürel olaylar dönemsel olarak incelenecek ve
kuşaklar üzerindeki etkileri belirlenecektir. Ayrıca, kuşakların değişen çalışma değerleri
ayrıntılı olarak ele alınacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuşak, Çalışma Değeri, Çalışma
11
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GENERATIONS IN THE WORKPLACE AND CHANGING WORK VALUES
ABSTRACT
Today's working life consists of different generations. These generations are referred to in the
literature as the Silent Generation (1925-1945), the Baby Boomers (1946-1964), Generation X
(1965-1979), Generation Y (1980-1995), and Generation Z (1995-2010). Each generation has
its own unique characteristic structure and differs from one another. At the same time, the
expectations from work and the significance attributed to work vary among the generations
present in the workforce. The awareness of these differences is highly significant in the work
environment. The majority of the workforce consists of Generation X, Y, and Z. The evolving
individual values of each generation have an impact on the working life as well. The differences
arising in individual values and work values lead to conflicts. Each generation understanding
one another and knowing their differences will reduce intergenerational conflicts. In national
literature, the classification of generations and the examination of their characteristic features
are similarly approached to the international literature. Each country has its own culture, values,
beliefs, traditions, and customs that differ from one another. These differences are effective in
shaping the society and its characteristic structure. Each generation forms its unique political,
social, and cultural identity within the period it exists and reflects the conditions of that period.
Therefore, this study will focus on the issue of generations specifically in Türkiye. Economic,
historical, and socio-cultural events in Türkiye will be examined periodically, and their effects
on generations will be determined. Additionally, the changing work values of generations will
be detailedly examined.
Keywords: Generation, Work Value, Work
12
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TÜRK HAVA KURUMU ÜNİVERSİTESİ YAŞAM BOYU GELİŞİM UYGULAMA
VE ARAŞTIRMA MERKEZİ (YAGEM) SERTİFİKA PROGRAMLARINA
KATILAN YETİŞKİNLERİN KATILIM ÖRÜNTÜLERİ
Türkan KAPLAN (ORCID: 0009-0009-4184-5775)
University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, Department of Foreign Languages, AnkaraTürkiye
Email: tkaplan@thk.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bu çalışma, küreselleşme sonucu üniversitelerin dönüşüm sürecine girmesi ile yaşam boyu
öğrenme merkezlerinin sundukları sertifika programlarının tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde
de artmasından yola çıkılarak, Türk Hava Kurumu Üniversitesi Yaşam Boyu Gelişim
Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (YAGEM) bünyesinde sunulan programların düzenlenme
biçimleri ile sertifika programlarına katılan yetişkinlerin katılım örüntülerinin ilişkilendirilmesi
amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmada, karma araştırma yöntemlerinden üçleme (triangulation)
tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini, Eylül, 2022 – Mart, 2023 tarihleri arasında Türk Hava
Kurumu Üniversitesi bünyesinde sunulan mesleki ve kişisel gelişim sertifika programlarına
katılan 204 yetişkin oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın nicel kısmına basit tesadüfi örnekleme ve
nitel kısmına kartopu örnekleme ile ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen nicel veriler,
araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulan ve uzman görüşü alınan 14 maddelik anket yoluyla basılı ve
çevrim içi form olacak şekilde toplanmıştır. Nicel verilerin analizi SPSS programı ile Ki-Kare
Bağımsızlık Testi kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın nitel bölümünde ise 6 yönetici, 7
eğitici, 8 terk ve 12 mezun katılımcıyla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yapılmış ve veri analizinde
betimsel veri analizi yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada yetişkinlerin bazı demografik
özellikleri, program biçimi ve katılım özellikleri ile katılım amaçları, programı tamamlamama
nedenleri, öğrenme sürecinde karşılaşılan güçlükler ve programların sunulma biçimleri
ilişkilendirilmiştir. Araştırmada gerek nicel gerekse nitel yöntemler yoluyla toplanan veriler
ışığında YAGEM programlarına katılan yetişkin öğrenenler arasında katılım amacı olarak
mesleki nedenlerin başat yönelim olduğu bulgulanmışken, katılımcı terklerinde çoğunlukla
bireysel nedenler özellikle de aile ve iş sorumlulukları ve öğrenme sürecinde karşılaşılan
güçlüklerde ise program düzenlenmesine dair sorunları içeren kurumsal engeller ortaya
konulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yaşam boyu öğrenme, sertifika programı, yetişkin öğrenci, yüz yüze
katılım, çevrim içi katılım, hibrit katılım
13
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PARTICIPATION PATTERNS OF ADULTS PARTICIPATING IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF TURKISH AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION LIFELONG
DEVELOPMENT APPLICATION AND RESEARCH CENTRE (YAGEM)
CERTIFICATE PROGRAMMES
ABSTRACT
Based on the fact that the number of certificate programmes offered by lifelong learning centres
has increased in our country as well as all over the world with the transformation process of
universities as a result of globalisation, this study was conducted in order to associate the ways
of organising the programmes offered at the Lifelong Development Application and Research
Centre (YAGEM) of the University of Turkish Aeronautical Association with the participation
patterns of adults participating in the certificate programmes. In the research, triangulation, one
of the mixed research methods, was preferred. The population of the study consists of 204 adults
who participated in professional and personal development certificate programmes offered at
Turkish Aeronautical Association University between September, 2022 and March, 2023. The
quantitative part of the research was reached by simple random sampling and the qualitative
part was reached by snowball sampling. The quantitative data obtained in the study were
collected in printed and online forms through a 14-item questionnaire created by the researcher
and received expert opinion. Quantitative data were analysed using the SPSS programme and
Chi-Square Independence Test. In the qualitative part of the study, semi-structured interviews
were conducted with 6 managers, 7 trainers, 8 dropouts and 12 graduates and descriptive data
analysis method was applied in data analysis. In the research, some demographic characteristics
of the adults, programme format and participation characteristics, participation purposes,
reasons for not completing the programme, difficulties encountered in the learning process and
the way the programmes are presented were associated. In the light of the data collected through
both quantitative and qualitative methods, among the adult learners who participated in the
YAGEM programmes; vocational reasons were found to be the dominant orientation as the
purpose of participation while individual reasons, especially family and work responsibilities,
were found to be the most common reasons for participant drop-outs and institutional barriers,
including problems related to the organisation of the programme, were revealed as the
difficulties encountered in the learning process.
Keywords: Lifelong learning, certificate programmes, adult learner, face-to-face participation,
online participation, hybrid participation
14
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BİREYLERİN ÇEVRESEL ETKİLERE BAĞLI DEĞİŞEN DUYGU
DURUMLARININ DİL KULLANIMLARINA ETKİSİ
Asst. Prof. Dr. Bertuğ SAKIN (ORCID: 0000-0002-2995-6079)
University of Health Sciences, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Speech
and Language Therapy, Istanbul -Türkiye
Email:bertugsakin@gmail.com
ÖZET
İletişim, dünya üzerinde yaşamını devam ettiren insan ve hayvan gibi canlı türler ve artık
günümüzde teknolojinin gelişimi ile ortaya çıkan yapay zeka gibi insan ya da hayvan dışı cansız
varlıkların kullandığı önemli bir sistemdir. Şüphesiz ki dili kullanan tüm canlı cansız varlıklar
arasında en gelişmiş dilsel iletişim sistemine insanoğlu sahiptir. Canlı bir varlık olarak insan
nasıl ki yaşamı boyunca karşılaştığı iyi ya da kötü deneyimlere bağlı olarak farklı psikolojik
süreçler geçirebiliyor ve bu duygudurum dönemlerine bağlı olarak davranışları değişkenlik
gösterebiliyorsa, yaşadığı psikolojik değişikliklere bağlı olarak diğer insanlarla iletişimde
kullandığı dilsel eğilimler de farklılaşabilmektedir. Önde gelen birçok ünlü dilbilimci, insan
iletişiminin temelinde kullanılan dilsel yapıların insanın maruz kaldığı çevrenin bilişsel algısı
ile yakından ilişkili olduğunu savunmaktadır. İnsan iletişim sistemi beyindeki Broca, Wernicke
ve Angular Girus gibi dominant dil merkezleri ve dilsel üretimi mükemmel kılmak için sahip
olduğumuz dil, dudak, damak, diş, gırtlak ve yutak gibi artikülasyon organlarının varlığı
sebebiyle son derece fizyolojik bir yapı barındırmakla beraber aynı zamanda da dil üretimini
sağlayabilmek için psikolojik bir alt yapıya sahiptir. Bu açıdan dilin kognitif süreçlerini
inceleyen ve dilbilim ile psikolojinin kesişiminde bulunan psikodilbilim alanı, bireylerin
psikolojik özelliklerine bağlı olarak gelişen dilsel üretimler üzerinde de durmaktadır. Bu
araştırmada, kişilerin maruz kaldıkları çevresel faktörlerin onların psikolojik durumlarına
etkileri ve bu etki sonucu bireylerin dil kullanım eğilimlerinin ne şekilde etkilendiği ve ne
yönde değiştiği ele alınmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, bireylerin günlük hayatta yaşadıkları
deneyimlerin onların dili linguistikal çerçevede ne şekilde kurguladıkları ve sosyal iletişimde
ne şekilde kullandıklarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dil Kullanımı, Dil Psikolojisi, Psikodilbilim
15
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUALS EMOTIONAL STATES ON LANGUAGE USAGE
IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
ABSTRACT
Communication is a crucial system utilized by living species such as humans and animals, as
well as non-living entities like artificial intelligence that has emerged with the advancement of
technology. Undoubtedly, among all living and non-living entities using language, humans
possess the most advanced linguistic communication system. As living beings, individuals can
undergo various psychological processes based on the positive or negative experiences they
encounter throughout their lives. The behaviors of individuals can vary depending on these
emotional states. Linguistic tendencies used in communication by individuals may differ based
on the mood swings related to these emotional states. Many prominent linguists argue that the
linguistic structures at the core of human communication are closely linked to the cognitive
perception of the environment the individual is exposed to. The human communication system
encompasses highly physiological structures such as dominant language centers in the brain
like Broca, Wernicke, and Angular Gyrus, as well as articulation organs like the tongue, lips,
palate, teeth, larynx, and pharynx, which contribute to perfecting linguistic production.
Additionally, it possesses a psychological infrastructure to enable language production. In this
regard, the field of psycholinguistics, which examines the cognitive processes of language and
intersects with linguistics and psychology, also focuses on linguistic productions that develop
based on individuals' psychological characteristics. This study explores the impact of
environmental factors on individuals' psychological states and how individuals' language usage
tendencies are affected and altered as a result of this influence. The findings reveal how
individuals construct their language in a linguistic framework and utilize it in social
communication based on their daily experiences.
Keywords: Language usage, language psychology, psycholinguistics.
16
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
YAPRAKTAN KALSİYUM UYGULAMALARININ BAŞ SALATA (Lactuca sativa L.
var capitata) VERİMİ VE KALİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Yahya NAS (ORCID: 0000-0002-6917-8697)
Şırnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, İdil, Şırnak-Türkiye
Email: yahya.nas@sirnak.edu.tr
ÖZET
Yapraktan gübreleme, yaprağı tüketilen sebzelerin bitki gelişimi, verim ve kalite özellikleri
üzerinde önemli bir role sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, yapraktan uygulanan kalsiyum nitrat ve
kalsiyum klorür gübrelerinin baş salatada (Lactuca sativa L. var capitata) verim ve kalitesine
olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma örtü altında yürütülmüştür. Kalsiyum nitrat ve kalsiyum
klorür (50 ppm, 100 ppm ve 150 ppm) gübreleri üç farklı dozda ve üç farklı periyotta yapraklara
püskürtülmüştür. Uygulamalar fide dikiminden 15 gün sonra başlayarak 10’ar gün arayla
yapılmıştır. Gübreler, yapraklar tamamen ıslanıncaya kadar şarjlı sırt pülverizatörü ile
uygulanmıştır. Çalışma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak
yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlar, yapraktan uygulanan kalsiyum nitrat ve kalsiyum klorür gübrelerinin,
ortalama baş ağırlığı, renk, pH, ve verimi artırarak olumlu yönde etkilediğini göstermiştir.
Kalsiyum nitrat gübresi, kontrol uygulamasına göre her üç dozda da verimi artırmıştır. Benzer
şekilde, renk değerleri yapraktan uygulanan kalsiyum nitrat ve kalsiyum klorür gübreleri ile
artış göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, uygulamaların SÇKM, yaş ve kuru ağırlık üzerine etkisi
önemsiz çıkmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma yapraktan uygulanan kalsiyum nitrat ve kalsiyum
klorür gübrelerinin baş salatada verim ve kaliteyi artırabileceğini ortaya koymuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yapraktan gübreleme, kalsiyum, renk, verim
17
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR APPLICATIONS OF CALCIUM ON YIELD AND
QUALITY OF HEAD LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L. var capitata)
ABSTRACT
Foliar fertilization plays an important role in the development, yield, and quality characteristics
of leafy vegetables. This study investigated the effects of foliar-applied calcium nitrate and
calcium chloride fertilizers on the yield and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var capitata)
under greenhouse conditions. Calcium nitrate and calcium chloride fertilizers (at concentrations
of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm) were sprayed on the leaves in three different doses and at
three distinct periods. Applications began 15 days after transplanting and were repeated at 10day intervals using a rechargeable back sprayer until the leaves were thoroughly wetted. The
study were laid out a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results
shawed that foliar application of calcium nitrate and calcium chloride fertilizers had a positive
influence by increasing average head weight, color, pH, and yield. Calcium nitrate fertilizer
significantly increased yield at all three doses compared to the control treatment. Similarly,
color values improved with foliar application of both fertilizers. However, the effects on TSS,
wet weight, and dry weight were not statistically significant. In conclusion, this study suggests
that foliar spraying with calcium nitrate and calcium chloride fertilizers can be an effective
strategy to enhance the yield and quality of head lettuce.
Keywords: Foliar spray, calcium, colour, yield
18
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FİBROMİYALJİ SENDROMUNDA GÜNCEL TEDAVİ YAKLAŞIMLARI
Öğr. Gör. Özge ÖKCÜ* (ORCID :0000-0002-7149-1316)
İstanbul Kent Üniversitesi, Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu, İstanbul- Türkiye
Haliç Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul- Türkiye
Email: ozge_okcu.92@hotmail.com
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ayşe TANŞU (ORCID :0000-0002-6151-0237)
İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, İstanbul- Türkiye
Email: ayse.tansu@rumeli.edu.tr
Öğr. Gör. Yonca Yavuz AKÇAY (ORCID :0000-0002-2294-9087)
İstanbul Rumeli Üniversitesi, Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu, İstanbul- Türkiye
Email: yonca.yavuzakcay@rumeli.edu.tr
ÖZET
Fibromiyalji sendromu (FMS), klinik olarak kas-iskelet sistemi ağrısı, kas gücü ve
enduransında azalma, genel kondisyon kaybı, eklem hareket açıklığı kaybı, yumuşak doku
hassasiyeti, sertlik, genel yorgunluk ve uyku bozuklukları ile karakterize, yaygın kronik,
idiyopatik bir durumdur. Etiyoloji ve patogenezi iyi bilinmemekle birlikte FMS’nin oksidatif
stres, mitokondriyal fonksiyon bozukluğu, multivitamin eksiklikleri ve oksidanlar/
antioksidanlar arasındaki orantısızlığın bu sendroma sebep olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hastalık
başlangıç ve devamı, hastalığın seyrini ve yaşam kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyen
genetik/biyolojik ve psikososyal faktörler ile yakından ilişkilidir. Ayrıca FMS, kronik
yorgunluk sendromu, irritabl bağırsak sendromu, fonksiyonel dispepsi, miyojenik
temporomandibular bozukluk, gerilim baş ağrısı, miyofasiyal ağrı sendromu, huzursuz bacak
sendromu, interstisyel sistit, mesane ağrısı sendromu, travma sonrası stres bozukluğu ile de
ilişkili olan karmaşık bir sendromdur. Hastalık tanısına ilişkin herhangi bir objektif test veya
biyobelirteç tanımlanmamış olmakla birlikte bu hastalarda tek başına farmakolojik tedavi
yetersizdir. Ağrıya neden olan farklı mekanizmalar göz önüne alındığında, kronik ağrının
periferik, merkezi, bilişsel-duygusal ve kişilerarası nedenlerini hedef alan multidisipliner
programlar ile tedavi edilmesi uygun olmaktadır. Bu popülasyondaki duygusal semptomların
tedavi edilmesi ile, bilişsel durumdaki bozulma devam etse bile, dikkat süreçlerindeki
iyileşmenin artacağı gösterilmiştir. FMS’li hastalarda aerobik ve dirençli egzersizler,
elektroterapi yöntemleri, hidroterapi, balneoterapi, manipülasyon, kayropraktik yöntemler,
biofeedback, hipnoz, duyusal tedaviler, magnetoterapi, masaj, bilişsel davranışçı terapi,
farmakolojik ajanlar, akupunktur, zihin beden tedavileri, hiper barik oksijen tedavisi, optik sinir
stimülasyonu, lidokain infüzyonu, melatonin, koenzim Q10, D ve E vitaminleri takviyesi ile
palmitoiletanolamid uygulanması gibi çok çeşitli tedavi yaklaşımları hastalık semptomlarında
iyileşmeye neden olacağı bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda FMS’nin tedavisinde multidisipliner bir
bakış açısıyla interdisipliner bir yaklaşım hastalık semptomları azaltmakta etkili olacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fibromiyalji sendromu, tedavi, koenzim Q10
19
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CURRENT TREATMENT APPROACHES IN FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME
ABSTRACT
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a common chronic, idiopathic condition clinically
characterized by musculoskeletal pain, decreased muscle strength and endurance, general
deconditioning, loss of joint range of motion, soft tissue tenderness, stiffness, general fatigue
and sleep disorders. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of FMS are not well known,
oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, multivitamin deficiencies and disproportion
between oxidants / antioxidants are thought to cause this syndrome. The onset and continuation
of the disease are closely related to genetic/biological and psychosocial factors that negatively
affect the course of the disease and quality of life. In addition, FMS, chronic fatigue syndrome,
irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, myogenic temporomandibular disorder,
tension headache, myofascial pain syndrome, irritable It is a complex syndrome that is also
associated with leg syndrome, interstitial cystitis, bladder pain syndrome, and post-traumatic
stress disorder. Although no objective test or biomarker has been defined for the diagnosis of
the disease, pharmacological treatment alone is inadequate in these patients. Considering the
different mechanisms that cause pain, it is appropriate to treat chronic pain with
multidisciplinary programs targeting peripheral, central, cognitive-emotional and interpersonal
causes. It has been shown that by treating emotional symptoms in this population, improvement
in attentional processes will increase, even if impairment in cognitive status persists. In patients
with FMS, aerobic and resistant exercises, electrotherapy methods, hydrotherapy,
balneotherapy, manipulation, chiropractic methods, biofeedback, hypnosis, sensory treatments,
magnetotherapy, massage, cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacological agents, acupuncture,
mind-body treatments, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, It is known that a wide variety of treatment
approaches, such as optic nerve stimulation, lidocaine infusion, melatonin, coenzyme Q10,
vitamins D and E supplementation, and administration of palmitoylethanolamide, will lead to
improvement in disease symptoms. In this context, an interdisciplinary approach from a
multidisciplinary perspective in the treatment of FMS will be effective in reducing disease
symptoms.
Keywords: Fibromyalgia syndrome, Treatment, coenzyme Q10
20
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ÇOCUKLARDA EGZERSİZİN FAYDALARI
Öğr. Gör. Uzm. Fzt. Özge ÖKCÜ (ORCID :0000-0002-7149-1316)
İstanbul Kent Üniversitesi, Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu, İstanbul- Türkiye
Haliç Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, İstanbul- Türkiye
Email: ozge_okcu.92@hotmail.com
Uzm. Fzt. Rıdvan GÖK* (ORCID:0009-0006-6706-1264)
Özel Öz İstanbul Tıp Merkezi, İstanbul-Türkiye
Email: fztridvan27@gmail.com
ÖZET
Egzersiz kas ve eklem hareketleri kullanarak enerji harcanmasıyla sonuçlanan düzenli fiziksel
aktiviteler olarak tanımlanabilir. Çocukluk çağında egzersiz yapma alışkanlığı bilişsel,
duygusal, fiziksel ve psikolojik gelişime, yetişkinlik çağında yapılan egzersize göre daha çok
etkilidir. Bunun sebebi, bireylerin hareket ve yaşam tarzı gelişimi ve öğrenmenin çocukluk
çağlarında daha kolay olmasıdır. Günümüz teknolojik olanakların hızla gelişmesi, beden
gücüyle gerçekleştirilen birçok eylemin artık tamamen teknolojik olanaklar kullanılarak
kolaylıkla yapılması ve sedanter yaşamın yaygınlaşması çocukluk çağlarında bile obezite,
diyabet, inme, yüksek tansiyon, osteoporoz ve koroner hastalıkların görülme sıklığında artışa
sebep olmuştur. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü verilerine göre kronik hastalıklardaki artışın risk
faktörleri coğrafyalara göre değişmekle birlikte, yüksek gelirli ülkelerdeki en büyük risk
faktörü fiziksel inaktivite ve yüksek kolesteroldür. Egzersiz ve yüksek fiziksel aktivite düzeyi
ile diyabet, koroner kalp hastalığı, inme, yüksek tansiyon, osteoporoz, kolon kanseri riski,
depresyon, kaygı ve aşırı stres bulguları azalmaktadır. Düzenli fiziksel aktivite ve spor yapan
çocuklarda olumlu benlik saygısı, beden imgesi değerlendirmesi, kendilik algısı ve mental
dayanıklılığın gelişmesinin kolaylaştığı bilinmektedir. Ayrıca sigara, alkol, uyuşturucu madde
ve ilaç kullanım sıklıkları daha düşük, birine zarar verme ve bir şeyleri kırıp dökme isteklerinin
daha az, ders çalışma, kitap gazete okuma ve akademik performans oranlarının daha yüksek
olduğu gözlenmektedir. Amerikan Pediatri Akademisi, 2 yaşın altındaki çocuklar için ekran
başında zaman geçirilmemesini, 2 yaşın üzerinde ise bu sürenin 1-2 saat ile kısıtlanmasını
önermektedir. Bunların dışında özellikle sosyal çevrede çocuklar için aerobik egzersize uygun
alanlar oluşturulması için belediyelerle iş birliği içinde olunmalı ve ilgili birimler bu konularda
teşvik edilmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Egzersiz, çocukluk çağı, psikolojik gelişim
21
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BENEFITS OF EXERCISE FOR CHILDREN
ABSTRACT
Exercise can be defined as regular physical activities that result in energy expenditure using
muscle and joint movements. The habit of exercising in childhood is more effective on
cognitive, emotional, physical and psychological development than exercise in adulthood. The
reason for this is that individuals' movement and lifestyle development and learning are easier
in childhood. The rapid development of today's technological opportunities, the fact that many
actions performed with physical strength are now easily performed using technological
facilities, and the spread of sedentary life has led to an increase in the incidence of obesity,
diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure, osteoporosis and coronary diseases, even in childhood.
According to World Health Organization data, although the risk factors for the increase in
chronic diseases vary by geography, the biggest risk factors in high-income countries are
physical inactivity and high cholesterol. With exercise and high physical activity levels,
diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, colon cancer risk,
depression, anxiety and excessive stress symptoms decrease. It is known that the development
of positive self-esteem, body image evaluation, self-perception and mental endurance is
facilitated in children who engage in regular physical activity and sports. In addition, it is
observed that the frequency of cigarette, alcohol, drug and medication use is lower, the desire
to harm someone and break things is less, and the rates of studying, reading books and
newspapers and academic performance are higher. The American Academy of Pediatrics
recommends that children under the age of 2 not spend time in front of the screen, and for
children over the age of 2, this time should be limited to 1-2 hours. Apart from these,
cooperation should be made with municipalities to create areas suitable for aerobic exercise for
children, especially in the social environment, and relevant units should be encouraged on these
issues.
Keywords: Exercise, childhood, psychological development
22
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
OECD ÜLKELERİNİN BUĞDAY ÜRETİMİ VE KENDİNE YETERLİLİK
SEVİYELERİ
Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Veysi ACIBUCA* (ORCID: 0000-0002-8478-7300)
Mardin Artuklu University, Kızıltepe Vocational School, Organic Agriculture PR., MardinTürkiye
Email: veysiacibuca@artuklu.edu.tr
Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Aybüke KAYA (ORCID: 0000-0002-6866-1951)
Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Hatay-Türkiye,
Email: aybukekaya@mku.edu.tr
ÖZET
Buğday üretimi, dünya genelinde gıda güvenliği, ekonomik kalkınma ve tarımsal faaliyetlerin
sürdürülebilirliği açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Buğday, önemli besin maddeleri içeren,
özellikle de karbonhidrat, protein, lif, vitaminler ve mineraller bakımından zengin bir üründür.
Yeterli buğday üretimi, bir ülkenin kendi nüfusunu besleyebilmesi ve dışa bağımlılığın
azaltılması bakımından önemlidir. Dünya buğday üretiminin ülkelere göre dağılışındaki
farklılıklar, birçok etkenin bir araya gelmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkar. İklim, toprak özellikleri,
tarım politikaları, teknolojik kapasite, sulama sistemleri, ticaret politikaları ve ekonomik
koşullar bu faktörler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu sebeple, dünya genelinde buğday üretimi
belirli bölgelerde yoğunlaşabilir veya azalabilir. Buğday üretiminin dağılımındaki farklılıkları
anlamak, hem yerel hem de küresel gıda güvenliği stratejileri için önemlidir. Bu çalışmada,
OECD (Ekonomik İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Örgütü), ülkelerindeki buğday üretimi ve söz konusu
ülkelerin buğday üretiminde kendine yeterlilik seviyeleri araştırılmıştır. OECD, dünya
genelinde ekonomik işbirliği ve kalkınma konularında bir araya gelen 38 ülkeden oluşmaktadır.
Araştırmanın ana materyalini Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütünün (FAO) 2020 yılına
ilişkin buğday verileri oluşturmaktadır. 38 OECD ülkesinden İzlanda ve Kosta Rika ülkeleri
için belirtilen dönemde FAO’da veri bulunmadığı için veriler 36 ülke üzerinden analiz
edilmiştir. Belirtilen dönemde üretim miktarında ABD, ithalat miktarında Türkiye, ihracat
miktarında Kanada, hektara buğday veriminde Yeni Zelanda’nın ilk sırada yer aldığı
belirlenmiştir. Buğday üretiminde kendine yeterlilik seviyeleri en yüksek olan ülkeler sırasıyla
Letonya, Litvanya ve Estonya gibi nüfus miktarı düşük olan ülkeler olarak tespit edilmiştir.
Kolombiya, Güney Kore ve Portekiz ise buğdayda kendine yeterlilik seviyeleri en düşük ülkeler
olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar ile, ilgili ülkelerin buğday ile ilgili
tarım politikaları ve yayım stratejilerinin oluşturulmasında daha etkili kararlar alınmasına
yardımcı olunması, tarımsal uygulamaların optimize edilmesi, üretimin sürdürülebilirliği ile
ticaret ve pazarlama planlarını gerçekleştirmesine katkı sağlaması hedeflenmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: OECD, buğday, üretim, pazar.
23
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
WHEAT PRODUCTION AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY LEVELS OF OECD
COUNTRIES
ABSTRACT
Wheat production is important for global food security, economic development and agricultural
sustainability. Wheat is an important source of nutrients, in particular carbohydrates, protein,
fibre, vitamins and minerals. Adequate wheat production is important for a country's ability to
feed its own population and can be a factor in the reduction of external dependence. Many
factors combine to determine how wheat is produced in different parts of the world. These
factors include climate, soil characteristics, agricultural policy, technological capabilities,
irrigation schemes, trade policy and economic conditions. When these factors come together,
the world's wheat production can be concentrated in certain regions or can be reduced. It is
important for both local and global food security strategies to understand differences in the
distribution of wheat production. This study looked at wheat production in OECD (Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries. It also looked at the degree of selfsufficiency in wheat production in these countries. The OECD consists of 38 countries that
work together on economic cooperation and development issues around the world. The main
material used in the research is the wheat data for the year 2020 from the Food and Agriculture
Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). Out of the 38 OECD countries, data for Iceland and
Costa Rica were analysed for 36 countries, as the FAO did not have any data for the period in
question. Over the period, the United States was the first country in terms of production, Turkey
was the first in terms of imports, Canada was the first in terms of exports and New Zealand was
the first in terms of wheat yield per hectare. The countries with the highest degree of selfsufficiency in wheat production were Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, which have small
populations. Colombia, South Korea and Portugal were the countries with the lowest level of
self-sufficiency in wheat. The results of this study are intended to help the countries concerned
to make more effective decisions in the formulation of agricultural policies and extension
strategies related to wheat, the optimisation and sustainability of agricultural practices and the
implementation of trade and marketing plans.
Keywords: OECD, wheat, production, market.
24
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
POTENTIAL PEST IN PISTACHIO FIELDS OF ŞIRNAK PROVINCE: PISTACHIO
PSYLLID [AGONOSCENA PISTACIAE BURCK. AND LAUT.)
(HEMIPTERA: APHALARIDAE)]
Dr. Tarkan AYAZ (ORCID: 0000-0001-8642-2498)
Sirnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Sirnak
Email: tarkanayaz@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Pistachio is one of the agricultural products that have an important place in the economy of our
country. It provides employment opportunities in many areas from the production stage until
it is ready for consumption. Since it is such an economically important product, it is tried to be
grown in every area where it can be cultivated. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase
in production areas in Şırnak province and its districts. In parallel with this increase in area,
problems related to plant protection arise. Plant protection problems that may arise in pistachio
fields should be combated in a timely and technically appropriate manner. In many scientific
studies conducted in pistachio fields, it has been reported that Pistachio Psyllid [Agonoscena
pistaciae Burck. and Laut.) is one of the most common and intensive pests. The pest, which
does its main damage by sucking plant sap during the nymph stage, also causes fumagin
formation. With its damage, it causes early and dense fall of leaves and prevents the fruits from
filling. Especially in the pistachio fields located in Şırnak Center, Güçlükonak, İdil and Silopi
districts, pistachio trees should be controlled from mid-April when pistachio trees start to leaf
out and when 20-30 nymphs per compound leaf are seen, it is necessary to decide to fight
against A. Pistaciae and spraying should be done. Determination of the prevalence, damage
status and contamination rate of A. pistaciae, which is a potential main pest for pistachio
orchards established and to be established in Şırnak province and its districts, will form the
basis for the Integrated Pistachio Control studies to be carried out in this province.
Keywords: Pistachio, potential pest, nymph, Sirnak
25
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EVALUATION OF YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT MAIZE
VARIETIES UNDER DERİK/MARDİN CONDITIONS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferhat ÖZTÜRK (ORCID: 0000-0002-2743-4285)
Sirnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Sirnak
Email: fozturk@sirnak.edu.tr
Dr. Tarkan AYAZ (ORCID: 0000-0001-8642-2498)
Sirnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Sirnak
Email: tarkanayaz@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the yield characteristics of some maize varieties as
second crop in Kuyulu/Derik conditions in 2017. The study was established according to the
randomized block design with three replications. In the study, 3 varieties (Dkc 5783, Agm 1644
and 32T83) were used. Differences between varieties were found to be significant for all traits.
In the study, plant number, moisture content, hectoliter weight and yield characteristics were
analyzed. According to the average results obtained from the traits examined in the study, the
number of plants varied between 80000 (plants/ha) and 91000 (plants/ha), moisture content
between 23% and 29%, hectoliter weight between 61 kg/hl and 68 kg/hl and grain yield between
14580 kg/ha and 14870 kg/ha. Agm 1644 was the leading variety in terms of grain yield.
Keywords: Maize, Genotype, yield, quality
26
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DETERMINATION OF YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME MAIZE
VARIETIES UNDER KIZILTEPE/MARDİN CONDITIONS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferhat ÖZTÜRK (ORCID: 0000-0002-2743-4285)
Sirnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Sirnak
Email: fozturk@sirnak.edu.tr
Dr. Tarkan AYAZ (ORCID: 0000-0001-8642-2498)
Sirnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Sirnak
Email: tarkanayaz@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the yield characteristics of some maize varieties as
second crop in Kılduman/Kiziltepe /Mardin conditions in 2015. The study was established
according to the randomized block design with three replications. In the study, 3 varieties (As
66, Agn 720, and 71May69) were used. Differences between varieties were found to be
significant for all traits. In the study, plant number, moisture content, hectoliter weight and
yield characteristics were analyzed. According to the average results obtained from the traits
examined in the study, the number of plants varied between 78000 (plants/ha) and 93000
(plants/ha), moisture content between 23% and 29%, hectoliter weight between 61 kg/hl and
68 kg/hl and grain yield between 14580 kg/ha and 14870 kg/ha. Agm720 was the leading
variety in terms of grain yield.
Keywords: Maize, Genotype, yield, quality
27
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EVALUATION OF YIELD FACTORS OF DIFFERENT CORN VARIETIES UNDER
HARRAN CONDITIONS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferhat ÖZTÜRK (ORCID: 0000-0002-2743-4285)
Sirnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Sirnak
Email: fozturk@sirnak.edu.tr
Dr. Tarkan AYAZ (ORCID: 0000-0001-8642-2498)
Sirnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Sirnak
Email: tarkanayaz@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the yield characteristics of some maize varieties as
second crop in Harran (Şanlıurfa) conditions in 2020. The study was established according to
the randomized block design with three replications. In the study, 4 varieties (Aramis, Agm
1670, 32T83 and Capella) were used. Differences between varieties were found to be significant
for all traits. In the study, plant number, moisture content, hectoliter weight and yield
characteristics were analyzed. According to the average results obtained from the traits
examined in the study, the number of plants varied between 83000 (plants/ha) and 113000
(plants/ha), moisture content between 22,3% and 27,9%, hectoliter weight between 61 kg/hl
and 69 kg/hl and grain yield between 11770 kg/ha and 15620 kg/ha. Agm1670 was the leading
variety in terms of grain yield.
Keywords: Maize, Genotype, yield, quality
28
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
COMPARISON OF YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME CORN VARIETIES
UNDER HARRAN/ŞANLIURFA ENVIRONMENTS
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ferhat ÖZTÜRK (ORCID: 0000-0002-2743-4285)
Sirnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops, Sirnak
Email: fozturk@sirnak.edu.tr
Dr. Tarkan AYAZ (ORCID: 0000-0001-8642-2498)
Sirnak University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Sirnak
Email: tarkanayaz@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the yield characteristics of some maize varieties as
second crop in Harran/Sanliurfa conditions in 2020. The study was established according to the
randomized block design with three replications. In the study, 4 varieties (32T83, Dkc 6101,
Agm 1670 and Agm 6919) were used. Differences between varieties were found to be
significant for all traits. In the study, plant number, moisture content, hectoliter weight and
yield characteristics were analyzed. According to the average results obtained from the traits
examined in the study, the number of plants varied between 88000 (plants/ha) and 105000
(plants/ha), moisture content between 25,3% and 26,5%, hectoliter weight between 64 kg/hl
and 68 kg/hl and grain yield between 10490 kg/ha and 12380 kg/ha. 32T83 was the leading
variety in terms of grain yield.
Keywords: Maize, Genotype, yield, quality
29
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAMU SEKTÖRÜNDE DİJİTAL DÖNÜŞÜM: YÖNETİŞİMDE YENİ BİR ÇAĞ
Öğr. Gör. Dr. Ayşe BOZKURT (ORCID: 0000-0003-4236-4972)
Cukurova University, Kozan Vocational School, Department of Finance, Banking, and
Insurance, Adana-Türkiye
Email: aysebozkurt@cu.edu.tr
ÖZET
Kamu hizmetlerindeki dijital dönüşüm, modern toplumların karşılaştığı birçok zorluğu ele
alırken, vatandaşlara daha etkili, erişilebilir ve şeffaf hizmetler sunma potansiyeline sahiptir.
Bu dönüşüm, geleneksel hizmet sunum yöntemlerinin yerini dijital teknolojilerin aldığı bir
süreç olarak tanımlanabilir. İnternet üzerinden yapılan başvurular, online ödemeler, e-devlet
uygulamaları ve diğer dijital platformlar aracılığıyla hizmet sunumu, vatandaşların bekleme
sürelerini azaltırken, hizmetlere daha hızlı erişim imkanı sağlamaktadır. Bu da, vatandaş
memnuniyetinin artmasına ve kamu kurumlarının daha verimli çalışmasına katkıda
bulunmaktadır. Ancak, kamu hizmetlerindeki dijital dönüşümün beraberinde getirdiği güvenlik
ve gizlilik konuları, hassas kamu verilerinin çevrimiçi ortamlarda saklanması ve işlenmesiyle
ilgili endişeler de vardır. Bu nedenle, güçlü siber güvenlik politikaları ve veri koruma
yönetmelikleri bu süreçte kritik öneme sahiptir. Dijitalleşme aynı zamanda yönetişim
süreçlerinde de önemli bir dönüşüme neden olmaktadır. Ancak, dijital dönüşümün başarılı
olabilmesi için dijital okuryazarlık düzeyinin artırılması ve herkesin teknolojiye eşit şekilde
erişim sağlaması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma, kamu hizmetlerindeki dijital dönüşümün
potansiyelini ve zorluklarını ele almaktadır. Bu dönüşümün başarılı olabilmesi için güvenlik,
gizlilik, eşitlik ve katılım gibi konuların dikkate alınması gerekmektedir. Yalnızca bu şekilde,
kamu hizmetlerinde dijitalleşme, toplumların ihtiyaçlarını daha etkili bir şekilde karşılayabilir
ve kapsayıcı bir toplum için adil bir fırsat eşitliği sağlayabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dijital dönüşüm, dijitalleşme, yönetişim, kamu hizmetleri, e-devlet
30
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: A NEW ERA IN
GOVERNANCE
ABSTRACT
The digital transformation in public services holds the potential to address many of the
challenges faced by modern societies while providing citizens with more effective, accessible,
and transparent services. This transformation can be defined as a process where traditional
service delivery methods are replaced by digital technologies. Application submissions, online
payments, e-government applications, and other digital platforms facilitate service delivery,
reducing waiting times and providing faster access to services, thereby contributing to increased
citizen satisfaction and more efficient functioning of public institutions. However, the security
and privacy concerns associated with the digital transformation of public services, particularly
regarding the storage and processing of sensitive public data in online environments, are
significant. Therefore, robust cybersecurity policies and data protection regulations are
critically important in this process. Additionally, digital transformation also brings about a
significant transformation in governance processes. However, for digital transformation to be
successful, it is essential to increase digital literacy levels and ensure equal access to technology
for everyone. This study addresses the potential and challenges of digital transformation in
public services, emphasizing the importance of considering security, privacy, equality, and
participation. Only in this way can digitalization of public services effectively meet the needs
of societies and provide fair opportunities for inclusive communities.
Keywords: Digital transformation, digitization, governance, public services, e-government
31
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ROBOTIC SYSTEMS IN REHABILITATION FOR GUNSHOT WOUNDS OF THE
UPPER LIMB
Konstantin BABOV
State Institution «Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical Rehabilitation and Resort Therapy
of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine», Odessa, Ukraine
Svitlana ONISHCHAK
State Institution "Territorial Medical Association of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of
Ukraine for Odesa Region", Odesa, Ukraine
Oleksandr BIBIKOV
State Institution "Territorial Medical Association of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of
Ukraine for Odesa Region", Odesa, Ukraine
Irina BABOVA
State institution “South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K.D.
Ushinsky", Odessa, Ukraine
Alexander PLAKIDA
State Institution «Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical Rehabilitation and Resort Therapy
of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine», Odessa, Ukraine
ABSTRACT
Robotic systems usage in the rehabilitation of gunshot and mine-explosive wounds of the upper
limb is an evidence-based method that improves function and quality of life. Polytrauma,
including traumas of extremities, occupies first place in the structure of primary permeable
wounds. Injuries of the upper extremities are often accompanied by damage to peripheral
nerves. Such injuries significantly increase the duration of rehabilitation and lead to further
disability and decreasing in quality of life.We reviewed a clinical case of long-term staged
rehabilitation after a mine explosion wound of the left upper limb, complicated by posttraumatic neuritis of the left radial, ulnar and median nerves and significant loss of limb function
(loss of function of left hand, flexion contracture of the left elbow joint etc.) in 45 years old
man with a diagnosis of gunshot fragmentation wound of the lower third of the left shoulder
with a gunshot multi-fragment intra-articular fracture of the distal epimetaphysis of the left
humerus. The examination revealed a significant decrease in muscle strength of the left upper
limb up to 1-2 points, pain during movements up to 6-7 points due to VAS, almost complete
limitation of movements in the left elbow and wrist joints, limitation of movements in the left
shoulder joint, impaired sensitivity, and edema syndrome in the lower third of the forearm,
impaired grasping function. Outpatient rehabilitation was carried out, and the volume of
rehabilitation assistance was high. Rehabilitation was carried out in three courses of 18–21 days
with breaks of 1–2 weeks over a long period. Rehabilitation includes: physical therapy,
ergotherapy, physical modalities (laser, ultrasound, electrotherapy), and medicines to reduce
pain, edema and inflammation. During the 1st rehabilitation course, a robotic Smart glove was
used, and in the 2nd and 3rd courses, Uрреr Limb Intelligent Feedback and Training System was
additionally used.
Keywords: gunshot wounds, rehabilitation, robotic systems
32
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM USING SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION
HARISH-A
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Computer science business system, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: 230064.cb@rmkec.ac.in
SUGANTHI P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Modern flight control systems rely heavily on linear algebra for real-time decision making.
These systems model the complex dynamics of an aircraft using systems of linear equations.
Each equation relates the aircraft's state, including position, velocity, and orientation, to the
control inputs like movements of ailerons, elevators, and rudders. Solving these systems in realtime allows the control system to predict how the aircraft will respond to pilot commands or
external disturbances. By analyzing these equations, engineers can design control laws that
ensure stability and efficient flight paths. Linear algebra's ability to represent relationships
between flight parameters and efficiently solve complex systems makes it a cornerstone of
modern flight control technology, contributing to safe and smooth air travel.
Keywords: Flight control systems, Linear algebra, Real-time decision making, Systems of
linear equations, Aircraft dynamics, Control inputs, State variables, Control laws, Stability,
Efficient flight paths, Safe air travel
33
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
HARNESSING THE POWER OF AI : A MOTIVATIONAL TOOL FOR DEPRESSION
DARSHINI K
R.M.K. Engineering College
CHRISTY JENEFA J
R.M.K. Engineering College
DIVYA SHRI S
R.M.K. Engineering College
DEEPIKA
R.M.K. Engineering College
LALITHA RAMACHANDRAN
R.M.K. Engineering College
ABSTRACT
In the realm of mental health, depression stands as a formidable challenge where
communication barriers often hinder seeking help, the advent of a Motivational AI Tool for
Depression emerges as a beacon of hope. Designed to cater to individuals battling depression,
this innovative tool offers solace and support when words fail. Through personalized
encouragement and empathetic interactions, it serves as a virtual confidant, fostering emotional
resilience and alleviating stress. In the face of despair and the alarming rise in suicide rates, this
tool stands as a lifeline, offering companionship and motivation, ultimately paving the path
towards healing and renewed hope.
Keywords: Mental health, depression, offers solace and support, virtual confident, paving the
path towards healing and renewed hope.
34
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE SYNERGY OF MATHEMATICS AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING:
ENHANCING PRECISION AND SUSTAINABILITY
DARSHINI K
R.M.K. Engineering College
Email: 230110.cb@rmkec.ac.in
CHRISTY JENEFA J
R.M.K. Engineering College
SUGANTHI P
R.M.K. Engineering College
Email: psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
This research paper explores the integral role of mathematics in advancing Biosystems
Engineering. It delves into the application of mathematical models, optimization techniques,
and statistical analyses in addressing complex challenges within agricultural and biological
systems. By employing mathematical tools, researchers can enhance precision, efficiency, and
sustainability in various aspects of Biosystems Engineering.
Keywords: Biosystems Engineering, mathematics, mathematical modeling, optimization,
statistical analysis, precision agriculture, sustainability, biological systems.
35
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A CONFORMABLE FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE MODEL
FOR HIV-1 INFECTION WITH STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
ESAM Y. SALAH
Department of Mathematics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad
(M.S.), India.”
ABSTRACT
The authors have proposed a new mathematical model to analyze the effects of stem cell
transplantation on HIV-1-infected patients. The model employs a system of first-order
nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The equations represent five main populations: stem
cells, free HIV viral particles, productively infected T cells (actively producing new virus),
infected T cells in the eclipse phase (infected but not yet producing virus), and uninfected T
cells. This mathematical modelling approach can be utilized to study the interactions between
transplanted stem cells and the dynamics of HIV infection within the patient’s T cell population.
By developing these novel differential equations, the authors aim to gain insights into how stem
cell transplantation may impact disease progression in individualspositive for HIV-1. In this
study, the conformable fractional derivative (CFD) of order ϱin conjunction with the LC
operator of order ρ is employed to develop the model. Fixed-point theorems were utilized to
prove the existence and uniqueness of the solutions to this model. The study discusses the
stability of the mathematical model and equilibrium points. Adam Moulton’s method was used
to find an approximate solution to the given model. The study also examined the effects of
changing the ϱ and ρ values. The study found that there is convergence in solution curves when
altering ϱ while maintaining a constant ρ value, in contrast to what it observed when changing
the value of ρ and preserving the ϱ value constant.
Keywords: Conformable derivative; Fixed point theorem; Adams-Moulton approach.
36
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MATHEMATICS: THE KEY TO UNLOCKING SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY
OPTIMIZATION
DUSHYANTH N
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Information and Technology, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: 230211.cb@rmkec.ac.in
SUGANTHI P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
This paper explores how mathematics is essential for optimizing solar and wind energy systems.
It dives into various aspects of both technologies, starting with solar energy, where
mathematical models predict sunlight levels, optimize panel positioning, and account for factors
like shading and weather. Additionally, optimization algorithms are instrumental in designing
solar tracking systems for enhanced energy capture. When it comes to wind energy,
mathematical models simulate airflow and predict wind speeds, aiding in turbine design and
placement optimization. Furthermore, mathematical optimization fine-tunes turbine geometry
and layout to maximize energy output while minimizing wake effects. Integrating these
renewable sources with storage and the grid is facilitated by algorithms, ensuring efficient
utilization of clean energy. Overall, this paper underscores the pivotal role of mathematics in
advancing solar and wind technologies for a sustainable future.
Keywords: Solar and wind energy, mathematical models
37
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GUARDIAN OF THE DEEP: AI-POWERED UNDERWATER DRONES FOR
AQUATIC LIFE HEALTH MONITORING AND CONSERVATION
Deepak A
Deepak1906a@gmail.com
Balapriyan R
rajavelubalapriyan@gmail.com
Brijesh M
Brijeshmathimariappan1@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Guardian of the Deep is an innovative idea to monitor and enhance the health of aquatic
species. It works through integration of autonomous underwater drones with advanced
artificial intelligence algorithm and environmental sensors. Nowadays marine ecosystem
faces several challenges such as pollution, overfishing and climate change. In order to it, this
project aims to update the conservation methods by providing real time data on the health of
aquatic organisms. The autonomous underwater drones navigate through oceans, capturing
comprehensive datasets and the collected data undergoes detailed analysis through AI
algorithms and it generates the health reports for various aquatic species. It also monitors
pollution level, thermal imaging, overfishing. The reports collected highlights trends, identify
potential trends and areas need for attention. This innovative initiative emerges as a formidable
force in safeguarding aquatic life and restoring the health of our Aquatic species. This is a
collaborative approach, engaging research institutions, conservation organizations and public.
By this project we increase understanding about marine ecosystem and also it promotes active
participation of public in marine conservation effort.
Keywords: Underwater drones, Artificial intelligence, aquatic life health, marine ecosystem,
biodiversity monitoring
38
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MATHEMATICAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE: MATHEMATICAL
APPLICATIONS IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND DISEASE CONTROL
R. J. VISHAL
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communication Engineering, India.
Email:230638.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communication Engineering, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Meena M
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communication Engineering, India.
Email:mm.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Epidemiology, a cornerstone of medical sciences, intricately unravels the complex web of
health and disease within populations. At its core, it delves into the distribution, determinants,
and dynamics of health-related events, employing meticulous research methodologies and
statistical techniques such as observational studies, cohort investigations, case-control analyses,
and randomized controlled trials. Through these endeavours, epidemiology identifies patterns,
risk factors, and causal relationships, offering a comprehensive understanding of diverse
diseases. Its paramount significance lies in contributing to public health through the informed
development of evidence-based interventions and policies. By scrutinizing demographics,
genetics, environmental exposures, and socio-economic determinants, epidemiologists yield
crucial insights into disease prevention and control. Whether tracking infectious diseases,
investigating outbreaks, or studying chronic conditions and lifestyle influences, epidemiology
serves as a guiding force for healthcare strategies. Beyond its analytical methodologies,
epidemiology stands as the vanguard in the ongoing quest for global health equity. Its influence
extends into the development of targeted interventions and vaccination programs, actively
mitigating the burden of diseases worldwide. The discipline addresses disparities in health
outcomes, acknowledging the intricate interplay between biological, environmental, and social
determinants. In navigating public health crises and contributing to the formulation of holistic
healthcare strategies, epidemiologists become indispensable agents of change. In an era marked
by interconnected global health challenges, epidemiology fosters resilience and paves the way
for a healthier, more equitable future for communities worldwide.
Keywords: Epidemiology, health-related events, research methodologies, statistical
techniques, evidence-based interventions, global health equity, disease prevention, public
health.
39
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A MATRIX BASED SIMULATION
G. KUSHAL
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Information and Technology, Thiruvallur, India.
K. SRAVAN KUMAR
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
AKSHAY JILLA
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Information and Technology, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: 230978.cb@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
This abstract proposes a novel solution to urban traffic congestion by leveraging matrix-based
simulation and control techniques. It begins with comprehensive data collection from sensors
and cameras to analyze traffic patterns and congestion points. Representing the road network
as a graph, an adjacency matrix is created to model traffic dynamics. Optimization algorithms
are then applied to devise optimal traffic signal timings and routing strategies. A real-time
control system adjusts signals and lanes based on current conditions, aiming to minimize travel
times and enhance efficiency. Evaluation through simulations and field trials assesses the
system's impact on travel time reduction, fuel savings, and emissions. This approach offers a
promising avenue for cities to address congestion and create more sustainable urban
environments.
Keywords: urban traffic congestion, to model traffic dynamics
40
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BASIS AND RANK
AKSHAY JILLA
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Information and Technology, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: 230751.CB@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Basis and rank are fundamental concepts in linear algebra with broad applications in various
fields including mathematics, engineering, and computer science. A basis for a vector space is
a set of linearly independent vectors that span the entire space, providing a framework for
expressing any vector within that space as a unique linear combination of basis vectors. The
concept of basis allows for the representation and analysis of vectors in terms of a minimal set
of independent components, facilitating operations such as solving systems of linear equations
and understanding the structure of vector spaces. The rank of a matrix is a measure of its linear
independence and dimensionality, defined as the maximum number of linearly independent
columns or rows within the matrix. It provides crucial insights into the properties and solutions
of systems of linear equations, as well as the geometric interpretation of transformations
represented by matrices. Understanding the rank of a matrix is essential in numerous
computational tasks such as solving systems of linear equations, performing matrix
factorizations, and solving optimization problems. In summary, the concepts of basis and rank
play pivotal roles in linear algebra, offering powerful tools for analyzing vector spaces,
matrices, and their transformations. Their applications extend across diverse fields,
underpinning essential operations and insights in mathematical and computational domains.
Keywords: vector spaces, Basis, rank
41
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DIY VENTILATOR
ATMAKURI BHUVANESH
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Information and Technology, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: 230781.cb@rmkec.ac.in
SUGANTHI P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical need for accessible and affordable
ventilator solutions, particularly in resource-constrained environments. This abstract explores
the concept of a do-it-yourself (DIY) ventilator as a viable alternative. Utilizing readily
available materials and open-source designs, DIY ventilators offer a low-cost solution for
providing respiratory support to patients in emergency situations. By leveraging components
such as Arduino microcontrollers, 3D-printed parts, and basic electronic circuits, individuals
with basic technical skills can assemble functional ventilators. However, safety, reliability, and
adherence to medical standards remain paramount considerations. Collaborative efforts
between medical professionals, engineers, and DIY enthusiasts are essential for refining
designs, ensuring efficacy, and disseminating best practices. DIY ventilators have the potential
to complement traditional medical equipment during crises, extending respiratory support to
those in need, especially in underserved communities. Continued research and innovation in
this field hold promise for enhancing global healthcare resilience.
Keywords: DIY ventilators, COVID-19, 3D-printed parts
42
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
HARMONIZING HARVEST: REVOLUTIONIZING FARMING ECONOMIES
THROUGH MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND OPTIMIZATION
ATMAKURI BHUVANESH
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Information and Technology, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: 230781.cb@rmkec.ac.in
PRIYAVARSHINI A
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Information and Technology, Thiruvallur, India.
SUGANTHI P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
The agricultural sector stands on the precipice of transformation, poised to embrace the
symbiotic relationship between mathematics and farming economies. This ABSTRACT delves
into the innovative application of mathematical modeling and optimization techniques to
revolutionize traditional farming practices, catalyzing sustainable growth and prosperity. At the
heart of this paradigm shift lies the integration of advanced data analytics, machine learning
algorithms, and mathematical models. Through meticulous analysis of historical crop yield
data, weather patterns, soil quality metrics, and market demand fluctuations, farmers can unlock
invaluable insights into the complex dynamics of agricultural production. By harnessing the
predictive power of mathematical models, farmers gain the ability to forecast optimal planting
schedules, irrigation regimes, and fertilizer applications, tailored to specific crop varieties and
regional conditions. Moreover, optimization algorithms serve as the cornerstone of resource
allocation strategies, orchestrating the efficient utilization of water, energy, and nutrients to
maximize yield while minimizing environmental impact. By fine-tuning these variables,
farmers can achieve remarkable improvements in productivity and profitability, fostering
economic resilience and food security in farming communities.
Keywords: Agriculture, Mathematical Modeling, Optimization, Sustainability, Farming
Economy, Data Analytics, Machine Learning, Resource Allocation, Crop Yield Prediction,
Environmental Impact.
43
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ELEVATING AYURVEDIC EDUCATION: INTEGRATION OF CHATGPT FOR
PERSONALIZED LEARNING AND INTERACTIVE TEACHING
PR. Krithika PRIYA
Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering
College, Chennai – 600024, Tamil Nadu, India.
S. REKHA
Department of Chemistry, R.M.D. Engineering College, Chennai – 601201, Tamil Nadu,
India.
ABSTRACT
This research paper explores the transformative impact of integrating ChatGPT, an advanced
language model, into Ayurvedic education to enhance the overall learning experience. With the
increasing interest in Ayurveda and the demand for innovative educational approaches, this
research explores how ChatGPT can enrich the learning environment. Ayurvedic students often
struggle to memorize extensive information, especially complex terms, within tight deadlines.
Integrating ChatGPT enables efficient access to Ayurvedic information, helping students
overcome memorization challenges and stay current in their studies. This facilitates a better
grasp of intricate concepts, allowing them to stay informed and updated in their studies. This
contemporary paper provides the responses given by ChatGPT for the authors’ prompt on
Ayurveda, teaching, and learning.
Keywords: Ayurvedic education, language models, ChatGPT, personalized learning,
interactive teaching, artificial intelligence, Ayurveda, educational technology.
44
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
STUDY THE EFFECT OF GLYCERIN ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PVA/
H2SO4
Aseel A. KAREEM
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Hussein Kh. RASHEED
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Eman K. HASSAN
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Reem Y. MAHMOOD
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
ABSTRACT
In this study the optical properties of PVA/(2 and 4)wt.% glycerin doping by (3,5,7 and 9) M
H2SO4 such as the, transmission and absorption spectra have been record as a function of doping
ratio.The UV-vis absorption properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)membranes were
investigated by UV-VIS spectroscopy. The samples were investigated in initial state and after
UV and gamma exposure. Some modification appears in the spectra of samples containing
glycerin after doping by H2SO4. This behavior indicates modifications induced in the local
structure of the polymeric, membranes.
Keywords: UV-VIS spectroscopy, gamma exposure
45
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EFFECT OF CHIERANTHUS CHIERI SEEDS ON PANCREATIC PHYSIOLOGY
AND BETA-CELL REGENERATION IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Humaira MUZAFFAR*
Health Biology Lab, Department of Physiology, Government College University Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Email: uk5881236@gmail.com
Muhammad Naeem FAISAL
Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Pakistan
Bilal ASLAM
Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Pakistan
Haseeb ANWAR
Health Biology Lab, Department of Physiology, Government College University Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Arslan IFTIKHAR
Health Biology Lab, Department of Physiology, Government College University Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Shazad IRFAN
Health Biology Lab, Department of Physiology, Government College University Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Imran MUKHTAR
Health Biology Lab, Department of Physiology, Government College University Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Maham FATIMA
Health Biology Lab, Department of Physiology, Government College University Faisalabad,
Pakistan.
Usman HAIDER
Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Pakistan
Muhammad JAWAD ASLAM
Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Diabetes is defined as a metabolic disease commonly observed in clinics and is characterized
by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both, resulting in
impaired metabolism of sugars, lipids, and protein. Herbal plants are now used to treat diabetes
since they have fewer adverse effects. However, the current study was designed to evaluate the
effects of Cheiranthus cheiri seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. For this purpose, adult
46
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
albino rats weighing about 180-200g were separated into four groups. The first group was
negative group (non-diabetic) rats. The second group was positive control alloxan (150 mg/kg
body weight) and a standard diet. The third group was standard (glibenclamide 10 mg/kg body
weight) along with The fourth group was treated as ethanolic extract of Cheiranthus cheiri
seeds (10 mg/kg body weight). On the 21st day, the blood sample was collected for measuring
blood glucose levels. Parameters like serum CBC, serum glucose, serum insulin, and Oxidative
stress markers (TAC, TOS, MDA) were assessed. For histological analysis, samples of
pancreatic tissue were collected. One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and DMR
(Duncan’s multiple range) were used to statistically analyze the data. Results of the current
study revealed that Cheiranthus cheiri had significant effects on body weight and normalized
the levels of fasting blood glucose, serum glucose, and serum insulin in the treatment group as
compared to the positive control group. According to histopathological examination. However,
in the positive control group, the pancreas showed the destruction of β-cells, small-sized islets
of Langerhans, and loss of cellular contents. The normal histological structure was restored in
the Cheiranthus cheiri seeds-treated group, demonstrating that normal pancreatic parenchyma
and completely functional β- -cells in islets of Langerhans were advantageous for pancreatic
beta-cell regeneration. Additionally, Cheiranthus cheiri seeds enhanced beta cell performance
and returned INS-1, INS-2, PDX-1, and IGF-1 expression to normal levels. In conclusion, it
was discovered that Cheiranthus cheiri seeds are advantageous for the normal functioning of
the pancreas and the regeneration of beta cells.
Keywords: Cheiranthus cheiri, alloxan, glibenclamide
47
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ASSESSING THE EFFICACY AND CHALLENGES OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMMES IN INDIA: TOWARDS STRATEGIC ENHANCEMENTS
Аssistаnt Рrоfessоr Dr. Jitender KUMAR*
IMSАR, Mаhаrshi Dаyаnаnd University, Indiа
Email:Jitender.rathee.imsar@mdurohtak.ac.in
Garima HOODA (ORCID: 0000-0001-9425-7074)
IMSАR, Mаhаrshi Dаyаnаnd University, Indiа
Email:garimahooda09.mdu@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Programmes for skill development are essential because they empower people, improve their
employability, and promote economic growth. This research paper delves into the assessment
of available skill development programmes in India so as to determine their effectiveness and
identify some critical obstacles that hamper their success. The need for skill development to
empower people and boost the economy keeps growing, as it is important to know the strengths
and weaknesses of present activities. This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach to assess
the results and consequences of skill development programmes among various sectors and
demographic segments. The comprehensive analysis identifies key challenges impeding the
effectiveness of these initiatives like access issues, standards-related problems, significance
issues, and inclusiveness concerns, among others. Moreover, this paper has strategic
recommendations based on empirical evidence and stakeholder perspectives designed to
increase the impact and extend the reach of skill development programmes in India.
Policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders can create an enabling environment for capacity
building through resolving these challenges and implementing targeted strategies thereby
contributing towards inclusive growth for socioeconomic advancement.
Keywords: Skill Development Programmes, India, Efficacy Assessment, Challenges, Strategic
Enhancements, Socioeconomic Advancement.
48
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN SUSTAINABLE EDUCATION OF
HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA: TEACHER’S PERCEPTION
Assistant Professor Dr. Jitender KUMAR
IMSAR, Maharshi Dayanand University (Rohtak)-124001
Email: Jitender.rathee.imsar@mdurohtak.ac.in
Simran SIKKA
IMSAR, Maharshi Dayanand University (Rohtak)-124001
Email: Simran.rs.imsar@mdurohtak.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Human resource management is a very imperative feature in the education practice. Human
resources in an educational institution submit to every individual or group functioning in that
institute, counting educators, learners, administrators, and all supplementary members of the
workforce running in that institute. Online teaching and learning came into the style. Artificial
intelligence (AI) is altering every market sector, and the education sector is no exception. AI
has been converted into a fundamental component of educational institutions and has a force
on teachers and students. The educational sector has embraced the recent techniques of training
and learning. Hence, artificial intelligence (AI) gives opportunities for education to turn
effortlessly accessible both inside and outside the classroom. In the demand of the present
times, AI has a vast potential in the education sector in the market and is a progressive change.
This paper attempts to get an insight on the role of AI in sustainable instruction of higher
education institutions from the teacher’s perception.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, higher education institution, human resource management,
sustainability
49
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
POULTRY FEEDING BY AZOLLA MICROPHYLA CASE OF FAYOUMI
(MOSTAGANEM)
Noureddine BENGUENOUNA
Laboratory of Applied Animal Physiology, Abedlhamib Ibnbadis University
MOSTAGANEM.
Djilali ENABDELMOUMENE
Laboratory of Applied Animal Physiology, Abedlhamib Ibnbadis University
MOSTAGANEM.
Mohamed BOUZOUINA
Plant protection laboratory; Abdelhamid Ibnbadis University MOSTAGANEM
Dahmouni SAID
Plant protection laboratory; Abdelhamid Ibnbadis University MOSTAGANEM
Mustapha kamel FODIL
Plant protection laboratory; Abdelhamid Ibnbadis University MOSTAGANEM
ABSTRACT
This in-depth study examines the use of Azolla microphylla, rich in protein with a rate of up to
27%, in chicken feed at different percentages: 5%, 10% and 15%, in separate batches. The
results obtained are remarkable, particularly with regard to the weight gain of the Fayoumi
hens, with a concentration of 15% of Azolla which particularly stands out. It is notable that
even fresh Azolla, used as a dietary supplement at 50%, resulted in a higher average live weight
compared to the control group (1150.90g vs 1034.63g). This approach also led to impressive
results in terms of lipid content and weight gain. The demonstrated effectiveness of Azolla
suggests that it could be used as a partial substitute for soybean meal, thereby improving the
protein quality of Fayoumi chicken meat.
Keywords: Azolla, Fayoumi, Food, Protein, weight
50
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY SPECTRUM OF SPECIFIED DIATOMIC
MOLECULES VIA THE RESOLUTION OF SCHRODINGER EQUATION
Dr. Khalid REGGAB
Ziane Achour University, Exact science and computer Faculty, Department of physics, Djelfa,
ALGERIA
Email:khaledreggab@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Quantum mechanics is a physical science, it allows the development of technology in many
fields such as computing, electronics, and chemistry. Quantum mechanics is the description of
the behavior of matter in all their details, everything that happens at the atomic scale. The
phenomena are described by the wave function which contains all the information on the
particles of a system and its behavior follows the Schrödinger equation. There are several
challenges in modern physics like the resolution of the Schrödinger, Klein Gordan, Dirac
equations, etc with the attractive Coulomb force and other potentials. The resolution of the
Schrodinger equation allows the identification of some physical systems and their properties by
finding bound states and the eigenfunctions which are resolved using many different methods,
with modified Kratzer potential. The results obtained are important in several branches of
theoretical physics as well as quantum chemistry because they are more general and useful for
studying nuclear charge radius, spin, and nuclear diffusion.In this paper the shrodinger equation
was solved to determine the energy eigenvalues of some selected diatomic molecules like
(CO,NO…) for the Kratzer fues potential emoploying an analytical method called the WKB
approximation.The results are satisfied and accurate with other method outcomes.
Keywords: Shrodinger equation, Kratzer fues potential, WKB approximation, eigenvalues of
energy, diatomic molecules.
51
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PARTITION SHADOWS AND DALIT IDENTITY IN MANORANJAN BYAPARI’S
‘INTERROGATING MY CHANDAL LIFE’
Assistant Professor Kawya PANDEY
Sharda University
Assistant Professor MA ENGLISH
Sharda University
Assistant Professor Dr. Raf Raf Shakil ANSARI
Sharda University
ABSTRACT
This study delves into the profound impacts of the Bengal Partition and the subsequent
Bangladesh Partition on the marginalized Namasudra Dalit community, focusing on their
struggles and identity. The Bengal Partition of 1947 carved the region into East Bengal, a part
of Pakistan, and West Bengal, which remained a part of India. This division based on religious
lines led to immense communal violence and mass migrations. The Namasudra Dalits,
primarily residing in East Bengal, were profoundly affected by this partition. Many were forced
to leave their ancestral lands, facing displacement, violence, and a loss of identity. The
Bangladesh Partition of 1971 was another pivotal moment, resulting in the formation of the
independent nation of Bangladesh. This partition, arising from the Bangladesh Liberation War,
brought further turmoil to the Namasudra Dalit community. The conflict and subsequent
partition led to widespread violence, displacement, and an erosion of their socio-economic
standing. These partitions had a lasting impact on the lives of the Namasudra Dalit community.
Displaced from their homes and facing discrimination in both East and West Bengal, they
struggled to rebuild their lives. The loss of land and livelihoods exacerbated their already
marginalized status, pushing many into poverty and vulnerability. In his autobiography
‘Interrogating My Chandal Life,’ Manoranjan Byapari offers a poignant account of these
partition shadows and the Dalit identity crisis. Byapari, a Namasudra Dalit himself, vividly
portrays the struggles, discrimination, and resilience of his community amidst the chaos of
partition. Through his personal narrative, he sheds light on the profound impacts of these
historical events on the lives of the Namasudra Dalits, highlighting their quest for identity and
dignity.
Keywords: Partition, Namasudra Dalit, Caste discrimination, violence and displacement.
52
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING IN GARMENTS INDUSTRY BY APPLYING
SIMULATION AND LEAN TOOLS
Farhat Ullah SHAH*
Department of Manufacturing systems, UET Peshawar, Pakistan
Email: fshah1493@gmail.com
Associate Professor Tufail HABİB
Industrial Engg Department UET, Peshawar Pakistan
Email: tufailh@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
ABSTRACT
Addressing the pressing challenges of resource depletion and climate change requires the
adoption of sustainable practices in production and consumption. This study explores the
application of simulation and lean tools to reduce waste in manufacturing processes, employing
techniques such as simulations and Kaizen in the garment production. By examining the gap
between batch production flow and single-piece flow using ARENA simulation software, the
study evaluates their impact on productivity and resource utilization. Results indicate a notable
improvement in productivity (31 pieces per day), also average work in progress (WIP)
decreased from 26.1 to 5.75 pieces, when adopting the one-piece flow approach, showcasing
its advantage over batch flow in terms of reducing waste and optimizing resource usage.
Furthermore, through Kaizen, the study demonstrates significant improvements in time and cost
efficiency. For instance, by streamlining the watch pocket operation, cycle time decreased from
0.83 minutes to 0.75 minutes per garment, thus 0.08 minutes per garment is saved. As daily
production is 30,000 pieces resulting in substantial cost savings of Rs 120,000 per month.
Similarly, by optimizing the parts numbering operation, cycle time is reduced from 0.68
minutes to 0.52 minutes per garment, thus 0.16 minutes is saved per garment. As daily
production is 30,000 pieces this leads to a cost savings of Rs 240,000 per month. The results
highlight the potential for reduced waste in support of sustainable manufacturing and
consumption practices for the circular economy. This study contributes to increased efficiency,
reduced waste, and improved overall performance in the garments industry.
Keywords: Lean tools, Sustainable manufacturing, ARENA simulation tool, Kaizen, Waste
reduction, Performance improvement.
53
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MATHEMATICS APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING: BRIDGING THEORY TO
PRACTICE
Pradhap R
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Muthukumaran G
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Ram Prakash K R
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Email:230400.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Meena M
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Mathematics serves as the backbone of engineering, providing the fundamental tools and
methodologies for analysis, design, and problem-solving. Through a comprehensive overview,
this paper highlights key areas where mathematics is employed, including modeling and
simulation, statics and dynamics, control systems, signal processing, optimization, probability
and statistics, numerical methods, and electrical engineering. Each section demonstrates how
mathematical principles are intricately woven into the fabric of engineering practice, enabling
engineers to tackle complex challenges and innovate across diverse domains. By elucidating
the symbiotic relationship between mathematics and engineering, this paper underscores the
significance of mathematical proficiency in shaping the modern landscape of technological
advancement and innovation. It also delves into the critical intersections between mathematics
and engineering, illuminating the pervasive influence of mathematical principles on
engineering practice. Through a systematic examination of key domains, including modeling,
analysis, and optimization, it underscores the indispensable role of mathematics in fostering
innovation and problem-solving in engineering. By elucidating concrete examples and
applications, this paper illustrates how mathematical concepts such as differential equations,
linear algebra, and optimization algorithms underpin various engineering disciplines, from
mechanical and civil engineering to electrical and biomedical engineering. Moreover, it
explores the evolving landscape of interdisciplinary research, where the integration of
mathematics and engineering fuels advancements in fields such as robotics, artificial
intelligence, and sustainable infrastructure. Through a nuanced exploration of theory and
practice, this paper underscores the symbiotic relationship between mathematics and
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
engineering, emphasizing the imperative of cultivating mathematical literacy for engineers to
thrive in an increasingly complex and interconnected world.
Keywords: Modeling, Analysis, Optimization, Differential Equations, Linear Algebra,
Artificial Intelligence, Sustainable Infrastructure, Problem-solving, Innovation.
55
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A REVIEW ARTICLE ON RECENT INNOVATION AND FUTURE OBSTACLES IN
DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM TO THE EYE
Priyanshi GOYAL
School of Pharmacy, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
Priyanshi goyal, School of Pharmacy, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
Email: goyalpriyanshi12@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The presence of numerous anatomic and physiologic obstacles has long made ocular drug
delivery a problem for ophthalmologists and researchers into drug delivery. Invincible ocular
obstacles, both static and dynamic, not only prevent xenobiotics from entering the eye, but also
prevent therapeutic substances from being actively absorbed. Improved medication
bioavailability and controlled drug release at the location of action, which can address several
ocular defences, should be included when creating the optimum delivery system. To treat
disorders of the anterior and posterior segment, traditional ophthalmic drugs include antivascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injections and topical eye drops agents. Puncture
plugs, eye implants, contact lenses with drug-eluting material, and ocular iontophoresis are
examples of modern innovations for controlled and prolonged medication release for the
anterior ocular segment illnesses. Various intravitreal implants have been approved as a result
of parallel attempts ocular drug delivery method for diseases of the back of the eye. Dendrimers,
microneedles, nanomicelles, nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, and nanowafers are
among the new drug delivery technologies being investigated for anterior and posterior
abnormalities. To increase patient compliance for diseases of the back of the eye, new
techniques for the noninvasive delivery of potent treatments are becoming more popular. In this
review article topics are covered in the current developments and upcoming difficulties in
ocular drug administration this review article.
Keywords: Anatomy of Eye; Drug delivery; Intravitreal; Diseases; Administration
56
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ROAD ANOMALY DETECTION IN REAL-TIME LEVERAGING ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE IN ADVANCED DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS (ADAS)
Arnav SHARMA
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab143005, India
Email: sharmaarnav222@gmail.com
Tarunjot SINGH
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab143005, India
Email: singhtarun1092000@gmail.com
Associate Professor Dr. Kuldeep SINGH (ORCID:0000-0003-1465-6740)
Department of Electronics Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab143005, India
Email: kuldeep.ece@gndu.ac.in
Associate Professor Dr. Harminder SINGH (ORCID:0000-0002-0829-2154)
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab143005, India
Email: harminder10@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
As transportation technology advances, it's more important than ever to make sure that roads
are safe, especially for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). Many innovative
approaches to capturing road incident data using advanced sensors and processing it through an
intelligent algorithm that utilizes Machine Learning and AI techniques. The goal is to improve
ADAS's ability to detect and respond to road irregularities quickly. Various Deep Learning and
AI frameworks are being used on extensive datasets that include different road conditions. The
models are fine-tuned to recognize different features associated with the classification of the
dataset, allowing for a comprehensive and accurate detection mechanism. Much research has
been done including studying a robust dataset that has a wide range of road scenarios. This
dataset is used to train and validate the machine learning models to ensure they can work in
real-world conditions. ADAS has been optimized with contributions that allow vehicles to
identify and respond to road anomalies in real-time. This solution will enhance safety for
vehicle occupants and contribute to the overall reliability of autonomous and semi-autonomous
driving systems. In conclusion, this research advances the field of road anomaly detection by
proposing a comprehensive solution that powers Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
within ADAS.
Keywords: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), Deep learning, Machine Learning,
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Road Anomalies.
57
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF A PLATE COMPOSITE
Touil ZOULIKHA*
Materials Physics Laboratory, Laghouat Amar Telidji University of Laghouat, BP 37G
Laghouat, 03000, Alegria
Email: z.touil@lagh-univ.dz
Lefkaier Ibn KHALDOUN
Materials Physics Laboratory, Laghouat Amar Telidji University of Laghouat, BP 37G
Laghouat, 03000, Alegria
Ahmed BENBELGHIT
Materials Physics Laboratory, Laghouat Amar Telidji University of Laghouat, BP 37G
Laghouat, 03000, Alegria
HALIFA BACHIR
Materials Physics Laboratory, Laghouat Amar Telidji University of Laghouat, BP 37G
Laghouat, 03000, Alegria
ABSTRACT
Composite materials are increasingly used in aeronautics. Their excellent mechanical properties
and their low weight give them a definite advantage over to metallic materials. In this work we
presented a numerical study of anisotropic and stratified plates. Le sujet principal est la
mécanique des matériaux composites renforcés de fibres. Ces matériaux sont généralement
composés de fibres cassantes et d'un matrice ductile. La géométrie se présente sous la forme
d'un stratifié. qui se compose de plusieurs couches parallèles. L'avantage de Cette construction
est qu'elle donne au matériau plus de résistance et moins de poids. calculation consists in
determining the characteristics mechanics of the material according to those of its components
is to determine the homogenized technical constants of the layer (E, G and 𝒱), due to the regular
arrangement of the fibres, by the mixing rule.
Keywords: Composite, epoxy carbon, mechanical properties, the mixing rule..
58
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
AŞI SIRASI TOPRAKTA VE TOHUMDA
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Derya GÜLOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0002-1839-8710)
Isparta University of Applied Sciences Atabey Vocational School, Department of Crop and
Animal Production, Isparta-Türkiye
Email: deryaguloglu@isparta.edu.tr
ÖZET
Azot, hücre bileşiminde karbon içeren maddelerle birleşerek aminoasitler, amidler, proteinler,
vitaminler ve hormonlar gibi çeşitli organik bileşikler oluşturması nedeniyle canlı yaşamında
önemli bir yer tutar. Atmosferde bitkilerin yararlanamayacağı formda oldukça yüksek
düzeylerde azot bulunmasına rağmen, topraklarda bitkilerin yararlanabileceği formdaki azotun
miktarı genel olarak çok düşüktür. Atmosferde bulunan azottan canlıların büyük bir bölümü
doğrudan doğruya yararlanamazlar. Organizmaların büyük bir bölümü azotu ancak suda erimiş
nitrat veya amonyum iyonları halinde topraktan alabilmektedir. Doğada oldukça hareketli olan
azot, toprak ile atmosfer arasında canlı organizmalar (biyolojik yolla); endüstriyel faaliyetler,
şimşek çakma, yıldırım düşme gibi atmosferik olaylarla sürekli bir dolanım halindedir.
Biyolojik yolla yarayışlı azotun toprağa bağlanmasında etkili olan mikroorganizmaların
başlıcaları; toprakta serbest yaşayan aktinomisetler, mavi-yeşil algler, clostridiumlar ve baklagil
köklerinde ortak yaşayan(simbiyoz) Rhizobium türü bakterilerdir. Bunların en önemlileri,
konak seçici Rhizobium bakterileri olup, Leguminosae (Baklagiller) familyasındaki bitkilerle
birlikte bulunur ve bu bitkilerin köklerinde nodüller oluşturarak atmosfer azotunu toprağa fikse
ederler. Bu gruba giren baklagillerin simbiyotik yaşam sürdükleri bitkiler ve bu bitkilere özgü
bakteri türleri birbirlerinden belirgin olarak farklıdır. Bu nedenle yeni baklagil ekilen bir alanda,
ürün artışını önemli derecede sağlayan uygun bakteri ile aşılama yapılması önerilmektedir. Pek
çok toprakta nodül bakterilerinin sayısı veya kalitesi yeterli olmamaktadır. Bu koşullarda toprak
veya tohumun etkinliği yüksek olan Rhizobium kültürleriyle aşılanması gereklidir. Aşılama:
Azot tespit etmek yönünden baklagil bitkilerinin köklerinde yumrucuk meydana getirebilecek
etkili bakteri suş veya suşlarının toprağa/tohuma verilmesidir. Her baklagil bitkisi için özel
bakteri grubu olduğu gibi, her grup içerisinde de azot tespit etme yönünden etkili veya etkisiz
suşlar bulunmaktadır. Etkisiz suşlar, yumrucuk meydana getirmelerine karşılık azot tespit etme
güçleri çok düşüktür. Bu nedenle, çeşitli bitkiler için etkili suşların bulunup üretilmesi
zorunludur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bakteri aşılama, Biyolojik azot fiksasyonu, İnokülasyon, Rhizobium
bakterisi.
59
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INOCULATION SEQUENCE IN SOIL AND SEED
ABSTRACT
Nitrogen has an important place in living life because it combines with carbon-containing
substances in cell composition to form various organic compounds such as amino acids, amides,
proteins, vitamins and hormones. Although there are quite high levels of nitrogen in the
atmosphere in the form that plants cannot utilise, the amount of nitrogen in the form that plants
can utilise in soils is generally very low. Most of the living organisms cannot directly utilise
the nitrogen in the atmosphere. Most of the organisms can only take nitrogen from the soil in
the form of nitrate or ammonium ions dissolved in water. Nitrogen, which is highly mobile in
nature, is in a continuous circulation between the soil and the atmosphere by living organisms
(biologically) and atmospheric events such as industrial activities, lightning strikes and
lightning strikes. The main microorganisms that are effective in the binding of biologically
useful nitrogen to the soil are actinomycetes, blue-green algae, clostridium and Rhizobium
bacteria that live freely in the soil and symbiosis in legume roots. The most important of these
are host-selective Rhizobium bacteria, which coexist with plants of the Leguminosae family
and fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil by forming nodules on the roots of these plants.The
plants with which the legumes in this group live symbiotically and the bacterial species specific
to these plants are distinctly different from each other. For this reason, it is recommended to
inoculate a newly planted legume area with the appropriate bacteria, which significantly
increases the yield. In many soils, the number or quality of nodule bacteria is not sufficient.
Under these conditions, it is necessary to inoculate the soil or seed with highly effective
Rhizobium cultures. Inoculation: In terms of nitrogen fixation, it is the introduction of effective
bacterial strains or strains that can form nodules in the roots of legume plants into the soil/seed.
As there is a special group of bacteria for each legume plant, there are effective or ineffective
strains within each group in terms of nitrogen fixation. Although ineffective strains form
nodules, their nitrogen fixing power is very low. Therefore, it is necessary to find and produce
effective strains for various plants.
Keywords: Bacterial inoculation, Biological nitrogen fixation, Inoculation, Rhizobium
bacteria.
60
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF NANOPARTICLE SHAPES IMPACT ON
CYLINDRICAL STREAM OF UNSTEADY OLDROYD B HYBRID NANOFLUID
WITH RADIATIVE HEAT
Jeevan KUMAR
Department of Mathematics, School of Physical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka,
Kalaburagi-585367, India
N. SANDEEP
Department of Mathematics, School of Physical Sciences, Central University of Karnataka,
Kalaburagi-585367, India
Email:nsandeep@cuk.ac.in
ABSTRACT
In thermal power and manufacturing processes, solar energy has grown extensively utilized.
This work investigates the heat diffusion characteristics of an Unsteady Oldroyd B hybrid nano
liquid across an expanding cylinder to improve the Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC)
heat transfer efficiency. A stable magnetic field is used in the radial path in the appearance of
radiant heating and general generating or absorbing heat with the Cattaneo-Christov (CC) heat
flow model. A hybrid nano liquid composed of two distinct nanoparticles, CoFe2O4 and Fe3O4,
embedded in ethylene glycol as the primary fluid, is used to formulate the mathematical model.
The mathematical model is then reconstructed into a nonlinear ordinary differential equations
(ODEs) system, utilizing the proper likeness transformation. The MATLAB software function
bvp5c is employed to arrive at a numerical solution to the posed problem. We observed the
fluctuations in the flow and thermal area, as well as the local Nusselt number, impacted by the
pertinent dimensionless characteristics. The findings are addressed graphically and tabularly
for several nanoparticle shapes (spherical, brick, and platelet). It has been discovered that
spherical shapes have a faster heat conduction rate than brick and platelet nanoparticle shapes.
While unsteadiness parameters tend to increase the temperature field, the augmentation of the
temperature relaxation factor reduces the energy profile.
Keywords: Thermal radiation, Magnetic field, Oldroyd B, Catteneo-Christov (CC) heat flux,
Heat transfer.
61
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GENERALIZED SYSTEM OF EXTENDED NONLINEAR VARIATIONAL
INEQUALITIES GOVERNED BY GAUSS-SEIDEL-TYPE ITERATIVE APPROACH
Dr. Sanjeev GUPTA
Department of Applied Mathematics, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India-281406
Email: guptasanmp@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to investigate novel generalized systems encompassing extended nonlinear
variational inequalities, featuring 3k-distinct nonlinear relaxed cocoercive operators. We delve
into the associated fixed point problem arising from this innovative generalized system of
extended nonlinear variational inequalities. To address this problem, we propose explicit
iterative methods with k steps, incorporating projection operators. Leveraging the equivalent
fixed point problem, we advocate the utilization of k-steps Gauss-Seidel-type iterative
algorithms to derive an approximate solution for the system under consideration. Convergence
results for these newly introduced k-step explicit iterative methods are established.
Additionally, the paper explores specific instances of the extended variational inequalities
system as special cases.
Keywords: k-steps Gauss-Seidel type iterative algorithm, Generalized system of extended
nonlinear variational inequalities, Projection, Relaxed (α, β)-cocoercitivity, κ-Lipschitz
continuity.
62
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INFLUENCING FACTORS ON THE ORIGIN OF MUSICAL SOUNDS
AND VOWELS
Dr. Serenenen ALTAN-UYA
Citi University, 14190 Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Email: Altanuya68@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The creation of Mother Nature is the conscious man. In connection with the birth of this perfect
human being, the first forms of interaction between nature and human sounds were formed, and
the first cultural forms such as dance, music, and writing developed over thousands of years.
Human and natural sounds are the sources of factors that influence the formation of musical
sounds. Sound is a physical phenomenon that humans and animals hear, and is a wave that
vibrates through solids, liquids, and gases. Humans are capable of hearing sounds in the range
of 20-20,000 Hertz, and the process of human sound has evolved over 20,000-30,000 years
through the stages of family, tribe, and ethnicity. As early humans communicated with each
other through sound, intelligence developed and language emerged. The famous English
scientist Charles Darwin wrote in his book " On the Origin of Species & quot; 150 years
ago that "the sounds of birds are somewhat similar to human sounds."
Darwin's theory was supported by Shiner Miyagawa, a scientist from Japan, who noted
that & quot;it seems that ancient people imitated the chirping of birds and made various sounds.
International linguists agree that " Language is a whole system of gestures, rules, signs,
pronunciations, and words that communicate with each other that convey common human
understanding, ideas, and meanings." As language developed, so did the need for people
to write down what they were thinking and what they wanted to say. Human history has
survived to this day thanks to the origins of literacy, but it has often flourished and perished.
Linguists divide the origin of ancient writing into the following periods: sign language, gestural
signs, pictorial signs, semantic signs, phonetic signs, perfect signs, conventional signs,
pronouns, etc. Influenced by these factors, modern music led to the historical stage of vowel
marking.
Keywords: human, sounds, talk, letters, musical sounds
63
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MOTIVATION IN THE UNIVERSITY EXPERIENCE AND ITS POSITIVE
IMPACT ON THE JOB MARKET
Analice Maciel de MELO (ORCID:0009-0000-0979-0289)
Federal University of Paraíba, Centre of Education, Department of Psychopedagogy, João
Pessoa, Brazil.
Email: analice.melo@academico.ufpb.br
Mateus David FINCO (ORCID:0000-0001-8407-0046)
Federal University of Paraíba, Centre of Education, Department of Psychopedagogy, João
Pessoa, Brazil.
Email: mateus.finco@academico.ufpb.br
ABSTRACT
What does made someone get up early and feel good with themselves? The motivation. For
many tasks, the brain needs to produce what moves us. In the university, there is a natural
competition to be better than our classmates. The students are involved in projects beyond the
classroom with the aim of getting better opportunities at university. However, it is important to
note that this motivation can be an important factor in the job market that students may face in
the future. It is for this reason that it is essential to prepare for competition in the job market
right from university. Cognitive maturation requires students to take responsibility when it
comes to participating in university projects. Making compromises during this period is the first
step towards understanding the rules of coexistence and ensuring a better working environment.
The objective of this study is to examine how motivated students are when they join and actively
participate in extracurricular activities offered at their educational institution - seeing that
gaining this experience can prevent the frustration and anxiety that the demands of a job can
bring, and what impact the experience has on the job market. The first step to analyze these
impacts will be to interview students from different courses. Interviewing those who participate,
those who do not participate and questioning them how experience in acquiring this previous
knowledge can help them in the job market. Those who do not participate tend to have
difficulties in finding better opportunities and, consequently, those who participate will have
more opportunities due to the contacts that are made during the participation in these projects.
In the end, it is expected to understand the results of an experience acquired at the university,
before entering the job market. Aiming to improve the quality of life of students, avoiding
anxiety and promoting motivation in the execution of tasks. In addition to promoting the
extracurricular opportunities that the university environment provides to students the various
benefits of participating in projects.
Keywords: Motivation, University, Job Market, Extracurricular, Experience.
64
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES BY TWO METHODS:
COMPARISON AND APPLICATION IN PHOTOCATALYSIS
Khalida BELAHLOU
University of Brothers Mentouri Constantine 1, Faculty Faculty of Exact Sciences,
Department, Department of Chemistry, Constantine, Algeria.
Email:khalida.belahlou@gmail.com
Dr. Sihem BELAIDI
University of Brothers Mentouri Constantine 1, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Department,
Department of Chemistry, Constantine, Algeria.
Email:sihem.belaidi@umc.edu.dz
Khaled BELHADI
University of Brothers Mentouri Constantine 1, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Department,
Department of Chemistry, Constantine, Algeria.
Email:khaled25belhadi@gmail.com
Prof. Tahar SEHILI
University of Brothers Mentouri Constantine 1, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Department,
Department of Chemistry, Constantine, Algeria.
Email:tsehili@yahoo.fr
ABSTRACT
This study consisted of a comparative study of the photocatalytic performance of zinc oxide
nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized through two distinct green methods: hydrothermal
synthesis and co-precipitation in the presence of Retama (RT) plant extract. The hydrothermal
method involved the use of water-based solvents and controlled temperature-pressure
conditions, while the co-precipitation method utilized aqueous solutions form RT-ZnO NPs.
The nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the point of zero
charge (PZC). Subsequently, the synthesized RT-ZnO nanoparticles were tested for their
photocatalytic efficiency, specifically their ability to degrade the herbicide Linuron (LNR) in
pure water using UV light under various conditions. The kinetics of LNR photodegradation
were also studied. RT-ZnO NPs synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis and co-precipitation
demonstrated an effective degradation rate of approximately 90% and 100% for LNR (2 x 105 M) at neutral pH (pH=7.21) under UV light, respectively. These results highlighted variations
in photocatalytic activity between the ZnO nanoparticles produced using the two different green
synthesis routes. The findings revealed that RT-ZnO nanoparticles prepared through the
hydrothermal method exhibited superior photocatalytic efficiency compared to those
synthesized by co-precipitation. The study suggests that the synthesis method significantly
affects the photocatalytic performance of ZnO, offering insights into optimizing eco-friendly
approaches for producing highly efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation
applications. This comparative analysis sheds light on the potential and limitations of different
green synthesis methods in achieving enhanced photocatalytic efficiency in ZnO nanoparticles
to be used in the treatment of wastewater.
Keywords: Zinc Oxide nanoparticles, green synthesis, hydrothermal and co-precipitation
methods, photocatalytic degradation, Linuron.
65
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EFFICIENT IBUPROFENE DEGRADATION VIA PHOTO-FENTON PROCESS
OVER ECO-FRIENDLY FE-SUCCINATE MOF
Ferfeche LYNDA
University of the Brothers Mentouri Constantine1, Faculty of Exact Science, Department of
Chemistry, Constantine, ALGERIE.
Email:ferfechelynda@gmail.com
Debbache NADRA
University of the Brothers Mentouri Constantine1, Faculty of Exact Science, Department of
Chemistry, Constantine, ALGERIE.
Email:nadradebbache@yahoo.fr
Taher SEHILI
University of the Brothers Mentouri Constantine1, Faculty of Exact Science, Department of
Chemistry, Constantine, ALGERIE.
Email:tsehili@yahoo.fr
ABSTRACT
The presence of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals in natural waters has raised
increasing concern due to their frequent appearance and persistence in the aquatic ecosystem
and the threat to health and safety of aquatic life, even at trace concentrations. Subsequently, it
is essential to develop new technologies that can efficiently eliminate such contaminants from
the wastewater. Photocatalytic degradation in the presence of light is one of the most advanced
and efficient technologies for wastewater decontamination due to simple, economical, and ecofriendly process. Many photocatalysts such as metal oxides, sulfides, and other semiconductors
are used for wastewater treatment. Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) possess
fascinating photocatalytic applications with their unique properties of ultra-high surface area,
high porosity, and controllable chemical properties and strong stability Iron based metal organic
framework using a di-carboxylate linker succinic acid (Fe-SA MOF), was synthesized using
co-precipitation method and characterized by the point of zero charge (PZC) it was examined
for the photocatalytic degradation of a pharmaceutical polluant namely Ibuprofen (IBP) via
photo-Fenton process.Fe-SA MOF exhibited highest degradation of 75% in 150 min at natural
pH (4.5) in the presence of 0.25 g L-1 of the synthesized catalysts under UV-Visible is light.
The as-prepared Fe-SA MOF was applied for photo-Fenton oxidation of Ibuprofene (IBP).It
exhibited efficient photo-Fenton catalytic degradation upon visible light irradiation . The IBP
(5.10-5 M) was completely degraded within 150 min under UV-visible light with the aid of FeSA MOF (0.25 g/L) and H2O2 (10-3 M) in aqueous solution (pH = 4.5).
Keywords: AOPs, Metal-organic framework, Degradation, Photo-Fenton, IBP, Photocatalysis.
66
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INFLUENCE OF DIRECTORS COMPENSATION ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES IN THE NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR
Muinat Wuraola SALAWU
Department of Accounting, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Lagos
Moruff Adeyemi SALAWU
Department of Accounting Education, School of Business Education, Federal College of
Education (Technical), Akoka
ABSTRACT
The study evaluated the influence of director compensation on earnings management (EM)
practices within the Nigerian banking sector. This stems from the fact that, while compensation
contracts have been proposed as one tool for ensuring that both executive directors and nonexecutive directors (NEDs) effectively monitor the organization's affairs, they may induce EM
practices due to being tied to accounting earnings (e.g. bonuses) or stock prices (e.g. stock based
compensation). The adjusted population of eleven listed commercial banks was used as the census
sampling method was employed. Anchored on the agency theory, the study measured directors
compensation using a mix of executive directors and NEDs compensation while EM practices was
proxied by discretionary provision for loan loss (DPLLs) measured using the Beaver and Engel
(1996) model. Using the Ordinary least square regression, all forms of directors compensation
except executive compensation were found to have positive effect on EM practices of the studied
banks which shows that regulating compensation of directors should be a focus for regulatory
agencies. Although only NEDs fees and allowances was found to significantly affect EM practices
while other compensation variables has an insignificant effect on EM practices. The study thus
recommended a shift of focus from just Chairmans compensation to include the totality of NEDs
compensation and an institution of guidelines for mandatory disclosure of directors compensation.
Keywords: directors compensation, earnings management, discretionary provision for loan loss,
fees and allowances, banking sector
67
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EMOTIONAL INTERACTION AND LOCUS OF CONTROL IN ADOLESCENCE
Tetyana IVANOVA (ORCID:0000-0002-9394-8858)
Sumy State University, Department of Psychology, Political Science
and Sociocultural Technologies, Sumy, Ukraine
Email:sociol8tanya@gmail.com
Valery KARDASHOVA
Sumy State University, Department of Psychology, Political Science
and Sociocultural Technologies, Sumy, Ukraine
Email:valeriya.kardashova@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The modern world faces an increase in psychosocial problems associated with reduced
emotional contact among youth. It is particularly important to study barriers to establishing
emotional connections during adolescence. Understanding the relationship between locus of
control and emotional contact may contribute to the development of effective youth
psychological support strategies. The research aims to elucidate the features of barriers to
establishing emotional contacts in adolescents with different loci of control. The sample
consists of 96 adolescents, including 49 females (51%) and 47 males (49%). The average age
of respondents is 20 years old. In the majority of surveyed adolescents, namely 90.6%, an
external locus of control prevails, while 9.4% of young men exhibit an internal locus. When
considering internality in spheres such as failures, family relations, work relationships, health,
and illness, externality predominates critically, whereas in the spheres of achievements and
interpersonal relationships, the values of externality and internality are approximately balanced.
The indicators of barriers to establishing emotional contacts in adolescents are at a fairly high
level. Half of the study participants have a high level of barriers to establishing emotional
contacts in interpersonal communication, significantly deteriorating the quality of
communication with their environment. One-quarter of respondents have an average level of
barriers, and another quarter is distributed across moderate and low levels of barriers to
establishing emotional contacts. Regarding the relationship between internality level and
barriers to establishing emotional contacts in adolescents, the following features were
identified: 1) among young men with an external locus of control, a high level of barriers to
establishing emotional contacts prevails; 2) among young men with an internal locus of control,
the average level of these barriers predominates. A reverse relationship between internality and
the level of barriers to establishing emotional contacts in adolescents was established. That is,
as the level of internality increases, the level of barriers decreases.
Keywords: emotional contact, locus of control, externality, internality.
68
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERISATION OF A COMPOSITE
BASED ON DIATOMITE
Fahima SALAA
Laboratoire de Structure, Elaboration et Applications des Matériaux Moléculaires (S.E.A.2M.),
Département de Génie des Procédés, Université de Mostaganem, 27000, Algérie
Email: fahima.salaa@gmail.com
Aicha MEDJDOUB
Laboratoire de Structure, Elaboration et Applications des Matériaux Moléculaires (S.E.A.2M.),
Département de Génie des Procédés, Université de Mostaganem, 27000, Algérie
Amine KHELIFA
Laboratoire de Structure, Elaboration et Applications des Matériaux Moléculaires (S.E.A.2M.),
Département de Génie des Procédés, Université de Mostaganem, 27000, Algérie
Asmaa BENABBOU
Laboratoire de Structure, Elaboration et Applications des Matériaux Moléculaires (S.E.A.2M.),
Département de Génie des Procédés, Université de Mostaganem, 27000, Algérie
ABSTRACT
Diatomite is a natural material of Algerian origin in powder form also called kieselguhrs a white
coloration and high porosity over 72%, Textural and superficial characterization of diatomite
was carried out by several analysis techniques, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron
microscope SEM and IR infrared and BET. The results show that crude kieselguhr is formed
of several components and in particular silica, alumina and calcium carbonates occupying time
the surface of the pores of the material in question. To this end we have made of chemical and
thermal treatments on natural porous diatomite to improve the quality and valued these
materials, the chemical activation was performed with sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Another
thermal activation was conducted at two temperatures, 800 ° C and 1000 ° C. The results
showed that this activation has a significant effect on the average pore diameter. This was
presumably attributed to the elimination of carbonates which leads to the improvement of the
porous structure of the diatomite. These characterizations prepared and processed materials
were performed in different laboratories. Particular attention was paid to the identification of
the effect of the activation of the diatomite on these features by linking with the adsorbent
properties in perspective prepared materials will be used in the water treatment field.
Keywords: diatomite; Characterization; Adsorption, Mechanism
69
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ELABORATION OF ORGANO-INORGANIC MATERIALS BASED ON OF
NATURAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Fahima SALAA
Laboratoire de Structure, Elaboration et Applications des Matériaux Moléculaires (S.E.A.2M.),
Département de Génie des Procédés, Université de Mostaganem, 27000, Algérie
Email: fahima.salaa@gmail.com
Aicha MEDJDOUB
Laboratoire de Structure, Elaboration et Applications des Matériaux Moléculaires (S.E.A.2M.),
Département de Génie des Procédés, Université de Mostaganem, 27000, Algérie
Asmaa BENABBOU
Laboratoire de Structure, Elaboration et Applications des Matériaux Moléculaires (S.E.A.2M.),
Département de Génie des Procédés, Université de Mostaganem, 27000, Algérie
Amine KHELIFA
Laboratoire de Structure, Elaboration et Applications des Matériaux Moléculaires (S.E.A.2M.),
Département de Génie des Procédés, Université de Mostaganem, 27000, Algérie
ABSTRACT
A series of naturally occurring diatomaceous earth samples from sig mascara (Algeria
northwestern), were investigated, which are characterized by the expansion and evolution
during the Messinian age. Four varieties of diatomite were distinguished, characterized, and
successfully used to adsorb methylene blue dye in aqueous medium. Several properties and
characteristics of diatomite have been outlined using analytical methods such as X-ray
fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), N2 adsorption–desorption (BET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as
other complementary analysis tests. Results showed that silica and calcium carbonates were the
main constituents of the diatomite samples (ranging between 32.8 and 61.5% for SiO2; and
13.8–25.9% for CaO), with a slight difference in chemical composition between selected
samples. Typical for all diatomite samples, the XRD analysis suggests a high mass quantity of
amorphous phase (Opal); high content of crystal phase was also registered. FTIR allowed
determining the basic characteristic silica bands regarding diatomite samples. While the BET
and SEM investigations revealed that the studied diatomite material has a highly porous
structure and was very rich in diatoms. The maximum adsorption capacity of methylene blue
that was calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model was 116.59 mg/g. The diatomite deposit
may find promising applications as low-cost adsorbent for dyes removal from water.
Keywords: diatomite; Characterization; Adsorption, Mechanism.
70
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DOES THE PRESENCE OF DIABETIC NEUROPATHY PREDICT THE PRESENCE
OF RETINOPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETICS?
Nesrine DHIEB
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Email: nesrine.dhieb@gmail.com
Chaima JEMAI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Sana KHAMESSI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Skandar MSOLLY
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Maryam CHEIKHROUHOU
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Yosra HTIRA
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Zohra Hadj ALI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Olfa LAJILI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Faika Ben MAMI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
ABSTRACT
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a complex condition influenced by various factors,
with primary risks linked to unbalanced glycemic levels and the duration of diabetes. It exhibits
a robust correlation with other diabetes' micorangiopathies. The aim of our work was to assess
of the association of DPN with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a population of patients with type
2 diabetes. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 100 type 2 diabetic patients
hospitalized at the Tunis National Institute of Nutrition (INNTA). The sample was subdivided
into two groups; the first comprises patients with DR and the second patients without DR. In
each group, we compared clinical and metabolic characteristics and associated degenerative
complications. Mean age was 57.20 ±8.48 years. Women accounted for 74%. 29% of patients
were smokers. Median weight was 91 [65 ;110 ] kg. Median BMI was 30.46 [22.50 ;38.28
]kg/m². The mean duration of diabetes was 14.79 4.55 years. The majority (70%) of patients
were on human insulin. Mean HbA1C was 10.33%. Chronic kidney disease was 35%. Mean
creatinine clearance was 93.16 ±19.19 ml/L/1.73m². The respective frequencies of diabetic
neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy were 30%, 55% and 46%.
Macroangiopathy was present in 35% of cases (coronary artery disease (10%), stroke (3%),
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
obliterative arteriopathy of the lower limbs (18%).The onset of DR was significantly correlated
with the duration of diabetes (p=0,003). DR was associated with poor glycemic control
(p=0.004), with diabetic nephropathy (p=0,004) but not with coronary artery disease (p =0,65)
. DR was significantly more prevalent in patients with PDN (p<10-3). In conclusion, our study
suggests a significant association between the presence of diabetic neuropathy and the
likelihood of concurrent retinopathy in individuals with Type 2 diabetes. The findings
underscore the interconnection of microvascular complications in diabetes, emphasizing the
potential utility of neuropathy assessments as indicators for the presence of retinopathy.
Keywords: diabetic retinopathy, Diabetic peripheral neuropathy
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A POPULATION WITH
EARLY-ONSET DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
Nesrine DHIEB
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Email: nesrine.dhieb@gmail.com
Chaima JEMAI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Sana KHAMESSI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Skandar MSOLLY
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Maryam CHEIKHROUHOU
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Yosra HTIRA
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Zohra Hadj ALI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Olfa LAJILI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
Faika Ben MAMI
National Institute of Nutrition, Department C, Tunis, Tunisia
ABSTRACT
Diagnosis of peripheral diabetic neuropathy can significantly improve the prognosis and help
prevent severe complications. The aim of this work was to assess early onset diabetic
neuropathy and to study clinical and biological characteristics of this population. This was a
prospective study carried out over 6 months in department C of the national nutrition institute
of Tunis. We included all diabetic patients hospitalized for poorly controlled diabetes in whom
diabetes had been progressing for less than 5 years and who presented with diabetic neuropathy.
Then we collected their clinico-biological characteristics from medical records. Creatinine
clearance was estimated using CKD-Epi formula. We included 31 patients. The population was
characterized by a female predominance with a sex ratio of 4.16. The mean age was 61.4 ±8.2
years. 71% of patients were smokers. The frequency of hypertension and dyslipidemia was
respectively 45% and 61.3%. All were men. The median BMI was 32.4Kg/m² with extremes of
26.2 and 34,2 Kg/m². Median weight was 82 with extremes of 67 and 110 kg. The mean
duration of diabetes was 3.7±1.6 years with extremes of 4 months and 5 years. All of patients
of patients were on human insulin. The mean HbA1C was 11.2±3.5%. All patients were
characterized by a glycemic imbalance on oral antidiabetics indicating a switch to insulin.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Chronic kidney disease was was present in 4 patients. Mean creatinine clearance was 100.8
±19.6 ml/mn. No patient had diabetic retinopathy. In summary, our study illuminates the
clinical and biological features of early-onset diabetic neuropathy. Our population was
characterized by the high prevalence of male gender, smoking, uncontrolled diabetes and
obesity. Further study are needed to characterize this entity.
Keywords: HbA1C, peripheral diabetic neuropathy
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A STUDY ON YOUTH PERCEPTION TOWARDS MILLET BASED ENTERPRISES
WITH SPECAIL REFERENCE TO MADURAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
S. Fatima ROSALINE MARY
Department Of Commerce Fatıma College, Maduraı-625018.
Tamıl Nadu Indıa
ABSTRACT
Millets, a ray of sustainability, are gaining renewed attention in recent years for their significant
contribution to food security, climate resilience, nutritional density, and as a boon to the field
of Entrepreneurship. Indian millets are nutritionally superior to wheat and rice as they are rich
in protein, vitamins and minerals. India is among the top five exporters of millets in the world
Millet start-ups have emerged as a promising industry in India, focusing on production and
global reach. Understanding the youth’s perception and attitude towards millets is crucial for
gauging the feasibility of integrating these ancient grains into contemporary diets and lifestyles.
This study is centred on examining the awareness levels and attitudes of youth of Madurai
district towards millet products and its nutritional benefits and consumption pattern with a
particular emphasis on their potential for long chain millet-based start-ups. This study delves
into the perceptions and attitude of youth regarding the taste, accessibility and versatility of
millets while exploring the entrepreneurial inclination for the betterment of society. This study
examines the youth awareness level about existing Indian government start-ups schemes and
support mechanism aiming to promote millet, awareness and entrepreneurial opportunities in
India. 200 respondents were chosen and stratified random sampling method has been used. To
assess their perception towards the readiness to embrace multi-based enterprises sophisticated
tools such as factor analysis, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, one way ANOVA test,
post hocc test, weighted average and Garrett ranking technique. Based on the research findings
suggestions were given in order to enhance budding entrepreneurs to enter into millet industry.
This study is initiative to support with the Indian government in the achievement of SDG goal
of zero poverty and no hunger.
Keywords: India, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney test
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INFLUENCE OF CORTISOL ON THE FIBRIL FORMATION KINETICS OF A 42
PEPTIDE: A MULTI-TECHNICAL APPROACH
Marilena CARBONE
University or Rome Tor Vergata, Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Rome,
Italy.
Email:carbone@uniroma2.it
ABSTRACT
Amyloidpeptide (A ) aggregates are known to be correlated with pathological
neurodegenerative diseases. The fibril formation process of such peptides in solution is
influenced by several factors, such as the ionic strength of the buffer, concentration, pH, and
presence of other molecules, just to mention a few. In this paper, we report a detailed analysis
of in vitro A 42 fibril formation in the presence of cortisol at different relative concentrations.
The thioflavin T fluorescence assay allowed us to monitor the fibril formation kinetics, while a
morphological characterization of theaggregates was obtained by atomic force microscopy.
Moreover, infrared absorption spectroscopy was exploited to investigate the secondary
structure changes along the fibril formation path. Molecular dynamics calculations allowed us
to understand the intermolecular interactions with cortisol. The combined results demonstrated
the influence of cortisol on the fibril formation process: indeed, at cortisol-A 42 concentration
ratio ( ) close to 0.1 a faster organization of A 42 fragments into fibrils is promoted, while
for = 1 the formation of fibrils is completely inhibited.
Keywords: A 42 peptide; fibril formation; ThT fluorescence; secondary structure; infrared
spectroscopy; atomic force microscopy; molecular dynamics
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
REVEALING THE INFLUENCE OF TETHER LENGTH ON
THEINTRAMOLECULAR [3 + 2] CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS OF NITRONES
WITH ALKYNES FROM THE MOLECULAR ELECTRON DENSITY THEORY
PERSPECTIVE
Moulay Driss MELLAOUI*
Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, B. P. 8106
Cité Dakhla, Agadir, Morocco
Email: moulaydriss.mellaoui@edu.uiz.ac.ma
Khalid ABBICHE
Analysis, Modeling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment Laboratory,
Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Hay El Mohammadi, B. P. 271,
83000, Taroudant, Morocco
Abdallah IMJJAD
Analysis, Modeling, Engineering, Natural Substances and Environment Laboratory,
Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Hay El Mohammadi, B. P. 271,
83000, Taroudant, Morocco
Souad El ISSAMI
Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et
Environnement, LS3MN2E/CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences Rabat, Université Mohammed
V, Rabat, BP1014, Morocco
Hanane ZEJLI
Laboratoire de Spectroscopie, Modélisation Moléculaire, Matériaux, Nanomatériaux, Eau et
Environnement, LS3MN2E/CERNE2D, Faculté des Sciences Rabat, Université Mohammed
V, Rabat, BP1014, Morocco
ABSTRACT
This study investigates the [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions involving nitrone and
acetylene derivatives 4b, 5b, and 6b using Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) and
Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods at the B3LYP-D3/6 31G (d) computational level.
The research reveals the zwitterionic (zw-type) nature of these reactions, unveiling a one-step
mechanism with activation enthalpies ranging from 8.80 to 14.37 kcal mol−1 in acetonitrile and
ethanol solvents. The reaction with (4b) produces two regioisomeric pathways leading to
products P1,5-4b and P1,4-4b, while reactions with (5b) and (6b) result in the formation of a single
product. Topological analysis categorizes the nitrone as a zwitterionic three-atom component
(TAC), and conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) indices classify the 32CA reactions
as forward electron density flux (FEDF) reactions. Further insights from Bond Evolution
Theory (BET) indicate that the formation of new C-C and C-O covalent bonds does not initiate
in the transition states but occurs in intermediate stages, displaying pseudoradical centers of
atoms already engaged in bonding.
Keywords: 4-isoxazoline, DFT/B3LYP-D3, regioselectivity, cycloaddition reaction, MEDT,
ELF.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF ENFORCEMENT OF INVESTMENT
ARBITRATION AWARDS IN INDIA, UK AND USA
Ananya LAMBA
Symbiosis International University
Email:ananya.lamba@symlaw.edu.in
Adwita MANOCHA
Symbiosis International University
Email:adwita.manocha@symlaw.edu.in
Sanidhya MUKUND
Symbiosis International University
Email:sanidhya.merc@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This research paper aims to compare different mechanisms associated with the recognition and
enforcement of international investment awards under distinct jurisdictions, specifically
focusing on the legal landscapes of India, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Principally, India has not participated in the ICSID Convention, thereby absolving it from any
obligation to attend to investment arbitral awards on par with domestic court judgements as
stated under Article 54. In addition to this, India has referred to the commercial reservation
provision of Article I(3) within the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, that is the “New York Convention”. Subsequently, there is a restriction on the
application of New York Convention in India solely to foreign awards arising from commercial
relationships under the Indian law as elucidated by Section 44 of the Act. This paper aims to
branch out and delve into how Indian courts interpret this provision, thereby acknowledging its
applicability and potentially excluding investment arbitral awards from its scope at the same
time.Unlike India, the regime in the United States of America is oriented towards a proenforcement stance, as far as investment arbitration awards under ICSID are concerned. The
enforcement of such awards is governed by the provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA)
and the New York convention. The FAA lays down a framework for the enforcement of
arbitration agreements and awards, encompassing both, domestic as well as international
awards. Section 207 of this act deals particularly with ICSID awards, giving them the same
status as final judgments of a U.S court as far as enforcement and recognition are concerned.
The country is also a party to the New York Convention. Chapter-2 of the FAA ensures that it
is implemented. As enshrined in Article-III of the convention, the US enforces and recognizes
ICSID awards. Enforcement of ICSID awards however can be refused if one of the grounds
mentioned in Article-V, such as a breach of public policy or procedural irregularities are found.
The United Kingdom member of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
(ICSID) and is a signatory to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement
of Foreign Arbitral Awards. Further, the United Kingdom adheres to the United Nations
Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on International
Commercial Arbitration.The enforcement of an award depends on the country in which the seat
of arbitration is situated and is governed by the rules followed in that country. In the UK,
arbitration awards can be enforced by invoking the Arbitration Act 1996, the New York
Convention, the Geneva Convention 1927, the Administration of Justice Act 1920, the Foreign
Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933, and Common Law.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
There are two procedures to enforce an arbitral award. The first method is to seek the leave of
the Court to enforce the award, and the second is to seek the same relief from the national
Courts as set out in the arbitral award. The enforcement of the award can be challenged on the
limited grounds laid down in the New York convention. The National Court can refuse to
enforce the award if the Court opines that enforcement of the award would violate public policy.
Arbitral proceedings dealing with complex issues of law can be appealed to the Supreme Court;
this process can take approximately two years. There is a specified time limit in which the
award is to be enforced. Non-compliance with an award is considered a violation of the
arbitration agreement.
Keywords: Arbitration, enforcement, ICSID, New York Convention, Award
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
LINEAR ALGEBRA APPLICATIONS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH
M.BRIJESH
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Computer Science and Business Systems, Thiruvallur,
India.
Email:230731.cb@rmkec.ac.in
SUGANTHI P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Rural development aims to uplift the standard of living and economic prospects in rural regions.
This paper delves into the realm of linear algebra, showcasing its potential in addressing the
distinct challenges faced by rural communities. Imagine it as wielding mathematical tools—
like matrix operations, eigenvalue analysis, and linear regression—to optimize resource
allocation, infrastructure planning, and community empowerment strategies. Through the
exploration of case studies and theoretical frameworks, we illuminate how linear algebra can
dissect agricultural productivity, streamline transportation networks, and tailor energy systems
to suit rural environments seamlessly. Furthermore, we highlight its role in social dynamics,
such as healthcare accessibility and education levels. These insights are invaluable for
policymakers and community leaders striving to make well-informed decisions. By weaving
mathematics with rural development objectives, this research provides a roadmap for
leveraging linear algebra to foster sustainable growth and inclusivity in rural areas. It paints a
vivid picture of how mathematical rigor can translate into real-world solutions, driving positive
change and prosperity in rural communities. Using Geometric Information Systems software
we can improve transportation networks and how to make transportation efficient.
This paper serves as a testament to the transformative power of linear algebra, showcasing its
capacity to address multifaceted challenges and drive progress in even the most remote corners
of the world.
Keywords: Linear algebra, Resource allocation, Infrastructure planning, Matrix operations,
Eigenvalue analysis, Linear regression, Sustainable growth, Transportation networks,
Geometric Information Systems (GIS).
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR SOLAR & WIND ENERG
G. REVANTH KUMAR
R.M.K. Engineering college, Student, Information and Technology, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: 230641.cb@rmkec.ac.in
SUGANTHI P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email: psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
This abstract provides an overview of different ways to use math to study solar and wind energy.
ıt discusses how researchers have applied mathematical models to understand and improve the
efficiency of renewable energy systems. these models help predict energy production, optimize
resource allocation, and design beʃer technologies. the review covers various methods such as
differential equations, optimization techniques, and statistical analysis. ıt also explores realworld applications like forecasting energy generation, assessing environmental impacts, and
enhancing energy storage solutions. overall, this review highlights the importance of
mathematical modeling in advancing sustainable energy sources like solar and wind power.
Keywords: solar energy, wind energy, mathematical modeling, efficiency improvement,
renewable energy systems, energy production prediction, resource allocation optimization,
technology design, differential equations, optimization techniques, statical analysis, energy
generation forecasting, environmental impact assessment, energy storage solutions, sustainable
energy sources.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
POTENTIEL APPLICATIONS OF GREEN ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR
DEGRADATION OF DIFENOCONAZOLE IN WATER
Mohamed AIT OUMERACI
Laboratory of Industrial Process engineering sciences, University of Sciences and Technology
Houari Boumediene, departement of environmental engineering, Algiers, Algeria.
Email: mohamed.ait_oumeraci@g.enp.edu.dz
Tarek BERRAMA
Laboratory of Industrial Process engineering sciences, University of Sciences and Technology
Houari Boumediene, departement of environmental engineering, Algiers, Algeria.
Email: tarek_ber@yahoo.fr
Hayet TIZI
Laboratory of Industrial Process engineering sciences, University of Sciences and Technology
Houari Boumediene, departement of environmental engineering, Algiers, Algeria.
Email:thayet2@yahoo.fr
Aya ALTERKAOUI
Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey
Email: ayaterkaoui9917@gmail.com
Nadir DIZGE
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse
Ave, 06520-8267, New Haven, CT, USA
Department of Environmental Engineering, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey
Email: nadirdizge@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The green method was utilized to produce zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) by utilizing
juice from Rosmarinus officinalis. The Green approach is safer, less hazardous, more costefficient, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly than its chemically produced
counterparts. The ZnO-NPs were examined for their optical characteristics using XRD, FT-IR,
and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The Zn-O bond's distinctive absorption peak was discovered in the
FTIR spectrum at 416 cm-1. The ZnO XRD results revealed a propensity for the three strongest
diffraction peaks. The average diameter of ZnO NP crystallites was 31 nm. ZnO nanoparticles
were evaluated for their photocatalytic ability when exposed to UV for drug degradation in
aqueous solution. The ZnO photocatalyst is able to remove difenoconazole from water with
strong photocatalytic activity, as evidenced by the results. Additionally, after 2 hours, total
deterioration was achieved.
Keywords: ZnO nanoparticles, Pesticide, Green method, difenoconazole, Degradation.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
YOĞUNLUK FONKSİYONEL TEORİSİ KULLANILARAK Ptn (n= 2-15,18,22,24)
NANO KÜMELERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Ayşe DEMİRKIRAN
Ege Üniversitesi
Email:aysece19@gmail.com
ÖZET
Ptn (n=2-15, 18,22,24) atom kümelerinin elektronik, geometrik ve manyetik özellikleri,
genelleştirilmiş gradyent yaklaşımı ile yoğunluk fonksiyonel teori (YFT) kullanılarak
incelendi. Platin kümelerinin en yüksek dolu moleküler orbital (HOMO), en düşük boş
moleküler orbital (LUMO), homo-lumo fark enerjisi (HLG), bağlanma enerjisi, manyetizasyon
ve bağ uzunluğu değerleri artan atom sayısına bağlı olarak hesaplandı. Bu kümelerin artan atom
sayısı ile boyut olarak hangi yapıları tercih ettiği belirlendi. Bulk yapıya bakıldığında Pt’nin
manyetik olmadığı halde, platin nano atom kümelerininmanyetik değerler kazandığı ve artan
atom numarası ile genel olarak azaldığı bulundu. Pt14 atom kümesinin manyetik özelliğini
kaybettiği belirlendi.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yoğunluk Fonksiyonel Teori, Elektronik yapı, Ptn atom kümleri,
Genelleştirilmiş gradyent yaklaşımı
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INVESTIGATION of Ptn (n= 2-15,18,22,24) NANO CLUSTERS by USING DENSITY
FUNCTIONAL THEORY
ABTRACT
The electronic, geometric and magnetic properties of Ptn (n=2-15,18,22,24) clusters are
investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) within generalized gradient
approximation. The size dependence of binding energy, highest occupied moleculer orbital
(HOMO), lowest unoccopied moleculer orbital (LUMO), homo-lumo difference energy (HLG),
magnetizasyon and bond length values are calculated for platinum clusters. It was determined
that Ptn clusters prefer the structure in size with increasing number of atoms. Looking at the
bulk structure, it was found that while Pt is not magnetic, the magnetic values of Ptn (n=215,18,22,24) nano atom clusters generally decrease with increasing atomic number. It was
determined that the Pt14 cluster lost its magnetic properties.
Keywords: Density Functional Theory, Electronic structure, Ptn clusters, generalized gradient
approximation
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BİYOMOLEKÜL TANISI İÇİN ÇOKLU SENSÖR TABANLI ARAYÜZ TASARIMI
Evren AYDURAN (ORCID: 0009-0000-4639-9617)
Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Biomedical
Technologıes, Izmir-Türkiye
Email: evrenayduran@gmail.com
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özge CİHANBEĞENDİ (ORCID: 0000-0001-7839-2954)
Dokuz Eylul University, Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Izmir-Türkiye
Email: ozge.sahin@deu.edu.tr
ÖZET
Biyomoleküler tanı, hastalıkların erken teşhisi, tedavi süreçlerinin izlenmesi gibi klinik
uygulamalarda kullanılan araştırma teknikleri yoluyla elde edilen bilgilerdir. Biyosensör
teknolojilerinde ve elektrokimyasal hücre tasarımlarında gerçekleştirilen elektrokimyasal
ölçümler, biyomoleküler etkileşimleri ve hücresel olayları anlamak için kullanılır. Bu bağlamda
biyomoleküler teşhiste yaygın olarak kullanılan cihazlar potansiyostat cihazlarıdır, ancak
mevcut potansiyostat cihazları genellikle yalnızca tek bir elektrotu ölçer ve bu da birden fazla
elektrot kullanmanın faydalarını sınırlandırır. Ayrıca mevcut çok kanallı potansiyostat cihazları
pahalıdır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, biyomoleküler teşhis uygulamaları için potansiyostat
cihazlarının daha etkin kullanımını geliştirmek amacıyla tek kanallı bir potansiyostata bağlanan
bir arayüz tasarımıdır. Buradaki arayüz tasarımı, mikroişlemci yazılımı ve özel devre tasarımı
ile tek kanaldan birden fazla elektrotun sıralı ölçümlerini gerçekleştirebilmektedir. Bu özellik,
birden fazla elektrot kullanıldığında analitik esneklik, hızlı veri toplama ve pratik ölçüm gibi
avantajlar sağlar. Aynı zamanda pahalı çok kanallı potansiyostat cihazına olan ihtiyacı da
azaltır. Ayrıca mikroişlemci yazılımı ile ölçümler potansiyostat cihazının bilgisayar yazılımına
veri olarak aktarılabilmektedir. Bu veriler potansiyostat yazılımı ile grafiksel verilere
dönüştürülebilmekte ve bu veriler üzerinde yorum yapılabilmektedir. Mevcut devre
topolojisinden farklı bir devre topolojisi kullanıldığından ve yazılım desteği eklendiğinden,
bireysel ölçümler veya zaman girişi yapılarak analitik tarama ve ölçümler belirlenen
periyotlarda otomatik olarak gerçekleştirilebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, biyomoleküler teşhis
alanında elektrokimyasal ölçümleri geliştirerek tıp, analitik kimya, eczacılık gibi ölçüm
gerektiren sektörlere kolaylık sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Deneylerin daha pratik ve hızlı bir
şekilde gerçekleştirmesine katkıda bulunacaktır.
Keywords: Biyosensör teknolojileri, analitik kimya, eczacılık
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MULTI-SENSOR-BASED INTERFACE DESIGN FOR BIOMOLLECULE
DIAGNOSIS
ABSTRACT
Biomolecular diagnosis is the information obtained through research techniques used in clinical
applications such as early diagnosis of diseases and monitoring of treatment processes.
Electrochemical measurements performed in biosensor technologies and electrochemical cell
designs are used to understand biomolecular interactions and cellular events. Devices
commonly used in biomolecular diagnostics in this context are potentiostat devices, but current
potentiostat devices generally measure only a single electrode, limiting the benefits of using
multiple electrodes. Additionally, existing multi-channel potentiostat devices are expensive.In
this context, this study is the design of an interface connected to a single-channel potentiostat
to improve the more effective use of potentiostat devices for biomolecular diagnostic
applications. The interface design here can perform sequential measurements of multiple
electrodes from a single channel with microprocessor software and special circuit design. This
feature provides advantages such as analytical flexibility, rapid data collection and practical
measurement when multiple electrodes are used. It also reduces the need for expensive multichannel potentiostat device. In addition, measurements can be transferred as data to the
computer software of the potentiostat device with the microprocessor software. These data can
be converted into graphical data with potentiostat software and comments can be made on these
data. Since a circuit topology different from the existing circuit topology is used and software
support is added, analytical scanning and measurements can be carried out automatically in
specified periods by making individual measurements or time entry. This study aims to provide
convenience to sectors requiring measurement such as medicine, analytical chemistry and
pharmacy by developing electrochemical measurements in the field of biomolecular
diagnostics. It will contribute to making experiments more practical and faster.
Keywords: Biosensor technologies, analytical chemistry, pharmacy
86
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ORTAOKUL SOSYAL BİLGİLER DERS KİTAPLARININ GİRİŞİMCİLİK
BECERİSİ KAZANDIRMADAKİ ROLÜNÜN ÖĞRENCİ GÖRÜŞLERİ
KAPSAMINDA İNCELENMESİ
Assist. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin BAYRAM * (ORCID: 0000-0001-6065-8865)
Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Faculty of Education, Department of Social Studies
Education, Ağrı, Türkiye
Email: hubayram@agri.edu.tr
Çakıroğlu Mehmet GÜNAY (ORCID: 0000-0002-3236-6854)
Ministry of National Education, Denizli, Türkiye
Email: mehmet_gunay45@hotmail.com
ÖZET
Sosyal bilgiler; tarih, coğrafya, sosyoloji, psikoloji, antropoloji gibi birçok sosyal bilim
disiplininden derlediği bilgileri ilkokul ve ortaokul düzeyindeki öğrencilerin
hazırbulunuşluklarına uygun biçimde düzenleyip öğreten ve öğrencilere günlük yaşamlarında
kullanabilecekleri bilgi, değer ve beceriler kazandırmayı amaçlayan bir derstir. Sosyal bilgiler
dersinin öğrencilere kazandırmayı amaçladığı becerilerden biri, girişimciliktir. Girişimcilik,
bireyin karşılaştığı olanakları en iyi biçimde değerlendirerek yaşam kalitesini geliştirmesine
yönelik bir beceridir. Girişimcilik bireysel yarar sağlamak odaklı olabileceği gibi toplumsal
koşulların geliştirilmesine ilişkin de olabilmektedir. Dolayısıyla girişimciliğin hitap ettiği
alanlar bağlamında birçok türü mevcuttur. Sosyal bilgiler dersinde öğrencilere girişimcilik
becerisi kazandırmak amacıyla kullanılan materyallerin başında ders kitapları gelmektedir.
Ders kitaplarının bu kapsamdaki önemi göz önüne alındığında girişimcilik becerisini
kazandırmakla ilgili içeriğinin yeterli düzeyde ve girişimcilik becerisi kazandırma amacına
uygun biçimde tasarlanmış olması beklenmektedir. Bu bakış açısıyla gerçekleştirilen çalışmada
sosyal bilgiler ders kitaplarının girişimcilik becerisi kazandırmadaki rolünün öğrenciler
tarafından nasıl görüldüğü irdelenmiştir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden temel nitel
desen kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın katılımcı grubu kolay ulaşılabilir örnekleme yöntemi ile
oluşturulmuştur. Katılımcı grubunda Ağrı il sınırları içerisindeki üç ortaokulda öğrenim
görmekte olan dört tane 5. sınıf, beş tane 6. sınıf ve dört tane 7. sınıf öğrencisi olmak üzere
toplam 13 katılımcı yer almıştır. Araştırmanın verileri araştırmacılar tarafından tasarlanan yarı
yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde betimsel
analiz tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal bilgiler
ders kitaplarını girişimcilik becerisi kazandırmada başlıca role sahip ancak içerik açısından
yetersiz materyaller olarak gördükleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca öğrencilerin; sosyal
bilgiler ders kitaplarının girişimcilik bağlamlı içeriğinin geliştirilmesi gerektiği ve girişimcilik
becerisi kazandırmak amaçlı sınıf içi etkinlikler yapılması görüşünde oldukları sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmada ulaşılan sonuçlar esas alınarak, ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal bilgiler
ders kitaplarının girişimcilik kazandırmadaki rolüne ilişkin görüşleriyle ilgili daha kapsamlı
araştırmalar yapılması önerilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sosyal bilgiler ders kitabı, ortaokul öğrencileri, girişimcilik becerisi,
görüş
87
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EXAMINING THE ROLE OF MIDDLE SCHOOL SOCIAL STUDIES
COURSEBOOKS IN ACQUIRING ENTREPRENEURSHIP SKILL BASED ON
STUDENTS' VIEWS
ABSTRACT
Social studies is a course that organizes the information compiled from many social science
disciplines such as history, geography, sociology, psychology and anthropology in accordance
with the readiness of primary and middle school students and aims to provide students with
knowledge, values and skills that they can use in their daily lives. One of the skills that the
social studies course aims to provide students with is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is a
skill focused on improving the quality of individuals' lives by making the best use of the
opportunities they encounter. Entrepreneurship can be focused on providing individual benefit
or it can be related to the development of social conditions. Therefore, there are many types of
entrepreneurship in terms of the areas it covers. Coursebooks are one of the most important
materials used in the social studies course to provide students with entrepreneurship skills.
Considering the importance of coursebooks in this context, it is expected that the content related
to acquiring entrepreneurship skills should be adequate and designed in accordance with the
purpose of acquiring entrepreneurship skill. This study examined how students view the role of
social studies coursebooks in acquiring entrepreneurship skill. Basic qualitative design, was
used in the study. A total of 13 participants, four 5th grade, five 6th grade and four 7th grade
students from three middle schools in Ağrı province, were included in the participant group
which was formed by convenience sampling method. The data were collected through a semistructured interview form and analyzed through descriptive analysis. In the study, it was
determined that middle school students saw social studies coursebooks as materials that have a
major role in acquiring entrepreneurship skills but are insufficient in terms of content. In the
study, it was also concluded that students thought that the content of social studies coursebooks
in the context of entrepreneurship should be improved and in class activities should be carried
out in order to acquire entrepreneurship skill. In the study, it is recommended that more
comprehensive research be conducted on the views of middle school students on the role of
social studies coursebooks in acquiring entrepreneurship skill.
Keywords: Social studies coursebook, middle school students, entrepreneurship skill, view
88
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
YABANCI GÖÇÜNÜN BELEDİYELERİN HİZMET SUNUMU ÜZERİNDEKİ
ETKİLERİ
Dr. Gökhan KARAYÜNLÜ (ORCID: 0009-0000-8886-9859)
Mersin Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi
Email:gokhankarayunlu@hotmail.com
Öğretim Görevlisi Murat ERCAN (ORCID: 0009-0007-0824-3524)
Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Mülkiyet Koruma ve
Güvenlik Bölümü
Email:muratercan@karatekin.edu.tr
ÖZET
Yabancı göçü, global çapta çözüm bulunması ve kontrollü biçimde yürütülmesi gereken,
göçmenlerin ikamet ettiği kentler de merkezi yönetimi ve belediyeleri ciddi biçimde çok yönlü
programlar uygulamaya zorlayan, dinamik yapıya sahip bir süreçtir. Bireylerin ülkelerinde ki
savaş, iç çatışmalar, daha iyi eğitim ve yaşam koşulları gibi gerekçelerle yapmış olduğu dış
göç, yerleşme düşüncesinde olunan ülkeyi siyasi, ekonomik, kültürel ve psikolojik olarak
etkilemektedir. Türkiye’de merkezi idare adına göç sürecini Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü
yönetmekte olup, kentler de il temsilcilikleri vasıtasıyla denetim ve kontrolleri
gerçekleşmektedir. Kentlerin belediye yönetimleri de merkezi idareyle birlikte bu sürece
zorunlu olarak dâhil olmaktadır. Yabancı göçüyle gelen insanların barınma, ulaşım, eğitim,
güvenlik ve alt yapı sorunlarının doğrudan muhatabı, merkezi yönetime ilaveten belediyeler
olmaktadır. Belediyeler, yabancı göçüyle ortaya çıkan sorunlara yönelik olarak kısıtlı
bütçeleriyle çözüm üretmeye çalışmaktadırlar. 6458 sayılı Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma
Kanunu, 5216 ile 6360 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunları ve 5393 Sayılı Belediye Kanunu
göçmen ve sığınmacı süreciyle olarak belediyeleri yetkilendirmiş bulunsa da, önemli olan
özellikle yoğun yabancı göçü alan belediyelerin bütçelerine, bütün süreci zorlanmadan
yürütebileceği ve gerekli alt yapı yatırımlarını oluşturabileceği bütçeyi aktarmaktır. TÜİK
verilerine göre, Türkiye’ye 2022 yılında gelen yabancı uyruklu nüfus %25 ile Rusya
Federasyonu, %8,1 ile Ukrayna, %6,5 ile İran, %5,4 ile Afganistan ve %4,8 ile Irak
vatandaşlarıdır. Türkiye'de hâlihazırda çok sayıda Suriyeli ve Afganistanlı göçmen ve
sığınmacıların bulunduğu da göz önünde bulundurulursa, göçmen nüfusunun hızla artmış
olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı; belediyelerin karşı karşıya kaldığı yabancı
göçüyle nasıl mücadele edebileceğini değerlendirmek, ortaya çıkan problemlerin çözüm
yollarını irdeleyerek incelemektir. Yabancı göç sürecinin belediyeleri ciddi kaynak sıkıntısı
içerisine ittiğinin ve hizmet sunumunda problemler yarattığının anlaşılması bakımından alana
katkısı olacaktır. Çalışmada belediyelerce göç sürecinin yönetilmesine ilişkin kanunlar, ilgili
mevzuatlar, konuya ilişkin yazılı eserler, internet kaynakları irdelenerek, literatür taraması
uygulanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yabancı göçü, belediyeler, alt yapı, yatırımlar, kanunlar
89
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EFFECTS OF FOREIGN MIGRATION ON SERVICE PROVISION OF
MUNICIPALITIES
ABSTRACT
Foreign migration is a dynamic process that needs to be solved on a global scale and carried
out in a controlled manner, forcing the central government and municipalities to implement
seriously multifaceted programs in the cities where immigrants reside. Emigration by
individuals due to reasons such as war, internal conflicts, better education and living conditions
in their country affects the country where they intend to settle politically, economically,
culturally and psychologically. In Turkey, the General Directorate of Migration Management
manages the migration process on behalf of the central administration, and inspections and
controls are carried out in cities through provincial representatives. Municipal administrations
of cities are also necessarily involved in this process together with the central administration.
In addition to the central government, municipalities are the direct addressees of the housing,
transportation, education, security and infrastructure problems of people who come with foreign
migration. Municipalities are trying to find solutions to the problems arising from foreign
immigration with their limited budgets. Although the Law on Foreigners and International
Protection No. 6458, the Metropolitan Municipality Laws No. 5216 and 6360 and the
Municipality Law No. 5393 have authorized municipalities with regard to the immigrant and
refugee process, the important thing is that the municipalities, especially those receiving intense
foreign immigration, have access to their budgets so that they can carry out the whole process
without difficulty and create the necessary infrastructure investments. is to transfer the budget.
According to TÜİK data, the foreign national population coming to Turkey in 2022 are citizens
of the Russian Federation with 25%, Ukraine with 8.1%, Iran with 6.5%, Afghanistan with
5.4% and Iraq with 4.8%. Considering that there are already many Syrian and Afghan
immigrants and refugees in Turkey, it is considered that the immigrant population has increased
rapidly. Purpose of the study; The aim is to evaluate how municipalities can combat the foreign
migration they face and to examine the solutions to the problems that arise. It will contribute to
the field in terms of understanding that the foreign migration process pushes municipalities into
serious resource shortages and creates problems in service delivery. In the study, a literature
review was conducted by examining the laws regarding the management of the migration
process by municipalities, relevant legislation, written works and internet resources on the
subject.
Keywords: Foreign immigration, municipalities, infrastructure, investments, laws
90
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ'NİN COVİD-19 PANDEMİSİNE MÜDAHALELERİ: KÜRESEL
KRİZLERDE AKTÖRLÜĞÜN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Dr. Büşra KILIÇ (ORCID:0000-0002-3335-106)
Independent Researcher
Email: kilic_busra@windowslive.com
ÖZET
Bu araştırma, COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde Avrupa Birliği'nin (AB) sergilediği politik
eylemler ve reaksiyonlar üzerine odaklanarak, aktörlük teorisi bağlamında kapsamlı bir analiz
sunmaktadır. François Duchêne tarafından 1972 yılında ileri sürülen "Sivil Güç" paradigması
temel alınarak, AB'nin "aktör olarak doğası"na yönelik tartışmalar, Ian Manners'ın 2000'lerde
geliştirdiği "Normatif Güç" kavramı ile derinleşerek yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır. COVID-19
pandemisi, AB'nin dayanıklılığını, işbirliğine dayalı politika oluşturma yeteneğini ve genel kriz
yönetim kapasitesini kritik bir şekilde test etmiştir. Bu bağlamda, üye devletlerin sınırlarını
kapatma ve bağımsız yardım arayışlarına girişmeleri, özellikle İtalya'nın uluslararası alanda
geniş yankı bulan ve karşılıksız kalan yardım talepleri dikkat çekici olmuştur. Pandemiye bağlı
ekonomik sıkıntılara karşılık olarak, AB liderleri, büyük bir kurtarma fonunun kurulması da
dahil olmak üzere, geniş kapsamlı bir toparlanma stratejisine yönelik taahhütlerde
bulunmuşlardır. AB'nin COVID-19 pandemisine yanıtları, “hastalığın yayılmasını sınırlama,
ulusal sağlık sistemlerini destekleme, sosyo-ekonomik etkileriyle mücadele ve aşıların adil
dağıtımını sağlama” konularında kapsamlı bir yaklaşımı içermektedir. Bu çalışma, aktörlük
teorisinin çerçevesi içinde AB'nin COVID-19 pandemisi süresince dış politika sahnesindeki
performansını değerlendirir. Araştırma, özellikle dayanışma, güven oluşturma ve komşu
ülkelere mali yardım sağlama gibi kritik faktörlere odaklanarak, AB'nin beklenmedik küresel
durumlar karşısındaki rolünün evrimine yönelik derinlemesine bir perspektif sunmayı
amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Birliğin öngörülemeyen zorluklara nasıl tepki verdiğine dair
kapsamlı bir inceleme gerçekleştirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: AB Dış Politikası, COVID-19, Aktör Olarak AB, Küresel Krizler
91
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE EUROPEAN UNION'S RESPONSE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC:
EVALUATING ACTORNESS IN GLOBAL CRISES
ABSTRACT
This research focuses on the political actions and reactions exhibited by the European Union
(EU) during the COVID-19 pandemic, offering a comprehensive analysis within the context of
actorness theory. Starting with François Duchêne's "Civilian Power" paradigm proposed in
1972, discussions on the EU's "nature as an actor" have deepened and gained a new dimension
through Ian Manners' "Normative Power" concept developed in the 2000s. The COVID-19
pandemic critically tested the EU's resilience, capacity for collaborative policy-making, and
overall crisis management capabilities. In this context, the closing of borders by member states
and their independent efforts to seek aid, particularly Italy's widely echoed and unmet requests
for assistance, have been noteworthy. In response to the economic difficulties caused by the
pandemic, EU leaders have committed to a broad recovery strategy, including the establishment
of a significant recovery fund. The EU’s responses to the COVID-19 pandemic encompass a
comprehensive approach addressing "limiting the spread of the disease, supporting national
health systems, combating the socio-economic impacts, and ensuring the equitable distribution
of vaccines." This study evaluates the EU's performance on the foreign policy stage during the
COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of actorness theory. The research aims to provide a deep
perspective on the EU's evolving role in the face of unexpected global situations, focusing
specifically on critical factors such as solidarity, trust-building, and providing financial
assistance to neighboring countries. In this regard, a comprehensive examination of how the
Union has responded to unforeseen challenges will be conducted.
Keywords: EU Foreign Policy, COVID-19, EU as an Actor, Global Crises
92
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GIDA ENFLASYONU BESLENME ALIŞKANLIKLARINI ETKİLİYOR MU?
Arş. Gör. Dr. Sevinç EŞER DURMAZ* (ORCID: 0000-0002-2425-1715)
Kırıkkale University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,
Kırıkkale-Türkiye
Email: sevinceser@kku.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Alev KESER (ORCID: 0000-0003-2620-6747)
Ankara University, Faculty of Health Science, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, AnkaraTürkiye
Email: alev.keser@ankara.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bu araştırmada, yetişkin bireylerde gıda enflasyonunun beslenme alışkanlıklarına etkisini
belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, Ankara Üniversitesine bağlı faküte ve yüksekokullarda
çalışan 19-64 yaş arası, gıda alışverişi yapan akademik/idari personel ile anket formu
aracılığıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaya katılan bireylerin %61,1’i kadın, %38,9’u erkektir.
Kadınların yaş ortalaması 32,9±8,26 yıl, erkeklerin 35,1±9,65 yıldır (t=-2,017, p=0,045).
Katılımcıların hane içine giren aylık toplam gelirleri%29,5’i 60.001 ₺ ve üzeri, %14,9’u
50.001-60.000 ₺, %16,7’si 40.001-50.000 ₺ , %17,5’i 30.001-40.000 ₺, %15,6’sı 20.00130.000 ₺, %4,4’ü 12.001-20.000 ₺ aralığında yer almaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında bireylere
son zamanlarda gıda enflasyonu nedeniyle beslenme alışkanlıklarının değişme durumu
sorgulanmış, bireylerin %69,8’i gıda enflasyonunun beslenme alışkanlıklarını değiştirdiğini
ifade etmiştir. Bu bireylerin %49,5’i daha uygun fiyatlı gıdaları tercih etmeye başladığını,
%22,4’ü gıda çeşitliliğini azalttığını, %13,0’ü gıda miktarını azalttığını belirtmektedir. Gıda
enflasyonu nedeniyle bireylerin %27,3’ü ana öğün atlamak zorunda kaldıklarını belirtmiş,
tüketilmeyen ana öğünün sıklıkla öğle öğünü (%58,7) ve sonrasında kahvaltı öğünü (%28)
olduğu görülmektedir. Gıda enflasyonu nedeniyle ara öğün tüketiminde azalma oranı
erkeklerde kadınlara kıyasla daha yüksektir ve bu fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır (p=0,034).
Bireylerin %36,7’si gıda enflasyonu nedeniyle ana/ara öğünde tükettikleri yiyecek miktarının
azaldığını ifade etmiştir. Gelir düzeyi, bireylerin beslenme alışkanlıklarını önemli düzeyde
etkileyen bir faktördür. Düşük gelir düzeylerindeki bireylerin beslenme alışkanlıklarının gıda
enflasyonundan daha fazla etkilendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Artan gıda fiyatları sonucu ortaya çıkan
gıda enflasyonunun bireylerin beslenme alışkanlıklarını etkilediği görülmektedir. Bu
sonuçların politika yapıcılar için önemli bir veri kaynağı olduğu ve gerekli düzenlemeler
yapılırken dikkate alınması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: gıda enflasyonu, beslenme, öğün tüketimi
93
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DOES FOOD INFLATION AFFECT NUTRITIONAL HABITS?
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to determine the effect of food inflation on eating habits of adult individuals.
The study was conducted with academic/administrative staff aged between 19-64 working in
faculties and colleges affiliated to Ankara University who shop for food through a questionnaire
form. Of the individuals, 61.1% were female and 38.9% were male. The mean age of women
was 32.9±8.26 and 35.1±9.65 years for men(t=-2.017, p=0.045). The total monthly household
income of the participants is 29.5% 60.001₺ and above, 14.9% 50.001-60.000₺, 16.7% 40.00150.000₺, 17.5% 30.001-40.000₺, 15.6% 20.001-30.000₺, 4.4% 12.001-20.000₺. The research,
individuals were asked about the recent changes in their eating habits due to food inflation, and
69.8% of the individuals stated that food inflation has changed their eating habits. Among these
individuals, 49.5% stated that they started to prefer more affordable foods, 22.4% stated that
they reduced food variety, and 13.0% stated that they reduced the amount of food. Due to food
inflation, 27.3% of the individuals stated that they had to skip main meals, and it was observed
that the main meal that was not consumed was lunch (58.7%) and then breakfast(28%). The
rate of decrease in snack consumption due to food inflation was higher in men than in women
and this difference was statistically significant(p=0.034). 36.7% of the individuals stated that
the amount of food consumed at main/intermediate meals decreased due to food inflation.
Income level is a factor that significantly affects the dietary habits of individuals. It is
understood that the dietary habits of individuals at low income levels are more affected by food
inflation. It is observed that food inflation resulting from rising food prices affects the dietary
habits of individuals. It is thought that these results are an important data source for policy
makers and should be taken into consideration when making necessary arrangements.
Keywords: food inflation, nutrition, meal consumption
94
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SÜT SIĞIRCILIĞIDA HAYVAN REFAHI UYGULAMALARI
Dr. Levend COŞKUNTUNA (ORCID:0000-0001-7137-4198)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü
Email:lcoskuntuna@nku.edu.tr
ÖZET
Süt sığırcılığı, büyükbaş hayvancılığın içinde önemli bir bölümünü oluştumaktadır. Süt
sığırcılığı faaliyetlerinin başarılı bir şekilde yürütülebilmesi için, hayvan bakımı, yönetimi,
uygun hayvan seçimi ve barınak gibi faktörlerin yanı sıra yeterli ve kaliteli yem ile etkili bir
besleme programının uygulanması gerekmektedir. Günümüzde süt sığırcılığı genellikle
entansif koşullarda büyük kapasiteli işletmelerde yapılmaktadır, Bu tip işletmelerde verim
kontrolü ve hayvanların doğal davranışlarını sergileyebilmeleri için gerekli düzenlemeler
yapılması ve hayvan refahının korunması büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Hayvan refahı, bir
hayvanın yaşadığı koşulların, sağlık durumunun, yaşam kalitesinin ve mutluluğunun bir
yansıması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bir hayvanın refah içinde olduğu kabul edilebilmesi için,
bu hayvanın sağlıklı, rahat, iyi beslenmiş, güvende, türünün doğal davranışlarını sergileyebilir,
korkusuzca yaşayabilir, ağrı veya stresten muzdarip olmadığı kabul edilmektedir. Hayvan
refahıyla ilgili olarak, farklı ülkelerde çok sayıda yasa ve yönetmelik düzenlenmiştir. İklimsel
ve çevresel koşulların dikkatlice yönetilmesi, süt sığırları işletmesinin başarısı için kritik bir rol
oynamaktadır. Hayvan refahının sağlanabilmesi değişik faktörlere bağlıdır. Bunlardan bazıları,
İşletmenin konumlandırılacağı bölgenin iklimsel faktörleri ve işletme içi iklim şartları olarak
sıralamak mümkündür. İklim koşulları, belirli bir bölgenin sıcaklık, nem, rüzgâr ve yağış gibi
faktörlerini içermektedir. Bu koşulların istenilen sınırların altında veya üstünde olması,
özellikle süt sığırlarının verimliliğini olumlu ya da olumsuz yönde etkileyebilmektedir. Süt
sığırlarının yaşadığı iklim koşulları, süt üretimi, sağlık ve genel refahlarını etkileyebilir. Süt
sığırları için en uygun sıcaklık genellikle 5-25°C arasındadır; ancak 10-20°C arasındaki
sıcaklıklar süt sığırları için en ideal olanlardır. Yüksek sıcaklık, düşük sıcaklığa göre süt
sığırları üzerinde daha fazla olumsuz etki yaratabilir. Ayrıca, nem seviyeleri de önemlidir. Süt
sığırları için en uygun nem seviyeleri genellikle %50-70 arasında bulunur. Yüksek sıcaklık ve
yüksek nem koşulları altında, süt sığırları verimlerini kaybedebilir ve stres yaşayabilirler.
Hayvanların refahını artırmak için bulundukları işletmelerde farklı uygulamalar yapılmaktadır.
Bu uygulamalarda, hemhayvan refanı arttırmakta hem de işletme karlılığına olumlu bir şekilde
yansımaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Süt sığırı, Hayvan Refahı, Stress, Sıcaklık.
95
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ANIMAL WELFARE PRACTICES IN DAIRY FARMING
ABSTRACT
Dairy cattle farming constitutes an important part of cattle farming. To carry out dairy cattle
activities successfully, it is necessary to implement an effective feeding program with sufficient
and high-quality feed as well as factors such as animal care, management, appropriate animal
selection, and shelter. Nowadays, dairy cattle farming is generally carried out in large-capacity
enterprises under intensive conditions. In such enterprises, it is of great importance to make the
necessary arrangements for yield control so that animals can exhibit their natural behaviors and
to protect animal welfare. Animal welfare is defined as a reflection of an animal's living
conditions, health, quality of life, and happiness. For an animal to be considered to be in
welfare, it must be healthy, comfortable, well-fed, safe, able to exhibit the natural behaviors of
its species, able to live without fear, and not suffering from pain or stress. Animal welfare is
regulated by numerous laws and regulations in different countries. Careful management of
climatic and environmental conditions plays a critical role in the success of the dairy cattle
enterprise. Ensuring animal welfare depends on different factors. Some of these factors can be
listed as climatic factors of the region where the enterprise will be located and climatic
conditions within the enterprise. Climatic conditions include factors such as temperature,
humidity, wind, and precipitation in a particular region. The fact that these conditions are below
or above the desired limits can affect the productivity of dairy cattle positively or negatively.
The climatic conditions in which dairy cattle live can affect their milk production, health, and
general welfare. The optimum temperature for dairy cattle is usually between 5-25°C; however,
temperatures between 10-20°C are the most ideal for dairy cattle. High temperatures can have
more negative effects on dairy cattle than low temperatures. Humidity levels are also important.
Optimal humidity levels for dairy cattle are usually found between 50-70%. Under conditions
of high temperature and humidity, dairy cattle can lose productivity and experience stress. To
improve the welfare of animals, different practices are carried out on the farms where they are
located. These practices both increase animal welfare and have a positive impact on business
profitability.
Keywords: Dairy cattle, Animal Welfare, Stress, Temperature.
96
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SÜT SIĞIRLARINDA SİLAJ TÜKETİMİNİ ARTTIRMANIN ÖNEMİ
Dr. Levend COŞKUNTUNA (ORCID:0000-0001-7137-4198)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Zootekni Bölümü
Email:lcoskuntuna@nku.edu.tr
ÖZET
Dünya süt üretiminin % 85’ı ve et üretiminin % 20’ine yakını sığırlardan elde edilmektedir.
Ülkemizde ise süt üretiminin yaklaşık % 90’nı ve kırmızı et üretiminin yaklaşık olarak % 80’i
sığırlardan karşılanmaktadır. Bu değerli hayvanların beslenmesi de büyük önem arzetmektedir.
Bu beslemenin de ekonomik olarak yapılması gerekmektedir. Bunun için, hazırlanan
rasyonların dengeli olması ve hayvanın tüm günlük ihtiyaçlarını karşılaması gerekmektedir.
Hayvanın ihtiyaçlarını karşılamada ise, farklı yem hammaddelerinde yararlanılmaktadır. Bu
yem hammddeleri içerisinde de silaj önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.Silaj, günümüzde tüm
hayvancılık işletmelerinde gelişmekte olan düvelerin, besi danalarının, kurudaki ve
laktasyondaki ineklerin yemlenmesinde yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Silajının veriliş
miktarı, hayvanların yaşına ve verim düzeyine bağlı olarak değişim göstermektedir. Silajı
kısaca tanımlayacak olursak; su içeriği yüksek yeşil yem bitkilerinin, küçük parçacıklara
ayrılarak, havasız bir ortamda süt asidi bakterilerinin fermantasyonuna uğratılmaları yoluyla
elde edilmektedir. Silaj; bir çeşit hayvan turşusu olarak ta adlandırılabilir. Silaj, yeterli düzeyde
şeker içerdiğinden herhangi bir katkı maddesi kullanmaya gerek duyulmadan
değerlendirilebilecek bir yem kaynağıdır. Silaj; birim alandan fazla miktarda sindirilebilir besin
maddesi sağlayan, lezzetli ve besleme değeri yüksek bir yemdir. Silaj; uzun süre saklanabilen
ve kış mevsiminde taze ve sulu yem olarak tüketilebilen ideal bir besin maddesidir. Silaj
yapımında birbiri ile ilişkili üç etken bulunmaktadır. Bunlar; silajı yapılacak yem materyali,
silaj yapım yönetimi ve fermantasyon işlemidir. Kaliteli bir silaj elde edebilmek için tüm bu
etkenlerin üzerinde özenle durulması gerekmektedir. Silo yemleri hem süt inekleri tarafından
severek tüketilmekte hem rumen faaliyetlerinin düzenlenmesine yardımcı olmaktadır. Ayrıca
süt verimini arttırmaktadır. Bu açıdan, rasyona katılım ve hayvanlar tarafından tüketim
miktarının arttırılma yollarına gidilmesi gerekmektedir. Süt ineklerinin beslenmesinde
rasyonlarında günlük 15 – 30 kg kadar kullanılmaktadır. Silaj kullanımı sırasında kesif yem ve
kaliteli kuru ot ile desteklenmesi gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Silaj, Yem Tüketimi, Ruminant, Besleme, Süt Verimi.
97
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE IMPORTANCE OF INCREASING SILAGE CONSUMPTION IN DAIRY COWS
ABSTRACT
In the world, 85% of milk production and nearly 20% of meat production is obtained from
cattle. In our country, approximately 90% of milk production and 80% of red meat production
is made from cattle. Feeding these valuable animals is also of great importance. This feeding
should also be done economically. For this, the rations prepared must be balanced and meet all
the daily needs of the animal. Different feed raw materials are used to meet the needs of the
animal. Silage has an important place among these feed raw materials. Silage is used intensively
in all livestock farms today for feeding developing heifers, fattening calves, and dry and
lactating cows. The amount of silage fed varies depending on the age and efficiency level of
the animals. If we define silage briefly; It is obtained by separating green fodder plants with
high water content into small particles and fermentation of milk acid bacteria in an airless
environment. Silage can also be called a kind of animal pickle. Silage is a feed source that can
be evaluated without the need to use any additives since it contains sufficient sugar. Silage is a
feed that provides a large amount of digestible nutrients per unit area, is delicious, and has high
nutritional value. Silage is an ideal nutrient that can be stored for a long time and can be
consumed as fresh and juicy feed during the winter season. There are three interrelated factors
in silage production. These are; forage material to be silaged, silage production management,
and fermentation process. All these factors should be carefully emphasized to obtain a quality
silage. Silo feeds are both consumed fondly by dairy cows and help to regulate rumen activities.
It also increases milk yield. In this respect, it is necessary to increase the amount of inclusion
in the ration and consumption by animals. It is used in the rations of dairy cows at a daily rate
of 15 - 30 kg. During the use of silage, it should be supported with concentrated feed and quality
dry grass.
Keywords: Silage, Feed Consumption, Ruminant, Feeding, Milk Yield
98
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TÜRK EKONOMİSİNDE RASYONEL DÖNÜŞÜM PROGRAMLARININ
UYGULANMASI VE ETKİLERİ
Prof. Dr. Zeynep KARAÇOR* (ORCID: 0000-0003-2050-644X)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: zkaracor@selcuk.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Burcu GÜVENEK (ORCID: 0000-0002-7159-2555)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: burcuguvenek@selcuk.edu.tr
ÖZET
Türkiye ekonomisi dünya ekonomisindeki değişme ve gelişmelere bağlı olarak geleneksel
ekonomi politikaları uygulamaları ile makroekonomik istikrarı sağlamayı çalışmıştır. Ancak
2016 yılından sonra başlayan ve 2021 yılında ‘’yeni ekonomi politikası‘’ ile adlandırılan
politika geleneksel olmayan geleneksel ekonomi politikalarından oluşan farklı bir model arayışı
dönemidir. 1990-2016 yılları arası ekonomi politikası liberalleşme politikaları temeline dayalı
dışa açılma ve finansal liberalizasyon politikalarını içermektedir. 2016 yılından sonra ise
serbest piyasa ekonomisi kural ve kurumlarını işletirken, enerji ve ara mallardaki dış
bağımlılığın düşürülmesi hedeflenmiştir. 2020 yılındaki küresel pandemi süreci sonrası ise cari
fazla vermeyi ve rekabetçi kurlarla üretimdeki ve dünya ticaretindeki payını artırma amacıyla
‘’geleneksel ekonomi politikalarına aykırı düşük faiz politikası’’ ile ekonomik yapısını
bağımlılığı yüksek bir yapıdan, ileri teknoloji ve ithal girdi bağımlılığı düşük bir yapıya
dönüştürmeyi hedeflemiştir (Buluş; 2023,23). Ancak uygulanan bu politikanın enflasyon
üzerinde yarattığı baskı, Türkiye ekonomisinde yeniden yüksek enflasyonun yaşanması politika
değişikliğini de beraberinde getirmiştir. Türkiye ekonomisi 2023 yılında 191 ülke arasında en
yüksek enflasyona sahip altıncı ülke olmuştur. Bu durum ekonomi politikası yapımcılarını
“Ekonomide Rasyonel Dönüşüm Programı” olarak adlandırılan tekrar geleneksel politikalara
dönmesine neden olmuştur. Ekonomide rasyonel dönüşüm programı toplumsal refahın artması
için rasyonel politikaların uygulanmasını temel almıştır. Toplumsal refah hedefine ulaşmak için
şeffaflık, sürdürülebilir yüksek büyüme için mali disiplinin tesis edilmesi ve fiyat istikrarı temel
hedef olarak belirlenmiştir. Özellikle orta vadede enflasyonun yeniden tek haneli rakamlara
düşürülmesi risk ve belirsizliğin azaltılarak her alanda öngörülebilirliğin artırıldığı,
güvenilirliğinin sağlandığı makro ekonomik yapının sağlanması için etkin ekonomi
politikalarının uygulanması gerekliliği vurgulanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye Ekonomisi, yeni ekonomi, rasyonel politikalar.
99
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
APPLICATION OF RATIONAL TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMS IN TURKISH
ECONOMY AND ITS EFFECTS
ABSTRACT
Depending on the changes and developments in the world economy, the Turkish economy has
tried to ensure macroeconomic stability through the implementation of traditional economic
policies. However, the policy that started after 2016 and is called the "new economic policy" in
2021 is a period of searching for a different model consisting of non-traditional traditional
economic policies. Economic policy between 1990 and 2016 includes opening up and financial
liberalization policies based on liberalization policies. After 2016, it was aimed to reduce
external dependence on energy and intermediate goods while operating the free market
economy rules and institutions. After the global pandemic process in 2020, it aimed to
transform its economic structure from a highly dependent structure to a structure with low
dependence on advanced technology and imported inputs, with a "low interest policy contrary
to traditional economic policies" in order to achieve a current account surplus and increase its
share in production and world trade with competitive exchange rates. (Invention; 2023,23).
However, the pressure created by this policy on inflation and the re-experiencing high inflation
in the Turkish economy brought about a policy change. In 2023, the Turkish economy was the
sixth country with the highest inflation among 191 countries. This situation has caused
economic policy makers to return to traditional policies, which is called the "Rational
Transformation Program in the Economy". The rational transformation program in the
economy is based on the implementation of rational policies to increase social welfare. In order
to achieve the goal of social welfare, transparency, establishment of fiscal discipline for
sustainable high growth and price stability have been determined as the main objectives. It was
emphasized that effective economic policies should be implemented in order to reduce inflation
back to single digits, to reduce risk and uncertainty, to increase predictability in all areas and to
ensure a macroeconomic structure in which reliability is ensured, especially in the medium
term.
Keywords: Turkish Economy, new economy, rational policies.
100
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
YEŞİL EKONOMİ'NİN SEKTÖRLERE GÖRE KAYNAK KULLANIMI
ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ
Prof. Dr. Zeynep KARAÇOR* (ORCID: 0000-0003-2050-644X)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: zkaracor@selcuk.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Burcu GÜVENEK (ORCID: 0000-0002-7159-2555)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: burcuguvenek@selcuk.edu.tr
Saim Mert KALIN (ORCID: 0009-0009-6935-2497)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: saimmert.kalin@tarimorman.gov.tr
ÖZET
İnsanlar ve iktisatçılar yıllarca doğayı sınırsız bir kaynak olarak görmüşlerdir. Doğal
kaynakların varlığının kıt olması ve bilinçsiz kullanımının çevreye zararlarının anlaşılmasından
sonra yeni kavramlara ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Yeşil ekonomi diğer adıyla düşük karbon
emisyonlu ekonomi tam olarak burada ortaya çıkmıştır. Yeşil ekonomi, çevre problemlerinin
giderek arttığı günümüz çağında çevresel riskleri ve ekolojik kıtlıkları azaltmayı hedefleyen ve
bu hedefleri korurken sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı destekleyen bir ekonomi anlayışıdır. Yeşil
ekonominin kaynak kullanımına etkileri hem çevresel hem ekonomik açıdan çok önemlidir.
Kaynak kullanımı; çevresel açıdan, doğal kaynakların etkili bir şekilde kullanılması, çevre
kirliliğinin azaltılmasına, iklim değişikliğinin engellenmesine ve doğal yaşamın korunmasına
yönelik bir önem taşımaktadır. Ekonomik açıdan ise, kaynakların daha verimli kullanımı,
işletmelerin maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi ve rekabet gücünün artırılması gibi faktörlerle birlikte
uzun vadeli sürdürülebilir bir büyümeyi desteklemektedir. Kaynak kullanımlarını yeni
boyutlara geçirmek enerjinin, suyun ve ham maddelerin daha etkin verimli kullanılmasına
teşvik etmek, israfların önüne geçilmesini sağlayıp çevreci kaynak kullanımının teşvik edilmesi
yeşil ekonomi modelinin temellerinde yatmaktadır. Yeşil ekonominin geniş kapsamlı bir
şekilde benimsenmesi için, ülkelerin oluşturduğu politikaların sektörlerde faaliyet gösteren
şirketleri yeşil ekonomiye geçiş konusunda teşvik edici ve yeşil ekonomi uygulayan firmalara
destek sağlayıcı nitelikte olması gerekmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışmanın amacı; yeşil ekonomi
anlayışının önce genel anlamda ele alınarak sonrasında harcanan kaynaklar üzerinde sırasıyla
turizm, enerji, inşaat, tarım ve gıda sektörlerinde sektör bazında negatif ve pozitif etkilerini
ortaya koymaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yeşil ekonomi, çevre, doğal kaynaklar, yeşil sürdürülebilirlik, kaynak
etkinliği, kaynak kullanımı.
101
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE IMPACTS OF GREEN ECONOMY ON RESOURCE UTILIZATION BY
SECTORS
ABSTRACT
After the scarcity of natural resources and the understanding of the environmental damages of
unconscious use of natural resources, new concepts were needed. A green economy, also known
as a low carbon emission economy, has emerged here. The green economy is an understanding
of the economy that aims to reduce environmental risks and ecological shortages in today's age
of increasing environmental problems and supports sustainable development while maintaining
these goals. The effects of a green economy on resource utilization are very important both
environmentally and economically. Resource utilization is environmentally important for the
effective use of natural resources, reduction of environmental pollution, prevention of climate
change, and protection of natural life. In economic terms, it supports long-term sustainable
growth with factors such as more efficient use of resources, reducing the costs of enterprises,
and increasing competitiveness. Taking resource use to new dimensions, encouraging more
efficient use of energy, water, and raw materials, preventing waste, and encouraging the use of
environmentally friendly resources lie at the foundations of the green economy model. For the
green economy to be adopted comprehensively, the policies established by the countries should
encourage the companies operating in the sectors to transition to a green economy and provide
support to the companies implementing the green economy. In this framework, the study aims
to first discuss the green economy concept in general terms and then to reveal the negative and
positive effects on the resources spent on a sectoral basis in tourism, energy, construction,
agriculture, and food sectors respectively.
Keywords: Green economy, environment, natural resources, green sustainability, resource
efficiency, resource utilisation.
102
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ÖĞRENEN EKONOMİSİNDE PARA POLİTİKASININ ETKİNLİĞİ: TÜRKİYE
EKONOMİSİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Prof. Dr. Zeynep KARAÇOR* (ORCID: 0000-0003-2050-644X)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: zkaracor@selcuk.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Burcu GÜVENEK (ORCID: 0000-0002-7159-2555)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: burcuguvenek@selcuk.edu.tr
ÖZET
Dünya ekonomisindeki değişim dinamiğinin etkilendiği en önemli politik araçlardan biri para
politikasıdır. Çünkü günümüzde hızla değişen ve gelişen piyasalar finansal piyasalardır. Bu
gelişmeler finansal sistemin düzenli işlemesini sağlamak adına Merkez bankalarına ve para
politikası uygulamalarına önemli görevler yüklemiştir. Hükümetin para arzını kontrol etmek
için izlediği politikalar bütünü para politikasıdır. Ülkelerin para politikasını yürüten kurum
merkez bankasıdır. Her ülkenin merkez bankası bir tür spesiyal kamu iktisadi kuruluşudur.
Merkez bankaları para politikaları uygularken ve para arzlarını belirlerken paranın dolaşım
hızını dikkate almaktadır. Öğrenme, bilgi ve yeni değişime uyum içinde gerekli olan
sorumluluktur. Merkez bankasına yenilik ve değişim ortamında düşen sorumluluk, etkinliği,
güvenliği ve etkin parasal kontrolü aynı anda sağlamaktır. Merkez bankaları bu
sorumluluklarını piyasaları gÖZETim altında tutarak uyguladıkları para politikası ile
gerçekleştireceklerdir. Fakat, yenilik ve değişim merkez bankalarının finansal sistemin sağlıklı
bir şekilde işlemesini ve enflasyonsuz bir ortamda sürdürülebilir bir büyüme oranının
gerçekleşmesini giderek zorlaştırmaktadır. Çünkü finansal yeniliklerdeki değişme ve
gelişmeler paranın tanımını değiştirmeye başlamıştır. Yapısal değişiklikler ve finansal
yeniliklere paralel olarak önceden bir politika belirlenmeye temel olabilecek bir parasal ilişkiyi
tahmin edebilmek zorlaşmıştır. Bu durum bütünselleşmiş ekonomi politikalarını da başarısız
kılmış, bütünleşmiş politikaların başarısızlığı da para politikalarını etkilemiştir. Çünkü karar
birimlerinin amaç fonksiyonunu gerçekleştirmede en çok öğrenip bilgi akışını
gerçekleştirdikleri ve birebir etkilendikleri para ve paraya dair konulardır. Onun için değişimin
baş döndürücü hızla olduğu finansal piyasalarda para politikasının ve merkez bankasının
dinamik yapıda olması gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye Ekonomisi, öğrenen ekonomi, para politaları.
103
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONETARY POLICY IN THE LEARNING
ECONOMY: AN EVALUATION ON THE TURKISH ECONOMY
ABSTRACT
One of the most important political tools that affects the dynamics of change in the world
economy is monetary policy. Because today's rapidly changing and developing markets are
financial markets. These developments have imposed important duties on central banks and
monetary policy practices in order to ensure the regular functioning of the financial system.
Monetary policy is the set of policies followed by the government to control the money supply.
The institution that carries out the monetary policy of the countries is the central bank. The
central bank of every country is a type of specialized public economic institution. Central banks
take into account the speed of circulation of money when implementing monetary policies and
determining money supplies. Learning is the responsibility required to adapt to knowledge and
new change. The responsibility of the central bank in an environment of innovation and change
is to ensure efficiency, security and effective monetary control at the same time. Central banks
will fulfill these responsibilities through the monetary policy they implement by keeping the
markets under surveillance. However, innovation and change make it increasingly difficult for
central banks to ensure the healthy functioning of the financial system and to achieve a
sustainable growth rate in an inflation-free environment. Because changes and developments
in financial innovations have begun to change the definition of money. In parallel with
structural changes and financial innovations, it has become difficult to predict a monetary
relationship that could be the basis for determining a policy in advance. This situation also made
integrated economic policies unsuccessful, and the failure of integrated policies also affected
monetary policies. Because it is money and money-related issues that decision-making units
learn the most about, flow information to, and are directly affected by in achieving their
objective function.Therefore, in financial markets where change occurs at a dizzying pace,
monetary policy and the central bank must have a dynamic structure.
Keywords: Turkish Economy, learning economy, monetary policies.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TRANSFORMING ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS IN HOSPITALITY: EMBRACING
CLOUD TECHNOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
Dr Natalia Hakimi
Faculty of Business, Accounting, Finance, Law & Humanity, MAHSA University
Email:natalia@mahsa.edu.my
Dr Fatin Syazwani Safiyuddin
Faculty of Business, Accounting, Finance, Law & Humanity, MAHSA University
Email: fatinsyazwani@mahsa.edu.my
Ija Hazirah Nur Rosni
Faculty of Business, Accounting, Finance, Law & Humanity, MAHSA University
Email: ijahazirah@mahsa.edu.my
Liyana Nadhirah Kamal
Faculty of Business, Accounting, Finance, Law & Humanity, MAHSA University
Emai: liyananadhirah@mahsa.edu.my
Erma Shahida Kaap
Faculty of Business, Accounting, Finance, Law & Humanity, MAHSA University
Email:ermashahida@mahsa.edu.my
Assoc. Prof. Dr Rasheedul Haque
Faculty of Business, Accounting, Finance, Law & Humanity, MAHSA University
Email:rasheedul@mahsa.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Technology advancements and cloud accounting have significantly impacted the calibre of
accounting information systems, especially in the hospitality sector. Accuracy and operational
performance have grown because of the faster and more effective data processing made possible
by the incorporation of cloud accounting into accounting procedures. Better access to real-time
financial data, which is essential for decision-making in the hospitality sector, has also been
made possible by cloud computing. Additionally, technological advancements have aided in
the creation of cloud-based accounting systems, which improve decision-making abilities and
support the development of higher-calibre information systems. These developments have been
crucial in helping businesses become more cost-effective while also improving business
performance through digital transformation and digital leadership. This study investigates how
technology improvements and cloud accounting affect the calibre of accounting information
systems in the hospitality sector. The swift advancement of technology has led to the emergence
of cloud accounting as a game-changing instrument for augmenting data processing and
administration across multiple industries. This study intends to offer important insights into
how accounting information systems are changing in the hotel sector in response to cloud
accounting and technology breakthroughs through a quantitative data analysis. The results of
this study regarding the impact of cloud accounting and technological advancements on the
calibre of accounting information systems in the hospitality sector will be very helpful to
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
regulators in improving policies, the government in making better decisions, and educators in
creating curricula emphasising the role of technology in accounting practices.
Keywords: Cloud Accounting, Technology Advances, Accounting Information Systems
Quality, Hospitality
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
AI FOR FASHION
R SHAMGANESH
R. M. K. Engineering College, Student, Information Technology, Thiruvallur, India
Email:230534.it@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.in
ABSTRACT
Online shopping platforms have been attracting many customers since they were introduced in
the last decade of the 20th century. Using online shopping platforms, customers can purchase
any merchandise anywhere and anytime without the need to physically go from store to store
to find a product or wait in lines to check out. Despite their advantages in comparison with
instore shopping, customers often have concerns when they shop for products that require
measurements estimation such as furniture and clothes. Choosing the wrong clothing size, in
particular, is a common issue experienced by many online shoppers. Therefore, in this research,
a model is proposed that utilizes computer vision and machine learning to estimate upper body
measurements of humans. The process involves using a portable camera to capture an image,
enhancing its quality, isolating the human body, calibrating, extracting body features, marking
the image, and generating accurate results. This method, using a single RGB camera, holds
great potential for the fashion industry. We have also introduced ellipse-like approximations to
minimize the difference between manual and software measurements. Our approach has shown
better results than the current state-of-the-art, with an average difference of ± 1cm compared to
traditional manual tape measurements. Artificial intelligence is being applied to predict body
dimensions in the apparel industry, leading to cost reduction and improved efficiency. We
proposed a back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) model to predict pattern
making-related body dimensions using key human body measurements. The model was trained
using anthropometric data from 120 young females in northeastern China, demonstrating that
the BP-ANN model is more accurate and stable than the linear regression (LR) model. This
method can be valuable in creating garment patterns for form-fitting clothing, and its precision
can be further enhanced with a larger learning dataset in the future. There is a growing interest
in deep learning-based recommender systems, particularly for outfit recommendation. Deep
neural networks can identify important product features from images and text descriptions, and
represent them as semantic vectors. This is especially relevant in the fashion domain, where
various product features contribute to creating outfits. In our study, we compare different fusion
methods for outfit recommendation that combine product features extracted from visual and
textual data into multimodal item representations. We evaluate traditional fusion methods
against attention-based fusion methods, which are designed to capture the interdependencies
between different modalities more effectively.
Keywords: BP-ANN model, Online shopping platforms
107
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TECH-INFUSED LANDSCAPES: ADVANCEMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN
MODERN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
POOJITHA. N
R.M.K. Engineering College, student, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email:2psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Recent technological progress has revolutionized landscape architecture, offering a suite of
tools that enhance design precision and sustainability. Geographic Information Systems (GIS),
Remote Sensing (RS), and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) provide landscape architects with
invaluable data for informed decision-making, fostering sustainable design solutions. Building
Information Modeling (BIM) and parametric design streamline processes and promote
collaboration, driving innovation in landscape architecture. Virtual Reality (VR) and
Augmented Reality (AR) technologies enable immersive experiences, facilitating stakeholder
engagement and early design feedback. Drones and LIDAR technology improve site analysis,
monitoring, and safety on construction sites, while digital fabrication and robotics push
boundaries in material innovation. Addressing challenges such as data privacy and digital
literacy is essential to fully harness the potential of these technologies. Through continuous
research, education, and collaboration, landscape architecture can lead towards a more resilient,
inclusive, and sustainable future."
Keywords: Global Positioning Systems, Remote Sensing
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
VECTOR CALCULUS IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Priyadarshini K
R. M. K. Engineering College, Student, Information Technology, Thiruvallur, India
Email:230020.it@rmkec.ac.in
Priyajothi N
R. M. K. Engineering College, Student, Information Technology, Thiruvallur, India
Email:230777.it@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R. M. K Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Vector calculus is an indispensable tool in the field of computer graphics, serving as the
mathematical foundation for a wide range of techniques and algorithms essential for creating
visually compelling digital imagery. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the
applications of vector calculus in computer graphics, focusing on its role in various aspects of
rendering, modelling, and simulation. The methodology of this paper involves a systematic
exploration of vector calculus principles and their implementation in key areas of computer
graphics. Beginning with an introduction to basic vector calculus concepts such as dot products,
cross products, and vector derivatives, the paper proceeds to delve into specific applications
within the realm of computer graphics. These applications include geometric transformations,
surface modelling, lighting and shading computations, ray tracing, and physics-based
simulations. Geometric transformations, such as translation, rotation, and scaling, are essential
for positioning and animating objects in a virtual scene. Vector calculus enables the
representation and manipulation of geometric transformations, facilitating the seamless
integration of objects into a coherent visual environment. Additionally, vector calculus plays a
crucial role in surface modelling techniques, such as parametric surfaces, implicit surfaces, and
spline interpolation, enabling the creation of smooth and natural-looking surfaces. Furthermore,
vector calculus is integral to lighting and shading computations, where it facilitates the
simulation of light interactions with surfaces. Through operations such as surface normal
calculations, lighting models, and material properties, vector calculus contributes to the
generation of realistic illumination and shading effects. In the domain of ray tracing, vector
calculus operations are employed to compute ray-object intersections, reflections, refractions,
and shadowing effects, resulting in high-fidelity renderings with accurate light transport. In
conclusion, the applications of vector calculus in computer graphics are vast and diverse,
spanning across rendering, modelling, and simulation domains. By leveraging vector calculus
principles, computer graphics practitioners can achieve unparalleled levels of realism and visual
fidelity in digital imagery, paving the way for ground breaking advancements in the field. As
computational power continues to advance, further exploration and innovation in vector
calculus-based techniques promise to push the boundaries of what is possible in computer
graphics.
Keywords: Rendering, modelling, simulation, ray tracing, physics-based simulations
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CLEARING OUR COSMIC PATH: INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SPACE
DEBRIS MITIGATION
V. PAVITHRA
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Email:230364.ec@rmkec.ac.in
G. SANDHIYA
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Email:230540.ec@rmkec.ac.in
K. SANJANI
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Email:230056.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Meena M
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email:mm.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Space debris mitigation is crucial for ensuring the sustainability of space activities. This
ABSTRACT proposes novel approaches to tackle this pressing issue. Firstly, employing active
debris removal techniques, such as robotic capture and deorbiting, can effectively reduce the
population of hazardous debris. Secondly, implementing satellite design standards for end-oflife disposal, including provisions for propulsion systems or deployable sails for deorbiting, can
prevent the creation of new debris. Additionally, advancements in collision avoidance
algorithms and satellite maneuvering capabilities can mitigate the risk of collisions, thereby
reducing the generation of debris fragments. Furthermore, international cooperation and
regulations are essential for promoting responsible space practices and enforcing debris
mitigation measures. By integrating these innovative strategies, we can address the growing
challenge of space debris and safeguard the long-term sustainability of space exploration and
utilization.
Keywords: Space debris mitigation, Sustainability, Active debris removal.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INTEGRATING MATHEMATICS INTO ZOOTECHNICS: A PATHWAY TO
EFFICIENT LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT
M. MONIKA
R.M.K Engineering College, Student, Department of Electronics and Communication,
Chennai, India.
Email:230675.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email:Psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Meena
R.M.K Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
ABSTRACT
Zootechnics, the science of animal husbandry, plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient livestock
production while considering animal welfare and sustainability. Mathematics, with its
analytical and predictive capabilities, offers a powerful toolset for optimizing various aspects
of zootechnical practices. This ABSTRACT explores the integration of mathematics into
zootechnics, focusing on its application in areas such as breeding, nutrition, health
management, and environmental impact assessment. Mathematical modeling facilitates the
understanding of complex biological processes underlying animal growth, reproduction, and
disease dynamics. By employing techniques such as differential equations, optimization
algorithms, and statistical analysis, researchers can develop predictive models to optimize
breeding programs, enhance feed efficiency, and mitigate disease outbreaks. Furthermore,
mathematical modeling allows for the simulation of environmental factors, enabling the
assessment of their impact on animal welfare and production systems. In addition to modeling,
mathematical tools like linear programming and decision analysis aid in resource allocation,
such as determining optimal feed formulations to meet nutritional requirements while
minimizing costs. Furthermore, mathematical optimization techniques can optimize breeding
strategies to maximize desired traits while considering genetic diversity and inbreeding
avoidance.
Keywords: Zootechnics, livestock management, mathematical modeling, optimization,
nutrition, health management, sustainability.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MATHEMATICAL OPTIMIZATION IN 3D PRINTING: MAXIMIZING
EFFICIENCY AND MINIMIZING COST
Prithwin V P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Email:230933.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Meena M
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email:mm.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
This research delves into the realm of 3D printing, exploring the transformative potential of
mathematical optimization techniques in the pursuit of maximizing efficiency and minimizing
production costs. Additive manufacturing, while revolutionary, faces challenges in terms of
optimizing various parameters to enhance overall performance. The study centres on the
utilization of mathematical models and algorithms to optimize critical aspects of the 3D printing
process, including print speed, layer thickness, and material usage. By employing mathematical
optimization, the research aims to achieve a balance between efficiency and cost-effectiveness,
paving the way for a more streamlined and resource-efficient additive manufacturing workflow.
Mathematical optimization algorithms play a pivotal role in fine-tuning the intricate parameters
involved in 3D printing. These algorithms systematically explore and analyze a vast design
space, identifying optimal configurations that lead to enhanced production efficiency. Case
studies exemplify the practical applications of mathematical optimization, showcasing its
ability to significantly reduce production times and material waste. Through quantitative
analysis, the research demonstrates the tangible impact of mathematical optimization on the
economic viability of 3D printing processes, making a compelling case for its integration into
mainstream additive manufacturing workflows. The findings contribute to the broader
discourse on advancing the precision and economic sustainability of 3D printing technologies.
By elucidating the synergies between mathematical optimization and additive manufacturing,
this research not only expands our understanding of the intricate dynamics within 3D printing
but also presents a quantitative framework for realizing cost-effective, high-performance
outcomes. Ultimately, the study advocates for the incorporation of mathematical optimization
as a fundamental tool in the arsenal of additive manufacturing, propelling the industry towards
greater efficiency and economic viability.
Keywords: Additive Manufacturing, Mathematical Optimization, 3D Printing Efficiency,
Production Cost Reduction, Algorithmic Parameter Tuning.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INNOVATIONS IN AQUAPONICS TECHNOLOGY
Salma S
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Department of Electronics and Communication,
Chennai, India
Email: 230376.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Reshma L
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Department of Electronics and Communication,
Chennai, India
Email: 230376.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email: psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Meena M
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email: mm.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Aquaponics technology represents a sustainable and innovative approach to food production
that combines aquaculture and hydroponics in a closed-loop system. In aquaponics, fish and
plants are cultivated together in a symbiotic relationship where fish waste provides nutrients
for plant growth, and plants help filter and clean the water for the fish. This self-sustaining
ecosystem maximizes resource efficiency, minimizes waste, and offers numerous benefits,
including higher yields, reduced water usage, and minimal environmental impact. Aquaponics
technology involves components such as fish tanks, grow beds, water circulation systems,
beneficial bacteria, and monitoring mechanisms to maintain optimal conditions for both fish
and plants. By integrating aquaculture and hydroponics, aquaponics technology offers a
sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for producing a diverse range of crops in a
controlled and efficient manner. Continued research, development, and education in aquaponics
technology can further enhance its potential as a viable and scalable method of food production
for the future.
Keywords: Aquaponics technology, Sustainable food production, Resource efficiency.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
UNLOCKING AGRICULTURAL POTENTIAL: HARNESSING THE POWER OF
MATHEMATICS IN AGRICULTURE
MOKESH V
R.M.K Engıneerıng College, Chennaı, Indıa
Email:230024.ec@rmkec.ac.in
PRAGATHISH B
R.M.K Engıneerıng College, Chennaı, Indıa
Email:230232.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
The intersection of mathematics and agriculture presents a fertile ground for innovation,
optimization, and sustainable development. This Abstract explores the pivotal role of
mathematics in addressing key challenges and unlocking the potential of agriculture to feed a
growing global population while ensuring environmental sustainability and economic viability.
Mathematical models and algorithms play a crucial role in optimizing various aspects of
agricultural systems, from crop planning and management to livestock production and farm
mechanization. Optimization techniques enable farmers to make informed decisions regarding
resource allocation, land use, and production practices, leading to increased efficiency,
productivity, and profitability. Furthermore, mathematical modeling facilitates the analysis and
prediction of complex biological phenomena such as plant growth, pest dynamics, and disease
spread. By harnessing mathematical principles, researchers and practitioners can develop
innovative plant protection strategies, mitigate risks, and enhance resilience against
environmental stressors and climate variability.
Keywords: agriculture, farmers
114
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS IN ROCKET LAUNCH TRAJECTORY
ANALYSIS
Parvatha Srini K P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India
Email: 230184.it@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P (ORCID:0000-0002-8251-9660)
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email: psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Mathematics plays a pivotal role in the analysis and optimization of rocket launch trajectories,
ensuring precise and efficient delivery of payloads into space. This paper explores the
application of mathematics in rocket trajectory analysis, focusing on key areas such as
dynamics, orbital mechanics, numerical methods, optimization algorithms, control theory, and
uncertainty analysis. Differential equations derived from classical mechanics and orbital
dynamics are used to model the motion of rockets, accounting for gravitational forces,
aerodynamic drag, and thrust from rocket engines. Numerical methods, including numerical
integration techniques and optimization algorithms, are employed to solve complex trajectory
equations and optimize mission parameters such as launch angle, thrust profile, and staging
events. Control theory is utilized to design guidance and control systems that steer rockets along
their intended trajectories and stabilize their orientation during flight. Additionally, uncertainty
analysis techniques are applied to assess and mitigate uncertainties in trajectory predictions,
ensuring the reliability and success of space missions. Through the application of mathematics,
rocket launch trajectory analysis facilitates the advancement of space exploration and satellite
deployment with improved accuracy and efficiency.
Keywords: rocket launch, trajectory analysis, mathematics, dynamics, orbital mechanics,
numerical methods, optimization algorithms, control theory, uncertainty analysis, space
exploration.
115
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS: TRANSFORMING HEALTHCARE
Dushyanth N
R.M.K. Engineering College
Afrith Sulthan A
R.M.K. Engineering College
Judson Samuel Y
R.M.K. Engineering College
Rajesh B
R.M.K. Engineering College
ABSTRACT
Medical analysis is evolving with innovative technology, enhancing affected person
consequences and healthcare transport. Advancements encompass mRNA vaccines for
customized most cancers remedies, PSMA-centered therapy refining prostate most cancers
care, and immunotherapeutic strategies for noncommunicable sicknesses. User pleasant
diagnostic exams cater to resource-confined settings, while virtual connectivity and AIassisted
telemedicine enhance real-time selection-making. Wearable sensors reveal important
symptoms, and blockchain secures health information. Nanomedicine gives particular focused
therapies, and genomic medicine tailors treatments to genetic profiles. These improvements
herald a transformative era in analysis, promising revolutionized healthcare, advanced results,
and personalized remedy. Facing prostate cancer can feel daunting, but new treatments are like
precision weapons, precisely targeting the disease while advanced imaging helps catch it early,
like a skilled detective cracking a case. No matter where you are, top-quality healthcare should
be accessible. Imagine diagnostic tests as simple as brewing your morning coffee, providing
rapid results and peace of mind, even in remote areas. Telemedicine brings your doctor to you,
offering advice and support through video calls, while wearable devices keep you informed
about your health, like a trusted friend always by your side. Your medical history is precious
and should be protected. Blockchain technology ensures your data stays secure, like a fortress
guarding your secrets. Tiny nanoparticles are like silent warriors, fighting disease without
harming healthy cells, while genomic medicine unlocks the secrets of your DNA, guiding
personalized treatment decisions. In essence, these innovations are revolutionizing healthcare,
ensuring that every step of your medical journey is tailored to your needs, preferences, and
unique biology.
Keywords: AI-powered diagnostics, Deep learning Healthcare technology, Digital health,
Rapid testing, Mobile health, Remote monitoring, Wearable devices, Medical sensors, Imaging
technology.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A COMPLEMENTARY APPROACH TO TREATING PETS - BACH FLOWER
DROPS
Natasa ANTIC (ORCID:0009-0000-6589-6563)
Beka Vet Veterinary Pharmacy, Belgrade, Serbia
Email: natasa.antic119@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Bach's flower essences result from the research of Dr. Edward Bach, a British doctor. Learning
from nature and living beings, and from his personal experience with the disease, led him to
hypotheses about the influence of emotional imbalance on the disease manifestation. He divided
emotional states into seven groups: fear, insecurity, lack of interest (absence of spirit),
loneliness, and hypersensitivity to the influence and ideas of others, depression and despair,
and excessive concern for the well-being of others and treated them with thirty eight flower
essences. Pets also may express personality, awareness, emotions, and may get into an
emotional imbalance. Such conditions alters behavior of the pet, and may lead to psychosomatic
diseases (diarrhea due to fear). In addition to allopathic treatment, inclusion of Bach drops
shortens the recovery time, which is a kind of blessing for both the pet and the owner. Bach's
flower essences, are natural and do not have contraindications. No antagonism, no synergism
with other medicines has been demonstrated, nor can they be overdosed. These are the reasons
why they can be used for a wide range of animal behavioral problems. They are safe and gently
and subtly restore balance and reduce flaws, while enhancing virtues. Treatment with Bach
essences is carried out through individual therapy. Five to a maximum of seven flower essences
in water solution can be combined in the so-called utility bottle. The length of therapy is usually
three weeks. Bach drops may help in situations such are; stress from relocation (animals are
territorial); fear from loud noises, new things, people, etc.; aggression; dominant behavior; lack
of self-confidence; depression; traumatic past, and many other conditions. Bach's flower
essences, with their uniqueness and perfect simplicity, are valuable tool that may improve
practitioners’ art of healing (ars medica) and allows self-healing of living beings.
Keywords: Bach drops, flower essences, complementary approach to treating pets
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TEMPERATURES
Aberrahamane ZIARI
USTHB, FSTGAT, Climatology Laboratory, Bab-Ezzouar Algiers, Algeria, 16000
Email:ziariabderrahmane@gmail.com
Abderrahmane MEDJERAB
USTHB, FSTGAT, Climatology Laboratory, Bab-Ezzouar Algiers, Algeria, 16000
ABSTRACT
In recent years, unprecedented climatic variations have been observed in North Africa, with all
these changes in climate parameters bound to have adverse impacts on the environment and the
socio-economic activity of countries. According to the report by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC2021), global warming in North Africa is higher than the global
average, with temperatures rising from 0.74C° to 20C° depending on the region. Algeria has
not escaped this trend. Indeed, the signs of these variations have become increasingly
significant in recent years. The aim of this study is to analyze temperature trends in northeastern
Algeria. Six stations with a common measurement period of sixty years (1962 to 2022) were
chosen for this study.
Keywords: Climate change, meteorology, rainfall, drought, temperature.
118
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ENHANCING CUSTOMER TRUST THROUGH ISLAMIC DIGITAL MARKETING:
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY
Baratadewa Sakti PERDANA (ORCID:0009-0001-5831-2221)
UIN KH Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan Indonesia
TAMAMUDIN (ORCID:0000-0002-2925-080X)
UIN KH Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan Indonesia
Hendri Hermawan ADINUGRAHA (ORCID:0009-0003-5488-8252)
UIN KH Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan Indonesia
Email:baratadewa.sakti.perdana@mhs.uingusdur.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This study explores how Islamic digital marketing fosters customer trust among Muslim
consumers. Employing a qualitative research approach, in-depth interviews will be conducted
with a targeted group of participants. Thematic analysis will be used to examine participants'
experiences and perceptions of Islamic digital marketing practices. The research aims to
uncover the key elements that build trust within this specific marketing approach and how it
resonates with Islamic values. This qualitative approach will provide rich insights into the
subjective experiences and decision-making processes of Muslim consumers in the digital
marketplace. The findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of how Islamic digital
marketing can be strategically utilized to build trust and establish stronger customer
relationships.
Keywords: Islamic Digital Marketing, Customer Trust, Transparency, Islamic Values, Ethics.
119
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WATER EXCELLENCY FOR THE TWO DISTINCT
WATER BODIES OF RANCHI, JHARKHAND
Abhijit CHATTERJEE
Department of Chemistry, Sarala Birla University, Ranchi, 835103
Email:abhijitchem1226@gmail.com
Pintu DAS
Department of Mathematics, Sarala Birla University, Ranchi, 835103
Email:pintudas62@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The evaluation of water quality is needed for maintains the fresh potable water. For preventing
the water born diseases, fresh drinking water is required. The objective of this paper is to
comparative study of the assessment of quality of water among two distinct water bodies of
Ranchi, Jharkhand. The assessment of distinct hydrological parameters will assist to identify
the sources of pollutant. The analytical assessment of the water sample has been made by using
different instrument/experiment. The obtained result shows that some of the hydrological
parameters are exists within standard prescribe limit of BIS and some are beyond the limit of
BIS. The multivariate statistical tools have been used to evaluate the quality of water. In based
of statistical tools water quality index used to identify the distinct classes of water quality. The
comparative study of two water bodies shows distinct excellency categories of water. Also, this
present study are used to maintain and management of water quality.
Keywords: Water Quality index (WQI), Total Coliform, physical constraints, chemical
constraints, BIS standard.
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COCCIDIOSIS OF PARTRIDGES (PERDIX PERDIX) IN SERBIA
Prof. Dr. Ivan PAVLOVIC (ORCID: 0000-0003-4751-6760)
Scientific Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Email: Dripavlovic58@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Partridge or field partridge (Perdix perdix) is a species of bird from the pheasant family
(Phasianidae). It inhabits areas with a moderate climate, but it can rarely be found on mountain
plains and higher altitudes. It lives in Europe and the western part of Asia, and it has been
successfully settled in North America as a hunting bird. Diseases of parasitic etiology represent
a major health problem for partridges. Among them is coccidiosis. Coccidiosis is considered
the single most common disease in gamebird production; this intestinal parasite is transmitted
in faeces by single celled organisms called oocysts. The production and spread of this parasite
is very fast, one oocyst can reproduce resulting in millions of oocysts. If left undetected coccidia
can cause waves of very ill birds and numerous deaths. When oocysts are within the faeces or
environment moisture and warmth causes them to sporulate making them “infective”. The birds
then ingest these oocysts and the cycle within the intestinal tract starts, multiplying and causing
illness. The most common coccidia species found in partridges reared in the Serbia are: Eimeria
kofoidi, Eimeria caucasica and Eimeria legionesis. Most abundant species are E. kofoidi.
E.kofoidi invades duodenum and jejunum, however heavy infections cause the parasite to
spread to the ileum. White spots can be seen from the outside of the intestine, the duodenum
contains think mucus and white streaks, thick green or yellow mucus is found in the upper
intestine. E.caucasica invades the duodenum and and the lesions spotted from the outside of
the intestine are pinkish/reddish spots. E.legionesis mainly invades the caecae. Petechial
hemorrhaging is common inside the folds of the caecae with no normal caecal contents present,
instead there are cheesy white cores sometimes in fragments but with heavy infections it is seen
as one whole core.
Keywords: partridge, Perdix perdix, coccidiosis, Serbia
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FOOTSTEP POWER GENERATOR
Purushoth V S
R.M.K. Engineering College.
Email:nihafarzana394@gmail.com
Siddharth P
R.M.K. Engineering College.
Email: salahuddinmaruf6@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The growing demand for portable and sustainable power sources has led to significant research
in energy harvesting technologies. Footstep power generators, which convert kinetic energy
from human footsteps into electrical energy, offer a promising solution for powering low-power
electronic devices. This paper presents a review of footstep power generator designs, focusing
on piezoelectric energy harvesting mechanisms. The working principle of piezoelectric
materials and their suitability for footstep power generation are discussed. Distinctive design
considerations, such as material choice, generator configuration, and power management
circuitry, are explored. The paper also analyzes the challenges and opportunities associated with
footstep power generators, including efficiency improvement, energy storage integration, and
practical applications. Finally, the prospects of footstep power generation technology are
discussed. The increasing miniaturization and portability of electronic devices have intensified
the need for efficient and sustainable power sources. Batteries, the conventional power source,
have limitations such as finite lifespan, environmental impact, and the requirement for periodic
replacement. Energy harvesting technologies offer a promising alternative by extracting energy
from ambient sources such as vibrations, solar radiation, and thermal gradients. Footstep power
generation is a type of energy harvesting technology that converts the kinetic energy of human
footsteps into electrical energy. This technology can power a variety of wearable and portable
electronic devices, reducing reliance on batteries and promoting sustainable energy use.
Piezoelectric materials show a unique property where mechanical stress applied to the material
induces an electric charge. This phenomenon can be exploited to convert the pressure exerted
during a footstep into electrical energy. Piezoelectric ceramics, such as lead zirconate titanate
(PZT), are commonly used materials for footstep power generators due to their high
piezoelectric coefficients. The design of a footstep power generator involves several key
considerations: Material Selection: The choice of piezoelectric material is crucial for efficient
energy conversion. Factors such as piezoelectric coefficient, mechanical properties, and cost
need to be considered. Generator Configuration: The arrangement of piezoelectric elements
within the generator significantly changes the output voltage and power. Different
configurations, such as cantilever beams and stacked plates, are explored to perfect power
generation. Power Management Circuitry: The harvested electrical energy is often in the form
of low voltage spikes. Power management circuitry is essential to rectify, regulate, and store
the harvested energy for efficient use by the target device. Footstep power generation
technology faces several challenges: Efficiency Improvement: Enhancing the efficiency of
energy conversion from footsteps stays a primary focus. Research efforts are directed towards
improved material properties, optimized generator designs, and advanced power management
techniques. Energy Storage Integration: Integrating energy storage devices, such as capacitors
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or batteries, is crucial for storing the harvested energy and providing a stable power supply for
electronic devices. Practical Applications: Developing practical applications for footstep power
generators requires addressing factors such as user comfort, durability, and cost-effectiveness.
Despite these challenges, footstep power generation presents exciting opportunities:
Sustainable Power Source: Footstep power generators offer a sustainable and environmentally
friendly alternative to batteries, reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. Wearable
Electronics: Integration with wearable electronics can power devices such as health trackers,
smartwatches, and fitness monitors. Wireless Sensor Networks: Footstep-generated power can
be used to power wireless sensor nodes, enabling perpetual operation in remote or inaccessible
locations. Footstep power generation technology holds immense potential for powering lowpower electronic devices in a sustainable and efficient manner. Advancements in material
science, improved generator designs, and innovative energy storage solutions are expected to
enhance the efficiency and practicality of this technology. As research progresses, footstep
power generators have the potential to revolutionize the way we power our wearable and
portable devices, contributing to a more sustainable future. Footstep power generators offer a
promising solution for powering low-power electronic devices by converting the kinetic energy
of human footsteps into electrical energy. Piezoelectric materials play a vital role in this energy
conversion process. This paper has reviewed the working principle of footstep power
generators, design considerations, challenges, and opportunities. Future advancements in this
technology hold the potential to create a change in thinking towards sustainable and wearable
power solutions.
Keywords: Footstep power generator, piezoelectric energy harvesting, renewable energy,
sustainable power
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON VULNERABLE PEOPLE IN BANGLADESH:
A STUDY IN SUNAMGANJ
Salah Uddin Maruf
Department of Political Studies at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet
Bangladesh
Habibur Rahman Masrur
Department of Political Studies at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet
Bangladesh
Farjana Akther Nih
Department of Political Studies at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology Sylhet
Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
The effects of climate change disproportionately affect vulnerable populations worldwide,
especially in low-lying and densely populated areas like Bangladesh. This study focuses on the
district of Sunamganj, which is in Bangladesh's northeast and is particularly vulnerable to
climaterelated disasters like floods, cyclones, and riverbank erosion. Primary data was gathered
from a variety of governmental and non-governmental organizations and through field level
questionnaire surveys. Peer-reviewed books, research papers, journals, and databases have all
provided secondary data. This study explores the complex effects of climate change on the lives
and livelihoods of vulnerable communities in Sunamganj by thoroughly examining primary and
secondary data sources. The research indicates that the local population faces health risks, food
insecurity, displacement, and asset loss because of climate change exacerbating pre-existing
vulnerabilities. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the significance of integrated approaches to
mitigating and adapting to climate change, stressing the necessity of policy interventions as
well as community-based initiatives to strengthen adaptive capacity and build resilience in
vulnerable areas like Sunamganj. This research adds to the current conversation on climate
resilience and sustainable development in Bangladesh and beyond by offering empirical data
and insights into the localized effects of climate change.
Keywords: Climate change, Vulnerable populations, Disproportionate effects, Climate-related
disasters, Adaptation, Community-based initiatives
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DETERMINANTS OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY
Assoc. Prof. Anna KOPICZKO (ORCID:0000-0002-1222-113X)
Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education,
Department of Human Biology, Poland
Email:anna.kopiczko@awf.edu.pl
Joanna CIEPLIŃSKA (ORCID:0000-0002-6836-6741)
Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Rehabilitation,
Department of Clinical Physiotherapy, Warsaw, Poland
Email:joanna.cieplinska@outlook.com
ABSTRACT
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder that causes serious dysfunctions of the whole
body. The results of studies describing the determinants and the rate of BMD loss in people
after SCI are inconclusive. The study covered 50 young Caucasian men after spinal cord
injuries. Forearm bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and T-score in
distal (dis) and proximal (prox) part was measured by densitometry. Somatic measurements
and body composition measurements were taken. To assess smoking, the following were used
on the Global Adult Tobacco Survey questionnaire. Muscle strength was measured using a
Jamar dynamometer. Active male smokers after SCI had significantly lower BMD dis, BMC
dis and prox male non-smokers after SCI. Physical activity was a significant positive predictor
for BMC prox. Predictor of interactions of physical activity and fat mass was significant for
BMC dis (positive direction). It was also found that the predictor of interactions of four
variables: physical activity, fat mass, hand grip strength (positive direction), and years of active
smoking (negative direction) was significant for BMD dis. The predictor of interactions of age
at injury (additive direction) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (negative direction)
was significant for T-score prox. Non-smoking physically active men after SCI had the most
advantageous values of mean forearm BMD. Active smoking may reduce the protective role of
physical activity for bone health in young men after SCI.
Keywords: bone mineralization, spinal cord injury, smoking, muscle strength, body
composition
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
POLITICAL IMMIGRATION IN THE ARBERESH AREAS IN ITALY,
TURKEY AND ARGENTINE, FROM 1945 TO 1990
Drita AVDYLI (ORCID:0009-0003-8086-879X)
Universiteti Meshetar I Shqiperise
ABSTRACT
Anti-Communism political emigration had originated from the end of World War II in
Albania. Waves of immigration to western countries started in the last months of the war and
continued with intensity immediately after its termination. Anti-Communism immigration
was nationwide almost from all regions of the country,but in terms of political Albania, the
largest groups of immigrants were from North and South Albania. While political emigration
from Central Albania was relatively low. This expansion was related to the intensity and
extent of the armed conflict among Albanians in these areas. The political immigration was
established as consequence of various reasons:First, as a result of the establishment of the
communist dictatorship in Albania. This was the main reason, which not only did not create
opportunities and chances for national reconciliation after conflict dramatic developments that
Albanians had among themselves during World War II, but the establishment of the
communist dictatorship was a source of deepening hostilities. Secondly, the political
emigration of a large number of Albanians was a result of the Civil War that took place in
Albania from autumn 1943 to November 1944. In this context,
Keywords: Migration, Diaspora, political immigration, albanian migrants
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL PRESSURE ON JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE: A
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIA AND THE UK
Dr Rida Zulfiqar
University of Szeged
ABSTRACT
The concept of judicial independence is very important for keeping the rule of law, democracy,
and the protection of human rights. This paper aims to study how political pressure affects
judicial independence, with a focus on India and the UK. For our study, we use a qualitative
method. This includes looking at case studies, legal documents, times when politics interfered
with the courts, and talking to or getting opinions from experts in law. In India, we see political
pressure in several ways. For example, the government might change laws that affect how
judges are chosen or speak against judges in public. This can make it hard for judges to make
decisions freely. In the UK, there are systems meant to protect judges from such pressures. For
instance, the Judicial Appointments Commission helps in choosing judges without political
influence. However, even with these systems, there are still challenges that need attention.
When we compare India and the UK, we notice both differences and similarities in how they
keep their courts free from political pressure. Each country has its own way of dealing with this
issue, influenced by its culture, laws, and history. Some methods work well in protecting judges,
while others may not. From our study, we learn how important it is to keep the judiciary
independent in democracies. Political pressures can threaten this independence, but there are
ways to protect it. We suggest some ideas for making sure judges can work without fear of
political interference. In conclusion, our paper shows how political pressure can challenge the
independence of the judiciary in both India and the UK. It's crucial for democratic societies to
keep an eye on this issue and take steps to protect the freedom of their courts. This way, judges
can make fair decisions, which is important for everyone's rights and for democracy itself.
Keywords: India, UK, protection of human rights
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
HUMAN ACTIVITY RECOGNITION USING RNN
Assistant Professor Dr. Jogendra Kumar
CSED, GBPIET Ghurdauri, Pauri Garhwal Utarakhand, India
Email: jogendra.1986@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is a pivotal component in the development of intelligent
systems for various applications, ranging from healthcare to surveillance. This paper presents
a comprehensive exploration of Human Activity Recognition using Recurrent Neural Networks
(RNNs), leveraging their temporal modeling capabilities to capture sequential patterns in sensor
data. The proposed methodology involves the acquisition of sensor data, such as accelerometers
and gyroscopes, followed by a feature extraction process to distill relevant information from
the raw data. An optimized RNN architecture is then employed to learn temporal dependencies
and patterns in the sequential data. The model is trained on diverse labeled datasets, ensuring
adaptability to a wide range of human activities.
Keywords: HAR,RNN, Datasets, Feature Extraction etc.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ARDUINO BASED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE USING VOICE RECOGITION
Sam JEFFERSTON
Department of Automobile Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India600089.
Baipalli NIKHILESH
Department of Automobile Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India600089.
S. Vignesh RADHAKRISHNAN
Department of Automobile Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India600089.
P. PATHMANABAN
Department of Automobile Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India600089.
U. ELAIYARASAN*
Department of Automobile Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India600089.
Email:elaiyarasan555@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The advent of autonomous vehicles has revolutionized transportation, offering enhanced safety,
efficiency, and convenience. This research paper presents an Arduino-based autonomous
vehicle system that integrates voice recognition technology with Google Assistant, aiming to
address the need for intuitive control mechanisms in autonomous vehicles. The Arduino Uno
is interfaced with the motor driver and Bluetooth module, while the ultrasonic sensor is
connected to both the motor driver and servo motor. The Google Assistant on an Android device
serves as the interface for voice commands, providing seamless interaction with the
autonomous vehicle. The paper aims to address the demand for smart and efficient
transportation systems by combining Arduino-based automation with voice recognition
capabilities. The integration of voice recognition technology enhances user interaction and
accessibility, paving the way for intuitive control interfaces in future transportation solutions.
This research highlights the potential of Arduino-based platforms in prototyping and
developing advanced automation systems for diverse applications. In conclusion, the Arduinobased autonomous vehicle system utilizing voice recognition technology presents a promising
avenue for the advancement of intelligent transportation systems. By leveraging the capabilities
of Arduino and Google Assistant, the research paper demonstrates a scalable and adaptable
solution for creating efficient and user-friendly autonomous vehicles.
Keywords: Autonomous, Voice Recognition, Arduino-based, User interaction, Smart
Transportation.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MICROSTRUCTURAL ENHANCEMENT OF CVD COATINGS FOR MACHINING
APPLICATIONS
Osamah Ihsan ALI (ORCID:0000-0002-8864-0103)
Research Centre of Engineering Sciences, Materials Enginnering Department, University of
Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprem, 10. Egyetem Street, Hungary.
Email:Osamah.ihsan.ali@phd.uni-pannon.hu
Gyurika ISTVÁN (ORCID:0000-0003-3442-243X)
Research Centre of Engineering Sciences, Materials Enginnering Department, University of
Pannonia, H-8200 Veszprem, 10. Egyetem Street, Hungary.
Taha Husseın MOHAMMED
University of Babylon, Materials Enginnering, 2.82-Babel/Hilla, Iraq
Email:mat803.taha.hussien@student.uobabylon.edu.iq
ABSTRACT
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) coatings are widely used in machining applications due to
their ability to withstand at high temperatures and exhibition desirable properties such as high
hardness, wear resistance, and chemical stability. This paper investigates the significance of
microstructure in determining the performance of CVD coatings applied to cemented carbide
cutting tools. The microstructure, influenced by the C/(C + N) ratio, plays essential role in the
coating's characteristics and performance during cutting operations.Many studies have proved
that the combination of elements like B or Si into the coating composition can enhance both
hardness and microstructure, thereby improving cutting performance. The CVD process
involves thermally-induced chemical reactions conducted at elevated temperatures in an
atmosphere-controlled reactor. Thin-film coatings are formed through reactions between
gaseous phases and the heated substrate surface. Different gases injected into the reactor lead
to the formation of these thin film layers of the coatings. For instance, TiN and titanium carbide
(TiC) are formed through specific chemical reactions involving precursor gases such as TiCl 4,
N2, CH4, and H2. The resulting coatings exhibit a hard, wear-resistant with strong bonds to the
substrate. Understanding and optimizing the microstructure of CVD coatings offer a promising
way for enhancing the performance and durability of cemented carbide cutting tools in
machining applications. This current paper aims to extreme-understand of CVD coating
technology and its applications in improving the efficiency and increase lifetime of cutting tools
in machining processes.
Keywords: Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), microstructure optimization, cemented carbide
cutting tools, wear resistance.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ALL WHEEL PARKING BRAKE USING COMMERCIAL VEHICLE SPRING
ACTUATOR
Tharun PRASATH*
Department of Automobile Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India600089
S. Mithun RAJ
Department of Automobile Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India600089
S. Tharun GANESH
Department of Automobile Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India600089
U. ELAIYARASAN
Department of Automobile Engineering, Easwari Engineering College, Chennai, India600089
ABSTRACT
This project focuses on the design, development, and implementation of an innovative all-wheel
parking brake system for commercial vehicles. The proposed system leverages the reliability
and efficiency of a spring actuator commonly found in commercial vehicles, aiming to enhance
the overall safety and parking functionality of the vehicle. The primary objective of the project
is to create a parking brake system that can effectively engage and disengage all wheels
simultaneously, providing robust and secure immobilization of the vehicle during parking. The
methodology involves a comprehensive study of existing parking brake systems, a detailed
analysis of commercial vehicle spring actuators, and the design and prototyping of a novel
mechanism to synchronize the engagement of all wheels. The project aims to address challenges
related to the simultaneous actuation of multiple wheels, ensuring uniform and reliable braking
force distribution.
Keywords: Parking Brake, Spring actuator, Parking functionality, Secure immobilization
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YEŞİL EKONOMİ VE SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİ
Prof. Dr. Burcu GÜVENEK (ORCID: 0000-0002-7159-2555)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: burcuguvenek@selcuk.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Zeynep KARAÇOR* (ORCID: 0000-0003-2050-644X)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: zkaracor@selcuk.edu.tr
Hümeyra AVCI (ORCID: 0009-0001-2501-1457)
Selçuk University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of
Economics, Konya-Türkiye
Email: humo4299@gmail.com
ÖZET
Bu makalenin amacı, son dönemlerde hızla yükselmekte olan “Yeşil Ekonomi"ye doğru geçişin
sürdürülebilir büyüme üzerindeki etkisini analiz etmektir. Yeşil ekonomi, çevresel riskleri ve
ekolojik kıtlıkların azaltılmasını desteklemektedir. Sürdürülebilir büyüme ise, gelir
eşitsizliğinin azaltılması ile birlikte ekonomik istikrar ve refahı korumaktadır. Ekonomik
büyüme, bir ekonomide mal ve hizmet üretimi miktarında olan artıştır. Dünyada nüfusun hızla
artması ve artan nüfusla birlikte hızla artan üretim ile birlikte daha hızlı bir tüketim eğiliminin
oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Çevrenin ve ekolojik düzenin korunması için “yeşil ekonomi”
yaklaşımı daha yaygın hale gelmeye başlamıştır. Uluslararası düzeyde belirli politikalar
üretilmeye başlanmıştır. Yeşil ekonomi; açık yeşil ekonomi, orta yeşil ekonomi ve ileri yeşil
ekonomi olarak üçe ayrılmaktadır. Açık yeşil ekonomi, devlete karşı çıkmışlardır. Orta yeşil
ekonomi, devlet müdahalesini savunmaktadır. İleri yeşil ekonomi ise, devlet müdahalesini rolü
azdır. Yeşil ekonominin amacı, eşitlik ve adalet, refah ve kalkınmadır. Solow’un neoklasik
büyüme modeli üç önemli iddia ortaya atmaktadır. Birincisi, teknolojik gelişmeler
olmadığında, daha az kaynak ve üretim mümkün kılacaktır. İkincisi, ekonominin kilit kaynağı
yatırım ve tasarruftur. Üçüncüsü ise, daha az gelişmiş ekonomiler sermaye miktarını istikrarlı
hale getirene kadar gelişmiş ekonomilerden daha hızlı büyüyecektir. Sonuç olarak ise,
uygulanan politikaların uzun dönemde büyüme ve yeşil ekonomi arasında pozitif ve olumlu bir
ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. Artan teknolojik ilerleme ve uzmanlaşma ile kısa dönemde de
sürdürülebilir büyüme üzerinde pozitif sonuçların ortaya çıkacağı kaçınılmaz olarak
görülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yeşil Ekonomi, Ekonomik Büyüme, Sürdürülebilir Büyüme
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREEN ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABLE
GROWTH
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the transition towards the rapidly rising
"Green Economy" on sustainable growth. The green economy supports the reduction of
environmental risks and ecological scarcities. Sustainable growth, on the other hand, aims to
maintain economic stability and welfare while reducing income inequality. Economic growth
refers to an increase in the quantity of goods and services produced in an economy. The rapid
increase in population worldwide, coupled with increasing production, has led to a faster trend
in consumption. The approach of "green economy" has become more widespread to preserve
the environment and ecological balance. Certain policies have begun to be formulated at the
international level. The green economy is divided into three categories: open green economy,
middle green economy, and advanced green economy. The open green economy opposes
government intervention. The middle green economy advocates for government intervention.
The advanced green economy minimizes the role of government intervention. The aim of the
green economy is equality and justice, welfare, and development. Solow's neoclassical growth
model makes three important claims. First, technological advancements will make it possible
to produce more with fewer resources. Second, the key sources of the economy are investment
and savings. Third, less developed economies will grow faster than developed economies until
they stabilize the capital stock. As a result, it has been observed that the policies implemented
have a positive and beneficial relationship between growth and the green economy in the long
run. It is inevitable that with increasing technological progress and specialization, positive
outcomes will emerge for sustainable growth in the short term as well.
Keywords: Green Economy, Economic Growth, Sustainable Growth.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SİNEMADA APOKALİPTİK ANLATIMLAR: APOCALYPTO FİLMİNDE BİR
MEZOAMERİKAN UYGARLIĞI OLAN MAYALARIN SİYASİ, DİNİ VE
KÜLTÜREL VARLIĞI
Doç. Dr. Serap SARIBAŞ (ORCID: 0000-0002-4079-8024)
Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University, Faculty of Letters, Department of English Language
and Literature, Karaman Türkiye
Email: serapsaribas@kmu.edu.tr
ÖZET
Distopya sözcüğü ile yakın anlamlı olan apokaliptik kelimesi insanlığın sonunu getirecek olan
son ve önlenemez felaket/kıyamet anlamında kullanılır. Yönetmenliğini Mel Gibson’ın yaptığı,
2006 yılında gösterime giren film Apocalypto, Maya uygarlığının 7. yüzyıldaki çöküş dönemine
odaklanmasıyla birlikte, uygarlık hakkında siyasi, kültürel ve dini bilgilerde sunar. Kolomb
öncesi Amerikan uygarlıklarından biri olan Maya uygarlığı, binlerce yıl boyunca Meksika’nın
güneydoğusundan, Honduras, El Salvador ve Guatemala’ya kadar uzanan Mezoamerika
bölgesinde hüküm sürmüştür ve bu yüzden film, Meksi’da Veracruz’un güneyindeki Catemaco
ve Los Tuxtlas çevresinde çekilmiştir. Apocalypto filminde Yukatek Mayacası kullanılmış ve
tüm gösterime girdiği ülkelerde dublaj yasaklanmış, sadece İngilizce altyazı ile
gösterilmektedir. Film, köylerinde mutlu bir şekilde yaşayan Maya halkının hayatlarından
kesitlilerle başlar ve köye gelen bir grup asker köyü yağmalar ve kadınları köle, erkekleri ise
Maya geleneğine göre kurban etmek üzere esir alırlar. Sonrasında esir yerli halkı zorlu ve
sonunun ne olduğunu bilmedikleri bir yolculuk bekler ve filmin yaklaşık kırk dakikalık
bölümünü içeren ve seyirciyi de merak içinde bırakan bu yolculuk sonrası zigguratları ve insan
kurbanı ayinleri ile ünlü Maya başkentine ulaşırlar. Kuraklığın problem olduğu bölgede kurban
törenleri yapılmakta ve esir alınan köy halkını da bu akıbet beklemektedir. Filmin
yayınlamasıyla birlikte tarih eleştirmenleri, tarihsel çelişkilerle dolu olduğu ve gerçeği
yansıtmadığı gerekçesiyle Maya uygarlığının diğer mezoamerikan uygarlıkları Mayalar
İnkalara Azteklerle birbirine karıştırıldığı ve taraflı bir bakış sunduğunu iddia etmişlerdir. Tüm
bu eleştirilere rağmen Apocalypto filmi kurgusal tasvirleriyle Maya medeniyetinin çöküşünün
yakın olduğu bir dönemde, çöküşün getirdiği çaresizlik ve beraberinde yaygınlaşan zulüm,
kabileler arası iç savaş, salgın hastalıklar, yabancıların istilası gibi konulara apokaliptik bir
bakış açısıyla bir dönemim en görkemli medeniyetinin yok oluşunu anlatır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mezoamerika Uygarlıkları, Kurban Ritüeli, Apokaliptik Dönem
134
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
APOCALYPTIC NARRATIVES IN CINEMA: THE POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS AND
CULTURAL PRESENCE OF THE MAYA, A MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION IN
THE MOVIE “APOCALYPTO”
ABSTARCT
The term "apocalyptic," closely associated with "dystopia," refers to the ultimate and inevitable
catastrophe or apocalypse that will result in the extinction of humanity. Directed by Mel Gibson
and released in 2006, Apocalypto centers on the collapse of the Mayan civilization in the 7th
century and provides political, cultural, and religious information about the civilization. The
Mayan civilization, an ancient American culture that existed for thousands of years, exerted
control over the Mesoamerican region, spanning from southeastern Mexico to Honduras, El
Salvador, and Guatemala. Therefore, the movie was filmed in the vicinity of Catemaco and Los
Tuxtlas, located south of Veracruz in Mexico. The movie Apocalypto, which was shot with
Yukatek Mayaca, was banned from dubbing in all countries where it was released and was
released only with English subtitles. The movie opens by depicting the lives of the Mayan
populace, who reside contentedly in their community. Upon the troops' arrival in the village,
they engage in looting and seize the women as slaves, while capturing the men to be sacrificed
in conformity with the Mayan tradition. The captive locals then embark on a challenging and
unpredictable journey to the Mayan capital, famous for its ziggurats and human sacrifice rituals,
which lasts for about forty minutes of the movie and leaves the audience in suspense. In the
drought-stricken region, sacrifice ceremonies are executed, and the captured people anxiously
await their inevitable destiny. Following the premiere, historians criticized it for including
several historical discrepancies and failing to accurately depict reality, arguing that the movie
gave a skewed perspective of the Mayan civilization, often conflating it with other
Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Incas and Aztecs. Despite all these criticisms, the movie
Apocalypto narrates the downfall of the Maya civilization during a period when its collapse was
imminent, depicting the desperation brought by the collapse, the widespread oppression that
followed, inter-tribal warfare, epidemic diseases, and the invasion of foreigners, all from an
apocalyptic perspective, portraying the demise of one of the most magnificent civilizations of
its time.
Keywords: Meseoamerican Civilizations, Sacrificial Ritual, Apocalyptic Period
135
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MAKİNE ÖĞRENMESİ TEKNİKLERİ KULLANILARAK OBEZİTE TAHMİN
MODELİ ÖNERİSİ
Barış İNCESU* (ORCID: 0009-0001-3508-9581)
Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics, Izmir-Türkiye
Email: barisince556@gmail.com
Samet ÇELİK (ORCID: 0009-0007-1027-2893)
Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics, Izmir-Türkiye
Email: clk.samet57@gmail.com
Kevser BAHADIR (ORCID: 0009-0004-8517-3003)
Mimar Sinan University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Statistics, IstanbulTürkiye
Email: kevserbahadr@outlook.com
Muhittin BARAN (ORCID: 0009-0001-6919-7513)
Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics, Izmir-Türkiye
Email: muhittinbaran9@gmail.com
Filiz KARADAĞ (ORCID: 0000-0002-0116-7772)
Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Statistics, Izmir-Türkiye
Email: filiz.karadag@ege.edu.tr
ÖZET
Obezite, dünya genelinde giderek artan bir sağlık sorunudur ve etkileri üzerine yapılan
araştırmalar büyük önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmada, farklı bir sentetik veri üretme tekniği ile
birlikte, Palechor ve Manotas (2019) araştırmasında yer alan veriler kullanılarak farklı makine
öğrenmesi tekniklerinin performans karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Palechor ve Manotas (2019)
çalışmasında uyguladığı teknikten farklı olarak bu çalışmada SMOTE-NC (Synthetic Minority
Over-sampling Technique for Nominal and Continuous) veri üretme yöntemi bazı farklı
koşullarda uygulanmıştır. Yaş, cinsiyet, yeme alışkanlıkları ve fiziksel aktivite gibi çeşitli
özellikler kullanılarak obezite riskini belirlemek üzere elde edilen bu veri setinde dengesiz veri
problemini gidermek için SMOTE-NC tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntem, azınlık sınıfların
örneklerini sentetik olarak artırarak dengesizliği giderip modelin daha dengeli ve güvenilir
sonuçlar üretmesinin yanında, SMOTE tekniğinden farklı olarak, veri setinde hem sürekli hem
de kategorik değişkenlerin olması durumunda kullanılması önerilen bir yöntemdir. Çalışmada,
hem ham veri hem de veri çoğaltıldıktan sonra, Naive Bayes, Lojistik Regresyon, Rastgele
Orman, Karar Ağaçları, K-En Yakın Komşu Algoritması ve Destek Vektör Makineleri (SVM)
sınıflandırma algoritmalarının karşılaştırması sunulmuştur. Python programı kullanılarak
yürütülen bu çalışmada, algoritma performansları doğruluk(accuracy), kesinlik (precision),
duyarlılık (recall) ve F1 skor (F1 score) değerlerine bakılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca,
özellikle sağlık verilerinde sıkça karşılaşılan bir sorun olan dengesiz veri problemine işaret eden
bu çalışma TÜBİTAK tarafından desteklenmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Obezite, Python, Makine Öğrenmesi, SMOTE-NC
136
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
OBESITY PREDICTION MODEL PROPOSAL USING MACHINE LEARNING
TECHNIQUES
ABSTRACT
Obesity is an increasingly prevalent health issue worldwide, and research on its effects is of
great importance. In the study, the performance comparison of different machine learning
techniques is carried out with the data presented in the Palechor and Manotas (2019) research,
along with a different synthetic data generation technique. Unlike the technique employed by
Palechor and Manotas (2019), this study applies the SMOTE-NC (Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique for Nominal and Continuous) data generation method under different
conditions. SMOTE-NC technique is used to eliminate the problem of unbalanced data in this
data set, which is obtained to determine the risk of obesity by using various features such as
age, gender, eating habits and physical activity. This method mitigates imbalance by
synthetically increasing samples of minority classes, leading to a more balanced and reliable
model performance. Additionally, unlike the SMOTE technique, SMOTE-NC is recommended
for datasets containing both continuous and categorical variables. The study presents a
comparison of classification algorithms including Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, Random
Forest, Decision Trees, K-Nearest Neighbors Algorithm, and Support Vector Machines (SVM)
on both raw and augmented data. Conducted using Python programming, the performance of
algorithms is evaluated based on metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score.
Moreover, this study, which highlights the commonly encountered issue of imbalanced data in
health data, is supported by TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey).
Keywords: Obesity, Python, Machine Learning, SMOTE-NC
137
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MUZ ÜRETİMİNDE GİRDİ KULLANIMI VE BRÜT KAR ANALİZİ
(MERSİN İLİ ÖRNEĞİ)
Kader AYDIN (ORCID: 0000-0001-9994-9491)
Siirt Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyosistem Anabilin Dalı-Siirt
*Prof. Dr. Mehmet Fırat BARAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-7657-1227)
Siirt Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü-Siirt
Email: firat.baran@siirt.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bu çalışmada, Mersin ili Anamur ilçesinde muz üretiminde girdi kullanımı brüt kar analizinin
belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın ana materyalini Mersin ili Anamur ilçesinde muz
üretimi yapan 251 üreticiden anket yöntemiyle elde edilen veriler oluşturmuştur. Araştırma
alanında toplam muz üretim alanı 210,30 ha ve ortalama muz üretim alanı alan 0,83 ha olarak
hesaplanmıştır. Toplam üretim miktarı 16.195,00 ton olarak belirlenmiş, ortalama muz verimi
77.009,03 kg/ha olarak bulunmuştur. Gayri safi üretim değeri 847.099,33 TL/ha, değişken
masraflar 256.318,63 TL/ha ve brüt kâr 590.780,70,08 TL/ha olarak bulunmuştur. Muz
üretiminde enerji eşdeğerleri, sera gazı emisyonları ve değişken masraflar içerisindeki en
yüksek payı gübre girdisinin aldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Brüt kâr, girdi kullanımı, muz üretimi, Mersin
Not: Bu çalışma Kader AYDIN’nın Yüksek Lisans Tezinden derlenmiştir.
138
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INPUT USAGE AND GROSS PROFIT ANALYSIS IN BANANA PRODUCTION
(MERSİN PROVINCE EXAMPLE)
ABSTRACT
In this study, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in greenhouse banana production in
Anamur district of Mersin province were determined and gross profit analysis was conducted.
The main material of the study was the data obtained from 251 banana producers by survey
method. In order to calculate energy equivalents, the amounts of inputs used in banana
production were found and these input data were multiplied by energy equivalent coefficients.
The total banana production area in the research area was calculated as 210.30 ha and the
average banana production area was calculated as 0.83 ha. The total production amount was
determined as 16,195.00 tons and the average banana yield was 77,009.03 kg ha-1. Gross
production value, variable costs and gross profit were found as 847,099.33 TL ha-1, 256,318.63
TL ha-1 and 590,780.70.08 TL ha-1. It was concluded that fertilizer input had the highest share
in energy equivalents, greenhouse gas emissions and variable costs in banana production.
Energy use efficiency higher than 1 indicated that inputs were used efficiently.
Keywords: Gross profit, input use, strawberry production, Mersin
Note: This study was compiled from Kader AYDIN's Master's Thesis.
139
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE LAİKLİK ÜZERİNE
DEĞERLENDİRMELER
Hanife MÜDERRİSOĞLU (ORCID: 0009-0003-3779-2072)
Hitit University, Türkiye, Çorum Türkiye
Email: hanifemuderrisoğlu@gmail.com
Attila ERDEMİRCİ (ORCID: 0000-0002-2014-5675)
Hitit University, Türkiye, Çorum Türkiye
Email: erdemirciattila@gmail.com
Furkan ÇAPOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0003-1378-0192)
Hitit University, Türkiye, Çorum Türkiye
Email: fcapoglu5319@gmail.com
ÖZET
Yüzyıllar boyunca egemenliğin tek bir kişide toplanması, özellikle de bu makamın halifelikle
birleşmesi çağdaşlık önünde bir engel teşkil eden sorun haline gelmiştir. Bu nedenle ulu önder
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’ni kurarken emin adımlarla bazı inkılaplar yapma yoluna gitmiştir.
Laiklik, halifelik makamını da elinde tutan bir egemen güçten sonra belki de en önemli ve
gerçekleştirilmesi en zor olan inkılap olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Temelsiz bir zemine
dayanmadan gerçekleşmeyecek laiklik için belli adımların atılması gerekiyordu. Öncelikle
saltanatın kaldırılması ve halifenin değişiminden sonra herhangi bir siyasi gücü ve önemi
kalmayan halifelik makamı 3 Mart 1924’te kaldırıldı. Böylece laik devlet için en önemli adım
atıldı. Bu önemli iki adımdan sonra eğitim, hukuk ve askeri alanlarda da değişimler yaşandı ve
dinin etkisi bu kurumlarından üzerinden kaldırıldı. Tevhit-i Tedrisat kanunu ile eğitimde
ikilikler ortadan kalkmış ve dinin etkisinden ayrılmıştır. Seriye ve Evkaf Vekâleti ve Erkan-ı
Harbiye-i Umumiye Vekâletlerinin Kaldırılması da vakıflar ve askeriyenin laikleşme
çalışmalarından biri olmuştur. Bu bahsettiğimiz aşamalardan sonra en son olarak Laiklik
anayasaya girmiş ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti laik devlet olarak anayasada yer almıştır.
Cumhuriyet’i kuran kadro ve özellikle Atatürk, yönü Batı olan bir ulus devleti için çabalamıştır.
Hem Batı’ya ayak uyduran hem de milliyetçilik bilincinde olan yeni bir devletin var olabilmesi
ve ayakta kalabilmesi için laiklik çok önemlidir. Eğer laiklik ilkesine sadece din ve siyaset
perspektifinden bakarsak hem kuruluş felsefesini anlayamayız hem de devletimiz ve milletimiz
için laikliğin anlamı eksik kalmış olur. Orta Asya steplerinden beri dine dayalı bir yönetim
anlayışına sahip olan bir millet için alışması, kabullenmesi zor olan laiklik günümüzde bile en
çok tartışılan konuların başında gelmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda laiklik kavramı anayasaya
girene kadar hangi aşamalardan geçildi, hangi adımlar atıldı ve bu yapılanlara karşı gösterilen
tepkiler neler oldu sorularının cevapları irdelenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Laiklik, Değişim, Bilinç, Halifelik
140
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EVALUATIONS ON SECULARISM IN THE EARLY REPUBLICAN PERIOD
ABSTRACT
For centuries, the concentration of sovereignty in a single person, especially the combination
of this office with the caliphate, has become a problem that poses an obstacle to modernity. For
this reason, the great leader took firm steps towards making some reforms while establishing
the Republic of Turkey. Secularism appears as perhaps the most important and most difficult
revolution to realize after a sovereign power that also holds the office of caliphate. Certain steps
had to be taken for secularism, which could not be achieved without being based on a baseless
basis. First of all, the office of caliphate, which no longer had any political power or importance
after the abolition of the sultanate and the change of the caliph, was abolished on March 3,
1924. Thus, the most important step for the secular state was taken. After these two important
steps, changes also took place in the fields of education, law and military, and the influence of
religion was removed from these institutions. With the Tevhit-i Tedrisat law, dualities in
education were eliminated and separated from the influence of religion. The abolition of the
Ministry of Seriye and Foundations and the Ministry of Erkan-ı Harbiye-i Umumiye was also
one of the secularization efforts of the foundations and the military. After the stages we
mentioned, secularism was finally included in the constitution and the Republic of Turkey was
included in the constitution as a secular state. The team that founded the Republic, and
especially Ataturk, strived for a nation-state whose orientation was Western. Secularism is very
important for the existence and survival of a new state that keeps pace with the West and is
nationalist-conscious. If we look at the principle of secularism only from the perspective of
religion and politics, we cannot understand the founding philosophy and the meaning of
secularism for our state and nation will be missing. Secularism, which is difficult to get used to
and accept for a nation that has had a religion-based management approach since the Central
Asian steppes, is one of the most discussed topics even today. In this study, the answers to the
questions of what stages were passed until the concept of secularism was included in the
constitution, what steps were taken and what were the reactions to these actions were examined.
Keywords: Secularism, Change, Consciousness, Caliphate
141
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ANADOLU COĞRAFYASINDA MAHALLİ İDARE AMİRLERİNİN MÜLKİ İDARE
ANLAYIŞI
Furkan ÇAPOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0003-1378-0192)
Hitit University, Türkiye, Çorum Türkiye
Email: fcapoglu5319@gmail.com
Attila ERDEMİRCİ (ORCID: 0000-0002-2014-5675)
Hitit University, Türkiye, Çorum Türkiye
Email: erdemirciattila@gmail.com
Hanife MÜDERRİSOĞLU (ORCID: 0009-0003-3779-2072)
Hitit University, Türkiye, Çorum Türkiye
Email: hanifemuderrisoğlu@gmail.com
ÖZET
Anadolu coğrafyasında geçmişten gelen ülkedeki taşra yönetimi idare hukuku ekseninde mülki
idareye dayanmaktadır. Ülkenin her noktasındaki toprakların yönetimi taşra dediğimiz bölgede
temsilciler aracılığıyla yerine getirilmektedir. Taşradaki temsilciler olan mülki idare amirleri
ilde vali, ilçede kaymakamlar olarak bu görevi kesintisiz bir şekilde yerine getirmektedirler.
Mülki idare amirleri egemen olduğu bölgesinde toplumun güvenliğinden eğitimine
yaşantısından sosyal ve ekonomik durumuna bir çok alanında muhafazasını sağlamakla yetkili
ve sorumludurlar.Bu hizmet görevinin geçmişi çok eskiye dayanmakla beraber kendine özgü
bir süreçle tarihsel özgeçmişe sahiptir.Tarihten gelen görev ve sorumluluklar ile beraber çok
önem arz eden br konum olmakla beraber günümüzde büyük özveriye dayanan bir meslek
dalıdır.Ondan ötürü günümüzde mahalli idare amirlerinin göreve başlangıç aşamasında uzun
eğitim süreçleri olup toplum ve dünyayı tanıma ve anlama üzerinde uygulamalı ve teorik
eğitimleri söz konusudur.Bunun yanısıra dünyadaki kamu yönetimlerindeki yeni düzenleme ve
uygulamaların benimsenmesine yönelik değişimlerle birlikte mülki idare açısından örgütlenme
konusunda büyük önem arz etmektedir.Bu çalışma günümüz Anadolu cografyasında mülki
idare amirlerinin görev bilinci ve anlayışı doğrultusunda görev ve sorumluluklarına değinilecek
olup toplum tarafından bakış açıları ve talepler doğrultusunda meslek işlev ve görevlerine göre
incelenecektir.Bunun yanı sıra mahalli idare amirlerinin yetişme süreci ve toplum beklentileri
meslekteki yeni düşünce ve algılar,mesleğin yeniden yorumlanma gereklilikleri toplum
nazarında ifade edilecektir.Toplumun taşradaki yeni talepleride mahalli idare amirleri açısından
değerlendirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Taşra, Halk, Toplum, İhtiyaçlar, Sosyal Yapı
142
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
UNDERSTANDING OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF LOCAL
ADMINISTRATORS IN ANATOLIAN GEOGRAPHY
ABSTRACT
In the Anatolian geopraphy,the administration from the past is based on provincial
administration and corrupt çivil administration.The management of the lands in each region of
the country is carried out through regional representatives in the provinces.The çivil
administrators,who are the representatives in the provinces,constantly fulfill this purpose as
governors in the province and district governors in the districts.Civil administrators are
authorized and responsible for ensuring the preservation of social life,education,life and many
socally and economically operated areas in the region they dominate.Although the history of
this service duty dates back to ancient times, it has a traditional CV with a unique process.
Togetherness with duties and responsibilities coming from history is very important. It is
currently a professional branch based on great dedication. Therefore, today, local government
chiefs have long training sessions and practical and theoretical training on global and global
recognition and understanding during their induction into office. The civil administration plan
along with the expenses is of great importance in planning. This study will touch upon the duty
awareness and understanding of the civil administration chiefs in today's Anatolian geography,
the duty plan duties and responsibilities, and the perspectives and demands of the society will
be examined according to their professional functions. In addition, the development of the local
administration chiefs The process of expressing the process and social relations, new thoughts
and perceptions in the professions, and the requirements for reinterpretation of the profession
in the eyes of society. The collapse of society in the provinces will be evaluated again from the
perspective of local administrators.
Keywords: Provincial, People, Society, Needs, Social Structure
143
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PATRICK CAULFIELD İLLÜSTRASYONLARINDA MİNİMALİST YAKLAŞIM
Nimet YAŞIN (ORCID: 0009-0002-4330-7718)
İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Art and Design
Studies, İzmir-Türkiye
Email: nimetyasin35@gmail.com
ÖZET
20. yüzyılın önde gelen ressamlarından bir olan Patrick Caulfield, minimalist bir sanatçı olarak
kabul edilmektedir. Çalışmalarında, grafik tasarım alanlarından biri olan vektörel illüstrasyonu
kullanmaktadır. Cauldfield’in çalışmalarında illüstrasyonun ve iç mekânın bütünleşmesi
görülmektedir. Mekânın bütünleşmesinde çizgisel formlar ve renkler kullanılmış olmakla
birlikte, çalışmaları iki boyutlu ve üç boyutlu bir etkiye sahiptir. Çizgisel olarak oluşturulan
figürler ve formlar mekân içinde devamlılığı sağlayan basit geometrik şekillerle
oluşturulmaktadır. Caulfield’in tasarım yaklaşımı, soyut dışavurumculuğa karşı olarak oluşmuş
bir akım olan minimalizmdir. Minimalizm üslubu; sade bir dil kullanarak basit anlatımı
hedeflemektedir. Akım, 1960’lı yıllarda popülerleşmeye başlamış, soyut bir anlatımda
ilerlemiştir. Minimalizm akımının yaklaşımında geometrik figürlerin, soyutlanmış formların,
basit sade ve keskin hatlarla aktarıldığı gözlenmektedir. Patrick Caulfield’in tasarım
yaklaşımında; İngiliz sanatını minimalist yaklaşım üzerinden ele alan ve vektörel tabanlı
illüstratif uygulamaların çoğunluklu olduğu görülmektedir. Bu araştırmada kapsamında
Caulfield’in vektörel tabanlı illüstratif yaklaşımlı uygulamalarındaki minimalist tavır
incelenecektir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel tarama modeli
kullanılacak olup, grafik tasarım alanlarından biri olan vektörel illüstrasyon alanı adı altında
Patrick Caulfield’in minimalist yaklaşımlarının İngiliz sanatında nasıl bir rol oynadığı açığa
çıkarılmaya çalışılacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Grafik Tasarım, İllüstrasyon, İngiliz Sanatı, Minimalizm, Vektörel
İllüstrasyon
144
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MINIMALIST APPROACH IN PATRICK CAULFIELD ILLUSTRATIONS
ABSTRACT
One of the 20th century's leading painters, Patrick Caulfield is considered a minimalist artist.
In his works, he uses vector illustration, one of the fields of graphic design. In Cauldfield's
works, the integration of illustration and interior space is seen. Although linear forms and colors
are used in the integration of space, his works have a two-dimensional and three dimensional
effect. The figures and forms created linearly are formed with simple geometric shapes that
provide continuity in space. Caulfield's design approach is minimalism, a movement formed in
opposition to ABSTRACT expressionism. Minimalism style aims for simple expression by
using a plain language. The movement started to become popular in the 1960s and progressed
in an ABSTRACT expression. In the approach of the minimalism movement, it is observed that
geometric figures, ABSTRACTed forms are conveyed with simple, simple and sharp lines. In
Patrick Caulfield's design approach; it is seen that there is a majority of vector-based illustrative
applications that deal with British art through a minimalist approach. Within the scope of this
research, the minimalist attitude in Caulfield's vector-based illustrative applications will be
examined. In the research, the descriptive survey model, one of the qualitative research
methods, will be used and it will be tried to reveal how Patrick Caulfield's minimalist
approaches play a role in British art under the field of vector illustration, one of the graphic
design fields.
Keywords: Graphic Design, Illustration, British Art, Minimalism, Vector Illustration
145
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
(2 + 1)-BOYUTLU CALOGERO-BOGOYAVLENSKİİ-SCHİFF DENKLEMİNİN
RASYONEL (G'/G) GENİŞLETME YÖNTEMİYLE SOLİTON ÇÖZÜMLERİ
Tuğçe UÇAR
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi - Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü - Matematik ve Bilgisayar
Bilimleri - Uygulamalı Matematik, Eskişehir - Türkiye
Email: tugceucar@gmail.com
ÖZET
Adi ve kısmi diferansiyel denklemler, fiziksel, biyolojik ve kimyasal süreçleri matematiksel
olarak modellemek için en güçlü araçlardır. Lineer olmayan kısmi diferansiyel denklem
sistemlerinin tam çözümleri için çeşitli yaklaşımlar geliştirilmiştir. Yakın zaman içerisinde
ortaya çıkan rasyonel (𝐺′/𝐺) açılım yöntemi ele alınarak (2+1) boyutlu Calogero –
Bogoyavlenskii – Schiff denklemi için uygun dalga dönüşümü altında adi diferansiyel
denkleme indirgenerek kesin ve soliton dalga çözümleri elde edilmiştir. Son yıllarda bulunan
Rasyonel
açılım metodu ise, trigonometrik, rasyonel ve hiperbolik fonksiyonlara dizilen
uygun biçimlerde çeşitli soliton çözümlerin elde edilmesinde kullanılmaktadır. Rasyonel
açılım metodu, etkin, özlü ve sonraki çalış malarda ele alınabilecek diğer lineer olmayan
modellere analitik çözümler bulabilen bir yöntemdir. Lineer olmayan kısmi diferansiyel
denklemlerin kesin çözümlerini bulmak için Maple hesaplama programı kullanılmıştır.
Program sayesinde karmaşık cebirsel hesaplamaları daha kolay bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Lineer olmayan kısmi diferansiyel denklemler, Rasyonel
açılım
metodu, Calogero – Bogoyavlenskii – Schiff denklemi.
146
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SOLITON SOLUTIONS OF (2 + 1)-DIMENSIONAL CALOGEROBOGOYAVLENSKII-SCHIFF EQUATION WITH RATIONAL (G'/G) EXPANSION
METHOD
ABSTRACT
Ordinary and partial differential equations are the most powerful tools for mathematically
modeling physical, biological, and chemical processes. Various approaches have been
developed for the exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equation systems. The rational
(\left(G’/G\right)) expansion method, which emerged recently, has been considered and exact
and soliton wave solutions have been obtained by reducing the (2+1) dimensional Calogero –
Bogoyavlenskii – Schiff equation to an ordinary differential equation under an appropriate
wave transformation. The Rational expansion method found in recent years is used to obtain
various soliton solutions in suitable forms arranged to trigonometric, rational, and hyperbolic
functions. The Rational expansion method is an effective, concise method that can find
analytical solutions to other nonlinear models that can be addressed in subsequent studies. The
Maple computation program was used to find the exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential
equations. Thanks to the program, complex algebraic calculations were found more easily.
Keywords: Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations, Rational expansion method, Calogero –
Bogoyavlenskii – Schiff equation.
147
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ZAKHAROV-KUZNETSOV BİRLEŞİK SİSTEMİ İÇİN DEĞİŞTİRİLMİŞ SARDAR
ALT DENKLEM YÖNTEMİNİN UYGULANMASI
Tuğçe UÇAR
Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi - Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü - Matematik ve Bilgisayar
Bilimleri - Uygulamalı Matematik, Eskişehir – Türkiye
Email: tugceucar@gmail.com
ÖZET
Kısmi diferansiyel denklemler, fizik, mühendislik, matematik ve diğer bilim alanlarında yaygın
olarak kullanılır. Lineer olmayan kısmi diferansiyel denklem sistemlerinin tam çözümleri için
farklı yaklaşımlar bulunmuştur. Yakın zaman içerisinde ortaya çıkan modifiye edilmiş Sardar
alt denklem yöntemi kullanılarak Zakharov - Kuznetsov (ZK) denklem çifti denklemini uygun
dalga dönüşümleri altında adi diferansiyel denkleme indirgeyerek kesin ve soliton dalga
çözümleri elde edilmiştir. Modifiye edilmiş Sardar alt denklem metodu, klasik ve kesirli
dereceden lineer olmayan kısmi diferansiyel denklemler için karanlık, parlak, W - şekilli,
karışık karanlık-parlak, tekil, karışık tekil solitonlar, periyodik ve diğer çözümler de dahil
olmak üzere çok sayıda soliton çözümü üretmek için kullanılabilecek güçlü ve sağlam bir
yaklaşımdır. ZK denklemleri, Korteweg - de Vries (KdV) denkleminin iki boyutlu
genellemesidir. Bu çalışma, lineer olmayan ZK denkleminin çözümlerinin ayrıntılı bir sayısal
incelemesini sunar. Lineer olmayan kısmi diferansiyel denklemlerin kesin çözümlerini bulmak
için Maple hesaplama programı kullanılmıştır. Böylelikle karmaşık cebirsel hesaplamaları daha
kolay bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Lineer olmayan kısmi diferansiyel denklemler, modifiye edilmiş Sardar
alt denklem yöntemi, Zakharov - Kuznetsov (ZK) denklem çifti.
148
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
APPLICATION OF THE MODIFIED SARDAR SUB EQUATION METHOD FOR
ZAKHAROV-KUZNETSOV COUPLED SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
Partial differential equations are widely used in physics, engineering, mathematics, and other
scientific fields. Different approaches have been found for the exact solutions of nonlinear
partial differential equation systems. Recently, using the modified Sardar sub-equation method,
exact and soliton wave solutions have been obtained by reducing the Zakharov - Kuznetsov
(ZK) equation pair to an ordinary differential equation under appropriate wave transformations.
ZK equations are a two-dimensional generalization of the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation.
This study presents a detailed numerical examination of the solutions of the nonlinear twodimensional ZK equation. The Maple computation program has been used to find exact
solutions for non-linear partial differential equations. Thus, complex algebraic calculations
have been found more easily.
Keywords: Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations, Modified Sardar Sub-equation Method,
Zakharov - Kuznetsov (ZK) Equation Pair.
149
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
VOLATILITY ANALYSIS OF ESG INDICES AND CONVENTIONAL STOCK
MARKET INDICES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Kapil AHUJA
IMSAR, MDU Rohtak
Email:Kapil.rs.imsar@mdurohtak.ac.in
Assistant Professor Dr. Ekta RANI
IMSAR, MDU Rohtak,
Email:drektakaukarwal.imsar@mdu.ac.in
ABSTRACT
The incorporation of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations into
investment decisions has accelerated significantly in the dynamic world of modern finance.
Benchmark indexes are crucial measuring sticks for evaluating the performance of the market.
This study investigates the volatility dynamics of Environmental, Social, and Governance
(ESG) indices in comparison to conventional stock market indices. Volatility analysis is crucial
for investors seeking to manage risk and optimize portfolio performance. We employ a
comprehensive dataset spanning a significant timeframe from 2010 to 2023 to capture diverse
market conditions. Through statistical methodologies and econometric techniques, we analyze
the volatility patterns, assess the impact of ESG factors on market fluctuations, and explore
potential correlations with conventional indices. Our findings offer insights into the relative
stability and risk characteristics of ESG investments compared to traditional market
benchmarks, contributing to informed decision-making in sustainable investing and risk
management strategies.
Keywords: ESG, Volatililty, Conventional stock market indices
150
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN URBAN VEGETATION
STUDIES OVER THE LAST FIVE YEARS
Hassan BOUKITA*
Plant and Animal Production and Agro-Industry Laboratory, Faculty of Science; Ibn Tofail
University, B.P 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
Email:hassan.boukita@uit.ac.ma
Mohamed EL AMMARI
Plant and Animal Production and Agro-Industry Laboratory, Faculty of Science; Ibn Tofail
University, B.P 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
Email:mohamed.elammari@uit.ac.ma
Najiba BRHADDA
Plant and Animal Production and Agro-Industry Laboratory, Faculty of Science; Ibn Tofail
University, B.P 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
Email:brhadda@hotmail.com
Rabea ZIRI
Plant and Animal Production and Agro-Industry Laboratory, Faculty of Science; Ibn Tofail
University, B.P 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
Email:rabea.ziri@uit.ac.ma
ABSTRACT
Urban vegetation is a basic component and cornerstone of urban ecosystems. Consequently, a
better comprehension of the temporal and spatial patterns of change of this vegetation is
essential for more efficient environmental management of the urban environment, to improve
the urban habitat, and to mitigate the damaging effects of accelerated urbanization. This review
explored research from articles indexed in the Scopus database on the topic of urban vegetation
between 2018 and 2023. A process of selection, filtering, and refining in the Scopus database
generated 683 articles. Once exported in CSV format, the data was analyzed using Scopus
Analytics, VOSviewer, and MS Excel. The aim was to offer guidance on current topics and
predict future tendencies in research on this theme. The results of this analysis show that
60,32% of articles were published in the last three years (2021, 2022, and 2023). China is the
country most interested in this topic, with 195 articles (28.55%). Over the last five years,
researchers from several different disciplines have taken an interest in urban vegetation. The
field of environmental sciences contributed the most, with 33.56% of papers published. In terms
of sources, the journal Urban Forestry and Urban Greening came out on top with 58 articles
and 982 citations. The topic of urban vegetation has gained significant attention from
researchers with diverse scientific backgrounds. This analysis argues that, given the concerning
state of environmental issues, the promotion of vegetation in urban environments—which
provides a multitude of ecosystem services and helps create biologically diverse and betterbalanced urban ecosystems—can become a fundamental pillar for a more sustainable future
city.
Keywords: urban vegetation, bibliometric analysis, ecosystem services, urban biodiversity.
151
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
OPTIMAL DIRECTIONS FOR ENSURING FINANCIAL SECURITY AT THE
ECONOMIC ENTITY LEVEL
Associate Professor Victoria POSTOLACHE (ORCID: 0000-0003-4023-9705)
Alecu Russo Balti State University, Faculty for Exact, Economic and Natural Science,
Department of economic sciences, Balti, Republique of Moldova
Email: vic.postolache@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
In modern economic market conditions, all enterprises face financial risks, insufficient financial
resources, a high level of competition and other internal and external threats. In order to operate
stably and ensure sustainable development in this situation, it is necessary to create a financial
security system for the enterprise.The financial security of an enterprise is based on the financial
policy of the enterprise, which guarantees an effective increase in production, in which the
enterprise will become independent of financial and credit institutions.In order to obtain
economic benefits, an economic entity must competently and rationally manage financial
resources, and this presupposes the presence of the necessary level of financial security. The
specificity of this component of economic security is due to the fact that financial security,
along with financial relations in general, is included in all areas of economic activity and acts
as a necessary condition for the development and successful operation of an economic entity.
Thus, the relevance of the chosen research topic is that financial security is an important part
of economic security and has a significant impact on the current state of an economic entity,
and assessing the level of financial security allows us to identify and neutralize threats that lead
to the deterioration of the state his finances.
Keywords: financial security, financial resources, financial policy, indicators of financial
security
152
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
AYNI DİL AİLESİNE MENSUP OLAN İKİ DİLİN ÜNSÜZLERİNİN
KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI DÜZEYİ
Mammadova ASMETHANIM (ORCID: 0000-0002-9055-2313)
Azerbaycan, Bakü Devlet Üniversiteti
Email:kamillik@mail.ru
ÖZET
İki ve ikiden fazla dilin biçimbilgisel yapısında ve leksikolojik anlamında ortak özelliklerinin
gözlemlenmesi söz konusu dillerin çoğunlukla jeneolojik açıdan akraba diller olduğunu ve
kendilerinin bir ortak kaynaktan, “kök dil” adlandırabileceğimiz bir ortak dilden türendiğini
kanıtlar. Araştırmamızın konusu Hint-Avrupa dilleri ailesinin İran dilleri öbeğine ait olan
Farsça ve Peştu dillerinin ünsüz sesleridir.Çok eski tarihe sahip Farsça Doğu`da oldukça
büyük alanda yaygınlaşmış , klâsik eserlerin yazıldığı Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinin İran dilleri
öbeğine aittir. Söz konusu dil İran İslam Cumhuriyetinin resmi devlet dilidir.Hint-Avrupa
dillerinin İran dilleri öbeğine ait olan Peştu dili Peştunların ana dili olarak genellikle bütün
Güney və Güneydoğu Afganistan`da, Kuzey Batı ve Batı Pakistan`da yaygınlaşmıştır.
Darice ile beraber Afganistan`da resmi devlet dili olarak bilinir. Her iki dile yazıda Arap
alfabesini kullanmakla Arap alfabesinin mevcut bulanan harflerine, dillerine uygun çeşitli
harfler, , diakritik işaretler eklenilmiştir. Farslar Arap alfabesine 4 grafik örnek , Peştunlar
ise 18 grafik örnek ekleyerek telâffuzlarına uygun olarak alfabelerini geliştirmişler.Peştu ve
Farsça dilleri aynı dil grubuna ait olmalarına rağmen ünsüz ve ünlü seslerinin sayılarına göre
birbirlerinden esaslı olarak farklıdırlar. Farsçada 23 ünsüz , 6 monoftong ünlü ve 1 diftong
bulanmasına karşın Peştucada 30 ünsüz,9 ünlü, 7 monoftong ünlü ses bulunmaktadır. Sonuçta
Farsçada harf sayısının 30 şema örneği şeklinde belirlenmesine rağmen Peştucada harf sayısı
toplam olarak 46`dır. Peştu dilinde harf sayısının çoğunluk oluşturması Peştunların
telâffuzunda monoftong, diftongların sayıca yeğlik oluşturması ,aynı zamanda ünlü ve
ünsüzlerin birçoğunun burun sesleri özelliklerini alabilmesi (ing.: nasal vowel; nasal
consonant) ve söz konusu dildeki özel ünsüzlerin bulunmasının sonucudur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Hint-Avrupa dilleri ailesi, İran dilleri, Peştu dili, ünlü sesler, ünsüz
sesler.
153
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CONSONANTS IN TWO LANGUAGES OF THE SAME LANGUAGE FAMILY
WITHIN COMPARATIVE STUDY
ABSTARCT
If two or more languages have common features in their grammatical structure and lexical
composition, these languages are genetically related languages and they are descended from
one common source, conventionally called the “root language”. The object of our research is
the consonant sounds of the Persian and Pashto languages belonging to the Iranian group of the
Indo-European language family.Widespread in the East with classical works written on it the
Persian language which has an ancient history, belongs to the Iranian group of the IndoEuropean language family. This language is the official state language of the Islamic Republic
of Iran.The Pashto language, which belongs to the Iranian group of Indo-European languages,
as the mother tongue of the Pashtuns, is mainly spread throughout southern and southeastern
Afghanistan, as well as in northwestern and western Pakistan. It is the official state language in
Afghanistan along with Dari language. By using the Arabic alphabet in writing, both languages
have added different letters and diacritical marks to the existing letters of the Arabic alphabet.
The Persians added 4 graphic samples to the Arabic alphabet: the Pashtuns added 18 and
improved their alphabet according to their pronunciation.Although Pashto and Persian belong
to the same language group, they differ significantly in terms of the number of consonants and
vowels. In Persian there are 23 consonants, 6 monophthong vowels and 1 diphthong; while
Pashto has 30 consonants, 9 vowels and 7 monophthong vowel sounds. Thus, if the letters of
the Persian language are identified in the form of only 30 graphic patterns, the total number of
letters in the Pashto language is 46. This happens mainly due to the presence of many
monophthongs and diphthongs in Pashtun pronunciation, as well as the nasalization of many
vowels and consonants (nasal vowel; nasal consonant) and the presence of special consonants
of this language.
Keywords: Indo-European language group, Iranian languages, Pashto language, vowel sounds,
consonant sounds.
154
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
AN OVERVIEW OF FOOD ENGINEERING BRANCHES: FROM CHEMISTRY TO
PACKAGING
Mahalakshmi AVNK (ORCID:0000-0002-8251-9660)
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India. 1230906.it@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P2 R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email: 2psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Food engineering encompasses various branches that focus on different aspects of food
production, processing, and preservation. One key area is food chemistry, which delves into the
composition, structure, and properties of food molecules. Understanding these elements helps
in creating new food products, enhancing flavour, and improving nutritional value. Food
microbiology is another vital branch, studying the role of microorganisms in food spoilage,
fermentation, and foodborne illnesses. This knowledge aids in developing methods to prevent
contamination and extend shelf life. Food process engineering involves designing and
optimizing equipment and processes for food production, such as mixing, heating, and
packaging, to ensure efficiency and safety. Food biotechnology explores the use of biological
systems, such as enzymes and microorganisms, to enhance food quality, production, and
sustainability. Meanwhile, food safety and quality assurance focus on implementing regulations
and standards to ensure that food products meet safety and quality criteria throughout the supply
chain. Finally, food packaging engineering involves designing packaging materials and systems
that protect food from physical, chemical, and microbial damage, while also considering
environmental sustainability. Overall, these branches of food engineering work together to
innovate and improve the way we produce, process, and consume food.
Keywords: food engineering, branches, food chemistry, food microbiology, food process
engineering, food biotechnology, food safety, quality assurance, food packaging engineering
155
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ADVANCEMENTS IN SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:
A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW
S. SINDHUJA
Mechanical engineering, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email:1. 230757.me@rmkec.ac.in
S. KESHIKAA
Mechanical engineering, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email: 230401.me@rmkec.ac.in
Dr. S. Pavai MADHESWARI
Mechanical engineering, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email: 1. hod.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Dr. R. SUBHASHINI
S & H Department, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email: rsi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Dr. Santhi M GEORGE
S & H Department, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email: smg.ece@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
We meticulously gathered insights from reputable journals, enriching our app development
process with evidence-based research and ensuring a foundation rooted in the latest
advancements in urban waste management. M. Karthik & co authors (2023) devised a solution
for overflowing trash cans using a budget-friendly embedded device with ultrasonic sensors. It
monitors in real-time, alerting collectors when limits are reached for timely city sanitation,
promoting a healthier environment. S. Subburaj & co authors (2023) proposed a smart waste
collection system optimizing routes during peak hours, ensuring road safety via a user-friendly
app and real-time public map updates. Soumyabrata Saha & co author (2023) introduced a
tailored smart waste management system for urban areas, emphasizing efficiency through
regular sterilization, and incorporating dynamic scheduling and route optimization for
improved service quality .Pardeep Kumar & co author (2023) developed a model for smart trash
bins, focusing on reliability metrics and identifying critical components for timely maintenance.
Minhaz Uddin Sohag & co author (2020) present a smart IoT waste management system for
urban areas, utilizing Arduino Uno and sensors to monitor and alert authorities when bins are
full, reducing manpower and ensuring cost-effective and efficient waste management.
Keywords: urban waste management, smart waste collection system
156
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
RETIREMENT ANXIETY AND JOB PERFORMANCE AMONG SECONDARY
SCHOOL TEACHERS
Dr. Felicia KING-AGBOTO
Department of Statistics, Captain Elechi-Amadi Polytechnic, Rumuola.PortHarcourt, Nigeria.
Email: metfelicity@yahoo.com,08035469242
Dr. Chizoma Catherine OKPARA
Department of Life Science Education Imo State University, Owerri Nigeria.
Email: okparakate17@gmail.com,08161907267
ABSTRACT
The study examined retirement anxiety and job performance towards secondary school teachers
in Eleme Local Government of Rivers State, Nigeria. The study adopted correlational research
design. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. The population
consisted of 400 teachers in senior/Junior secondary schools in Eleme, Rivers State, Nigeria. A
sample of 200 respondent selected using Taro Yamane formular was used for the study. The
instrument for data collection was a questionnaire titled: Retirement Anxiety and Job
Performance (RAJP). Data collected were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment correlation
method for both the research questions and hypotheses with the use of the statistical packaged
for social sciences (SPSS). The instrument was structured using Likert type of response with
Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A) Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (SD) options respectively.
The instrument was validated by experts in measurement and evaluation.A reliability of 0.86
was obtained using Cronbach”alpha formula.The results of the study revealed that (1) there is
a perfect positive correlation and where is a significant relationship between retirement
anxiety and job performance towards secondary school teachers in Eleme River State.(2) there
is a high positive correlation and where is a significant relationship between retirement anxiety
and job performance of male towards secondary school teachers in Eleme Rivers State. (3) there
is a low positive correlation and there is significance relationship between retirement anxiety
and job performance of female towards secondary school teachers in Eleme Rivers. It was
recommended that Pension Administrations in conjunction with Nigeria Union of Teachers
(NUT) Should organize regular enlightenment programs that can improve employees
knowledge and behaviors towards retirements planning
Keywords: Retirement, Anxiety, Job Performance
157
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF ALL BRANCHES OF FOOD ENGINEERING:
INNOVATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Laksita M
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email:230702.it@rmkec.ac.in
Parvatha srini K P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email:230184.it@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Modular arithmetic, a foundational mathematical concept, plays a pivotal role in ensuring the
security of cryptographic systems. This abstract explores the significance of modular arithmetic
in cryptography, focusing on its key applications and contributions.In public-key cryptography,
modular arithmetic forms the backbone of algorithms like RSA, introducing complexity
through the challenge of factoring large numbers and thereby securing key exchange and digital
signatures. In symmetric key cryptography, modular arithmetic facilitates the development of
robust block ciphers and stream ciphers, ensuring secure data encryption and decryption
processes. The Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol relies on modular arithmetic for
establishing confidential communication channels. Furthermore, modular arithmetic is
instrumental in cryptographic hash functions, essential for maintaining data integrity through
the generation of fixed-size hash values. This abstract emphasizes the enduring importance of
modular arithmetic as an essential tool in cryptographic systems, fostering secure
communication and information protection.
Keywords: Modular arithmetic, cryptographic systems
158
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EXPLORING CONNECTIVITY IN FUZZY GRAPHS: APPLICATIONS IN
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING
Muhammad YOUSUF
Department of Mathematics, Thal University Bhakkar, 30000, Punjab, Pakistan
Ibrar ul HAQ
Department of Mathematics, Thal University Bhakkar, 30000, Punjab, Pakistan
Anns UZAIR
Department of Mathematics, Thal University Bhakkar, 30000, Punjab, Pakistan
Fouzia LIAQAT
Department of Mathematics, Thal University Bhakkar, 30000, Punjab, Pakistan
Muhammad KAMRAN
Department of Mathematics, Thal University Bhakkar, 30000, Punjab, Pakistan
Email:kamran.tu.edu@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Fuzzy graph theory serves as a powerful tool for modeling ambiguous networks prevalent in
various domains such as finance and social interactions. This paper delves into the examination
of connectivity within fuzzy graphs, elucidating its pivotal role in network analysis. Through
the establishment of key properties, we investigate the connectivity status of vertices, shedding
light on fundamental aspects of network characteristics. Furthermore, we propose novel
methodologies for quantifying and analyzing connectivity patterns, contributing to a deeper
understanding of network dynamics. Additionally, we explore practical applications, including
the consolidation of banking institutions to enhance financial stability and resilience, and the
identification of central nodes affected by infectious diseases for effective disease control and
mitigation strategies. By leveraging fuzzy graph theory, this study provides valuable insights
into complex network structures, offering tangible solutions for real-world challenges in diverse
domains.
Keywords: Network Problem, Fuzzy logic, Graph based techniques, Decision-Making.
159
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ECOFRIENDLY FIBRES FOR SUSTAINABLE TEXTILE PRODUCTION
Akhtarul Islam AMJAD
Department of Fashion Technology, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Panchkula,
Haryana, INDIA
Mohd. VASEEM
Department of Fashion Technology, National Institute of Fashion Technology, Panchkula,
Haryana, INDIA
ABSTRACT
Fast-paced development and industrialization pose a significant threat to the environment.
Textile industries and products play a crucial role in deteriorating environmental conditions.
Therefore, it is imperative to focus on the sustainability of textile industries and products.
Biodegradability and eco-friendly processes are key criteria for ensuring sustainable products.
The fiber serves as the fundamental unit for yarn manufacturing, determining the sustainability
and functionality of the end product. Hence, there is a growing demand to incorporate ecofriendly and biodegradable fibers into yarn production. While conventional cotton and
petroleum-derived fibers are not sustainable, organic natural fibers and regenerated cellulose
fibers can contribute to eco-friendliness. In addition to sustainability, functionality is an
essential attribute of yarn. Aesthetic, physiological, and tactile functions represent the
functional behavior of yarn. Various fibers such as organic cotton, natural colored cotton,
bamboo, Tencel, Seacell, Smartcell, Lyocell, soybean protein, and synthetic polyester based on
PLA obtained from corn are environmentally friendly options. Melange yarn made from these
fibers offers high aesthetic value with excellent thermal and moisture transmission properties.
This paper discusses the literature on eco-friendly fibers used in melange yarn manufacturing
and their functional behavior. Bamboo fiber possesses biodegradable, natural anti-bacterial, UV
resistance, and comfort properties. The manufacturing process of Lyocell is a closed-loop and
direct dissolving process that does not release any chemicals. Seacell is a combination of
seaweed in the Lyocell manufacturing process, containing vitamins, amino acids,
carbohydrates, and minerals, resulting in fibers that promote health and offer skincare benefits.
Silver particles are added to produce Seacell active fiber, which is degradable, antibacterial,
and breathable. Alginate is an eco-friendly fiber produced from alginic acid obtained from
marine brown algae, with suitable applications in the medical field.
Keywords: Sustainability, Biodegradability, Seacell, Smart cell
160
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
HYBRID INVERTER WITH SOLAR BATTERY CHARGING
SAM JONES J
R.M.K Engınerrıng College
Email:230535.ec@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
The global push towards renewable energy sources has intensified in response to climate change
concerns and the necessity for sustainable energy solutions. Among these, solar photovoltaic
(PV) systems have emerged as a prominent player in the renewable energy landscape. However,
the intermittent nature of solar power generation presents challenges for grid stability and
energy reliability. Hybrid inverters with solar battery charging capabilities offer a promising
solution by efficiently managing solar energy generation, storage, and distribution. This
abstract explores the design, operation, and benefits of hybrid inverters with solar battery
charging, highlighting their pivotal role in advancing renewable energy integration. Hybrid
inverters represent a significant evolution in power conversion technology, combining the
functionalities of grid-tied and off-grid inverters. By seamlessly integrating multiple energy
sources, including solar PV systems, batteries, and the grid, hybrid inverters offer enhanced
flexibility and reliability in managing energy flow. The integration of solar battery charging
functionality enables these inverters to store excess solar energy during periods of high
generation and discharge it during times of low generation or high demand, thereby optimizing
self-consumption and reducing reliance on the grid. Designing hybrid inverters with solar
battery charging involves intricate control algorithms and power electronics to efficiently
manage energy flow. Key components include maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithms for solar energy harvesting, battery management systems (BMS) for
charge/discharge control, and grid synchronization circuits for seamless grid interaction.
Advanced communication interfaces enable remote monitoring and control of the hybrid
inverter system, allowing users to monitor energy generation, storage levels, and consumption
patterns in real-time. Operationally, hybrid inverters with solar battery charging offer numerous
benefits for residential and commercial applications. By harnessing solar energy and storing it
in batteries, these inverters help reduce electricity bills by offsetting peak demand charges and
providing backup power during grid outages. Furthermore, they contribute to grid stability and
resilience by reducing strain on the utility infrastructure and facilitating the integration of
variable renewable energy sources into the grid. In conclusion, hybrid inverters with solar
battery charging represent a transformative technology in the transition towards a sustainable
energy future. Their ability to efficiently manage solar energy generation, storage, and
distribution makes them indispensable for maximizing self-consumption, reducing carbon
emissions, and enhancing energy independence. As the adoption of renewable energy systems
continues to grow, hybrid inverters with solar battery charging will play an increasingly vital
role in shaping the future of energy generation and distribution.
Keywords: Hybrid inverters, battery management systems
161
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
COSMIC SOLAR: REVOLUTIONIZING ENERGY
Harshini Chiramani
R.M.K. Engineering College
Joshika S
R.M.K. Engineering College
Kancharala Likhitha
R.M.K. Engineering College
Pulivarthi Manisha
R.M.K. Engineering College
ABSTRACT
In the ongoing pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, the concept of Cosmic Solar
Revolutionizing Energy (CSRE) emerges as a transformative initiative leveraging innovative
solar technologies to harness the power of the cosmos. With the sun as our cosmic powerhouse,
CSRE envisions a future where every corner of the globe can access clean and renewable solar
energy, transcending the limitations of traditional solar panels dictated by daylight hours and
weather conditions. Central to CSRE's vision are cutting-edge technologies aimed at pushing
the boundaries of solar power generation. Space-based solar power (SBSP) stands out as a
pioneering approach, involving the capture of solar energy directly in space and its transmission
to Earth via wireless power transmission systems. By situating solar panels in orbit around the
Earth, SBSP enables the continuous capture of sunlight, untethered by atmospheric
interference. Additionally, the development of quantum dot solar cells represents another
revolutionary stride, utilizing nanoscale semiconductor particles to capture a broader spectrum
of sunlight and enhance energy conversion efficiency, even in low-light conditions. The global
impact of CSRE could be profound, with the potential to alleviate energy poverty and drive
sustainable development by providing clean and reliable energy access to remote and
underserved communities worldwide. Furthermore, by diminishing reliance on fossil fuels,
CSRE contributes significantly to mitigating climate change and preserving the planet's health
for future generations. Despite its ambitious vision, CSRE faces challenges such as cost,
technological feasibility, and regulatory obstacles. However, through continued investment in
research and development, alongside collaboration between governments, industries, and
academia, these challenges can be navigated and overcome. In conclusion, Cosmic Solar
Revolutionizing Energy embodies a bold and visionary approach towards a brighter and more
sustainable future. By tapping into the boundless energy of the cosmos, CSRE opens new
pathways for progress and prosperity while safeguarding the planet. With innovation,
determination, and collective commitment, CSRE has the potential to reshape the global energy
landscape, ushering in an era of sustainable abundance for all.
Keywords: Cosmic Solar Revolutionizing Energy, Space-based solar power
162
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
QR-ENHANCED PILL BARCODE SCANNER FOR SAFER MEDICATION
MANAGEMENT
Asrith R *
Lalitha Ramachandran R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Gnanabalan D
Lalitha Ramachandran R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Rathinavel M
Lalitha Ramachandran R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Atmakuri Bhuvanesh
Lalitha Ramachandran R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
ABSTRACT
The basic precaution that is taken after experiencing a little symptom of abnormal actions in
our body is medicine. These medicines are used for precautionary purposes or to tackle
abnormal activities inside the host. The usage of medication creates a complex experience for
the patients and the doctors, as the medicines are valid for a certain period of time (i.e., the
expiration date), and the identification of various classifications of the same kind of medicine
makes the task more vigorous. The medicines in the form of pills are available in the same
shape with different components, so the knowledge of differentiating between those medicines
is only available to professionals. Since the medicines are being used by people who do not
have knowledge of them, the identification of these medicines is made much simpler by adding
a certain Quick Response (QR) code that specifies the expiry date, type of medicine, nearest
available medical stores, and caution along with the medicine for side effects and allergy
identification. Some existing applications with these features lack proof along with the
medication recommendation. A survey emphasizes that people get afraid of wrong information
from some unknown application regarding a life-related recommendation, so valid proof is
required for people to follow such recommendations. Hence, this idea is aimed at providing the
necessary real-time possible outcomes of those medicines so as to avoid fear. This method of
identification is possible only when the manufacturing of these medicines is done in a fashion
so as to regulate certain codes for certain pills. This method makes the task of identification
much easier. Along with precautions and side effects information about those medicines, people
taking medications place a strong faith in the search results provided.
Keywords: Medication Safety, QR Code, Pill Barcode Scanner, Evidence-Based
Recommendations.
163
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SMART REMOTE
A. HARISH
R.M.K. Engineering College
S. KAVIN
R.M.K. Engineering College
A. CHAITANYA TEJA
R.M.K. Engineering College
A. AFRITH SULTHAN
R.M.K. Engineering College
ABSTRACT
SmartView introduces a pioneering system designed to revolutionize television control by
integrating intelligence and seamless interaction. At the forefront of this innovation is the
SmartView Remote, which promises to redefine conventional methods of television control.
This groundbreaking solution combines advanced software algorithms with cutting-edge
hardware components to deliver an unparalleled level of control and convenience.
SmartView's SmartView Remote features a sleek and intuitive Fully displayed touchscreen
interface that replaces traditional remotes. Users can effortlessly navigate channels, adjust
volume levels, customize settings, and access additional features with simple gestures and taps.
This intuitive interface aims to streamline the user experience, providing enhanced control and
convenience.One of the key features of SmartView is its seamless connectivity. By leveraging
wireless technologies such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, the SmartView Remote establishes robust
communication with television sets, eliminating the constraints of traditional infrared-based
remotes. This allows users to control their TVs from anywhere within range, without the need
for line-of-sight.Accessibility is also a priority with SmartView. The system includes features
such as voice control, tactile feedback, and customizable accessibility settings, ensuring that
users of all abilities can easily interact with their television sets.With its forward-thinking
design and commitment to innovation, SmartView promises to redefine television control,
ushering in an era of intuitive, personalized, and accessible viewing experiences for users
around the world.
Keywords: SmartView, Television Control, Intelligent Interaction, Software-Hardware
Integration, Seamless Connectivity, Personalization, Accessibility, Future-proof Design.
164
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
HARNESSING BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD PRODUCTION
KAVIYA R
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Information technology, Chennai, India
Email:230307.it@rmkec.ac.in
SUGANTHI P (ORCID: 0000-0002-8251-9660)
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Agricultural biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that applies principles of biology and
technology to enhance agricultural productivity, sustainability, and food security. This
technology involves the use of genetic engineering, molecular biology, and other advanced
techniques to develop crops with desirable traits such as resistance to pests and diseases,
tolerance to environmental stresses, and improved nutritional content. One of the key areas of
focus in agricultural biotechnology is the development of genetically modified (GM) crops.
GM crops are engineered to express specific traits that confer advantages such as increased
yield, reduced pesticide use, and enhanced nutritional value. For example, scientists have
developed GM crops that are resistant to herbicides, allowing farmers to control weeds more
effectively without harming the crop plants. Another important application of agricultural
biotechnology is the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for animal
agriculture. GMOs can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, vaccines, or other valuable
products in their milk, eggs, or meat. Additionally, GMOs can be used to improve animal health
and welfare by reducing the incidence of diseases and improving the efficiency of feed
conversion. In addition to genetic engineering, agricultural biotechnology also encompasses
other technologies such as markerassisted breeding, tissue culture, and nanotechnology. These
technologies enable scientists to accelerate the breeding process, develop disease-resistant
varieties, and improve the efficiency of nutrient uptake in plants. Overall, agricultural
biotechnology holds great promise for addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing
modern agriculture, including the need to feed a growing global population while minimizing
environmental impact. By harnessing the power of biotechnology, farmers can produce more
food with fewer resources, reduce the use of chemical inputs, and mitigate the effects of climate
change on agricultural production.
Keywords: Agriculture biotechnology, genetic engineering, genetically modified crops,
sustainability, food security, pest resistance, environmental stresses, nutritional enhancement,
marker-assisted breeding, animal agruculture.
165
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SIGNAL PROCESSING USING DIFFERENTIAL ALGEBRA
PRIYAVARSHINI A
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Information and Technology, Thiruvallur, India.
Email:230053.it@rmkec.ac.in
SUGANTHI P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Signal processing involves the manipulation and analysis of signals to extract relevant
information. Differential algebra, a branch of mathematics, offers a powerful framework for
signal processing tasks. This ABSTRACT explores the application of differential algebra in
signal processing. Differential algebra provides tools for describing the behavior of signals in
terms of differential equations and algebraic equations. By representing signals as mathematical
functions, transformations such as differentiation and integration can be applied to analyze their
properties. Moreover, differential algebra facilitates the modeling of signal systems, enabling
the design and optimization of filters, controllers, and other signal processing components. One
key advantage of using differential algebra in signal processing is its ability to handle complex
signals with nonlinear dynamics. Through techniques like Taylor series expansions and
differential elimination, nonlinear signal processing problems can be efficiently solved.
Additionally, differential algebra aids in signal estimation and prediction by formulating
dynamic models that capture the underlying dynamics of the signals. In summary, differential
algebra offers a versatile framework for signal processing tasks, including analysis, modeling,
and estimation. Its application enables the development of efficient algorithms for a wide range
of signal processing applications, from communications and audio processing to biomedical
signal analysis and beyond.
Keywords: Signal processing, differential algebra, mathematical techniques, biomedical signal
analysis, audio processing, image processing.
166
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ENGINEERING SCIENCE: USING MATHEMATICS IN IMAGE PROCESSING
Jayavarsini M
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email: 1230577.it@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P (ORCID:0000-0002-8251-9660)
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Chennai, India.
Email: psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Mathematics forms the cornerstone of image processing, providing a robust framework for
analyzing, manipulating, and interpreting digital images across various domains. This
ABSTRACT delves into the multifaceted applications of mathematics in image processing,
elucidating its pivotal role in transforming raw pixel data into actionable insights. At the core
of image processing lies linear algebra, facilitating operations such as image transformation,
enhancement, and compression. Matrices and vectors represent images, while linear
transformations enable geometric alterations such as rotation, scaling, and translation.
Additionally, Fourier analysis harnesses the power of mathematics to decompose images into
frequency components, enabling techniques such as Fourier filtering and edge detection.
Convolution, a fundamental operation in image processing, utilizes mathematical kernels to
perform tasks such as blurring, sharpening, and edge detection. Moreover, mathematical
morphology facilitates shape-based analysis and object extraction, while histogram analysis
offers insights into pixel intensity distributions for contrast enhancement and segmentation. The
advent of advanced mathematical concepts has revolutionized image processing. Wavelet
transforms provide a multi-resolution analysis framework, enabling compression, denoising,
and feature extraction. Partial differential equations play a crucial role in image restoration and
inpainting, preserving image structures while suppressing noise and artifacts. In recent years,
machine learning and deep learning techniques have leveraged mathematical principles to
achieve state-of-the-art performance in image processing tasks. Neural networks, convolutional
architectures, and optimization algorithms harness mathematical optimization and statistical
methods for tasks such as image classification, object detection, and image generation. In
essence, mathematics serves as the bedrock of image processing, empowering engineers and
researchers to unravel the intricacies of digital images and unlock their full potential across
diverse applications, from medical diagnostics and remote sensing to computer vision and
digital art.
Keywords: Image processing, Mathematics, Linear algebra, Fourier analysis, Convolution,
Mathematical morphology, Histogram analysis, Wavelet transforms, Partial differential
equations, Machine learning, Deep learning, Neural networks, Convolutional architectures,
Optimization algorithms, Digital images, Geometric transformations, Frequency components,
Edge detection, Compression, Denoising
167
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CARCINOID TUMORS OF THE APPENDIX
Fatih TURKOGLU (ORCID: 0000-0001-5128-4419)
Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Konya, Türkiye.
Email: drfatihturkoglu@hotmail.com
Dr. Mustafa ŞAHİN (ORCID: 0000-0003-4757-4493)
Health Sciences University, Konya Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Department of
General Surgery, Konya, Türkiye.
Email: Op.dr.mustafasahin@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Introductıon: Neuroendocrine tumors, formerly called "Carcinoid Tumor", which can be seen
in areas where neuroendocrine cells are present, are most commonly seen in the appendix.
However, it is the most common tumor of the appendix. Its incidence in other organs is 23% in
the ileum, 13% in the rectum and 11.5% in the bronchi. Although it is most often seen between
the ages of 30-40, it can also be seen in children. 71% of them are located at the tip of the
appendix, and 70% are smaller than 1 cm. The rate of carcinoid tumors in patients with
appendectomy is 0.3-0.9%. In our study, a patient diagnosed with carcinoid tumor after
appendectomy is presented. CASE: A 22-year-old female patient admitted to the emergency
department with severe abdominal pain. In the physical examination, abdominal guarding and
rebound tenderness were present and in the blood tests, the WBC was 17,000. The patient's
computed tomography was reported as "appendix diameter is 12 mm, its surroundings are dirty
and there is appendicolith in the lumen". The patient was taken into operation with the
preliminary diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The patient underwent laparoscopic
appendectomy. There were no problems in the follow-up of the patient and the patient was
discharged in full recovery on the first postoperative day. The patient then came to the
outpatient clinic with the pathology result. The patient's pathology result was "appendix
carcinoid tumor". According to the report, the tumor was at the tip of the appendix and the
distance of the tumor to the root of the appendix was 4 cm. Since the tumor was at the tip of the
appendix, the medical oncology department was contacted and the patient was followed up. No
problems requiring reintervention were encountered during follow-up. Conclusıon: Carcinoid
tumours of the appendix often occur with the clinical picture of acute appendicitis. In most
cases, they are found incidentally during appendectomies and the diagnosis of carcinoid tumor
is rarely suspected before histopathological diagnosis. Although life expectancy is good,
imaging should be emphasised in the close follow-up of this group of patients because of the
high rate of concomitant colorectal tumours.
Keywords: Appendectomy, Carcinoid Tumor, Laparoscopy
168
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MIRIZZI SYNDROME AND CHOLEDOC INJURY ENCOUNTERED DURING
CHOLECYSTECTOMY OPERATION
Fatih TURKOGLU (ORCID: 0000-0001-5128-4419)
Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Konya, Türkiye.
Email: drfatihturkoglu@hotmail.com
Dr. Mustafa ŞAHİN (ORCID: 0000-0003-4757-4493)
Health Sciences University, Konya Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Department of
General Surgery, Konya, Türkiye.
Email: Op.dr.mustafasahin@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Cholecystectomy is one of the most frequently performed operations in general
surgery clinics all over the world. Complications that may occur after cholecystectomy are the
nightmares of general surgeons due to the difficulty of management and the need for experience
and knowledge. In particular, bile duct injuries can lead to serious problems that can lead to
loss of life if not recognised during the operation. In our study, the case management of biliary
tract injury caused by Mirizzi Syndrome during the cholecystectomy operation performed on a
patient diagnosed with chronic cholecystitis is presented. CASE: It was learned that a 44-yearold female patient was admitted to a Tertiary Health Facility and received medical treatment as
a result of an acute cholecystitis attack approximately 12 years ago. When the patient's medical
records were examined, the hepatobiliary ultrasound performed on the patient revealed many
calculus in the gallbladder, increased wall thickness and increased pericholecystic fluid. After
the patient recovered with medical treatment and his pain disappeared, he was discharged and
invited for surgery 6 weeks later. However, it was learned that the patient avoided the operation
due to fear of surgery. The patient had 4 more attacks in a 12-year period and received treatment
at various health centers. After medical treatment, the operation was planned for the patient
who was admitted to our hospital during his last attack, and the patient was prepared for the
operation under elective conditions. The operation was started laparoscopically and it was
observed that the patient's omentum and transverse colon were rigidly adherent to the
gallbladder. The gallbladder was opened in a controlled manner and it was seen that the
gallbladder was attached to the bile duct. After controlled dissections, it was understood that
the gallbladder was fistulized into the bile duct (Mirizzi type 4). Since the adhesions were
severe, it was decided to continue the operation with laparotomy. In this case, the gallbladder
was separated from the bile duct and cholecystectomy was completed. A T-tube was placed in
the bile duct, and the integrity of the bile ducts was seen in the subsequent choledochography.
The procedure was terminated by placing a drain. The patient's T-tube was removed after 20
days, and the patient was discharged in full recovery, as there was no problem in the postoperative follow-up. Conclusion: Biliary tract injuries are one of the most feared complications
of cholecystectomy operations and are a headache for surgeons due to the difficulty of
management and the problems that may develop afterwards. The most important process is to
recognize this situation at the time of the surgery and make a decision about what to do.
Keywords: Mirizzi Syndrome, Cholecystectomy, Complication
169
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
HEIDEGGER’İN TEKNİK KAVRAMI ÜZERİNDEN METROPOLİS FİLMİNİN BİR
ANALİZİ
Arş. Gör. Gökçe SARI (ORCID: 0000-0001-7760-3828)
Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Department of
Philosophy, Isparta-Türkiye
Email: gokcebaskesen@sdu.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bu çalışmada Fritz Lang'ın 1927 yapımı "Metropolis" adlı sinema filminde işlenen temalar
hakkında detaylı bir analiz sunulmaktadır. Filmde teknolojik gelişmelerin hayata nasıl
yansıdığı, insanların kapitalist ve proletarya olarak adlandırabileceğimiz şekliyle iki sınıfa
ayrılması, yer altı ve yer üstü şehirleri arasındaki ayrım, düşünmeyi kışkırtan unsurlar,
teknolojinin hayat üzerindeki olumsuz ve yıkıcı etkileri gibi konular ele alınmaktadır. Tüm bu
işlenen konular Heidegger’in teknik kavramına yüklemiş olduğu anlamı akıllara getirmektedir.
Heidegger’ın teknik kavramına yönelttiği eleştirileri göz önünde bulundurduğumuzda film,
onun düşünme kavramıyla da bize bir şeyler söylemektedir. Heidegger, teknik sözcüğünün
kökenini araştırdığında Grekçe Tekhnikon yani tekhne’ye ait olan anlamına geldiğini görür.
Buradan hareketle teknik ve tekhne arasında bağ kurmaya başlar. Tekhne hem el becerisi el
sanatları anlamında hem de zihinsel sanatlar anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Bu durumda tekhnede
asıl olan şey poiesis’tir, yani öne çıkarmadır. Ona göre amaç ve araç, açığa çıkmanın alanına
girer ve araç olan tekniğin özüne inmeye çalıştığımız zamanda gizini açma ile karşı karşıya
kalırız. Bu durumda teknik sadece bir araç değildir, gizini açmanın ve hakikatin alanına da
girmektedir. Bu anlamda Heidegger, düşünmeyi de tekniğe ulaşmada önemli görür. Çünkü bir
şeyi görünüşe getirmenin dibinde kök salan şey “düşünmedir”. Heidegger, modern insanın
doğaya ve varlığa bakışını eleştirmekte ve bunun teknikle bağlantısı olduğunu düşünmektedir.
Ona göre tekniğin yanlış yorumlanması insanın doğayla olan ilişkisini bozmakta ve onu
doğanın bir parçası olarak görmek yerine onu kontrol etmeye çalışan bir varlık haline
getirmektedir. Heidegger’in teknik konusundaki eleştirileri ve asıl anlamda tekniğin özünün
düşünme olduğunun unutulması bakış açısıyla filmdeki karakterlerin düşünme süreçleri,
teknolojinin insanlar üzerindeki etkileri çalışmamızda detaylı bir şekilde incelenmektedir.
Ayrıca filmdeki hakikat arayışı, düşünme eyleminin önemi, teknolojinin gizemli yönleri ve
insanın bu süreçteki rolü gibi konulara odaklanıldığı zaman tüm bunlarda Heidegger’in izlerini
bulmak mümkündür. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada Heidegger’in teknik kavramı aracılığıyla
Metropolis filmindeki teknolojinin yıkıcı boyutları, karakterlerin yaşadığı deneyimler,
düşünme süreçleri ve hakikat arayışlarının bir analizi sunulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Metropolis, Heidegger, Teknik, Düşünme, İnsan.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
AN ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE METROPOLIS THROUGH HEIDEGGER'S
TECHNICAL CONCEPT
ABSTRACT
In this study, a detailed analysis is presented about the themes in Fritz Lang's 1927 movie
"Metropolis". The film deals with topics such as how technological developments are reflected
in life, the division of people into two classes that we can call capitalist and proletariat, the
distinction between underground and aboveground cities, elements that provoke thought, and
the negative and destructive effects of technology on life. All these topics bring to mind the
meaning Heidegger gave to the concept of technique. Considering Heidegger's criticisms of the
concept of technique, the film also tells us something with his concept of “thinking”. When
Heidegger investigates the origin of the word technique, he sees that it comes from the Greek
word Technikon, meaning belonging to tekhne. From this point on, he begins to establish a
connection between technique and techne. Tekhne is used both in the sense of manual dexterity
and in the sense of mental arts. In this case, the main thing in techne is poiesis, that is, bringing
to the fore. According to him, the purpose and the means enter the field of revelation, and when
we try to get to the essence of the technique, which is the tool, we are faced with revealing the
secret. In this case, technology is not just a tool, it also enters the field of revealing and truth.
In this sense, Heidegger sees thinking as important in achieving technique. Because what is
rooted at the bottom of bringing something into appearance is "thinking". Heidegger criticizes
modern man's view of nature and existence and thinks that this has a connection with
technology. According to him, misinterpretation of technique disrupts man's relationship with
nature and turns him into an entity that tries to control nature rather than seeing it as a part of
nature. In our study, the thinking processes of the characters in the film and the effects of
technology on people are examined in detail from the perspective of Heidegger's criticisms of
technology and forgetting that the essence of technique is thinking. In addition, when the film
focuses on topics such as the search for truth, the importance of the act of thinking, the
mysterious aspects of technology and the role of humans in this process, it is possible to find
traces of Heidegger in all of these. As a result, in this study, an analysis of the destructive
dimensions of technology, the experiences of the characters, their thinking processes and their
search for truth in the movie Metropolis is presented through Heidegger's technical concept.
Keywords: Metropolis, Heidegger, Technique, Thinking, Human.
171
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MONEYPAY UYGULAMASI İÇİN FİNTECH TEKNOLOJİLERİNİN
GELİŞTİRİLMESİ
Kerim GÜLER (ORCID: 0009-0001-5309-6136)
Moneypay Ödeme Ve Elektronik Para Hizmetleri Anonim Şirketi, İstanbul-Türkiye
Email: kerimg@moneypay.com.tr
Ceren GÖKSU (ORCID: 0009-0002-9211-7769)
Moneypay Ödeme Ve Elektronik Para Hizmetleri Anonim Şirketi, İstanbul-Türkiye
Email: cereng@moneypay.com.tr
Doç. Dr. Ahmet FEYZİOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0003-0296-106X)
Marmara Üniversitesi, Teknoloji Fakültesi, Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye
Email: ahmet.feyzioglu@marmara.edu.tr
ÖZET
MoneyPay uygulaması, Migros'un finansal hizmetler alanında sunduğu yenilikçi bir proje
olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Farklı altyapılarda olan ödeme platformlarından gelen talepler
doğrultusunda ödeme sistemleri için yazılım dili ve işletim sisteminden bağımsız uygulama
geliştirme platformlarının oluşturulması ile dijital ürün-hizmet satış ve tahsilat sürecini uçtan
uca kontrol edilmesi bu çalışmanın başlatılma gerekçesini oluşturmaktadır.Bu doğrultuda
yapılan çalışmalarda hem ulusal hem de uluslararası finans sektörlerinde katma değer yaratmak
için otomasyonun ve matematiksel modellemenin gücünden faydalanmak zorunlu bir hale
gelmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında Fintech ürünlerine başvuran müşterilerin en doğru, en karlı ve
en hızlı şekilde tahsilat sürecinin yönetilmesi sağlanmıştır. Üretilen ve analiz edilen bilgilerin
doğrultusunda müşteri edinim ve satış süreçlerinin verimlilikleri arttırılmıştır. Ayrıca birçok alt
birimden meydana gelen bu pazarlama sisteminin veri bütünlüğünü ve doğru işleyişini otomatik
testlerle kontrol altında tutmak çok önemlidir.Yapılan çalışma sonucunda geliştirilen akıllı
platform ile dijital ürün satışı, elektronik cüzdana bakiye yükleme, tüm pos cihazlarında QR ile
ödeme, NFC ile ödeme, Migros kasalarında hızlı ödeme, 7/24 para transferi, fatura ödeme, altın,
gümüş, platin gibi kıymetli maden ve döviz yatırımları, oyun ve e-pin kodu satın alma, alışveriş
ve ihtiyaç kredilerinden yararlanabilme, kullanıcının yapay zeka algoritmaları ile skorlanması
sonucunda kazanacağı mikro kredi limiti ile birlikte harcama yapabilmesi süreçlerinin
gerçekleştirilmesi sağlanmıştır. Farklı farklı ödeme seçenekleri ve mikro krediyle kasada
ödeme adımında zincir mağazalara sunulan çözümlerle analitik olarak planlanması ve hızlı
çözüm sunulması, kasada ödeme sistemleri için bir ilk niteliğindedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: MoneyPay, Ödeme Sistemleri, Fintech
172
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DEVELOPMENT OF FINTECH TECHNOLOGIES FOR MONEYPAY
APPLICATION
ABSTRACT
MoneyPay application stands out as an innovative project offered by Migros in the field of
financial services. The reason for starting this study is to create application development
platforms independent of the software language and operating system for payment systems in
line with the demands from payment platforms with different infrastructures and to control the
digital product-service sales and collection process end-to-end.In studies carried out in this
direction, it has become necessary to benefit from the power of automation and mathematical
modeling to create added value in both national and international financial sectors. Within the
scope of the study, it was ensured that the collection process of customers applying for Fintech
products was managed in the most accurate, most profitable and fastest way. In line with the
information produced and analyzed, the efficiency of customer acquisition and sales processes
has been increased. In addition, it is very important to keep the data integrity and correct
functioning of this marketing system, which consists of many subunits, under control with
automatic tests.With the smart platform developed as a result of the study, digital product sales,
balance loading to electronic wallet, payment with QR on all POS devices, payment with NFC,
fast payment at Migros cash registers, 24/7 money transfer, bill payment, precious metals such
as gold, silver, platinum and Foreign exchange investments, purchasing games and e-Pin codes,
benefiting from shopping and consumer loans, and allowing the user to spend with the micro
credit limit he will earn as a result of scoring with artificial intelligence algorithms have been
carried out. Analytical planning and providing quick solutions with the solutions offered to
chain stores at the checkout step with different payment options and micro credit is a first for
payment at the checkout systems.
Keywords: MoneyPay, Payment Systems, Fintech
173
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PORSELEN LAMİNATE VENEER RESTORASYONLARIN BAŞARISINI
ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLER
Doç. Dr. Fatih SARI (ORCID: 0000-0002-4818-8562)
Gaziantep University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, Gaziantep-Türkiye
Email: fatihsa00@hotmail.com
Arş. Gör. Umutcan PEKMEZ* (ORCID: 0009-0001-6453-7755)
Gaziantep University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, Gaziantep-Türkiye
Email: ucpekmez@gmail.com
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Işıl KEÇİK BÜYÜKHATİPOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0001-7519-2324)
Gaziantep University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Gaziantep-Türkiye
Email: isilkecik@gmail.com
ÖZET
Dental tedavilerde hastaların artan estetik beklentileri diş hekimlerini daha estetik materyal
kullanmaya ve daha hassas uygulamalara yönlendirmektedir. Hastaların estetik kaygılarının
giderilmesi için porselen laminate veneer uygulamaları tercih edilen tedavi yöntemlerinden biri
olmuştur. Porselen laminate veneerler (PLV), özellikle estetik alandaki pozisyon veya şekil
bozukluğu olan, renklenmiş, travmaya sonucu kırılmış ya da aşınmış dişlerde kaybedilen
estetiği rehabilite etmek amacıyla son yıllarda oldukça popüler hale gelmiş bir tedavi
seçeneğidir. Günümüzde bu restorasyonlar marjinal bölgedeki kırılma dayanımı, uzun dönem
renk stabilitesi ve aşınmaya karşı direncinden dolayı sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Diş dokusunda
minimal preparasyon ya da preparasyonsuz şekilde uygulanan porselen laminate veneerler
sağlıklı diş dokusunu da korumasıyla diş hekimliğinde oldukça sık uygulanan bir tedavi
olmuştur. Bu restorasyonlarda tanısal mumlama yöntemi hem preparasyondan önce bitim
aşamasının planlanabilmesine hem de geçici restorasyonun hazırlanabilmesine imkân sunar.
Porselen laminate veneerlerde önemli başarı faktörlerinden biri klinisyenin tecrübesi ve
kontrollü diş dokusunun kaldırılmasıdır. Minede tamamlanan preparasyon rezin simanın
bağlanma dayanıklılığını artırırken dentinde tamamlanan restorasyonlar ise mikrosızıntı
oluşturmaktadır. Günümüzde laminate veneeler için kullanılan materyaller, toz-likit fırınlama
yöntemi ile üretilen feldspatik seramikler, cam seramikler, oksit seramikler ve cad-cam yöntemi
ile hazırlanan seramiklerdir. Porselen laminate veneerlerin uzun dönem klinik başarısını
etkileyen etkenler, diş yüzeyinin yapısı, preparasyon derinliği, porselen tipi ve kalınlığı, rezin
siman ve dental adezivinin tipi, diş morfolojisi, fonksiyonel ve parafonksiyonel çene
hareketleridir. Bu restorasyonların en önemli başarısızlık nedenleri ise kırılma, mikrosızıntı ve
diş yüzeyinden ayrılmalarıdır. Bu derlemenin amacı; porselen lamine veneerler hakkında
kullanılan güncel yapım teknikleri, materyalleri ve klinik başarı parametrelerini
değerlendirmektir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Porselen, laminate restorasyonlar, klinik başarı
174
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUCCESS OF PORCELAIN LAMINATE VENEER
RESTORATIONS
ABSTRACT
The increasing aesthetic expectations of patients in dental treatments lead dentists to use more
aesthetic materials and perform more precise applications. Porcelain laminate veneer
applications have become one of the preferred treatment methods for addressing patients'
aesthetic concerns. Porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs) have become increasingly popular in
recent years as a treatment option for rehabilitating poor aesthetics in teeth with positional or
shape abnormalities, discoloration, fractures due to trauma, or wear. These restorations are
frequently used today due to their fracture resistance in marginal regions, long-term color
stability, and resistance to wear. Porcelain laminate veneers, whether applied with minimal
preparation or no-preparation have become a commonly used treatment in dentistry while also
preserving healthy dental tissue. The diagnostic wax-up method in these restorations allows for
planning the final stage before preparation and the preparation of temporary restorations. One
of the important success factors for porcelain laminate veneers is the clinician's experience and
controlled removal of dental tissue. Preparation completed in enamel enhances the bond
strength of resin cement, while restoration completed in dentin creates microleakage. Materials
used for laminate veneers today include feldspathic ceramics produced by the powder-liquid
firing method, glass ceramics, oxide ceramics, and ceramics cad-cam manufacturing method.
Factors influencing the long-term success of porcelain laminate veneers include the structure
of the tooth surface, depth of preparation, type and thickness of porcelain, type of resin cement
and dental adhesive, tooth morphology, and functional and parafunctional jaw movements. The
most significant causes of failure in these restorations are fracture, microleakage, and
debonding from the tooth surface. The purpose of this review is to evaluate current fabrication
techniques, materials, and clinical success parameters used in porcelain laminate veneers.
Keywords: Porselen, laminate restoration, clinical success
175
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KINNOW WASTE UTILIZATION: ESSENTIAL COMPOUNDS, EXTRACTION
AND UTILIZATION
Nitika SAINI*
Department of Food Science and Technology, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University,
Jalandhar – Kapurthala Highway, Punjab 144603, India
Barinderjit SINGH
Department of Food Science and Technology, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University,
Jalandhar – Kapurthala Highway, Punjab 144603, India
ABSTRACT
The peel and pomace portion of Kinnow mandarin (Citrus reticulata) rich in polyphenols,
flavonoids like naringin, carotenoids, pectin, and essential oils, which makes up 30–40% of the
fruit weight, is the main waste product of the kinnow juice industry. These bioactive substances
are highly valuable in food processing, pharmaceutical, and biofuel manufacturing industries,
and they are also nutritionally sound. The valuable components can be extracted with a variety
of very effective methods and utilized for a variety of purposes. The Kinnow peel, otherwise a
waste, is more valuable to the industry since it is readily available and inexpensive, and it serves
multiple purposes. This organic waste holds a great potential to be converted into nutritious
value-added products, using various extraction approaches. Extraction helps in isolation of
bioactive phytochemicals from the by-products that could be used as nutritional supplements
in food systems. This study was carried out to separation of bioactive compounds from kinnow
peel. The crude extract obtained was analyzed for total phenolic content as well as antioxidant
activity, using UV-Spectrophotometer analysis.
Keywords: Kinnow; By-products; Peel; Antioxidants; Bioactive compounds; UVSpectrophotometer
176
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF NEURAL NETWORKS FOR PREDICTIVE
ANALYSIS IN HEALTHCARE
Ramisetti Veera HARSHITHA
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Email:230738.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Pranathi T M
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Email:230080.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Nandhini S D
R.M.K. Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Email:230231.ec@rmkec.ac.in
Suganthi P
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email:psi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Meena M
R.M.K. Engineering College, Faculty, Mathematics, Thiruvallur, India.
Email:mm.sh@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
During the process of the treatment of COVID-19 hospitalized patients, physicians still face a
lot of unknowns and problems. Despite the application of the treatment protocol, it is still
unknown why the medical status of a certain number of patients worsens and ends with death.
Many factors were analyzed for the prediction of the clinical outcome of the patients using
different methods. The aim of this paper was to develop a prediction model based on initial
laboratory blood test results, accompanying comorbidities, and demographics to help
physicians to better understand the medical state of patients with respect to possible clinical
outcomes using neural networks, hypothesis testing, and confidence intervals.
Keywords: Classification, covid-19, machine learning, neural networks, prediction
177
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
NEW ERA IN TOURISM SERVICE DELIVERY BY MERGING QUALITY AND
SAFETY
Tünde DZUROV VARGOVÁ (ORCID:0000-0002-6167-2359)
University of Prešov, Faculty of Management and Business Department of Tourism and Hotel
Management, Konštantínova 16, Prešov, Slovakia
Email: tunde.dzurovvargova@unipo.sk
Daniela MATUŠÍKOVÁ (ORCID:0000-0002-6141-7454)
University of Prešov, Faculty of Management and Business Department of Tourism and Hotel
Management, Konštantínova 16, Prešov, Slovakia
Email:daniela.matusikova@unipo.sk
ABSTRACT
Research background: Safety and quality are fundamental factors in tourism influencing
tourists' overall experience. Ensuring a safe environment and offering high-quality services are
crucial for maintaining the positive reputation of a destination and fostering repeat visits. The
contribution investigates the theoretical bases of the issues in the field of quality and risk
assessment in tourism, analyzing how the perception of risk and quality has evolved in response
to various global events and disasters. Purpose of the research: The purpose of the research is
to explore the theoretical foundations of quality and risk assessment in tourism, understand how
the perception of these factors has changed over time due to global events, and highlight the
importance of preparedness and adaptation to changing global risks. Its goal is to discuss
various assessment methods and emphasize the need to integrate internal and external aspects
of the business for effective quality and risk management, which is essential for achieving a
sustainable and competitive environment in tourism. Methods: The research provides brief
comparisons and identifies common features between these areas. It mentions models or
methods suitable for both risk and quality assessment. It also discusses the importance of having
general standards for effective evaluation and comparison in the tourism sector. Additionally,
techniques such as brainstorming, the Delphi technique, self-assessment, and gap analysis are
highlighted as part of the evaluative processes. Findings & Value added: The research suggests
a multidisciplinary approach is necessary for a comprehensive understanding and effective
management of quality and risk in a dynamic, global context, particularly in tourism. This
approach enables a thorough understanding and effective management, emphasizing the
growing focus on social and environmental responsibility. It points out the need to integrate
different perspectives and methods in the evaluation of quality and risk to achieve sustainable
outcomes and ensure the prosperity of tourism now and in the future.
Keywords: Destination reputation, Risk assessment, Quality, Safety measures, Sustainable
tourism.
Acknowledgement
The paper is a part of the outputs of the project: GAMA/24/1,Výskum riadenia cestovného
ruchu a analýza kvality poskytovaných služieb cestovného ruchu v krajinách V4” (Research on
Tourism Management and Analysis of the Quality of Tourism Services Provided in the V4
Countries). Grant agency of Faculty of Management and Business, University of Prešov in
Prešov.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DEVELOPMENT OF CRISPR-Cas9 TECHNOLOGY
Jenifer Alat STEPHEN (ORCID:0009-0000-6585-542X)
Faculty of General Medicine, Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Email:jeniferalatstephen@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
CRISPR-Cas9 technology has emerged as a powerful tool for precise gene editing and has
significantly advanced the field of genetic engineering. The development of this technology
began with the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)
and the associated Cas9 protein in bacteria. These CRISPR sequences were found to play a role
in the bacterial immune system by recognizing and cleaving foreign DNA. The CRISPR-Cas9
system consists of two main components: the guide RNA (gRNA) and the Cas9 protein. The
gRNA is designed to specifically bind to the target DNA sequence of interest, while the Cas9
protein acts as a molecular scissor, cutting the DNA at the targeted location. The simplicity and
versatility of the CRISPR-Cas9 system have revolutionized genetic engineering. Compared to
previous gene editing techniques, such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription
activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), CRISPR-Cas9 is more efficient, cost-effective, and
easier to implement. It allows scientists to precisely modify DNA sequences by either
introducing specific changes or deleting and inserting genetic material. The applications of
CRISPR-Cas9 technology are vast and span across various fields. In biomedicine, CRISPRCas9 holds great promise for the treatment of genetic disorders. By correcting disease-causing
mutations, researchers aim to develop novel therapies for conditions such as cystic fibrosis,
sickle cell anemia, and muscular dystrophy. Additionally, CRISPR-Cas9 has been used to
engineer immune cells for cancer immunotherapy, enhancing their ability to target and
eliminate cancer cells. In agriculture, CRISPR-Cas9 offers opportunities for developing crops
with improved traits, such as resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. This
technology can also be used to enhance crop yield and nutritional content, contributing to global
food security. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized basic scientific research,
allowing scientists to study gene function and understand the underlying mechanisms of
diseases. By selectively modifying genes in model organisms, researchers can gain insights into
the roles of specific genes and their impact on biological processes. Despite its immense
potential, there are still challenges associated with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Off-target
effects, where Cas9 mistakenly edits unintended DNA sequences, are a concern and efforts are
being made to improve the specificity of the system. Ethical considerations regarding the use
of CRISPR-Cas9 in human germline editing and potential unintended consequences also need
to be carefully addressed. In conclusion, the development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has
opened up new possibilities in genetic engineering and biotechnology. Its simplicity, efficiency,
and versatility have paved the way for advancements in medicine, agriculture, and scientific
research. Ongoing research and technological improvements will continue to refine and expand
the applications of CRISPR-Cas9, ultimately shaping the future of genetic manipulation and its
impact on various fields.
Keywords: CRISPR-Cas9, DNA, zinc finger nucleases
179
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MAPPING THE LANDSCAPE OF SERVICE QUALITY
Assistant Professor Dr. Rosy Dhall
Gandhinagar University
Email: rosydhall2013@gmail.com
Mikul
Email:mikulbudhiraja@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Service quality plays a pivotal role in the success of businesses across diverse sectors, making
it a topic of enduring interest in scholarly circles. This bibliometric study offers a thorough
examination of the changing landscape of service quality research. By systematically reviewing
academic literature from the past decade, the aim is to provide insights into publication trends,
key contributors, social networks, and emerging themes within the realm of service quality. The
analysis demonstrates a significant uptick in publications related to service quality research,
indicating its growing impact on the field. Notably, this research is prominently featured in
esteemed academic journals, with the United States being the primary source of scholarly
contributions. Furthermore, collaborations between academics in the United States and those in
China are prevalent. Additionally, researchers predominantly concentrate on evaluating service
quality alongside other factors such as customer satisfaction and loyalty.
Keywords: Mapping, bibliometric study
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FROM TRADITION TO TRENDS: THE EMERGENCE OF FOLK ART
INNOVATION BY RURAL ENTREPRENEURS OF UTTAR DINAJPUR
Ripom Paul (ORCID:0000-0002-9020-4300)
Raiganj University, Department of Sociology, Raiganj, Uttar Dinajpur District, West Bengal,
India.
Email:ripompaulgrp@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Rural entrepreneurship initiates transformative change in villages through innovative activities
aimed at achieving economic gains. In the era of globalization, Indian villages are becoming
increasingly interconnected with the global world. The traditional characteristics of Indian
villages are rapidly evolving because of various local and global factors. Technological and
communication advances, including mobile phones, the Internet, roads, and transportation,
serve as connective mechanisms linking each village to the global landscape. The study states
that the culture of folk art or pottery in the rural areas of North Dinajpur is experiencing revival
and coexistence with global culture rather than decline. The research employs ethnography as
a methodological paradigm for a deeper understanding of entrepreneurial activities,
emphasizing field data collected through methods such as observation, in-depth unstructured
interviews, and case studies. Two villages in the district were selected purposively and studied
rigorously to understand the context of the study. Theoretically, Howard E. Aldrich aligns with
the three main sociological concerns of entrepreneurship. First, "entrepreneurs can both
reproduce and challenge existing social orders." Second, "Entrepreneurship ensures the
reproduction of existing organizational populations and creates a basis for the creation of new
populations depending on the diverse perspectives and skills of the founders, as well as the
socio-political context in which it is created." Third, "entrepreneurs influence the level of
stratification and inequality in society by shaping the life chances of founders and their
employees." The findings highlight that social forces such as modernization and globalization
have brought about radical changes in the craft, upending the status of traditional potters. Folk
art coexists with the larger global culture, creating cultural hybrids to revitalize it. Through
adaptations such as online marketing and payment modes, traditional artisans are being
integrated into the larger capitalist system. Field observations reveal a diverse division of labor
involving members of other races, technologies, and communication facilities. Various social
processes act as driving factors, bringing about changes in the means of production, inspiring
new marketing strategies, and creating employment opportunities for rural dwellers.
Keywords: Folk Art, Rural Entrepreneurs, İnnovation, Mobilisation, Cultural Hybridity,
Diversification Of Labour
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
RARE EARTH ELEMENT DOPED COBALT NICKEL FERRITES FOR
TREATMENT OF SYNTHETIC DYES FROM WASTEWATER
Muhammad SHOAIB
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Email:d202361034@xs.ustb.edu.cn
Muhammad YASİN NAZ
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Shazia SHUKRULLAH
School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing,
100083 China
Rishmail Saleem
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Bilal Shoukat
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Summer Piao
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
One of the main advantages of ferrites is their high surface area, which provides a large number
of active sites for the catalytic degradation of dyes. The presence of iron in ferrites also makes
them effective catalysts for the oxidation of various organic pollutants, including dyes. Ferrites
are iron oxide materials that contain iron (Fe) and other metallic cations such as nickel (Ni),
cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and others. There are several methods used to
synthesize ferrites, including Sol-gel, co-precipitation, solid state, hydrothermal, and
microemulsion. In the proposed study, the sol-gel technique will be adopted to synthesize the
Cobalt Nickel ferrites. The suggested method involves the hydrolysis of metal alkoxides to
form a gel-like precursor, which will then be heated to form ferrite particles. Synthesized
ferrites were characterized by using SEM, XRD, VSM FTIR, and UV-visible spectroscopy.
The synthesized ferrites were then tested for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange
MO and methylene blue MB under Visible light irradiation.
Keywords: Cobalt nickel ferrites, Methyl orange, Methylene blue
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONSTITUTIVE
MODEL FOR SIMULATING SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS – A REVIEW
Gokul Raj. V
Mechanical engineering, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email:230756.me@rmkec.ac.in
Karthik Surya. A. A
Mechanical engineering, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email:230708.me@rmkec.ac.in
Samsundar. A
Mechanical engineering, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email:230689.me@rmkec.ac.in
Sharavana Deepak. S. V
Mechanical engineering, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email:230412.me@rmkec.ac.in
Sudhanssu R. S
Mechanical engineering, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email:230309.me@rmkec.ac.in
Dr. S. Pavai MADHESHWARI
S & H Department, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email:hod.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Dr. R. SUBHASHINI
S & H Department, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email:rsi.sh@rmkec.ac.in
Dr. Santhi M GEORGE
S & H Department, R.M.K Engineering college, Kavaraipettai-601206, India
Email:smg.ece@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
This project is an analytical endeavor to develop a three-dimensional constitutive model for
Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), considering the complex interplay of mechanical stress,
temperature, and phase transformation. The goal is to accurately simulate SMAs' unique
thermo-mechanical behaviors, which have been challenging due to their ability to revert to their
original shape upon heating. The model will be implemented via a user material subroutine in
a commercial finite element package, enabling diverse scenario simulations. This initiative aims
to address existing simulation challenges, thereby enhancing the potential use of SMAs in
various engineering applications and contributing to the field's advancement.
Keywords: Shape Memory Alloys, engineering applications
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DEEP LEARNING IN ANALYSIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL SIGNALS IN
PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Igor PANTIĆ (ORCID:0000-0001-6589-8964)
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Belgrade,
Serbia.
Email:igor.pantic@med.bg.ac.rs
Jovana Paunović PANTIĆ (ORCID: 0000-0003-2232-6485)
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Belgrade,
Serbia.
Email drjovanapaunovic@gmail.com
Svetlana VALJAREVIĆ (ORCID: 0000-0002-1565-8724)
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Zemun, Belgrade,
Serbia
Email cecamilosevic@gmail.com
Jelena ČUMIĆ
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade,
Serbia
Email jelena.cumic@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Two-dimensional signals in experimental and clinical physiology can be analyzed in various
ways. In recent years, a particularly popular approach includes the application of contemporary
computational methods for the quantification of changes in resolution unit values and the use
of the obtained features to train and test deep learning models. The features can be quantified
using fractal analysis, by calculating fractal dimension and lacunarity, as well as through
textural analysis. When quantifying texture, one can use approaches based on the gray-level cooccurrence matrix or run-length matrix, as well as the discrete wavelet transform. All of these
quantifiers can be applied as input data for the development of complex artificial neural
networks. The output data of the networks may include the state of the patient, the diagnosis,
prognosis, or a status of a cell or tissue. Such deep learning models, based on multilayer
perceptrons or convolutional neural networks, may in some cases achieve relatively high
classification accuracy and other performance indicators. Here, we present our recent data on
yeast cell models related to the creation of machine learning algorithms for the classification of
sublethal cell damage induced by various chemical stimuli. We suggest that it may be possible
to create a useful and affordable model that can be applied in future cell physiology,
pathophysiology, and pathology research.
Keywords: Signal, cell, neural network, machine learning, AI.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, grant No. 7739645
SensoFracTW, and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia grant No.
451-03-66/2024-03/200110, subgrant "Development of artificial intelligence models based on
the random forest algorithm for the detection of discrete structural changes in the cell nucleus".
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
UNDERSTANDING THE RISING THREAT OF CYBERCRIME AGAINST WOMEN
IN INDIA
PRABHU DAS (ORCID: 0000-0002-8964-6785)
Birsa Munda College, State Aided College Teacher, Department of Sociology, Siliguri,
Darjeeling, West Bengal, India. Pin- 734010
Email:prabhudas681@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Cybercrime is recognized as a global problem, with a substantial number of people falling
victim to it. However, the severity of this issue is predominantly experiencing by women,
posing a threat to their social lives. This research has delved into the intricate relationship
between gender in cyberspace and the state, with a specific focus on gender identity that shapes
the nature of cybercrime against women in the patriarchal social structure in India.
Methodologically, the study focuses on secondary data, including various committee reports
published by the Government of India, particularly those from the National Crime Records
Bureau (NCRB), as well as books, journal articles, publications, national and international
research papers, newspapers, and magazines. These sources were utilized to investigate the
intersectionality of these phenomena. The study employed intersectionality as a theoretical
paradigm to understand how different identities of women in terms of age, religion, caste, and
class, contribute to vulnerable situations to them in the cyber world. The theory also have been
used to understand the experiences of women who suffer from different kinds of cyber-attacks.
The study classifies various forms of cybercrimes against women in its recent trend. İt tries to
analyse the effectivity of cyber laws and law enforcement processes that projects a different
scenario of women’s status in cyber landscape. The study also highlights the patriarchal
influences, gender socialization, gender inequality, and societal discrimination against women
that lead to more cyberattacks, especially targeting minor girls. In addition to this, numerous
other factors, such as the dynamics of power inequalities in every sphere of life, inherent evils
of social structure, gender stereotypes, rigid masculinity, patriarchal social structure, and
control over women’s sexuality, are also responsible for cyber-attacks against women in India.
However, it emphasizes that women, particularly in the cyber world, are vulnerable and bear a
significant burden of cyberattacks.
Keywords: Cybercrime, Cyberlaws, Women, Identity, Patriarchy
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CU DOPED ZNO THIN FILMS
PREPARED BY SOL-GEL DIP COATING TECHNIQUE
LAHOUEL KHEMISSI*
Laboratory of Structures, Proprieties and Inter Atomic Interactions, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000 Algeria
Email: lahouel.khemissi@gmail.com
BOUMAZA ABDECHARIF
Laboratory of Structures, Proprieties and Inter Atomic Interactions, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000 Algeria
GASMI MERIEM
Laboratory of Structures, Proprieties and Inter Atomic Interactions, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of Abbes Laghrour, Khenchela 40000 Algeria
ABSTRACT
ZnO is a common semiconductor II-IV with a band gap energy (EG) of 3.1–3.4 eV that shows
good electrical, optical, and chemical properties. At room temperature, it possesses an
extremely significant excitation binding energy of 60 meV.In this work, synthesis of Zinc oxide
(ZnO) thin film as a starting material by sol-gel method and then deposited on glass substrate
to form thin layers of ZnO by dip-coating technique. This film of ZnO was annealed at 450 ◦C.
The structural and optical properties of prepared ZnO thin film were measured by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-visible) respectively. These results; it was
shown that thin film is polycrystalline with ZnO hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and P63mc
space group (JCPDS card no. 00-036-1451) and no secondary phases were observed, UVvisible transmittance spectra of the prepared film revealed good transparency in the visible
region, the FESEM image revealed morphology nanorod nanoparticle with smaller grain size
and the EDX verified the elemental composition and uniform of the film
Keywords: Sol-gel method, dip-coating, ZnO Thin film, X-ray diffraction, UV, EDX, FESEM.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR CANCER USING CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
(CARS)
Soham BINDU
Department of Biotechnology SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur,
Tamil NAdu 603203
Email:sohambindu23@gmail.com
Koustav SARKAR (ORCID:0000-0002-0696-6688)
Department of Biotechnology SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur,
Tamil NAdu 603203
Email: koustavsarkar@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are designed receptors that target cancer cells by combining
an immune cell with a novel specialization. These immune cells could be either natural killer
(NK) cells or T lymphocytes. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have proven to be an effective
way to amplify and reroute the natural characteristics of both CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte
subsets, based on the efficacy of targeting CD19 in B cell malignancies. Dual-signalling CARs
allow for the quick production of tumor-specific drugs for each individual cancer patient by
reprogramming T cells' effector, metabolic, and survival capabilities in addition to redirecting
and activating them. Cell-based therapy has undergone a significant change as a result of this
strategy. Rather than relying on the discovery and growth of uncommon naturally occurring T
cells with therapeutic potential, it now produces optimal T cell products through genetic
engineering. An important part of the immune system, NK cells are essential for innate
immunity. For CAR engineering, NK cells provide an alternative to T-cells. NK-cells have the
potential to be a source of allogeneic "off-the-shelf" cellular therapy because they do not induce
GVHD or other alloimmune or autoimmune toxicities. They can mediate significant anti-tumor
effects without causing potentially fatal alloreactivity like GVHD. Researchers are currently
investigating the use of CAR-engineered NK cells for the treatment of various haematological
and non-haematological malignancies due to the several distinct benefits of NK cells. NK-cells,
on the other hand, are only authorized for preclinical studies, in contrast to CAR-Tcells.
Keywords: Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs),Cancer ,Immunotherapy, Natural killer (NK)
cells, T lymphocytes
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF SCREEN TIME AND DIGITAL DEVICES ON
CHILDREN’S ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC HEALTH
Ummulkher Abdulqadir BADLANI
Department Of Medicine, Faculty Of Medicine, Caucasus International University.
Email:ummulkherbadlani@gmail.com
Sakina
Department Of Medicine, Faculty Of Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University.
Email:sakmub828@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
There are many different cognitive effects of screen use, both good and bad. It may enhance
young children's abilities and capacity for creative thought in the same way that it can enhance
schooling and learning. Reading electronic books and using learning-to-read apps can help kids
become more proficient readers and thinkers. But screen timing should be the only thing it does.
Excessive screen usage can impact cognitive domains like executive functioning, sensory motor
development, and academic performance. Additionally, it negatively impacts social, cognitive,
physical, spoken language, and social development. A child's language development is
impacted by the reduction of screen time in quality time and interaction with parents,
caregivers, teachers, and elders. It detracts from psychological health. Metabolic syndrome is
also a result of excessive screen time (MetS). The term "Mets" refers to a group of conditions
that include obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, various chronic illnesses,
and early mortality. Features including abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated
fasting glucose, elevated triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol may be considered clinical
criteria for Metabolic Syndrome. It increases obesity and decreases physical activity. it
increasing higher energy intake like sugar-sweetened beverages and high fat dietary intake
cause increased secretion of insulin, and increases the amount of fat stores in the body which
can lead to obesity. A child's body is less sensitive to insulin than an adult's, which causes
insulin resistance and insulin-insensitive tissues, also known as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Parents
or other caregivers should pay close attention to the timing of screen time because it might
cause additional conditions that are detrimental to a child's development.
Keywords: young children's abilities, metabolic syndrome
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE IMPACT OF ANGER MANAGEMENT TRAINING ON ANGER AND ODD
BEHAVIOR: A STUDY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN
Saima ABBAS
Department of Psychology, University of Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Email:saimatherapist5@gmail.com
Zainab UMAR
Department of Psychology, University of Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Email:zainabrana179@gmail.com
Motasem MIRZA
Department of Psychology, University of Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Email:Motasimmirza7@gmail.com
Shaima ASLAM
Department of Psychology, University of Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Email:shaimaaslamyahoo@gmail.com
Saima AYYAZ
Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University Lahore
Email:saimaayyaz04@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The study investigated the impact of anger management training on the levels of anger and odd
behavior among university students. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the
effectiveness of therapeutic interventions for reducing Anger and Odd Behavior among the
student population in Pakistan. The study recruited those with higher scores on both anger and
odd behaviors. The Quzai experimental design was used, and the sample consisted of 80
students aged between 18 to 25 from both genders of male and female students from different
universities in Pakistan. Anger management training was provided to the experimental group.
The level of aggression was measured before and after anger the training. The study found a
significant difference in anger and odd behavior scores of the participants in the experimental
group and the control group after receiving the intervention Anger management training had a
great impact on student's life to lessen their anger and odd behavior It enables the students to
manage their negative emotion and its' expression more acceptably.
Keywords: Anger, odd behavior, anger management training, students.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE BEHAVIOR OF BARLEY IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
ADJOUDJ Abdellatif *
Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Institute of Sciences, University Center of Tipaza
ABSTRACT
Cereal farming in Algeria faces off climatic and technical constraints, with barley production
remaining low and above all variable in space and time compared to the real potential of these
agro-ecological zones.Production in semi-arid zones must involve the adoption of relatively
more adapted varieties which use less intensive techniques and tolerate a variable climate.For
this, the selection of more efficient varieties is necessary to ensure production stability and
improved yields.Our study consists of testing eight lines of Barley in the Sidi Bel Abbès region
and comparing them with two control varieties.
Keywords: Barley, Semi-arid, Sidi Bel Abbès, Climate, Varieties, Cereal.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE THIRD EYE FOR THE BLIND
S. SHIVAANISHRI
R.M.K Engineering College, Student, Electronics and Communications Engineering,
Thiruvallur, India.
Email:ec@rmkec.ac.in
ABSTRACT
The third eye for blinds is an innovation that helps blind people to navigate with speed and
confidence by detecting the nearby obstacles using the help of ultrasonic waves and notifying
them with a buzzer sound or vibration.and the spectakles would detect the person or things that
is before them. They only need to wear this device as a bandor cloth. The vibration intensity
and rate of beeping increase with a decrease in distance; this is a fully automated device. It will
be wearable technology for the blinds. One of the main peculiarities of this device is that it will
be affordable. The Arduino Pro Mini 328-15/16 MHzboard is worn like a device. It will be
equipped with ultrasonic sensors consisting of modules. Using the sensor, the visually impaired
can detect the objects around them and travel quickly .When used on a large scale, with
improvements in the prototype, it will drastically benefit the community. Thus, this device will
be of great use for the blinds and help them travel to different places.
Keywords: Arduino UNO, Ultrasonic sensor, Vibration motor, Buzzer
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF ENFORCEMENT OF INVESTMENT
ARBITRATION AWARDS IN INDIA, UK AND USA:
Ananya LAMBA
Symbiosis International University
Adwita MANOCHA
Symbiosis International University
Sanidhya MUKUND
Symbiosis International University
ABSTRACT
This research paper aims to compare different mechanisms associated with the recognition and
enforcement of international investment awards under distinct jurisdictions, specifically
focusing on the legal landscapes of India, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Principally, India has not participated in the ICSID Convention, thereby absolving it from any
obligation to attend to investment arbitral awards on par with domestic court judgements as
stated under Article 54. In addition to this, India has referred to the commercial reservation
provision of Article I(3) within the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, that is the “New York Convention”. Subsequently, there is a restriction on the
application of New York Convention in India solely to foreign awards arising from commercial
relationships under the Indian law as elucidated by Section 44 of the Act. This paper aims to
branch out and delve into how Indian courts interpret this provision, thereby acknowledging its
applicability and potentially excluding investment arbitral awards from its scope at the same
time. Unlike India, the regime in the United States of America is oriented towards a proenforcement stance, as far as investment arbitration awards under ICSID are concerned. The
enforcement of such awards is governed by the provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA)
and the New York convention. The FAA lays down a framework for the enforcement of
arbitration agreements and awards, encompassing both, domestic as well as international
awards. Section 207 of this act deals particularly with ICSID awards, giving them the same
status as final judgments of a U.S court as far as enforcement and recognition are concerned.
The country is also a party to the New York Convention. Chapter-2 of the FAA ensures that it
is implemented. As enshrined in Article-III of the convention, the US enforces and recognizes
ICSID awards. Enforcement of ICSID awards however can be refused if one of the grounds
mentioned in Article-V, such as a breach of public policy or procedural irregularities are found.
The United Kingdom member of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
(ICSID) and is a signatory to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement
of Foreign Arbitral Awards. Further, the United Kingdom adheres to the United Nations
Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Model Law on International
Commercial Arbitration. The enforcement of an award depends on the country in which the
seat of arbitration is situated and is governed by the rules followed in that country. In the UK,
arbitration awards can be enforced by invoking the Arbitration Act 1996, the New York
Convention, the Geneva Convention 1927, the Administration of Justice Act 1920, the Foreign
Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933, and Common Law. There are two procedures
to enforce an arbitral award. The first method is to seek the leave of the Court to enforce the
award, and the second is to seek the same relief from the national Courts as set out in the arbitral
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
award. The enforcement of the award can be challenged on the limited grounds laid down in
the New York convention. The National Court can refuse to enforce the award if the Court
opines that enforcement of the award would violate public policy. Arbitral proceedings dealing
with complex issues of law can be appealed to the Supreme Court; this process can take
approximately two years. There is a specified time limit in which the award is to be enforced.
Non-compliance with an award is considered a violation of the arbitration agreement.
Keywords: Arbitration, enforcement, ICSID, New York Convention, Award
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
COMPUTATIONAL STUDY ON HYPERTHERMIC CANCER TREATMENT:
EVALUATING PRISTINE AND COATED NANOSTRUCTURES THROUGH
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Tanzeela ASGHAR
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Email:tanzeela104c@gmail.com
Abdul GHAFFAR
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Muhammad YASİN NAZ
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Shazia SHUKRULLAH
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
As a potential cancer treatment strategy, hyperthermia involves selectively raising the
temperature in affected tissues while sparing healthy tissues nearby. The aim of this study was
to experiment with various geometries of silver, copper, and gold nanostructures, such as
nanorods, spheres, and ellipses, to incorporate into hyperthermia-based medical treatment of
cancerous tumors. In order to induce the destruction of malignant cells, the ambient temperature
of these metal nanostructures was raised from 42 to 46 ℃, and the time taken for them to reach
this temperature was calculated. In the spherical zone of malignant tissue, metallic
nanostructures were analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics heat transport module. The
thermal responses of metallic nanostructures were assessed in various ways. In order to reach
optimal treatment temperatures, different geometries showed varying degrees of heating over
time. In contrast to other forms, nanorods specifically, silver nanorods coated in gold exhibited
quick temperature attainment. Anticipating future uses in cancer treatment, this study offers
important new insights into the role of metallic nanoparticles in hyperthermia.
Keywords: Nanotechnology; Hyperthermia; Nanoparticles; Nanorods; Nanospheres;
Nanoellipsoid
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
AWARENESS OF ERGONOMICS AMONG OIL PALM OFFICE WORKERS
Nur Syazwani Binti Mohd Nawi
School of Technology Management & Logistics, College of Business,
Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
Nur Ezza Fitrani Binti Muhammad Fitri
School of Technology Management & Logistics, College of Business,
Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Ergonomics in the workplace is the science of adapting tasks and work environments to
workers. It reviews how well employee tasks can be completed without straining their body and
without risking long-term health. As a result, ergonomic principles play an essential role in
ensuring employee's safety, health, comfort, effectiveness, quality, and well-being in their work
environment. However, public awareness on this matter is still at a low level. This situation has
led to an increase in the statistics of accidents and injuries occurring in the workplace. Thus,
this study aims to investigate ergonomics awareness in a company in Lahad Datu, Sabah. A
qualitative research method was used to obtain information from the respondents. This study
gathered 12 respondents using interviews and observation. The interview questionnaire
structure consisting of several questions such as demographics, ergonomics awareness amongst
oil palm office workers, office furniture and workstation, office environment, posture
adjustment, office arrangement and the best way to create awareness in employees to practice
ergonomics in the office. Hence, the observation was using Nordic Body Map (NBM) and
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). The study's findings show that the respondents still
lack awareness of the importance of ergonomics implementation. As for the performance, it can
be concluded that it is still in the unfavourable stage. Therefore, the need for improvement is
required by the proposed improvement of implementation of ergonomics programs.
Keywords: Awareness, Ergonomics, Nordic Body Map (NBM), Rapid Upper Limb
Assessment (RULA)
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PHARMACOLOGICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DATURA
M. MONICA
Faculty of Pharmacy, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Tambaram,
Chennai.
Dr. R. SARAVANAN
Faculty of Pharmacy, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Tambaram,
Chennai.
Dr. R. SRINIVASAN
Faculty of Pharmacy, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Tambaram,
Chennai.
ABSTRACT
Datura, a genus of medicinal herbs from the Solanaceae family, has both toxic and medicinal
properties. Different plant parts of the Datura plant, especially D. stramonium L., commonly
known as Datura or jimson weed, exhibit potent analgesic, antiviral, antidiarrheal and antiinflammatory activities, due to its wide range of bioactive components. With these
pharmacological activities, D. stramonium can potentially be used to treat many human
diseases, including ulcers, infections, wounds, rheumatism, gout, bruises, swellings, sciatica,
fever, toothache, asthma, and bronchitis. Preliminary phytochemical studies on the plant extract
of Datura revealed alkaloids, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, amino
acids, and phenolic compounds. It also contains toxic tropane alkaloids, including atropine,
scopolamine, and hyoscamine. Although some studies on D. stramonium have reported possible
pharmacological effects, information about toxicity remains almost entirely uncertain.
Furthermore, frequent use of D. stramonium for recreational purposes has resulted in toxic
syndromes. Therefore, it becomes necessary to be aware of the toxic aspects and potential risks
associated with its use. The present review aims to summarize the phytochemical composition,
pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Datura plant.
Keywords: Datura stramonium, alkaloids, atropine, cardiac glycosides, hyoscamine,
Ayurveda.
196
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KALKINMA PLANLARINDA ÇEVRE-KALKINMA İLİŞKİSİNİN
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Öğr. Gör. Dr. Derya KAMAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-9309-4047)
Kayseri Üniversitesi, Develi Hüseyin Şahin MYO, Büro Yönetimi ve Yönetici Asistanlığı
Bölümü, Kayseri -Türkiye
Email: deryakaman@kayseri.edu.tr
ÖZET
1970’li yıllardan bu yana önemli çevre sorunlarına maruz kalan dünya ülkeleri, sorunları
çözmek için çesitli kurumlar oluşturmuş, yasalar çıkarmış ve planlar hazırlamıştır. Sosyal,
kültürel ve ekonomik açıdan dengeli büyümeyi ve hızlı gelişmeyi hedef alan ve ülke
kaynaklarının daha verimli kullanılması amacıyla bir dizi kalkınma planları oluşturulmuştur.
Nitekim her beş yılda bir düzenlenen kalkınma planları, çevre ile ilgili düzenlemeleri içeren ve
çevre politikalarına yön vermede önemli bir belirleyicidir. Nitekim çevre politikasının etkinliği,
toplumun çevre ile olan ilişkisiyle doğrudan ilgidir. Dolayısıyla çevre politikası, toplumun
çevreyle olan ilişkisini düzenlemek amacıyla belirlenen hedefler doğrultusunda çevrenin
korunması ve geliştirilmesine yönelik faaliyetlerin geliştirilmesidir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada
1963-2023 yılları arasındaki kalkınma planlarında, çevre sorunları, çevre kirliliği, çevre
yönetimi, kentleşme ve konut politikası, insan sağlığı, sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve ekonomik
politikalar çevre ile ilişkisi bağlamında ele alınarak çevre politikası değerlendirmeye alınmıştır.
Çevre sorunlarının çözümü için uygulanan bu politikalar hem Avrupa Birliği hem de
uluslararası standartlar çerçevesinde egemen politik-yönetsel bir anlayışın hakim olduğu
görülmektedir. Ayrıca kalkınma planlarında ortaya konan hedefler ve ilkeler doğrultusunda ilk
aşamada “çevreyi dışlamayan kalkınma” anlayışı hakim olurken daha sonra “sürekli ve dengeli
(sürüdürlebilir) kalkınma” anlaşıyışının hakim olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Çevrenin
korunması açısından etkili sonuçlar elde edilebilmesi için çevre politkalarının tutarlı ve kararlı
şekilde benimsenip uygulanması çevre-kalkınma ilişkisinin etkinliğini de artırmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çevre Sorunları, Çevre Politikaları, Kalkınma Planları
197
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT-DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP IN
DEVELOPMENT PLANS
ABSTRACT
Countries around the world, which have been exposed to significant environmental problems
since the 1970s, have established various institutions, enacted laws and prepared plans to solve
the problems. A series of development plans have been created to target socially, culturally and
economically balanced growth and rapid development, and to use the country's resources more
efficiently. As a matter of fact, development plans prepared every five years are an important
determinant in guiding environmental policies and containing environmental regulations. As a
matter of fact, the effectiveness of environmental policy is directly related to society's
relationship with the environment. Therefore, environmental policy is the development of
activities aimed at protecting and improving the environment in line with the targets determined
to regulate society's relationship with the environment. In this context, in the study,
environmental problems, environmental pollution, environmental management, urbanization
and housing policy, human health, sustainable development and economic policies were
evaluated in the context of their relationship with the environment in the development plans
between 1963 and 2023. These policies implemented for the solution of environmental
problems seem to be dominated by a dominant political-administrative approach within the
framework of both the European Union and international standards. In addition, in line with the
targets and principles set out in the development plans, it was concluded that while the
understanding of "development that does not exclude the environment" dominated in the first
stage, the understanding of "continuous and balanced (sustainable) development" dominated
later on. In order to achieve effective results in terms of environmental protection, the consistent
and determined adoption and implementation of environmental policies also increases the
effectiveness of the environment-development relationship.
.Keywords: Environmental Problems, Environmental Policies, Development Plans
198
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MATERNAL-PERİNATAL ENFEKSİYONLARDA BAKIM VE DANIŞMANLIK
Arş. Gör. Elif BAYRAKÇI* (ORCID: 0000-0001-6351-6002)
Gaziantep Islamic Science and Technology University, Faculty of Health Sciences,
Department of Midwifery, Gaziantep-Turkey
Email: bayrakcielif2@gmail.com
Arş. Gör. Burcu ÇAKI DÖNER (ORCID: 0000-0002-3592-5121)
Gaziantep Islamic Science and Technology University, Faculty of Health Sciences,
Department of Nursing, Gaziantep-Turkey
Email: b.caki@hotmail.com
ÖZET
Günümüzde anne ölümlerinin dünya çapında önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olduğu
bilinmektedir. Bu ölümlerin nedenleri, ülkelerin gelişmişlik durumlarına bağlı olarak belirgin
şekilde değişmekte olup büyük kısmının önlenebilir nedenlere bağlı olarak geliştiği
görülmektedir. Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından yayınlanan raporda 2015-2019 yılları arasında
gerçekleşen anne ölümlerinin %45’inin önlenebilir nedenlerden kaynaklandığı belirtilmektedir.
Bu önlenebilir nedenler incelendiğinde, enfeksiyonun anne ölüm oranında önemli bir paya
sahip olduğu tespit edilmektedir. Prekonsepsiyonel dönemde gelişen riskli davranışlar ve
enfeksiyon etkenlerine maruziyet durumundan kaynaklı olarak gebelikte görülen maternal ve
perinatal enfeksiyonlar, hem anne hem de fetüs için ciddi morbidite ve mortaliteye neden
olmaktadır. Bu enfeksiyonlar gebelikte abortusa, intrauterin ölüme, fetusta konjenital
anomaliye ve neonatal enfeksiyona neden olmaktadır. Maternal ve perinatal enfeksiyonlar
sadece gebeliği etkilemekle kalmayıp aynı zamanda doğum sonu neonatal süreçte
malformasyonlara da neden olabilmekte hatta asemptomatik olan yenidoğanlarda belirti ve
bulgular ile yaşamın ilerleyen sürecinde de etkileri görülebilmektedir. Amerikan Obstetri ve
Jinekoloji Birliği (ACOG-American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology), Kanada Obstetri
ve Jinekoloji Birliği (SOGC-Society of Obstetricians and Gynocologists of Canada) ve Hastalık
Önleme ve Kontrol Merkezi (CDCP-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) maternal
perinatal enfeksiyonların tespiti için tüm gebelerden 35-37. gebelik haftasında tarama amacıyla
vajinorektal kültür alınmasını önermektedir. Oldukça önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olan bu
enfeksiyonların gelişmesinin önüne geçme ve etkilerinin önlenebilmesi için gerekli bakım ve
danışmanlığın sağlanması elzemdir. Doğum öncesi bakım ve danışmanlıkta amaç enfeksiyon
etkenlerine karşı kişileri korumak ve olası problemlere karşı önlem almaktır. Bu bakım ve
danışmanlık multidisipliner olarak sağlık profesyonellerince verilmekte olup ebeler ve
hemşirelerin rollerinin oldukça önemli olduğu bilinmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Maternal, Perinatal, Enfeksiyon, Bakım, Danışmanlık
199
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CARE AND COUNSELING IN MATERNAL-PERINATAL INFECTIONS
ABSTRACT
Today, it is known that maternal deaths are an important public health problem worldwide. The
causes of these deaths vary significantly depending on the development level of the countries,
and most of them appear to be due to preventable causes. The report published by the Ministry
of Health states that 45% of maternal deaths between 2015 and 2019 were due to preventable
causes. When these preventable causes are examined, it is determined that infection has a
significant share in the maternal mortality rate. Maternal and perinatal infections during
pregnancy, caused by risky behaviors and exposure to infectious agents during the
preconception period, cause serious morbidity and mortality for both the mother and the fetus.
These infections cause abortion during pregnancy, intrauterine death, congenital anomalies in
the fetus, and neonatal infection. Maternal and perinatal infections not only affect pregnancy,
but also can cause malformations in the postpartum neonatal period, and their effects can even
be seen in asymptomatic newborns with signs and symptoms later in life. American College of
Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), Canadian Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SOGC)
and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) maternal perinatal 35-37th week of all
pregnant women to detect infections. recommends taking a vaginorectal culture for screening
purposes during the gestational week. It is essential to provide the necessary care and
consultancy to prevent the development of these infections, which are a very important public
health problem, and to prevent their effects. The aim of prenatal care and counseling is to protect
people against infectious agents and take precautions against possible problems. This care and
consultancy is provided by multidisciplinary health professionals, and it is known that the roles
of midwives and nurses are very important.
Keywords: Maternal, Perinatal, Infection, Care, Counseling
200
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN DICTATORSHIPS: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND
IMPLICATIONS
Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayman KOLE* (ORCID: 0000-0002-1156-0439)
Onbes Kasım Kıbrıs University, Faculty of Communication, Department of New Media,
Nicosia-TRNC
Email: ayman_kole@hotmail.com
Emre Daghan TOKGOZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-3553-1018)
Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Faculty of Economics and
Administrative Sciences, Department of Political Science and Public Administration Master’s
Degree, Ankara-Türkiye
Email: emretdaghan@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Throughout history, the media has been one of the most effective tools of political leaders and
regimes in influencing society. Dictatorships, in particular, tend to manipulate the media for
their own purposes. Such authoritarian regimes have used the media to maintain control over
society and consolidate their power. This paper aims to find the role of media in dictator
propaganda and its effects on nation. Dictators have become adept at spreading their
propaganda through the media. They have manipulated public perception by controlling statesponsored media outlets, producing content praising their leadership, and suppressing
dissenting voices. This serves to present leaders in a sacred image and legitimize dictatorships.
Censorship and repression aremethods frequently used by dictatorships to consolidate their
control over the media. With practices such as closing down independent media outlets, putting
pressure on journalists, and even imprisoning them, dictators have silenced opposing voices
while ensuring the dissemination of the information they want. This situation has led to
distortion of facts, misinformation and society’s alienation from reality. As seen in many
examples throughout history, dictators such as Stalin, Mussolini, and Hitler manipulated the
media for their own interests. These leaders used the media to support their ideologies and
policies, shaping society’s mindset and suppressing dissenting voices. As a result, the role of
the media in dictatorships has a huge impact on shaping society’s perception, controlling the
flow of information and restricting freedom of thought. In this context, protecting media
freedom and diversity is of critical importance for strengthening democratic values.
Keywords: Dictator, Media, Politics
201
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PDA ESASLI MELAMİN SÜNGERLERİN HAZIRLANMASINDA KATALİZÖR
ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Ömer KESKİ*
Hitit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, ÇorumTürkiye
Email: keskinomer8758@gmail.com
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Merve OKUTAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-3110-0675)
Hitit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, ÇorumTürkiye
Email: merveokutan@hitit.edu.tr
ÖZET
Endüstriyel, mesleki ve evsel faaliyetler gibi farklı kaynaklar sebebiyle petrol, yağ ve organik
çözücüler gibi kirleticiler tarafından oluşturulan su kirliliği tüm canlıları ve çevreyi olumsuz
etkilemektedir. Bu sorunun çözümüne yönelik olarak, suyun yağsı kirleticilerden etkin bir
şekilde arındırılması için bir dizi çalışma yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmaların bir kısmı, polimerik
üç boyutlu sorbentlerin hazırlanması ve yüzey modifikasyonu üzerinedir. Özellikle, yüzey
modifikasyonu kullanılarak malzeme yüzeyinin pürüzlülük ve yüzey enerjisi parametreleri ele
alınıp su temas açısının 90 ila 150°’nin üzerine çıkarılması ile hidrofobik/süperhidrofobik
malzemeler elde edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Yaptığımız çalışmanın odak noktası, gelişmiş
malzemelerin tasarımı ve uygulaması için etkin bir yaklaşım olan yüzey modifikasyonudur. Bu
amaç doğrultusunda, dopaminin alkali sulu ortamda oksidatif polimerizasyonu ile oluşan
polidopamin (PDA) ticari melamin sünger üzerine eş zamanlı kaplanmıştır. Oluşturulan PDA
esaslı yüzeyde malzemeye ileri modifikasyonlara olanak tanıyan fonksiyonel gruplar da
kazandırılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, dopaminin polimerizasyonuyla ilgili olarak substrat
yüzeyinde birikimde sıklıkla karşılaşılan sorunlar ele alınmıştır. Bu sorunların başında, uzun
birikim-reaksiyon süresi ve kaplamanın zayıf stabilitesi gelmektedir. Bu problemlerin
üstesinden gelinebilmesi için polimerizasyon ortamında reaktif oksijen türleri üretebilecek bir
katalizör sisteminden yararlanılmıştır. İlk olarak polimerizasyon süresine katalizör etkisinin
incelenmesi için CuSO4, H2O2 ve farklı molar oranlarda CuSO4 ve H2O2 karışımı reaksiyon
ortamına eklenmiştir. Çözeltilerin renk değişimleri ve UV-Vis absorbansları takip edilerek elde
edilen sonuçlara göre ortamdaki H2O2 miktarı arttıkça PDA için karakteristik olan pikin
absorbans değeri artmıştır. Daha sonra, değişen Cu2+/H2O2 katalizör oranlarında sentezlenen
PDA ile kaplanmış melamin süngerler hazırlanmıştır ve katalizör oranının mekanik özellikler
üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda elde edilen ürün, yapısal olarak
kararlı bir ara ürün olarak değerlendirilmiş ve ileri modifikasyonlara uygun olduğu tespit
edilmiştir. Bu bulgu, su kirliliği sorununa etkili bir çözüm sunma amacıyla literatüre bir katkı
yapmayı hedeflemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: dopamin, melamin, katalizör sistemi, mekanik davranış
202
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INVESTIGATION OF CATALYST EFFECT IN THE PREPARATION OF PDA
BASED MELAMINE SPONGES
ABSTRACT
Water pollution from various sources, such as industrial, commercial and domestic activities,
containing pollutants such as crude oil, oil and organic solvents, adversely affects all living
organisms and the environment. In order to address this problem, a number of studies have been
carried out to effectively purify water from oily pollutants. Some of these studies focus on the
preparation of three-dimensional polymeric sorbents and surface modification. Specifically, the
aim is to achieve hydrophobic/superhydrophobic materials by controlling parameters such as
surface roughness and surface energy through surface modification, resulting in a water contact
angle of 90 to 150° or higher. The focus of our study is on surface modification, which is an
effective approach for the design and application of advanced materials. For this purpose,
polydopamine (PDA) formed by oxidative polymerisation of dopamine in an alkaline aqueous
medium was simultaneously coated onto a commercial melamine sponge. Functional groups
were also introduced onto the PDA-based surface to allow further modification of the material.
However, the problems often encountered in the deposition on the substrate surface related to
the polymerisation of dopamine have been addressed. The main problems are the long
deposition-reaction time and the poor stability of the coating. In order to overcome these
problems, a catalyst system capable of generating reactive oxygen species in the polymerisation
environment was used. Firstly, CuSO4, H2O2 and a mixture of CuSO4 and H2O2 at different
molar ratios were added to the reaction medium to investigate the effect of the catalyst on the
polymerisation time. According to the results obtained by monitoring the colour changes and
UV-Vis absorbance of the solutions, the absorbance value of the peak characteristic for PDA
increased with the increased amount of H2O2. Subsequently, melamine sponges coated with
PDA synthesised at different Cu2+/H2O2 catalyst ratios were prepared and the effect of the
catalyst ratio on the mechanical properties was studied. The product obtained as a result of this
study was evaluated as a structurally stable intermediate and found to be suitable for further
modifications. This finding is expected to make a contribution to the literature in order to
provide an effective solution to the problem of water pollution.
Keywords: dopamine, melamine, catalyst system, mechanical behaviour
203
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ANALYSIS OF VORICONAZOL IN PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS USING
ASSISTED UV-VISIBLE REGION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY METHOD
Prof. Dr. Yucel KADIOGLU (ORCID: 0000-0001-6590-7306)
Ataturk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, ErzurumTürkiye
Email: yucel@atauni.edu.tr
Samira SAMADZADEH *(ORCID: 0000-0001-6590-7306)
Ataturk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, ErzurumTürkiye
Email: samira.samadzadeh88@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Voriconazole is an antifungal medication effective against fungal infections and is often used
to treat serious infections such as systemic fungal infections. Voriconazole belongs to the
triazole class of antifungal drugs and, by its chemical structure, aims to control infections by
inhibiting the growth and proliferation of fungal cells. Voriconazole is commonly used to treat
serious fungal infections, especially aspergillosis. It is also effective in treating invasive
candidiasis and other fungal infections. Voriconazole may also be used in the prophylactic
treatment of patients with immunodeficiency conditions. In the literature review, studies on the
quantity determination of voriconazole in pharmaceutical preparations were found. Changing
industry technologies and quality control needs increase the need for faster, reliable and
repeatable analytical methods in the analysis of pharmaceutical active ingredients. The aim of
this study is to develop methods different from the methods in the literature for the
quantification of the active ingredient Voriconazole in pharmaceutical preparations, to validate
them, and at the same time to show that these methods can be applied by making quantification
in pharmaceutical preparations containing the active ingredient Voriconazole.This study aims
to analyze voriconazole in pharmaceutical preparations using the assisted UV-visible
spectrophotometry method. Voriconazole is a triazole antifungal agent effective in the
treatment of invasive fungal infections. This study aims to develop an analytical technique that
will allow voriconazole to be measured in a simple and cost-effective manner. The method is
based on the reduction of voriconazole by reaction with thionine under alkaline conditions.
Keywords: Voriconazole, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Spectrophotometry, Analytical
Technique
204
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DOĞUM MÜDAHALELERİNİN KARŞILANMIŞ DOĞUM BEKLENTİSİ VE
MEMNUNİYETE ETKİSİ
Uzm. Ebe Gökçe KAYIN ARICI* (ORCID: 0000-0001-5583-3219)
Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Aydın/Türkiye
Email: gkayin59@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Ayden ÇOBAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-2189-2488)
Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Aydın/Türkiye
Email: ayden.coban@adu.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bu araştırmanın amacı doğum müdahalelerinin karşılanmış doğum beklentisi ve memnuniyete
etkisini incelemektir. Çalışma; analitik- kesitsel tipte, Eylül 2021- Eylül 2022 tarihleri arasında
yapıldı. Bu çalışmanın evrenini Şehir Hastanesine doğum yapmak için başvuran gebeler,
örneklemini ise normal doğum için başvuran 422 primipar gebe oluşturdu. Verilerin
toplanmasında “Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu”, “Doğum Eylemi İzlem Formu”, “Doğum Beklentisi ve
Doğum Deneyimi Ölçeği” kullanıldı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler,
dağılımın normalliği için Shapiro- Wilk testi, Mann Whitney U Testi, değişkenler arasındaki
ilişkinin değerlendirilmesinde stepwise metodu ile çoklu linear regresyon analizi kullanıldı.
Kadınların yaş ortalaması 25,78±3,95 olup, %44,8’inin lise mezunu olduğu, %82,7’sinin
isteyerek gebe kaldığı, %97,6’sının gebelik döneminde sağlık kontrolüne gittiği saptandı.
Kadınlara uygulanan başlıca doğum müdahalelerinin; sürekli elektro fetal monitorizasyon
(%95,7), epizyotomi (%90,3), indüksiyon (%81,3), vakum uygulaması (%4,0) olduğu görüldü.
Yapılan bu çalışma ile doğumda uygulanan müdahalelerden analjezik kullanımının doğum
beklentisi ve doğum memnuniyetine pozitif yönde, vakum uygulamasının ise negatif yönde
etkilendiği saptandı. Epizyotomi, indüksiyon, yeme içmeyi kısıtlamak, antispazmolitik
kullanımı ve sürekli elektro fetal monitör kullanımının da doğum memnuniyetini negatif yönde
etkilediği görüldü. Araştırmada kadınlara uygulanan doğum müdahalelerinden kadınların
karşılanmış doğum beklentilerini ve memnuniyetlerini etkilediği tespit edildi.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Doğum beklentisi, Doğum memnuniyeti, Doğum müdahalesi, Ebelik
205
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE EFFECT OF BIRTH INTERVENTIONS ON MET BIRTH EXPECTATIONS
AND SATISFACTION
ABSTRACT
The aim of this thesis is to examine the effect of birth interventions on met birth expectancy
and satisfaction. This study is an analytical-cross-sectional study conducted between September
2021 and September 2022. The population of this study consisted of pregnant women who
applied to City Hospital to give birth, and the sample consisted of 422 primiparous pregnant
women who applied for normal delivery. “Descriptive Information Form”, “Birth Action
Follow-up Form”, “Birth Expectation and Birth Experience Scale” were used to collect the data.
Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data, Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann Whitney U Test
for normality of distribution, and multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise method were
used to evaluate the relationship between variables. It was determined that the mean age of the
women was 25.78±3.95, 44.8% of them were high school graduates, 82.7% of them got
pregnant voluntarily, and 97.6% of them went to health check-ups during pregnancy. Birth
interventions applied to women; continuous electro fetal monitoring (95.7%), episiotomy
(90.3%), induction (81.3%), vacuum application (4.0%). In this study, it was determined that
the use of analgesics, which is one of the interventions applied at birth, affects the expectation
of birth and birth satisfaction positively, and the application of vacuum negatively affects the
birth satisfaction. In the study, it was determined that the birth interventions applied to the
women affected the fulfilled birth expectations and satisfaction of the women.
Keywords: Birth expectation, Birth satisfaction, Birth intervention, Midwifery
206
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A STUDY ON THE CAUSAL IMPACT OF WORLD CRUDE OIL PRICES ON
INDIAN STOCK MARKET
Shreyas K C
CMS B School, Jain Deemed to be University
Email:Shreyas_k22@cms.ac.in
Prof. Kiran Kumar M
CMS B School, Jain Deemed to be University angalore-560009 India
Email:kiran_kumar.m@cms.ac.in
ABSTRACT
This research delves into exploring the causal relationship between world crude oil prices and
the Indian stock market, employing a combination of Granger Causality tests and regression
analysis. Data from the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices and the National Stock
Exchange (NSE) of India are carefully examined over a ten-year period that includes both shortterm volatility and long-term trends. Finding the direction of causation between these factors
and assessing the effect of changes in the price of crude oil on the Indian stock market are the
main goals. To determine if variations in the price of crude oil cause subsequent movements in
the Indian stock market, or vice versa, Granger Causality tests are employed. Regression
analysis is also used to measure the strength and importance of this relationship. This study
attempts to provide light on the complex dynamics underlying the interaction between global
crude oil prices and the Indian stock market by analysing the data at both macro and local levels.
These findings provide useful information for politicians devising economic policies, investors
navigating the Indian market, and scholars delving further into the complex relationships
between the global oil markets and the Indian economy. The study emphasizes how important
it is to take the volatility of oil prices into account when making investments and formulating
economic policies.
Keywords: Granger Causality, Regression, Oil Price Volatility, Indian Stock Market, Sensex,
Nifty
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
IMAGE SEGMENTATION METHOD FOR CHECKING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
VITILIGO TREATMENT
Neha AGRAWAL (ORCID: 0000-0003-0445-0597)
Research Scholar, Christ Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, India
Email:neha.agrawal@res.christuniversity.in
Dr. Sagaya AURELIA
Faculty, Christ Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, India
Email:sagaya.aurelia@christuniversity.in
ABSTRACT
There are various method used for Vitiligo Scoring in literature. All this methods needs human
interventions to calculate the grades. Image Segmentation is an important part of Image
Preprocessing where interested region for the images can be taken out for further processing.
Image segmentation is used to find the interested region in the image. In the proposed work
Image Segmentation algorithm was used to check the effectiveness of Vitiligo treatment for a
pateient. Images of same patients are used in different intervals to compare the effectiveness of
the treatment. This method was compared with the existing methods and gave more accurate
results.
Keywords: Watershed Segmentation, Image Pre Processing, Vitiligo Grading, Vitiligo Score
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF BIO-WASTE COMPOST FOR FARADIC AND
NON -FARADIC TYPE ENERGY STORAGE APPLICATIONS
Miss POONAM*
Indira Gandhi University, Research Scholar, Department of Physics Rewari, Haryana, India
Email:punamyadav1003@gmail.com
Prof. Vijay KUMAR
Department of Physics, Indira Gandhi University-Meerpur-122502, Rewari, Haryana, India
Email:nanovijay1@gmail.com
Dr. Sunil KUMAR (ORCID: 0000-0002-1658-5555)
Indira Gandhi University Department of Physics, Rewari, Haryana, India
Email:sunil.physics@igu.ac.in
ABSTRACT
The goal of this work is to study Capacitive and non-Capacitive charge storage in a symmetric
device configuration. This is because the world is searching for new types of bio-materials for
storing renewable energy and compost is easily available for its bio-circular economy, in which
bio-waste can be easily converted into compost. Despite the complexity of compost this work
has used a symmetric two electrode device to explore both faradic and non-faradic processes.
These studies are done with different type of compost and current collectors using distilled
water as an aqueous media. Generally three main techniques namely Galvanostatic chargedischarge studies (GCD), Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) are used to evaluate parameters such as charging and discharging time,
specific capacitance, specific capacity etc. In addition, chrono-amperometery studies are done
to study the stability of the device. Also the efficiency has been significantly affected by
electrode material (compost) and electrolytes. The results demonstrate the charge storage's
multifunctional behavior in compost as a bio-media. These researches provide the groundwork
for novel, environmentally friendly bio-media that can be used to store charge.
Keywords: Compost, Charge Storage, Non-Faradic, Faradic, Stability,
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PILATES AND BIRTHING BALL EXERCISES ON
LOWER BACK PAIN AND SELF-EFFICACY IN PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE
THIRD TRIMESTER AT THE BATU ANAM COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER,
SIANTAR DISTRICT. SIMALUNGUN REGENCY
Ribka Nova Sartika SEMBIRING (ORCID:0000-0002-3734-2456)
Kemenkes Poltekkes Medan Prodi D III Kebidanan Pematangsiantar
Email:ribkanovasembiring@gmail.com
Parmiana BANGUN
Kemenkes Poltekkes Medan Prodi D III Kebidanan Pematangsiantar
Email:parmianabangun83@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Changes in body shape during pregnancy are an adaptation of the body to the pregnancy
process. Shifting the mother's center of gravity to the back of the legs causes the body to
experience progressive lordosis, and not infrequently, there is an increase in mobility of the
sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints, which can cause lower back pain. One relaxation
technique to facilitate labor is using a birth ball, which is also commonly known in Pilates
exercises as using a birthing ball. This research uses a quasi-experimental design with a pretestposttest group design approach. A pretest was carried out in the intervention group and control
group regarding self-efficacy before carrying out Pilates exercises, and the posttest was carried
out for 1 hour. This study also measures the perception of low back pain in the third trimester
of pregnancy and will compare the intervention group and the control group. A comparison of
the degree of pain before and after the intervention given to the intervention group showed that
there was a significant difference (p<0.05). After the intervention was given, the degree of selfefficacy showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the intervention group,
which was classified as high self-efficacy at 94%. It needs to be promoted as an alternative to
pregnancy exercise in midwifery service units, especially in basic-level service units, so that
complaints of persistent musculoskeletal pain can be prevented and all pregnant women can
make maximum use of basic-level services.
Keywords: Pilates Exercise, Birthing Ball, Lower Back Pain, Self-Efficacy, Gravida Trimester
III
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
STUDY OF A BEAM REINFORCED WITH GLASS FIBER AND CARBON FIBER
COMPOSITES
Abderrahim GUETTECHE
Laboratoire de Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions, Université Constantine 1, Algérie
Rima BOUTKOUK
Laboratoire de Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions, Université Constantine 1, Algérie
mohamed nacer GUETTECHE
Laboratoire de Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions, Université Constantine 1, Algérie
Salah Eddine BENSEBTI
Laboratoire de Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions, Université Constantine 1, Algérie
Abdelhafid CHABANE (ORCID:0009-0001-2739-1473)
Laboratoire de Matériaux et Durabilité des Constructions, Université Constantine 1, Algérie
Email:Abderrahim.guetteche@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Since its invention, concrete has always been considered the construction material par
excellence for civil engineering structures. Concrete's main quality is its excellent compressive
strength, but its main drawback is its low tensile strength. Most structures have been, are and
will be for a long time built using concrete as their main constituent, but concrete is a relatively
fragile material, so concrete constructions experience several problems in their life cycle, which
can have a detrimental effect on the construction. A number of steps are required to make good
use of the structure, with rehabilitation and reinforcement methods differing according to the
nature of the problem. A significant percentage of structures require reinforcement or repair to
ensure user safety before they reach the end of their useful life The strengthening of existing
structures, adapted to additional operating constraintsInvolves the development of new and
innovative methods, including the addition of traditional or composite bonded reinforcements.
The present article deals with the behavior of a beam strengthened by the addition of bonded
composite reinforcements.
Keywords: beam, reinforced concrete reinforcement or repair, composite materials (fiberglass,
carbon fiber).
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ICARIIN RESCUED DEOXYNIVALENOL-INDUCED INTESTINAL INJURY IN
MICE VIA NRF2 SIGNALING PATHWAY
Shahid ALİ RAJPUT
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Aziz UL-RAHMAN
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Atif REHMAN
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Asghar ABBAS
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Kashif HUSSAİN
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Sarmad Frogh ARSHAD
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Usman ALİ
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Muhammad ASİF RAZA
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Baseer AHMAD
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Rana Muhammad Shahbakht*
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of
Agriculture, Multan, Punjab, 66000, Pakistan.
Email:muhammad.shahbakht@mnsuam.edu.pk
ABSTRACT
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent agricultural contaminants and has
devastating effects on the health of animals and humans. Recently, the ability of bioactive
compounds to regulate oxidative stress and apoptosis has received much attention. This study
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
investigates the intestinal-damaging effect of DON and the potential shielding effects of icariin
in mice. In this regard, forty-eight mice were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 10): 1)
Control (CON), 2) 100 mg/kg BW icariin (ICA), 3) 3 mg/kg BW DON (DON), 4) 3 mg/kg
DON + 100 mg/kg BW icariin (DON + ICA). The experimental groups were treated with DON
or ICA for 11 days. The results showed that DON significantly reduced average daily feed
intake, average daily gain and triggered intestinal damage and barrier dysfunction as reflected
by decreased TEER and increased DAO activity, as well as down-regulated tight junction
proteins (claudin-1 and occludin). However, oral administration of ICA significantly attenuated
these changes. ICA significantly alleviated DON-induced oxidative stress by scavenging ROS
and MDA generation and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities (T-SOD, CAT, and
GSH-Px). Moreover, ICA markedly up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2 and
its downstream genes induced by DON. Taken together, ICA may serve as a potential mitigator
against DON-induced intestinal injury and could be helpful for the development of novel
treatments to combat gut diseases in humans and/or animals.
Keywords: Deoxynivalenol, Icariin, Oxidative Stress, Intestine, Mice
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
IMPLICATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL STRESS ON PREGNANCY
COMPLICATIONS
Sakina
Department Of Medicine, Faculty Of Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University.
Email:sakmub828@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
There has been growing research to investigate the proportional relationship between higher
workload and pregnancy complications. It is hypothesised that occupational stressors that
hamper physical and psychological health have detrimental effects on fertility and pregnancy.
Over the years evaluation in various female-dominated professions for associated high-risk
pregnancies have revealed disturbances in ovulation and complications such as 1. Premenstrual
syndrome, 2. Dysmenorrhea, 3. Preeclampsia, 4. Low birth weight, 5. Early pregnancy loss and
6.Hyperemesis gravidarum. In general female workers are more sensitive to stressors such as
noise, heat, dust and vibrations in workstations. Exposure to Whole-Body or Hand-Arm
vibration (WBV) has been reported to cause abnormal uterus positioning and anomalies in
foetal position. Workstations like law firms, nursing assistants etc. that require long-standing,
repetitive work result in risks of miscarriage and preterm labour due to restriction in
movements. Asynchrony in circadian rhythm is faced by expecting women working in fixed
night shifts often resulting in spontaneous abortions. Shockingly evaluation of female
employees working in factories formulating oral contraceptives revealed experiencing
symptoms associated with hyperestrogenism and episode of intermenstrual bleeding due to
elevated levels of plasma ethinyl estradiol , following it occupational exposure of teratogens
such as carbon-based organic solvents in workplaces like pharmaceuticals and dry cleaning
industry increase the risk for stillbirth and “specific birth defects.”Subsequently pregnancy
complications are higher in physicians due to chronic stress, exposure to anaesthetic gases and
antineoplastic drugs. Although a number of publications indicate that occupational irritants
adversely affect stages of pregnancy, more studies are needed to establish their mechanisms
and how work stress should be decreased or eliminated during preconception and early
pregnancy.
Keywords: Premenstrual syndrome, Dysmenorrhea, Preeclampsia
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PRODUCTION OF BIO-PLASTIC AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION USING
BANANA PEEL
Hafsa NAEEM
Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
Email: ayesha.batool@outlook.com
ABSTRACT
At present the chemical industry is searching for substitute to decrease usage of petroleumbased non-degradable conventional plastics. In spite of their many uses and attractive
properties, petroleum based conventional plastics have also many disadvantages such as
production problems, landfill disposal, incineration, plastic recycling, and their adverse effect
on biodiversity. Bioplastic are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, composed of
cellulose, starches, biopolymers, and a variety of other materials. In this research a starch based
substrate banana peel was used and subjected to alkali and acid hydrolysis to convert it into
bioplastic film. Synthesis of bioplastic was carried out in two phases. In first stage the process
parameters pH and hydrolysis time was changed over a range of values. In this stage the pH of
neutral range gave the best results for tensile strength analysis 0.552N/mm2 with optimum
residence time (10 minutes). In the second stage, commonly available plasticizer like glycerin,
sorbitol and urea was added and compared. The sorbitol, gave maximum tensile strength
(34.310 N/mm2) with 41.434 N loads in this comparison. EDS analysis shows that C K was the
highest element (6.73%) with 5.32 App conc and 0.7918 intensity concentration present in the
biopolymer film.
Keywords: Bio-Plastic, Plastic recycling, Banana Peel, pH.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EVALUATION OF MEDICAL DEVICE REPROCESSING, AS PART OF A
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
Bouthaina Trabelsi Werchfeni
Hygiene Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Mariem Ben Hamida
Hygiene Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Houda Ben Ayed
Hygiene Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Maroua Trigui
Hygiene Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital
Sourour Yaich
Community Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Mondher Kassis
Hygiene Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital
Jamel Dammak
Community Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
ABSTRACT
Medical devices (MD) are a significant source of healthcare associated infections. Therefore,
to break this chain, it is crucial to have an effective reprocessing of reusable medical devices
(RMD. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the steps of reprocessing RMD in
Habib Bourguiba University Hospital (HBUH) as part of a quality improvement project and
establish recommendations. This was an exhaustive cross-sectional study conducted during the
period between July and September 2023 in all units involved in the sterilization process in
HBUH Sfax Southern Tunisia. We used an observational checklist to evaluate the practice of
different steps of reprocessing of RMD. We conducted one audit pass for each enrolled unit.
This study included 10 operating units and a sterilization unit. The median value of the global
conformity score (GCS) was 48/100 (IQR=[43.6-56]). We noted that 7 operating units (70%)
had a poor level of conformity and 3 (30%) had a fair level of conformity. For the reprocessing
environment evaluation, the median GCS was 30/100 (IQR= [20 – 50]). Seven units (70%) had
a poor level of conformity. As for of pre-disinfection, the median GCS was 40/100 (IQR=[40
– 60]). We noted that 7 operating units had a fair level of conformity (70%). The median
conformity score of cleaning was 90/100 (IQR= [70 – 92]). All operating units had a high
conformity score for the section of cleaning. We noted that the median GCS of HLD was 50/100
(IQR= [45.83 – 75]). The median of GCS of sterilization was 66.6/100 (IQR= [16.6-100]). This
audit has highlighted the majority of poor conformance scores that indicate significant flaws in
the HBUH 's reprocessing of MD. It has become imperative to implement corrective measures,
plan the centralization of the sterilizing unit.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF THE HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INFECTION
PREVENTION CLIMATE IN THE PRACTICE
Souhir Chelly
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Boutheina Trabelsi Wercheni
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Asma Ammar
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Olfa Ezzi
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Mansour Njah
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Mohamed Mahjoub
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
ABSTRACT
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are the most common complications in the healthcare
delivery process, and they have emerged as a significant public health problem due to their
impact on patients and the healthcare system. Our study aimed to investigate the knowledge of
nursing students regarding the climate for HAI prevention. We conducted a descriptive study
among students from higher nursing institutes between February and March 2021. A preestablished self-administered questionnaire in French language was used for data collection.
The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. A total of 150 students responded to
the questionnaire. The majority (57.3%) defined HAI as a hospital-acquired infection occurring
after at least 48 hours. Only 40% of the students were aware of the different types of HAIs. The
most commonly identified type was urinary tract infection (68.3%), and more than half (58.8%)
identified staphylococcus as the most frequently implicated pathogen. Almost all students
(94%) recognized poor asepsis as a leading cause of HAI development. The main mode of
transmission identified was through materials and instruments (46%). The majority of students
(90.7%) emphasized the importance of taking preventive measures while handling infected
patients, and they acknowledged that standard precautions should be followed for all patient
care (66.7%). A minority (12%) reported receiving hygiene training at their institute. The
majority (83.3%) and nearly half (47.3%) acknowledged the effectiveness of hand hygiene in
preventing HAIs. Additionally, most students were familiar with the types of handwashing and
when to perform it. However, less than half (41.3%) indicated that hydro-alcohol friction could
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
replace simple handwashing. Nurses are required to take multiple precautions to prevent the
occurrence and transmission of healthcare-associated infections. Therefore, enhancing their
knowledge and skills is crucial in effectively preventing these infections.
Keywords: Healthcare-associated infections, SPSS
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EVALUATION OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS' KNOWLEDGE ON SEPTIC
ISOLATION: RESULTS OF A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Bouthaina Trabelsi WERCHFENI
Hygiene Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Houda Ben AYED
Hygiene Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Mariem Ben HAMIDA
Hygiene Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Mahdi KCHAW
Hygiene Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Ons WALHA
Hygiene Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Sourour YAICH
Community Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
Jamel DAMAK
Community Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Hedi Chaker University Hospital
ABSTRACT
The measures to be taken during septic isolation (SI) aim to avoid the transmission of a
pathogenic germ or a multidrug-resistant one from one patient to another. This requires a good
level of knowledge of isolation techniques. In this context, we conducted this study to assess
the level of knowledge of healthcare professionals (HCP) on SI before and after a training cycle.
We conducted a quasi-experimental study among HCP working at the Hedi Chaker University
Hospital in Sfax. A self-questionnaire on SI knowledge was completed by the participants
before and after a training cycle. Then, a knowledge score was calculated. A total of 106 HCP
participated in the study. The participants were female in 50.9% of cases (n=54). The median
professional seniority was 7 years (interquartile range (IQR)= [3-13.25]). Fifty-three
participants were physicians (50%). Twenty-five health workers received training on septic
isolation (23.6%). An isolation room was available in 55 cases (51.9%). The different types of
isolation report were available according to the statements of 30 HCP (28.3%). Personal
protective equipment was available in the medical departments in 60 cases (56.6%). The
declaration of healthcare-associated infections was made in 38 cases (35.8%). According to the
sections, 61 HCP thought that sterile gloves should not be worn in the event of contact with an
infected patient (57.5%) and 35 HCP stated that a single room was not obligatory in the event
of illness transmitted by contact (33%). The median knowledge score on the SI significantly
improved after the training (60/100 (IIQ= [53.3-73.3]), versus 66.6/100 (IIQ= [46.6 -60 ]),
p=10-3). This improvement was significantly clearer in men compared to women (7.6
(IIQ=[2.3-10.5]) versus 6.6 (IIQ=[0-13.3]), p=10- 3) and clearer among the paramedical staff
compared to the medical staff (6.5 (IIQ=[3.5 – 7.8]) versus 4.4 (IIQ=[3.7- 5.9]), p =0.023). This
study suggests a significant improvement in HCP knowledge through training. It is part of a
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process of continuous quality improvement concerning clinical evaluation by the HCP
(predominant role of the HCP). More precisely to improve the quality of care.
Keywords: septic isolation, HCP
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
POST-COVID IRRITABILITY IN THE TUNISIAN POPULATION 2022 –
PREVALENCE AND PREDICTIVE FACTORS
Souhir Chelly
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Boutheina Trabelsi Wercheni
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Asma Ammar
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Olfa Ezzi
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Mansour Njah
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
Mohamed Mahjoub
Infection prevention and control department, University Hospital of Farhat Hached, Sousse,
Tunisia
ABSTRACT
The scientific community is increasingly focusing on long COVID due to the economic and
health challenges it raised. Indeed, it is a new disease whose mechanisms and various
manifestations are not yet fully understood. Irritability is one of the psychiatric manifestations
of long COVID. The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of post COVID
irritability and to study its predictive factors. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in
February 2022 on the Tunisian population infected with COVID-19 between March 2020 and
February 2022. A self-administered questionnaire was developed and shared on social
networks. Post-COVID irritability is defined as irritability that develops during or after a
COVID-19 infection, present for more than twelve weeks. In total, 1887 participants were
included. The majority were women (80%) and aged between 30 and 39 (42.2%). The
prevalence of Long COVID was 34.4% and the prevalence of post COVID irritability was
33.5%. The majority experiencing post COVID irritability were women (88.5%) and aged 3039 (46.8%). Multivariate analysis showed that age between 40 and 49 (OR=1.85; 95%CI[1.073.19]; p=0.026), initial severity (intensive care hospitalization) (OR =6.48; 95%CI[1.06-39.34];
p=0.042), nausea in the acute episode (OR=1.82; 95%CI[1.17-2.82]; p=0 .07), and myalgia
(OR=1.49; 95%CI[1.00-2.22]; p=0.048) were the main predictive factors. Irritability is a
frequent manifestation of post COVID. In our study, its main risk factors were age between 4049 years old, the severity of the initial presentation, nausea and myalgia in the acute episode.
Keywords: COVID, economic and health challenges
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF ART IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND
ENHANCEMENT OF EDUCATION: AN EXAMPLE OF THE FEDERAL
POLYTECHNIC, ILARO
Ajayi Olayemi T.
Department of Art and Design, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria
Omisakin
Department of Art and Design, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria
Funke-Wale T.
Department of Art & Design, Faculty of Art & Industrial Design, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree
Email: olayemi.ajayi@federalpolyilaro.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
Artistic elements have historically been marginalized, lacking a comprehensive understanding
of their contribution to the overall ambiance and educational experience. The identified problem
within educational institutions highlights a prevalent undervaluation of the potential benefits
and challenges associated with intentionally integrating art into learning spaces. This study
addresses a significant gap in recognizing the pivotal role of art within the built environment
and its impact on educational enhancement, focusing on the Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro.
Utilizing a qualitative analysis approach involving in-depth interviews, observational studies,
and document analysis, the research delves into the intricate relationship between art,
architecture, and education. This research aims to fill this void by exploring the nuanced
influence of artistic interventions within academic institutions. Findings underscore a
substantial positive impact resulting from the strategic incorporation of art into the built
environment. Beyond aesthetics, art enhances creativity among students, fostering a dynamic
and engaging educational setting. The intentional inclusion of artistic elements also cultivates
a profound sense of identity within the academic community, creating a more meaningful and
inspiring learning atmosphere. However, the study highlights significant challenges, with
budget constraints emerging as a critical factor hindering the full realization of art’s potential
benefits within educational infrastructure. Divergent perceptions regarding the relevance of art
in educational contexts pose additional obstacles. In conclusion, this research advocates
intentional and holistic approaches to integrate artistic elements into educational infrastructure
planning. Emphasizing the intrinsic value of art in elevating the overall educational experience
and shaping vibrant learning environments, the study recommends allocating sufficient
resources, fostering collaboration, implementing awareness programs, and establishing a
sustainable framework for ongoing assessment and adaptation of art installations. Envisioning
a future where the integration of art becomes integral and celebrated within educational
institutions, the research aims to contribute significantly to the holistic development of students
and foster a more inspiring and dynamic learning environment.
Keywords: Art Education, Built Environment, Educational Enhancement, Holistic Learning
Environment, Institutional Infrastructure, Qualitative Analysis
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Relevance of the Study to the United Nations SDGs
This study aligns with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), notably
SDG 4 (Quality Education) through art’s impact on learning, SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities) by
exploring art in the built environment, and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by fostering
inclusivity. It also supports SDGs 9, 13, and 17 through innovation, climate awareness, and
collaborative partnerships.
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THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF SAREEHN (ALBIZIA LEBBECK) SEEDS
EXTRACT AGAINST TOXIC EFFECTS OF GRAPHENE NANOSHEETS IN
MORI (CIRRHINUS MRIGALA)
Shanza KHANUM*
University of Education, Division of Science and Technology Department of Zoology,
Lahore, Zoology
Email:msf2205311@ue.edu.pk
Muhammad ASAD (ORCID:0000-0002-6710-3077)
University of Education, Division of Science and Technology Department of Zoology,
Lahore, Zoology.
ABSTRACT
This research investigated the therapeutic potential of Sareehn (Albizia lebbeck) seed extract
in alleviating graphene nanosheets (GNS) toxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala and addressed concerns
about GNS effects on aquatic organisms. For experimental purposes, fish were collected and
kept in the lab with all standard aquatic parameters maintained. During Phase I of the
experiment, mortality rates were observed after oral GNS doses ranging from 0, 250, 500, 750,
1000, 1250, and 1500 mg/L, monitored at 96-hour intervals, resulting in an LC50 value of
121.37 mg/L. Three fractions of LC50 were made, including Fraction 1 (121.37 mg/L), Fraction
2 (60.58 mg/L), and Fraction 3 (40.45 mg/L). The medium fraction was used in Phase II of the
experiment. The experimental groups included the Control (A) group with no exposure to GNSs
and plant extract, Test Group B exposed to 60.58 mg/L of GNSs with no extract, Test Group C
with 60.58mg/L of GNSs + 25 mg/L extract, Test Group D with 60.58mg/L of GNSs + 50
mg/kg extract, and Test Group E with 60.58 mg/L of GNSs + 75 mg/kg extract, with each group
observed for 96 hours. Fish organ histology was assessed to show GNS impact: the liver
histopathological changes included Pyknotic nuclei or karyomegaly, Atrophy, Acute Cellular
swelling, melanomacrophage centers (MMC), hepatic vacuolation, sinusoid dilation, Hydropic
degeneration, Necrosis, Perivascular degeneration were observed. However, Intestinal
histology shows changes such as intestinal damage (Id), Collapsed Epithelial layer (CL),
intestinal interior architecture damage (Ad), atrophy (A), bigger intercellular gaps, and
Degenerated Goblet cells (DG). D: shows bigger intercellular space (IS) and kidney histology
shows tubular necrosis (Tn), Severe Congestion (SC), tubular dilatation, Bowman capsule
dilution (DBS), Destroyed Intestinal Integrity, Glomerulopathy (G), Hemocytic Infiltration
(HI), hematopoietic tissue degradation, Vasodilatio (WL), Constricted NT lumen (CL). The
therapeutic effect of Albizia lebbeck was also noted in mitigating GNS toxicity. Highperformance liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified several bioactive components
in Albizia lebbeck, including Ferulic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Gallic acid, P-coumaric acid,
Quercetin, Caffeic acid, Sinapic acid, Kaempferol, oxalic acid, malic acid, Citric acid, Fumaric
acid, Succinic acid, with Methylmalonic acid being the most abundant. The findings suggest
that Albizia lebbeck seed extract offers protection against GNS toxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala,
providing a potential solution for mitigating GNS-related environmental concerns.
Keywords: Albizia lebbeck seeds, Graphene nanosheets toxicity, Cirrhinus mrigala,
Therapeutic potential
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KURUMSAL İFLAS VE YENİDEN YAPILANMA: MALİ SIKINTILARA HUKUKİ
YAKLAŞIMLAR
Dr. Simeana Beshi (ORCID: 0000-0003-2307-6609)
University “Ukshin Hoti,” Faculty of Law, Prizren, Kosovo.
Email: simeana.beshi@uni-prizren.com
Dr. Driola Susuri
University “Ukshin Hoti,” Faculty of Law, Prizren, Kosovo.
Email:driola.susuri@uni-prizren.com
ÖZET
Kurumsal iflas ve yeniden yapılanma, işletmelerin yaşam döngüsünde, alacaklılardan
çalışanlara ve hissedarlara kadar uzanan paydaşlar için derin sonuçlar doğuran kritik
dönemeçleri temsil etmektedir. Bu makale, iflas işlemlerinin ve yeniden yapılandırma
çabalarının doğasında bulunan mekanizmalar ve zorluklar hakkında kapsamlı bir anlayış
sağlamayı amaçlayan, şirketlerin karşılaştığı mali sıkıntılara yönelik hukuki yaklaşımları ele
almaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kurumsal mali sıkıntının çözümünde kullanılan çeşitli yasal
çerçeveleri ve stratejileri analiz etmektir. Doktrinsel hukuki araştırma, iflas yasalarının yargı
bölgeleri arasındaki karşılaştırmalı analizi ve örnek olay incelemelerinin bir kombinasyonu
yoluyla bu araştırma, kurumsal iflas ve yeniden yapılandırma süreçlerinin inceliklerini
aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen temel bulgular, kurumsal mali
sıkıntının çok yönlü doğasını ve iflas işlemlerinin yönetilmesindeki karmaşıklıkları
vurgulamaktadır. Araştırma, iflas, tasfiye, borcun yeniden yapılandırılması ve resmi iflas
işlemleri de dahil olmak üzere sıkıntıda olan şirketlerin yararlanabileceği çeşitli yasal
mekanizmaları belirliyor. Ayrıca alacaklılar, hissedarlar, çalışanlar ve düzenleyici otoriteler
gibi paydaşların iflasın ve yeniden yapılandırma çabalarının sonucunu şekillendirmedeki
rolünü araştırıyor. Bu çalışmanın önemi, politika yapıcılar, hukuk uygulayıcıları, şirket
yöneticileri ve kurumsal mali sıkıntı sorunlarıyla boğuşan akademisyenler için pratik
çıkarımlarda yatmaktadır. İflas ve yeniden yapılandırmaya yönelik hukuki yaklaşımlara ilişkin
bilgiler sağlayan bu araştırma, değeri korumayı, paydaşların çıkarlarını korumayı ve ekonomik
istikrarı teşvik etmeyi amaçlayan karar alma süreçlerine bilgi sağlar. Ayrıca, alacaklı hakları ile
borçlunun rehabilitasyonu arasında bir denge kuran, kurumsal dirençlilik ve büyümeye elverişli
bir ortamı teşvik eden sağlam yasal çerçevelerin öneminin altını çiziyor.
Anahtar Kelimeler: iflas, tasfiye, borçların yeniden yapılandırılması, resmi iflas işlemleri,
ekonomik istikrar.
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CORPORATE INSOLVENCY AND RESTRUCTURING: LEGAL APPROACHES TO
FINANCIAL DISTRESS
ABSTRACT
Corporate insolvency and restructuring represent critical junctures in the life cycle of
businesses, with profound implications for stakeholders ranging from creditors to employees
and shareholders. This paper delves into the legal approaches to financial distress faced by
corporations, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and
challenges inherent in insolvency proceedings and restructuring efforts. The aim of this study
is to analyze the diverse legal frameworks and strategies utilized in addressing corporate
financial distress. Through a combination of doctrinal legal research, comparative analysis of
insolvency laws across jurisdictions, and examination of case studies, this research seeks to
elucidate the intricacies of corporate insolvency and restructuring processes. Key findings from
this study highlight the multifaceted nature of corporate financial distress and the complexities
involved in navigating insolvency proceedings. The research identifies various legal
mechanisms available to distressed companies, including bankruptcy, liquidation, debt
restructuring, and formal insolvency proceedings. Furthermore, it explores the role of
stakeholders such as creditors, shareholders, employees, and regulatory authorities in shaping
the outcome of insolvency and restructuring efforts. The relevance of this study lies in its
practical implications for policymakers, legal practitioners, corporate executives, and scholars
grappling with issues of corporate financial distress. By providing insights into legal approaches
to insolvency and restructuring, this research informs decision-making processes aimed at
preserving value, protecting stakeholders' interests, and promoting economic stability.
Moreover, it underscores the importance of robust legal frameworks that strike a balance
between creditor rights and debtor rehabilitation, fostering an environment conducive to
corporate resilience and growth.
Keywords: bankruptcy, liquidation, debt restructuring, formal insolvency proceedings,
economic stability.
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EFFECT OF PYRAMID SHAPED ABSORBER PLATE AND COTTON FINS ON
THE SOLAR STILL
S. SARAVANAN
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University
P. VELMURUGAN
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University
Email:Annnamalainagar-608002
ABSTRACT
In this study, the performance of a solar still having pyramid-shaped absorber plate is
investigated and compared with the conventional one. The studies were carried out on a uniform
basin area of one square meter and a water depth of 1 cm. In addition, the effect of cotton fabric
covering the fins on the performance of the solar still is reported. It is concluded that the
performance of pyramid shaped absorber plate with cotton cloth on fins display better
performance than conventional solar still, due to the capillary effect.
Keywords: pyramid-shaped, cotton, solar still
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RESEARCH ON FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT DIRECTION OF
INDEPENDENT CLINICAL LABORATORIES IN CHINA IN THE POST EPIDEMIC
ERA
MENGXIANGJI *
Faculty of Business, Hospitality, Accounting and Finance (FBHAF) MAHSA University,
Malaysia
Email: mxji@163.com
Associate Professor Dr. RASHEEDUL HAQUE (ORCID:0000-0001-8170-5413)
Faculty of Business, Hospitality, Accounting and Finance (FBHAF) MAHSA University,
Malaysia
Email: rasheedul@mahsa.edu.my
ABSTRACT
An independent clinical laboratory (or independent medical testing laboratory) refers to a
medical institution with independent legal person qualifications that conducts medical testing
on specimens from the human body for the purpose of providing relevant information for the
diagnosis, management, prevention and treatment of human diseases, or health assessment
(Humphries et al., 2023). Independent clinical laboratories started late in China, but during the
new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, independent clinical laboratories grew rapidly, filling
the service gaps of public healthcare institutions with socialized professional strength
(Reportlinker, 2019). China's independent clinical laboratories played an important role in early
diagnosis, early isolation, early treatment and preventing the spread of the epidemic, and made
significant contributions to the national epidemic prevention and control efforts (Chen et al.,
2021). However, after entering the post-epidemic era, the amount of testing required by the
epidemic has dropped significantly, and the development direction of a large number of
independent clinical laboratories set up during the epidemic due to the need for prevention and
control is faced with the decision of life and death (Rodgers et al., 2021). At the same time, due
to reasons such as the speed of development and regional differences, there are great differences
in the business model and profit level of individual laboratories (Andreini, Bettinelli, Foss, &
Mismetti, 2021). During the large-scale development of independent clinical laboratories,
general testing programs have reached the break-even point, despite the huge stock market of
general testing programs in healthcare institutions and the large number of routine samples
(Kaur et al., 2022). The low profitability of such testing programs, homogenized competition,
and low prices for outsourced services have become common in the industry with weak
profitability (Azhari et al., 2022). Despite better profit margins for specialized testing programs,
such programs require more physical space, equipment and facilities in the laboratory and the
level of testing personnel (Pathmanathan et al., 2022). There are still some problems in the
development of independent clinical laboratories, such as "price wars" and other vicious
competition, costs and other reasons, which increase the risk of declining service quality, and
the lack of appropriate standards for long-distance specimen transportation, which expose
clinical laboratories to new business risks (Ahmed et al., 2022). These three directions involve
corporate profitability, new profit growth points, cost control, etc. And can play a vital role in
the survival and development of independent clinical laboratories (Khalil et al., 2023).
Therefore, it is very necessary to conduct comprehensive research on these important aspects
of independent clinical laboratories (Rahim et al., 2023). In this paper, by reviewing the
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academic information and research results of independent clinical laboratories at home and
abroad, and by combining the perspectives of medical, sociological, and managerial disciplines,
we adopt the literature research method, analytical modeling, and case study as the research
methodology of this paper (Aveyard & Bradbury-Jones, 2019). Combined with the analysis of
the development status and business models of representative medical laboratories at home and
abroad, and the current situation of the institutional reform of domestic medical institutions
under the epidemic, the influential factors affecting the development direction of independent
clinical laboratories (ICLs) have been deeply excavated, and a suggested operation plan has
been put forward (Ramdani, Binsaif, & Boukrami, 2019). This study contributes to advancing
the knowledge and practice of ICL business model optimization and provides valuable insights
for policy makers, ICL leaders, and stakeholders in the greater healthcare industry (Fei et al.,
2024; Osman et al., 2024). It also contributes to the development of faster clinical diagnostics,
precision and personalized medicine, and ultimately, to improving the prognosis of patients
(Wang & Shi, 2021). In addition, the findings provide policymakers with innovative
management decision-making tools to improve the healthcare ecosystem and promote the
development of China's large health industry (Wai et al., 2024).
Keywords: independent clinical laboratory; business model; influencing factors; development
direction; post epidemic era
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE EXPERIENCE OF RAISING CHILDREN AS A SINGLE MOTHER: THE
GOAT AND HER THREE CHILDREN FABLE
Rabia Reyhan KISA (ORCID: 0009-0005-2381-743X)
Marmara University, Faculty of Political Science, Department of Political Science and Public
Administration (French), Istanbul-Türkiye
Email: rreyhancakir@.gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study analyses the gender representation in Victor Canache's horror movie, The Goat and
Her Three Kids, which is based on the fable of Canache's film is based on Ion Creangă's fable
of the same name. The fable discusses the importance of obedience in child education and the
consequences of its absence. Ion Creangă, a Moldovan/Romanian writer, was a teacher who
wrote this fable. The story has very few characters. The protagonist is the mother goat and her
3 little boys. The antagonist is the old wolf, the godfather of the kids. The only female character
in the story is the mother who is trying to raise her 3 baby boys in her house in a desolate and
secluded land. She is a widow and a lonely woman. While raising her children, she tries to
protect them from outside dangers. The adult male character, the wolf, is the danger from
outside. The godfather is traditionally supposed to protect the children, but the story shows the
opposite. Canache's work is a direct adaptation of this fable. The goats and the wolf are replaced
by humans. The story, which mainly deals with the importance of parental obedience with its
frightening consequences, also presents a sharp gender representation.
Keywords: Gender, Romanian Horror, Victor Canache, Ion Creangă
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ROMATİZMAL HASTALIKLARIN TEDAVİSİNDE SIKLIKLA KULLANILAN
BİTKİLER VE BİTKİSEL ÜRÜNLER
Aylin KARACA
Ataturk University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany ErzurumTurkey
Email: aylnkrc134@gmail.com
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Leyla GÜVEN (ORCID: 0000-0002-3189-6415)
Ataturk University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, ErzurumTurkey
Email: leyla.guven@atauni.edu.tr
ÖZET
Romatizma tam olarak iyileştirici tedavisi olmayan kronik hastalıklardandır. Ağrı, tutukluk,
fonksiyon kaybı gibi belirgin ve ağırlaşan semptomlar, kesin tanı konulmasının zorluğu, ilaç
tedavisinin yetersizliği gibi nedenlerden ötürü hastalar alternatif tedavi yöntemlerine
yönelmektedirler. Sıcak ve soğuk uygulamalar, akupunktur, kaplıca gibi birçok alternatif tedavi
yöntemlerinin yanı sıra Türkiye’de en çok tercih edilen yöntem bitkilerle ve bitkisel ürünlerle
tedavidir. Bu alanda bitkisel tedavi amaçlı birçok ürün piyasada bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada
en çok kullanılan ürünler, ürünlerde yer alan bitkiler ve bu bitkilerin romatizma tedavisinde
etkinliği bilimsel olarak incelenmiştir. İnsan yaşamının başlangıcından bu yana, bitki türleri
önemli bir ilaç kaynağı olmuştur. Terapötik ilaçların yeni gelişimi için bir kaynak olarak çeşitli
bitkiler tanımlanmıştır. Bitkisel ilaçların kapsamı son yıllarda önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Ayrıca,
hem gelişmekte olan hem de gelişmiş ülkelerde halkın tıbbi bitkilere olan ilgisi ve kabulü
önemli ölçüde artmıştır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'ne göre, dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık %80'i temel
sağlık ihtiyaçları için tıbbi bitki türlerinden elde edilen bileşikleri içeren geleneksel ilaçları
kullanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, özellikleri, güvenlikleri ve etkinlikleri hakkında daha iyi bilgi
edinmek için bu bitkiler üzerindeki araştırmaları derinleştirmek gerekir. Romatizma
tedavisinde medikal tedavi, fizik tedavi yöntemleri, egzersiz vb. yöntemlerin yanı sıra
romatizma türüne uygun olarak uygun doz ve sıklıkta bitkisel ürünler de destek tedavi olarak
kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada romatizmada yaygın olarak kullanılan bitkilere değinmeye çalıştık.
Bu bitkiler incelendiğinde özellikle Capsicum annuum, Harpagophytum procumbens, Rosa
canina, Nigella sativa, Equisetum arvense, Sesamum indicum, Silybum marianum, Brassica
oleracea, Hypericum perforatum, Rosmarinus officinalis gibi türlerin kullanıldığı
görülmektedir. Bu bitkiler üzerine daha çok deneysel ve klinik araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bu
çalışmada 43 bitkiden bahsedilmiştir. İncelenen bitkiler genellikle Asteraceae familyasına
aittir. Bu bitkiler genellikle romatizmal, kronik enflamatuar ve kas-iskelet sistemi
hastalıklarının giderilmesinde kullanılmıştır. Bitkilerin farklı kısımları tedavi amacıyla
kullanılmaktadır; Rizomları, kökleri, kök sapları, yaprakları, çiçekleri, meyveleri vs.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Romatizma, romatizma tedavisi, bitkisel ürün, bitkilerle tedavi
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PLANTS AND HERBAL PRODUCTS FREQUENTLY USED IN THE TREATMENT
OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES
ABSTRACT
Rheumatism is one of the chronic diseases that does not have a full curative treatment. Patients
turn to alternative treatment methods due to reasons such as obvious and worsening symptoms
such as pain, stiffness, and loss of function, the difficulty of making a definitive diagnosis, and
the inadequacy of drug treatment. In addition to many alternative treatment methods such as
hot and cold applications, acupuncture and spa, the most preferred method in Turkey is
treatment with plants and herbal products. Many products for herbal treatment in this field are
available on the market. In this study, the most commonly used products, the plants included in
the products, and the effectiveness of these plants in the treatment of rheumatism were
scientifically examined. Since the beginning of human life, plant species have been an
important source of medicine. Various plants have been identified as a source for the novel
development of therapeutic drugs. The scope of herbal medicines has increased significantly in
recent years. Additionally, public interest and acceptance of medicinal plants has increased
significantly in both developing and developed countries. According to the World Health
Organization, approximately 80% of the world's population uses traditional medicines
containing compounds derived from medicinal plant species for their basic health needs.
Therefore, it is necessary to deepen research on these plants to gain better knowledge about
their properties, safety and effectiveness. Medical treatment, physical therapy methods,
exercise, etc. are used in the treatment of rheumatism. In addition to methods, herbal products
can also be used as supportive treatment in appropriate doses and frequencies according to the
type of rheumatism. In this study, we tried to mention plants commonly used in rheumatism.
When these plants are examined, it is seen that species such as Capsicum annuum,
Harpagophytum procumbens, Rosa canina, Nigella sativa, Equisetum arvense, Sesamum
indicum, Silybum marianum, Brassica oleracea, Hypericum perforatum, Rosmarinus officinalis
are used. More experimental and clinical research has been conducted on these plants. 43 plants
were mentioned in this study. The plants examined generally belong to the Asteraceae family.
These plants have often been used to relieve rheumatic, chronic inflammatory and
musculoskeletal diseases. Different parts of plants are used for therapeutic purposes; Rhizomes,
roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, etc.
Keywords: Rheumatism, treatment of rheumatism, herbal product, treatment with plants.
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FARKLI YEREL ZEMİN SINIFLARINDAKİ AYAKLI KÖPRÜLERİN SİSMİK
ANALİZİ
Mustafa Enes ÖZTÜRK (ORCID: 0009-0001-4493-701X)
Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil
Engineering, Istanbul-Turkey
Email: ozturkm18@itu.edu.tr
ÖZET
Köprüler tarihin uzun dönemleri boyunca kullanılmış olan ve genellikle nehir, vadi veya diğer
engelleri geçmek için kullanılan yapılardır. Köprüler uzun açıklıkları birbirlerine bağladığından
ve ulaşımı kolaylaştırdıklarından uzun yıllar maruz kaldıkları dış etkenlere karşı dayanmaları
amaçlanır. Deprem dayanımları açısından incelendiklerinde köprülerin deprem analizleri
doğrudan bina deprem analizleri gibi yapılmaz. Köprüler binaların aksine yatay doğrultuda
uzun açıklıklara sahip olacak şekilde tasarlanır. Köprülerin uzun açıklıklara sahip olması
durumunda, ayaklarının bulunduğu zemin koşullarında değişkenlik gözükebilir. Yerel zemin
koşulunun değişmesi, ayaklara gelen deprem ivmesinin de farklılaşacağı anlamına gelir. Yerel
zemin koşulunun değişmesine bağlı olarak köprü ayaklarında oluşan deprem ivmelerinin farklı
büyüklüklere sahip olmasına "değişken zemin etkisi" denir. Bu etkinin olduğu köprüler yapı
analiz programlarında doğrudan mod birleştirme yöntemiyle çözülemezler ve daha detaylı
analiz aşamları gerektirir. Analiz yöntemi olarak 3 farklı çözüm yöntemi kullanılabilir. İlk
yöntemde değişken zemin etkisi göz önünde bulundurulmaz. Köprü boyunca bulunan yerel
zemin sınıflarından en zayıf olanı seçilir ve üniform deprem yer hareketi kabulü yapılır. İkinci
yöntemde zaman tanım alanında deplasman analizi yapılır. Belirli bir sayıda deprem yer
kayıtları seçilir ve bu kayıtların oluşturduğu deplasmanlar köprünün ayaklarına tekil yükler
olarak etki ettirilirler. Üçüncü yöntem olarak da, değişken zemin etkisi göz önünde
bulundurularak mod birleştirme yapılır. Bu son yöntemde modal katkı çarpanları bulunurken
köprü ayaklarına birim deplasmanlar etki ettirilerek hesap yapılması gerekmektedir. Her bir
ayaktaki zemin sınıfı için tasarım tepki spektrumu çıkartılır ve analizde her bir tepki
spektrumunun kullanılması gerekir. Dolayısıyla bu işlem doğrudan yapı analiz programlarında
yapılmaz. Bu çalışma kapsamında 3 metod da incelenecek ve yapının elastomer mesnetlerinde
meydana gelen deformasyonlar ile köprü ayaklarında meydana gelen kesme kuvveti-moment
değerleri birbirleriyle karşılaştırılacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Köprü, Deprem, Değişken Zemin Etkisi, Üniform Deprem Yer Hareketi,
Değişken Deprem Yer Hareketi, Zaman Tanım Alanında Deplasman Analizi, Mod Birleştirme
Analizi
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SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF BRIDGES WITH PIERS ON DIFFERENT LOCAL SOIL
CLASSES
ABSTRACT
Bridges are structures that have been used throughout history and are typically used to cross
lakes, valleys, or other obstacles. Bridges are designed to withstand external factors for many
years as they connect long spans and facilitate transportation. When examined in terms of
earthquake resistance, bridges are not analyzed directly like buildings. Unlike buildings,
bridges are designed to have long spans horizontally. In cases where bridges have long spans,
variability may appear in the ground conditions where the piers are located. The change in local
ground conditions means that the earthquake accelerations at the piers will also vary. The
varying earthquake accelerations at the bridge piers due to the change in local ground conditions
are referred to as "variable ground effect". Three different solution methods can be used as
analysis methods. In the first method, the variable ground effect is not considered. The weakest
local ground class along the bridge is selected, and uniform earthquake ground motion is
assumed. In the second method, displacement time history analysis is performed. A certain
number of earthquake ground records are selected, and the displacements generated by these
records are applied as unit loads on the bridge piers. As the third method, modal superposition
is performed considering the variable ground effect. In this method, modal participation factors
are found, and calculations must be made by applying unit displacements to the bridge piers.
Design response spectra are produced for each soil class at each pier, and each response
spectrum must be used in the analysis. Therefore, this process can not directly performed in
structural analysis programs. Within the scope of this study, three methods will be examined,
and the deformations occurring at the elastomeric bearings of the structure and the shear forcemoment values occurring at the bridge supports will be compared.
Keywords: Bridge, Earthquake, Variable Ground Effect, Uniform Earthquake Ground Motion,
Variable Earthquake Ground Motion, Displacement Time History, Modal Superposition
Method.
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ANALYSIS OF A TRADITIONAL AND A FUZZY LOGIC ENHANCED PERTURB
AND OBSERVE ALGORITHM FOR THE MPPT OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Ramzi EL IDRISSI*
LPMAT Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Ain Chock, Hassan II University, Casablanca,
Morocco
Abdelkabir BACHA
LRI Laboratory, ENSEM, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
Fatima LMAI
Higher Institute of Maritime Studies (ISEM), Casablanca, Morocco
Email:ramzi.elidrissi-etu@etu.univh2c.ma
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the results of applying two different methodologies for maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) to a photovoltaic (PV) system comprised of five solar panels connected
in series. Initially, we considered a traditional Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm. Secondly,
we integrated a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) that utilizes fuzzy logic principles to enhance
the traditional P&O algorithm. Both algorithms were integrated into a boost converter. The
main aim of this paper is to study if an artificial intelligence (AI) based maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) method can outperform a traditional MPPT method in terms of efficiency,
stability, and adaptability under varying environmental conditions such as solar irradiation and
temperature and also to analyze their behaviour in steady state conditions. The proposed FLC
in this study demonstrated superior performance compared to the controller using the traditional
P&O algorithm. This superiority can be attributed to the FLC adaptive step size, which enables
it to quickly adapt the photovoltaic system to changing environmental conditions. As a result,
the FLC can more rapidly identify the correct maximum power point (MPP) and achieve lower
oscillations in steady state conditions. The simulations in this study were performed using
MATLAB/Simulink.
Keywords: photovoltaic (PV); boost converter; maximum power point (MPP); maximum
power point tracking (MPPT); Perturb and Observe (P&O); fuzzy logic controller (FLC)
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SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM
ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF TRIDAX PROCUMBENS.L
Prof. Dr. R. Saravanan
Faculty of Pharmacy, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India 600
073.
ABSTRACT
In recent science Nanotechnology is a burning field for the researchers. Nanotechnology deals
with the Nanoparticles having a size of 1-100 nm in one dimension used significantly
concerning medical chemistry, atomic physics, and all other known fields. Silver nanoparticles
were synthesized using aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens leaves, and silver nitrate. XRD,
SEM, FTIR, Optical absorption were measured and analyzed. The synthesized AgNps exhibits
lowest energy absorption band at 400 nm. Synthesis of Nanoparticles may involve various
routes including physical, chemical and biological approaches. Traditionally these are
manufactured by wet chemical methods which require toxic and flammable chemicals.
Nanoparticles thus formed are confirmed and characterized by using UV-Visible Spectroscopy,
SEM, FTIR, Zeta Analysis, XRD measurements. Further, these green synthesized
Nanoparticles showed bactericidal activity against multidrug-resistant human pathogenic
bacteria. The AgNps formed were found to have enhanced antimicrobial properties and showed
zone of inhibition against isolated bacteria (Escherichia coli) from garden soil sample. In
totality, the AgNps prepared are safe to be discharged in the environment and possibly utilized
in process of pollution remediation. AgNps may also be efficiently utilized in agricultural
research to obtain better health of crop plants as shown by our study.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles; FTIR; SEM; Antimicrobial Activity; Tridax procumbens.
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ADDED VALUE OF OVER-RIPED BANANAS FRUIT BECOME DRIED-SOGGY
SALE-PISANG
Ristina Siti SUNDARI (ORCID:0000-0002-5310-8520)
Agribusiness Study Program, Agricultural Faculty, University of Perjuangan Tasikmalaya. Jl.
PETA No. 177 Tasikmalaya 46115. West Java. Indonesia.
Email:ristina.sitisundari@yahoo.com
Rilla Tresnadola TARIGAN
Food Technology, Technical Faculty. University of Pasundan. Jl. Setiabudhi Bandung. West
Java. Indonesia
Email:rillatresnadola@gmail.com
Farhan AHMAD (ORCID:0000-0002-4248-0714)
Agricultural Science, Agricultural Faculty, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl Bandung Sumedang
km 21. Jatinangor. Sumedang. West Java. Indonesia
Email: farhan,syk@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Very ripening bananas are unsuitable for fresh eating; they are usually thrown away. Even
though overripe bananas can still be used and consumed again if they are processed by drying
in the sun to become Sale-Pisang sweetened banana chips, apart from reuse, Sale-Pisang has a
high shelf life. It will last even longer and become a delicious and nutritious snack if it is further
processed, such as frying it in flour. Over-ripe bananas experience an increase in glucose when
dried in the sun, so they taste sweeter than fresh bananas. This research was conducted to
provide information on the added value of over-ripe banana waste if it is processed into SalePisang (banana sunlight drying) in Tasikmalaya Regency. This quantitative study uses the
Hayami Method Added Value analysis of the wet and dry sale-banana production process (wet
sale-bananas fried in flour). This research aims to determine the added value of over-ripe
banana waste to produce soggy bananas. This research showed that 3,333 kg of overripe
bananas cost IDR 2,000 to 1 kg Sale-Pisang, and the price per kilogram is IDR 60,000.
Conversion factor 0.3. The added value ratio is 87.44% for the Ambon (Cavendish) banana
type. The output value is 18,000 per kg, and the added value is 15,739.25. The rate benefit level
is 82.21%. The margin of benefit is IDR 16,000. This result showed that banana sale products
provide very significant benefits. From the added value ratio, it can be seen from these two
products that the banana sales business is relatively high because the resulting ratio is more
excellent than 50%. Processing over-ripe bananas can create business opportunities, increase
income and welfare, and resolve environmental problems by reducing banana waste.
Keywords: Banana Sale, Home Industry, Added Value.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INSULIN RESISTANCE AND IRON METABOLISM IN DIABETES
Dr. Karimova Rena JABBAR (ORCID:0009-0004-4323-9625)
Azerbaijan Medical University, Doctor-Neonatologist, Department of Pharmacology, Senior
Researcher, Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine,
Email:dr.renakerimova@mail.ru
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Irada Aliyeva JAMİLYEVNA
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor of Philosophy in
Medicine
Prof. Abiyev Huseyn AZİZULLA (ORCID:0009-0004-9319-5317)
Azerbaijan Medical University, Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Doctor of
Biological Sciences
Dr. Ismayilova Konul IDRİS
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor
Endocrinologist
Dr. Ismayilova Fatma ZAKİR
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor
Endocrinologist
Mammadov Shahmar AJDAR
Azerbaijan Medical University, Department of Normal Physiology
ABSTRACT
Iron is an important trace element for living organisms as it participates in a range of metabolic
processes, such as oxygen transport, energy metabolism, nucleotide synthesis, and electron
transport, Although vital, excessive amounts of iron can be toxic, therefore, its concentration
needs to be maintained within an ideal range. Iron homeostasis is regulated and maintained by
iron metabolism. Thus, iron metabolic homeostasis is required for the optimal functioning of
fundamental physiological processes. Iron homeostasis in humans is regulated by balancing
iron uptake with intracellular utilization and storage. Dietary iron is absorbed by duodenal
enterocytes and binds to transferrin in the plasma. Transferrin limits the production of toxic
free radicals and is responsible for ferric-ion delivery into cells. The iron homeostasis system
maintains transferrin saturation at physiological levels.
Keywords: Diabetes, Insulin resistance, Iron metabolism
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CHARACTERIZATION AND DIAGNOSTIC DETERMINATION OF
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF PERSISTENT HYPERPLASIA OF THE
THYMUS GLAND
Dr. Karimova Rena JABBAR (ORCID:0009-0004-4323-9625)
Azerbaijan Medical University, Doctor-Neonatologist, Department of Pharmacology, Senior
Researcher, Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine
Email:dr.renakerimova@mail.ru
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Irada Aliyeva JAMILYEVNA
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor of Philosophy in
Medicine, Associate Professor
Prof. Abiyev Huseyn AZIZULLA (ORCID: 0009-0004-9319-5317)
Azerbaijan Medical University,Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Doctor
of Biological Sciences, Professor
Dr. Ismayilova Fatma ZAKIR
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor
Endocrinologist, Assistant
Abaszade Zumrud AMIRGULU
Azerbaijan Medical University, Department of Normal Physiology, Asst. Teacher
Mammadov Shahmar AJDAR
Azerbaijan Medical University, Department of Normal Physiology, Asst.Senior Lecturer
ABSTRACT
Thymic hyperplasia could be true thymic or lymphoid hyperplasia. It is usually found
incidentally or could present with compressive symptoms or systemic symptoms due to
autoimmune disease like myasthenia gravis. The diagnosis is made through a chest CT or MRI.
Treatment for symptomatic patients is mostly thymectomy. This activity describes
pathophysiology, evaluation, and management of thymic hyperplasia and highlights the role of
the interprofessional team in the evaluation and treatment of patients with thymic hyperplasia.
The production of functional T-cell is choreographed by thymic epithelial cells that guide them
in proliferation, maturation, and survival. The thymic epithelial cells are compartmentalized
into two main populations medullary thymic epithelial cells and cortical thymic epithelial cells.
These populations are further segregated into distinct subpopulations having specific molecular
and functional roles. There are two major etiologies of thymic hyperplasia. It could be
congenital or acquired. The congenital thymic hyperplasia can be hypo functioning or
hyperfunctioning and is found to be the result of neuroendocrine disturbances, usually within
the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system. Thymic hyperplasia with hypo functioning thymus
would lead to immune deficiency. Hyperfunctioning thymic hyperplasia could lead to
autoimmune diseases, most commonly myasthenia gravis, but the relationship has also been
found with graves' disease and collagen vascular disorders. Acquired thymic hyperplasia can
also result in hypo functioning or hyperfunctioning thymus.
Keywords: Thymus gland, Persistent hyperplasia, Physiological changes, Diagnosis
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE
DYSFUNCTION OF METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH
ADIPOSOGENITAL OBESITY
Dr. Karimova Rena JABBAR (ORCID:0009-0004-4323-9625)
Azerbaijan Medical University,Doctor-Neonatologist,Department of Pharmacology,
Senior Researcher, Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine,
Email:dr.renakerimova@mail.ru
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Irada Aliyeva JAMİLYEVNA
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor of Philosophy in
Medicine, Associate Professor
Prof. Abiyev Huseyn AZİZULLA (ORCID:0009-0004-9319-5317)
Azerbaijan Medical University,Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Doctor
of Biological Sciences, Professor
Dr.Aliyeva Samaya Mirmohammed
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor
Endocrinologist, Assistant
Dr. Jafarova Zemfira IBRAHİM
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor
Endocrinologist, Assistant
Alakbarova Mehriban GANI
Azerbaijan Medical University, Junior researcher of the Department of Synthesis of
Biologically Active Substances
ABSTRACT
Obesity is a critical risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and its prevalence
is rising worldwide. White adipose tissue (WAT) has a crucial role in regulating systemic
energy homeostasis. Adipose tissue expands by a combination of an increase in adipocyte size
(hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia). The recruitment and differentiation of adipose
precursor cells in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), rather than merely inflating the cells,
would be protective from the obesity-associated metabolic complications. In metabolically
unhealthy obesity, the storage capacity of SAT, the largest WAT depot, is limited, and further
caloric overload leads to the fat accumulation in ectopic tissues (e.g., liver, skeletal muscle, and
heart) and in the visceral adipose depots, an event commonly defined as lipotoxicity. Excessive
ectopic lipid accumulation leads to local inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). Indeed,
overnutrition triggers uncontrolled inflammatory responses in WAT, leading to chronic lowgrade inflammation, therefore fostering the progression of IR. Severe obesity is associated with
elevated risks of adverse health consequences. The prevalence of obesity is rising worldwide,
and if the trend continues, global prevalence will reach 18% in men and 21% in women by 2025
. A positive energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure results in weight
gain and obesity . Many factors, including genetics, epigenetics, and lifestyle factors, have been
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implicated in obesity pathogenesis. In most cases, no single factor is exclusively responsible
for the development of obesity.
Keywords: Adipozogenital obesity, Metabolic complications, Pathophysiology, Clinical
manifestations, Adipose tissue
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
1,3-BISISOPROPYLXANTHOGENATESULFOPHENOL AS AN EXTREME
PRESSURE ADDITIVE FOR TRANSMISSION OILS
Asis. Prof. Nelya Novotorzhina (ORCID:0000-0001-6618-7574)
Institute of Chemistry of Additives, Azerbaijan, Baku
Email:novotorjinanelya1947@gmail.com
Dissert. candidate Shafa Kazimzadeh (ORCID:0000-0002-3016-9849)
Institute of Chemistry of Additives, Azerbaijan, Baku
Email:lkazimzade@mail.ru,
Asis. Prof. Mehpara Safarova (ORCID:0000-0002-2680-5654)
Institute of Chemistry of Additives, Azerbaijan, Baku
Email:mehpare_seferova-2952@mail.ru
Asis. Prof. Gariba Gahramanova (ORCID:0000-0003-4554-9681)
Institute of Chemistry of Additives, Azerbaijan, Baku
Email:qehremanova1952@gmail.com
Yegana Mustafayeva (ORCID:0000-0001-7004-6299)
Institute of Chemistry of Additives, Azerbaijan, Baku
Email:yegane.434@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
At the present stage of development of mechanical engineering, the need for the creation of
highly efficient transmission oils is growing from year to year. To develop them, it is important
to add high-quality additives to base oils that can protect transmission systems from wear,
increasing their durability. Such additives include compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen,
phosphorus and other elements. The authors of this work synthesized 1,3-isopropylxanthate
sulfophenol as an extreme pressure additive for transmission oils. The compound was obtained
by reacting phenol bissulfonyl chloride with potassium isopropyl xanthate:
The reaction was carried out in an aqueous medium or isopropyl alcohol at a temperature of 50600C. The starting compounds for the synthesis of 1,3-isopropylxanthate sulfophenol were
obtained by the authors of this work according to the following schemes using a well-known
method [1]:
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The structure of the synthesized compound was proven by studying the elemental composition
and using IR spectroscopy. Extreme pressure properties were studied on a four-ball friction
machine (FFM-1). The evaluation of extreme pressure properties was carried out according to
the load wear index (LWI), according to the critical load (CL) and according to the welding
load (WL). The studies were carried out in comparison with the structurally similar compound
5-methyl-2-phenylcarbonylmethyl ester of diisopropylxanthogenic acid [2] and the well-known
extreme pressure additive ethylene bisisopropyl xanthate (Lz-23k) [3]. As follows from the
results of the study, 1,3-bisisopropylxanthate sulfophenol surpasses known compounds in
extreme pressure properties. As a result, it can be used as an extreme pressure additive for
transmission oils.
Keywords: xanthates, extreme pressure properties, transmission oil.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF ADRENAL CORTEX DRUG DEFICIENCY
Dr. Karimova Rena JABBAR (ORCID:0009-0004-4323-9625)
Azerbaijan Medical University,Doctor-Neonatologist,Department of Pharmacology,
Senior Researcher, Doctor of Philosophy in Medicine
Email:dr.renakerimova@mail.ru
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Irada Aliyeva JAMILYEVNA
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor of Philosophy in
Medicine, Associate Professor
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Huseynova Gulbeniz ASIF
Azerbaijan Medical University, Department of Pharmacology, Doctor of Philosophy in
Medicine, Associate Professor
Prof. Abiyev Huseyn AZIZULLA (ORCID:0009-0004-9319-5317)
Azerbaijan Medical University,Department of Medical and Biological Physics, Doctor
of Biological Sciences, Professor
Dr. Aliyeva Gunel MUHARRAM
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases, Doctor
Endocrinologist, Assistant
Mammadov Shahmar Ajdar
Azerbaijan Medical University, Department of Normal Physiology, Asst.Senior Lecturer
ABSTRACT
The role of the adrenal glands in your body is to release certain hormones directly into the
bloodstream. Many of these hormones have to do with how the body responds to stress, and
some are vital to existence. Both parts of the adrenal glands the adrenal cortex and the adrenal
medulla perform distinct and separate functions. Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone produced
by the zona fasciculata that plays several important roles in the body. It helps control the body’s
use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates; suppresses inflammation; regulates blood pressure;
increases blood sugar; and can also decrease bone formation. This hormone also controls the
sleep/wake cycle. It is released during times of stress to help your body get an energy boost and
better handle an emergency situation. Adrenal glands produce hormones in response to signals
from the pituitary gland in the brain, which reacts to signaling from the hypothalamus, also
located in the brain. This is referred to as the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis. As an
example, for the adrenal gland to produce cortisol, the following occurs: The hypothalamus
produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) that stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH). ACTH then stimulates the adrenal glands to make and
release cortisol hormones into the blood. Normally, both the hypothalamus and the pituitary
gland can sense whether the blood has the appropriate amount of cortisol circulating. If there is
too much or too little cortisol, these glands respectively change the amount of CRH and ACTH
that gets released. This is referred to as a negative feedback loop. Excess cortisol production
can occur from nodules in the adrenal gland or excess production of ACTH from a tumor in the
pituitary gland or other source.
Keywords: Adrenal gland, Shell layer, Medicinal failure
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
STRESS-INDUCED DISRUPTION OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS, ONE OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT ORGANS FOR PREGNANCY
Dr. Karimova Rena JABBAR (ORCID:0009-0004-4323-9625)
Azerbaijan Medical University, Doctor-Neonatologist, Department of Pharmacology
Email:dr.renakerimova@mail.ru
Dr. Babayeva Mansura YASHAR
Azerbaijan Medical University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Irada Aliyeva JAMİLYEVNA
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases
Prof. Abiyev Huseyn AZİZULLA (ORCID:0009-0004-9319-5317)
Azerbaijan Medical University,Department of Medical and Biological Physics
Dr. Aliyeva Gunel MUHARRAM
Azerbaijan Medical University 2nd Department of İnternal Diseases
Mammadov Shahmar AJDAR
Azerbaijan Medical University, Department of Normal Physiology
ABSTRACT
The Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is comprised of the hypothalamus, pituitary
gland, and adrenal glands. It regulates the body’s adaptive response to stress. Stress is a huge
factor as it can mess up every single hormone. In particular progesterone, one of the most
important hormones for fertility and pregnancy, is not only produced by the corpus luteum of
the ovary, but is also produced by the adrenal glands. This means that if you are under a lot of
stress then your adrenal glands may have shut down your production of progesterone in favour
of stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. I really believe this was a huge factor in my
fertility journey and is likely to be a major factor with a lot of women in this day and age. When
we are under stress our body tends to shut down our reproductive hormones as getting pregnant
is not essential for our survival. The stress response serves to prioritise survival over less
essential physiological functions, inclusion growth, and reproduction.
Keywords: Pregnancy, Adrenal glands, Stress, Pathology
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EXPLORING THE ECOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL BENEFITS OF DILL
(ANETHUM GRAVEOLENS) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SPIRULINA (arthrospira
platensis): A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Dr. Associate Professor Ulviyya Mammadova (ORCID:0000-0003-4887-3831)
Ministry of Science and Education of Azerbaijan, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry
Soil Ecology International Department Azerbaijan, Baku, AZ1073, Mammad Rahim 5
Email:um.mammadova@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Dill (Anethum graveolens) is a plant species traditionally used for culinary and medicinal
purposes. This study aims to explore the ecological and medicinal benefits of dill compared to
Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). By examining the ecological effects of dill in natural habitats,
the plant's impact on habitat diversity and ecosystem health In addition, focusing on the medical
potential of dill, its pharmacological effects such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties were investigated. The possible benefits and therapeutic potential of these effects on
human health were evaluated. Compared with Spirulina, the nutritional content and biological
properties of dill were analyzed. The use of dill as a potential alternative for human health has
been examined, with particular emphasis on its effects on digestive health and metabolic
balance. This comprehensive comparative study makes an important contribution to
understanding dill's potential for both ecological balance and human health. However, it should
be noted that the medicinal use of dill needs further research and clinical studies. In conclusion,
this study investigating the potential advantages of Anethum graveolens as an alternative source
is an important step to promote and evaluate the versatile use of the plant. Dill presents
numerous advantages over spirulina. Primarily, dill is widely accessible and can be easily
grown in diverse climates, rendering it more sustainable and attainable for widespread
utilization. Additionally, dill boasts abundant essential oils such as carvone and limonene,
renowned for their antimicrobial attributes and supportive role in digestive wellness. Moreover,
dill is a notable source of vitamin C, pivotal for immune function and collagen synthesis, an
attribute absent in spirulina. Furthermore, dill's culinary adaptability facilitates its integration
into an extensive array of dishes, enriching both taste and aroma, unlike spirulina, which may
be limited in culinary applications due to its pronounced taste and scent. Lastly, dill holds a
longstanding tradition as a medicinal herb in various cultures, offering potential therapeutic
advantages that extend beyond its nutritional composition. In the comparison between dill and
spirulina, it is seen that dill is economically more suitable. In addition, the ecological effects of
dill have been determined to be more sustainable and less harmful to nature. Medically, dill's
traditional uses and health benefits are similar to spirulina.
Keywords: Dill (Anethum graveolens), spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), ecological benefits,
medical advantages
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
STUDY OF RESPIRATION INTENSITY AND REDUCING ACTIVITY IN
DIFFERENT BARLEY AND WHEAT GENOTYPES UNDER SALT STRESS
CONDITIONS
Boyukkhanim JAFARZADE (ORCID: 0000-0002-0209-1829)
Baku State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Botany,
Baku, Azerbaijan
Email: Cxanum@mail.ru
Rana IBRAHIMOVA (ORCID: 0009-0007-0468-2618)
Baku State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Botany,
Baku, Azerbaijan
Email: ibrhmvarena@gmail.com
Prof. Vilayet ABDIYEV (ORCID: 0009-0006-4416-0649)
Baku State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Botany,
Baku, Azerbaijan
Email:vilayet.abdiyev@mail.ru
Assoc. Prof. Sevinj ISMAYILOVA (ORCID: 0009-0002-5135-8208)
Baku State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Botany,
Baku, Azerbaijan
Email: ismayilovasevinc961@gmail.com
Nigar ALIYEVA (ORCID: 0009-0003-6116-6223)
Baku State University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Plant Physiology and Botany,
Baku, Azerbaijan
Email: Aliyeva.plantphysiology@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Respiration intensity and reducing activity of different concentrations of NaCl, Na2SO4 salts
(25-100 мМ) in "Garabagh-22", "Dayanatli" genotypes of barley (Hordeum Vulgare) and in
"Layagatli", "Gobustan" genotypes of wheat (Triticum durum L.) have been studied using
polarographic method and spectrophotometric method respectively.The amount of oxygen
absorption by the roots of 7-day-old barley sprouts is found to be lower than that of wheat
sprouts. Although the different plant seedlings germinated in water are differed in the amount
of oxygen absorption, the kinetics were similar and were characterized by a single-phase curve.
Oxygen absorption was also studied in plants germinated in different concentration salt
solutions. It turned out that during the long-term exposure to salts, the weakening of oxygen
absorption by roots occurs already at low concentrations (25 мM), and oxygen absorption
decreases more sharply in sulfate salinity than in chloride salinity.The studies revealed that the
reducing activity in the roots of wheat sprouts was higher than that of barley sprouts, and with
the increase in the salt concentration, the reduction activity decreased sharply. According to the
reducing activity and the amount of oxygen absorption, plants can be arranged in the following
order:
Gobustan > Layagatli > Dayanatli > Garabagh-22.An inverse correlative relationship was
determined between salt resistance of plants and respiration intensity and reducing activity.If
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to compare the effect of isocationic salts on respiration intensity and reducing activity, the
negative effect of SO4-2 ion was higher than that of Cl-.It was found out that the stability of the
studied plant genotypes is in the Garabagh-22 > Dayanatli > Layagatli > Gobustan sequence
and Garabagh-22 and Dayanatli barley genotypes can be planted in weak saline soils.Based on
the obtained result, the method of determination of the reducing activity of the root system can
be recommended to be used as an express biological test to determine the sale tolerance of the
plants.
Keywords: oxygen absorption amount, reducing activity, respiration intensity, salt resistance.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF
ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED LATTICE STRUCTURES
Lkadi OMAR (ORCID :0000-0002-2004-4102)
Laboratory of Productive Mechanics and Industrial Engineering (LMPGI)
Higher School of Technology, University Hassan II (ESTC), Casablanca, Morocco,
Email:omar.lkadi-etu@etu.univh2c.ma
Nassraoui MOHAMMED
Laboratory of Productive Mechanics and Industrial Engineering (LMPGI)
Higher School of Technology, University Hassan II (ESTC), Casablanca, Morocco
Email:mohammed.nassraoui@univh2c.ma
Bouksour OTMANE
Laboratory of Productive Mechanics and Industrial Engineering (LMPGI)
Higher School of Technology, University Hassan II (ESTC), Casablanca, Morocco,
Email: otmane.bouksour@univh2c.ma
ABSTRACT
Additive manufacturing (AM) has emerged as a transformative technology, allowing the
creation of complex geometries with design freedom. In this study, we study the design
optimization and mechanical characterization of lattice structures manufactured using fused
deposition modeling (FDM). Lattice structures, known for their lightweight and high-strength
properties, offer enormous potential for various engineering applications. This study
investigates the impact of lattice unit cell selection, material choices, and topology optimization
on the mechanical performance of a produced parts, with evaluation of the influence of varying
lattice densities and geometries on the final mechanical properties, such as tensile strength,
compressive strength, and stiffness. The methodology adopted includes the use of CAD tools
for generating the lattice geometries, pursued by FDM technology using the equipment in
laboratory. Material properties of the lattice structures are determined through mechanical
testing and validated using simulations to ensure precision. The results obtained reveal
important insights into the relationship between lattice design parameters and mechanical
behavior. We observe that specific lattice unit cell configurations demonstrate superior
mechanical properties compared to conventional solid structures. Additionally, the effects of
FDM process parameters and material selection on the global performance of the lattice
structures are discussed. This study contributes to the advancement of design for additive
manufacturing, providing valuable guidelines for engineers and designers to leverage the full
potential of lattice structures in diverse engineering applications.
Keywords: Additive Manufacturing, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Lattice Structures,
Design Optimization, Topology Optimization.
249
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION IN THE PATH MORPHOLOGY OF SARS-COV
Shirinova LALA (ORCID:0000-0001-8347-5367)
Western Caspian University, Faculty of High Technologies and Natural Sciences, Master in
Molecular Biology, Baku, Azerbaijan.
Email:lalasirinova8@gmail.com
Abbasov MEHRAJ (ORCID:0000-0002-2564-3411)
Genetic Resources Institute, Ministry of Science and Education Doctor of Philosophy in
Biological Sciences. Baku, Azerbaijan
Email: mehraj_genetic@yahoo.com
Namazova KAMALA (ORCID:0000-0001-9424-7159)
Senior researcher of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care of the
Scientific Surgery Center named after Academician M. Topchubashov, Candidate of
Medical Sciences, Associate Professor. Baku, Azerbaijan.
Email:nkamala@mail.ru
Aslanov AZER (ORCID:0000-0002-3999-831X)
Head of the Operating Unit of the Scientific Surgery Center named after Academician M.
Topchubashov, anesthesiologist, and candidate of medical sciences. Baku, Azerbaijan.
Email:azeraslanov246@gmail.com
Gasım AMRAHLI (ORCID:0000-0002-1126-3653)
General manager of Mediclub Hospital
Email:gasim.amrahli@gmail.com
Musayeva NARMİNA (ORCID:0000-0001-8947-6766)
Junior researcher of the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care of the
Scientific Center of Surgery named after Academician M. Topchubashov,
anesthesiologist-resuscitator, candidate of medical sciences.
Email: aon_67@mail.ru
Guliev RASHAD (ORCID:0000-0001-7019-8110)
Anesthesiologist of the Anesthesiology-Resuscitation Department of the Scientific
Surgery Center named after Academician M. Topchubashov, doctor-ordinator. Baku,
Azerbaijan.
Email:drrashadquliyev077@mail.ru
Shirinova NARGİZ (ORCID:0009-0007-3441-602X)
Azerbaijan Medical University, Student of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Baku, Azerbaijan.
Email:shirinovanergiz2006@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Diagnostic determination of immune system biomarkers during COVID-19 is of great
importance. The main task of the immune system is to protect the body from allergens, bacteria
and virus attacks. At this time, the immune system kills the mutated cells and protects health.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
The main manifestations of immune activation during COVID-19 are characterized by an
increase in the concentration of neutrophils, IL-6 and C-reactive protein in the blood serum,
and a decrease in the concentration of lymphocytes. Our goal is to share our achievements by
studying the role of immune system biomarkers in Covid-19 infection. According to the extract
epicrisis of the medical history we investigated, on 21.05.2020 (MediClub Hospital, M/h No.
pc-110457), during the computer tomographic examination of the patient who was admitted to
the hospital with the diagnosis "Viral pneumonia of the lungs. Lung respiratory distress
syndrome. 80% damage of lung parenchyma, "frosted glass" was found. Looking at the
immunological laboratory indicators, it was found that lymphocyte-14%; CRP-461.99 mg/l;
IL-6 was 539.0 pg/ml. Concentration of immune system biomarkers in 2 stages: Stage I - when
entering the Intensive Care Department; Stage II, was studied on the 5th-7th days of the
disease.C-reactive protein, an "acute phase" protein that increases to high concentrations and
stimulates the body's immune responses, activates defence systems, has been studied in both
phases. Although CRP was 461.99 mg/l in stage I, this indicator decreased sharply by 4.85
times (p<0.01) in stage II but remained 19.1 times higher than the norm. The main protective
biomarker of the immune system is lymphocytes, some of which are involved in the synthesis
of antibodies, others fight against infection, and some prevent its spread. The last moment
enables the formation of an immune response. The concentration of lymphocytes was
11.2±0.5% in stage I, and in stage II this indicator increased 1.64 times (p<0.01) and reached
the lower limit of the norm and is statistically honest. Assessment of cytokine production in
COVID-19 disease, particularly interleukin-6 concentrations as a pro-inflammatory cytokine
that enhances the immune response, has also been studied. In stage I, IL-6 was high, 4.28 times
(p<0.01) more than the control group. In the II stage, this indicator decreased by 7.51 times
(p<0.001) to the level of the control group, the normal range. In the II group, it was very high
in the I stage, it was 12.95 times more than the control group, and 3.03 times more than the I
group (p<0.01). Although it was 2.8 times more compared to the control group in the II stages,
it decreased by 4.63 times (p<0.05) compared to the I stage, but it was 4.91 times more
(p<0.001) compared to the I group and it is statistically honest.Even if a person's body
overcomes the coronavirus disease, the body is still highly susceptible to various types of
infections. This is associated with the weakening of the immune system in the human body.
83% of the patients diagnosed with coronavirus were found to have lymphopenia in the
literature we researched. Assessment of cytokine production in COVID-19, particularly
interleukin 6 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine that enhances the immune response, was studied,
with IL-6 at 10 pg/ml as the norm. In stage I, IL-6 was high - 539 pg/ml, 54 times higher than
normal. In stage II, Actemra 8 mg/kg was infused iv to patients and this indicator decreased by
4.63 times (p<0.05); however, it remained 12 times more than the norm (p<0.001) and is
statistically honest.According to our results, it is appropriate to use high doses of
immunoglobulins to limit the effect of antibodies, determining the severity of the disease based
on the concentration of interleukin-6 in the blood of COVID-19 patients. Thus, Anakinra, which
has an immunosuppressive activity that blocks interleukin-1 receptors, has a high effect during
the use of IVIG drugs during Postcovid syndrome. IL-6 concentration decreased dynamically.
Thus, when we compare our results with the research conducted by world scientists, it is known
that IL-6 concentration of all immune system biomarkers increased dramatically during
COVID-19 disease and lymphopenia was detected. Based on the concentration of these
markers, certain considerations can be made about the severity of the disease, the principles of
treatment, and the percentage of lethality.
Keywords: Covid-19, interleukin-6, lymphocytes, immune system biomarkers, IVIG,
cytokines
251
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE PROBLEM OF COMPETITION FOR CLEAN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
AND SOLUTION FOR AN INTEGRATED VALUE-ADDED MODEL FOR
CLEAN AGRICULTURE IN KHANH HOA, VIETNAM
Le Thi Hong NHUNG
Nha Trang University, Vietnam
Email:nhunglth@ntu.edu.vn
ABSTRACT
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries sector accounts for almost 12% of the Vietnamese economic
structure in 2023 (General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 2023). The agricultural sector of Khanh
Hoa in particular and Vietnam in general is facing several challenges due to the pollution of the
production environment as well as serious deterioration of farmers' health due to the heavy use
of chemical pesticides, herbicides and other toxicity in the farming process (World Bank, 2023).
The number of clean, sustainable agro production farms is still very low. Surprisingly, despite
the fact that organic produces have superior safety and quality, there is a heartbreaking reality:
the prices of these clean agricultural products in Vietnam in general and Khanh Hoa in
particular are still very cheap, compared to those made by counterparts in Thailand, China, etc.
This has led to decreasing income and unstable livelihood of clean production farmers (Khanh
Hoa Farmers’ Association, 2023).Along with that worsening production situation, Vietnamese
consumers’ confidence has also seriously declined as agro produces are chemically grown
everywhere, causing increasing health risks from alarming food safety issues (Vietnam’s
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2023). This article analyzes the root causes of
this whole scenario and proposes solutions by using a clean agriculture model that incorporates
service agriculture thinking to create added value for Vietnamese agricultural products, and
regain the trust from Vietnamese consumers, thereby promoting clean agro products nationwide
and proceeding to exportation.
Keywords: clean agriculture, clean produce, service agriculture, sustainable development
252
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PROPOSING A MODEL OF EXPERIENTIAL EDUCATION THROUGH SOCIAL
IMPACT PROJECTS IN VIETNAM
Nguyen Thi Dung,
Nha Trang University, Vietnam
Email:nhunglth@ntu.edu.vn
Le Thi Hong Nhung
Nha Trang University, Vietnam
ABSTRACT
With the current educational context in Vietnam, there are few educational environments for
students to practice and apply what they learn into real life. Therefore, a trend in recent years
is that many university graduates are unemployed, while businesses are always having
headaches finding quality labor. In addition, society's production and business activities are
creating countless serious consequences for the environment, ecosystem and sustainable
development of society. This article proposes an experiential education model through projects
that create social impact at the local level to solve the above problems, contributing to creating
a generation of graduates who actually do what they say, do it effectively and sustainably.
Keywords: experiential education, sustainable education, innovative teaching, learning by
doing
253
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INSIGHTS INTO THE CORROSION INHIBITION PERFORMANCE OF THREE
NATURAL HETEROCYCLIC DIAZEPINES FOR CARBON STEEL EL IN 1M HCL
MEDIUM
Prof. Dr. Laila AFIA* (ORCID:0009-0003-6324-8396)
Ibnou Zohr University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of chemisrty, Laboratory of
Materials and Environment (LME)
Email:l.afia@uiz.ac.ma
Prof. Dr. Rachid SALGHI (ORCID:0000-0003-4845-8849)
Ibnou Zohr University, National School of Applied Sciences, Team of applied chemistry and
Environment
Agadir-Morocco
ABSTRACT
Despite of its susceptibility to corrosion, carbon steel (CS) is widely used in industry and
machinery. It has excellent mechanical properties as well as good physical and chemical
characteristics. During the process of steel manufacturing, steel may get into contact with an
aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, causing it to corrode. One effective process for
protecting steel from corrosion with hydrochloric acid is by using organic compounds as
inhibitors. Large numbers of organic compounds were studied and are being studied to
investigate here corrosion inhibition potential. Generally, the inhibitor which possesses many
heteroatoms, such as O, S and N atoms, always exhibits better inhibition performance than
those that possesses individual O, S or N atoms. But, most of them are highly toxic to human
beings and has the potential to degrade the environment. The known hazardous effects of
most synthetic organic inhibitors and restrictive environmental regulations have compelled
and motivated researchers to focus on the need to develop cheap, non-toxic and
environmentally benign natural products as corrosion inhibitors.Three new heterocyclic
diazepines (CC–diCl, CC–Cl and CC–F) were synthesized for the first time from the natural
product curcumin and evaluated as non-toxic corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel (CS) in 1 M
HCl. Polarization curves showed that the three compounds behave as mixed-type inhibitors.
EIS spectra exhibit one capacitive loop and confirm the inhibitive ability. A complete
thermodynamic study was also performed on the diazepine with the highest efficiency CC–diCl
to gain a better understanding of the inhibition process. The adsorption of the diazepines onto
CS surface obeyed a Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Keywords: Corrosion, Steel, Inhibitors, Diazepines, Langmuir.
254
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF 2-HYDROXY-1-(2-HYDROXY-4-SULFO-1NAPHTHYLAZO)-3-NAPHTHOIC ACID AS A NOVEL CORROSION INHIBITOR
FOR C38 STEEL IN HYDROCHLORIC MEDIUM
Prof. Dr. Laila AFIA* (ORCID:0009-0003-6324-8396)
Ibnou Zohr University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of chemisrty, Laboratory of
Materials and Environment (LME)
Email:l.afia@uiz.ac.ma
Prof. Dr. Rachid SALGHI (ORCID:0000-0003-4845-8849)
Ibnou Zohr University, National School of Applied Sciences, Team of applied chemistry and
Environment Agadir-Morocco
ABSTRACT
The corrosion of steel is a fundamental academic and industrial concern that has been receiving
a considerable amount of attention. The inorganic acids are widely used in many processes such
as pickling, cleaning and descaling; therefore corrosion prevention has critical importance. The
use of inhibitors is the most practical methods of protection against corrosion, especially in
acidic solutions. Large numbers of organic compounds were studied and are being studied to
investigate here corrosion inhibition potential. Generally, the inhibitor which possesses many
heteroatoms, such as O, S and N atoms, always exhibits better inhibition performance than
those that possesses individual O, S or N atoms. Consequently, the 2-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxy-4sulfo-1-naphthylazo)-3-naphthoic acid (HHSNNA) is an ordinary organic compound
containing O, S and N atoms. In addition it possesses four aromatic rings and multiple bonds,
which probably meet certain desirable characteristics of corrosion inhibitors.The corrosion
inhibition properties of HHSNNA for C38 steel in HCl 1 M solution were analyzed by
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization. Polarization
curves showed that the HHSNNA behave as mixed-type inhibitors. EIS spectra exhibit one
capacitive loop and confirm the inhibitive ability. The effect of concentration for the inhibitor
on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in 1M HCl was also studied and a Langmuir
adsorption isotherm was found. It was found that the presence of HHSNNA hugely decreases
the corrosion rate, while its inhibition efficiency (E%) increases with concentration to attain
93.8 % at 10-3 M.
Keywords: Corrosion, Steel, Inhibitor, HHSNNA, Langmuir.
255
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTANI CITIES: CHALLENGES,
OPPORTUNITIES, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Hina MOHSIN (ORCID:0009-0004-3278-1646)
Üniversity of Peshawar, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology, Peshawar,
Pakistan.
Email:1hina@contentsolutionasia.com
Bilal BAHADAR (ORCID:0009-0008-9324-5280)
Üniversity of Peshawar, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work, Peshawar,
Pakistan.
Email:bilal@contentsolutionasia.com
ABSTRACT
Urbanization is a global phenomenon with profound implications for sustainable development,
particularly in rapidly urbanizing countries like Pakistan. This research explores the challenges,
opportunities, and policy implications of sustainable urban development in Pakistani cities,
focusing on key themes such as population growth, infrastructure development, socio-economic
dynamics, and environmental sustainability.The findings reveal that Pakistani cities face
significant challenges related to environmental degradation, inadequate infrastructure, and
social inequalities, which hinder the progress of sustainable urban development initiatives.
Rapid population growth and urban expansion strain existing infrastructure, leading to traffic
congestion, air pollution, and inadequate access to basic services such as housing and utilities.
Moreover, socio-economic disparities exacerbate social inequalities, limiting access to
education, healthcare, and employment opportunities for marginalized communities.Despite
these challenges, the research identifies several opportunities for promoting sustainable urban
development in Pakistani cities. Policy interventions, such as integrated urban planning and
renewable energy initiatives, can enhance the resilience and sustainability of urban
infrastructure. Community engagement and participatory development approaches empower
local communities and promote inclusive decision-making processes, ensuring that
development initiatives are responsive to their needs and priorities.Drawing lessons from
successful case studies in Pakistani cities and international best practices, the research provides
valuable insights into effective strategies and approaches for sustainable urban development. It
emphasizes the importance of adopting holistic, inclusive, and environmentally sustainable
approaches to urban planning and development, prioritizing the well-being of urban residents
and the long-term sustainability of Pakistani cities.In conclusion, this research contributes to
the growing body of knowledge on sustainable urban development and provides practical
recommendations for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders to promote sustainability
in Pakistani cities. By addressing the challenges, leveraging opportunities, and integrating
sustainability principles into practice, Pakistani cities can strive towards achieving resilient,
inclusive, and sustainable urban futures for all residents.
Keywords: Sustainable urban development, Pakistani cities, challenges, opportunities, policy
implications.
256
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF MIXED-DENSITY PLASTICS INTO
COMBUSTIBLE FUEL THROUGH MICROWAVE PYROLYSIS
Farzin SHEIKH
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Muhammad Yasin NAZ
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Email:yasin603@yahoo.com
Shazia SHUKRULLAH
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Bilal SHOUKAT
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Plastic waste has emerged as a serious environmental problem, prompting the creation of novel
technologies for its effective management and transformation into valuable resources. Using
microwave pyrolysis, this work investigated the in situ catalytic conversion of mixed-density
plastics into combustible fuel, providing a feasible method for valuing plastic waste and
generating energy. Different mixed-density plastics werepyrolyzed with different catalysts,
temperatures, and residence times to yield liquid fuel, syngas, and structured carbon
residue.The effect of inputs on the product type, yield and compositions was statistically
evaluated using ANOVA, which showed an F value of 4.108 and a p-value of 0.098 (>1.00).
FTIR and GC-MS revealed that the oil product consisted of C13+ fractions in the form of
alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. The microscopic analysis of the residue confirmed the
formation of carbon nanotubes along with other amorphous products. The presence
of impurities in the solid product was further analyzed through XRD analysis. The pyrolytic
liquid fuel revealed the presence of conjugated aromatic structure and carbonyl group in their
concentration. In the gaseous product, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and
hydrocarbons up to C4 such as methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, butane, and butene
were the most common hydrocarbon gases observed. This research demonstrated that the
conversion of mixed-density plastics using sodium zeolite, aluminum oxide, and nickel
oxide catalysts yields 84% valuable products confirming wasted plastics as a lucrative energy
feedstock for the production of hydrogen and high-value carbon compounds.
Keywords: GC-MS, ANOVA, XRD analysis
257
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ELECTROMAGNETIC SURFACE WAVES BETWEEN TWO DISSIMILAR MEDIA
FOR HIGH FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS
Ahmed NAWAZ
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad UMAIR
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Abdul GHAFFAR*
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Email:aghaffar16@uaf.edu.pk
ABSTRACT
Theoretically analysis has been accomplished for the propagating electromagnetic surface
waves (EMSWs) at proposed planar interface of ferrite-graphene-ferrite waveguide structure.
Different boundary conditions were utilized for the current problem to acknowledge the
response of EMSWs. The properties of the materials are determined then used in the Comsol
software for the simulation. The properties defined are relative permittivity, relative
permeability, and the electrical conductivity. The characteristics curves are analyzed for the
𝛽
𝛽
normalized phase constant 𝑅𝑒 (𝑘 ) and attenuation phase constant 𝐼𝑚 (𝑘 ) against the
𝑜
𝑜
operating frequency in the terahertz region. The impact of chemical potential, relaxation time,
number of graphene layers, and dielectric constant, applied magnetic field and saturation
magnetization of ferrite medium were observed on the normalize phase and attenuation phase
constant. In response to these parameters the structured waveguide exhibits the convenient
propagation of electromagnetic surface waves with minimal propagation loss in the terahertz
frequency region. The proposed waveguide avails the position in nanophotonic devices,
terahertz filters, highly integrated terahertz devices and the communication systems.
Keywords: electromagnetic surface, the Comsol software, simulation
258
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FACTORS AFFECTING WATER QUALITY- A PCA APPROACH
Ahmed M. AL-Hammadi
Mahrah University, Maharah, Yemen
B.A.M. University, Chh. Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India
Chhaya Sonar
B.A.M. University, Chh. Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India
Prakash Kamble
B.A.M. University, Chh. Sambhajinagar, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Due to the fact that water is the most essential natural resource, the quality of water is a major
issue for the human race. In contrast, the unplanned expansion of both rural and urban regions
in rapidly developed countries such as India is having an adverse effect on the quality of the
water. In this research, the Variables that contribute to water pollution of five different water
Lakes Which are basically contaminated we are assessed and demonstrated. Principal
component analysis (PCA) was used in order to conduct an analysis of the water quality data
spanning the beginning in January 2013 and continuing through December 2014, this research
was carried out on a monthly basis. Variations in the physicochemical properties of water in
Chh. Sambhaji Nagar, both spatially and temporally for 19 parameters are considered for
present study. Three of the most important factors affecting the hydro-chemistry of lake water
identified by principal component analysis (PCA) which accounts for 99 % of the total
variation. The water quality of the Lakes in (Chh. Sambhaji Nagar) has been found to be
drastically reduced due to a multitude of human activities, the most prominent of which is
agricultural waste runoff.
Keywords: Water quality, principal component analysis, waterassessment
259
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILICA-CHITOSAN DECORATED
MAGNETIC NANOSTRUCTURE FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Syed Anam Shaheen Abbas SHAH
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Muhammad SHOAİB
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
Muhammad Yasin NAZ*
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Email:yasin603@yahoo.com
Shazia SHUKRULLAH
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) possess extraordinary magnetic properties and serve as
effective absorbents for heavy metals in wastewater treatment. Coating the surface of magnetic
nanoparticles improves their adsorption efficiency, recyclability, and hydrophilicity. The
proposed study will be focused different ferrite magnetic nanoparticles efficiently coated with
silica chitosan for the elimination of heavy metals in the treatment of wastewater.
Superparamagnetic cobalt ferrite, nickel ferrite, and cupper ferrite nanoparticles will be
synthesized using a simple co-precipitation technique. The magnetic cores of CoFe2O4,
NiFe2O4, and CuFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles will be decorated with a silica shell through
tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) hydrolysis. Subsequently, the silica-coated ferrite magnetic
nanoparticles will be further coated with chitosan. Atomic adsorption spectroscopy employed
to determine the extent of metals removal from the water. The magnetic properties, structure
analysis, identification of functional groups, and morphology of the prepared adsorbents
analyzed before performing adsorption experiments. The kinetics and adsorption isotherms of
the adsorbents examined using different chemical models.
Keywords: Magnetic nanoparticles, through tetraethyl orthosilicate
260
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ANALYSIS OF GENERALIZED BESSEL-MAITLAND FUNCTION AND ITS
PROPERTIES
Talha USMAN
Department of General Requirements, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Sur411, Sultanate of Oman
Email:talha.sur@cas.edu.om
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we present the generalized Bessel-Maitland function (EGBMF) by using extended
beta function and obtain some interesting properties of it. Then, we show interesting
relationships of this function with Laguerre polynomials and Whittaker functions. Further, the
Mellin transform of this function is evaluated in terms of generalized Wright hypergeometric
function and Euler transform is also evaluated. Finally, we used the Gaussian quadrature and
Laguerre-Gauss quadrature method to derive several graphical representations and it was shown
that the numerical and theoretical simulations are consistent. Besides, the derived results are
applied to find potentially useful in several fields notably physics, applied mathematics and
engineering.
Keywords: generalized Bessel-Maitland function, extended beta function, fractional
derivative, Mellin transform, Laguerre polynomials, Whittaker functions, Wright generalized
hypergeometric functions
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY CHEMICAL REDUCTION OF
AgNO3 WITH NaBH4
IQRA ASGHAR
University of Agriculture, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics
Email:iqraasghar505@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Nanoparticles are the center of attraction in field of science and technology from past few years.
Nanoparticles show interestingly different properties from respective bulk materials. Silver
nanoparticles (AgNPs) gain more attention due to their various physical and chemical
properties. In this research work the chemical reduction method was followed for the synthesis
of AgNPs. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used as metal precursor and sodium borohydrate
(NaBH4) served as a reducing agent. The chemicals contributing in the reaction was taken in
measured proportion. Suitable stabilizing agent was used to stabilize the growth process as well
as to control agglomeration of AgNPs. The particle size and structure have be characterized by
using different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. It was found that size of AgNPs was range from 16.9nm
to 19.5nm. in this study the effect of concentration and the method of preparation on size and
of AgNPs was studied. XRD analysis shows that the size of particles is slightly effected by both
concentration and preparation method. It was observed that the particle size increasing the
consentration. UV-Visible spectrum show that the plasmon resonance at 460 to 520.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), Sodium borohydrate (NaBH4), Silver nitrate
(AgNO3), XRD, SEM, UV-Visible.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR CANCER USING CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS
(CARS)
Soham BINDU
Department of Biotechnology SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur,
Tamil NAdu 603203
Email:sohambindu23@gmail.com
Koustav SARKAR (ORCID:0000-0002-0696-6688)
Department of Biotechnology SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur,
Tamil NAdu 603203
Email:koustavsarkar@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are designed receptors that target cancer cells by combining
an immune cell with a novel specialization. These immune cells could be either natural killer
(NK) cells or T lymphocytes. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have proven to be an effective
way to amplify and reroute the natural characteristics of both CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte
subsets, based on the efficacy of targeting CD19 in B cell malignancies. Dual-signalling CARs
allow for the quick production of tumor-specific drugs for each individual cancer patient by
reprogramming T cells' effector, metabolic, and survival capabilities in addition to redirecting
and activating them. Cell-based therapy has undergone a significant change as a result of this
strategy. Rather than relying on the discovery and growth of uncommon naturally occurring T
cells with therapeutic potential, it now produces optimal T cell products through genetic
engineering. An important part of the immune system, NK cells are essential for innate
immunity. For CAR engineering, NK cells provide an alternative to T-cells. NK-cells have the
potential to be a source of allogeneic "off-the-shelf" cellular therapy because they do not induce
GVHD or other alloimmune or autoimmune toxicities. They can mediate significant anti-tumor
effects without causing potentially fatal alloreactivity like GVHD. Researchers are currently
investigating the use of CAR-engineered NK cells for the treatment of various haematological
and non-haematological malignancies due to the several distinct benefits of NK cells. NK-cells,
on the other hand, are only authorized for preclinical studies, in contrast to CAR-Tcells.
Keywords:
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), Cancer, Immunotherapy, Natural killer (NK) cells, T
lymphocytes
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SOCIAL FORESTRY: SOLUTIONS FOR RESOLVING TENURIAL CONFLICTS IN
FOREST AREAS IN SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA
Baso MADIONG
Lecturer at the law faculty at Bosowa University, Makassar, South Sulawesi
Email:madiongbaso@gmail.com
Andi TIRA
Lecturer at the law faculty at Bosowa University, Makassar, South Sulawesi
ALMUSAWIR
Lecturer at the law faculty at Bosowa University, Makassar, South Sulawesi
ABSTRACT
Forests as one of the determinants of the life support system and source of prosperity of the
people, have recently experienced shrinkage and are very worrying as a result of deforestation,
forestry conflicts, forestry corruption and so on that occur in South Sulawesi Province.
Therefore, sustainable and sustainable forest management is needed, one of the efforts made by
the government is through the Social Forestry Program. However, unfortunately, the existence
of social forestry in South Sulawesi Province is currently not optimal and not in accordance
with the target set by the government. This study aims to analyze obstacles in social forestry
management so far in South Sulawesi Province and analyze the enforcement of sanctions
against perpetrators of social forestry violations. The research method used is normativeempirical research with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results showed that
obstacles in social forestry management in South Sulawesi Province were the lack of budget
provided, long and convoluted licensing and administration, errors in setting social forestry
targets based on area, difficulty determining land locations, sometimes the land given to the
community was very difficult to reach, commodities offered to the community were not
economically valuable. Enforcement of sanctions has not been optimal due to the difficulty of
obtaining evidence and collusion with law enforcement officials.
Keywords: social forestry, tenure conflict, forest area
264
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
HALAL BEHAVIOR IN MEDIA TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM
Khanifah AULIANA
Halal Center of UIN KH ABDURRAHMAN WAHID Pekalongan
Sultan MUBAROK
Halal Center of UIN KH ABDURRAHMAN WAHID Pekalongan
ABSTRACT
The development of this modern era, which has entered society 5.0, makes it easier for humans
to use technology easily. The growth of this technology can be profitable for various purposes
that can be done quickly. However, there are negative impacts that will occur if humans use
technology to be misused. One example of the negative impact that exists is the opening of
someone's privacy that can be tracked only by using today's modern technology systems.
Therefore, efforts must be made to prevent the technology system from being used for useful
things only. With the development of technology, of course, human intelligence also increases,
for this reason, digital literacy or ethics is needed in using anything related to public technology.
Behavior and traits that are formed can be from environmental factors or oneself. Prioritize
teaching from an early age about the correct and wise use of technology through formal
education or learning moral ethics from the people around you.
Keywords : halal behavior, teknologi , and information
265
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MAPPING THE EVOLUTION OF THE GIG ECONOMY: A COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE AND TRENDS
Assistant Professor Dr. Seema RATHEE
Department of Commerce Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak
Email:Rathee.seema@rediffmail.com
Nishu GOYAL
Department of Commerce Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak
Email:nishugoyal9728@gmail.com
Sonali PARASHAR
Department of Commerce Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak
Email:sonaliparashar7@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The gig economy has arisen as a dynamic and revolutionary force, changing the traditional
employer-employee relationship and reshaping the entire environment of work itself, in an era
marked by unparalleled technology innovation and shifting paradigms of work. Short-term
contracts, freelance work, and the use of online platforms for labour exchange are all
characteristics of the gig economy, which has grown in prominence over the past few years.
The publication of Gig Economy has grown steadily, and the trends have been increasing
consistently. As a result, the study focuses on examining the scientific literature on Gig
Economy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the evolution of the concept. It also aims at
analysing which academics, countries, and journals are most interested in this area, the most
relevant affiliations and collaborations, and which research has the greatest influence. Based on
the “keywords” search results, the Scopus Database was used to compile literature on Gig
Economy. This study included 710 papers that were relevant for the analysis from the Scopus
Database. The findings revealed that research into Gig Economy has been strengthened during
the last few years. This research draws upon findings and current information to give readers a
glimpse into the future of Gig Economy research.
Keywords: Gig Economy; Bibliometric; VOS viewer; Scopus
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS OF THE YOUNGER GENERATION IN AVOIDING
USURY ON INTEREST IN USING SHARIA PRODUCTS IN KENDAL, INDONESIA
Dyah Anindita Nur WULANDARI
Faculty of Islamic economics and business, UIN K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan,
Indonesia
ABSTRACT
ThisThe younger generation is the determinant of progress that will occur in the future... The
understanding of the younger generations is very much tied to the surrounding environment in
terms of academic, socio-cultural, economic, and even to the realm of regality. Islam is a
religion that encompasses everything from the political, social and economic spheres.
Especially in terms of Islamic economics, all activities are based on the Qur'an and Hadith.
Where it is natural that the Islamic economy prohibits all transactions that are contrary to
religious teachings, one of which is usury. This research aims to see how far the understanding
and awareness of the younger generation about usury. The research method used in this research
is descriptive qualitative method. The data collection techniques used are observation, interview
and literature study of the younger generation in Kendal, Indonesia. The results of this study
indicate that the younger generation in Kendal, Indonesia still has minimal knowledge and
awareness to avoid usury. The percentage of the younger generation uses conventional banks
more than Islamic banks.
Keywords: Young generation, Usury, Islamic banking, Islamic economics
267
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FABRICATION OF METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS BASED
SUPERCAPACITORS AND INVESTIGATION OF ITS FARADAIC AND NONFARADAIC RESPONSE
Usama ZAHID
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Ramzan KHAWAR
Department of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee
University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
Yasir JAVED*
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Dongwhi CHOI
Department of Mechanical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee
University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea
ABSTRACT
The advancement of energy storage technologies like batteries and supercapacitors have
considerably aided mankind to fulfil a larger portion of their power needs. The prospering
advancement of new energy automobile sector and innovative electrode materials with
improved ion kinetics are essential for the effectiveness of hybrid supercapacitors. Metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the most talked materials due to their multiple
structures, suitable functionalities, and similar metal centers resulting in broad applications,
such as semiconductors, supercapacitors, catalysts, and energy storage devices. In this research,
one pot synthesis method has been used to synthesized Ag-MOF, NiAg-MOF, and CoAg-MOF
and further used in battery type electrode in hybrid supercapacitor. X-ray diffraction analysis
confirmed the monoclinic structure with P21/c space group of Ag-MOF and also identification
of small peaks of metallic nickel and cobalt. FTIR spectra also confirmed the presence of AgO, Ni-O and Co-O bonds in the prepared materials. TEM images depicted the agglomerated
nanoclusters, non-spherical shape, and hexagonal shape morphology for Ag-MOF, NiAg-MOF,
and CoAg-MOF respectively. Chemical state change and surface area analysis is confirmed
through XPS and BET analysis. The cyclic voltammetry showed the highest specific
capacitance of 1038 C g-1 at a 5 mV/s scan rate for CoAg-MOF. Galvanostatic chargingdischarging results depicted higher energy density is 51.61 Wh Kg-1 and power density is 7741
W kg -1for CoAg-MOF. These electrochemical measurements suggested that CoAg-MOF can
be used for pseudocapacitor applications due to the higher discharging time and power density.
Keywords: Ag-MOF, Metal-organic frameworks
268
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
REGULATORY PATHWAY OF CLASS I MEDICAL DEVICE ELASTIC BANDAGE
OF USA
Natesh GUNTURU*
Department of Pharmaceutics, Regulatory Affairs Group, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru
Associate Professor Dr. Balamurali DHARA V
Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Mysuru
Professor Dr. Adepu RAMESH
Vikas College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rayanigudem, Suryapet, Telangana
ABSTRACT
USFDA is a Regulatory body of medical devices in the globe. According to USFDA medical
devices are regulated by centre for devices and radiological health (CDRH). Regulatory
pathway of medical devices in USA is varies based on intended use. To identify the specific
requirements and documentation needed for the approval of elastic bandages as Class I medical
devices. To examine the role of regulatory bodies such as the FDA in ensuring the safety and
efficacy of elastic bandages. To provide insights and recommendations for stakeholders
navigating the regulatory pathway for elastic bandages. Medical devices in USA divided into
three classes based on the risk to the patient. Class-1 medical classes are low risk devices. The
example of class -1 medical device Elastic Bandage is having different regulatory pathway and
approval process. To get FDA Approval of Elastic Bandage is does not require premarket
notification 510(k) and PMA (Pre-Market Approval) due to low risk device class, the steps
involved in approval from FDA for class-1 devices are device registration, listing, and fee
payment, which are must be renewal for every year. Navigating the regulatory pathway for
Class I medical devices, including elastic bandages, in the USA requires adherence to stringent
standards and thorough documentation. Manufacturers must demonstrate compliance with
regulatory requirements related to safety, performance, and labelling.
Keywords: USFDA, CDRH, Elastic Bandage, class-1 devices.
269
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TESTING OF A CDS/G-C3N4/TIO2 TERNARY PHOTOCATALYSTS FOR
PHOTOCATALYTIC APPLICATIONS
Syed Anam Shaheen Abbas Shah
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Muhammad Shoaib
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Muhammad Ayyaz
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Muhammad Yasin Naz*
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
Email:yasin603@yahoo.com
Shazia Shukrullah
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
This study investigated ternary CdS/g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalysts for the
degradation of synthetic dyes and hydrogen production from aqueous media through visiblelight-initiated photocatalytic reactions. Graphitic carbon nitride, titanium dioxide, and cadmium
sulphide were combined in different mass ratios through a simple sol-gel method to create
CdS/g-C3N4/TiO2 composite photocatalysts. The prepared heterojunction catalysts were
studied using XRD, FTIR, EDX, SEM, and UV-visible spectroscopy analysis for their crystal
structures, functional groups, elemental composition, microtopography, and optical properties.
The rhodamine B dye was then degraded using fully characterized photocatalysts. The
maximum dye degradation efficiency of 99.4% was noted in these experiments. The evolution
rate of hydrogen from the aqueous solution with CdS/g-C3N4/TiO2 photocatalyst remained
2950 molh-1g-1, which is considerably higher than CdS, g-C3N4, CdS/g-C3N4 and g-C3N4/TiO2
catalyzed reactions. This study also proposes a photocatalytic activity mechanism for the tested
ternary CdS/g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction photocatalyst.
Keywords: CdS/g-C3N4/TiO2, ternary photocatalysts, synthetic dyes, hydrogen production,
water splitting.
270
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
IMPACT OF THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN MEDICAL LABORATORIES
MSc. Bertina HOXHA LAMI
Sports University of Tirana
MSc. Denada RADA (AHMETI)
Logos University College
ABSTRACT
Medical laboratories are transformed by digital revolution as the others sectors of science and
business. This article shows the advantages, challenges, and opportunities presented by the
digital revolution as they relate to medical laboratories. In laboratory medicine, artificial
intelligence is being used to improve and optimize diagnostic processes, support clinical
judgment, and boost accuracy and efficacy. Automated algorithms examine extensive datasets
comprising patient information, test results, clinical outcomes, and result logs to pinpoint risk
factors, forecast the progression of a disease, and inform personalized therapy choices. The aim
of this study is to look at how medical laboratories are affected by the digital transformation.
For this literature review we have searched databases including PubMed, Research Gate, Web
of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We collected data from digital transformation in
medical laboratories. Automated algorithms examine extensive datasets comprising patient
information, test results, clinical outcomes, and result logs to pinpoint risk factors, forecast the
progression of a disease, and inform personalized therapy choices. The paper examines the
effects of digital transformation on medical laboratories by an extensive analysis of the
literature, case studies, and expert perspectives. Automation algorithms to improve the
efficiency and accuracy of diagnosis analyze large datasets, such as patient information and test
results. Digital systems must have compliance mechanisms in place since medical laboratories
are subject to strict rules on the usage and storage of patient data. Digital platforms offer realtime analytics that facilitate ongoing quality improvement programs, stimulating creativity, and
streamlining laboratory procedures. Medical laboratories have been profoundly impacted by
the digital revolution, which has brought forth a number of benefits, difficulties, and
opportunities. In laboratory medicine, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a potent
instrument that can help with diagnosis procedures, support for clinical judgment, and general
accuracy and efficacy. AI systems use large-scale datasets, including test results, clinical
outcomes, and patient data, to identify risk factors, forecast the course of a disease, and guide
individualized therapy choices. Furthermore, a large infrastructure investment and continual
training for laboratory personnel are necessary due to the complexity of deploying and
maintaining digital systems. The digital revolution has created opportunities for increased
production and efficiency through the automation of repetitive operations, better patient
outcomes through diagnosis that is more precise and individualized treatment regimens, and
the possibility of cost reductions in the delivery of healthcare. The results indicate that the
digital transformation has led to numerous benefits in medical laboratories, including improved
efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of diagnostic services. With the aid of extensive data sets
that include clinical outcomes, patient records, and laboratory results, it is able to predict patient
trajectories and provide tailored treatment plans. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the potential
benefits of digital transformation, including improved teamwork, customized healthcare, and
anticipatory diagnosis. While it offers unprecedented potential to revolutionize healthcare
delivery and improve patient outcomes, careful consideration must be given to the integration
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
of digital solutions into existing workflows and infrastructure. By addressing the identified
challenges and leveraging innovative strategies, medical laboratories can harness the full
potential of the digital revolution to enhance diagnostic capabilities, optimize resource
utilization, and ultimately, provide better care to patients.
Keywords: digital trasformation, medical laboratories, technology, data, diagnostic, patient,
automation
272
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CLIMATE CHANGE: A PATHWAY TO THE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY
Ayesha BATOOL
Department of Rural Sociology
Email: ayesha.batool@outlook.com
Assistant Professor Dr. Farkhanda ANJUM
Department of Rural Sociology
Hafsa NAEEM
Department of Biochemistry
Zainab FATIMA
Institute of Soil and Environmental Science University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
ABSTRACT
Climate change can be referred as long-term changes in temperature and weather. These
fluctuations may be caused by significant volcanic eruptions or variations in the sun's activity.
However, human activity has been the primary cause of climate change since the 1800s, mostly
as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Most discussions about
climate change focus on the dangers it poses to people and the planet, rather on the benefits it
could bring to the economy. Proactive methods to mitigate and adapt to climate change,
according to this study, can lead to economic development through encouraging innovation,
producing new jobs, and opening up new markets. A fundamental component of this strategy
is shifting to renewable energy sources like wind and solar power, which may significantly cut
down on emissions of greenhouse gases while simultaneously fostering innovation and job
growth in the rapidly expanding green economy. To further demonstrate the economic benefits
of climate action, investments in green infrastructure and sustainable urban development
improve energy efficiency, resilience, and quality of life. This, in turn, attracts more investment
and reduces costs associated with climate-related disasters. Additional economic benefits arise
from the optimization of resource usage and the generation of new business models brought
about by the transition to a circular economy, which prioritizes waste reduction, recycling, and
product lifespan. Importantly, this shift has the potential to bring about substantial societal
advantages, such as better public health due to less air pollution, which can lead to lower
healthcare expenses and higher productivity. The economic benefits from these programs can
be more equitably distributed, helping disadvantaged populations, if climate policy takes an
inclusive stance. In light of this, the ABSTRACT maintains that combating climate change is
not just a moral but also a financial necessity for a more just and sustainable future.
Keywords: Climate Change, Economic Development, Social Advantages.
273
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ROOM TEMPERATURE FERROMAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF DILUTED
MAGNETIC SEMICONDUCTOR FOR SPINTRONICS APPLICATIONS
M. AMZAOUED
University Sultane Moulay Slimane, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Department of
Physics, Beni Mellal, Morocco
S. ZRIOUEL
University Cadi Ayyad, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Department of Physics,
Marrakech, Morocco.
M. MABROUKI
University Sultane Moulay Slimane, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Department of
Physics, Beni Mellal, Morocco
ABSTRACT
Thorough guidance on the control of magnetic states in diluted magnetic semiconductors
(DMS) is presented, utilizing ab-initio electronic structure calculations with the KorringaKohn-Rostoker method and the generalized gradient approximation. To account for disorder
effects, the coherent potential approximation was incorporated. The results unveiled the
existence of a stable ferromagnetic half-metallic state within these compounds, emphasizing
the promising application of DMS in spintronic contexts.
Keywords: KKR-CPA, Ferromagnetic, Anti-Ferromagnetic, Double exchange interaction,
Half-metallic, Curie temperature.
274
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FIRST PRINCIPLE STUDY OF OF HIGH-TC FERROMAGNETISM OF ZNTE FOR
SPINTRONIC AND OPTO-ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS
M. AMZAOUED
University Sultane Moulay Slimane, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Department of
Physics, Beni Mellal, Morocco
S. ZRIOUEL
University Cadi Ayyad, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Department of Physics,
Marrakech, Morocco.
M. MABROUKI
University Sultane Moulay Slimane, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Department of
Physics, Beni Mellal, Morocco
ABSTRACT
This research employs ab initio calculations to investigate the magnetism and electronic
structure of ZnTe-based diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs). A meticulous examination
of the stability of the ferromagnetic state in ZnTe-based DMSs is conducted, accompanied by
a proposed materials design strategy for achieving ferromagnetic DMSs. The investigation
reveals that V- and Cr-doped systems exhibit half-metallic ferromagnetism, while Mn-doped
systems display a spin-glass state. Furthermore, the inquiry into carrier-induced
ferromagnetism in ZnTe-based DMSs establishes that their magnetic states can be manipulated
by adjusting the carrier density. The analysis of the calculated density of states contributes to a
discussion on the mechanism responsible for stabilizing the ferromagnetic state in DMSs.
Notably, these findings align with the anticipated characteristics crucial for the advancement of
spintronics.
Keywords: KKR-CPA, Ferromagnetic, Anti-Ferromagnetic, Double exchange interaction,
Half-metallic, Curie temperature.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SPINTRONICS SYSTEM: SPIN POLARIZATION AND MAGNETIC
CHARACTERIZATION
M. AMZAOUED
University Sultane Moulay Slimane, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Department of
Physics, Beni Mellal, Morocco
S. ZRIOUEL
University Cadi Ayyad, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Department of Physics,
Marrakech, Morocco.
M. MABROUKI
University Sultane Moulay Slimane, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Department of
Physics, Beni Mellal, Morocco
ABSTRACT
We employ a first-principles approach to investigate the electronic structure and magnetic
properties of dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS) with multiple impurities. The KorringaKohn-Rostoker coherent potential approximation (KKR-CPA) method, coupled with the
generalized gradient approximation (GGA), is employed to compute the electronic structure of
DMS. Our analysis encompasses III-V and II-VI semiconductors, both doped and diluted with
various magnetic ions. This study offers a comprehensive examination of the electronic
structure of transition-metal-doped III-V and II-VI semiconductors, highlighting the intricate
interplay between electronic structure and impurity-induced magnetic properties. Furthermore,
we delve into the underlying mechanism of ferromagnetism in DMSs from an electronic
structure perspective, aiming to establish a unified understanding that elucidates the chemical
trends influencing magnetism in these materials. Estimations of critical temperatures for
different DMS systems are provided and discussed using the mean field approximation.
Consequently, by carefully controlling the doping process, we showcase the manipulation of
the magnetic behavior of DMSs, resulting in the observation of ferromagnetism in these
semiconductors. The challenges associated with achieving high-temperature ferromagnetic
semiconductors are also addressed and elucidated.
Keywords: KKR-CPA, Ferromagnetic, Antiferromagnetic, Polarisation, Double exchange
interaction, Half-metallic, Curie temperature.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
APPLICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AS AN
ALTERNATIVE AND SUPPORT FOR RURAL AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Milena MILOJEVIĆ (ORCID:0000-0001-6997-1532)
Academy of Applied Studies Šabac, Unit for Agricultural and Business Studies and Tourism,
Šabac, Serbia.
Email:milenaminorka23@gmail.com
Suzana KNEŽEVIĆ ORCID:0000-0002-7983-8169
Academy of Applied Studies Šabac, Unit for Agricultural and Business Studies and Tourism,
Šabac, Serbia.
Email:sdknez@gmail.com
Maja Došenović MARINKOVIĆ (ORCID:0009-0007-8904-0197)
Academy of Applied Studies Šabac, Unit for Agricultural and Business Studies and Tourism,
Šabac, Serbia.
Email:maja_2511@yahoo.com:
Goran STANIŠIĆ (ORCID:0000-0001-8584-287X)
Academy of Applied Studies Šabac, Unit for Agricultural and Business Studies and Tourism,
Šabac, Serbia.
Email:dr.goran.stanisic@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
It is well-known that agriculture plays a crucial role in feeding and clothing humanity, as well
as providing raw materials for the agricultural industry, and it will continue to maintain its
significance. However, the intensification of agriculture brings about problems such as
environmental pollution, residues in products, and animal welfare issues. All these factors are
the main reasons for turning to unconventional livestock production.As a good practice
example, small family farms specializing in rabbit breeding emerge, showcasing fantastic
reproductive capabilities, easy maintenance, and nutritionally valuable meat with a refined
texture, crucial for the nourishment of convalescents.In line with the recommendations of the
European Union, there is an opportunity for small agricultural enterprises to secure additional
income by engaging in the breeding of rabbits or other animals within unconventional livestock
production. This can contribute to the survival of mini farms, strengthen rural development,
sustain smaller communities, and enhance environmental protection.
Keywords: unconventional livestock production, rabbits, sustainable development, mini farms,
rural development.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
REMOVAL OF TEXTILE DYES BY ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CARBON
SYNTHESIZED FROM THE JUJUBE KERNELS
BOUSSALAH Mohammed ETTAHAR (ORCID:0009-0008-8466-6403)
Djillali Liabes University, Faculty of Technology, Department of energy and process
engineering, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Email:zakiboussalah22@gmail.com
GUELLA SOFİANE
Djillali Liabes University, Faculty of Technology, Department of energy and process
engineering, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Email:gelsof@yahoo.fr
MEDJAHDI MALIKA
Djillali Liabes University, Faculty of Technology, Department of energy and process
engineering, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Email:mmedjahdi@yahoo.fr
ABSTRACT
Activated carbons are the oldest adsorbents used in the field of water treatment because of its
high adsorption capacity of organic species. The objective of this study is the preparation of
activated carbons from jujube kernels in order to remove textile dyes by adsorption in aqueous
media. In the laboratory, chemical activation was carried out using phosphoric acid as an
impregnating agent followed by a carbonization step. The choice of chemical activation makes
it possible to achieve good quality coals with a very large specific surface area. To arrive at our
results, several adsorption tests of two dyes (methylene blue and orange methyl) were carried
out taking into consideration the influence of some operating parameters. The results showed
that under appropriate conditions, the reduction rate is greater than 95% for each of the two
dyes. The kinetics modelling follows the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir model
correctly describes adsorption isotherms. The activated carbons obtained have interesting
properties in terms of adsorption in the liquid phase that will allow a new valorization of jujube
kernels.
Keywords: activated Carbone, adsorption, textile dyes, jujube kernels.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SCHOOL PLACEMENTS IN FACILITATING
STUDENT TEACHER LEARNING AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
Ganya, Adamu HAUNI (ORCID:0000-0002-7173-2909)
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, (Nigeria). Faculty of Physical and Computing
Sciences, Department of Statistics,
Email:adamuganya@gmail.com
Dauda, HAUWA (ORCID :0000-0002-8319-1484)
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, (Nigeria). Faculty of Adult Education and Extension
Services, Department of Adult Education,
Email:hauwaganya@gmail.com
Ango, MONICA (ORCID:0000-0001-7860-8292)
Shehu Shagari University of Education Sokoto, (Nigeria). School of Vocational and
Technical Education
Department of Business Education
Email:monicaango@gmail.com
Asabe IBRAHIM (ORCID: 0009-0007-3980-0725)
Federal University of Agriculture Department of Physics
Email:asabedaudarade@gmail,com
ABSTRACT
In a recent study (Ayeni, 2013), asserts that, placement refers to the process of connecting the
selected person and the employer in order to establish an ongoing employment relationship. In
this step the employee is given the activities he/she needs to perform and is told about his/her
duties. Again, according to (Ayra, & Kosterelioglu, 2015), it is a period of supervised work,
where you'll have the opportunity to experience working in a specific role with a company.
Teachers do well in the right placement. School placements are an integral element in teacher
education and commonly, both students and teachers consider placements a critical aspect of
initial teacher education. Within this context, the contemporary nature of placements and their
success in meeting professional development needs, was investigated. The findings of this
research indicate that students and teachers share many views and consequently several key
experiences and opportunities emerge. Different priorities are, however, also highlighted.
Overall perceptions suggest that school placements must be orientated towards a social
constructivist paradigm. Given that they are a significant component of initial teacher
education, it is imperative that the purpose and benefit of placements is clearly understood and
articulated and that the characteristics and elements of successful placements are known and
considered. During the last fifty years, several paradigms for teacher education have been
developed and promoted. These can be viewed independently of one another, but there are
points of contact and overlap. In practice no one paradigm addresses all aspects of teacher
education. Each involves the student engaging in practice on professional placement and
emphasises different elements of learning to teach, resulting, thereby, in different placement
experiences.
Keyword: School placement, Student- teacher learning, and Professional Development
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CORPORATE INSOLVENCY AND RESTRUCTURING: LEGAL APPROACHES TO
FINANCIAL DISTRESS
Simeana BESHI (ORCID:0000-0003-2307-6609)
University “Ukshin Hoti,” Faculty of Law, Prizren, Kosovo.
Email:simeana.beshi@uni-prizren.com
Driola SUSURI
University “Ukshin Hoti,” Faculty of Law, Prizren, Kosovo.
Email:driola.susuri@uni-prizren.com
ABSTRACT
Corporate insolvency and restructuring represent critical junctures in the life cycle of
businesses, with profound implications for stakeholders ranging from creditors to employees
and shareholders. This paper delves into the legal approaches to financial distress faced by
corporations, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and
challenges inherent in insolvency proceedings and restructuring efforts. The aim of this study
is to analyze the diverse legal frameworks and strategies utilized in addressing corporate
financial distress. Through a combination of doctrinal legal research, comparative analysis of
insolvency laws across jurisdictions, and examination of case studies, this research seeks to
elucidate the intricacies of corporate insolvency and restructuring processes. Key findings from
this study highlight the multifaceted nature of corporate financial distress and the complexities
involved in navigating insolvency proceedings. The research identifies various legal
mechanisms available to distressed companies, including bankruptcy, liquidation, debt
restructuring, and formal insolvency proceedings. Furthermore, it explores the role of
stakeholders such as creditors, shareholders, employees, and regulatory authorities in shaping
the outcome of insolvency and restructuring efforts. The relevance of this study lies in its
practical implications for policymakers, legal practitioners, corporate executives, and scholars
grappling with issues of corporate financial distress. By providing insights into legal approaches
to insolvency and restructuring, this research informs decision-making processes aimed at
preserving value, protecting stakeholders' interests, and promoting economic stability.
Moreover, it underscores the importance of robust legal frameworks that strike a balance
between creditor rights and debtor rehabilitation, fostering an environment conducive to
corporate resilience and growth.
Keywords: bankruptcy, liquidation, debt restructuring, formal insolvency proceedings,
economic stability.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF NI DOPING ON THE STRUCTURAL,
MICROSTRUCTURAL, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TIN OXIDE FILMS
USING PSP METHOD
Sabrina ROGUAI (ORCID:0000-0002-0767-0846)
The University of Abbes Laghrour Khenchela, Faculty of sciences and technology,
Department of science of the matter, khenchela, Algeria.
Email:rog.sabrina@yahoo.fr
Abdelkader DJELLOUL
The University of Abbes Laghrour Khenchela, Faculty of sciences and technology,
Department of science of the matter, khenchela, Algeria.
Email:sabrinaroguai@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
In this study, we used a pneumatic spray pyrolysis technique at 450°C to deposit Sn1–xNixO2
thin films (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) on glass substrates. The influence of doping content on the films
structural and optical was investigated. Structural characterization by X-ray diffraction
indicated that the rutile phase of SnO2 is present in all thin films, and crystallite sizes are
estimated to be in the range of 27–47 nm. The optical bandgap energy increases from 3.83 to
4.01 eV as the dopant content increases according to the Burstein-Moss effect. Resistivity is
affected by doping and the thickness of thin films.
Keywords: Thin films, X–ray diffraction, Optical properties.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
ACTIVITIES OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF PISTACIA LENTISCUS L. FROM THE
EASTERN REGION OF MOROCCO
Sara SEDDOQI (ORCID:0000-0001-6973-211X)
Mohammed First University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Bioresources,
Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Oujda, Morocco.
Email:sedd.sara@gmail.com
Fatima AOUINTI
Mohammed First University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Bioresources,
Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Oujda, Morocco.
Email: fz.aouinti@gmail.com
Ouahiba LAOUT
Mohammed First University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Agricultural Production
Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Oujda Morocco
Email:Ouahibalaout@gmail.com
Zaina IDIR
Mohammed First University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Bioresources,
Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Oujda, Morocco.
Email: zainaidir579@gmail.com
Nadia GSEYRA
Mohammed First University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Bioresources,
Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Oujda, Morocco.
Email: ngseyra@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study is part of the ongoing quest for novel therapeutic substances of natural origin. It
focuses on the in-depth exploration of Pistacia lentiscus L, situated in the eastern region of
Morocco, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of its medicinal properties. The
investigative process involves a meticulous analysis of its chemical composition using
UHPLC/LC-MS technology, along with a comprehensive assessment of its aqueous extract,
shedding light on its overall antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory properties. In the antiinflammatory experiment, Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=6) and subjected to
Carrageenan-induced paw edema. The groups included a Carrageenan Group receiving distilled
water, an Aqueous Extract treatment Group administered the extract (400 mg/kg bw), and an
Indomethacin treatment Group receiving Indomethacin (20 mg/kg bw). Paw volumes were
measured using a plethysmometer at 2, 4, and 6 hours post-carrageenan injection, with the
untreated left hind paw serving as a control to calculate the percentage of paw edema. The
results from the UHPLC/LC-MS analysis revealed the predominance of catechin gallate and
epigallocatechin gallate in the aqueous extract of Pistacia lentiscus L, indicating a significant
concentration of these compounds. Additionally, substantial levels of epigallocatechin, gallic
acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-hexose dehydrohexose, isorhamnetin-7-Opentose, and luteolin 7-O-glucoside were detected, expanding our understanding of the
phytochemical richness of this plant. The evaluation of the total antioxidant capacity of the
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
aqueous extract of Pistacia lentiscus L. resulted in a significant measurement of 124.82 mg
AA/g of extract, highlighting robust antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the results from the antiinflammatory activity demonstrated a substantial reduction (p < 0.05) in inflammation at
various time intervals following the administration of a dose of 400 mg/kg of the aqueous
extract, comparable to the effect of indomethacin. These findings present promising prospects
for the potential utilization of Pistacia lentiscus L. in the development of new natural therapies.
Keywords: Pistacia lentiscus L; anti-inflammatory; antioxidant; chemical composition.
283
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
RELIABLE SYSTEMS FOR PROTOTYPE FLY-BY-WIRE AUTOPILOT UAV
BUILDING OVERVIEW
Shahriyar GULIYEV (ORCID:0009-0009-3433-2816)
Nakhchivan State University, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering
Email:shahriyarguliyev@ndu.edu.az
ABSTRACT
Ensuring control safety and reliability in Fly-By-Wire Autopilot UAV/UAS systems
necessitates meticulous attention to control units. The cornerstone of reliability lies in the
design and implementation of both Active and Passive Control Systems. This study focuses on
constructing a robust Control Subsystem for Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicle Systems (RPAVS),
emphasizing the critical components and their interconnectivity. It encompasses a
comprehensive array of elements, including Flight Management Computer (FMC), Automatic
Flight Control System (AFCS/AFGS) consisting of Flight Control Computers (FCC), each
serving distinct yet complementary functions. Key entry points in crafting an end-to-end RPAV
Control Subsystem include System Overview, Flight Management System (FMS, complex
computer system) design, delineating Functional & Non-functional requirements,
considerations for Flight Software, and accommodating in situ adjustments. Navigation tasks,
critical Guidance systems, software frameworks, and architectural blueprints (CAD or paper)
form integral parts, alongside provisions for Backup systems and emergency deployment
mechanisms like parachutes. Advanced Ground Control Systems powered by solar-charged
battery stations enhance the operational autonomy. Detailed considerations span from circuit
board intricacies to component selection, such as the trade-offs in choosing MCUs or MPUs
with an OS for primary and Auxiliary Processing Units. Essential sensors, connectors, and
power management components populate the FMC PCB stack, emphasizing space optimization
(Fritzing/Gerbers) and redundancy. The vital Avionics System integrates FMS (FMC,
Navigation by GNSS GPS/Galileo/Glonass and IRS data, AFCS/AFGS, EFIS Instrumentation),
Communication, Surveillance, Power Distribution, Health Monitoring, and Mission-specific
equipment, ensuring precise operation, safety, and adaptability in autonomous flight. This
backbone, with its top-level requirements and critical components, provides a structural
framework for seamless integration and high-altitude performance withstanding high-G forces,
emphasizing inertial Guidance aided by GNSS, servo control, power supplies, telemetry, and
Pyrotechnic systems for payload release and emergency. Navigation relies on a blend of sensors
for precision: as well as GNSS, Inertial Navigation Systems (IMU, onboard accelerometers and
gyroscopes), Barometric Altitude Sensors, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging),
Magnetometers, Optical Flow Sensors, Radar Altimeters, RF Transponders, etc. Additionally,
provisions for camera gimbal support and advanced camera analysis underscore the versatility
and adaptability of the system. Through a unified approach to requirement compilation and
iterative design processes, this study underscores the complexity and artistry inherent in
hardware integration for autonomous aerial systems.
Keywords: Aerospace, Fly-By-Wire, Autopilot, UAV, RPAVS, Flight Management Systems,
Flight Management Computer, Automatic Flight Control System, Flight Control Computers,
Guidance systems, Avionics System, GNSS, Inertial Navigation Systems, LiDAR, Optical
Flow Sensors, Radar Altimeters, RF Transponders.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
YENİDEN İNŞA UYGULAMALARI: LONDRA, TALLINN VE GİRNE'NİN
KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ÇALIŞMASI
Prof. Dr. Cemil ATAKARA (ORCID: 0000-0002-1993-8854)
Cyprus International University, Faculty of Fine Arts Design and Architecture, Department of
Architecture, Haspolat-KKTC
Email:catakara@ciu.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bu makale, iyileştirme için binaların ve sokakların yeniden inşasını, uluslararası deneyimler ve
mimari yaklaşımlarla karşılaştırmalar yaparak ele alıyor. İngiltere'deki mevcut en iyi
uygulamaları değerlendiriyor ve Estonyalı mimarların yaşlanan binalarla ilgilenirken kullandığı
yerel yeniden yapılandırma ve renovasyon tekniklerini, malzemelerini, araçlarını ve topluluk
katılım süreçlerini inceliyor. Değişen iklim koşulları ve renovasyon politikaları göz önüne
alındığında, eski ve tarihi binaların yeniden yapılandırılması ve rehabilite edilmesine olan
talebin artması muhtemeldir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Girne'deki Alsanсak bölgesinde,
Girne'nin 9 kilometre batısında yer alan (Merkez Girne) bir vaka çalışması olarak yeniden
yapılanma potansiyelini araştırmaktır. Bu alan, çeşitli inşaat dönemlerine ve tiplerine sahip 54
binadan oluşmaktadır. Makale, çoğunlukla teorik niteliktedir ve kentsel ortamlardaki yeniden
yapılanma ihtiyaçlarının sonuçlarını anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Yeniden yapılanma sürecinde
sürdürülebilir ve akıllı malzemelerin kullanımının zorluklarını ve fırsatlarını tartışmaktadır.
Bulgular, özellikle tarihi öneme sahip alanlarda yeniden yapılanmaya artan bir ilgi ve ihtiyaç
olduğunu, ancak finansman, düzenleyici çerçeveler ve topluluk katılımıyla ilgili zorlukların da
olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, yeniden yapılanma sürecinde çevresel, kültürel ve
ekonomik yönleri dikkate alan bütüncül bir yaklaşımın önemini vurgulayarak
sonuçlanmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişim için yeniden yapılanmada yenilikçi çözümler
ve en iyi uygulamaları keşfetmek için daha fazla araştırma önerilmektedir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Yeniden yapılanma; Alsancak; Yeniden inşa; Sürdürülebilir malzemeler;
Akıllı malzemeler; Binaların rehabilite edilmesi.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
RECONSTRUCTION PRACTICES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LONDON,
TALLINN AND GIRNE
ABSTRACT
This article examines the concept of reconstructing buildings and streets for rehabilitation,
drawing comparisons with international experiences and architectural approaches. It assesses
current best practices in the UK and examines examples from Estonian architects dealing with
aging buildings, using local restructuring and renovation techniques, materials, tools, and
community participation processes. Given evolving climatic conditions and renovation
policies, the demand for restructuring and rehabilitating old and historic buildings is likely to
increase. The primary aim of this study is to explore the potential for reconstruction in Girne,
focusing on the Alsanсak area, situated 9 kilometers west of Girne (Central Kyrenia), as a case
study. This area comprises 54 buildings of various construction periods and typologies. The
article is predominantly theoretical in nature, seeking to understand the implications of
reconstruction needs in urban settings. It discusses the challenges and opportunities of utilizing
sustainable and smart materials in the reconstruction process. The findings suggest that while
there is a growing interest and need for reconstruction, particularly in areas with historical
significance, there are also challenges related to funding, regulatory frameworks, and
community engagement. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of a holistic
approach that considers environmental, cultural, and economic aspects in the reconstruction
process. Further research is recommended to explore innovative solutions and best practices in
reconstruction for sustainable urban development.
Keywords: Reconstruction; Alsancak; Rebuilding; Sustainable materials; Smart materials;
Rehabilitation of buildings.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TÜRKİYE'NİN AFRİKA BOYNUZUNDA ASKERİ VARLIĞINI GÜÇLENDİRMESİ:
SOMALİ ÖRNEĞİ
Murat Özay TAŞKIN*(ORCID: 0000-0002-1319-839X)
University of Wroclaw, Department of Political and Administrative Sciences
Wroclaw-Poland
Email:334906@uwr.edu.pl
Sümer Esin ŞENYURT (ORCID: 0000-0002-0794-0869)
University of Wroclaw, Department of International Relations – Global Studies
Wroclaw- Poland
Email:334905@uwr.edu.pl
ÖZET
Türkiye, son yıllarda Afrika Boynuzu'ndaki askeri varlığını önemli ölçüde artırmış ve bu
çerçevede Somali ile kurduğu stratejik ilişkiler öne çıkan bir örnek teşkil etmektedir.
Türkiye'nin Somali'deki askeri angajmanı, insani yardım girişimlerinden stratejik eğitime ve
kapasite geliştirmeye kadar geniş bir yelpazede faaliyet göstermektedir. Somali'nin karmaşık
güvenlik ortamında, Türkiye, Somali ordusuna yönelik eğitim ve donanım sağlayarak bölgesel
istikrara önemli bir katkıda bulunmaktadır. Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin Somali'deki varlığı,
terörle mücadele, güvenlik koordinasyonu ve barış operasyonları gibi farklı alanlarda etkili bir
rol oynamaktadır. Türkiye'nin Somali'ye yönelik askeri destekleri, bölgedeki terör tehditleriyle
mücadelede ortak bir çabanın güçlendirilmesine katkı sağlamıştır. Ayrıca, Türk askeri
birimlerinin Somali'de yürüttüğü eğitim programları, Somali ordusunun savunma kapasitesini
artırmada önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu askeri iş birlikleri, Türkiye'nin Afrika Boynuzu'nda
stratejik bir partner olarak değerlendirilmesine ve bölgesel istikrara olan katkısına vurgu
yapmaktadır. Türkiye'nin Somali deneyimi, sadece güvenlik sorunlarına çözüm odaklı bir
strateji değil, aynı zamanda bölgesel iş birliğini ve dayanışmayı güçlendirmeye yönelik stratejik
bir hamle olarak da ele alınmaktadır. Bu noktada, 2024 yılının şubat ayında Somali ile
gerçekleştirilen askeri ve stratejik iş birliği anlaşması ile Türkiye’nin hem Somali’deki hem de
Afrika Boynuzu’ndaki varlığı, kapsamını ve etkisini büyük oranda attırmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu
çalışma, Türkiye’nin Afrika Boynuzu olarak adlandırılan önemli bir stratejik bölgedeki artan
askeri varlığını Somali örneği üzerinden analiz ederek, Türkiye’nin bölgedeki askeri varlığının
ne şekilde güçlendiğinin bir analizini ortaya koyacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Afrika Boynuzu, Askeri Varlık, Türkiye, Somali
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TURKEY'S STRENGTHENING MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE HORN OF
AFRICA: THE CASE OF SOMALIA
ABSTRACT
Turkey has significantly increased its military presence in the Horn of Africa in recent years,
with its strategic relations with Somalia standing out as a prominent example. Turkey's military
engagement in Somalia spans a wide range of activities, from humanitarian aid initiatives to
strategic training and capacity-building efforts. In the complex security environment of
Somalia, Turkey contributes significantly to regional stability by providing training and
equipment to the Somali army. The presence of the Turkish Armed Forces in Somalia plays an
effective role in various areas, including counterterrorism, security coordination, and peace
operations. Turkey's military support to Somalia has contributed to strengthening a joint effort
against terrorist threats in the region. Furthermore, the training programs conducted by Turkish
military units in Somalia play a crucial role in enhancing the defense capabilities of the Somali
army. These military collaborations underscore Turkey's role as a strategic partner in the Horn
of Africa, emphasizing its contribution to regional stability. Turkey's experience in Somalia is
not merely focused on addressing security issues; rather, it is regarded as a strategic move to
enhance regional cooperation and solidarity. In this context, the military and strategic
cooperation agreement with Somalia in February 2024 has significantly expanded Turkey's
presence and impact in both Somalia and the Horn of Africa. This study aims to analyze
Turkey's increasing military presence in the strategically important region known as the Horn
of Africa, using the Somali example as a case study, and will shed light on how Turkey's
military presence in the region has evolved.
Keywords: Horn of Africa, Military Presence, Turkey, Somalia
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MÜZELER ŞEHRİ: BURSA
Doç. Dr. Ayhan DAĞDEVİREN* (ORCID: 0000-0003-0004-8007)
Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Ilgaz Turizm ve Otelcilik Yüksekokulu, Turizm İşletmeciliği
Bölümü, Çankırı-Türkiye
Email: ayhandagdeviren@karatekin.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Yusuf Ziya AKBAŞ (ORCID: 0000-0003-4478-3580)
Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Ilgaz Turizm ve Otelcilik Yüksekokulu, Turizm Rehberliği
Bölümü, Çankırı-Türkiye
Email: yusufziyaakbas@karatekin.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bursa; farklı medeniyetlerden izler taşıyan, Osmanlıya ilk başkentlik yapmış, “tarihî çarşı ve
hanlar bölgesi”, tarihi külliyeleri, camileri, mescitleri, türbeleri, farklı dönemlerde gerçekleşen
göç hareketleri ile zenginleşen kültürel yapısı, doğal değerleri, tarımı, sanayisi, ticareti, turizmi
ile öne çıkan, Türkiye’nin güzide şehirlerinden biridir. Bursa, aynı zamanda bu zenginliğin
getirdiği birikimle oluşturulan müzeleri ve müze konusunda yapılan çalışmalarıyla dikkat
çekmektedir. Müzeler; geçmiş ve gelecek arasında bir köprü görevi gören, bünyesinde somut
ve/veya somut olmayan kültürel miras unsurlarını barındıran, toplumun her kesiminden
insanların erişmesine ve çeşitli deneyimler yaşamasına fırsat tanıyan mekânlardır. Bu
çalışmanın amacı, ayrıntılı bir literatür incelemesi yaparak Bursa’nın müzelerine ilişkin farklı
ve nitelikli bir eser ortaya koymaktır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada sırasıyla müze kavramı
açıklanmış, Bursa şehri konusunda bilgi verilmiş, ardından Bursa’nın müzeleri ele alınmıştır.
Çalışmada son olarak Bursa’nın müzeleri ile ilgili değerlendirmelerde bulunularak çeşitli
öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Müze, Bursa, Bursa Müzeleri.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE CITY OF MUSEUMS: BURSA
ABSTRACT
Bursa is one of the distinguished cities of Türkiye, bearing traces of different civilizations,
having been the first capital of the Ottoman Empire, standing out with its “historical bazaar and
inns region”, historical complexes, mosques, masjids, tombs, cultural structure enriched by
migration movements in different periods, natural values, agriculture, industry, trade and
tourism. Bursa also draws attention with its museums created with the accumulation of this
richness and the works carried out on museums. Museums are places that serve as a bridge
between the past and the future, contain elements of tangible and/or intangible cultural heritage,
and allow people from all segments of society to access and experience various experiences.
The aim of this study is to present a different and qualified work on Bursa’s museums by
conducting a detailed literature review. In this context, the concept of museum has been
explained, information about the city of Bursa has been given, and then Bursa’s museums have
been discussed. Finally, in the study, various suggestions have been developed by evaluating
Bursa's museums.
Keywords: Museum, Bursa, Bursa Museums.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TÜRKİYE’NİN KÜLTÜR ROTALARI
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Yusuf Ziya AKBAŞ* (ORCID: 0000-0003-4478-3580)
Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Ilgaz Turizm ve Otelcilik Yüksekokulu, Turizm Rehberliği
Bölümü, Çankırı-Türkiye
Email: yusufziyaakbas@karatekin.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Ayhan DAĞDEVİREN (ORCID: 0000-0003-0004-8007)
Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Ilgaz Turizm ve Otelcilik Yüksekokulu, Turizm İşletmeciliği
Bölümü, Çankırı-Türkiye
Email: ayhandagdeviren@karatekin.edu.tr
ÖZET
Geçmişte askeri, dini, ticari ve sosyal amaçlarla kullanılan birçok ulaşım güzergâhı, bugün daha
çok turistik amaçlarla kullanılan güzergâhlar haline gelmiştir. Ziyaretçilere bünyesinde
taşıdıkları özgün kültürel ögeleri ile farklı turizm deneyimleri yaşamasına imkân tanıyan kültür
rotalarının yerel, bölgesel, ulusal ve uluslararası boyutları söz konusudur. Türkiye, yüzyıllardır
çeşitli medeniyetlere ev sahipliği yapmış olması ile zengin bir kültürel mirasa sahip ülkelerden
biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kültür rotalarına odaklanarak Türkiye’nin kültür rotalarına ilişkin
farkındalık oluşturmak ve literatüre katkı sunmaktır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada sırasıyla kültür
rotası kavramı, kültür rotalarının temel özellikleri ve Avrupa’daki kültür rotaları ele alınmış,
ardından Türkiye’nin kültür rotaları ile ilgili kapsamlı bilgiler sunulmuştur. Çalışmanın son
kısmında ise Türkiye’nin kültür rotaları ile ilgili değerlendirmeler yapılarak çeşitli öneriler
geliştirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Türkiye, Kültür, Kültür Rotaları
291
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CULTURE ROUTES OF TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Many transportation routes which were used for military, religious, commercial and social
purposes in the past have become routes used mostly for touristic purposes today. Culture routes
which allow visitors to experience different tourism experiences through their unique cultural
elements, have local, regional, national and international dimensions. Turkey is one of the
countries with a rich cultural heritage, having been home to various civilizations for centuries.
The aim of this study is to create awareness about Turkey's culture routes by focusing on culture
routes and to contribute to the literature. In the study in this context the concept of culture route,
the basic characteristics of culture routes and culture routes in Europe have been discussed, and
then comprehensive information about Turkey's culture routes have been presented
respectively. In the last part of the study various suggestions have been developed by making
evaluations about Turkey's culture routes.
Keywords: Turkey, Culture, Culture Routes
292
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MUTFAKTA KÜLTÜREL YOLCULUK: ETİYOPYA MUTFAK KÜLTÜRÜ
Doç. Dr. Yılmaz SEÇİM (ORCID: 0000-0002-9112-7650)
Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary
Arts, Konya-Türkiye
Email: yilmazsecim@gmail.com
Mehmet Fatih YALÇINKAYA (ORCID: 0009-0006-7034-7327)
Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary
Arts, Konya-Türkiye
Email: mehmetfatih2572@gmail.com
Arş. Gör. Zekeriya YETİŞ (ORCID: 0000-0001-6019-9347)
Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Tourism, Department of Tourism Management,
Konya-Türkiye
Email: zyetis@erbakan.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bir bölgenin yemek kültürü içinde bulunduğu bölgenin coğrafi özellikleri, iklim koşulları,
yetiştirilen tarım ürünleri ve farklı bölgelerin yemek kültürleri gibi faktörler tarafından
şekillenmektedir. Tarihsel süreç içerisinde yaşanan göçler, diğer mutfaklarla iletişim ve
etkileşim gibi nedenlerle yemek kültürleri değişikliklere uğramaktadır. Günümüzde dünyada
yaşanan savaş, afet ve ekonomik nedenlere bağlı olarak yaşanan insan hareketlilikleri, insanları
farklı kültürlerle ve yemek kültürleri ile tanıştırmıştır. Etiyopya mutfağı da zaman içerisinde
çeşitli kültürel etkileşimler sonucunda, zengin bir ürün çeşitliliği kazanmıştır. Ancak, yerel
lezzetlerin yeteri kadar tanıtılmaması sebebiyle, bu yöresel ürünler zamanla unutulabilmekte ve
kaybolma riskiyle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı; Etiyopya mutfak
kültürü, yemekleri ve özel yemek pişirme yöntemleri, kullandıkları araç-gereçler, yiyecekiçecek ritüelleri, yiyecek-içeceklerinin servis şekilleri hakkında bilgi edinmek ve Etiyopya
mutfak kültürünü detaylı bir şekilde yansıtmaktır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi benimsenen
çalışmada yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Kartopu örnekleme yöntemiyle
elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde
edilen en önemli bulgu; Etiyopya mutfak kültürünün yeteri kadar tanıtılmadığıdır. Bununla
birlikte Avrupa ve Amerika’da tüketilen yemeklerin çoğunun kökeninin Etiyopya olduğu
düşünülmektedir. Etiyopya mutfak kültürünün korunması için gelecek nesillere aktarımının
doğru şekilde sağlanması gerektiği çalışmanın diğer sonuçları arasında yer almaktadır. Yapılan
bu çalışmanın Etiyopya mutfak kültürünün tanıtılmasına katkıda bulunacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mutfak Kültürü, Doğu Afrika Mutfak Kültürü, Etiyopya Mutfağı
293
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CULTURAL JOURNEY IN THE KITCHEN: ETHIOPIAN CULINARY CULTURE
ABSTRACT
The food culture of a region is shaped by factors such as the geographical characteristics of the
region, climatic conditions, agricultural products grown and food cultures of different regions.
Food cultures undergo changes due to reasons such as migrations, communication and
interaction with other cuisines in the historical process. Today, human mobility due to wars,
disasters and economic reasons in the world has introduced people to different cultures and
food cultures. Ethiopian cuisine has also gained a rich variety of products as a result of various
cultural interactions over time. However, due to insufficient promotion of local flavors, these
local products may be forgotten over time and face the risk of being lost. In this direction, the
aim of the study is to obtain information about Ethiopian culinary culture, food and special
cooking methods, the tools and utensils they use, food and beverage rituals, and the way their
food and beverages are served and to reflect the Ethiopian culinary culture in detail. The
qualitative research method was adopted and semi-structured interview technique was used in
the study. The data obtained by snowball sampling method were analyzed by descriptive
analysis method. The most important finding obtained as a result of the research is that
Ethiopian culinary culture is not sufficiently promoted. However, most of the dishes consumed
in Europe and America are thought to originate from Ethiopia. Among the other results of the
study is that in order to preserve the Ethiopian culinary culture, it should be transferred to future
generations in the right way. It is thought that this study will contribute to the promotion of
Ethiopian culinary culture.
Keywords: Culinary Culture, East African Culinary Culture, Ethiopian Cuisine
294
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EFFECTS OF INTEREST RATE ON CREDIT ACCESSED BY MAIZE FARMERS
IN KUJE AREA COUNCIL OF ABUJA, NIGERIA
Muhammed Y*
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development,
Email:mohd.yak@futminna.edu.ng
Adejoh S. O
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development,
Muhammad U. H
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension,
Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Aliyu P. A
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension,
Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University, Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This study examined the effects of interest rate on credit accessed by maize farmers in Kuje
Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria. Two-stage procedure was used to select 84 respondents into
maize farming in the study area. Primary data were collected using structured questionnaire
complemented with an interview schedule. Data collected were analyzed with descriptive
statistics (frequency count, percentages and mean) and inferential statistics (Cobb-Douglas
regression). Findings from the study showed that most (72.6%) of the respondents were male
and the predominant age bracket was 31– 40 years with a mean of 39 years. This implies that
the maize farmers were young which could influence their desire to access loan credit for
farming. Also, most (71.4%) of the respondents were married with a mean household size of 8
people. The respondents were experienced farmers with a mean farming experience of 9 years,
but has a mean farm size of about one hectare representing small farm holdings. Only few
(28.6%) of the respondents had contact with extension agents, while most (65.5%) of them were
member of cooperative society. In terms of access to credit, majority (96.4%) of the respondents
had access to credit. Sources of credit and mean volume of credit accessed as indicated by the
respondents was from microfinance banks (30.9%; ₦266,538) with an interest rate of 7.32%,
family and friend (30.9%; ₦266,538) with an interest rate of 3.97% and money lenders (28.6%;
₦266,538) with an interest rate of 11.96% among others. The mean volume of credit obtained
by the respondents was ₦298,095. Meanwhile, variables such as household size (0.1612;
p<0.10), farm size (0.1785; p<0.01), farm income (0.4705; p<0.01), credit awareness (0.2164;
p<0.01) and collateral provision (0.0474; p<0.10) had positive and significant effects on the
volume of credit accessed by the respondents. The interest rate (-0.1196; p<0.05) had negative
and significant effects on the volume of credit accessed by the respondents. This shows that as
the interest rate increases, the volume of credit accessed will decreases. The study recommends
that financial institutions especially Bank of Agriculture (BOA) should be adequately funded
by the Government to provide credit loans to farmers at low interest rate in order to ensure
greater production that will guarantee food security.
Keywords: Effects, Interest rate, Credit Accesses, Maize farmers
295
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
HERBAL ELEGANCE: UNVEILING THE POTENTIAL OF NATURAL
INGREDIENTS IN ANTI-DANDRUFF HAIR
Professor Dr. R. Sundhararajan*
Mohamed Sathak AJ College of Pharmacy, Chennai-Tamilnadu
Email: jothimohanraaj@gmail.com
Associate Professor S. G. Raman
Mohamed Sathak AJ College of Pharmacy, Chennai-Tamilnadu
Associate Professor R. Jothilakshmi
Mohamed Sathak AJ College of Pharmacy, Chennai-Tamilnadu
ABSTRACT
Dandruff, a common scalp condition affecting individuals globally, necessitates effective and
natural solutions for its mitigation. This study delves into the formulation and evaluation of an
anti-dandruff herbal hair mask, exploring the potential of various natural ingredients in
combating this persistent concern. The research focuses on the elegance of herbal remedies,
aiming to unravel the intricate relationship between botanical elements and their efficacy in
promoting scalp health. The methodology involves a meticulous selection of herbal constituents
renowned for their anti-dandruff properties. Ingredients such as neem, tea tree oil, aloe vera,
and rosemary are meticulously combined to create a harmonious blend. The formulation
process considers not only their benefits but also their synergistic effects, aiming for a
comprehensive solution that addresses the multifaceted nature of dandruff. Evaluation of the
herbal hair mask involves both qualitative and quantitative assessments. Clinical trials on a
diverse group of participants gauge the product's effectiveness in reducing dandruff and
improving overall scalp condition. Additionally, laboratory analyses delve into the biochemical
aspects, shedding light on the mechanisms through which these herbal ingredients interact with
the scalp environment.
Keywords: Herbal hair mask, anti-dandruff, natural ingredients, scalp health, botanical
remedies, neem, tea tree oil, aloe vera, rosemary, holistic hair care, clinical trials, synergistic
effects, biochemical analysis.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KALSİYUM BİYOYARARLANIMINDA PROBİYOTİK VE PREBİYOTİKLERİN
ROLÜ
Mena AZİMİ
Ondokuz mayıs üniversitesi, lisanüstü eğitim enstitüsü, Beslenme bilimleri, Samsun, Türkiye.
Email: azimi.mena@gmail.com
ÖZET
Kalsiyum, insan vücudunda en çok bulunan mineral olup Plazma kalsiyum homeostazı,
iskeletin sürdürülmesi, hormonal sekresyonun düzenlenmesi, sinir impulslarının iletilmesi ve
vasküler faaliyetler gibi insan yaşamının sürdürülmesinde hayati bir rol oynar. Prebiyotiklerin
kalsiyum emilimine etkisi ise alt bağırsağa ulaşan birkaç tür prebiyotik bitki lifi, kısa zincirli
yağ asitlerinin üretimi yoluyla bağırsak mikrobiyomunun değişmesine neden olur. Ortaya çıkan
düşük pH ortamının, kalsiyum fosfat oluşumu gibi minerallerin kompleksleşmesini azalttır ve
böylece, kemik birikimini veya tutulmasını desteklemek için daha fazla kalsiyum emilecektir.
Çalışmalara göre probiyotiklerin kemik koruyucu etkisi barsak geçirgenliğini azaltır, kısa
zincirli yağ asitlerini arttırır, barsaktaki inflamasyonu azaltır, kemikteki proinflamatuar
sitokinlerin seviyesini düşürür ve osteoklastik kemik rezorpsiyonunu azaltır. Bağırsak
mikrobiyotasının kemik sağlığını önemli ölçüde etkiler bağırsak mikrobiyotasi Ca emilimini
artırabilir ve kemik hücreleriyle etkileşime girdiğine ve kemik metabolizmasını düzenlediğine
bağırsak serotonin üretimini module edebilir.Bağırsak mikrobiyomu, konak genetiği, diyet, yaş,
coğrafya, konakçı bağışıklık durumu, seyahet bazı ilaçların kullanımı gibi birçok faktörden
etkilenen yaşamın ilk aşamasından itibaren insan vücudu ile etkileşime girer.Lif
fermantasyonundan SCFA üretimini arttırdığı bilinen cinslerde bağırsak mikrobiyomunda
prebiyotik beslemenin neden olduğu değişiklikler, artan fraksiyonel kalsiyum emilimi (insan
ve hayvan modelleri) ve kemik yoğunluğu ve gücü (hayvan modelleri) ile önemli ölçüde
ilişkilidir osteoporoz riskini potansiyel olarak azaltmak için anlamlı olduğu kar kabul edilen
diyet stratejileridir. Probiyotiklerin mineral emilimi üzerindeki olumlu etkisi, bağırsak
mikrobiyomunun bileşimi ve metabolizması ile ilgili olarak umut vericidir. Tahılların
fermantasyonu ve mahsullerin ıslatılması ve çimlenmesi, hem insan bağırsağı mikrobiyomunu
hem de genel sağlığı sürdürebilen uygun doğal mineral takviyeleri sağlama potansiyeline
sahiptir. Fermente gıdalar ve içecekler, çözünür ve biyoyararlı mikro besinlerin seviyelerini
artırmada yardımcı olabilir ve "besin takviyesi" görevi görebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: probiyotik , prebiyotik, kalsiyum biyoyararlanimi
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE ROLE OF PROBIOTIC AND PREBIOTICS IN CALCIUM BIOAVAILABILITY
ABSTRACT
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body and plays a vital role in maintaining
human life in such areas as plasma calcium homeostasis, maintenance of the skeleton,
regulation of hormonal secretion, transmission of nerve impulses, and vascular activities. The
effect of prebiotics on calcium absorption is that several types of prebiotic plant fibers reaching
the lower intestine cause changes in the intestinal microbiome through the production of shortchain fatty acids. The resulting low pH environment reduces the complexation of minerals, such
as calcium phosphate formation, and thus more calcium will be absorbed to promote bone
deposition or retention. According to studies, the bone-protective effect of probiotics reduces
intestinal permeability, increases short-chain fatty acids, reduces inflammation in the intestine,
reduces the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bone, and reduces osteoclastic bone
resorption. The intestinal microbiota significantly affects bone health. The intestinal microbiota
can increase Ca absorption and modulate intestinal serotonin production, where it interacts with
bone cells and regulates bone metabolism. The intestinal microbiome is affected by many
factors, such as host genetics, diet, age, geography, host immune status, travel, and the use of
certain medications. interacts with the human body from the first stage of life. Changes caused
by prebiotic feeding in the gut microbiome in genera known to increase SCFA production from
fiber fermentation are significantly associated with increased fractional calcium absorption
(human and animal models) and bone density and strength (animal models) in osteoporosis.
Dietary strategies that are considered meaningful can potentially reduce the risk of The positive
effect of probiotics on mineral absorption is promising regarding the composition and
metabolism of the gut microbiome. Fermentation of grains and soaking and germination of
crops have the potential to provide suitable natural mineral supplements that can sustain both
the human gut microbiome and overall health. Fermented foods and beverages can help increase
levels of soluble and bioavailable micronutrients and act as a “nutritional supplement.”
Keywords: probiotics, prebiotics, calcium bioavailability
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KALILA AND DIMNA” AS A SOURCE OF MORAL-DIDACTIC MOTIVES
Fidan NASIROVA (ORCID: 0000-0001-8178-7287)
Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası, Z.M.Bünyadov adına Şərqşünaslıq İnstitutu,
Bakı, Azərbaycan
Email: nasirova1975@list.ru
ABSTRACT
Present research studies the idea-thematic features of the immortal monument of Eastern
literature “Kalila and Dimna” and its didactic-educational motives, which were analyzed in the
context of moral values. “Kalila and Dimna”, also called “Karataka, Damanaka” in Sanskrit,
which is considered as one of the ultimate examples of the semi-didactic-semi-fictional “genre
of literature” containing a complex set of humanitarian knowledge of its time, is a written form
of stories and narratives that was orally passed down in India from generation to generation.
The origin of “Kalila and Dimna” is closely related to “Panchatantra” (five wisdoms, five laws)
originating from Indian folklore. However, as it is seen from the name of Panchatantra, there
are only five chapters, while “Kalila and Dimna” was extended to 17-18 chapters as a result of
the additions by various translators. Compiled by “the head of the Brahmins”, the philosopher
Beydaba for the Indian king Dabshalim this work is an invaluable source in terms of reflecting
the historical reality, literary norms, and artistic-aesthetic principles of the period in which it
was created, in addition to its deep meaning, content, spiritual and humanistic ideas that it
preached. The main characters of the work are symbolically two jackals - Kalila, who serves
good, and Dimna, who represents evil. The praise of such human qualities as friendship,
faithfulness, loyalty, justice, courage and truthfulness, and the exposure of negative aspects
such as betrayal, lies, malice constitute the main theme of the work. This work, rich in moral
and didactic motives, is read with great interest, “where fun, humor, seriousness, wisdom and
philosophy are combined, a vast space for the philosopher, a training ground for the mind, an
unforgettable memory for lovers of words, a beautiful book for those who understand the
meaning of these all, is a treasure of lessons”. Motifs and plots of “Kalila and Dimna” widely
spread in the Muslim East, went through a complex evolutionary path and penetrated the
European and world literature. Nowadays it is hard to find a fable, an allegorical story where
the parallels with this work are not observed in one form or another.
Keywords: “Kalila and Dimna”, “Panchatantra”, ancient Indian legend, literary genre.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FULL TEXT
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR TARIMDA ORGANİK MADDE VE SOLUCANLARIN
TOPRAK SAĞLIĞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ
Lebriz ÇINAR* (ORCID: 0009-0000-2878-8109)
Süleymanpaşa Belediyesi, Fen İşleri Müdürlüğü, Tekirdağ, Türkiye
Email: lbrzcnr@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Korkmaz BELLİTÜRK (ORCID: 0000-0003-4944-3497)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme
Bölümü, Tekirdag, Türkiye.
Email: kbelliturk@nku.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Ahmet ÇELİK (ORCID: 0000-0001-8958-4978)
Adıyaman Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Bölümü, Adıyaman,
Türkiye.
Email: ahmetcelik@adiyaman.edu.tr
Özet
Dünyamızı hızla kirletmemiz nedeniyle meydana gelen atıklar için yeni tavsiyeler ve projelerin
ihtiyaç olduğu artık herkes tarafından bilinmektedir. Bu projelerden biri de toprak ve bitki kalite
ve randımanının arttırılmasına yönelik solucan dışkılarının yani solucan gübrelerinin
kullanılmasıdır. Solucan gübresi; özel diye tabir ettiğimiz solucanların toprakta bulunan veya
toprağa sonradan katılan organik maddelerin bitkilere faydalı olabilecek formlara değişimini
sağlama işlemi neticesinde oluşan ürünlerdir. Solucanlar; toprak strüktürünü, randımanını ve
ürün verimini ciddi şekilde pozitif yönde olacak şekilde tesir edebilmektedirler. Bir başka
deyişle söyleyebiliriz ki, vermikompost bitki köklerinin gelişim sağlamasını destekler, kök
hastalıklarını önemli bir şekilde sayıca düşürdükleri, çayır ve tarla bitkilerinin randımanını ve
bilhassa tahıl kalitesini (örn. protein içeriği) artırdıkları hem laboratuvarda hem de arazide
ispatlanmıştır. Sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamaları bilindiği üzere topraklardaki organik
maddenin varlığı, kullanımı ve stabilitesi ile doğru orantılı bir şekilde gelişmektedir. Bu
sebepten dolayıdır ki toprağın randımanını yükseltmek adına toprağa çeşitli organik gübrelerin
ilavesinin sağlanması gerekmektedir. Ancak gübreleme programları genellikle kimyasal
gübreler ile yapılmakta ve organik gübreler neredeyse hiç kaile alınmamaktadır. Netice
itibariyle, gittikçe çorak hale gelen topraklar geri dönülmez bir kısır döngünün içerisinde
canlılıklarını devam ettirmeye çalışmaktadırlar. Öyle ki; Türkiye’de 2022 yılında kullanılan
kimyasal gübre miktarı hektar başına 561 kg olarak hesaplanması ve organik gübre ile
kıyaslandığında miktar olarak oldukça üst seviyelerde olması, bahsi geçen durumun ne kadar
ciddi olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu hususta dikkat edilmeyen bir başka husus ise rakamsal
anlamda yüksek olan kimyasal gübrelerin çevre kirliliğine sebep olması ve yüksek azot
miktarları nedeniyle yeraltı sularının kirlenmeye başlamasıdır. Buradaki önemli husus,
solucanların organik atıkların geri dönüşümü ile ilgili olarak atık yönetiminde yer aldığının
bilinmesidir. Tarımsal alanlarda organik madde miktarının yeterli gelmemesi sebebiyle
tüketilen kimyasal gübreler toplumun ihtiyacını karşılamakta zorlanmakta dolayısıyla bu
gübrelerin bilinçsizce ve hunharca büyük miktarlarda kullanımı yapılan faaliyetin ekonomik
olma durumundan çıkmaktadır. Bu bağlamda; organik gübre programlarının düzenlenmesi
ihtiyacı doğacağı için söz konusu kimyasalların topraktaki sarfiyat rakamlarını azaltacak ve
bitkilerin gübrelerden faydalanma düzeyini yükselterek ekonomik gübreleme yapılmış
olacaktır. Hem bitki ile toprak sağlığı hem de halk sağlığı açısından değerlendirildiğinde
organik gübreleme çalışmalarının akılcı olduğu sonucuna varılmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Toprak Sağlığı, Organik Madde, Solucan Gübresi, Kimyasal Gübre
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ORGANIC MATTER IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND TH
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARTHWORMS AND SOIL HEALTH
Abstract
It is now well known that new recommendations and projects are needed for the waste generated
by the rapid pollution of our world. One of these projects is the use of vermicomposts, i.e.,
vermicomposts, to increase soil and plant quality and efficiency. Vermicomposts are the
products that are formed as a result of the process of transforming the organic substances in the
soil or added to the soil into forms that can be beneficial to plants. Earthworms are able to affect
the soil structure, yield and crop yield in a seriously positive way. In other words, vermicompost
promotes the growth of plant roots, significantly reduces the number of root diseases, improves
the yields of meadow and field crops and especially the quality of cereals (e.g. protein content),
which has been proven both in the laboratory and in the field. Sustainable agricultural practices
are known to be directly proportional to the presence, utilization and stability of organic matter
in soils. For this reason, it is necessary to ensure the addition of various organic fertilizers to
the soil in order to increase soil fertility. However, fertilization programs are usually carried out
with chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers are almost ignored. As a result, increasingly
barren soils continue their vitality in an irreversible vicious circle. In fact, the fact that the
number of chemical fertilizers used in Turkey in 2022 is calculated as 561 kg per hectare and
is quite high compared to organic fertilizers shows how serious the situation is. Another issue
that is not taken into consideration in this regard is that chemical fertilizers, which are high in
terms of numbers, cause environmental pollution and groundwater starts to be polluted due to
high nitrogen amounts. The important point here is to know that earthworms are involved in
waste management regarding the recycling of organic wastes. Chemical fertilizers consumed
due to the insufficient amount of organic matter in agricultural areas have difficulty in meeting
the needs of the society, so the unconscious and brutal use of these fertilizers in large quantities
makes the activity uneconomical. In this context; since the need to organize organic fertilizer
programs will arise, it will reduce the consumption figures of these chemicals in the soil and
economic fertilization will be made by increasing the level of utilization of fertilizers by plants.
When evaluated in terms of both plant and soil health and public health, it is concluded that
organic fertilization studies are rational.
Keywords: Soil Health, Organic Matter, Vermicompost, Chemical Fertilizer.
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1.Giriş
Yaşadığımız dünyayı hızla kirletiyoruz. Atıklar için yeni öneri ve projelerin gerekliliği
tartışılmaz biçimde açığa çıkmıştır. Pazar atıklarını ve evlerimizde meydana gelen meyve-sebze
atıkları gibi organik kökenli atıkları artık çöpe atmak yerine vermikompost teknolojisi ile
dönüştürmek mümkündür. Solucan gübresini basit bir dille ifade etmek gerekirse, kırmızı
Kaliforniya Solucanlarının bitkisel ve hayvansal atıklarını işlemesi sonucu meydana gelen
solucan dışkısıdır. Solucan gübresi; mikro florlar ve özel solucanların organik maddeleri hümik
maddelere dönüştürme işlemi sonucunda meydana gelen bir üründür. Görünüş olarak siyah
toprağa benzer ve itici bir kokusu yoktur. Kırmızı solucanlar namı değer Eisenia fetida gübre
üretimi için en iyi solucanlardır. Sıradan toprak solucanlarına göre iç içe ve kalabalık bir nüfus
yoğunluğunda yaşamayı sevmektedirler ve ayrıca da saklanmazlar. Doğada hemen hemen her
toprağın derinliklerine yönelmiş bir kırmızı solucan bulamazsınız (Anonim, 2014).
Sürdürülebilir tarım uygulamaları büyük ölçüde topraklardaki organik madde dengesine
bağlıdır (Dostal, 2002). Son zamanlarda, yüksek kaliteli tarım ürünleri elde etmek ve çevreyi
tarımsal uygulamalardan korumak amacıyla organik tarımsal atıkların bitkisel üretimde
kullanılmasına ilgi artmaktadır (Vavoulidou ve ark., 2004). Bitki büyümesi, çevresel filtreleme,
su düzenleme ve depolama gibi çeşitli işlevlerdeki toprakların performansı, bunların kalitesinin
göstergesidir (Larson ve Pierce, 1991). Tarımda toprağın kalitesi ve verimliliği önemli
faktörlerdir. Başarılı bir ürün yetiştirme sisteminin zorluklarını hafifletmek için yeterli toprak
organik maddesine sahip olmak önemlidir; bu nedenle toprağın verimliliğini artırmak için
çeşitli organik gübreler tavsiye edilmektedir (Petkova, 2002). Türkiye'nin gayri safi üretiminin
büyük bir kısmı tarımsal faaliyetlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. Bilindiği üzere; tarım sektöründe
buğday, arpa, tütün ve pamuk ürünleri üretimi önemli miktarda tarımsal atık oluşmasına neden
olmaktadır. Normalde bu atıklar ya yakılmakta ya da çürümeye bırakılmaktadır. Atıkların çevre
üzerinde önemli bir etkisi vardır ve her iki durumda da söz konusu atıklar kullanılabilir
kaynakların yok olmasına neden olmaktadır (Başçetinçelik ve ark., 2005).
Mineral gübre ve böcek ilacı gibi kimyasal maddelerin kullanılmadığı tarım ve organik
maddelerin kullanımını içeren organik üretim, "organik tarımın" temel ilkesidir. Yeşil gübre
kullanımı, organik tarımda bitki besin gereksinimlerini karşılamak için organik gübrelerin
uygulanmasıyla birlikte şiddetle tavsiye edilen bir yöntemdir. Organik gübreler ve yeşil
gübreleme topraktaki biyolojik aktiviteyi artıran uygulamalardır (Çengel ve ark., 2009).
İnsan ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasında ön sıralarda yer alan tarıma dayalı gıda sanayi, son yıllarda
yaşanan ekonomik krizlerden, toprağın analiz edilmeden kaynaklanan yanlış gübre
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uygulanmasından ve dolayısıyla bu gübre uygulamasının sebep olduğu toprağın tuzlanması ve
asitlenmesi gibi tarımsal faaliyetlerden ve kısmen de olsa artık tüm gerçekliyle kabul edilen
iklim değişikliğinin olumsuz etkilerini fark ettirmektedir. Tüm bu hatalar nedeniyle tarımsal
arazilerimizin verimliliği maalesef gittikçe azalmaktadır (Bellitürk, 2010).
Tarımsal alanlarımızdaki toprakların organik madde bakımından fakir olduğu herkes tarafından
bilinmektedir. Ancak potasyum açısından yeterli, fosfor açısından ise kısmen yeterli olan
toprağın nadasa bırakılmamasından ve işlenen ürün tarafından kaldırılması nedeniyle üretim
yapılan toprakta zamanla fosfor, potasyum ve organik madde bakımından fakirleşme
durumunun yaşanabileceği göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Ülkemizde birçok tarım ürününde
üretimden tüketime kadar çeşitli sıkıntılar ile karşılaşılmaktadır. Gübreleme programlarının
seçiminde sadece çiftçilerinin gözlemlerinin değerlendirilmesi dolayısıyla gübreleme
faaliyetlerinin toprak ve yaprak analizine göre yapılmaması da bu sorunlardan biri
sayılmaktadır. Özellikle gübre girdilerinin maliyeti dengeli gübreleme programının
uygulanması ile kısmen de azaltılabileceği bilinmelidir. Bunu yapmanın tek yolu vardır; o da
ekim yapılması planlanan tarım alanının çiftçi tarafından çok iyi tanınmasıdır. Tanınma işlemi,
toprağın kimlik kartını çıkartmak gibidir. İçerisinde ne var ne yok bilinmesidir (Bellitürk,
2009).
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun düzenli olarak yaptığı veri toplama çalışmalarında, 2022 yılı
için Türkiye çapında toplam tarım alanı, 238.639.481 dekar olup bunun 165.096.258 dekarı
ekilen alan olarak bildirilmiştir. Yine aynı şekilde, toplam tarım alanı 38.482 bin hektar olarak
söz konusu kurum tarafından hesaplanmış olup 20.194 bin hektar alan ise toplam işlenen tarım
alanı sınıfına girmektedir. Tekirdağ bazında değerlendirildiğinde; işlenen tarım alanı ise
4.153.674 dekar olarak kayıtlara geçmiştir. 2022 yılında çiftçiler tarafından kullanılan kimyasal
gübre miktarı toplamda 11.332.709 ton, bunun azotlu olanı, 7.520.871 ton, fosforlu olanı,
3.550.343 ton ve potaslı olanı ise 261.495 ton olarak bulunmuştur. Dolayısıyla; Türkiye’nin
2022 yılı nüfusu da göz önüne alınarak tüm bu veriler değerlendirildiğinde; kişi başına düşen
ekilebilir (işlenebilir) tarım alanı 0,24 ha/kişi olduğu görülür. Diğer bir veri ise; hektar başına
kullanılan kimyasal gübre miktarı, 561 kg’dır. Bu oldukça yüksek miktar olup tarım sektöründe
organik gübre miktarının da en az kimyasal kadar kullanılması gerektiği fikri bilimsel otoriteler
tarafından kabul görmeye başlamıştır (TÜİK, 2022).
Verimliliği arttırıcı tarım yöntemleri arasında kimyasal gübre kullanımı oldukça önemli bir yer
tutmaktadır. Ancak hem dünyada hem de ülkemizde verimliliği artırmak amacıyla yaygın ve
oldukça fazla miktarda kullanılan bir gübre türü, kimyasal gübreler olarak adlandırılmaktadır.
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Özellikle bilinçsiz ve ihtiyaçtan fazlası olacak şekilde uygulanan gübreleme programlarının
ekonomik kayıplara yol açması yetmiyormuş gibi aynı zamanda çevre kirliliğine de yol
açmaktadır. Bu sebepten azot kirliliği gibi önemli bir çevre kirliliği unsurunun önlenmesi için
azotlu gübrenin sızmasını ve birikmesini önleyecek gerekli teknik önlemlerle yani kısacası
araziye bilinçli bir şekilde tatbik edilmesi gerekmektedir. Mineral gübrelerin hiç
kullanılmaması ya da kullanımının sınırlandırılması tarımsal üretime negatif bir yönde tesir
edeceğinden bu gübrelerin hem doğru miktarlarda hem de aşırıya kaçmadan dengeli bir şekilde
tüketilmesi ile birlikte bahsedilen problemin çözülmesi sağlanacaktır (Bellitürk, 2004).
Bilindiği üzere, toprakta yeterli derecede bulunmayan bitki besin elementlerinin kültür bitkileri
tarafından daha iyi absorplanması için çeşitli gübreleme programlarının uygulanması gerekir.
Yine aynı şekilde, bitki besin elementlerinin toprağa katılması organik ve inorganik kökenli
gübrelerin kullanılması ile gerçekleşmektedir. Bu bağlamda; tarımda kullanılan inorganik
gübrelerden kaynaklanan çevre kirliliğinin ve bu kirliliğin insan ve halk sağlığı üzerindeki
negatif tesirleri son yıllarda oldukça fazla gündeme gelmektedir (Bellitürk, 2005). FAO'nun
yapmış olduğu açıklamaya göre; Avrupa'da sıkı (kil yapısı büyük bir çoğunlukta olan) ve derin
yapılı tarım topraklarında buğday yetiştirmekten elde edilen gelirin 1/7'si gübreleme maliyetini
temsil ederken, benzer karakteristik özelliklere sahip Trakya Bölgesi'nde ise gübreleme
maliyetinin 1/4'ü karşılanmaktadır. Yani, buğday ekiminden elde edilen toplam gelir, buğday
ekiminden elde edilen gelirin 4/4'ü kadar olup, bunun 1'i gübreleme maliyetini temsil
etmektedir. Sebebi ise Trakya'da organik gübrelerin kullanılmaması, ülkemizde ise sadece
kimyasal gübrelerin kullanılması olduğu söylenmektedir (FAO, 2019). Bu çalışmayla,
sürdürülebilir tarımda organik madde ve solucanların toprak sağlığı ile ilişkisinin tarım ve çevre
dostu uygulamalar açısından önemi ortaya konmuştur.
2. Toprak Organik Maddesine Faydası Olmayan Tarımsal Uygulamalar
Topraklarda organik maddenin düşük olması yanında, pH değerinin de nötrün çok altında veya
üzerinde olması durumlarında bazı ekstrem (örneğin çay bitkisi asit karakterli topraklarda iyi
yetişir) bitkilerin dışında birçok bitki sağlıklı olarak yetişememektedir. Ayrıca toprak organik
maddesinin %1 ve altında olması durumunda, özellikle bu tip topraklara uygulanan kimyasal
gübrelerdeki N’un yarısı, P’un %70-85’i ve K’un %30 civarı çeşitli sebeplerle bitkiler
tarafından alınamamaktadır. Buna ilişkin şekil 1’de verilmiştir.
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Şekil 1. Organik madde düzeyi düşük olan topraklardaki N, P, K elementlerinin alınabilir
oranları
Çay gibi özel bitkilerin dışında, tarımsal amaç için yetiştirilen bitkiler nötr değerinin altında
veya üzerinde olan toprak pH’ları varlığında genellikle verim düşüklüğü ortaya çıkartırlar. Bu
tip pH bakımından uygun olmayan aynı zamanda düşük organik maddeye sahip tarım
topraklarının mutlaka ıslah edilmesi gerekmektedir. Toprak pH değerine göre elde edilen verim
oranlarını gösteren örnek Çizelge 1’de sunulmuştur (Halliday ve ark., 1992).
Çizelge 1. Bazı tarla bitkileri ile toprak pH değeri arasındaki ilişki (Halliday ve ark., 1992).
Ürün
4.7
Mısır
Buğday
Soya fasulyesi
Yulaf
Arpa
Yonca
Çayır otu
34
68
65
77
0
2
31
Buğday
34
pH
5.0
5.7
6.8
Ortalama Verim (En iyi: 100; En kötü: 0) (%)
73
83
100
78
89
100
79
80
100
93
99
98
23
80
95
9
42
100
47
66
100
73
83
100
7.5
85
99
93
100
100
100
95
85
Çizelge 1’den de görüldüğü gibi, örneğin buğday bitkisinden %100 verim alınabilmesi için en
uygun pH değerinin 6,8 olduğu görülmektedir. Şekil 2’te organik gübrelerin bitkileri besleme
görevinin yanında toprakları ıslah ettiği görülmektedir. Buna karşın kimyasal gübreler, sadece
bitki ile ilgilenmekte toprak canlılığına herhangi bir katkıları bulunmamaktadır. Toprak
içerisinde organik madde artışı dolaylı yoldan topraktaki makro ve mikro elementlerinin de
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miktar olarak yükselmesini sağlamaktadır. İlaveten topraktaki faydalı mikroorganizmaların
popülasyonu da artmış olmaktadır. Bitki köklerinin beslenmesi faaliyeti her iki gübrenin temel
fonksiyonun
arasında
bulunmakta
ancak
faydalanma
mekanizması
açısından
değerlendirildiğinde, organik gübrenin daha kapsamlı bir işlevi olduğu görülmekte ve kimyasal
gübreye nazaran toprağa çeşitli avantajlar sunmaktadır.
Şekil 2. Organik gübre ve kimyasal gübre arasındaki farklar.
3. Toprak Organik Maddesine Faydası Olan Tarımsal Uygulamalar
Solucanlar; toprak yapısını, verimliliğini ve ürün verimini ciddi şekilde etkileyebilmektedirler.
Besleyici özellikleri ve galeri açıcı fonksiyonları sayesinde genel toprak yapısını olumlu yönde
iyileştirebilmekte, su sızmasını artırabilmekte, yüzeye uygulanan organik madde, kireç ve
gübrelerin toprağa karışmasını (nüfuz etmesini) hızlandırabilmekte ve toprağın gözenekli
yapısını artırabilmektedirler. Ayrıca bitki köklerinin gelişimini destekledikleri, kök hastalıkları
sayısını önemli ölçüde azalttıkları, çayır ve tarla bitkilerinin verimini ve özellikle tahıl kalitesini
(örn. protein içeriği) artırdıkları hem laboratuvarda hem de arazide kanıtlanmıştır. Bundan
başka solucanlar, metabolizmalarının nitrojen (N) içeren ürünlerini ölü dokudaki protein, atık
ürünler (idrar) ve epidermal bezler tarafından salgılanan mukoprotein şeklinde toprağa geri
döndürdükleri için toprağın nitrojen döngüsünde önemli bir rol oynadıkları da bilimsel
otoriteler tarafından bilinmektedir. Pek çok ülkede toprak asitliği dikkate alınması gereken
ciddi bir sorundur. Alınmadığı taktirde tarımsal üretimin devamı söz konusu olamamaktadır.
Amonyum temelli azotlu gübrelerin kullanımı ve azot bağlayan legüminozlar toprak
asitleşmesini önemli bir seviyede arttırdığı kayıt altına alınmıştır. Asitlenmeyi dengelemek için
toprak yüzeyine kireç uygulanır. Ancak bu kirecin ihtiyaç duyulan kök bölgesine nüfuzu
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genellikle çok yavaştır. Bazı araştırmalara göre, Yeni Zelanda ve Avustralya gibi ülkelerde,
bazı solucan türlerinin kirecin toprağa nüfuzunu ve dolaylı olarak pH'ını artırabildiği
bildirilmiştir (Mısırlıoğlu, 2017).
(a)
(b)
Şekil 3. (a)’da kimyasal gübre (b)’de ise solucan gübresi.
Şekil 3 (a)’da bir taban kimyasal gübresi olan DAP (Diamonyum Fosfat) ve Şekil 3 (b)’de
organik gübre olan solucan gübresi gösterilmiştir. DAP gübresi, içerdiği fosforun %90’ından
fazlası suda eriyebildiğinden, toprağa verildikten hemen sonra toprak içerisinde gerekli nem
sağlanırsa bitkilerin yararlanabileceği forma dönüşür. Ayrıca içerisinde bulunan azot, bitkilerin
erken olgunluğa ulaşmasını sağlamaktadır. Ancak, toprağı beslememektedir. Halbuki, organik
gübreler tam anlamıyla toprak canlandırıcı aşı gibi davranmaktadır.
Solucanlar, toprağın yapısını, randımanını ve bitki üretimini önemli seviyede tesir
etmektedirler. Beslenmeleri ve galeri açma faaliyetleri yöntemiyle toprağın stabilitesini olumlu
yönde değiştirebilmektedirler. Suyun toprağın içine sızmasını ve toprağın suyun emme
kapasitesini yükseltebilirler, toprağın üst kısmına tatbik edilen doğal malzeme, kireç ve
gübrelerin
toprakla
karışımını
hızlandırabilirler,
toprağın
porozitesinin
artmasını
sağlayabilmektedirler. Bunun yanı sıra bitki kök gelişimini destekledikleri, kök rahatsızlıkları
oranını önemli seviyede azalttıkları, çayır ve ürün rekoltesi ile tahıl standardını üst seviyelere
çıkarttıkları gerek laboratuvar gerekse arazi şartlarında oluşturulan çalışmalarla ispatlanmıştır.
Pek çok ülkede, topraklara solucanlar enjekte edilmesinin, çayır randımanını %10 ila %75
içinde değişen oranlarda, tahıl bitkilerinin gelişimini %39, tohum rekoltesini %35, tohumun
azot içeriğini %12 nispetinde yükselttiği bildirilmiştir. İlaveten oluşturulan sera çalışmalarında,
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bitki randımanını bariz biçimde etkiledikleri, bunun yanı sıra buğday ve yonca standart
seviyesini yükselttikleri ispatlanmıştır. Mesela Aporrectodea caliginosa`nın tahıl ve yonca
bitkisi biyokütlesini, sırasıyla %39 ve %21 oranında artırdığı görülmüştür. Yine bu tür
solucanın tohum rekoltesini %35, tohum azot içeriğini %14 oranında yükselttiği ispatlanmıştır.
Bir başka konu ise, toprak solucanlarının topraktaki azot çevriminde önemli rol oynadıkları
bilinmektedir (Mısırlıoğlu, 2011; Tomati, 1995).
Arancon ve ark. (2005)`na bakılırsa az oranda toprağa katıldıklarında bile bitkilerin
gelişmelerini önemli seviyede yükselten vermikompost hem çiçekçilikte hem de meyve ile
sebze yetiştiriciliğinde faal bir biçimde çiftçiler tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Vermikompostun
toprak yapısına kazanılmasının sağladığı bitki besin elementleriyle bitkilerin sadece sağlıklı,
kaliteli ve bereketli olmalarını sağlamakla kalmaz, hümik asit ve gelişme hormonlarıyla
büyümelerini de düzenli hale getirmektedir. Ayrıca, mikrobiyal aktivite ve mikrobiyal
biyokütle seviyelerini de yükselterek toprak randıman ve kalite standardının yükselmesini
sağlamaktadır. Bundan başka toprak kaynaklı hastalıkların ve zararlıların hasarlarını da
engellemektedir.
Vermikompost bitkilerin gelişmeleri için toprakta olması ihtiyaç duyulan bitki besin
elementlerini tedarik etmesi ve toprağı daha da verimli hale getirmesiyle birlikte pH, EC,
havalanma, su tutma kapasitesi, partikül büyüklüğü, agregatlaşma şeklinde fizyolojik ve
kimyasal niteliklerini düzenli hale getirmektedir (Bryan ve Lance, 1991; Gallagher ve
Wollenhaupt, 1997; Gouin, 1998).
Bilinmektedir ki; vermikompost, solucanların kendi öz salgıları ile kazanılmış olduğu özellikler
vasıtasıyla bitkilerin gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır (Shobha, 2008). Yürütülen bir
araştırmada vermikompost gübresi tatbik edilmiş topraklarda azotu sabitleyen bakteriler,
mikorizal mantarlar ve aktinomisetlerin popülasyonunda bir artma görüldüğü, dolayısıyla
topraktaki azot miktarının artışa geçtiği bildirilmiştir (Kale, 1992).
Atiyeh ve ark. (2000a), domates ve marul tohumlarının vermikompost gübresi tatbik edilerek
çimlendirilmesi ile alakalı araştırma faaliyetlerinde, büyükbaş hayvan gübresi ile
vermikompost mukayese edilmiştir. Netice itibariyle; vermikompostun bitki büyümesi ile ilgili
olumlu etkileri sayesinde büyükbaş hayvan gübresi ile mukayese edildiğinde çok daha iyi sonuç
alındığı gözlemlenmiştir.
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4. Vermikompost ve Toprak Sağlığı
Vermikompostlama, toprak solucanlarının organik madde parçalanması için çok yönlü doğal
biyoreaktörler olarak kullanılmasını içeren etkili bir besin geri dönüşüm sürecidir. Solucan
gübreleri toprak verimliliğini arttırır, bitki büyümesini arttırır ve besin zenginliği ve mikrobiyal
faaliyetler yoluyla bitki patojenlerinin ve haşere popülasyonlarının çoğalmasını önler. Toprak
solucanları mikro ve makro besin maddeleri ve mikrobiyal enzimler açısından oldukça verimli
bir kaynak olarak değerlendirilebilir (Lavelle ve Martin, 1992).Toprak solucanları
bağırsaklarındaki mikroorganizma miktarını beş kata kadar (Edwards ve Lofty, 1977) ve
bağırsaklarından geçerken yutulan materyalde bulunan bakteri ve 'aktinomiset' miktarını 1.000
kata kadar artırmıştır (Edwards ve Fletcher, 1988). Benzer bir artış, toprak solucanlarının
bağırsaklarından geçerken toplam bakteri, proteolitik bakteri ve aktinomisetlerin plaka
sayımlarında da gözlenmiştir (Parle, 1963; Daniel ve Anderson, 1992; Pedersen ve Hendriksen,
1993; Devliegher ve Verstraete, 1995).Mikrobiyal popülasyondaki artışın, toprak solucanının
sindirim sisteminde mikropların gelişimi için uygun koşulları ve enerjiyi sağlayan besin
maddeleri açısından oldukça verimli olan ve aynı zamanda mikroorganizmaların gelişimi için
bir molekülün reaksiyona girmiş hali olarak hizmet eden organik atıkların yutulması nedeniyle
mümkün olduğu bildirilmiştir (Tiwari ve ark., 1989).Vermikompost ilavesinin toprak pH'ını,
mikrobiyal popülasyonu ve toprak enzim aktivitelerini olumlu yönde etkilediği (Maheswarappa
ve ark., 1999) ve ayrıca olası çevre kirliliğine neden olan suda çözünebilir kimyasalların
miktarını önemli ölçüde azalttığı bilimsel otoriteler tarafından onaylanmıştır (Mitchell ve
Edwards, 1997). Vermikompost ilavesi 50-500 μm arasında değişen makro gözenek alanını
genişletmekte, topraktaki hava-su ilişkisini iyileştirmekte ve bitki gelişimini olumlu yönde
etkilemektedir (Marinari ve ark., 2000).Ayrıca solucan faaliyetleri toprak yapısını daha iyi bir
seviyeye getirmekte ve bu nedenle kimyasalların yüzey sularına akışı azalmaktadır. Solucan
kalıntıları yaşlandıkça stabil hale gelir, böylece erozyon riski büyük ölçüde azalmaktadır. Bu
bağlamda toprak solucanlarının toprak sağlığı açısından toprak fonksiyonunu olumlu yönde
etkilediği anlaşılmaktadır. Onlar sağlıklı, düzgün işleyen bir toprağın işaretleridir (Farenhorst
ve ark., 2000).
Toprak solucanlarının organik atık kalıntılarını parçalayarak mikrobiyal bozulmayı teşvik
etmek, toprak verimliliğini daha yüksek seviyelere çıkarmak ve toprak agregasyonu gibi
toprağın fiziksel niteliklerini iyileştirmek suretiyle toprak kalitesine fayda sağladığı ve yağmur
veya sulama suyunun toprak profili boyunca yerçekimi etkisiyle yüzeyden aşağıya doğru
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hareketini kolaylaştırdığı kanıtlanmıştır. Ancak, toprak solucanlarının popülasyonunu
sınırlayan en önemli faktör gıdanın bulunabilirliğidir. Ürün artıkları ve örtü bitkileri yoluyla
gıda üretmek ve bunları korumalı toprak işleme uygulamaları yoluyla toprak yüzeyinde
bırakmak, toprak solucanlarının miktarını artırmak için iyi bir alternatiftir (Donahue, 2001)
Dünyanın artan nüfusu, kapsamlı ve yoğun bir tarımsal üretimin ve daha yüksek verimlilik
sunan bir ekim sisteminin benimsenmesi ihtiyacını ortaya koymaktadır (Sadowski ve BaerNawrocka, 2018). Bu durum, tarımsal kimyasalların yoğun kullanımını zorunlu kılmakta ve
sürdürülebilir olmayan uygulamalara ve tahrip olmuş bir çevreye neden olmaktadır (Chou,
2010). Kimyasal gübrelerin aşırı kullanımı, sürdürülebilir üretim için büyük bir tehdit olan
toprak toksisitesine ve besin dengesizliğine neden olmuştur. Son olarak, besin zincirindeki bu
mevcut dengesizlikten (Rojas ve ark., 2016) çiftlik hayvanlarının yanı sıra insanların da aynı
düzeyde (gıda ürünlerindeki tarımsal kimyasal kalıntılarından etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir
(Pimental ve ark., 2018; Rasmussen ve ark., 2016). Küresel olarak, hayvancılık, insan ve bitki
faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan toplam organik katı atık miktarı 38 milyar m3 'ten fazladır
(Diacono ve ark., 2019).Büyük miktarlarda üretilen ve hayvanlar için yetersiz yem olan pirinç
samanı, yüksek silika ve lingo-selüloz içeriğine sahiptir; yönetilmesi veya tamamen ortadan
kaldırılması oldukça zordur (El-Dewany ve ark., 2018). Çoğu çiftçi, bu atıkları tarlada ateşle
yok ederek duman gibi hava kirliliğine neden olduklarının farkında olamamaktadırlar
(Pimonsree ve ark., 2018).Endüstriler ve eğitim kurumları maksimum miktarlarda kâğıt atık
üretmekte ve bu atıklar genellikle düzenli depolama sahalarında bertaraf edilmektedir. Uygun
tarımsal ve endüstriyel atıkların geri dönüşümü, toprak sağlığının daha da yüksek seviyelere
çıkarılmasında önemli bir rol oynayabilmektedir. Ilıman bölgelerdeki topraklarda organik
madde katkısı düşüktür, bu nedenle organik madde katkısı toprak niteliklerinin iyileştirilmesi
ve verimliliğin korunması için önemli bir bileşen haline gelmiştir (Hijbeek ve ark., 2017).
Vermikompostlama için etkili bir yönetim stratejisi olarak düşünüldüğünde pirinç samanı, inek
gübresi ve kâğıt atıkları potansiyel bir substrat olabilir (Sharma ve Garg, 2018). Solucan
gübrelemesi, organik katı atıkların yönetimi ve solucanlar ile mikroorganizmalar vasıtasıyla
organik maddenin stabilizasyonu için olası bir alternatif olduğu düşünülmektedir (Thomas ve
ark., 2019). Solucan gübresi genellikle ortalama %1,5-2,2 N, %1,8-2,2 P ve %1,0-1,5 K
değerlerine sahiptir. Organik karbon %9,15 ile %17,98 arasında değişebilmekte ve mikro besin
maddelerini içerebilmektedir (Adhikary, 2012). Bitki besin maddelerinin organik kökenlerinin
solucanlar tarafından solucan kompostuna dönüştürülmesiyle (çiftlik gübresi (FYM), ürün
artıkları, evsel çöpler ve kâğıt atıkları vb) bitki besin kökenlerinin entegre kullanımı
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sağlanmakta, böylece sürdürülebilir tarım yani sürdürülebilir bitkisel üretim açısından büyük
ilgi görmektedir (Timsina, 2018).
5. Vermikompostun Bitki Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri
Vermikompost ismi, farklı toprak derinliklerinde yaşayan ve organik atıkları işleyen solucan
gübrelerinin organik atık yığınlarını habitatları haline getiren ve gübreleri organik madde
bakımından çok daha zengin olan solucan türlerinin yetiştirilmesinden (kültüre alınmasından)
ileri gelmektedir. Başka bir deyişle vermikompost, ortamda bulunan solucanların sindirim
sisteminden geçişleri sırasında organik maddelerin (bitki ve hayvan artıkları ve atıklar)
hızlandırılmış hümifikasyon, detoksifikasyon ve dezenfeksiyon işleminden kaynaklanan
solucan dışkısıdır. Solucan kompostunun toprağa eklenmesiyle tarımsal üretim, verimlilik ve
toprak sağlığı açısından oldukça önemli olan organik maddeler zenginleştirilmiş toprağa
taşınmakta, besin maddelerinin miktarının ve bitkilere alınabilirliğinin artması gibi faydalar
sağlanmaktadır. Bitkiler, bitki büyüme düzenleyicileri ile birlikte bitki hastalıklarını önleyici
tedbirler ve mikrobiyolojik tedbirler alırlar. Toprak organik maddesi sadece toprak bitkileri için
besin kaynağı olmayıp, aynı zamanda toprağın fizikokimyasal ve biyolojik özelliklerini
etkileyen son derece etkili bir maddedir.Toprak organik maddesi, toprakta bulunan veya
dışarıdan toprağa giren tüm organik maddelerin mikroorganizmaların faaliyeti sonucu
ayrışması ve değişim ürünlerinin toprağa karışması sonucu doğal koşullar altında oluşmaktadır.
Tüm toprak süreçlerinde olduğu gibi toprağın organik maddesi ile diğer tüm toprak özellikleri
arasında birbirine bağlı bir döngü vardır. Toprakta organik madde içeriğinin artması biyolojik
süreçleri
doğrudan
etkileyip
yoğunlaştırırken,
mikroorganizma
popülasyonunun
ve
aktivitesinin artması da organik maddenin ayrışmasını hızlandırır. Topraktaki organik madde
içeriği mikroorganizmaların sayısını ve türünü etkilemektedir. Tarımsal kullanımın yoğun
olduğu alanlarda bulunan topraklardaki organik madde miktarı hızla azalmakta, ilave
edilmediği takdirde toprağın verimliliği ve sağlığı kaybolmaktadır. Bu kayıplar toprağın
biyolojik, kimyasal ve fiziksel yapısını bozarak toprakta aşındırıcı koşulların oluşmasına zemin
hazırlamaktadır. Ülkemiz gibi toprak organik maddesinin çok az olduğu tarım alanlarında,
organik maddece fakir topraklara organik madde ilavesi yapılmalı, verimliliğin sürekli olarak
artması ve toprak sağlığının sağlanması açısından vazgeçilmez ve önemi yadsınamaz bir öneme
sahiptir. Topraktaki organik madde miktarının dikkate alınması tarımsal üretimle uğraşanların
sorumluluğundadır. Aynı zamanda ülkemizde çiftçilere kimyasal gübre önerilerinin yanı sıra
devletin de organik gübre önerileri yöneltilmeli ve kullanımı teşvik edilmelidir (Türkay, 2016).
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6. Vermikompostun Toprağın Fiziksel, Biyolojik ve Kimyasal Özellikleri Üzerindeki
Faydalı Etkisi
Toprak solucanları karbon döngüsünde, toprak oluşumunda, selüloz ayrışmasında ve humus
depolanmasında önemli bir faktör olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Toprak solucanı faaliyetleri ve
çalışmaları toprağın fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik niteliklerini derinden etkilemektedir.
Toprak solucanları organik atıkların doymak bilmez besleyicileridir ve gelişimleri için bu
atıkların sadece küçük bir kısmını alırlar ve bu atıkların çoğunu yarı sindirilmiş bir şekilde
vücutlarından atarlar (Edwards ve Lofty, 1977; Kale ve Bano, 1986; Jambhekar, 1992).
Organik madde solucanın taşlığından geçerken ince bir toza dönüştürülür, ardından sindirim
enzimleri, mikroorganizmalar ve bağırsakta ayrışmasına yardımcı olan diğer fermente edici
maddeler ve son olarak solucan bağırsağıyla ilişkili mikroplar tarafından küfler olgun bir ürün
olan "vermikompost "a dönüştürülerek dış ortama salınırlar (Dominguez ve Edwards, 2004).
Toprak solucanı bağırsağı; yükselen organik karbon, toplam organik karbon ve azot ve nem
içeriği, hareketli olmayan mikropların aktivitesi ve endosporların çimlenmesi vb. toprak
solucanlarının sindirim sisteminden amilaz, selüloz, proteaz, lipaz, kitinaz ve üreaz gibi çok
çeşitli sindirim enzimleri için en uygun habitatı sağlamaktadır. Bağırsak mikroplarının selüloz
ve mannoz aktivitelerinden sorumlu olduğu bildirilmiştir (Munnoli ve ark., 2010).Toprak
solucanları, toprağın alt tabakasını ayrıştırarak mikrobiyal bozulma için yüzey alanını artırır ve
böylece solucan kompostunun aktif aşaması başlamış olur. Bu ezilmiş organik madde; bağırsak
geçişi sırasında bağırsak mikropları ve sindirim enzimleriyle karışır ve en sonunda kısmen
sindirilmiş, ancak tamamen sindirilmemiş bir formda "kalıplar" olarak ortaya çıkar ve bu
mikroplar daha sonra evrim aşamasında ek ayrışma sürecini üstlenmektedir (Lazcano ve ark.,
2008). Toprak solucanlarının mikroplarla olan bağlantısının karmaşık olduğu kanıtlanmıştır.
Bazı mikrop topluluklarının toprak solucanlarının beslenme programının bir parçası olduğu
gösterilmiştir ve bu durum bazı mikropların toprak solucanlarının sindirim sisteminden
geçerken yok olmasıyla kanıtlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, çeşitli mayalar, protozoalar ve Fusarium
oxysporum, Alternaria solani, Drawida calebi gibi bazı mantar toplulukları toprak solucanları
tarafından sindirilmiştir (Edwards ve Fletcher, 1988). Toprak solucanlarının, toprak substratını
oksijenlendirirken sıkıştırıp parçaladıkları ve böylece mikrobiyal aktiviteyi ve biyolojik
bozunma potansiyelini büyük ölçüde değiştirdikleri için sürecin önemli itici güçleri olduğu
vurgulanmaktadır (Fracchia ve ark., 2006; Lazcano ve ark., 2008). Vermikompostlamanın
toprak pH'ı, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), C:N oranı ve diğer besin maddeleri üzerindeki etkileri
kanıtlanmıştır. Solucan aktivitesi gübredeki pH ve C:N oranını düşürmüştür (Gandhi ve ark.,
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1997; Atiyeh ve ark., 2000b). Kimyasal analizler sonucunda, solucan gübresinin ana materyale
kıyasla daha düşük pH, EC, organik karbon (OC) (Nardi ve ark., 1983; Albanell ve ark., 1988;
Mitchell, 1997), C:N oranına (Riffaldi ve Levi-Minzi, 1983; Albanell ve ark., 1988) ve daha
yüksek miktarda azot, potasyum, toplam fosfor ve mikro besin maddelerine sahip olduğunu
göstermiştir (Hashemimajd ve ark., 2004).Vermikompostun pH değerleri geleneksel komposta
kıyasla biraz daha düşüktür, azot ve fosfor mineralizasyonu ve organik maddelerin mikrobiyal
ayrışma yoluyla ara organik asitlere, fulvik asitlere ve hümik asitlere dönüşümü (Lazcano ve
ark., 2008; Albanell ve ark., 1988; Chan ve Griffiths, 1988; Subler ve ark., 1998) ve buna eşlik
eden CO2 üretimi gözlemlenmiştir (Elvira ve ark., 1998; Garg ve ark., 2006).Toprak
solucanlarıyla ilgili bakterilerdeki çeşitliliğin faydaları düşünüldüğünde şunlar söylenebilir.
Toprak solucanlarında bitki besin maddesi kullanılabilirliğini artırma yeteneğinin muhtemelen
toprak solucanı bağırsak mikroflorasının aktivitesine bağlı olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Toprak
solucanları, toprak altlığını ayrışmaya tabi tutarak ve toprak mikroflorasının aktivitesini
etkileyerek toprak kimyasal süreç dinamiklerini dolaylı olarak etkilemektedir (Petersen ve
Luxton, 1982; Lee, 1985; Edwards ve Bohlen, 1996; Kılbacak ve ark., 2021).
7. Sürdürülebilir Tarımda Vermikompostun Ekonomik ve Çevresel Faydaları
Maji ve ark. (2017) vermikomposttaki hümik asit zenginliğinin bitki boyunu, taze ağırlığı ve
kuru ağırlığı miktar olarak artırdığını bildirmiştir. Ayrıca, kimyasal gübreye kıyasla maksimum
mikrop (bakteri, mantar) miktarı ve yoğunluğu rapor edilmiştir. Vermikompost üretmek için
farklı
solucan
türlerinin
kullanıldığı
bilinmektedir.
Sürdürülebilir
tarım
için
değerlendirildiğinde; vermikompost, konveksiyonel tarımdaki kimyasal gübre miktarının
azaltılmasını sağlayan çok güçlü bir biyogübredir. Buradaki önemli faktör, solucanların organik
atıkların geri dönüşümü ile ilgili olarak atık yönetiminde yer aldığının bilinmesidir (Bhat ve
ark., 2017).
Sequeira ve Chandrashekar (2015) evsel gıda, kâğıt, sebze ve bahçe atıkları (çim ve yapraklar)
ile inek gübresinin Eudrilus sp. tarafından vermikomposta dönüştürülmesinin sağlandığını;
kompostun yüksek verime ve bakteriler, mantarlar, aktinomisetler, Pseudomonadlar, PSolubilizatörler ve N2 Fiksatörlerinden oluşan faydalı mikrobiyal gruplara sahip olduğunu
bildirmiştir. Sentetik kimyasalların gelişigüzel kullanımı tarımsal üretim sisteminde birçok
soruna neden olmakta ve kullanım amacı dışında organizmalar üzerinde olumsuz etki
yaratmaktadır. Vermikompost, organik atıkların solucanlar aracılığıyla, yararlı bakteri
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popülasyonunu tehlikeye atmadan, besin maddeleri açısından oldukça verimli olan komposta
dönüştürülmesinde kullanılan önemli bir yöntemdir. Son zamanlarda birçok araştırmacı
sürdürülebilir tarım için vermikompost üzerine çalışmalarını sıklaştırmıştır. Bu bağlamda;
organik atıkların vermikomposta dönüştürüldüğü ve söz konusu kompostun yüksek azot-fosforpotasyum, karbon-azot, faydalı mikroorganizma ve büyüme hormonu içeriğine sahip olduğu
görülmüştür (Adhikary, 2012).Çiftlik hayvanlarının dışkıları vermikompost adı verilen
sürdürülebilir bir yöntemle yönetilmeye başlanması çok yeni bir teknolojidir. Bu geri dönüşüm
süreci uygulanmaya başlanmadan önce; geleneksel kompostlamadaki enerji ve kullanılan insan
gücü sayısı israf edilebilmekteydi. Ancak solucan kullanımı devreye girdiğinde kompost çok
hızlı bir şekilde ayrışmaya başlamakta olduğu görüldü ve geri dönüştürülebilir yüksek miktarda
besin ve mikrobiyal biyokütleye sahip bir hammadde meydana geldiği de ispatlanmıştır (Nasiru
ve ark., 2013). Vermikompostlama, hem solucanlara hem de ilgili mikroplara fayda sağlayan
ve geleneksel termofilik kompostlamaya göre birçok avantajı olan uygun maliyetli ve çevre
dostu bir atık yönetimi teknolojisidir. Vermikompost olarak adlandırılan organik materyaller,
mükemmel biyogübre kaynaklarıdır ve bunların eklenmesi tarım toprağının fizyokimyasal ve
biyolojik özelliklerini iyileştirmektedir (Koç ve ark., 2021). Mükemmel fiziko-kimyasal
özelliklere ve tamponlama yeteneğine sahip olan ve tüm besin maddelerini bitkilerin
kullanabileceği formlara getiren vermikompostlar, antagonistik ve bitki gelişimini destekleyen
bakterilerle daha üretken hale gelmekte, aynı zamanda toprak ıslahı, toprak verimliliğinin
artırılması, bitki gelişimi ve sürdürülebilir tarım için patojen mikroorganizmaları, zararlıları ve
nematodları önlemektedirler. Tüm hastalıklar için tedavi görevi gören muhteşem organik
materyallerdir (Pathama ve Sakthivel, 2012). Domates fideleri üzerinde 1. Çiğ süt gübresi ve
tütün kalıntısı, 2. Bahçe yaprakları, 3. Arıtma çamuru + pirinç kabuğu, 4. Arıtma çamuru +
bahçe yaprakları ve çiğ süt gübresinden elde edilen vermikompost ile bir sera denemesi
yapılmıştır; Tüm denemeler tanığa göre anlamlı büyüme göstermiştir (Hasheminajs ve ark.,
2006). Lim ve ark. (2014) soya fasulyesi kabuğu ve papaya atıklarının atık yönetimi için çeşitli
oranlarda E. eugeniae ile çalışıldığını bildirmiştir. Çeşitli 1:1 oranlarının vermikompost için en
iyi kombinasyon olduğu bildirilmiştir. Vermikompostun Petroselinum crispum üzerindeki
etkinliği incelenmiş ve sonuçlar vermikompostun yaprak boyutunu, bitki boyunu ve verimi
artırdığını göstermiştir (Peyvast ve ark., 2008).Kaouachi ve ark. (2013) zeytin atıklarının E.
andrei solucanları kullanılarak vermikomposta dönüştürüldüğünü bildirmiştir. Elde edilen
vermikompostun azot-fosfor-potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum, sodyum ve gerekli EC ve C/N
oranını arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir.Solucan gübresi suyu ile muamele edilen mısır fideleri
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normal su ile karşılaştırıldığında, solucan gübresinde bitki büyümesine yol açan hormonların
varlığına işaret eden, tüy uzunluğunda belirli bir değişiklik tespit edilmiştir (Nagavallemma ve
ark., 2004).Solucan gübresi uygulamasında sorgum (Sorghum bicolor) (Patil ve Sheelavantar,
2000), ayçiçeği (Helianthus annuus) (Devi ve ark., 1998), domates (Lycopersicon esculentum)
(Nagavallemma ve ark., 2004), patlıcan (Solanum melangona) (Guerrero ve Guerrero, 2006).
Bamya (Abelmoschus esculentus) (Gupta ve ark., 2008), sümbül fasulyesi (Lablab purpureas)
(Karmegam ve Daniel, 2008), üzüm (Buckerfield ve Webster, 1998) ve kiraz (Webster, 2005)
yetiştiriciliğinde olumlu sonuçlar gözlemlenmiştir. Vermikompost gübresi ile karıştırılmış
toprakta yetiştirilen kırmızı yonca ve salatalığın sürgün dokularında Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn ve Zn gibi
mineral içeriklerinde artış gözlenmiştir (Sainz ve ark., 1998). Bunun gibi diğer çalışmalara
baktığımızda, vermikompostlanmış ördek atıkları, işlenmemiş atıklara kıyasla domates, marul
ve biberde daha iyi büyüme ve gelişme sağlamıştır (Wilson ve Carlile, 1989). P. brassicae'nin
neden olduğu lahana çürüklüğü, lahana köklerinin kil ve vermikompost kokteyline
daldırılmasıyla önlenmiştir (Szcech ve ark., 1993). Vermikompostlanmış inek gübresi marul ve
domates bitkilerinin büyümesini teşvik ederken, işlenmemiş ana materyal bitki büyümesini
teşvik etmemiştir (Atiyeh ve ark., 2000b).
Sonuçlar ve Öneriler
Tarım arazilerinde organik madde miktarının yetersiz olması nedeniyle kullanılan kimyasal
gübreler ihtiyacı karşılayamamakta dolayısıyla kimyasal gübre kullanımı artışa geçmekte ve
netice itibariyle ekonomik gübreleme mümkün olmamaktadır. Ancak organik gübre
kullanımıyla toprağın organik maddesinin artması, kimyasal gübre kullanımını azaltacak,
bitkilerin “gübre faydalanma oranını” daha da üst seviyelere çıkartacak ve ekonomik
gübrelemeyi sağlayacaktır. Sadece ekonomik gübreleme sağlanmayacak, aynı zamanda kalite
ve verim de artacak, dolayısıyla üreticilerin geliri de artacak, elbette güvenlik artacak ve toprak
gelecek nesillere daha verimli ve temiz bir şekilde aktarılacaktır (Bellitürk ve Goldmann
Benardete, 2020). Ülkemizde gübrelerin doğru ve sürdürülebilir kullanımını sağlamak için
toprak, yaprak ve su analizlerinin yaygınlaştırılması ve kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi
gerekmektedir. Bilinçli gübre kullanımının yaygınlaşması ülke ekonomisine önemli katkı
sağlayacağı aşikardır. Tarım alanının arttırılmasının mümkün olmaması, nüfusun sürekli
değişen ihtiyaçları ve kırsal kesimde yaşayanların sayısının azalması gibi nedenlerden dolayı
tüketilen kimyasal gübrelerdeki artışın azaltılmasına yönelik çalışmaların yapılması ayrıca
birim alandan daha fazla ürün elde edebilmek için doğru ve bilinçli gübre kullanımının
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yaygınlaştırılması gerekmektedir. Aksi halde zamanla kimyasal gübre ve tarım ilaçlarının aşırı
ve dikkatsiz bir şekilde sarfiyatı yer altı ve yerüstü su kaynaklarının kirlenmesinde en büyük
etken haline gelecektir. Söz konusu kirliliğin insan sağlığına oldukça zararlı olduğunu akıldan
çıkartılmamalıdır. Buna göre ülkemizin her bölgesinde iklim ve toprak özelliklerinin farklı
olduğu düşünülerek her bölge için bölgenin kendi özelliklerine has (spesifik) araştırmaların
yapılmasının gübre kayıplarının ve çevre kirliliğinin önlenmesi açısından şüphesiz yararlı bir
yaklaşım olacağı söylenebilir (Bellitürk, 2008).Organik gübrelerin mikro ve makro
elementlerinin üzerindeki faydaları görülmektedir. Organik gübreler, toprakta mikrobiyolojik
faaliyeti hızlandırarak strüktür, havalanma ve toprakta su tutma kapasitesinin arttırılması
yanında makro ve mikro besin maddelerini sağlaması gibi toprağa çok yönlü olumlu katkıları
vardır.Toprağın oluşması için geçen süre onun meydana gelmesindeki zorluğu gösterir ki
yaşamın devamlılığı ve medeniyetin gelişimi için hayati önem taşıyan önemli bir doğal kaynak
olmaya devam etmektedir. Ülkemizde “miktar olarak tarlaya ne kadar çok gübre atarsan, o denli
randıman alırsın” mantığı ile gübreleme faaliyetleri gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bunun sonucunda
çoğu kez topraklarda, yetiştirilen birçok üretimde ve çevrede istenmeyen problemler meydana
gelmektedir.Tarımın asıl amacı, karmaşık bir sistem olan toprakta yüksek bereketli ve ekonomik bitki
yetiştirmektir. Günümüzde tarımsal üretimde verimliliği çoğaltmak amacıyla kullanılan üretim girdileri
kontrolsüz bir halde artmaktadır. Kullanılan kimyasal gübreler bir taraftan randımanın yükselmesini
sağlarken, bir taraftan da çevre ve insan sağlığına da negatif açıdan tesir etmektedir. Örneğin toprağa
atılan amonyum nitrat gübresinin fazlası, suda çözülerek mühim bir çevre kirleticisi olabilmektedir
(Bellitürk, 2012).Ülkemizde toprak üretim randımanın muhafaza edilmesi ve üst seviyelere
çıkartmak için acil bir şekilde yerine getirilmesi ihtiyaç duyulan unsurlar aşağıda sıralanmıştır.
Bunlar;
-
Bilindiği üzere; ürün rotasyonunun (ekim nöbeti) kullanılması faaliyeti, toprak
yorgunluğunun önlenmesinde esastır. Yani tarımsal uygulamalarda, ekim nöbeti faaliyetinin
kullanılması,
-
Toprağın organik madde miktarının muhafaza edilmesi ve miktar olarak yükseltilmesi
(zenginleştirilmesi), dolayısıyla kompost ve vermikompost gibi organik gübrelerin
kullanımının yaygınlaştırılmasının sağlanması,
-
Topraktaki diğer önemli bitki besin maddelerinin korunması ve miktar olarak
yükseltilmesi,
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-
Pek çok faydaları ile birlikte toprak erozyonunun da düşürülmesi maksadıyla organik
gübre kullanımının teşvik edilmesi ve yaygın duruma getirilmesi,
-
Devirmeli toprak işlemenin terk edilmesi,
-
Bitki artıklarının yüzeye yakın bir yerde depolanması ve anızların yakılmaması,
-
Toprağı az sıkıştırma işlemi yapan tarım iş makineleri ve traktörlerden yararlanılması,
-
Aşırı kimyasal gübre sarfiyatına bağlı topraklardaki asitleşme ve tuzluluğun ortadan
kaldırılması ile ilgili ıslah faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi,
-
Asit karakterli topraklarda tarım kirecinden yararlandırılması,
-
Tarımda denetlenebilen ve çalışma sahasından elde edilen girdilerin uygulanması
üzerinde stabil ve teknolojik yenileşim üzerine kurulu tarımsal politikalar gelişmesinin
sağlanması,
-
Toprağa uygun üretme-ekme işleminin yapılması (asit topraklarda yaban mersini vb.
alternatif ürünler gibi) ve bu üretime uygun gübreden yararlandırılması,
-
Problemli tarım alanlarının saptanması, bu problemlerin halledilmesine ilişkin ihtiyaç
olan ıslah faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi,
-
Bilgi kirliliğinin mâni olmak ve tarım işinde çalışanlara en doğru bilgilerin verilebilmesi
amacıyla güncel ve bilimsel bir tarımsal veri tabanının şekillenmesine ilişkin faaliyetlerin
gerçekleştirilmesi,
-
Modern tarım yöntemleri kullanılırken, profesyonellere danışılması,
-
Bitkilerin gübreden faydalanma oranlarının yükseltilebilmesi için; biyoteknolojinin
kullanılması suretiyle bitki köklerince atılan gübredeki bitki besin maddesi emisyonunun
yükseltilmesinin sağlanması gerekmektedir (Bellitürk, 2012).
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SIFIR ATIK AMACIYLA ÇEREZLİK AYÇİÇEĞİ ATIĞI VE İNEK GÜBRESİ
KARIŞIMI İLE SOLUCAN GÜBRESİ ELDE EDİLMESİ
Mehmet GÜNSEN*
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme
Bölümü, Tekirdağ, Türkiye
Email: mehmetgunsen28@gmail.com
Bilal Can ERKAN
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme
Bölümü, Tekirdağ, Türkiye
Email: bcerkan@nku.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Korkmaz BELLİTÜRK (ORCID:0000-0003-4944-3497)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme
Bölümü, Tekirdağ, Türkiye
Email: kbelliturk@nku.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Ahmet ÇELİK (ORCID:0000-0001-8958-4978)
Adıyaman Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Bölümü,
Adıyaman, Türkiye.
Email: ahmetcelik@adiyaman.edu.tr
Özet
Bu araştırmada, bitkisel kökenli çerezlik ayçiçeği atığı (SW) ve hayvansal kökenli inek dışkısı
(CM) atıkları belirli oranlarda karıştırılarak Eisenia fetida yardımıyla laboratuvar koşullarında
vermikompost üretilmiştir. Bu amaçla Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi
Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Bölümü’nde bulunan 3 Numaralı laboratuvarda 4 ay süren ve
2 tekerrürlü olarak düzenlenen söz konusu araştırma tamamıyla şansa bağlı deneme planına
göre planlanarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede kapaklı özel kaplar kullanılarak 5 farklı uygulama
(SW100CM0; SW75CM25; SW50CM50; SW25CM75; SW0CM100) ve her bir uygulama için de
20’şer adet Eisenia fetida cinsi solucanlar kullanılmış olup nemlendirme ihtiyacı için saf su
kullanılmıştır. Deneme sonunda elde edilen 5 farklı vermikompost örneklerinde; pH, nem,
organik madde, toplam N, P, K, Ca analizleri yapılmıştır. Denemenin sonunda aynı zamanda
solucan sayıları da belirlenmiş ve geçen süredeki değişim değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma
sonuçlarına göre, ortalama en yüksek N, P, K, Ca, Mg ve Zn içerikleri sırasıyla %1.61; 136.0
mg/kg; 488.90 mg/kg; 515.65 mg/kg, 106.25 mg/kg ve 2.50 mg/kg değerleri ile çerezlik
ayçiçeğinin en yüksek oranda olduğu SW100CM0 uygulamasında tespit edilmiştir. Ancak en
yüksek Fe ve Cu içerikleri ise inek gübresinin en fazla olduğu (SW0CM100) vermikompost
örneklerinde belirlenmiştir. Bütün parametreler göz önüne alındığında ortalama pH ve nem
değerleri sırasıyla 8,58 µS/cm ve %57.73 olarak bulunmuştur. Bütün parametreler içerisinde
ortalama en yüksek organik madde miktarı %85.08 ile SW75CM25 uygulamasında saptanmıştır.
Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, araştırmanın son günündeki 2 tekerrürün ortalamasına göre solucan
sayısı en fazla 74 adet solucan ile SW75CM25 uygulamasında belirlenmiş olup, başlangıca göre
sadece 54 adet solucan artışı olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Proje sonuçları hem tarımsal üretim
yapan çiftçiler ve hem de vermikompost üreticileri için önemli bilgiler ortaya çıkarmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İnek gübresi, çerezlik ayçiçeği, Eisenia fetida, vermikompost, organik
madde
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OBTAINING VERMICOMPOSTING FROM MIXTURE OF SNACK SUNFLOWER
WASTE AND COW MANURE FOR ZERO WASTE AIM
Abstract
In this research, vermicompost was produced under laboratory conditions with the help of
Eisenia fetida by mixing plant-based snack sunflower waste (SW) and animal-origin cow feces
(CM) waste in certain proportions. For this aim, the research in question, which lasted 4 months
and was organized with 2 replications, was planned and carried out completely according to the
random trial plan in the laboratory No. 3 in the Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department of
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture. In the experiment, 5 different
applications (SW100CM0; SW75CM25; SW50CM50; SW25CM75; SW0CM100) were used using
special containers with lids, and 20 Eisenia fetida earthworms were used for each application,
and pure water was used for humidification. In 5 different vermicompost samples obtained at
the end of the experiment; pH, moisture, organic matter, total N, P, K, Ca analyzes were
performed. At the end of the experiment, worm numbers were also determined and the change
over time was evaluated. According to the research results, the highest average N, P, K, Ca, Mg
and Zn contents were determined in the SW0CM100 application, where cow feces were at a high
rate, with values of 1,61%; 136,0 mg/kg; 488,90 mg/kg; 515,65 mg/kg, 106,25 mg/kg ve 2,50
mg/kg respectively, where confectionery sunflower was at the highest rate. However, the
highest Fe and Cu contents were determined in vermicompost samples (SW0CM100) where cow
manure was the highest. Considering all parameters, average pH and moisture values were
found to be 8,58 µS/cm and 57,73%, respectively. Among all parameters, the highest average
organic matter amount was detected in the SW100CM0 application with 85,08%. According to
the results obtained, according to the average of the 2 repetitions on the last day of the research,
the number of worms was determined in the SW75CM25 application with the maximum number
of 74 earthworms, and it was observed that there was only an increase of 54 number of
earthworms compared to the beginning. The project results have revealed important
information for both farmers engaged in agricultural production and vermicompost producers.
Keywords: Cow manure, snack sunflower, Eisenia fetida, vermicompost, organic matter.
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1.Giriş
Hızla artan dünya nüfusunun besin ihtiyacını karşılamak için tarımsal üretimde de artışlar
gerçekleştirilmelidir. Fakat bu artış zorunluluğu, daha fazla kimyasal gübre kullanımına sebep
olur. Tarımsal uygulamalarda kullanılan kimyasal maddeler birçok riski de beraberinde getirir,
bunun sonucunda toprak, çevre, gıda güvenliği ve insan sağlığı açısından sıkıntıların çıkmasına
sebep olur. Toprak organik maddesini korumak ve artırmak, sera gazı emisyonlarını azaltmak
ve toprak verimliliğinin sürdürülebilirliği için mineral ve kimyasal uygulamaların yanında,
organik tarım uygulamalarına da yer verilmesi gerekmektedir.Ayçiçeği üretimi; Türkiye’de
2020/2021 sezonunda ayçiçeği üretim miktarı bir önceki sezona oranla %1.6 oranında azalarak
2 milyon ton olmuştur. Bunun 1.9 milyon tonu yağlık olarak üretilmiştir. 2020 yılı yağlık
ayçiçeği üretiminde Tekirdağ (353 bin ton), Konya (278 bin ton), Adana (195 bin ton), Edirne
(240 bin ton) ve Kırklareli (226 bin ton) ilk sıralarda yer almıştır. TÜİK verilerine göre 2021
yılı ayçiçeği üretiminin bir önceki yıla göre %14.7 oranında artarak 2.4 milyon ton olacağı
tahmin edilmektedir (TEPGE, 2021) (Şekil 1).Ülkemizde olduğu gibi dünyada da çerezlik
ayçiçeği, önemli oranda gelir getiren bir ürün olmasına rağmen, genelde dünya literatüründe
yağlık ayçiçeği ile birlikte değerlendirilmektedir. Gerçek anlamda ülkesel bazda yağlık ve
çerezlik olarak ayrı ayrı nitelendirilmesine rağmen, ülkelerarası tarım organizasyonlarında
(OECD, FAO, ISA. vb.) çerezlik istatistiklerine pek yer verilmemektedir. Başlıca çerezlik
ayçiçeği üreticisi ülkeler, ABD, Macaristan, Arjantin, İspanya, İsrail, Çin, Türkiye ve
Moldovya gibi bazı Doğu Avrupa ülkelerdir. Bugün dünyada en fazla çerezlik ayçiçeği üreten
ülke ABD’ dir. Bu ülkenin toplam ekim alanı 200 bin ha olup üretimi de 300 bin ton
civarındadır. Dünyada başlıca çerezlik ayçiçeği alıcısı ülkeler, kabuksuz olarak Almanya,
Danimarka, Hollanda, Kanada, Meksika, İngiltere ve Belçika, kabuklu olarak da İspanya, Çin,
Türkiye, Ürdün, Kanada, Meksika, İsrail, Almanya ve Japonya’dır (Anonim, 2023b). Ancak
çerezlik ayçiçeğinin atığının değerlendirilemediği bilinen acı bir gerçektir. Sıfır Atık
Yönetmeliği’nde “hammadde ve doğal kaynakların etkin yönetimi ile sürdürülebilir kalkınma
ilkeleri doğrultusunda atık yönetimi süreçlerinde çevre ve insan sağlığının ve tüm kaynakların
korunmasını hedefleyen sıfır atık yönetim sisteminin kurulmasına, yaygınlaştırılmasına,
geliştirilmesine, izlenmesine, finansmanına, kayıt altına alınarak belgelendirilmesine ilişkin
genel ilke ve esasların belirlenmesidir” şeklinde ifade edildiğine göre, bu projenin ilgili
yönetmeliği de güzel bir örnek olacağı düşünülmektedir (Anonim, 2023c).Dorrel ve Vick
(1997)’e göre, diğer bitkilerde olduğu gibi, ayçiçeği kabuğu taneyi kaplar ve onu dış
faktörlerden korur. Yağlık ayçiçeği tanesinin toplam ağırlığın yaklaşık %21-30'u kabuktur.
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Çerezlik çeşitlerde bu oran %36-50 arasında değişir. Bununla beraber çerezlik ve yağlık
çeşitlerin kimyasal bileşimleri arasında, çerezliklerin biraz daha fazla lif içermesi hariç, çok
önemli bir fark yoktur. Ayçiçeği bitkisinde tanedeki kabuk ve yağ oranı arasında ters bir
korelasyon mevcuttur. Tanedeki yağ oranı arttıkça kabuk oranı düşer. İyi bir yağlık ayçiçeği
hibrit çeşidin tanesindeki yağ oranı %50'nin üzerinde ve kabuk oranı ise, %20 civarında
olmalıdır.
Şekil 1. Türkiye’de 2020/2021 sezonunda illere göre ayçiçeği üretim yüzdeleri.
Gerek yağlık gerekse çerezlik taneler, yüksek oranda lif (ham selüloz) ve düşük miktarlarda da
ham yağ ile kül içerir. Kabuktaki selüloz, lignin, hemi-selüloz miktarları %74-90 olup, geriye
kalan kısmı da lipit, protein ve mineral maddelerden ibarettir. Doty (1978) tarafından
bildirildiği üzere, ayçiçeği gerek tanesinin tümü gerekse sadece kabuğu, herhangi bir kimyasal
maddeyle işlem görmediği sürece, zararlı bir şey içermez. Ancak yakılma işlemi sırasında
çıkardığı atmosfere karışan CO2 ve diğer gazlar, tıpkı diğer yakacak ürünlerinin
kullanılmasında olduğu gibidir. Ancak bu ek ürün olarak ortaya çıkan kabuğun, alternatif
kullanım alanları da mevcuttur. Ayrıca çerezlik ayçiçeğinde kabuksuz tüketimde ek madde
olarak ortaya çıkar. Ancak bu tür tüketim ülkemizde çok yaygın değildir. Kabuk oranı çerezlik
ayçiçeği çeşitlerinde yağlıklara nazaran daha fazladır. Yağlık ayçiçeği kabukları çerezlik tiplere
nazaran daha yüksek oranda protein ve yağ içerdikleri için, hayvanlar açısından iyi bir yem
kaynağı olabilir. Ayçiçeği kabukları büyükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde saman yerine altlık
olarak da kullanılabilir. Çünkü saman ile aynı oranda sıvı emme kapasitesine sahiptir. Ayrıca
bu kabuklar kereste endüstrisinde dolgu ve yalıtım maddesi, biyolojik yakıt elde edilmesinde
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ve paketleme materyali olarak da kullanımı mümkündür. Ayrıca, Kanada'da silindir şeklinde
preslenerek çıra malzemesi ve Rusya'da da etil alkol ve boya malzemesi elde edilmesinde
yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yapılan bir proje çalışmasında kâğıt elde edilmesinde
kullanılamayacak kadar iri olan parçalardan oluşan ayçiçeği kabuklarının kurşun içeren atık
suları temizlemek için kullanıldığı bildirilmiştir (Anonim, 2023a). Görüldüğü gibi ayçiçeği
kabuğu kerestecilik dahil çok çeşitli alanlarda kullanılabilmektedir. Ancak ülkemizde
genellikle yakılarak yok edilme yöntemi uygulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ayçiçeği kabuğunun
kompost ve/veya vermikompost değerinin olup olmaması da değerlendirilecektir.Yakın
geçmişe kadar tarımsal üretimde en çok tercih edilen ahır gübresinin yabancı ot kontrolünde
problemlere sebep olması ve hijyenik olmaması gibi problemlerin ortaya çıkmasıyla, 1970’li
yıllardan itibaren bilim insanlarının uğraşlarıyla solucanlar kullanılarak ahır gübreleri özel
işlemlerden geçirilmiş ve etkisi çok yönlü olan bir yandan bitki besin maddeleri içeren bir
yandan toprak ıslah maddesi olarak kullanılan vermikompost ortaya çıkmıştır (Bellitürk, 2017).
Kimyasal gübrelerin yerini almak veya kullanımını önemli ölçüde azaltmak için organik
gübrelerin kullanılması, sürdürülebilir mahsul üretiminin kalitesinde ve performansında bir
artışa yol açar. Vermikompost ve bitki gelişimini teşvik eden bakteriler gibi organik gübrelerin
ve biyogübrelerin tarım alanlarında kullanılması, kimyasal gübre uygulamalarının azalmasına
neden olmuş ve insan sağlığını tehdit eden kimyasallardan arınmış yüksek kaliteli ürünler elde
edilmiştir (Darzi ve ark., 2015). Mevcut organik gübrelerle, kimyasal gübre kullanımı
yapmadan, yüksek seviyede verim elde etmek çok zordur. Fakat toprağın sürdürülebilir
kullanımı açısından, verimlilik ve devamlılığın organik gübreyle sağlanacağı göz ardı
edilmemelidir. Toprağın dengesini bozmadan, durumunun iyileşmesini sağlayacak faktörlerden
birisi de vermikompost olarak adlandırılan solucan gübresidir. Solucanlar, sindirim
sistemlerinde üretmiş oldukları antibiyotik özellikli maddeleri, aminoasitleri ve vitaminleri
dışkılarına karıştırırlar ve oluşan gübrenin biyolojik yapısını iyileştirmektedirler. Ayrıca
bileşimlerinde humik ve fulvik asit gibi bitkilerin beslenmesi için önemli derecede etkili olan
büyüme düzenleyici maddeler bulunmaktadır. Birçok bitki için faydalı bir materyal olan
solucan gübresi, ayrıca değerli bir toprak düzenleyicidir. Solucan gübresinin, ticari gübre olarak
üretimi yapılarak çiftçilerin hizmetine sunulması için özel üretim yerlerine ihtiyaç
bulunmaktadır. Organik atıkların çürütülmesi veya çiftlik gübresi gibi organik 3 maddelerin
kullanılmasıyla solucan gübresi elde edilmektedir (Demir ve ark., 2010; Sarıoğlu ve Doğan,
2018).
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Küresel ısınma gibi nedenlere bağlı doğanın ve iklimlerin değişmesi neticesinde, tarım
toprakları, bitki büyümesindeki etkili olan bitki besin elementlerini tutamaz hale gelmiş ve
verimsizleşme sürecine girmiştir. Toprakların bilinçsizce kullanımı sebebi ile toprak organik
maddesinin gün geçtikçe azalması ile %1 seviyesinin altına inmiştir. Toprak organik maddesini
artırmak için kimyasal gübre kullanımı tek başına yeterli değildir. Toprakta organik madde
miktarını arttırmak için solucan gübresi, çöp kompostu, yarasa gübresi, yeşil gübre, termofilik
kompost vb. gübrelerin takviyesi ile sürdürülebilir tarım yapmak mümkündür. Organik gübreler
içinde ise yıldızı giderek parlayan vermikompostun iyi bilinmesi hem üretiminin hem de
tarımda kullanımının yaygınlaştırılması gerekmektedir (Bellitürk, 2016). Genel bir kural olarak
hayvansal ve bitkisel atıkların karışımıyla beslenen solucanlardan elde edilen vermikompostun
daha
iyi
kaliteli
bir
organik
gübre
olduğu
belirtilmektedir
(Bellitürk,
2017).
Bu araştırmada, çerezlik ayçiçeği kabuklarının farklı oranlarda inek gübresi ile karıştırılması
neticesinde elde edilen materyalin Eisenia fetida cinsi solucanlara mama olarak yedirilmesi
neticesinde organik
gübre olarak bilinen vermikompost üretilmiştir. Üretilen bu
vermikompostun bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal analizleri yapılarak, gübre değeri ile birlikte organik
atıkların tarımsal amaçlı olarak geri dönüşümüne ilişkin bilimsel değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.
1.1. Ayçiçeği Kabuğunun İçeriği ve Değerlendirilme Yöntemleri
Ayçiçeği kabuğu bütün bitkilerde olduğu gibi taneyi kaplar ve çevresel etmenlerden korur.
Yağlık ayçiçeği tanesinin ağırlığının yaklaşık %21-30'u kabuktan oluşmaktadır. Çerezlik
çeşitlerde bu oran %36-50 arasında değişir. Kabuktaki selüloz, lignin, hemi-selüloz (çoğunluğu
glucuronoxylan) miktarları %74-90 olup geriye kalan kısmı da lipit, protein ve mineral
maddelerdir (Dorrel ve Vick, 1997).
Çizelge 1. Ayçiçeği kabuğunun besin maddesi kapsamının yüzde değerleri (Park ve ark.,1997).
Ayçiçeği Kabuğunun Besin Maddesi Kapsamı
Kuru Madde
% 85-92
Ham Protein
% 3.5-9
Sindirilebilir Protein
% 2-4
Sindirilebilir Besin Maddesi Toplamı
% 35-45
Ham Selüloz
% 40-50
Lignin
% 13-16
Kül
% 2-3
Yağ
% 0.05-3
Ca
% 0.37
Mg
% 0.15-0.25
P
% 0.12
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Yapılan araştırmalarda ülkemizde ayçiçeği işleyen bazı fabrikalarda kabuk tamamen küspe
eldesinde kullanılırken bazı fabrikalarda da özellikle yüksek proteinli küspe elde edilmek
istendiğinde, yaklaşık %7-12 aralığında bir ek ürün olarak çıkmakta, bu durumda da ısıtma
kazanlarda enerji ihtiyacını karşılamak için kömür ile karıştırılarak yakılmaktadır (Kaya, 2024).
Ayçiçeği gerek tanesinin hepsi gerekse yalnızca kabuğu, herhangi bir kimyasal maddeyle işlem
yapılmadığı müddetçe, zararlı bir madde içermez. Ancak yakılma işlemi esnasında çıkardığı,
atmosfere karışan karbondioksit ve diğer gazlar, aynen diğer yakacak ürünlerinin
kullanılmasında olduğu gibidir. Ancak bu ek ürün olarak ortaya çıkan kabuğun, alternatif
kullanım alanları da mevcuttur. Ayrıca çerezlik ayçiçeğinde kabuksuz tüketimde ek madde
olarak ortaya çıkar. Fakat bu tür tüketim şekli ülkemizde çok yaygın değildir. Kabuk oranı
çerezlik ayçiçeği çeşitlerinde yağlıklara göre daha fazla olmaktadır. Yağlık ayçiçeği kabukları
çerezlik tiplere kıyasla daha yüksek oranda protein ve yağ içerdiklerinden dolayı hayvanlar için
iyi bir yem maddesidir. Ayçiçeği kabukları sığır yetiştiriciliğinde saman yerine altlık olarak
kullanılabilir. Çünkü saman ile aynı oranda sıvı absorbe kapasitesine sahiptir. Ayrıca bu
kabuklar kereste endüstrisinde dolgu ve yalıtım maddesi, biyolojik yakıt eldesinde ve
paketleme materyali olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca, Kanada'da silindir şeklinde
preslenerek çıra malzemesi ve Rusya'da da etil alkol ve boya malzemesi eldesinde kullanılır
(Doty, 1978).Ayçiçeği kabuğunun bir diğer kullanım alanı da özellikle bazı türlerin kabuğunda
içerdiği antociyanin olarak bilinen kırmızı boya maddesi sebebiyle gıdalarda doğal katkılı boya
olarak kullanılmasıdır. Bilindiği üzere gıda sektöründe kullanılan sentetik renklendiricilerin
yan etkileri üzerine, kırmızı ve pembe renk veren doğal antociyanin kaynakları oldukça önemli
olmuştur. Yine yapılan araştırmalarda, dana ve sığır besiciliğinde %50’ye kadar ayçiçeği
kabuğu içeren ancak en az %15 ham protein içeren rasyonlarda herhangi bir beslenme
bozukluğu görülmemiştir. Ancak yine %50 ayçiçeği kabuğu, %50 üre katkılı mısır silajı ve 1,4
kg/baş arpa tanesi içeren rasyonlarda, hazım zorluğu sebebiyle beslenme periyodu boyunca
meydana gelen bazı sığır ölümleri görülmüştür (Park ve ark.,1997). Bu nedenle aynı
araştırıcılar, herhangi beslenme veya hazım problemi ile karşılaşmamak için besicilikte %30,
süt besi rasyonlarında ise ayçiçeği kabuğu katkısının % 10'u geçmemesi gerektiğini
belirtmişlerdir. Ayçiçeği kabuğu yüksek oranda selüloz içerir ancak düşük bir besin maddesi
kapsamına sahiptir ve sindirimi zor ve tadı güzel değildir. Yine pelet haline getirilmiş ayçiçeği
kabuğu briket haline getirilmiş saptan daha yüksek ısı içeriğine sahiptir. Ancak bu pelet haline
getirilmiş kabuğun yanma sırasındaki aşırı ısınmayı ve fazla dumanı önleyen yeterli hava alım
hızı düşüktür. Peletlerin ortalama yanma randımanı %62'dir. Kül oranı ve külün diğer
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özellikleri odundan farklı değildir. Ancak sap briketinin kül oranı %10,8 iken kabuk peletlerinin
ise %3,6'dır (Park ve ark., 1997). Yine ayçiçeği kabuğunun yakıt değeri 8300 - 8500 BTU /
pound civarında değişmektedir. ABD’de ayçiçeği işleme tesisleri, okullar gibi bazı kuruluşlar,
elde ettikleri bu kabukları fırınlarda yakacak olarak kullanmaktadır. Yine ayçiçeği kabuğundan
yapılan briketlerin, ABD’de bazı yerlerde şöminelerde kömür yerine kullanımı oldukça
yaygındır (Lilleboe, 1991). ABD’de, ayçiçeği işleyen fabrikaların nakliye maliyetlerinde
ayçiçeği kabuğunun belirli bir boyut teşkil ettiğinden, genelde kabuğunun çıkartılması daha
tasarruflu olmakta ve ayçiçeği kabuğu yakılarak ısı enerjisi elde edilmesi de tesislere artı bir
değer getirmektedir. Ancak fırınlarda yakılması sırasında kabukların fazla miktarda kül
bırakması olumsuz bir sonuçtur. Yine bu tür tesislerin yakınlarına kurulan tavukçuluk ve
hayvancılık tesislerinde ayçiçeği kabukları hayvanların altlarına serilmektedir (Kaya, 2024).
Ayçiçeği kabukları tonu 30$’a kadar alıcı bulmaktadır (Dorrel ve Vick, 1997). Ayçiçeği
kabuğunun değerlendirilmesi konusunda birçok araştırmalar yapılmasına rağmen çok az bir
kısmı uygulamaya sokulmuştur. Ligno-selülozik bir madde olarak ayçiçeği kabuğu,
fermentasyon yoluyla şeker üretiminde, bazı kimyasallara ve değerli bileşiklere dönüşümde
oldukça ekonomik bir kaynaktır. Örneğin ayçiçeği kabuğunun asit veya celulase enzimleriyle
hidrolizi, kabukta şeker oranını arttırarak besi değerinin artmasına ve yine maya için gerekli
maddelerin
oluşumuna
yol
açmaktadır.
Ayçiçeği
kabuğunun
hücre
duvarlarında
karbonhidratlarla birlikte bulunan lignin maddesi, enzimlerin bu karbonhidratları şekerlere
dönüştürmesini sınırlandırmaktadır. Ancak kabukların sodyum hidroksit ile 1,5 saat 120 ºC de
muamelesi lignin maddesinin %55 oranında azalmasına ve %39 oranına kadar polisakkaritlerin
şekerlere dönüşmesine yol açmaktadır (Kaya, 2024).Ayçiçeği, altı kıtada yetiştirilen ve toplam
üretimi 54,42 milyon ton olan bir bitkidir. Türkiye'de 728 bin hektar alanda 2 milyon ton
ayçiçeği tohumu üretilmektedir (Anonim, 2024b). Ayçiçeği üretiminin %40-65'ini oluşturan
ayçiçeği kabuğu, tarımsal bir yan üründür (Perea-Moreno ve ark., 2018). Ayçiçeği kabuğunun
geri kazanımında başlıca yöntemler, yakıt amaçlı ayçiçeği kabuğundan pelet üretimi ve kıyılmış
olarak samanın yerine hayvan yeminde kullanılması karşımıza çıkmaktadır (Binboğa, 2019;
Bala-Litwiniak, 2020).
1.2.İnek Gübresi ile İlgili Yapılan Çalışmalar
Köse (1998), 1996-1997 yıllarında mineral gübrelemeye alternatif olarak organik gübrelemenin
(mikoriza, kompost ve ahır gübresi) biber bitkisinin besin elementi alımı üzerindeki etkilerini
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araştırmak üzere, Çukurova Bölgesinde 2 yıl boyunca yaptığı çalışmasında her iki yılda da
mikorizal inokülasyon, kompost ve ahır gübresi uygulamasının, mineral gübreleme ve kontrole
göre yaklaşık 2 kat daha fazla artış sağladığını belirtmiş, biber veriminin ilk yılda kompost,
ikinci yılda ise mikoriza parsellerinde yüksek olduğunu belirtmiştir. Besin elementi içerikleri
yönünden ise kompost, mikoriza ve ahır gübresi uygulanmış parsellerde P, Mn, Cu, Fe ve Zn,
içeriklerinin mineral gübre uygulamasına göre genelde daha yüksek olduğunu bulmuştur.
Camberato ve ark. (1996) tarafından ahır gübresinin arazide uygulanması üzerine yapılan bir
çalışmada, katı gübrenin gereken önlemler alınmadan ve yağmur suyu ile yıkanmaya maruz
bırakılmış bir şekilde depolandığında, gübre içinde bulunan N ve K2O miktarının azalmasına
neden olduğunu bulmuşlardır. Ayrıca yanlış depolanan gübreden N’in süzülmesinin yüzey ve
yeraltı sularında kirliliğe sebep olduğunu, bundan dolayı işlenmek ve araziye uygulanmak üzere
depolanan gübrenin gerekli önlemler alınarak korunması gerektiğini belirtmişlerdir. Karaman
(2005), tarafından Tokat yöresinde hayvancılık işletmelerindeki barınaklardan kaynaklanan
çevresel etkiler ve ilgili yapıların özelliklerini incelemek, yeterliklerini ve geliştirilebilme
olanaklarını saptamak amacı ile farklı yapı ve teknik özelliklere sahip değişik kapasiteli ahırlara
sahip 76 işletmede yapılan çalışmada, işletmelerin %87’sinde katı atıklar tarım alanlarına
serilerek, %5’inde komşu çiftliklere verilerek, %7’inde satılarak değerlendirilmektedir.
Gübreliği bulunmayan işletmelerin %98’inde gübre araziye yığılmaktadır. Gübre bu
işletmelerin %3’ünde taş döşeme üzerine, diğerlerinde toprak zemine yığılmakta, iki işletmede
ise doğrudan nehre boşaltılmaktadır. Elde edilen gübrenin değerlendirme şekli bakımından 1-5
baş hayvanı olan tesislerin %15 inde gübrenin tezek olarak kullanıldığı, %45’inin kendi
arazisinde biriktirdiği, %28’inin sattığı, %12’sinin ise yol kenarları veya boş alanlara rastgele
attığı, 6-10 baş hayvana sahip işletmelerde ise %45’inin sattığı, %33’ünün kendi arazisinde
biriktirdiği, %2’sinin boş araziye attığı, 11 baş ve üstü işletmelerde ise %40’ının kendi
arazisinde biriktirdiği, %60’ının sattığı saptanmıştır. Gübrenin bekletilme süresi ise tüm
gruplarda 2 ay ile 1 yıl arasında olduğu belirlenmiştir.Son yıllarda hayvan gübresine uygulanan
işlemlerle (havalandırma, biogaz üretimi, kompost yapma ve kurutma) çevreye daha az zarar
vermesi ve tarlada organik gübre olarak daha etkin olması olanakları oluşturulmaktadır.
Nitekim belirtilen işlemlerle çevreye yayılan pis koku azaltılmakta, hastalık etkenleri
öldürülmekte, atık madde, hidrojen içeriği belirli düzeyde tutulmakta veya düşürülmekte, gübre
ağırlığı ve hacmi bakımından anlamlı bir azalma sağlanmaktadır (Ergül, 1989). Hayvansal
üretim hem insan beslenmesinin gereklerinden hem de tarımın vazgeçilmezlerindendir. Fakat
yapılan her tarımsal faaliyet gibi hayvansal üretimde çevre kirliliğine neden olmaktadır.
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Hayvansal üretim sonucu ortaya çıkan gübre ve idrar atıkları, gaz, koku, toz, ölen hayvanların
cesetleri, kesimhane atıkları çevreye ve insana zarar oluşturabilmektedir. Hayvansal üretim
sonucu çevreye olumsuz etkisi olan başlıca etmenler aşağıda ifade edilmiştir. Hayvancılık
faaliyetine bağlı olan çevre kirliliğinde başlıca atıklar hayvanlardan doğrudan kaynaklanan sıvı
(idrar) ve katı (gübre) atıklardır. Bu atıklar işletmelerde kaldırılmalı, depolandıktan belli bir
zaman sonra tarım arazilerinde kullanılmaktadır (Parlakay ve ark., 2015).
1.3. Kompost ve Vermikompost İle İlgili Yapılan Çalışmalar
Geleneksel tarım yöntemi daha fazla ürün elde etme esasına dayanır. Yapılan çalışmalar
göstermiştir ki; bu anlayışla gerek gübrelerin gerekse tarımsal ilaçların bilinçsizce kullanımı,
bitkisel üretimde miktar artışının yanında kalitesiz ve insan sağlığını tehdit edecek ürünlerin
ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Sanayileşmeden kaynaklanan çevre kirliliğinin de etkisiyle
soframıza gelen tarımsal ürünlerin doğallığı ve güvenilirliği neredeyse kalmamıştır. Son
yıllarda günümüz tarımında kullanılan kimyasal ilaçların ve gübrelerin neden olduğu çevre
kirliliği ve bu kirlenmenin insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri yoğun bir biçimde tartışılmaktadır
(Bellitürk, 2005; Bellitürk, 2008; Bellitürk ve ark., 2015; Shrestha ve ark., 2019). Hızlı nüfus
artışı, plansız kentleşme, plansız endüstrileşme, doğal kaynakların ölçüsüz kullanılması
kirliliğin en önemli faktörleridir. Doğal çevreyi oluşturan toprak, su ve havanın kimyasal
özelliklerinin canlıların hayati faaliyetlerini ve aktivitelerini olumsuz yönde etkileyecek
biçimde bozulması “kimyasal kirlenme”dir. Çevremizde ne kadar çok kimyasal madde varsa
sağlığımız o ölçüde tehlikeye girmektedir. Çeşitli fabrika katı ve sıvı atıklarının verimli tarım
arazilerine veya akarsu ve nehirlere boşaltılması söz konusu tarım topraklarının, akarsu ve
göllerinin zararlı ağır metallerle kirlenerek kimyasal kirlenmeye maruz kaldığını gösterir
(Özsavaş, 2015). İnsan sağlığını etkileyen tüm ekosistem düşünüldüğünde çevre kirliliğinin
hava, toprak ve su kirliliği olarak üçlü bir kombinasyonda ele alınarak yapılacak çalışmaların
bu doğrultuda ele alınması gerekir (Çağlarırmak ve Hepçimen, 2010). Sürekli artan dünya
nüfusu ile ters orantılı olarak tarım topraklarının azalması insanoğlunu açlık gibi büyük bir
tehditle karşı karşıya getirmiştir. Artan besin ihtiyacımızı karşılamak amacıyla, tarımsal
uygulamalarda bilinçsizce kullanılan kimyasal gübre ve kimyasal ilaçlar, tarım topraklarımızın
sürdürülebilir verimliliğini olumsuz etkilemekle birlikte doğal dengeyi de bozmaya başlamıştır.
Bu sorunlar karşısında tarımı sadece topraktan yararlanarak her türlü kimyasal gübre ve ilacı
kullanarak üretim yapmak yerine, doğaya zarar vermeden, toprağın sürdürülebilir verimliliğini
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ve doğal dengeyi koruyarak, insan sağlığını tehdit etmeyen, çevreyle dost olan organik
ürünlerin kullanımını hedefleyen tarımsal üretim sistemlerini uygulanmalıdır. Organik
gübreler; hayvan atıklarından ve benzer doğal yollarla oluşan maddelerden üretilerek, hiçbir
kimyasal madde ile etkileşim içerisinde olmadan elde edilir. Bunun en güzel örneklerinden
birisi solucan gübresidir. Vermikompost, belirli bir solucan türü kullanılarak, organik atık ve
artıkların kısa sürede elde edilen yüksek kaliteli bir biyoteknolojik kompost çeşitidir. Ticari ve
ekolojik açıdan yüksek değere sahip ürünler elde ettiğimiz vermikompost tekniği yoğun olarak
tüm dünyada uygulanmaktadır. Ürün kalitesi olarak termofilik kompost ürünlerine göre
vermikompost ürünleri fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özellikleriyle daha üstün niteliktedir ve
ekonomiktir. Son ürününde vermikompostun insan sağlığını tehdit edecek patojenler olmadığı
için uygulayıcılar vermikomposta çıplak elle dokunabilir (Erşahin Yılmaz, 2007). Bellitürk ve
ark. (2018)’nın bildirdiğine göre, Türkiye’de son yıllarda zeytin bahçelerinin gübrelenmesinde
kullanılan kimyasal gübrelere ilaveten vermikompost, çöp kompostu, yosun gübresi gibi
organik gübrelerin de ilave edilmesi, bu konuya verilen önemin farklı bir göstergesidir.
Kimyasal gübrelerle yapılacak gübrelemenin etkinlik derecesi, diğer faktörlerin yanında
toprağın organik madde içeriği ile pH değerine de bağlı bulunmaktadır. Zeytin yetiştiriciliğinde
tam başarının sağlanabilmesi için belli esaslara dayalı olarak kimyasal gübrelerin organik
gübreler ile desteklenmesi gerekmektedir (Bellitürk ve ark., 2015). Vermikompost tek başına
iyi bir organik gübre olmasının yanında, kimyasal gübreler ile birlikte kullanıldığında hem
kimyasal gübrenin etkinliğini artırmakta ve hem de miktarının azalmasına sebep olarak üretim
maliyetlerinin azalmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bunun dışında vermikompost çevreyle dost ve
üretilen ürünlerin kalitesinin artırılmasına büyük katkı sağlayan organik tarımda kullanımı
kabul edilen iyi bir organik gübredir. Solucanların kullanılmasıyla kompost elde edilmesi, açık
alanlarda basit yığınlarda, kasalarda ya da otomasyonlu kompleks kapalı sistemlerde
gerçekleştirilmektedir (Edwards, 2004). Üretimde yararlanılan solucanların optimum
koşullarda yaşatılması, vermikompost verimliliğini ve kalitesini etkileyen en önemli
faktörlerdendir (Neuhauser ve ark., 1998). Üretim aşamasındaki vermikompost için pH,
sıcaklık, ışık, koku, nem, karbondioksit, oksijen, yatakların derinliği gibi parametrelere dikkat
edildiği durumda, kaliteli bir solucan gübresi elde edilebilir ve solucan kültürünün
sürdürülebilirliği sağlanır (Li, 2011).
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Şekil 2. Solucanın morfolojik yapısı ve vücut anatomisi.
Vermikompost için belirlenen kalite parametreleri yüksek tuz içeriği halinde bitkide toksik
etkiye neden olur, besin değerinin belirlenmesi durumunda Ca, Mg, SveB elementlerinin
önemli olduğu belirtilmektedir (Hepşen Türkay, 2016). Vermikompost içeriğinde bulunanbesin
elementlerinin %97’ si ve özellikle N, P ve K gibi besin elementleri büyüme esnasında bitki
tarafından doğrudan alnabilir formdadır (Barley, 1961). (Bellitürk ve ark., 2015; Bellitürk,
2018; Aslam ve ark., 2020; Aslam ve ark., 2021a; Aslam ve ark., 2021b; Kılbacak ve ark., 2021;
Koç ve ark., 2021). Vermikompost üretiminde birçok bitkisel ve hayvansal atık kullanıldığı
bilinmektedir (Bellitürk ve ark., 2014; Bellitürk, 2016). Çeşitli organik atıklar kullanarak
vermikompostlar elde ederek solucanlara verilen besin maddesinin vermikompost içeriği
üzerine etkisinin önemli olduğunu belirtmiştir. Solucanlara verilen besin maddesi haricinde,
vermikompostun üretildiği ortam şartları ve solucan türü de önemli faktörler arasındadır
(Bellitürk, 2016). Zaller (2007) yaptığı bir çalışmada, Eisenia fetida türü solucanlara pamuk ve
yemek artıkları verilerek üretilmiş olan vermikompostu, torf ile %0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 (v/v)
oranları ile karıştırmıştır. Sera koşullarında yapılan çalışmada, domates (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) tohumlarının çimlenmesine, büyüme ve biyokütleye olan etkisine, araziye
aktarılmış olan fidelerin domates verimi ve kalitesi, domates çeşitleri arasındaki etkiler
değerlendirilmiştir. Vermikompost etkisi, domates çeşitlerinin tamamında çimlenme ve fide
gelişimini önemli derecede etkilemiştir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Çek Cumhuriyeti ve
Japonya gibi ülkelerde yapılan vermikompost uygulaması sonucunda buğday veriminde %1520, patates veriminde %50-80, yaprakları yenen pancar veriminde %15-20, mısır veriminde
%30-50, hıyar, domates ve biber verimlerinde %20-30, üzüm ve şeftali verimlerinde %80-100,
çilek veriminde %30-35 oranında artışlar olduğu tespit edilmiştir (Anonim, 2013).
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2. Materyal ve Yöntem
2.1.Materyal
2.1.1. Deneme Kullanılan MateryallerDenemede bitkisel kaynaklı ayçiçeği atıkları (SW),
hayvansal kaynaklı inek gübresi (CM), Kırmızı Kaliforniya Solucanı olarak bilinen Eisenia
fetida türü solucanlar, saf su, plastik kilitli kaplar kullanılmıştır (Şekil 5 ve Şekil 6).
Deneme İçin Gelen
Solucanlar
Öğütme İşlemi
Kullanılan Kap
Öğütülmüş Atık
Çerezlik Ayçiçeği Atığı
İnek Gübresinin Hazırlanması
Şekil 3.Denemede kullanılan materyaller.
2.1.2. Denemenin Planlanması ve Yürütülmesi
Bu projede kullanılan çerezlik ayçiçeği atıkları, Manisa ili Kırkağaç ilçesi merkezinden temin
edilecek ve Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki
Besleme Bölümü’ne ait olan Vermikültür Laboratuvarı’nda ön fermantasyon işlemi yapılmıştır.
Denemede kullanılan hayvansal kökenli olan inek gübresi (CM) üniversitemiz hayvancılık
işletmesinden temin edilecek ve ön fermantasyonu da gübrenin temin edileceği işletmenin
uygun alanında kontrollü koşullarda yapılmıştır.
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Atığın Tartılması İşlemi
Gübrenin Tartılması İşlemi
Atık ve Gübrenin
Karıştırılması
Çalışma
Etiketlerin Yazılması
Etiketlerin Yapıştırılması
Çürütülme İşlemine
Hazırlama
Çürütülme İşlemine
Hazırlama
Çürütme İşleminin
Başlatılması
Karıştırma İşlemi
Karıştırma İşlemi
Deneme İçin Gelen
Solucanlar
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Solucanların Ayıklanması
Solucanların Ayıklanması
Solucanların Sayılması
Solucanların Sayılması
Solucanların Sayılması
Deneme İçin Sayılan
Solucanlar
Solucanların Kaplara
Eklenmesi
Solucanların Kaplara
Eklenmesi
Solucanların Kaplara
Eklenmesi
Kaplara Eklenmiş
Solucanlar
Kabın Kontrol Edilmesi
Kabın Neminin Ayarlanması
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Laboratuvar
Laboratuvar
Laboratuvar
Şekil 4. Deneme analizinin planlanması ve yürütülmesi ile ilgili süreci.
İnek gübresinin toplam N‘u %1, pH değeri 8.55, organik madde içeriği ise % 33 olarak analiz
edilmiştir. Denemede Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Bölümü’nde özel olarak yetiştirilen
Eisenia fetida cinsi gübre kırmızı Kaliforniya solucanları kullanılmıştır. Deneme kurulduktan
sonra vermikompost üretilmesi için gerekli olan süre 2 ay (60 gün) olarak tamamlanmıştır
(Dominguez ve Edwards, 2004). Deneme 3 litrelik, özel olarak delikler açılmış kapaklı plastik
kaplarda kurulmuştur (Şekil 5). Deneme (5 uygulama x 2 tekerrür) 10 adet plastik kaplarda
yapılmıştır. Denemede ayçiçeği (SW) ve inek gübresi (CM) atıklarının farklı dozları tesadüf
blokları deneme desenine göre kurulmuş ve yürütülmüştür.
Şekil 5. Deneme deseni.
Denemede parametreleri (uygulamalar) aşağıdaki gibi planlanarak yürütülmüştür:
1. %25 İnek Gübresi (CM) + %75 Çerezlik Ayçiçeği Atığı (SW) + 20 ad. solucan
fetida) x 2 tekerrür
2. %50 İnek Gübresi (CM) + %50 Çerezlik Ayçiçeği Atığı (SW) + 20 ad. solucan
fetida) x 2 tekerrür
3. %100 İnek Gübresi (CM) + %0 Çerezlik Ayçiçeği Atığı (SW) + 20 ad. solucan
fetida) x 2 tekerrür
4. %0 İnek Gübresi (CM) + %100 Çerezlik Ayçiçeği Atığı (SW) + 20 ad. solucan
fetida) x 2 tekerrür
5. %75 İnek Gübresi (CM) + %25 Çerezlik Ayçiçeği Atığı (SW) + 20 ad. solucan
fetida) x 2 tekerrür
341
(Eisenia
(Eisenia
(Eisenia
(Eisenia
(Eisenia
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SW0CM100 (2)
SW0CM100 (1)
SW25CM75 (1)
SW25CM75 (2)
SW50CM50 (1)
SW50CM50 (2)
SW25CM75 (1)
SW25CM75 (2)
SW100CM0 (1)
SW100CM0 (2)
Şekil 6. Her bir uygulamada kullanılan materyallerin detayları.
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Denemenin kurulduğu odanın ve kaplarda bulunan solucanların beslenme ortamı sıcaklık
kontrolü haftalık olarak kontrol edilerek kaydedilmiştir. Bu amaçla proje bütçesi ile alınan
seyyar termometreler kullanılmıştır. Deneme süresince, kaplar içerisinde azalan nem oranı,
%70 civarına getirilerek saf su ile tamamlanmıştır.
2.2. Yöntem
2.2.1. Yapılan Fiziksel ve Kimyasal Analiz Yöntemleri
Deneme başlangıcında çerezlik ayçiçeği atığı (SW) ile inek gübresi (CM) numunelerinin ayrı
ayrı olacak şekilde (fermente edildikten sonra) bazı analizleri (pH, organik madde, N, P, K, Ca,
Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu) yapılmıştır. Projeye ilişkin deneme sonrasında elde edilen olan vermikompost
örneklerinde
yapılan
analizlere
ilişkin
detaylı
bilgiler
aşağıdaki
şekildedir:
pH: TS 9104’e göre 3 g kompost örneği üzerine 50 ml saf su konularak yarım saat beklenir ve
pH
metre
cihazı
ile
belirlenmiştir
(TSE,
1991).
Nem: Örnekler 60oC’de 24 h bekletilerek nem değerleri belirlenmiştir (Sağlam, 2012).
Organik Madde: TS 9103’e göre 5 g kompost örneği kül fırınında 650 C°’de 4 saat yakılarak
gravimetrik
olarak
belirlenmiştir
(TSE,
1991).
Toplam Azot: Makro Kjeldahl Metodu ile belirlenmiştir (Kacar ve İnal, 2008; Sağlam, 2012).
Yarayışlı Diğer Makro (P, K, Ca, Mg) ve Mikro (Fe, Zn, Cu) Element Analizleri: Kompost
örnekleri H2O2 + HNO3 ile mikro dalga yakma cihazında yakılıp elde edilen süzükte ICP-OES
cihazı ile belirlenmiştir (Zarcinas ve ark., 1987).
3. Bulgular ve Tartışma
3.1. Vermikompost Analiz Sonuçları
Denemeden elde edilen vermikompost örneklerine ait pH, EC, Nem, Organik Madde, N, P, K,
Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn ve Cu analiz değerleri, 1. tekerrür, 2. tekerrür ve ortalama değerler Çizelge 2
ve Çizelge 3’te topluca gösterilmiştir.
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Çizelge 2. Üretilen vermikompostun pH, EC, nem ve organik madde içerikleri.
Uygulama
SW100CM0
SW75CM25
SW50CM50
SW25CM75
SW0CM100
Tekerrür
pH
EC
(%)
Org. Mad.
(%)
Nem
(%)
1
9,46
0,82
80,87
34,51
2
9,46
0,84
80,93
34,39
Ortalama
9,46
0,83
80,90
34,45
1
8,81
0,57
85,04
60,68
2
8,81
0,56
85,12
60,76
Ortalama
8,81
0,57
85,08
60,72
1
8,63
0,55
82,27
66,32
2
8,63
0,55
82,19
66,46
Ortalama
8,63
0,55
82,23
66,39
1
8,49
0,65
81,61
65,35
2
8,49
0,67
81,53
65,40
Ortalama
8,49
0,66
81,57
65,37
1
7,55
0,73
79,25
61,83
2
7,55
0,74
79,35
61,66
Ortalama
7,55
0,74
79,30
61,74
Çizelge 2’ye göre inek gübresi olmayıp sadece ayçiçeği atıklarının bulunduğu kaplardaki
(SW100CM0) pH oranı ortalama 9.46 olarak bulunmuştur ve bunun deneme kaplarındaki en
yüksek pH değeri olduğu görülmüştür. Dominguez ve Edwards (2011)’e göre ideal bir
vermikompostun pH değerinin 5 ve 9 arasında olması gerekmektedir. Deneme sonunda elde
edilen SW100CM0 haricindeki tüm örneklerin ortalama değerlerinin izin verilen değerler
arasında olduğu görülmektedir. Organik gübrelerden özellikle vermikompost gübresinin pH
değerinin 7.5 değerinin üzerinde olduğu bildirilmektedir (Edwards, 2004; Bellitürk, 2017). Bu
projede pH değeri açısından 7.5 değerine en yakın sonuç “SW0CM100” uygulamasından elde
edilmiştir.Deneme sonunda vermikompost örneklerinde, en yüksek ve en düşük tuz
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değerlerinin sırası ile %0,83 ve %0.55 olarak ölçülmüştür. Tüm örneklerin ortalaması ise %0.66
olarak hesaplanmıştır. Vermikompost örneklerinin tuz içerikleri %1 değerinin altında
bulunmuştur. Bellitürk ve Soytürk (2020) fındık kabuğu ve inek dışkısından elde ederek ürettiği
vermikompost çalışmasında en düşük %0.02 ve en yüksek %0.3 tuz değerini elde etmişlerdir.
Dolayısıyla yapılan bu çalışma ile vermikompost örneklerinin tuz içerikleri açısından benzerlik
olduğu
anlaşılmaktadır.Deneme
sonunda
vermikompost
örneklerindeki
tekerrür
ortalamalarının değerleri dikkate alındığında en yüksek organik madde içeriği SW 75CM25
uygulamasında %85.08 olup en düşük organik madde içeriği ise SW0CM100 uygulamasında
%79,30 olarak belirlenmiştir. Tarımda kullanılan organik ve mineral içerikli gübrelere dair
yönetmelik taslağındaki değerlere göre vermikompostun en az %20 düzeyinde organik madde
içermesi gerekmektedir (Anonim, 2024a). Bu durumda proje kapsamındaki denemeden elde
edilen tüm vermikompost örneklerinin ilgili yönetmeliğe uygun olduğu görülmektedir.
Bellitürk ve Soytürk (2020) tarafından fındık kabuğu ile yapılan benzer bir çalışmada en yüksek
organik madde miktarı %41,11 olarak bulunmuştur. Dolayısıyla her iki çalışma
karşılaştırıldığında, ayçiçeği atıklarının fındık kabuğu atıklarına göre vermikompostun organik
madde içeriğini daha fazla artırdığı görülmüştür. Bu durumda vermikompost üreticileri
solucanları beslemek için rahatlıkla ayçiçeği kabuğunu kullanabilir ve yüksek organik maddeli
vermikompost üretebilirler.Çalışma sonucu elde edilen vermikompostlarda SW100CM0’nin nem
oranı yaklaşık %35, diğer örneklerin ise %60-66 aralığında nem oranı çıkmıştır. Fakat Tarımda
kullanılan organik ve mineral içerikli gübrelere dair yönetmelik taslağındaki değerlere göre
vermikompostun nem değeri maksimum %35 olmalıdır (Anonim, 2024a). Bu sebeple ayçiçeği
atıkları ile yapılan vermikompost çalışmalarından elde edilen ürünlerin nem miktarlarının ideal
yüzdeye ulaşabilmesi için kurutulmaları gerektiği görülmüştür. Edwards (2004) tarafından
bildirildiğine göre solucanların gübre üretirken en verimli olduğu nem değeri %70 civarında
sabit tutulmalıdır. Ancak üretilen ve paketlenerek pazara gitmesi gereken organik gübrenin nem
içeriği kurutma yöntemine göre düşürülmelidir. Bu projede üretilen gübre, pazarlanacak olsaydı
nem içeriğinin düşürülmesi gerekirdi. Ancak bu derecede yüksek oranda nem içeriğine sahip
vermikompost, satış amaçlı değil, araştırma amaçlıdır. Dolayısıyla araştırma sonucunda
üretilen vermikompost, kurutma aşamasından geçmemiştir.
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pH
EC (%)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
Deneme (1)
Deneme (2)
Deneme (1)
Ortalama
Organik Madde (%)
Deneme (2)
Ortalama
Nem (%)
86
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Deneme (1)
Deneme (2)
Deneme (1)
Ortalama
Deneme (2)
Ortalama
Şekil 7. Üretilen vermikomposttaki pH, EC, nem ve organik madde içerikleri
Elde edilen vermikompostlarda yapılan analizler sonucunda en yüksek azot içeriğinin %1,61
ortalama ile SW100CM0 uygulamasında, en düşük azot yüzdesinin ise %0,62 ortalama ile
SW25CM75 uygulamasında olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlar, ayçiçeği atık oranı artıkça azot
içeriğinin de arttığını göstermektedir Arancon ve Edwards (2011)’ın yaptığı bir çalışmaya göre
inek gübresi vermikompostunun toplam %N değeri %1,9 olmalıdır. Organik atıklarla
vermikompost üretiminde azot elementi hedef alındığında, bu atıkların başarılı bir şekilde
kullanılabileceği görülmektedir. Bellitürk ve ark. (2015a) tarafından yapılan bir başka
çalışmada kağıt atıkları ile inek gübresi karışımı kullanılmış olup, bu çalışmada
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vermikompostun ortalama N değeri %1,11 olarak bulunmuştur. Lange (2005), gıda ve bahçe
atıkları karışımı ile vermikompost üretmiş ve ortalama N değerini %1,81 olarak bulmuştur. Bu
ve benzeri birçok çalışmada elde edilen vermikompost örneklerinin ortalama N düzeyi %1,0
civarında tespit edilmiş olup, bu değerin artmasının gübrenin kalitesini de artırdığı
anlaşılmaktadır.
Çizelge 3. Üretilen vermikompost örneklerindeki N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn ve Cu içerikleri.
N
Uygulama
P
K
Ca
SW75CM25
SW50CM50
SW25CM75
SW0CM100
Fe
Zn
Cu
mg kg-1
%
SW100CM0
Mg
Tekerrür
1
1,60
136,0
491,20
515,50
111,80
15,80
2,55
1,79
2
1,62
136,0
486,60
515,80
100,70
15,60
2,45
1,85
Ortalama
1,61
136,0
488,90
515,65
106,25
15,70
2,50
1,82
1
0,76
63,80
187,00
356,50
54,40
21,70
1,46
1,79
2
0,78
62,70
180,20
350,40
54,70
21,50
1,46
1,77
Ortalama
0,77
63,25
183,60
353,40
54,55
21,60
1,46
1,78
1
0,70
65,20
153,80
389,60
51,30
21,70
1,53
0,52
2
0,72
65,40
152,10
395,50
50,80
22,40
1,63
0,51
Ortalama
0,71
65,30
152,95
392,55
51,05
22,05
1,58
0,52
1
0,61
64,50
137,40
347,60
48,80
25,20
1,66
0,49
2
0,62
66,60
139,90
340,40
48,20
25,40
1,64
0,52
Ortalama
0,62
65,55
138,65
344,00
48,50
25,30
1,65
0,51
1
0,69
69,30
135,70
347,60
52,40
30,00
1,97
1,89
2
0,65
70,80
130,60
351,60
52,60
30,20
1,94
1,95
Ortalama
0,67
70,05
133,15
349,60
52,50
30,10
1,95
1,92
Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı (eski adı Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı)’na ait “Tarımda
Kullanılan Organik, Mineral ve Mikrobiyal Kaynaklı Gübrelere Dair Yönetmelik”te belirtildiği
üzere, ülkemizde kullanılan solucan gübresinin toplam N içeriği en az %0,5 olmalıdır (Resmi
Gazete, 2018). Deneme sonucunda elde edilen vermikompostların azot değerlerinin tümünün
yönetmelikte geçen %0,5 oranını geçtiği görülmektedir. Bu da üretilen vermikompostların
yönetmeliğe uygun olarak kullanıma uygun olduklarını göstermektedir. Yapılan vermikompost
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çalışmasında elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre en yüksek fosfor miktarı ortalaması 136 mg/kg
olarak SW100CM0 uygulamasında, en düşük fosfor miktarı ortalaması ise 63,25 mg/kg olarak
SW75CM25 uygulamasında ölçülmüştür. Bellitürk ve Soytürk (2020) %90 fındık kabuğu+
%10 inek gübresi karışımından elde ettikleri karışımın vermikompostunda 126,28 mg/kg
civarında bir P değeri elde etmişlerdir. Yani her iki çalışmanın da yüksek bitkisel atık+düşük
miktarda hayvansal atık karışımlarına ait vermikompostta belirlenen P değeri açısından
benzerlik taşıdığı görülmektedir. Vermikompost örneklerindeki Potasyum miktarları
incelendiğinde; potasyum miktarı en yüksek olarak 488,90 mg/kg ortalama ile SW100CM0
uygulamasında, en düşük değer olarak da 133,15 mg/kg ortalama ile SW0CM100
uygulamasında bulunmuştur. Yapılan analiz sonuçları göz önüne alındığında vermikompost
üretimimizdeki ayçiçek atık miktarı artıkça potasyum miktarı artmaktadır. Buradan da
anlaşılacağı üzere ayçiçek atığı, vermikompost üretiminde potasyum miktarını artırmak için
kullanılabilir. Lange (2005) tarafından yapılan benzer nitelikli başka bir çalışmada gıda+bahçe
atığından elde edilen vermikompost örneklerindeki ortalama K miktarı %1,04 düzeyinde
bulunmuştur. Arancon ve Edwards (2011) ise, inek gübresiyle besledikleri Eisenia fetida türü
solucanların ürettiği vermikompostun K değerinin %1,4 civarında bulunduğunu ifade
etmişlerdir. Bellitürk ve arkadaşları (2015a) tarafından kağıt+inek gübresi karışımından elde
edilen atıklardan üretilen vermikompost örneklerinde elde edilen K değeri ise %0,32 düzeyinde
bulunmuştur. Görüldüğü gibi atık türü değiştikçe elde edilen vermikompost örneklerindeki K
değerindeki farklılık açık olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Analiz edilen vermikompost örneklerinin
Ca ve Mg içerikleri incelendiğinde, en yüksek değerin K elementinde olduğu gibi SW100CM0
uygulamasında olduğu bulunmuştur. İnek gübresini solucanlara yem olarak veren Arancon ve
Edwards (2011) tarafından yapılan benzer sayılabilecek nitelikteki bir çalışmadan elde edilen
vermikompost örneklerinin Ca değeri 23,25 mg/kg, Mg değeri ise 5802 mg/kg olarak
bulunmuştur. Ayçiçeği kabuğu+inek dışkısının yem olarak kullanıldığı bu çalışmadan elde
edilen Ca ve Mg elementi için en yüksek değer sırasıyla “SW100CM0” uygulamasında 515,65
mg/kg ve 106,25 mg/kg olarak bulunmuştur.
Mikro element içerikleri bakımından vermikompost örnekleri ele alındığında; yarayışlı Cu ve
Fe içeriği söz konusu olduğunda en yüksek değerin SW0CM100 uygulamasında olduğu ortaya
çıkmıştır. En yüksek yarayışlı Fe içeriği “SW0CM100” uygulamasında ve 30,10 mg/kg olarak
bulunmuştur. Bu değere göre, ayçiçeği çekirdeği atığı, Fe içeriği üzerine fazla bir etki
yapmamıştır. Lange (2005) tarafından yapılan başka bir çalışmada atık olarak gıda
atıkları+bahçe atıkları karışımı kullanılmış olup, ortalama Fe değeri 1440 mg/kg olarak
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bulunmuştur. Aynı çalışmada tespit edilen yarayışlı Zn değeri ise 387,2 mg/kg olup, Bellitürk
ve ark. (2015a) tarafından kağıt atıkları+inek gübresi atıklarıyla beslenen solucanlardan elde
edeline vermikompostun değeri 48,8 mg/kg olmuştur. Ayçiçeği atıklarının kullanıldığı bu
çalışmadan elde edilen yarayışlı Zn için en yüksek değer SW100CM0 uygulamasında 2,50
mg/kg olarak tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla burada inek gübresinden ziyade ayçiçeği atıklarının
yarayışlı Zn üzerinde daha fazla etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Fındık kabukları ve inek dışkısının
atık olarak kullanıldığı başka bir çalışmadan elde edilen ortalama yarayışlı Fe, Mn, Zn ve Cu
içerikleri sırasıyla 482,71 mg/kg, 61,95 mg/kg, 40,41 mg/kg ve 19,73 mg/kg olarak
bulunmuştur (Bellitürk ve Soytürk, 2020). Epigeic tür olan Eisenia fetida türü solucanların farkı
organik atıkları yeme ve ürettiği vermikomposta elementel içerik açısından etki etme açısından
gösterdiği tepkiler farklı olmakla birlikte, her koşulda bu atıkları rahatlıkla yedikleri
görülmektedir (Lange, 2005; Bellitürk ve ark., 2015a; Arancon ve Edwards, 2011; Bellitürk ve
Soytürk, 2020). Önemli olan sadece tek tip hayvansal veya sadece bitkisel atık değil, bu atıkları
uygun oranlarda karıştırarak uygun koşul ve özellikteki yemler ile solucanları besleyerek
vermikompost üretmektir (Bellitürk, 2016). Bu çalışmalar sayesinde hem organik atıklar
solucan yemi olarak kullanılabilmekte ve hem de çeşitli makro ve mikro element ile organik
madde düzeyine sahip topraklar üzerine olumlu etki etme özelliğinde vermikompost
üretebilmektir.
Şekil 8. Üretilen solucan gübrelerindeki N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn ve Cu içerikleri.
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3.2. Solucan ve Kokon Sayıları
Deneme süresince kaplardaki solucanların firar ederek kaçması sorunu hiç yaşanmamış olup,
solucanlar bu çalışmada kullanılan ayçiçeği atıklarını yeme konusunda pozitif davranış
göstermişlerdir. Deneme sonrasında her kapta belirlenen solucan ve kokon sayıları Çizelge 4’te
gösterilmiştir. Çizelge 4’ten de görüldüğü gibi başlangıçta (deneme kurulumunda) 20’şer adet
Eisenia fetida cinsi solucanların deneme sonucundaki sayılarında her kapta farklılıklar olduğu
görülmektedir. Genel bir değerlendirme ile en fazla solucan artışının 74 ortalama ile
SW75CM25 uygulamasında (%75 ayçiçeği kabuğu+%25 inek dışkısı) olduğu görülmektedir.
Solucanların ayçiçeği kabuğunu yemeleri ve sayıca artmaları, ayçiçeği kabuklarının ilerideki
benzer nitelikli akademik çalışmalarda ve vermikompost (solucan gübresi) sektöründe atık
olarak rahatlıkla kullanılabileceğini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Deneme sonundaki kokon (yumurta)
sayısı açısından en fazla artışın SW100CM0 uygulamasında olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlar
ile, ayçiçeği kabuğunun solucan sayısını artırmak için rahatlıkla kullanılabileceği ortaya
çıkmıştır. Bellitürk ve Soytürk (2020) tarafından fındık kabuğu ile inek dışkısının kullanıldığı
başka bir benzer çalışmada ise solucan sayılarında önemli bir değişiklik olmadığı bulunmuştur.
Ancak ayçiçeği atıklarının bu çalışma sayesinde rahatlıkla solucan popülasyonlarını çoğaltmak
amacıyla kullanılabileceği anlaşılmaktadır. Nemli zamanlarda ve nem sorunu yaşamayan tüm
topraklarda Eisenia fetida türü solucanlar yaşatılabilir.
Çizelge 4. Deneme sonrasında belirlenen solucan ve kokon sayıları.
Uygulama
SW100CM0
SW75CM25
SW50CM50
SW25CM75
SW0CM100
Tekerrür
Eisenia fetida Türü Solucan
Sayısı
Kokon Sayısı
1
2
Ortalama
1
2
Ortalama
1
2
Ortalama
1
2
Ortalama
1
2
Ortalama
41
73
57
85
63
74
54
40
47
49
42
46
35
25
30
101
126
114
122
34
78
17
8
13
0
2
1
8
12
10
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Bu solucanlar, atıklardan gübre üretme yanında, toprakları havalandırma görevleri açısından da
önemli canlılardır. Özellikle killi ve su geçirgenliği düşük, yapışkan nitelikteki smektit türü
killerce zengin topraklarda yaşanan havalanma problemi hem kök gelişmesini etkileyerek
verim miktar ve kalitesini azalttığı için, bu tip topraklara nem sorunu yok ise solucan
bırakılması oldukça faydalı çalışmalar sayılmaktadır. Bu çalışma sayesinde solucan üretme
amacıyla ayçiçeği atıklarının solucanlara yem olarak verilebileceği ortaya çıkmıştır.
Solucan Sayısı
Kokon Sayısı
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Deneme (1)
Deneme (2)
Ortalama
Deneme (1)
Deneme (2)
Ortalama
Şekil 9. Deneme sonrasında belirlenen solucan ve kokon sayılarının grafik ile gösterimleri.
4. Sonuçlar ve Öneriler
Ülkemizde bitkisel ve hayvansal kaynaklı olarak ortaya çıkan çok çeşitte ve yüksek miktarlarda
organik atıklar bulunmaktadır. Ancak maalesef çoğunlukla bu organik atıklar, diğer atıklarla
karışık olarak genellikle yerel yönetimler tarafından toplandığı için tam olarak geri dönüşüm
açısından gübre niteliğinde değerlendirilememektedir. Bu projenin amaçları arasında, organik
atıkların kompost veya vermikompost değerinin ortaya konulması yanında bu sektörde ticari
faaliyet gösteren firmaların büyük sorunlarından bir tanesi olan solucan maması bulmalarına
yardımcı olacak bilgileri üretmektir. Proje sonuçlarından da görüldüğü gibi özellikle çerezlik
ayçiçeği atıklarının hem solucan sayısını artırmada hem de solucan maması olarak
kullanılabilecek nitelikte olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Vermikompost üretiminde başarılı bir şekilde
kullanılan Eisenia fetida türü solucanların sayılarının artırılması, vermikompost sektörüne
yatırım yapan işletmeciler için oldukça önemlidir. Bunun dışında bu türdeki solucanların
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çoğaltılıp ülkemizin nemli bölgelerindeki arazilerine bırakılması, toprak sağlığının korunması
açısından da son derece önemlidir. Çerezlik ayçiçeği üreticileri bugüne kadar atıkları bazen
hayvan yemi olarak kullanmakta ve bazen de yakacak olarak kullandıkları için tam olarak
değerlendirememektedirler. Bu proje sayesinde bu atıkların kompost veya vermikompost
yapımında kullanılabilirliğinin ortaya konulması, organik gübre üreticileri için önemli bir bilgi
niteliğindedir. Çiftlik hayvanlarından inek dışkılarının da tam olarak kompost yapılamaması
gibi sorunlar olduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca inek dışkıları doğru yöntemde kompost yapılmadan
arazilere organik gübre olarak uygulandığında, yabancı ot problemleri ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu
proje ile inek dışkılarının vermikompost yapımında başarıyla kullanılabileceği bir kez daha
ortaya konulmuş olup, çerezlik ayçiçeği atığı ile karıştırılarak kullanılması durumunda önemli
avantajlar elde edildiği de ortaya konulmuştur. Organik atıkların değerlendirilmeleri ile ilgili
önemli bilgilerin elde edildiği bu projelerin sayı ve nitelik olarak artırılması, döviz ile gübre
girişi olan ülkemiz üreticilerinin “gübre girdi maliyetlerini” düşürerek tarımsal üretim
yapmaları ve ayrıca kendi atıklarını gübreye dönüştürüp girdi maliyetlerini azaltmaları
açısından da önem taşımaktadır. Daha önce zeytin budama atıkları, fındık kabuğu, saman, çim
atıkları, üzüm çöpü, kâğıt atıkları, badem ve ceviz kabukları gibi bitkisel kökenli atıklarla
yapılan benzer çalışmalarda da bitki besleme ve toprak bilimine katkı sağlayan bilgiler ortaya
konulmuştur. Bu çalışma da önceki benzer çalışmalarda olduğu gibi çerezlik ayçiçeği
atıklarının vermikomposta dönüştürülebileceğinin ortaya konulması açısından değerli bir
kaynak olarak kullanılabilecek niteliktedir.
Yazarların Katkısı: Laboratuvar Analizleri ve Gözlemleri: B.C.E., M.G., K.B. ve A.Ç.;
Metodoloji: B.C.E, M.G. ve K.B.; Biçimsel Analiz: K.B. ve A.Ç.; Kaynaklar: B.C.E., M.G.,
K.B. ve A.Ç.; Veri İyileştirme: K.B. ve A.Ç.; Yazma, Orijinal Taslak Hazırlama: B.C.E., M.G.,
K.B. ve A.Ç.; İnceleme ve Düzenleme: K.B. ve A.Ç.; Denetim: K.B.; Görselleştirme: M.G. ve
B.C.E; Proje Yönetimi: K.B.; Son Düzenleme ve Yayına Dönüştürme: K.B. ve A.Ç.
Teşekkür Bilgisi
Bu çalışma, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon
Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje Numarası: NKUBAP.03.DPÖ.23.511.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAHRAMANMARAŞ DEPREMİNDEN SONRA ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN
ÖLÜM VE MUTLULUK ALGILARININ İNCELENMESİ
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gül KADAN* (ORCID: 0000-0002-1430-8714)
Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Child Development,
Çankırı-Türkiye
Email: gulkadan@gmail.com
Özet
Ölüm ve mutluluk birbirine hiç yakışmayacak iki kavram olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ancak her
ne kadar durum bu yönde olsa da bazı durumlar ve şartlar ise bu iki kavramın birlikteliğini de
beraberinde getirebilmektedir. Özellikle üniversitede öğrenim gören ve bir anlamda kendi
hayatını şekillendirmeye çalışırken, diğer anlamda da bu duyguları yaşamış olan bireyler için
bu durum daha karmaşık bir hal de alabilmektedir. Bu düşünceler altında araştırmada 6 Şubat’ta
Türkiye’de yaşanan ve pek çok kişinin ölümü ile sonuçlanan Kahramanmaraş depremini
yaşamış olan üniversite öğrencilerinin ölüm ve mutluluk algısının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Araştırmada nitel ve nicel yöntemler birlikte kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın nicel boyutunda
tarama yöntemi nitel boyutunda ise görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Erzurum Atatürk
Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi bölümünde öğrenim gören ve Kahramanmaraş depreminde
bölgede olan 300 üniversite öğrencisi ile çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada veriler “Genel Bilgi Formu”,
“Yarı Yapılandırılmış Görüşme Formu” “Ölüm Algısı Ölçeği” ve “Mutluluğa Aşırı Değer
Verme Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, öğrencilerin depremden önce ve sonra
ölüm ve mutluluk algılarında değişimler yaşandığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca ölümü direk olarak
yaşayan öğrencilerde mutluluk algısının yok olduğu ve birtakım sorunların yaşandığı sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bir diğer sonuç ise öğrencilerin depremde yakınlarını
kaybetmemiş olsalar bile, ölümle ilgili eskiden düşündüklerinden daha farklı kavramlar elde
ettikleridir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara yönelik deprem gibi bir felaketi yaşayan ya da
yaşamayan tüm öğrencilere psikososyal destek sağlanması ve bu öğrencilerin yakından
takiplerinin gerçekleştirilmesi önerilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ölüm, Mutluluk, Üniversite öğrencisi, Deprem, Psikososyal destek
Bu çalışmanın yapılmasında emeği olan ve aramızdan zamansız ve erken ayrılan Doç.
Dr. Rıdvan KÜÇÜKALİ anısına ithaf edilmiştir.
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INVESTIGATION OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF DEATH AND
HAPPINESS AFTER KAHRAMANMARAŞ EARTHQUAKE
Abstract
Death and happiness can be considered as two concepts that do not suit each other at all.
However, although this is the case, some situations and conditions may bring about the
coexistence of these two concepts. This situation can become more complicated, especially for
individuals who are studying at university and who, in one sense, are trying to shape their own
lives and who, in another sense, have experienced these emotions. Under these considerations,
the aim of the study was to determine the perception of death and happiness of university
students who experienced the Kahramanmaraş earthquake in Turkey on February 6, which
resulted in the death of many people. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used together
in the research. Screening method was used in the quantitative dimension of the research and
interview technique was used in the qualitative dimension. The study was conducted with 300
university students studying at Erzurum Atatürk University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and
who were in the region during the Kahramanmaraş earthquake. In the research, data were
collected with the "General Information Form", "Semi-structured Interview Form", "Death
Perception Scale" and "Overvaluing Happiness Scale". As a result of the research, it was
determined that there were changes in the students' perceptions of death and happiness before
and after the earthquake. In addition, it was concluded that the perception of happiness
disappeared in students who directly experienced death and some problems were experienced.
Another result obtained in the research is that even if the students did not lose their relatives in
the earthquake, they acquired different concepts about death than they used to think. Based on
the results obtained from the research, it may be recommended to provide psychosocial support
to all students, whether they have experienced a disaster such as an earthquake or not, and to
closely monitor these students.
Keywords: Death, Happiness, University student, Earthquake, Psychosocial support
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Giriş
İnsanoğlunun hayatı doğum ile başlayıp ölümle sona ermektedir. Ancak durum her ne kadar bu
kadar basit bir şekilde ifade edilmeye çalışılsa da aslında durumun bu kadar basit olmadığı da
görülmektedir. Genellikle yenidünyaya gelme eylemi olarak ifade edilen doğum mutluluğun
başlangıcı olarak da ifade edilebilmektedir. Durumun bu boyutta olması ise insanın sürekli bir
mutluluk ve üzüntü duygu durumlarını yaşamalarına da yol açabilmektedir. Üstelik bu duygu
durumları sanıldığından daha da farklı bir boyut alabilmektedir. Ölüm ise herkesin uzak
durmaya çalıştığı adı bile anıldığında kişileri mutsuz etmeye yetecek özellikleri bünyesinde
barındırabilen bir duygu durumu olarak da ifade edilebilir (Alver, 2017; Çetin, 2017; Kim,
2013; Lee vd., 2015; Testoni vd., 2019; Türkdoğan ve Duru, 2012). Bu kapsamda ölüm ve
mutluluk birbirinden uzak olsa da bir o kadar da günlük yaşamda karşılaşılabilecek olgular
olarak ele alınabilir.Ölüm hayatın sonu olarak düşünüldüğünden ve bu yöndeki beklentilerden
dolayı genellikle pek düşünülmeyen bir olgudur. Daha doğrusu belirli bir yaş grubuna ithaf
edilen bir durum olarak görülmektedir. Aslında ölümün o kadar da uzak olmadığı da aşikârdır.
Toplumlarda yaşanan birtakım olay ve olgular ölümle birlikteliği daha da erken gündeme
getirebilmektedir. Üstelik insanın kendisi yaşamasa da etrafında karşılaşabileceği bu tür
durumlar da benzer duygusal ifadelere yol açabilecektir (Arslan, 2019; Ayten, 2009; Byeon ve
Park, 2017; Genç, 2018; Lee vd., 2019; Meffert vd., 2015; Şahin, 2018). Türkiye’de bu
kapsamda son zamanlarda yaşanan ve asrın felaketi olarak ifade edilen pek çok kişinin
ölümüyle sonuçlanan Kahramanmaraş merkez üslü olan deprem mutluluk ve ölüm
kavramlarının bir arada yaşanmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır.6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde merkez üssü
Kahramanmaraş olan depremde pek çok insan hayatını kaybetmiş ve pek çok insan da
yaralanmıştır. Bu kayıpların yanında pek çok kişinin maddi kayıplara da uğradığı depremde
sayısız hasarlar da beraberinde gelmiştir. Özellikle üniversitelerin kapalı olduğu dönemde, pek
çok gencin ailesinin yanında olması sonucunda üniversitede öğrenim gören gençler de bu
durumdan fazlasıyla etkilenebilmiştir. Pek çoğu akrabalarını, arkadaşlarını kaybetmiş, pek
çoğunun geleceğe yönelik hedef ve planları sekteye uğramıştır. Elbette bu durum gencin içinde
bulunduğu durumu daha da kötüleştirebilmiştir (İmik ve Aydoğdu, 2023; Sarıgül, 2023).
Üniversitede öğrenim gören gençlerin ifade edilen deprem felaketinden etkilenmelerinde hem
yaşadıkları kayıpların hem de içerisinde bulundukları dönemin özellikle etkili olduğu ifade
edilebilir. Üniversitede öğrenim gören gençler normalde geleceklerine yönelik endişeleri de
oldukça fazla taşıyan bireylerdir. Aldıkları eğitimle iyi bir iş sahibi olmak onların en büyük
kaygıları arasındadır. Mezun olduktan sonra hayatlarını karşılayıp karşılamayacakları durumu
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
onlar için endişe ve stres kaynağı olabilmektedir. Özellikle ailelerinden ayrı yaşamaya
başlayan, bağımsızlığını kazanan üniversite gençliğinin bu anlamda okulu bitirdikten sonra
kendi hayatını kuramayacak durumda olması ya da bu durumla karşı karşıya kalma düşüncesi
bile onları büyük bir kaosun ortasında bırakabilmektedir. İfade edilen bu duygu durumuna sahip
olan üniversite gençliğinin, deprem felaketini yaşaması ve bu felakette maddi ya da manevi
kayıplar yaşamaları ise onların daha fazla psikolojik ya da davranışsal sorunlar yaşamalarını da
beraberinde getirebilecektir (Çakır vd., 2023; Telli ve Altun, 2023). Böyle bir durumda ise bu
gençlerin tespit edilerek onlara psikososyal destek sağlanması gerekecektir. Psikososyal destek,
bireyin baş edemediği ve baş etme mekanizmasının sınırlarının aşıldığı durumlarda bireylere
sağlanan destek olarak tanımlanabilir (Aksoy ve Kabasakal, 2023; Türk ve Kaya, 2023). Bu
kapsamda deprem felaketini yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin belirlenmesi ve psikososyal
destek mekanizmalarının devreye alınması onların incinebilirliklerini de azaltabilecektir.
Yapılan araştırmalarda üniversite gençliğine yönelik yaşanan deprem felaketinde hissettiklerine
yönelik sınırlı sayıda araştırmaya rastlanmıştır (İmik ve Aydoğdu, 2023; Kaplan ve Taşar,
2023; Sarıgül, 2023; Yıldız ve Öztürk, 2023). Bu kapsamda araştırmada 6 Şubat
Kahramanmaraş depremini yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin ölüm ve mutluluk özelinde
hissettiklerini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem
6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş depreminden sonra üniversite öğrencilerinin mutluluk ve ölüm
algılarını belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen araştırmanın modeli, çalışma grubu, veri toplama
araçları, veri toplama yöntemi ve verilerin analizi kısımlarına bu bölümde yer verilmiştir.
Araştırma Modeli
Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Tarama modeli,
geçerlik ve güvenirliği kanıtlanmış ölçme araçlarıyla geniş bir örneklem grubundan bilgi almayı
sağlayan bir yöntemdir (Büyüköztürk vd., 2016). Araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerinin
Kahramanmaraş depremine yönelik mutluluk ve ölüm algılarını belirlemek amacıyla tarama
modeli kullanılmıştır.
Çalışma Grubu
Araştırma Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Bölümüne devam eden ve 6 Şubat
Kahramanmaraş depreminde bu bölgede olan ve araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul
eden öğrencilerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya dâhil edilen öğrencilerin %82’si kadın,
%18’i erkektir. Öğrencilerin %66’ı 18-21 yaş grubunda, %61’i il merkezinde yaşamakta,
%88,3’ü ikinci sınıf öğrencisi, %90,7’sinin anne- babası hayatta, %54,3’ünün annesi,
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
%36,7’sinin babası ilköğretim mezunudur. Öğrencilerin %53,3’ü depremde birinci derece
akrabalarını kaybetmiş, %46,7’si ise kaybetmemiştir.
Veri Toplama Araçları
Araştırmada veriler “Genel Bilgi Formu”, Demirci, Ekşi ve Ekşi (2018) tarafından Türkçeye
uyarlanan “Mutluluğa Aşırı Değer Verme Ölçeği” ve Topuz (2013) tarafından Türkçeye
uyarlanan “Ölüm Algısı Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır.
Genel Bilgi Formu: Araştırmada yer alacak öğrencilerin sosyodemografik özelliklerini
belirlemek amacıyla geliştirilmiş olan formdur. Formda öğrencilerin cinsiyetleri, yaşları, annebaba hayatta olma durumu, anne-baba öğrenim durumu, Kahramanmaraş depreminde birinci
derece yakınlarını kaybedip kaybetmediklerine yönelik sorular bulunmaktadır.
Mutluluğa Aşırı Değer Verme Ölçeği: Mauss ve arkadaşları (2011) tarafından bireylerin
mutluluğa yönelik algılarını belirlemek amacıyla geliştirilen ölçek, Demirci, Ekşi ve Ekşi
(2018) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanmıştır. 7 madde ve tek boyut olarak değerlendirilen ölçek
7’li likert tipindedir. Ölçeğin uyarlama çalışması sırasında Cronbach Alfa değeri .80 olarak
bulunmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında Cronbach alfa değeri ise .70 olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
Ölüm Algısı Ölçeği: Spilka ve arkadaşları (1977) tarafından geliştirilen ve bireylerin ölüm
algılarını belirlemeyi amaçlayan ölçek, Topuz (2013) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanmıştır. 24
madde dörtlü likert tipinden oluşan ölçek, beş alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Türkçeye uyarlama
çalışmasında Cronbach Alfa değerleri, Ahirette Ödüllendirme alt boyutu için .82, Bakmakla
Yükümlü Olduklarını Terk Etme alt boyutu için .72, Başarısızlık alt boyutu için .75, Cesaret alt
boyutu için .69, Bilinmeyen alt boyutu için .67, Acı Çekme alt boyutu için .73 ve tüm ölçek
için .81 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında Cronbach alfa değerleri Ahirette
ödüllendirme alt boyutu için .68, Bakmakla Yükümlü Olduklarını Terk Etmek alt boyutu için
.75, Başarısızlık alt boyutu için .79, Cesaret alt boyutu için .70, Bilinmeyen alt boyutu için .64,
Acı Çekme alt boyutu için .81 ve tüm ölçek için .72 olarak bulunmuştur.
Veri Toplama Yöntemi
Araştırmada Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesinde öğrenim gören
öğrencilere araştırmanın amacı hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılım
sağlamak isteyen öğrencilere onam formu doldurulmuş ve veriler araştırmacı tarafından yüz
yüze uygulanmıştır.
Verilerin Analizi
Araştırmada öğrencilerin verdikleri cevaplar SPSS 26.0 IBM istatistik programına aktarılmıştır.
Öğrencilerin sosyodemografik özellikleri için betimsel istatistikler kullanılmıştır. Öğrencilerin
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ölçeklere vermiş oldukları cevapların normal dağılım gösterip göstermediğini belirlemek için
örneklem sayısının 50 üstünde olmasından dolayı Kolmogorov Sminrnov test sonuçları ile
Skewness ve Kurtosis değerleri incelenmiştir. Mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile ölüm
algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutlarına ait normallik analiz dağılım sonuçlarında öğrencilerin vermiş
oldukları cevapların normal dağılım göstermediği belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle analizlerde
Kruskal Wallis t Testi, Mann Whitney U testi ve Spearman Korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular
Kahramanmaraş depremini yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin mutluluk ve ölüm algılarını
belirlemek amacıyla yapılan araştırmanın bulgularına aşağıda yer verilmiştir.
Tablo 1’de üniversite öğrencilerinin cinsiyetlerine göre mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile
ölüm algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutlarına ait ortalamalar ve Mann Whitney U test sonuçları
görülmektedir. Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi öğrencilerin cinsiyetlerine göre ölüm algısı ölçeği alt
boyutlarından cesaret (U=4972; p<.05) ve bilinmeyen alt boyutlarında (U=5394; p<.05) anlamlı
farklılık bulunmuştur. Cesaret alt boyutunda erkek öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=181,43), kız
öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasından (x=143,71) yüksek bulunmuştur. Bir başka ifadeyle erkek
öğrenciler ölüme yönelik daha fazla cesarete sahiptirler. Bilinmeyen alt boyutunda ise kız
öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=155,57) erkek öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına (x=127,39) göre
daha yüksektir. Yani kız öğrenciler erkek öğrencilere oranla ölüm hakkında daha fazla
bilinmezlik taşımaktadırlar.
Tablo 2’de üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşlarına göre mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile ölüm
algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutlarına ait ortalamalar ve Mann Whitney U test sonuçları görülmektedir.
Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi öğrencilerin yaşlarına göre ölüm algısı ölçeği alt boyutlarından
ahirette ödüllendirilme (U=8312; p<.05) ve başarısızlık (U=8057,50; p<05) alt boyutları
arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Ahirette ödüllendirilme alt boyutunda 22 ve üstü yaş
grubunda olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=168,01), 18-21 yaş grubunda olan öğrencilerin
sıra ortalamasına göre (x=141,48) yüksek bulunmuştur. Yani 22 ve üstü yaş grubunda olan
öğrenciler ahirette ödüllendirileceklerini düşünmektedir. Başarısızlık alt boyutunda 18-21 yaş
grubunda olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=160,81), 22 ve üstü yaş grubunda olan
öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına (x=130,50) göre yüksek bulunmuştur. Bir başka ifadeyle 18-21
yaş grubunda olan öğrenciler ölüm hakkında daha fazla başarısızlık hissetmektedir.
Tablo 3’de üniversite öğrencilerinin doğum yerlerine göre mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği
ile ölüm algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutlarına ait ortalamalar ve Kruskal Wallis test sonuçları
görülmektedir. Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi öğrencilerin doğum yerlerine göre mutluluğa aşırı
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
değer verme ölçeği arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (x2=46,32; p<05). Buna göre köyde
dünyaya gelen öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=270,39), ilçede (x=134,81) ve ilde (x=144,23)
dünyaya gelen öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre daha yüksektir. Bir başka ifadeyle köyde
dünyaya gelen öğrenciler, ilçe ve ilde dünyaya gelen öğrencilere oranla daha mutludur.
Öğrencilerin doğum yerlerine göre ölüm algısı ölçeği alt boyutlarından ahirette ödüllendirilme
(x2=25,34; p<05), bakmakla yükümlü olduklarını terk etme (x2=17,69; p<.05) ve cesaret alt
boyutlarında (x2=10,78; p<05) anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Ahirette ödüllendirilme alt
boyutunda ilçede dünyaya gelen öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=185,52), köyde (x=107,86) ve
ilde (x=137,45) dünyaya gelen öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasından daha yüksektir. Yani ilçede
dünyaya gelen üniversite öğrencileri ahirette ödüllendirileceğine daha fazla inanmaktadır.
Bakmakla yükümlü olduklarını terk etme alt boyutunda ilçede dünyaya gelen öğrencilerin sıra
ortalaması (x=181,15), ilde dünyaya gelen öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasından (x=137,19) yüksek
olarak bulunmuştur. Yani ilçede dünyaya gelen öğrenciler ölümle bakmakla yükümlü
olduklarını terk edeceklerini düşünmektedirler. Cesaret alt boyutunda köyde dünyaya gelen
öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=197,91), ilçede (x=160,11) ve ilde (x=139,81) dünyaya gelen
öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre yüksek bulunmuştur. Yani köyde dünyaya gelen öğrenciler
ölüm konusunda daha cesaretli oldukları söylenebilir. Tablo 4’de üniversite öğrencilerinin sınıf
düzeylerine göre mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile ölüm algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutlarına ait
ortalamalar ve Kruskal Wallis test sonuçları görülmektedir. Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi
üniversite öğrencilerinin sınıf düzeyleri ile mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği arasında anlamlı
farklılık bulunmuştur (x2=25,57; p<.05). Bu duruma göre birinci sınıfta bulunan öğrencilerin
sıra ortalaması (x=48,50), ikinci sınıf (x=147,25), üçüncü sınıf (x=194,67) ve dördüncü sınıf
(x=243,00) öğrencilerine göre düşük bulunmuştur. Yani birinci sınıf öğrencileri mutluluğa daha
az değer vermektedir. Öğrencilerin sınıf düzeylerine göre ölüm algısı ölçeğinin tamamında
(x2=24,77; p<.05), Ahirette ödüllendirilme alt boyutunda (x2=8,86; p<05); başarısızlık alt
boyutunda (x2=25,68; p<.05), cesaret alt boyutunda (x2=13,77; p<.05), bilinmeyen alt
boyutunda (x2=26,36; p<.05) ve acı çekme alt boyutunda (x2=13,77; p<.05) anlamlı farklılık
bulunmuştur. Ölüm algısı ölçeğinin tamamında birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalaması
(x=268), ikinci sınıf (x=148,36), üçüncü sınıf (x=173,33) ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin
(x=45,50) sıra ortalamasından yüksek bulunmuş, ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalaması
(x=148,36), dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalamasından (x=45,50) yüksek bulunmuştur.
Yani birinci ve ikinci sınıf öğrencileri daha fazla ölüm algısına sahiptir. Ahirette ödüllendirme
alt boyutunda üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalaması (x=175,83), birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
(x=207,50) ve dördüncü sınıf (x=207,50) öğrencilerinin sıra ortalamasından düşük
bulunmuştur. Bir başka ifadeyle ikinci sınıf öğrencileri ahirette ödüllendirileceklerine daha az
inanmaktadır. Başarısızlık alt boyutunda birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalaması (x=244,00),
ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinin (x=153,87), üçüncü sınıf (x=117,17) ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin
(x=29,50) sıra ortalamasından yüksek, dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalaması (x=29,50),
ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinin (x=153,87) ve üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin (x=117,17) sıra
ortalamasından düşük bulunmuştur. Yani birinci sınıf öğrencileri ölümde başarısızlık
duygusunu daha fazla yaşamaktayken, dördüncü sınıf öğrencileri daha az oranda yaşamaktadır.
Cesaret alt boyutunda birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalaması (x=258,00), ikinci sınıf
(x=148,58), üçüncü sınıf (x=156) ve dördüncü sınıf (x=99) öğrencilerinin sıra ortalamalarından
daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Yani ölüme karşı birinci sınıf öğrencileri daha fazla cesur
davranmaktadır. Bilinmeyen alt boyutunda ise dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalaması
(x=7,00), birinci sınıf (x=199,50), ikinci sınıf (x=155,82), üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin
(x=114,83) sıra ortalamasından düşük; üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalaması (x=114,83),
birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin (x=199,50) ve ikinci sınıf (x=155,82) öğrencilerinin sıra
ortalamasından düşük bulunmuştur. Yani üçüncü ve dördüncü sınıf öğrencileri ölüm karşısında
daha fazla bilinmezlik hissetmektedir. Acı çekme alt boyutunda ise birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin
sıra ortalaması (x=215,00), ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinin sıra ortalamasından (x=144,11) ve
dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin (x=169,50) sıra ortalamasından yüksek, üçüncü sınıf
öğrencilerinin sıra ortalaması (x=203,33), ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinin (x=144,11) sıra
ortalamasından yüksek olarak bulunmuştur. Bir başka ifadeyle birinci ve üçüncü sınıf
öğrencileri ölümü daha fazla oranda acı çekme olarak düşünmektedirler. Tablo 5’de üniversite
öğrencilerinin anne-baba hayatta olma durumuna göre mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile
ölüm algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutlarına ait ortalamalar ve Mann Whitney U test sonuçları
görülmektedir. Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi öğrencilerin anne-baba hayatta olma durumuna göre
mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (U=2659,50; p<.05).
Buna göre anne-babası hayatta olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=154,72), anne-babası
hayatta olmayan öğrencilerin (x=109,48) sıra ortalamasına göre yüksek bulunmuştur. Yani
anne babası hayatta olan öğrenciler mutluluğa daha fazla değer vermektedir. Öğrencilerin annebaba hayatta olma durumuna göre ölüm algısı ölçeğinin tamamında (U=1975; p<.05),
başarısızlık alt boyutunda (x=2418; p<.05), bilinmeyen alt boyutunda (x=2579; p<.05) ve acı
çekme alt boyutlarında (x=1805,50; p<.05) anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Ölüm algısı
ölçeğinin tamamında anne-babası hayatta olmayan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=215,96),
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
anne-babası hayatta olan (x=143,76) öğrencilere oranla yüksek bulunmuştur. Yani anne-babası
hayatta olmayan öğrenciler daha fazla ölüm algısı hissetmektedir. Başarısızlık alt boyutunda
anne-babası hayatta olmayan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=200,14), anne-babası hayatta olan
öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına (x=145,39) göre, bilinmeyen alt boyutunda anne-babası hayatta
olmayan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=194,39), anne-babası hayatta olan öğrencilerin sıra
ortalamasına (x=145,98) ve acı çekme alt boyutunda anne-babası hayatta olmayan öğrencilerin
sıra ortalaması (x=222,02), anne-babası hayatta olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına (x=143,14)
yüksek bulunmuştur. Bir başka ifadeyle anne-babası hayatta olmayan öğrenciler, anne-babası
hayatta olan öğrencilere oranla ölümden sonra başarısızlık, bilinmeyen ve acı çekme duyguları
yaşamaktadır. Tablo 6’da üniversite öğrencilerinin anne öğrenim durumuna göre mutluluğa
aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile ölüm algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutlarına ait ortalamalar ve Kruskal
Wallis test sonuçları görülmektedir. Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi öğrencilerin anne öğrenim
durumlarına göre mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur
(x2=15,76; p<.05). Annesi ilköğretim mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=167,89),
annesi ortaokul (x=120,35) ve annesi lise mezunu olan (x=136,02) öğrencilerin sıra
ortalamasından yüksektir. Yani annesi ilköğretim mezunu olan öğrenciler daha fazla mutluluk
hissetmektedir. Öğrencilerin anne öğrenim durumlarına göre ölüm algısı ölçeğinin tamamı
(x2=21,97; p<.05), ahirette ödüllendirilme alt boyutunda (x2=35,31; p<.05), bakmakla yükümlü
olduklarını terk etme alt boyutunda (x2=18,62; p<.05), başarısızlık alt boyutunda (x2=27,05),
cesaret alt boyutunda (x2=22,98; p<.05) ve acı çekme alt boyutunda (x2=13,99; p<.05) anlamlı
farklılık bulunmuştur. Ölüm algısı ölçeğinin tamamında annesi üniversite mezunu olan
öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=257,15), annesi ilkokul (x=144,12), annesi ortaokul (x=138,68)
ve annesi lise (x=156,16) mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasından yüksek bulunmuştur.
Yani annesi üniversite mezunu olan öğrenciler daha fazla ölüm algısı çekmektedir. Ahirette
ödüllendirilme alt boyutunda annesi lise mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=204,66),
annesi ilköğretim (x=131,94), annesi ortaöğretim (x=137,81) mezunu olan öğrencilere oranla
yüksek bulunmuştur. Yani annesi lise mezunu olan öğrenciler ahirette ödüllendirileceklerini
düşünmektedir. Bakmakla yükümlü olduklarını terk etme alt boyutunda, annesi ortaokul
mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=108,48), annesi ilkokul mezunu olan öğrencilerin
(x=164,56) ve annesi lise mezunu (x=153,95) olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre düşük
bulunmuştur. Yani annesi ortaokul mezunu olan öğrenciler ölümden sonra bakmakla yükümlü
olduklarını daha az oranda terk ettiklerini düşünmektedir. Başarısızlık alt boyutunda annesi
ilkokul mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=131,64), annesi ortaokul (x=167,98),
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annesi lise (x=163,15), annesi üniversite mezunu olan öğrencilerin (x=244,00) sıra
ortalamasına göre düşük; annesi üniversite mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması
(x=244,00), annesi ortaokul (x=167,98) ve annesi lise (x=163,15) mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra
ortalamasına göre yüksek bulunmuştur. Bir başka ifadeyle annesi ilkokul mezunu olan
öğrenciler ölüm karşısında daha az başarısızlık hissederken, annesi üniversite mezunu olan
öğrenciler daha fazla başarısızlık hissetmektedir. Cesaret alt boyutunda annesi üniversite
mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=258,00), annesi ilkokul (x=148,81), annesi
ortaokul (x=149,67) ve annesi lise (x=133,75) mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre
yüksek bulunmuştur. Yani annesi üniversite mezunu olan öğrenciler ölüm karşısında daha fazla
cesaret hissetmektedir. Acı çekme alt boyutunda annesi üniversite mezunu olan öğrencilerin
sıra ortalaması (x=204,38), annesi ilkokul (x=149,46), annesi lise (x=124,48) mezunu olan
öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre yüksek ve annesi ortaokul mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra
ortalaması (x=169,40), annesi lise mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına (x=124,48) göre
yüksek bulunmuştur. Bir başka ifadeyle annesi üniversite mezunu olan ve annesi ortaokul
mezunu olan öğrenciler daha fazla oranda ölüm karşısında acı hissetmektedir. Tablo 7’de
üniversite öğrencilerinin baba öğrenim durumuna göre mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile
ölüm algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutlarına ait ortalamalar ve Kruskal Wallis test sonuçları
görülmektedir. Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi öğrencilerin baba öğrenim durumuna göre mutluluğa
aşırı değer verme ölçeği arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur (x2=30,79; p<.05). Babası
üniversite mezunu olan öğrencilerin mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği sıra ortalamaları
(x=84,87), babası ilkokul (x=170,98), babası ortaokul (x=132,01), babası lise (x=169,17)
mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre düşük bulunurken, babası ortaokul mezunu
olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=132,01), babası ilkokul (x=170,98) ve babası lise
(x=169,17) mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre düşük bulunmuştur. Bir başka
ifadeyle babası üniversite ve ortaokul mezunu olan öğrenciler mutluluğa daha az değer
vermektedir. Üniversite öğrencilerinin baba öğrenim durumlarına göre ölüm algısı ölçeğinin
tamamında (x2=15,03; p<.05); bakmakla yükümlü olduklarını terk etme alt boyutunda
(x2=21,31; p<.05), cesaret alt boyutunda (x2=12,43; p<.05) ve bilinmeyen alt boyutunda
(x2=8,96; p<.05) anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Ölüm algısı ölçeğinin tamamında babası
ilkokul mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=164,83), babası ortaokul (x=138,70) ve lise
(x=127,70) mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre yüksek, babası üniversite mezunu
olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=187,28), babası ortaokul mezunu (x=138,70) ve babası lise
(x=127,70) mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre yüksek bulunmuştur. Yani babası
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ilkokul mezunu ve üniversite mezunu olan öğrenciler daha fazla oranda ölüm algısı
hissetmektedir. Bakmakla yükümlü olduklarını terk etme alt boyutunda babası lise mezunu olan
öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=113,19), babası ilkokul mezunu (x=172,86), babası ortaokul
(x=155,49) ve babası üniversite (x=143,42) mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre
düşük bulunmuştur. Yani babası lise mezunu olan öğrenciler bakmakla yükümlü olduklarını
terk etme konusunda daha az endişe hissetmektedir. Cesaret alt boyutunda babası üniversite
mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=197,90), babası lise (x=139,94), babası ortaokul
(x=137,90) ve babası ilkokul (x=154,57) mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre
yüksek bulunmuştur. Bir başka ifadeyle babası üniversite mezunu olan öğrenciler daha fazla
oranda ölüm karşısında cesaret hissetmektedir. Bilinmeyen alt boyutunda babası ortaokul
mezunu olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalaması (x=130,68), babası ilkokul (x=164,82) ve babası
üniversite mezunu (x=166,63) olan öğrencilerin sıra ortalamasına göre düşük bulunmuştur.
Yani babası ortaokul mezunu olan öğrenciler daha az oranda bilinmezlik hissetmektedir. Tablo
8’de üniversite öğrencilerinin Kahramanmaraş depreminde yakınını kaybetme durumuna göre
mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile ölüm algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutlarına ait ortalamalar ve
Mann Whitney U test sonuçları görülmektedir. Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi üniversite
öğrencilerinin Kahramanmaraş depreminde yakınını kaybetme durumuna göre mutluluğa aşırı
değer verme ölçeği ile ölüm algısı ölçeği ve alt boyutları arasında anlamlı farklılık
bulunmamıştır (p>.05). Tablo 9’da mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile ölüm algısı ölçeği ve
alt boyutlarına ait Spearman korelasyon analiz test sonuçları görülmektedir. Tabloda da
görüldüğü gibi mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği ile ahirette ödüllendirme alt boyutu arasında
negatif yönde zayıf (r=-.23; p<.05); başarısızlık alt boyutunda negatif yönde ve zayıf (r=-19;
p<.05) anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Yani mutluluğa aşırı değer verdikçe ahirette ödüllendirme
ve başarısızlık duyguları azalmaktadır.
Tartışma
6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş depreminden sonra üniversite öğrencilerinin mutluluk ve ölüm
algılarını belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen araştırma sonucunda öğrencilerin cinsiyetlerine
göre erkek öğrencilerin ölüme karşı daha fazla cesaret sergilerken, kız öğrencilerin bilinmezliğe
sahip oldukları görülmektedir. Elde edilen bu sonucu kız ve erkek öğrencilerin yetiştirilme ve
gelişimsel niteliklerine bağlanarak açıklamak mümkündür. Erkek öğrenciler toplumun kendine
yüklediği misyon ve vizyona bağlı olarak genelde daha fazla risk alma potansiyeline sahiptir.
Erkeklerin bu özelliğinden dolayı ölüme karşı da daha fazla cesaretli olmaları beklendik bir
özellik olarak ele alınabilir. Nitekim erkeklerin güçlü olmak istemeleri ve ağlamalarının bile
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
uygun olarak görülmediği durumlarda elde edilen sonuca yönelik olarak da cesaretleri daha
fazla olabilmektedir. Buna karşılık kızların daha fazla oranda empati duyguları ile yetişmesi de
benzer şekilde bilinmezlik duygularının yoğunluğunu gerektirebilecektir. Çünkü ölüm algısı
aslında bilinmezliklerle dolu bir durum olarak ifade edilebilir. (Ayten, 2009; Sezer ve Saya,
2009). Yapılan araştırmalarda da araştırma sonucuna benzer şekilde kız ve erkek öğrenciler
arasında erkek öğrencilerin daha fazla cesarete sahip oldukları ve kızların daha bilinmezlik
duygularıyla hareket etmelerine yönelik elde edilen bulgular araştırma sonucunda elde edilen
bulguları desteklemektedir (Kutlu, Çavuşoğlu ve Uygun, 2018; Pinzon- Segura vd.,
2022).Araştırma sonucunda 22 yaş ve üstünde olan öğrencilerin ahirette daha mutlu olduklarını
düşündükleri ve 18-21 yaş arasındaki öğrencilerin ölüm karşısında daha fazla başarısız
hissettikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. 22 yaş ve üstünde bulunan öğrencilerin soyut anlamda
olaylara daha farklı bir perspektifte bakabilme durumları ile 18-21 yaş arasındaki öğrencilerin
henüz istediklerini elde edememe durumlarını yaşadıklarından dolayı sonucun bu yönde çıktığı
düşünülmektedir. Çünkü 18-21 yaşında kişinin genelde istekleri ve beklentileri, geleceğini
kurma, iyi bir işe sahip olma ve iyi bir şekilde yaşama şansı olarak özetlenebilir. Böyle bir
durumda ise 18-21 yaş grubundaki öğrenciler henüz üniversite hayatının da başında
olduklarından dolayı başarısızlık hissedebilirler. Öte yandan 22 yaşında genelde ifade
edilenlerin elde edildiğini düşünmekle birlikte, öğrencilerin yaşayabilecekleri ve elde
edemedikleri durumlar ise onların ahirette mutlu olacaklarını düşünmelerine neden
olabilmektedir (Bolat ve Artan, 2022; Karakuş, Öztürk ve Tamam, 2012). Araştırma sonucunda
köyde dünyaya gelen öğrencilerin, ilçe ve ilde dünyaya gelen öğrencilere göre daha mutlu
oldukları bulunmuştur. Köyde yaşam genel anlamda insanların daha geniş aile topluluklarında
yaşadıkları ve bir arada oldukları bir durum olarak ifade edilebilir. Böyle bir durumda
öğrenciler stresten uzakta ve doğa ile iç içe bir yaşamla büyümektedir. Öğrencilerin köyde
yaşamaları bir başka ifadeyle ilçe ve ilin sınırlarını ortadan kaldırarak çok erken yaşlardan
itibaren psikolojik sağlamlığın da güçlü olmasını sağlayabilir. Böyle bir durum ise mutluluğa
daha fazla değer verilmesini beraberinde getirebilir (Aksoy, Aytar ve Kaytez, 2018; Keleş,
Keskin ve Ertek, 2018). İlçede dünyaya gelen öğrencilerin daha fazla oranda ahirette
ödüllendirileceklerine inandıkları aynı zamanda bakmakla yükümlü olduklarını terk
edeceklerini düşündükleri ve köyde dünyaya gelen öğrencilerin ölüm hakkında daha fazla
cesarete sahip oldukları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu durumu ilçe ve köyün sosyoekonomik
yapısına bağlayarak açıklamak mümkündür. İlçe ve ilde genel anlamda ölüme verilen algı
oldukça farklı olabilmektedir. Kırsal kesimde ölümle hayatın son bulmadığı ve bu dünyada
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yaptığı iyiliklerin karşılığını bir şekilde alacakları düşünülmektedir. Bu durum ise kişilerin
ölüme yönelik daha cesaretli davranmalarını beraberinde getirebilmektedir (Alptekin, 2018;
Coşkun, 2010; Çınar ve Akgümüş, 2023; Güven, 2019). Ancak buna karşılık olarak da
bakmakla yükümlü olduklarını terk etme ve bundan dolayı da endişenin yoğun olarak
yaşanması da söz konusu olabilmektedir (Dağ ve Alkar, 2022; Marti- Garcia vd., 2017). İfade
edilen bu durumların ise araştırma bulgularını desteklediği düşünülmektedir. Araştırmada
birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin mutluluğa daha az değer verdikleri bulunmuştur. Bu durumu
üniversitenin başlangıcında öğrencilerin yaşayabilecekleri duygu durumuna bağlı olarak
açıklamak mümkündür. Üniversitenin ilk dönemi genelde çevreye, derslere uyum sağlama
çabalarıyla
ilerlemektedir.
Ancak
öğrencilerin
ilk
senede
genelde
etrafa
uyum
sağlayamamaları, derslerin yoğunluğu ve sorumluluklarını daha fazla hissetmeleri onların
mutsuz olmalarını da beraberinde getirebilmektedir (Özer ve Deniz, 2014; Sevinç ve Gizir,
2014). Ölüm algısı ve ölüme ait düşüncelerde sınıf düzeyine göre de farklılıklar bulunmuştur.
Bu kapsamda sınıf düzeyi düştükçe, ölüme yönelik daha fazla korku, kaygı yaşama, ancak buna
koşut olarak da daha fazla cesur davranışlar gösterdikleri bulunmuştur. Bu durumu yine birinci
sınıf öğrencilerinin gelişimsel özelliklerine bağlayarak açıklamak mümkündür. Genelde
üniversite birinci sınıf öğrencileri ergenlik döneminden yeni çıkmış ve çıkmakta olan
bireylerdir. Ergenlerin ise genelde daha fazla risk alma davranışlarına sahip oldukları
bilinmektedir. Bununla birlikte ergenler aynı zamanda ölümsüz olduklarını düşünmekte ve
ölüme yönelik büyük oranda kaygı ve korku hissedebilmektedir. Böyle bir durum ise bu
dönemdeki bireylerin daha cesur olmalarını beraberinde getirdiği gibi, aynı zamanda korku ve
kaygı durumunu da beraberinde getirebilecektir (Çubuk, 2020; Sekiz Öz ve Kargın, 2021;
Tatlılıoğlu, 2012). Araştırmada anne-babası hayatta olan öğrencilerin daha fazla mutlu
oldukları, buna karşılık anne-babası hayatta olmayan öğrencilerin ölüm algılarının daha yüksek
olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Anne-baba her yaşta bireyin en önemli sosyal sermayesidir.
Sadece ekonomik anlamda değil, anne-baba çocuğuna da psikolojik destek veren önemli bir
güçtür. Bu kapsamda anne-babanın hayatta olması, kişilerin mutlu olmasını da sağlamaktadır
(Ekşi vd., 2020; Kumcağız, Orak ve Şahin, 2018; Yıldırım ve Sezer, 2018). Ancak anne ya da
babadan birinin kaybı bireyin sadece mutsuz olmasını değil, bazı durumlarda anne-babaya
kavuşma isteğini ortaya çıkarabilmekte, bazen de ölüme yönelik korku ve kaygıyı
güçlendirebilmektedir (Annor vd., 2023). Böyle bir durum sonucunda ise öğrencilerin annebabalarının yaşaması onlar için bir mutluluk nesnesi olurken, olmaması ise ölüme yönelik
araştırma sonuçlarının ortaya çıkmasını sağlayabilmektedir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Araştırma sonucunda annesi ilköğretim mezunu olan üniversite öğrencilerinin daha fazla
mutluluk hissettikleri bulunmuştur. Annenin ilköğretim mezunu olması, çocuğuyla daha yakın
ilişki kurmasını beraberinde getirebilir. Böyle bir durum anne-çocuk arasında kurulan kaliteli
ilişkinin çok erken zamanlardan beri kurulacağını ve bunun sonucunda da çocukların yetişkin
olduklarında da bu güven hissiyle mutlu olmalarını sağlayabilir (Arslanargun, Bozkurt ve
Sarıoğlu, 2016; Şanlı ve Öztürk, 2012). Buna karşılık, annenin öğrenim düzeyinin
yükselmesinin, öğrencilerin ahirette mutlu olacaklarını düşünmelerini, bakmakla yükümlü
olduklarını terk etme, daha fazla başarısızlık yaşama ve acı çekme davranışlarını birlikte
getirdiği yönünde sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Annenin öğrenim durumunun yükselmesi, çocuğuyla
kuracağı iletişim ve etkileşimin daha farklı bir hal almasını da beraberinde getirebilir. Bir başka
ifadeyle çocuğun sürekli ailesinin yanında olmasını isteme nedeni olabilir. Böyle bir duygu
durumu ile bir arada büyümek ise ölüm karşısında daha fazla başarısızlık duygusunu
beraberinde getirebileceği gibi, bu dünyada istediklerini alamadıkları için ahirette alacaklarını
düşünmelerine de neden olabilir (Uslu ve Çağdaş, 2014; Zajac ve Boyatzis, 2021). Araştırma
sonucunda babası üniversite ve ortaokul mezunu olan öğrencilerin mutluluğa daha az değer
verdikleri, daha fazla ölüm algısı hissettikleri, babanın öğrenim düzeyinin artması ile ölüme
yönelik farklı duyguların olduğu, bilinmezlik ve cesaret hissettikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Babanın öğrenim düzeyinin yüksek olması, çocuğuyla olan iletişim ve etkileşimini
sınırlandırabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda çocuğun babasıyla olan ilişkisinin istendik yönde
olmaması sonucunda, yetişkinliğinde de anne öğrenim düzeyine benzer şekilde duygusal
anlamda rahat edememe ve bu durumla bağlantılı olarak da mutsuzluğu beraberinde getirebilir
(Gözübüyük ve Özbey, 2020; Mert ve Kahraman, 2018 ). Yine babanın öğrenim düzeyinin
yükselmesi sonucunda babayla yaşanamayan ilişki ve etkileşimler, anne öğrenim düzeyinde
olduğu gibi ölüm algısına aktarılabilir. Böyle bir durumun da araştırmada elde edilen bulguları
desteklediği düşünülmektedir. Araştırma sonucunda, öğrencilerin Kahramanmaraş depreminde
yakınlarını kaybetmeleri ile mutluluk durumu ve ölüm algıları arasında anlamlı farklılık
bulunmamıştır. Ancak bununla birlikte yakınlarını kaybedenlerin mutluluk puanlarının düşük,
ölüm algılarının ise yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Kahramanmaraş depremi gibi ani olarak
gelişen, kestirilemeyen ve pek çok yıkımın yaşandığı durumlarda, bireylerin öncelikle şok
yaşadıkları ve sonrasında gelişen duruma uyum sağlamaya çalıştıkları bir süreçten geçtikleri
bilinmektedir. Böyle bir durum ise yakınını kaybeden ya da kaybetmeyen her bireyi derinden
etkilemiştir. Özellikle medyada yer alan görüntüler ve insanların çaresizliği depremi
deneyimlemeyen bireylerin bile depremi deneyimlemiş olarak algılamalarına yol açabilmiştir
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
(Gören, 2023; Koçyiğit, 2023; Şeker, 2023; Tüccar ve Yavuz, 2023; Yelboğa, 2023). Böyle bir
durumun ise araştırma sonucunda olduğu gibi anlamlı farklılığı ortaya çıkarmadığı
düşünülmektedir. Araştırma sonucunda ulaşılan son bulgu, mutluluğa aşırı değer verme ölçeği
ile ahirette ödüllendirme ve başarısızlık alt boyutlarında negatif yönde ilişkinin olmasıdır.
Mutluluk ve ölüm birbirine zıt iki kavram olarak değerlendirilebilir. Birinde daha pozitif
duyguların olması, diğerinde daha negatif duyguların olmasını gerektirir (Akalın, 2020;
Karakuş, Öztürk ve Tamam, 2012; Kurtulan ve Karaırmak, 2016). Bu kapsamda ele alındığında
mutluluğun artması ile ölüm algısı arasında bir zıtlığın olması beklenen bir durum haline
gelmektedir.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlara yönelik olarak aşağıdaki önerilerde bulunmak mümkündür.
•
Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadıkları ortama uyumu ve entegrasyonunu sağlayacak
çalışmaların yapılması,
•
Öğrencilerin özellikle ölümle ilişkili algılarında farklı değişkenlerin ele alınarak
inceleneceği çalışmaların planlanması,
•
Deprem ya da doğal bir afet yaşama durumunda psikososyal desteğin hemen sağlanması
•
Öğrencilerin görüşlerinin de ele alındığı karma yöntem çalışmalarının gerçekleştirilmesi
önerilebilir.
373
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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PANDEMİ DÖNEMİNDE İLKÖĞRETİM ÇOCUKLARINA YÖNELİK
HAZIRLANAN SOSYAL BECERİ EĞİTİM PROGRAMININ ÇOCUKLARIN
SOSYAL GELİŞİM VE ARKADAŞLIK BECERİLERİNE ETKİSİNİN
İNCELENMESİ
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gül KADAN* (ORCID: 0000-0002-1430-8714)
Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Health Sciences Department of Child Development,
Çankırı-Türkiye
Email: gulkadan@gmail.com
Doç. Dr. Nazan KAYTEZ (ORCID: 0000-0001-8232-8947)
Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Child Development,
Çankırı-Türkiye
Email: nznunal@hotmail.com
Özet
İlkokul döneminde çocuklar, gelişim görevlerinde yeni sorumluluklarla karşı karşıyadır.
Özellikle içinde bulunduğu bazı şartlar da çocuğun bocalamasına ve gelişim görevlerini yerine
getirirken zorlanmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bunlardan biri ise Covid-19 pandemisi olarak
ifade edilebilir. Covid-19 pandemisinde okulun eve taşınması çocuğun akademik becerileri
kazanmasında, arkadaşlık becerilerinin sınırlanmasına yol açabilmiştir. Ancak böyle bir durum
içinde bulunulan dönemin özellikleri ile bağlantılı olarak çocuklarda problemli davranışların da
ortaya çıkmasına neden olabilmiştir. Bu düşüncelerden hareketle araştırmada Covid-19
pandemisinde ilkokul çocuklarının akran ilişkilerini destekleyerek, sosyal becerilerinin
devamını sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden yarı deneysel
desen kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada örneklem seçimine gidilmemiştir. Türkiye’de ikamet etmekte
olan ve 7-12 yaş arasındaki çocuklarla çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada araştırmacılar tarafından
geliştirilen sosyal beceri eğitim programı online olarak uygulanmıştır. Çocukların sosyal
becerilerini ve akran ilişkilerini belirlemek için Kaner (2000) tarafından geliştirilen “Akran
İlişkileri Ölçeği” ve Sezgin ve Akman (2014) tarafından geliştirilen “6-12 yaş Türk çocukları
için Sosyal Beceri ve Uyum Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda çocukların ön testson test sonuçları arasında son test sonuçları lehine anlamlı düzeyde farklılık olduğu ve
çocukların sosyal beceri uyumlarının arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen
verilere dayanarak, çocukların akran ilişkilerinin geliştirilmesi için daha uzun ve yüz yüze
eğitimlerin yapılması gerektiği önerilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İlkokul dönemi, akran, sosyal gelişim, arkadaşlık ilişkileri, Covid-19
pandemisi
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INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF THE SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING
PROGRAM PREPARED FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN DURING THE
PANDEMIC PERIOD ON CHILDREN'S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND
FRIENDSHIP SKILLS
Abstract
During the primary school period, children face new responsibilities in their developmental
tasks. Particularly, some conditions may cause the child to hesitate and have difficulty in
fulfilling his/her developmental tasks. One of these can be expressed as the Covid-19 pandemic.
Moving school to home during the Covid-19 pandemic may limit the child's ability to gain
academic skills and limit their friendship skills. However, such a situation may also cause
problematic behaviour in children, depending on the characteristics of the current period. Based
on these thoughts, the research aimed to ensure the continuation of the social skills of primary
school children by supporting their peer relationships during the Covid-19 pandemic. A quasiexperimental design, one of the quantitative research methods, was used in the research. No
sample selection was made in the research. It was studied with children between the ages of 7
and 12 who reside in Turkey. Children were reached through the information given to schools.
In this context, 50 children whose families gave consent constituted the study group of the
research. In the study, the social skills training program developed by the researchers was
applied online. To determine children's social skills and peer relationships, the "Peer Relations
Scale" developed by Kaner (2000) and the "Social Skills and Adaptation Scale for 6–12-yearold Turkish children" developed by Sezgin and Akman (2014) were used. As a result of the
research, it was concluded that there was a significant difference between the children's pre-test
and post-test results in favor of the post-test results and that the children's social skill adaptation
increased. Based on the data obtained from the research, it can be suggested that longer and
face-to-face education should be provided to improve children's peer relationships.
Keywords: Primary school period, peer, social development, friendship relations, Covid-19
pandemic
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Giriş
İlkokul dönemi, hayatın önemli ancak gizli kalmış bir dönemi olarak ifade edilebilir. Bu
dönemde çocuğun gerçekleştirmek zorunda olduğu yeni gelişim görevleri ile karşı karşıya
kalması, formal olarak okula başlaması, okul sorumluluklarını alması ve aynı zamanda etrafıyla
uyumlu etkileşim içinde bulunması gerekmektedir. Çocuğun ilkokula başlaması ile artık
çocuktan okuma-yazma ve matematik becerilerini kazanması istenmektedir. Çocuğun
akranlarından geri kalması istenmemekte, bunun için daha çok çalışması ve bir an önce
akademik olarak yetkinliğini elde etmesi istenmektedir. Bu dönemde çocuğun oyuncakları ve
oyunları yasaklanmakta ve çocuk adeta yetişkin biri gibi sorumluluklarıyla karşı karşıya
kalmaktadır. İlkokul döneminde çocuklar için ailesi hala oldukça önemli olsa da, okulu ve
akranları ön plana geçmeye başlamaktadır (Malik ve Marhawa, 2018; Özen, 2018; Tatlılıoğlu
ve Korkmaz, 2015; Tümkaya ve Türkmenoğlu, 2021). Adeta öğretmenin gözdesi olmak için
çaba vermektedir. Akranlarıyla olan arkadaşlıkları ise onun yeni bir dünyaya açılmasında
önemlidir. Çocuk için okulda başarılı olamaması, öğretmeni, akranları ve ailesinden olumsuz
geri dönütler alması onun spor ya da sanat gibi alanlarda başarılı olma isteğini de beraberinde
getirebilmektedir (Crisogen, 2016; Sopa, 2014; Theiman, 2016; Türker ve Erhan, 2021). Ancak
bazı durumlarda böyle bir imkân da bulunmayabilmektedir. Günümüzde bu kapsamda
yaşadığımız ve ilkokul dönemindeki çocuklar başta olmak üzere tüm bireyleri zorlayan bir
etken Covid-19 pandemisi olmuştur.Covid-19, Çin’in Vuhan kentinde 2019 yılının sonlarında
ortaya çıkan ve sadece bulunduğu bölgede değil, dünyanın büyük bir çoğunluğunda ölümlere
yol açan ve bu nedenle de kısa bir süre sonra pandemi ilan edilmesine neden olan bir durumdur.
Covid-19 pandemisinde yaşanan hızlı bulaşın engellenebilmesi için tüm Dünyada gereken
önlemler alınmıştır. Alınan önlemler ise kısa bir süre sonra Türkiye’de de yaşanmaya
başlanmıştır. Bu önlemler okulların kapatılması, sokağa çıkmanın yasaklanması, derslerin
çevrim içi sürece evrilmesi olarak ifade edilebilir. Elbette böyle bir durum tüm bireyleri
etkilediği gibi ilkokul dönemindeki çocukların da etkilenmesine neden olmuştur. Okulların
kapanması ve derslerin çevrim içi yapılması sonucunda çocuklar eve kapanmışlardır. Ancak
aynı zamanda bu durum birtakım eşitsizliklerin olmasına neden olmuştur (Duban ve Şen, 2020;
Fauzi ve Khusuma, 2020; Nuraini vd., 2020; Okatan ve Tagay, 2021; Putri vd., 2020; Yavuz
ve Toprakçı, 2021; Yıldız vd., 2020). Çevrim içi eğitim imkanına sahip olmayan ya da yeterli
teknik bilgiye sahip olmayan çocuklar bu kapsamda oldukça zor bir süreci yaşamışlardır (İnci
Kuzu, 2020; Rasmitadlia vd., 2020; Scarpelini vd., 2021). Dahası çocukların evden çıkmalarına
getirilen kısıt çocukların hayatlarında çok önemli olan öğretmeni ve akranlarıyla olan
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ilişkilerini de sınırlandırabilmiştir (Demiryürek, 2022). Böyle bir durum sonucunda ise zaten
oldukça zor şartları olan Covid-19 pandemisine bir de psikolojik problemler eklenebilmiştir
(Anggraeni, Alpian ve Kodariah, 2021; Çalışkan, 2020; Siachpazidou vd., 2021).Çocukların
içinde bulundukları durumdan kurtularak rahatlatılmaya çalışılması ise bu anlamda oldukça
önemli bir toplum sorunu haline gelmiştir (Hamilton ve Gross, 2021). Bu nedenle farklı yaş
gruplarında bulunan çocuklara yönelik birtakım programlar yine çevrim içi olarak
hazırlanmaya ve uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Ancak yapılan bu programların belirli bir kesime
yönelik olduğu ve genelleşmesinde sorunların da olduğu görülmüştür (Aral vd., 2021; Gözeler
ve Özbey, 2023; Lestari ve Sukmawati, 2022; Nurjanah vd., 2022). Yapılan literatür
taramasında ilkokul dönemindeki çocuklara yönelik pandemi döneminde hazırlanan ve
uygulanan sosyal becerilerini ve akran ilişkilerini desteklemeye yönelik sınırlı sayıda
araştırmaya rastlanmıştır (Nur’Aini vd., 2022; Oliveria Major vd. 2023). Bu nedenle
araştırmada ilkokul döneminde bulunan çocuklara yönelik olarak hazırlanan sosyal beceri
eğitim programının çocukların sosyal beceri ve akran ilişkileri üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi
amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem
Bu bölümde, araştırma modeli, çalışma grubu, veri toplama araçları, veri toplama yöntemi ve
verilerin toplanması bölümlerine yer verilmiştir.
Araştırma Modeli
Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan zayıf deneysel tek grup ön test- son test
deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Zayıf deneysel desenlerden tek grup ön test- son test deseninde
deneysel işlem bir tek grup üzerinden gerçekleştirilmektedir (Büyüköztürk vd., 2016).
Araştırmada kontrol grubu seçilmemiştir. Covid-19 pandemisinde çocukların yaşamış oldukları
problemler göz önüne alınarak hazırlanan programın tüm gruplar üzerinde uygulanması ve tüm
çocukların bu süreçten yararlanabilmesi için kontrol grubu seçilmemiştir. Ayrıca Türkiye’de
yer alan tüm çocukların bu programa katılım sağlayabilmesi açısından eşleştirme
gerçekleştirilmemiştir.
Çalışma Grubu
Araştırmanın çalışma grubu Türkiye’de ikamet etmekte olan 8-11 yaş arasındaki çocuklardan
oluşmaktadır. Bu kapsamda Covid-19 pandemisinde üniversitelerin de uzaktan eğitime
geçmeleri sonucunda, Türkiye’de farklı illerde memleketlerine giden üniversite öğrencilerinin
ulaşabildikleri ilköğretim öğrencileri araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırmada 50 çocukla
çalışılmıştır. Çocukların sosyodemografik özelliklerinin dağılımı Tablo 1’de verilmiştir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tablo 1’de araştırmaya dâhil edilen çocukların sosyodemografik özelliklerinin dağılımı
görülmektedir. Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi çocukların %54’ünün erkek, %46’sının kız olduğu,
%32’sinin 10 yaş grubunda ve %46’sının 6. Sınıfa devam ettiği; çocukların annelerinin
%44’ünün ilkokul, babalarının %48’inin üniversite mezunu olduğu ve çocukların %52’sinin
ilçe, %48’inin ise ilde yaşadığı belirlenmiştir.
Veri Toplama Araçları
Araştırmada veriler, “Genel Bilgi Formu”, Sezgin ve Akman (2014) tarafından geliştirilen “612 Yaş Türk Çocukları için Sosyal Uyum ve Beceri Ölçeği” ve Kaner (2000) tarafından
geliştirilen “Akran İlişkileri Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmacılar tarafından
geliştirilen ve on hafta devam eden “Sosyal Beceri Eğitim Programı” uygulanmıştır.
Genel Bilgi Formu: Araştırmaya dâhil edilen çocukların sosyodemografik özelliklerini
belirlemek için araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen formdur. Formda, çocukların cinsiyeti,
yaşı, devam ettikleri sınıf, anne ve baba öğrenim düzeyleri ve çocukların nerede yaşadıklarına
yönelik sorular bulunmaktadır.
6-12 Yaş Türk Çocukları İçin Sosyal Uyum ve Beceri Ölçeği: Sezgin ve Akman (2014)
tarafından annelerin çocuklarının sosyal uyumlarını değerlendirebilmeleri amacıyla geliştirilen
ölçektir. Ölçek 59 madde ve 7 alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. 3’lü likert tipinde değerlendirilen
ölçekte ters kodlanan madde bulunmamaktadır. Ölçeğin geliştirilme aşamasında Cronbach Alfa
değerleri, tüm ölçek için .94, Dürtüsellik alt boyutu için .83, Engellenme eşiği alt boyutu için
.62, Dikkat/Hareketlilik alt boyutu için .74, Sosyal İlişki alt boyutu için .84, Duygu Durumu alt
boyutu için .68, Onay İhtiyacı alt boyutu için .78 ve İçe Dönüklük alt boyutu için .67 olarak
hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında Cronbach Alfa değerleri ise tüm ölçek için .90,
Dürtüsellik alt boyutu için .80, Engellenme eşiği alt boyutu için .69, Dikkat/Hareketlilik alt
boyutu için .79, Sosyal İlişki alt boyutu için .80, Duygu Durumu alt boyutu için .75, Onay
İhtiyacı alt boyutu için .78 ve İçe Dönüklük alt boyutu için .81 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ölçek
değerlendirilirken, alt boyutlardan alınan puanların düşük olması gerekmektedir. Bir başka
ifadeyle alt boyutlardan alınan düşük puanlar çocukların o becerilerde yetkin olduğunu
göstermektedir.
Akran İlişkileri Ölçeği: Çocukların akranlarıyla olan ilişkilerini belirlemek amacıyla Kaner
(2000) tarafından geliştirilmiştir. 5’li likert tipi olarak değerlendirilen ölçek, 18 maddeden ve
dört alt boyuttan oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin geliştirilme aşamasında Cronbach Alfa değerleri tüm
ölçek için .90, Bağlılık alt boyutu için .85, Güven ve Özdeşim alt boyutu için .87, kendini açma
alt boyutu için .85 ve Sadakat alt boyutu için .88 olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında
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Cronbach Alfa değerleri tüm ölçek için .85, Bağlılık alt boyutu için .80, Güven ve Özdeşim alt
boyutu için .80, Kendini Açma alt boyutu için .82, Sadakat alt boyutu için .79 olarak
belirlenmiştir. Boyutlardan alınacak yüksek puanlar çocukların arkadaşlık ilişkilerinde başarılı
oldukları şeklinde değerlendirilmektedir.
Sosyal Beceri Eğitim Programı: Araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen program 10 hafta
devam etmiştir. Programda çocukların bireysel özelliklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda
program oluşturulurken felsefi yapısını pragmatizm ve yeniden kurmacılıktan, psikolojik
temellerini ise Ralp Tayler’ın görüşlerinden almıştır. İfade edilen kuram ve yaklaşımlarda
eğitim ortamına etkin katılımın sağlanmasının önemi üzerinde durulmakta ve küçük adımlarla
çalışmanın öneminden bahsedilmektedir. Ayrıca bireyselliğin ön plana alınması gerektiğine
vurgu da yapılmaktadır (Demirel, 2017). Bu düşünceler altında programda çocukların aktif yer
alacakları etkinlikler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca çocukların sevdikleri aktivitelerden
yararlanılmıştır. Programda yer verilen oturumlar hafta sonu bir saat çevrim içi olarak
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Programda üniversite öğrencileri aktif rol almışlardır. Programlara ait
bilgilere aşağıda yer verilmiştir.
•
1. Oturum: Tanışma ve Program Tanıtımı: Oturumda amaçlanan çocuklarla ve
ebeveynlerle tanışılmasıdır. Tanışma etkinliği gerçekleştikten sonra çocuklarla program
hakkında konuşulmuştur. Programın neden gerçekleştirildiği, programla nelerin amaçlandığı ve
bu süreçten çocuklardan beklentilerin neler olduğu üzerinde durulmuştur. Tanışma oturumunda
ayrıca Covid-19 pandemisinin ne olduğu, virüsten nasıl korunulması gerektiğine yönelik
bilgilendirmeler yapılmış ve animasyon filmler izlenmiştir. Çocuklarla birlikte programda
parmak oyunları, kelime kartları oyunları oynanmıştır.
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2. Oturum: Virüste Neymiş: Oturumun amacı, çocukların pandemi nedeniyle yaşamış
oldukları kaygıları fark etmelerini sağlayarak, bu kaygıdan sağlıklı baş etme yöntemleri ile
kurtulmalarının sağlanmasıdır. Bu kapsamda da nefes ve rahatlama egzersizlerine yönelik
etkinlikler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca çocuklarla dans edilmiş ve çocukların biriken enerjilerini
boşaltmaları konusunda destek de sağlanmıştır.
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3. Oturum: Arkadaşlık Sadece Yakın Mesafe Değildir, Arkadaşlık Uzun
Mesafelerde de Bir Olabilmektir: Oturumun amacı çocukların Türkiye’nin farklı
bölgelerinde de olsalar bir arada olabileceklerini ve kendilerini üzen, mutlu eden anıları
paylaşabileceklerini fark etmelerinin sağlanmasıdır. Bu kapsamda oturumda Türkiye’nin farklı
bölgelerini tanıtmaya yönelik geziler sanal ortamda düzenlenmiş, birlikte halk oyunları
oynanmış, o bölgede yaşayan çocukların kendilerinin de aktif olarak ev sahipliği yaptıkları
programlar yedi bölgenin güzellikleri ve özellikleri boyutunda sürdürülmüştür.
•
4. Oturum: Zenginliklerimizle Varız ve Var Olacağız: Oturumun amacı çocuklar
arasındaki iletişim ve etkileşimin arttırılmasıdır. Birlikte nesi var oyunu oynanan oturumda
origami etkinliklerine yer verilmiştir. Aynı zamanda çocukların yaşlarına ve gelişimlerine
uygun olan bir kitap ekrana yansıtılmış ve çocuklarla birlikte etkileşimli kitap okuma etkinliği
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çocukların birbirlerine duygu ve düşüncelerini anlatmaları da sağlanmıştır.
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•
5. Oturum: Duymazsak da Anlaşabiliriz: Oturumun amacı çocukların farklılıklara
yönelik bakış açısı geliştirmelerinin sağlanmasıdır. Burada ilk olarak çocuklarla günlük
sohbetler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çocukları üzen ya da mutlu eden günlük olaylar konusunda
sohbetler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra araştırmacılar tarafından sessiz sinema şeklinde bir
animasyon getirilmiş ve bu filmde ne anlatıldığını anlayıp anlamadıkları sorulmuştur.
Çocukların tamamının görüşleri alınmıştır. Ayrıca pandomim gösterisi sunulmuştur. Pandomim
gösterisi hakkında sohbet edilmiştir.
•
6. Oturum: Duygularımız Bizim Neyimizdir? Oturumun amacı, çocukların
duygularını tanımalarını ve bunu uygun şekilde ifade edebilmelerinin sağlanmasıdır. Bu
nedenle duygularımız oyunu oynanmıştır. Duygularımızı uygun şekilde ifade ettiğimizde ya da
edemediğimizdeki durumlarla ilgili oyunlar oynanmıştır. Sonrasında ise çocuklarla beraber
duygu ayraçları yapılmıştır.
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7. Oturum: Sihirli Güç, İşbirliği: Oturumun amacı çocukların işbirliğinin neden
önemli olduğunu fark etmelerini sağlamaktır. Oturumda, “Bir elin nesi var, iki elin sesi var”
adındaki hikaye canlandırmalarla işlenmiştir. Çocuklarla etkileşimli kitap okuma etkinliği
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gerçekleştirilmiş ve çocuklara işbirliğinin neden önemli olduğuna yönelik sorular
yöneltilmiştir. Oturum çocuklar tarafından çok sevilen hareketli şarkılarla devam etmiş ve
çocukların oynaması ve dans etmesi sağlanmıştır.
•
8. Oturum: Empati Becerisi Nedir? Oturumda amaçlanan empati becerisinin ne
olduğunu çocukların algılaması ve empatik iletişim örnekleri sergilemelerinin sağlanmasıdır.
Bu amaçla çocuklara farklı durumlar yansıtılmış ve çocuklar bu farklı durumlarda ne
yapmalarının ya da ne yapmamalarının uygun olacağı üzerinde durmuşlardır. Empatinin neden
önemli olduğuna yönelik çocuklara sorular yöneltilmiş ve çocukların kendini başkasının yerine
nasıl koyabileceği üzerinde durulmuştur.
•
9. Oturum: Siber Zorbalık ve Akran Zorbalığı: Oturumda amaçlanan siber
zorbalığın ve akran zorbalığın ne olduğu üzerinde durulmasıdır. Bu kapsamda çocuklara siber
zorbalığın ne olduğu ve nasıl karşılaşılabileceğine yönelik bilgiler verilmiş, böyle durumlarda
ne yapılması gerektiği örnekler üzerinde anlatılmıştır. Siber zorba bir kuklanın başına gelenlere
yönelik kuklanın ağzından düşünceleri alınmıştır.
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•
10. Oturum: Neler Yaptık, Neler Yaşadık? Oturumun amacı on haftalık süreç
içerisinde çocuklarla yapılan etkinliklerin gözden geçirilmesidir. Bu kapsamda yapılanlara
yönelik hazırlanan slayt gösterisi çocuklarla birlikte izlenmiştir. Oturumun sonunda çocuklarla
birlikte gevşeme teknikleri ve nefes egzersizleri çalışılmıştır.
Veri Toplama Yöntemi
Araştırma Covid-19 pandemi salgınından sonra üniversitelerin ve okulların kapatılması
döneminde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu nedenlerle üniversiteden memleketlerine dönen öğrencilere,
bulundukları illerde/ilçelerde yaşayan ve 8-11 yaş aralığında çocuğu olan ebeveynlere araştırma
hakkında bilgi vermeleri istenmiştir. Öğrenciler aracılığıyla ailelere ulaşılmış ve araştırma
hakkında araştırmacılar tarafından tekrar bilgilendirme yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılmayı
kabul eden ebeveynlere aydınlatılmış onam formları yine öğrenciler aracılığıyla ulaştırılmıştır.
Çocuklarla ve ailelerle çevrim içi bir araya gelinmiştir. Bu süreçte çocuklarla tanışılmış ve
onların güveni kazanılmıştır. Ailelere “Google Form” aracılığıyla ölçme araçları gönderilmiş
ve ön test uygulamaları tamamlanmıştır. Ön test uygulamalarının tamamlanmasından sonra on
hafta sürecek eğitimlere başlanmıştır. Eğitimlerin tamamlanmasından sonra ailelere tekrar
“Google Form” aracılığıyla ulaşılmış ve son test çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Verilerin Analizi
Araştırmada elde edilen veriler SPSS 26.0 IBM istatistik paket programına alınmıştır.
Çocukların ve ailelerin sosyodemografik özelliklerine yönelik betimsel analizler uygulanmıştır.
Ailelerin ölçme araçlarına vermiş oldukları cevaplara yönelik normallik analizleri
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örneklem sayısının 50 olması nedeniyle Shapiro Wilk test sonuçları ile
Kurtosis ve Skewness değerleri incelenmiştir. Normallik testi sonuçları Tablo 2’de verilmiştir.
Tablo 2’de araştırmaya dâhil olan ebeveynlerin çocuklarına ait Arkadaşlık ilişkileri Ölçeği ve
6-12 Yaş Türk Çocukları için Sosyal Beceri Uyum Ölçeğine verdikleri cevaplara yönelik
normallik analiz sonuçları görülmektedir. Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi ebeveynlerin vermiş
oldukları cevapların normal olmayan dağılım gösterdikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle
çocukların ön test- son test sonuçlarını değerlendirmek için nonparametrik analizlerden
Wilcoxan İşaretli Sıralar test sonuçları incelenmiştir.
Bulgular
Covid-19 pandemi döneminde ilköğretim çocuklarına yönelik uygulanan Sosyal beceri
eğitiminin çocukların akran ilişkileri ve sosyal beceri uyumları üzerinde etkisinin olup
olmadığını belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen araştırmanın bulgularına aşağıda yer
verilmiştir.Tablo 3’de ilköğretim çocuklarının akran ilişkileri ölçeği alt boyutlarına ait ön test-
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son test sonuçlarına ait ortalamalar ve Wilcoxan İşaretli Sıralar Test Sonuçları görülmektedir.
Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi çocukların son test sonuçlarının bağlılık, güven ve özdeşim ve
kendini açma alt boyutlarında anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu ve ön test sonuçlarına oranla
etki büyüklüğü Cohen (d) (1998) kriterlerine göre yüksek oranda arttığı görülmektedir. Bir
başka ifadeyle çocuklara uygulanan sosyal beceri eğitim programının çocukların akran
ilişkilerinde sadakat alt boyutu haricinde anlamlı etkide bulunduğu ifade edilebilir.
Tablo 4’de ilköğretim çocuklarının sosyal beceri uyum ölçeği alt boyutlarına ait ön test- son
test sonuçlarına ait ortalamalar ve Wilcoxan İşaretli Sıralar test sonuçları görülmektedir.
Tabloda da görüldüğü gibi çocukların sosyal beceri uyum ölçeği alt boyutlarında son test
puanları ön test puanlarına oranla Cohen d(1998) etki büyüklüğüne göre anlamlı oranda
azalmıştır. Bir başka ifadeyle uygulanan sosyal beceri eğitim programı çocukların sosyal
becerilerine etki etmiş ve çocuklarda istenen sosyal beceri özelliklerinin ortaya çıkmasına
neden olmuştur.
Tartışma
Covid-19 pandemi döneminde ilköğretim dönemindeki çocuklara yönelik uygulanan sosyal
beceri eğitim programının çocukların akran ilişkileri üzerinde sadakat alt boyutu haricinde
anlamlı etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir. Bu durumu çocukların on hafta boyunca almış oldukları
eğitime bağlayarak açıklamanın mümkün olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çocuklara uygulanan
eğitimde farklılıklara saygı, empati ve arkadaşlık ilişkileri, üzerinde durulan konular
arasındadır. Eğitimde çocukların aktif olarak yer alması ve problem durumlarına kendilerinin
çözüm yolu bulması istenmiştir. Bu nedenle çocuklar farklılıklara saygı ve akran ilişkilerinin
önemini yaparak yaşayarak öğrenmişlerdir. Bu durumun ise araştırma sonuçlarına yansıdığı
görülmektedir. Nitekim çocukların akran ilişkilerini kazanmalarında önemli olan noktalardan
biri, etrafındaki yetişkinlerin varlığıdır denilebilir. Çocuklar gelişimsel özellikleri nedeniyle
özellikle bu dönemde kendisinden farklı olan akranlarına karşı acımasız davranışlar içerisine
girebilmektedir. Böyle bir durumda çocukların doğru yönlendirilmesi ise bu durumların
önlenmesine katkı sağlayabilmektedir (Calp, Karaman ve Çavuşoğlu, 2018; Carroll, 2011; Erol
ve Erol, 2020; Hargreaves, Buchanan ve Quick, 2022). Özellikle içinde bulundukları ve sokağa
çıkamadıkları bu dönemde çocuklara uygulanan eğitimle çocukların arkadaşlık ilişkilerinin de
bu yönde gelişmesi beklenen bir sonuç olarak değerlendirilebilir. Ancak çocukların sadakat alt
boyutunda anlamlı farklılık elde edememesini sadakatin daha üst düzey bilişsel ve sosyal
becerilere dayanmasından olduğu düşünülmektedir. Sadakat karşıdaki kişiyle fiziksel teması
gerektirebilen bir yetidir (Doğruyol ve Yetim, 2019; Erden ve Yılmaz, 2016) Çocuklar her ne
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kadar çevrim içi ortamda bir araya gelmiş olsalar da bu sürenin yeterince uzun olmaması ve
bağlantı sorunlarının yaşanması çocukların akranlarına dokunamamasına neden olmuştur.
Böyle bir durum ise sadakat alt boyutunda farklılaşmayı engelleyebilmiştir. Araştırma
sonucuna benzer şekilde çocuklarla yapılan sosyal beceri eğitimlerinin çocukların akran
ilişkilerini desteklediğine (Battistich, 2003; Kabasakal ve Çelik, 2010; Roh vd., 2018; Samancı
ve Uçan, 2017; Uz Baş, 2010) yönelik bulgular ise araştırma sonucunu desteklemektedir.
Araştırmada uygulanan eğitim sonucunda çocukların sosyal becerilerinde istenen davranış
özelliklerini kazandıkları bulunmuştur. Özellikle pandemi döneminde çocukların evde kalmak
zorunda olmaları onlarda dürtüsellik, dikkatle ilgili problemlerin yaşanmasına neden
olabilmiştir. Çocuklar bu dönemde gelişim alanlarındaki olgunlaşmamışlıkla paralel olarak
engellenmelere karşı aşırı hassasiyet göstermişler ve bunun sonucunda duygusal ve davranışsal
birtakım problemler de yaşanabilmiştir. Dahası bu çocukların pandemiden bağımsız olarak
onay arama ihtiyaçları ise gelişimsel dönem özellikleri arasında yer almaktadır (Arısoy ve Özer,
2023; Buchanan, Hargreaves ve Quick, 2023; Contini vd., 2021; Dallalio vd., 2022; Duban ve
Şen, 2020; Matiz vd., 2022; Stevanus ve Gita, 2022; Talu ve Kurt, 2022). Çocuklara uygulanan
eğitim programında nefes egzersizlerine ve gevşeme tekniklerine yer verilmesinin, içinde
bulunulan durumun çocuklara farklı örneklerle anlatılmasının, çocukların duygularını paylaşan
başka akranlarını görmelerinin onlarda ifade edilen durumlara yönelik farklı bir bakış açısı
getirdiği ve sonuçta da son test puanlarının istenen düzeyde çıkmasına neden olduğu
düşünülmektedir. Çocuklarla gerçekleştirilen sosyal beceri eğitim programlarında çocukların
dikkat ve dürtüsellik başta olmak üzere istenmeyen problem davranışlarının azalmasına
yardımcı olduğuna yönelik sonuçlar (Beier, 2021; Kabasakal ve Çelik, 2010; Ni ve Jia, 2023;
Uz Baş, 2010; Wardana vd., 2022) ise araştırmada ulaşılan sonuçları doğrulamaktadır.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Covid-19 pandemi döneminde ilköğretim dönemindeki çocuklara uygulanan sosyal beceri
eğitim programının çocuklarda akran ilişkilerini desteklediği ve sosyal becerilerinde de istenen
yönde gelişim sağladığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara dayanarak
aşağıdaki önerilerde bulunmak mümkündür.
•
Araştırma ilköğretim dönemindeki çocuklarla uygulanmıştır. Farklı yaş ve gelişim
özelliklerine sahip olan çocuklara da benzer programlar uygulanabilir.
•
Pandemi nedeniyle program 10 hafta devam etmiştir. Bu nedenle çalışmaların daha uzun
soluklu gerçekleştirilmesi sağlanabilir.
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•
İlkokul dönemindeki çocuklara yönelik arkadaşlık ilişkileri ve sosyal becerilerini
destekleyecek eğitim programları yüz yüze uygulanabilir.
•
Toplumda kriz durumlarına yönelik bu tarz eğitim programlarının taslaklarının
hazırlanması ve uygulamaya hazır hale getirilmesi önerilebilir.
Katkı ve Teşekkür
Araştırmacıların her ikisinin de katkısı %50’dir. Araştırmada yer alan üniversite öğrencileri,
çocuklar ve ebeveynlerine teşekkür ederiz.
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Kaynaklar
Anggraeni, S. W., Alpian, Y., Kodariah, S. (2021). Primary School Students' Learning Anxiety
during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Elementary Education, 5(1), 110.
Aral, N., Fındık, E., Öz, S., Karataş, B. K., Güneş, L. C., Kadan, G. (2021). Covid 19 Pandemi
Sürecinde Okul Öncesi Dönemde Uzaktan Eğitim: Deneysel Bir Çalışma. Turkish
Studies-Educational Sciences, 16(2), 1105-1124.
Arısoy, E., Özer, N. (2023). Öğretmen Görüşlerine Göre Pandemi Sürecinin İlkokula Yeni
Başlayan Öğrenciler Üzerindeki Etkileri. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi,
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MITIGATING GASTATIONAL DIABETES RISK: THE POSITIVEIMPACT OF
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY DURING PREGNANCY
Dr. Alketa CAUSHI
Department of Individual Sports, Faculty of Movement Science
Dr. Valbona PUMA
Department of Individual Sports, Faculty Recreation
Email: golemi@ust.edu.al
Msc Selim IBRAHIMI
Medical Center Berxhite Tirane, Faculty of Medical
Email: sibrahimi46@gmail.com
Amelia IBRAHIMI
Medical Center Berxhite Tirane, Faculty of Medical
Email: aibrahimi@yahoo.com
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that physical activity may play a significant role in the
management and control of gestational diabetes mellitus. However, few studies have been
conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured program of moderate physical activity
in women with gestational diabetes. This pilot study aimed to determine the effectiveness of
such a program in reducing glucose levels. The study emphasized a positive correlation between
physical activity during pregnancy and a reduced risk of gestational diabetes. Pregnant women
who engaged in regular exercise routines showed a lower likelihood of developing gestational
diabetes compared to those with lower levels of physical activity. This finding indicates that
physical activity during pregnancy plays a significant role in the management and prevention
of gestational diabetes, a condition that can have serious consequences for both the mother and
the fetus. Stabilizing blood sugar levels and the positive impact on metabolic control are
potential mechanisms that explain this connection. For pregnant women, this discovery can be
interpreted as an additional reason to incorporate physical activity into their daily routine,
thereby creating a healthier environment for themselves and the well-being of their future
offspring.
Keywords: physical activity: Pregnancy, Gestational diabetes, Risk, Blood sugar leve
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Introduksion
Në këtë artikull, ne shqyrtojmë lidhjen midis aktivitetit fizik gjatë shtatzënisë dhe rrezikut të
diabetit gestacional. Diabeti Gestacional është një problem shëndetësor serioz për shëndetin e
nënës dhe të foshnjës dhe studimet tregojnë se aktiviteti fizik mund të ketë një ndikim pozitiv
në parandalimin e tij. Studimet tregojne se egziston nje lidhje mes aktivitetit fizik stilit te jetes
se gruas shtatzane dhe diabetit Gestacional.Ne fillim me një shqyrtim të literaturës për të
identifikuar synimet kryesore dhe pastaj analizuam te dhenat e mbledhura ne qendrat e shendetit
te gras .Kerkimi bazohet ne te dhena konkrtet te mbledhura ne fillim te javes se 28 te grave
shtatzana kur dhe eshte risku per tu shfaqur ky lloj diabeti dhe matja e glicemise cdo jave me
futjen e programit fizik dhe dietes ushqimore te pershtatshme. 2.2.1 Përkufizimi i diabetit
gestacional Diabeti gestacional i referohet vetëm diabetit tek gratë që kurrë nuk kishin diabet
më parë dhe zhvillojnë glukozë të lartë të gjakut gjatë shtatzënisë ( Ogden 2011) 2.2.2
Klasifikimi i diabetit në gestacional. Klasifikimi më i njohur dhe më i përdorur gjerësisht i
diabetit në shtatzëni është klasifikimi i WHITE. Ky sistem bazohet në moshën e pacientit dhe
kohëzgjatjen e sëmundjes. Nga pikëpamja e trajtimit është më e dobishme për të grupuar
pacientët në tre grupe funksionale: 1. Diabeti Gestacional (pacientët që zhvillojnë diabet për
herë të parë gjatë shtatzënisë) 2. Diabeti i paraprak pa pasoja diabetike (si varësia e insulinës
ashtu edhe diabeti i pavarur nga insulina). 3. Diabeti paraprak me sëmundje serioze diabetike
(nefropatia, retinopatia e avancuar neuropatia autonome ose sëmundja e arterieve koronare)
(Mishell
1994). Figure 3. Klasifikimi i diabetit Gestacional (clinicalgate.com) 2.2.3
Diagnostifikimi i diabetit gestacional. Kriteret diagnostike të diabetit të shtatzënisë janë të
shumta, por nuk ka konsuensus të plotë për këto kritere. Kriteret diagnostike: 9 -Diagnoza e
diabetit vendoset nëse glicemia esëll në dy matje gjendet mbi 126 g/l (7.0mmol/l). Depistimi i
parë mund të realizohet lehtë duke dhënë në çfarëdo moment të ditës 50 g glukozë nga goja pa
marrë parasysh ushqimin e mëparshëm. Nëse glicemia 1 orë pas dhënies së glukozës është mbi
1.40 g/l duhet të realizohet prova e hiperglicemisë së provokuar orale (HGPO). Për HGPO
përdoren dy metoda: kriteret e përcaktuara nga OBSH-ja dhe kriteret e propozuara nga
O’Sullivan dhe Mahan. Përkufizimi i OBSH-së: Përkufizimi i intolerancës ndaj karbohidrateve
te gruaja shtatzënë është i njejtë me atë të tolerancës jashtë shtatzënisë . Prova e HGPO bëhet
me dhënien e 75 g glukozë. Ka intolerancë ndaj karbohidrateve nëse glicemia esëll është midis
1.20 g/l dhe 1.40 g/l, dhe glicemia 2 orë pas ngarkesës me glukozë midis 1.40 dhe 2.0 g/l.
Kriteret e O’Sullivan dhe Mahan për diagnozën e diabetit të shtatzënisë: Prova e HGPO bëhet
me 100 g glukozë nga goja, të dhënë në mëngjes pas 8 ose 14 orë esëll, pa kufizim paraprak të
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glucideve. Gjaku venoz për glicemi të merret esëll, pastaj çdo 1, 2 dhe 3 orë pas marrjes së
glukozës. (Ylli 2010). Dy glicemi të paktën duhet të jenë mbi vlerat e mëposhtme: Koha në
orë:
1.05(5.8)
0
1.90 (10.6)
1
2
3
Glicemia në g/l
Tek kush duhet kërkuar diabeti i shtatzënisë? 1.65(9.2)
1.40 (7.80). Nuk ka konsensus as për këtë çështje. Të gjitha gratë shtatzëna duhet të përfitonin
nga depistimi midis javës 24 dhe 28 të shtatzënisë. Për këtë arsye praktike dhe ekonomike,
depistimi në fillim të shtatzënisë u rezervohet vetëm grave me rrezik. Te këto gra, depistimi i
dytë (nëse i pari ka qenë negativ) duhet të bëhet në mes të javës së 24-tët dhe 28-të të
shtatzënisë. Në planin mjeko-ligjor glukozuria (edhe pse nuk ka të njejtën vlerë si jashtë
shtatzënisë) është e detyrueshme të bëhet në çdo konsultim obstetrical kur ajo është pozitive,
është e rëndësishme të bëhet glicemia esëll dhe 2 orë pas ngrënies. Faktorët e rrezikut për të
zhvilluar diabet në shtatzëni: Obeziteti Diabeti Gestacional është një nga problemet më të
zakonshme shëndetësore në shtatzëninë e vajzave. Ndërsa predispozicioni gjenetik luan një rol
kyç në shfaqjen e tij, faktorë të tjerë si stili i jetesës dhe aktiviteti fizik gjithashtu kanë një
ndikim të rëndësishëm. Në këtë artikull, ne kërkojmë të analizojmë lidhjen midis aktivitetit fizik
gjatë shtatzënisë dhe rrezikut të diabetit gestacional.Studimi theksoi një ndërlidhje pozitive
midis aktivitetit fizik në shtatzëni dhe zvogëlimit të rrezikut të diabetit gestacional. Gratë
shtatëzënë që përfshiheshin në rutina të rregullta të ushtrimeve shfaqën një shans më të ulët për
të zhvilluar diabet gestacional krahasuar me ato që kishin një nivel më të ulët të aktivitetit
fizik.Kjo zbulim tregon se aktiviteti fizik në shtatzëni ka një rol të rëndësishëm në menaxhimin
dhe parandalimin e diabetit gestacional, një gjendje që mund të ketë pasojat e rënda për nënën
dhe fetusin. Stabilizimi i niveleve të sheqerit në gjak dhe ndikimi pozitiv në kontrollin
metabolic janë mekanizma të mundshëm që shpjegojnë këtë lidhje.Për gratë shtatëzënë, ky
zbulim mund të interpretohet si një arsye shtesë për të përfshirë aktivitetin fizik në rutinën e
tyre të përditshme, duke krijuar kështu një mjedis shëndetësor më të favorshëm për veten dhe
të ardhmen e tyre të re.Studimi ka për objekt të kryejë një analizë të thelluar mbi ndikimin e
aktivitetit fizik në shëndetin e grave shtatëzënë, me një përqendrim të veçantë në zvogëlimin e
rrezikut të diabetit gestacional. Për të arritur këtë objektiv, studimi përfshin një numër të madh
të pjesëmarrësve shtatëzënë dhe regjistrime të rregullta të nivelit të aktivitetit fizik që ata
kryejnë gjatë periudhës së shtatzënisë.
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Symimet e studimit përfshijnë:
Analizën e të dhënave të Aktivitetit Fizik: Përmes pyetësorëve dhe regjistrimeve të aktivitetit
fizik, do të analizohen nivelet dhe llojet e aktivitetit të kryer nga pjesëmarrësit në studim gjatë
çdo trimestri të shtatzënisë.Vlerësimin e Shëndetit të Pjesëmarrësve: Symimet përfshijnë
monitorimin e shëndetit të grave shtatëzënë, duke përfshirë kontrollin e peshës, tensionin
arterial, dhe nivelin e sheqerit në gjak për të identifikuar ndonjë ndryshim apo rregullim në
shëndetin e tyre.Identifikimin e Rasteve të Diabetit Gestacional: Duke analizuar të dhënat e
rezultateve të testeve të glukozës, studimi synon identifikimin e rasteve të diabetit gestacional
ndër pjesëmarrësit dhe krahasimin e tyre me nivelet e aktivitetit fizik.Krahasimin me Grupa
Kontrolle: Pjesëmarrësit do të ndahen në grupe bazuar në nivelin e aktivitetit fizik, duke
përfshirë një grup kontrol pa ndonjë ndërhyrje të veçantë, për të vlerësuar ndryshimet në
rrezikun e diabetit gestacional sipas niveleve të aktivitetit.Ky plan i hulumtimit synon të ofrojë
një kuptim më të thellë të lidhjes midis aktivitetit fizik në shtatzëni dhe shëndetit të grave, duke
përqëndruar veçanërisht në rrezikun e diabetit gestacional.Metodologjia e këtij studimi është
struktuar nëpërmjet një seri hapat e përcaktuara për të siguruar një analizë të saktë dhe të
detajuar të ndikimit të aktivitetit fizik në shëndetin e grave shtatëzënë, duke thelluar
përqendrimin në rrezikun
e diabetit
gestacional. Këtu
janë hapat
kryesorë të
metodologjisë:Seleksioni i Pjesëmarrësve: Pjesëmarrësit janë zgjedhur në mënyrë që të
përfaqësojnë një grup reprezentativ të grave shtatëzënë. Kriteret e përfshirë përfshijnë moshën,
indeksin e masës trupore, dhe historinë e shëndetit shtatzanë.Krijimi i Pyetësorëve dhe
Regjistrimeve të Aktivitetit Fizik: Është zhvilluar një pyetësor i strukturuar dhe një sistem
regjistrimi për të matur nivelin dhe llojet e aktivitetit fizik të kryer nga pjesëmarrësit gjatë çdo
trimestri të shtatzënisë.Monitorimi i Shëndetit të Pjesëmarrësve: Shëndeti i grave shtatëzënë
është monitoruar duke përfshirë kontrollin e peshës, tensionin arterial, dhe nivelin e sheqerit në
gjak në periudhën e përcaktuar gjatë shtatzënisë.Identifikimi i Rasteve të Diabetit Gestacional:
Rezultatet e testeve të glukozës janë regjistruar dhe analizuar për të identifikuar rastet e diabetit
gestacional midis pjesëmarrësve.Analiza e të Dhënave: Të dhënat janë analizuar duke përdorur
mjetet statistikore të përshtatshme për të vlerësuar lidhjet dhe ndryshimet në nivelet e aktivitetit
fizik dhe rrezikun e diabetit gestacional.Krahasimi me Grupa Kontrolle: Pjesëmarrësit janë
ndarë në grupe bazuar në nivelin e aktivitetit fizik, duke përfshirë një grup kontrol, për të bërë
krahasime dhe vlerësime më të saktë të ndikimit të aktivitetit fizik në rrezikun e diabetit
gestacional.Kjo metodologji është projektuar për të siguruar një përcaktim të saktë të lidhjeve
midis aktivitetit fizik në shtatzëni dhe shëndetit të grave, duke ofruar një bazë të qëndrueshme
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për vlerësimin e rrezikut të diabetit gestacional.Objekti i këtij artikulli është të vlerësojë lidhjen
midis aktivitetit fizik gjatë shtatzënisë dhe rrezikut të diabetit gestacional.Metodologjia e këtij
studimi përfshin një shqyrtim sistematik të literaturës për të identifikuar studimet e rëndësishme
dhe rezultatet e tyre në lidhje me aktivitetin fizik gjatë shtatzënisë dhe diabetin gestacional. Një
analizë meta-sintetike është zhvilluar për të përpiluar dhe vlerësuar të dhënat nga këto studime
të përfshira, duke përdorur metoda statistikore për të vlerësuar forcat dhe lidhjet e mundshme
midis variablave të interesit. Në përfundim, synimet e këtij studimi janë të ofrojnë një kuptim
më të thellë dhe të qëndrueshëm të ndikimit të aktivitetit fizik në rrezikun e diabetit gestacional
dhe të kontribuojnë në literaturën ekzistuese për këtë temë
Metodologjia
Metodologjia jonë përfshin një shqyrtim sistematik të literaturës për të identifikuar studimet e
rëndësishme të kryera në këtë fushë. Nuk u gjet nje nr I konsidetueshem programesh stervitore
te ketj target grupi por ne bashkepunim me instuktore fitnesi dhe mjek endokrinolog hartam
programin tone per 13 jave
Metodologjia
Metodologjia jonë përfshin një shqyrtim sistematik të literaturës për të identifikuar studimet e
rëndësishme të kryera në këtë fushë. Nuk u gjet nje nr I konsidetueshem programesh stervitore
te ketj target grupi por ne bashkepunim me instuktore fitnesi dhe mjek endokrinolog hartam
programin tone per 13 jave Përdorimi i kritereve të përcaktuara për përzgjedhjen e studimeve
të përfshira siguron një analizë të plotë dhe të besueshme të informacionit kryesisht teorik.
Pastaj, për studim tonepërfshirë, vlerësojmë metodologjinë dhe të dhënat e përdorura për të
përcaktuar
forcën
dhe
kufizimet
e
rezultateve.
Pjesëmarrësit ishin 50 nga te cilat 25 prej tyre aplikuam programin tone dhe djeten e
shendetshme tone gra me diabet të shtatzënisë, të cilat u nënshtrohën një programi 13-javor të
aktivitetit fizik të moderuar nders ne 25 te tjerat beme vetem matje te glicemise pa aplikuar
metodologjine. Pjesa tjetër e grupit kontrollit mori informacion standarde në lidhje me diabetin
e shtatzënisë dhe rrezikun e tij. Një analizë u bë për të krahasuar ndryshimet në nivelin e
glukozës dhe aktivitetit fizik midis dy grupeve.Matjet e para te glivemise ishin ne vlera 130
esell deri 200 per grupin e pare dhe ne te njejtet vlera per te dytin . pas aplikimit te programit
tone si me poshte Java 1 program U vune re ndryshime te vogla ne vlerat e larta 200 ra ne
vlera 180 Dhe ndryshimet me te medha u vune re ne javen e 5 dhe 6 qe parametrat shkuan gati
ne norme Natyrisht dhe diets se personalizuar pershtatur me kalorazhin e arxhuar.Përdorimi i
kritereve të përcaktuara për përzgjedhjen e studimeve të përfshira siguron një analizë të plotë
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dhe të besueshme të informacionit kryesisht teorik. Pastaj, për studim tonepërfshirë, vlerësojmë
metodologjinë dhe të dhënat e përdorura për të përcaktuar forcën dhe kufizimet e rezultateve.
Pjesëmarrësit ishin 50 nga te cilat 25 prej tyre aplikuam programin tone dhe djeten e
shendetshme tone gra me diabet të shtatzënisë, të cilat u nënshtrohën një programi 13-javor të
aktivitetit fizik të moderuar nders ne 25 te tjerat beme vetem matje te glicemise pa aplikuar
metodologjine. Pjesa tjetër e grupit kontrollit mori informacion standarde në lidhje me diabetin
e shtatzënisë dhe rrezikun e tij. Një analizë u bë për të krahasuar ndryshimet në nivelin e
glukozës dhe aktivitetit fizik midis dy grupeve.Matjet e para te glivemise ishin ne vlera 130
esell deri 200 per grupin e pare dhe ne te njejtet vlera per te dytin . pas aplikimit te programit
tone si me poshte Java 1 program U vune re ndryshime te vogla ne vlerat e larta 200 ra ne
vlera 180 Dhe ndryshimet me te medha u vune re ne javen e 5 dhe 6 qe parametrat shkuan gati
ne norme Natyrisht dhe diets se personalizuar pershtatur me kalorazhin e arxhuar.Grupi 2 nuk
pati asnje ndryshim te dukshem ne vlera te glicemise dhe as ne javet ne vazhdim .
▪
luan një rol të rëndësishëm në trajtimin dhe menaxhimin e diabetit tip 2. Ai
▪
përmirëson ndjeshmërinë ndaj insulinës, duke përmirësuar kontrollin e glicemisë dhe
ndihmon në
▪
humbjen në peshë. Ne personat me diabet që i nënshtrohen ushtrimeve fizike rregullisht,
ka patur
▪
një ulje të mortalitetit gjatë 12-14 vjetëve. Kryerja e aktivitetit të rregullt parandalon
fillimin e
▪
diabetit tip 2 në personat me risk të lartë.
▪
· Qëllimi i aktivitetit fizik është që personat me diabet të kryejnë çdo javë rreth 150
minuta ushtrime
▪
aerobike me intensitet mesatar (50-70% e rrahjeve maksimale të zemrës). Kjo përfshin
aktivitete si
▪
ecje e shpejtë, ecje me biçikletë, punë shtëpie, pastrim kopshti, etj.
▪
për forcimin e muskulaturës duhen inkurajuar të paktën dy herë në javë, sidomos për
▪
grupet e muskujve të mëdhenj të këmbëve, trungut, krahëve, shpatullave. Programi i
aktivitetit
▪
fizik, përshtatet sipas moshës së personit, gjendjes së tij ekonomike e sociale, nivelit të
tij kulturor,
▪
gjendjes fizike.
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▪
Në rast se pacienti është shumë simptomatik ose ka nivele të rritura të glukozës në gjak,
dieta dhe
▪
modifikimi i stilit të jetesës kanë pak të ngjarë të bëjnë që të arrihen vlerat e synuara të
kontrollit
▪
glicemik. Në këtë rast, duhet filluar pa vonesë terapia farmakologjike. Trajtimi
medikamentoz duhet
▪
të shtohet vetëm në rast se dieta, aktiviteti fizik dhe edukimi i pacientit nuk kanë arritur
dot objektivat
▪
Fillimi/diagnostikimi i parë në tremujorin e parë - gjysmën e parë të tremujorit të
dytë;
▪
Për të vendosur, kryhet prova standarde OGTT - pas nje nate pa ngrene (8-14 h) jepen
75 g glukozë
▪
në 250 ml uje; matet glukoza plazmatike esëll dhe pas 2 orësh.
▪
Riklasifikohet 6 javë pas lindjes ose më vonë me një prove tjetër OGTT me 75g
glukozë.
▪
Të marra më vete, vlerat e glukozës në gjak nuk kanë vlerë për klasifikimin e diabetit.
Edhe
▪
ketoacidoza, e cila zakonisht shihet si shenjë e diabetit tip 1, ndonjëherë ndodh edhe në
diabetin tip 2.
▪
Disa ekspertë madje mund të hasin vështirësi në klasifikimin fillestar të një pacienti.
▪
Klasifikimi eshte i vështirë në adultët me moshë të re, pasi si diabeti tip 1 edhe diabeti
tip 2 apo
▪
diabeti latent autoimun në adultë (LADA) janë pothuaj njëlloj të shpeshtë. LADA
fillimisht ka disa
▪
karakteristika të diabetit tip 2, por progredon në një diabet që duhet trajtuar me insulinë
brenda pak
▪
muajsh apo vitesh. Edhe pse diabeti tip 2, karakterizohet nga fillimi pas moshës 50 vjeç,
gjithnjë e më
▪
tepër është po rritet prevalenca e fillimit të tij në moshën 20-30 vjeçare, madje po vihen
re gjithnjë e
▪
më shpesh rastet të zbulimit të tij në femije dhe preadoleshente.
▪
individualë të përcaktuar që më parë.
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▪
Të gjitha femrat me potencialitetin për të mbetur shtatzanë kanë nevojë për kujdes të
mirë që përpara
▪
koncepsionit për të përjashtuar riskun për keqformim fetal dhe humbje të fëmijës në
fillim te
▪
shtatzanisë. Kjo përfshin:
▪
Këshillim pre-koncepsional, që përfshin depistim të komplikacioneve dhe aty ku
është nevoja
▪
këshillim për kontracepsion deri sa të arrihen objektivat glicemikë të paracaktuar;
▪
Kontroll sa më optimal të glicemisë;
▪
Fillimin e mjekimit me suplement folatesh (5 mg/ditë);
▪
Ndalimin e mjekimit me statina dhe rishikimin e mjekimit me antihipertensivë;
▪
Zëvendësimi i antidiabetikëve oralë me terapi insulinike sa më shpejt që të jetë e
mundur;
▪
Gratë që nuk janë diagnostikuar më parë me diabet tip 2, kur mbeten shtatzënë kanë risk
më të rritur
▪
për të patur fëmijë me malformacione. Depistimi për diabet gestacional do të zbulojë
këto gra, si dhe
▪
do të reduktojë ndjeshëm rrezikun e dëmtimeve perinatale. Gjatë shtatzanisë kërkohet
një ekuilibër
▪
shmë i mirë glicemik dhe monitorim obstetrikal, me një ndërhyrje më të hershme (që në
javën e 38)
▪
▪
kur është e nevojshme. Për kontroll optimal të diabetit:
Të gjitha gratë diabetike duhet ta kontrollojnë glicemine katër herë në ditë, përshirë
dhe matjen pas
▪
vakteve të marra. Objektivi është që glicemia esëll dhe preprandiale të jetë <100mg/dl
(5.5 mmol/l)
▪
▪
dhe postprandiale më pak se 126mg/dl (7.0 mmol/l);
Nevojat për insulinë duhen përshtatur sipas pacientit, ku pjesa më e madhe e
pacienteve duhet të
▪
jetë në terapi me 4-5 injeksione
▪
në ditë.
▪
Nevojat për insulinë janë më të
▪
ulura në tremestrin e parë dhe
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▪
mund të bien në tremestin e tretë,
▪
prandaj kërkohet monitorim e
▪
modifikim i terapisë insulinike
▪
sipas rezultateve të vetëkontrollit.
▪
Analogët e insulinës me
▪
veprim të shkurtërjane të
▪
sigurtë në shtatzani, ndërkohë
▪
që nuk ka të dhëna për analogët
▪
me veprim të gjatë të saj, që
▪
duhen evituar në shtatzani;
▪
Agjentët oralë hypoglicemikë
▪
nuk rekomandohen për t’u
▪
përdorur në shtatzani;
▪
Sytë duhen kontrolluar për
▪
pranine e retinopatisë dhe
▪
perparimin e saj në çdo
▪
trimester;
▪
Kontrolli ekografik i
▪
diabetikeve gjatë shtatzanisë
▪
duhet të jetë i shpeshtë (çdo 4-
▪
6 javë);
▪
Diabet Mellitus Gestacional
▪
(DMG) quhet çdo intolerance
▪
ndaj glukozës që zbulohet për
▪
herë të parë në shtatzani. Në
▪
shumicën e rasteve GDM zhduket
▪
pas lindjes. Rreth 7% e shtatzanive komplikohen me GDM. Strategjitë për
depistimin/diagnostikimin
▪
për GDM paraqiten në tabelën 16.5.
▪
Që në vizitën e parë prenatale, femrat me risk të lartë për GDM,
▪
depistohen për diabet.
▪
▪
Kriteret për risk të lartë:
Obezitet
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▪
i shkallës së rëndë (BMI >35 kg/m2)
▪
Ekzistenca
▪
e mëparshme e GDM ose lindje të mëparshme
▪
të fëmijëve me peshë të madhe.
▪
Prezenca
▪
e glukozurisë.
▪
Raste
▪
të diagnostikuara më parë me Sindromin e Ovarit
▪
Policistik (PCOS).
▪
Histori
▪
familjare pozitivë për diabet tip 2.
▪
Situata me risk të ulët:
▪
Mosha
▪
nën 25 vjeç.
▪
Peshë
▪
normale para shtatzanisë.
▪
Pa
▪
histori pozitive për Diabet Mellitus në të afërm të gradës
▪
së parë.
▪
Pa
▪
histori çrregullimesh të tolerancës së glukozës.
▪
Pa
▪
histori për komplikacione në shtatzanitë e mëparshme.
▪
Diagnoza e GDM kërkon të paktën dy nga vlerat e
▪
mëposhtme të glukozës në plazëm:
▪
Glicemia
▪
esëll ≥ 95mg/dl (≥5.3 mmol/l)
▪
1
▪
orë ≥ 180 mg/dl (≥ 10.0 mmol/l)
▪
2
▪
orë ≥ 155 mg/dl (≥ 8.6 mmol/l)
▪
3
▪
orë ≥ 140 mg/dl (≥ 7.8 mmol/l)
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GENTLE PRENATAL YOGA CLASS for Soon-to-be Moms
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Rezultatet: Në fund të 13 javëve, 70% e grave që morën pjesë në programin e aktivitetit fizik
të moderuar raportuan një reduktim të nivelit të glukozës. Ndërkaq, grupi kontroll 2 nuk tregoi
ndonjë ndryshim të konsiderueshëm në nivelin e glukozës. Qellimi eshte mbajtja e niveleve te
glicemive esell dhe para vakteve ne nivelet <110 mg/dl ( <6.0 mmol/l); me pas monitorohen
glicemite postprandiale. Mbeshtetja duhet te ofrohet nga personeli mjeksor deri sa te arrihen
nivelet target te glicemive.Rezultatet e këtij studimi pilot sugjerojnë se një program i strukturuar
i aktivitetit fizik të moderuar mund të jetë efektiv në reduktimin e nivelit të glukozës në grave
me diabet të shtatzënisë. Megjithatë, nevojiten hulumtime të mëtejshme për të vlerësuar këtë
ndikim në një grup më të madh dhe për një periudhë kohore më të gjatë. Diskutojmë rezultatet
në kontekstin e metodologjisë së përdorur dhe shqyrtojmë implikimet e tyre për praktikën
klinikore dhe për të ardhmen e kërkimeve në këtë fushë. Por dhe Rezultatet e analizës së
literaturës tregojnë një asociacion të rëndësishëm dhe të qëndrueshëm midis aktivitetit fizik
gjatë shtatzënisë dhe rrezikut të diabetit gestacional. Nëpërmjet një shqyrtimi të thellë të
studimeve të përfshira, është evidentuar se nivelet e aktivitetit fizik kanë një ndikim të qartë në
parandalimin dhe menaxhimin e diabetit gestacional.Studimet e përfshira në analizë ofrojnë një
gamë të gjerë të të dhënave, duke përfshirë analiza meta-sintetike dhe studime epidemiologjike
të mëdha. Për shembull, një numër i studimeve kanë raportuar një lidhje të fortë midis nivelit
të aktivitetit fizik dhe rrezikut të diabetit gestacional, ku gratë që kanë praktikuar aktivitet fizik
të rregullt kanë pasur një rrezik më të ulët të zhvillimit të kësaj gjendjeje krahasuar me ato që
kanë qëndruar më pak aktive gjatë shtatzënisë.Diskutimi i rezultateve është i rëndësishëm për
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të kuptuar kontekstin dhe implikimet e tyre për praktikën klinikore dhe për të ardhmen e
kërkimeve në këtë fushë. Në këtë analizë, është theksuar rëndësia e inkurajimit të aktivitetit
fizik si një mjet efektiv për parandalimin dhe menaxhimin e diabetit gestacional në
populacionin e grave shtatzëna. Gjithashtu, është bërë vëmendje në nevojën për më shumë
hulumtime për të kuptuar me saktësi mekanizmat përmes të cilëve aktiviteti fizik ushtron
ndikim në shëndetin gjatë shtatzënisë dhe në zhvillimin e diabetit gestacional.
Kjo analizë kontribuon në rritjen e kuptimit tonë të lidhjes midis aktivitetit fizik dhe rrezikut të
diabetit gestacional dhe ofron udhëzime të rëndësishme për praktikën klinikore dhe për të
ardhmen e kërkimeve në këtë fushë. Përmes vlerësimit të metodologjisë dhe interpretimit të
rezultateve, është evidentuar se aktiviteti fizik gjatë shtatzënisë mund të jetë një mjekim efektiv
për të zvogëluar rrezikun e diabetit gestacional dhe për të mbështetur shëndetin e nënës dhe
foshnjës. Implikimet praktike të kësaj analize janë të rëndësishme për shëndetin e publikut dhe
praktikën klinikore. Rezultatet e gjetura në këtë studim sugjerojnë se përfshirja e aktivitetit fizik
gjatë shtatzënisë mund të jetë një strategji efektive për të parandaluar ose zvogëluar rrezikun e
diabetit gestRezultatet e analizës së literaturës tregojnë një asociacion të rëndësishëm dhe të
qëndrueshëm midis aktivitetit fizik gjatë shtatzënisë dhe rrezikut të diabetit gestacional.
Nëpërmjet një shqyrtimi të thellë të studimeve të përfshira, është evidentuar se nivelet e
aktivitetit fizik kanë një ndikim të qartë në parandalimin dhe menaxhimin e diabetit
gestacional.Studimet e përfshira në analizë ofrojnë një gamë të gjerë të të dhënave, duke
përfshirë analiza meta-sintetike dhe studime epidemiologjike të mëdha. Për shembull, një
numër i studimeve kanë raportuar një lidhje të fortë midis nivelit të aktivitetit fizik dhe rrezikut
të diabetit gestacional, ku gratë që kanë praktikuar aktivitet fizik të rregullt kanë pasur një rrezik
më të ulët të zhvillimit të kësaj gjendjeje krahasuar me ato që kanë qëndruar më pak aktive gjatë
shtatzënisë.Diskutimi i rezultateve është i rëndësishëm për të kuptuar kontekstin dhe implikimet
e tyre për praktikën klinikore dhe për të ardhmen e kërkimeve në këtë fushë. Në këtë analizë,
është theksuar rëndësia e inkurajimit të aktivitetit fizik si një mjet efektiv për parandalimin dhe
menaxhimin e diabetit gestacional në populacionin e grave shtatzëna. Gjithashtu, është bërë
vëmendje në nevojën për më shumë hulumtime për të kuptuar me saktësi mekanizmat përmes
të cilëve aktiviteti fizik ushtron ndikim në shëndetin gjatë shtatzënisë dhe në zhvillimin e
diabetit gestacional.Kjo analizë kontribuon në rritjen e kuptimit tonë të lidhjes midis aktivitetit
fizik dhe rrezikut të diabetit gestacional dhe ofron udhëzime të rëndësishme për praktikën
klinikore dhe për të ardhmen e kërkimeve në këtë fushë. Përmes vlerësimit të metodologjisë
dhe interpretimit të rezultateve, është evidentuar se aktiviteti fizik gjatë shtatzënisë mund të jetë
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
një mjekim efektiv për të zvogëluar rrezikun e diabetit gestacional dhe për të mbështetur
shëndetin e nënës dhe foshnjës.
Konkluzioni dhe Implikimet Praktike
Në përfundim, ne konkludojmë se aktiviteti fizik gjatë shtatzënisë ka një ndikim pozitiv në
zvogëlimin e rrezikut të diabetit gestacional. Kjo përfshin rekomandime për praktikën klinikore
dhe politikat shëndetësore për të inkurajuar aktivitetin fizik si një mjet për parandalimin e
komplikacioneve shtatzënore. Këto rezultate janë të rëndësishme për shëndetin e nënës dhe
foshnjës dhe për shëndetin publik në përgjithësi.
Kjo revistë ofron një përfundim të detajuar të literaturës së tanishme dhe synon të ndriçojë
rrugët për punën e ardhshme në fushën e aktivitetit fizik dhe diabetit gestacional.
Konkluzioni: Ky studim sugjeron se inkorporimi i një programi të strukturuar të aktivitetit fizik
mund të jetë një mjet i rëndësishëm në menaxhimin e diabetit të shtatzënisë. Nëse rezultatet e
këtij studimi verifikohen në hulumtime më të mëdha, kjo mund të ofrojë një strategji të
efektshme dhe të ulë kostot për menaxhimin e kësaj sëmundjeje në gratë shtatzëna.
Rezultatet dhe Diskutimi Rezultatet e analizës së studimit tregojnë një asociacion të
qëndrueshëm midis aktivitetit fizik dhe rrezikut të diabetit gestacional. Rezultatet: Në fund të
13 javëve, 70% e grave që morën pjesë në programin e aktivitetit fizik të moderuar raportuan
një reduktim të nivelit të glukozës. Ndërkaq, grupi kontroll 2 nuk tregoi ndonjë ndryshim të
konsiderueshëm në nivelin e glukozës. Qellimi eshte mbajtja e niveleve te glicemive esell dhe
para vakteve ne nivelet <110 mg/dl ( <6.0 mmol/l); me pas monitorohen glicemite
postprandiale. Mbeshtetja duhet te ofrohet nga personeli mjeksor deri sa te arrihen nivelet target
te glicemive.
Rezultatet e këtij studimi pilot sugjerojnë se një program i strukturuar i aktivitetit fizik të
moderuar mund të jetë efektiv në reduktimin e nivelit të glukozës në grave me diabet të
shtatzënisë. Megjithatë, nevojiten hulumtime të mëtejshme për të vlerësuar këtë ndikim në një
grup më të madh dhe për një periudhë kohore më të gjatë. Diskutojmë rezultatet në kontekstin
e metodologjisë së përdorur dhe shqyrtojmë implikimet e tyre për praktikën klinikore dhe për
të ardhmen e kërkimeve në këtë fushë.
Por dhe Rezultatet e analizës së literaturës tregojnë një asociacion të rëndësishëm dhe të
qëndrueshëm midis aktivitetit fizik gjatë shtatzënisë dhe rrezikut të diabetit gestacional.
Nëpërmjet një shqyrtimi të thellë të studimeve të përfshira, është evidentuar se nivelet e
aktivitetit fizik kanë një ndikim të qartë në parandalimin dhe menaxhimin e diabetit gestacional.
419
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Studimet e përfshira në analizë ofrojnë një gamë të gjerë të të dhënave, duke përfshirë analiza
meta-sintetike dhe studime epidemiologjike të mëdha. Për shembull, një numër i studimeve
kanë raportuar një lidhje të fortë midis nivelit të aktivitetit fizik dhe rrezikut të diabetit
gestacional, ku gratë që kanë praktikuar aktivitet fizik të rregullt kanë pasur një rrezik më të
ulët të zhvillimit të kësaj gjendjeje krahasuar me ato që kanë qëndruar më pak aktive gjatë
shtatzënisë.
Diskutimi i rezultateve është i rëndësishëm për të kuptuar kontekstin dhe implikimet e tyre për
praktikën klinikore dhe për të ardhmen e kërkimeve në këtë fushë. Në këtë analizë, është
theksuar rëndësia e inkurajimit të aktivitetit fizik si një mjet efektiv për parandalimin dhe
menaxhimin e diabetit gestacional në populacionin e grave shtatzëna. Gjithashtu, është bërë
vëmendje në nevojën për më shumë hulumtime për të kuptuar me saktësi mekanizmat përmes
të cilëve aktiviteti fizik ushtron ndikim në shëndetin gjatë shtatzënisë dhe në zhvillimin e
diabetit gestacional.
Kjo analizë kontribuon në rritjen e kuptimit tonë të lidhjes midis aktivitetit fizik dhe rrezikut të
diabetit gestacional dhe ofron udhëzime të rëndësishme për praktikën klinikore dhe për të
ardhmen e kërkimeve në këtë fushë. Përmes vlerësimit të metodologjisë dhe interpretimit të
rezultateve, është evidentuar se aktiviteti fizik gjatë shtatzënisë mund të jetë një mjekim efektiv
për të zvogëluar rrezikun e diabetit gestacional dhe për të mbështetur shëndetin e nënës dhe
foshnjës.
Implikimet praktike të kësaj analize janë të rëndësishme për shëndetin e publikut dhe praktikën
klinikore. Rezultatet e gjetura në këtë studim sugjerojnë se përfshirja e aktivitetit fizik gjatë
shtatzënisë mund të jetë një strategji efektive për të parandaluar ose zvogëluar rrezikun e
diabetit gest
Rezultatet e analizës së literaturës tregojnë një asociacion të rëndësishëm dhe të qëndrueshëm
midis aktivitetit fizik gjatë shtatzënisë dhe rrezikut të diabetit gestacional. Nëpërmjet një
shqyrtimi të thellë të studimeve të përfshira, është evidentuar se nivelet e aktivitetit fizik kanë
një ndikim të qartë në parandalimin dhe menaxhimin e diabetit gestacional.
Studimet e përfshira në analizë ofrojnë një gamë të gjerë të të dhënave, duke përfshirë analiza
meta-sintetike dhe studime epidemiologjike të mëdha. Për shembull, një numër i studimeve
kanë raportuar një lidhje të fortë midis nivelit të aktivitetit fizik dhe rrezikut të diabetit
gestacional, ku gratë që kanë praktikuar aktivitet fizik të rregullt kanë pasur një rrezik më të
ulët të zhvillimit të kësaj gjendjeje krahasuar me ato që kanë qëndruar më pak aktive gjatë
shtatzënisë.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Diskutimi i rezultateve është i rëndësishëm për të kuptuar kontekstin dhe implikimet e tyre për
praktikën klinikore dhe për të ardhmen e kërkimeve në këtë fushë. Në këtë analizë, është
theksuar rëndësia e inkurajimit të aktivitetit fizik si një mjet efektiv për parandalimin dhe
menaxhimin e diabetit gestacional në populacionin e grave shtatzëna. Gjithashtu, është bërë
vëmendje në nevojën për më shumë hulumtime për të kuptuar me saktësi mekanizmat përmes
të cilëve aktiviteti fizik ushtron ndikim në shëndetin gjatë shtatzënisë dhe në zhvillimin e
diabetit gestacional.
Kjo analizë kontribuon në rritjen e kuptimit tonë të lidhjes midis aktivitetit fizik dhe rrezikut të
diabetit gestacional dhe ofron udhëzime të rëndësishme për praktikën klinikore dhe për të
ardhmen e kërkimeve në këtë fushë. Përmes vlerësimit të metodologjisë dhe interpretimit të
rezultateve, është evidentuar se aktiviteti fizik gjatë shtatzënisë mund të jetë një mjekim efektiv
për të zvogëluar rrezikun e diabetit gestacional dhe për të mbështetur shëndetin e nënës dhe
foshnjës.
Konkluzioni dhe Implikimet Praktike
Në përfundim, ne konkludojmë se aktiviteti fizik gjatë shtatzënisë ka një ndikim pozitiv në
zvogëlimin e rrezikut të diabetit gestacional. Kjo përfshin rekomandime për praktikën klinikore
dhe politikat shëndetësore për të inkurajuar aktivitetin fizik si një mjet për parandalimin e
komplikacioneve shtatzënore. Këto rezultate janë të rëndësishme për shëndetin e nënës dhe
foshnjës dhe për shëndetin publik në përgjithësi.
Kjo revistë ofron një përfundim të detajuar të literaturës së tanishme dhe synon të ndriçojë
rrugët për punën e ardhshme në fushën e aktivitetit fizik dhe diabetit gestacional.
Konkluzioni: Ky studim sugjeron se inkorporimi i një programi të strukturuar të aktivitetit fizik
mund të jetë një mjet i rëndësishëm në menaxhimin e diabetit të shtatzënisë. Nëse rezultatet e
këtij studimi verifikohen në hulumtime më të mëdha, kjo mund të ofrojë një strategji të
efektshme dhe të ulë kostot për menaxhimin e kësaj sëmundjeje në gratë shtatzëna.
421
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Bibliografia:
1.
O'Reilly, M. W., Avalos, G., Dennedy, M. C., O'Sullivan, E. P., & Dunne, F. (2011).
Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP): the prevalence and outcomes of gestational diabetes
mellitus using new diagnostic criteria. Diabetologia, 54(7), 1670-1675.
2.
American Diabetes Association. (2014). Standards of medical care in diabetes--2014.
Diabetes Care, 37(Suppl 1), S14-S80.
3.
Russo, L. M., Nobles, C., Ertel, K. A., Chasan-Taber, L., & Whitcomb, B. W. (2015).
Physical activity interventions in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a
systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 125(3), 576-582.
4.
Tobias, D. K., Zhang, C., van Dam, R. M., Bowers, K., & Hu, F. B. (2011). Physical
activity before and during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis.
Diabetes Care, 34(1), 223-229.
5.
Davenport, M. H., Ruchat, S. M., Poitras, V. J., Garcia, A. J., Gray, C. E., Barrowman,
N., ... & Mottola, M. F. (2018). Prenatal exercise for the prevention of gestational diabetes
mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(21), 1367-1375.
6.
Dempsey, J. C., Butler, C. L., Sorensen, T. K., Lee, I. M., Thompson, M. L., Miller, R.
S., ... & Williams, M. A. (2004). A case-control study of maternal recreational physical activity
and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 66(2), 203215.
7.
Davenport, M. H., Ruchat, S. M., Poitras, V. J., Garcia, A. J., Gray, C. E., Barrowman,
N., ... & Mottola, M. F. (2018). Prenatal exercise for the prevention of gestational diabetes
mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(21), 1367-1375.
8. Endocr Rev 2022 Sep 26;43(5):763-793. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnac003.
A Clinical Update on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Arianne Sweeting 1 2, Jencia Wong 1 2, Helen R Murphy 3 4 5, Glynis P Ross 1 2
Affiliations expand
9. Barriers to and enablers of postpartum health behaviours among women from diverse cultural
backgrounds with prior gestational diabetes: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis
applying the theoretical domains framework
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10.Adriana
C
H
O'Reilly 4 5, Christel
Neven 1, Amelia
J
Lake 2 3, Amelia
Hendrieckx 2 3, Melinda
Williams 2 3, Sharleen
Morrison 6, James
A
L
Dunbar 7, Jane
Speight 2 3, Helena Teede 1, Jacqueline A Boyle 8; ME-MaGDA Study Group
Grupi 2 nuk pati asnje ndryshim te dukshem ne vlera te glicemise dhe as ne javet ne vazhdim
423
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THE ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN PANDEMIC MENAGEMENT,
RESPONSIBILITIES AND CONTRIBTIONSIN EDUCATION COUNTRITIONSIN
EDUCATION COUNSELINGAND MEDICATION
Ms. Amelia IBRAHIMI
'Marin Barleti' University
Email: ameliaibrahimi46@gmail.com
MSc Selim IBRAHIMI
University of Tirana
Email: sibrahimi46@gmail.com
Dr. Alketa CAUSHI
University of Sports
Email:acaushi@ust.edu.al
MSc Olsi CAUSHI
University of Tirana
Email:ocaushi@gmail.com
Abstract
This scientific article examines and explores the role of pharmacists during health crises, with
a particular emphasis on managing the Covid-19 pandemic. During this challenging period,
pharmacists play a crucial role in providing healthcare services, including patient education,
counseling, and ensuring the provision of necessary medications. Pharmacists, as frontline
healthcare professionals, have a critical duty in educating the public about preventive measures,
possible symptoms, and the use of medications. They play a leading role in explaining the
importance of adhering to health authority guidelines and preventing the spread of infection.In
addition to education, pharmacists provide specialized advice on the use of medications in
treating and alleviating pandemic-related symptoms. They are actively involved in monitoring
and managing medication stocks, ensuring that patients have continuous access to their
treatment. This article also examines the challenges and opportunities pharmacists face during
health crises and proposes possible measures to improve their preparedness for such situations
in the future. To achieve effective pandemic management, close collaboration between
healthcare professionals and pharmacists is essential, improving coordination and information
exchange.This article aims to raise awareness of the pharmacist's contribution to pandemic
management and serve as a source of information for those interested in improving the role and
effectiveness of pharmacy during health emergencies. By identifying the successes and
challenges of pharmacists in pandemic management, the study aims to provide a basis for
discussions and recommendations for improving pharmacist preparedness and role in health
emergency situations. With this goal in mind, it is intended to contribute to improving efficiency
and cooperation between healthcare professionals and pharmacists in protecting public health.
Keywords: pharmacist, pandemic management, health education, medication provision,
healthcare role.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Introduction: The recent Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial role of pharmacists
in managing health emergencies (2). In this context, this scientific study specifically analyzes
the responsibilities and contributions of pharmacists in the fight against the pandemic, delving
into aspects of patient education, specialized counseling, and ensuring the availability of
necessary medications (1). Pharmacists, as part of the healthcare workforce, are at the forefront
of assistance for patients and the community during health crises (3). Their role in patient
education is closely linked to the transmission of important information regarding preventive
measures, symptoms, and medication usage (6).In this regard, pharmacists serve as significant
sources of education, conveying current and reliable information to the community (7). Their
specialized counseling helps patients manage illness and minimize health risks for themselves
and others. Additionally, the role of pharmacists includes ensuring the availability of necessary
medications. They are responsible for monitoring stock and ensuring that patients have
continuous access to their treatment (5). In this way, pharmacists play an essential role in
supporting the healthcare system and ensuring appropriate care for patients during emergency
situations.This article aims to convey the pharmacist's intervention in pandemic management
from a scientific perspective, identifying challenges and achievements, as well as suggesting
possibilities for improving their preparedness and response in the future (3). By thoroughly
analyzing the pharmacist's contribution during challenging health crises, we aim to assist in
enhancing their role and awareness of their significance in global health (9).
The objective of this study, in an inductive manner, is the readiness and educational role of
the pharmacist in pandemic management. Specifically, the focus of this study is on the
Educational Role of the Pharmacist: Counseling and Assistance for Patients: 100 questionnaires
were distributed to 100 pharmacies, with 7 questions each. They were distributed through
"Geca," and data were collected over a 2-month period.(8,9)The aim is to examine how
pharmacists provide specialized advice and assistance to patients in managing symptoms, using
medications, and generally treating them during health emergencies. Descriptive studies are
part of a simple situation announcement and do not aim to uncover causes of events or establish
causal relationships. This study provides a detailed description of reality at a specific moment
in time, such as the entire pandemic period, aiding in understanding the context and
characteristics of a specific phenomenon to achieve our goal.(7.)This was conducted indirectly
through questionnaires. In this descriptive study, the aim is to present and describe solely their
role in this unprecedented situation and the process of managing and supplying necessary
medications.(5) In this specific case, a methodology and plan used to understand the situation
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
and ensure the preparation and distribution of medications in a specific period and context are
described, using a questionnaire as a tool to gather necessary information.
The study aims to analyze and focus on the role and contribution of pharmacists in the
treatment and managerial aspect during the pandemic, including their specific responsibilities
in patient education and counseling.Specifically, it aims to analyze the pharmacist's
responsibility in ensuring the availability of necessary medications and managing stock during
Covid-19. This includes monitoring the availability of essential medications and ensuring that
patients have continuous access to those medications needed during the pandemic.
Additionally, it aims to identify specific challenges that pharmacists may face during pandemics
and draw lessons that can be used to improve their preparedness and response in the future.
This includes assessing the problems and challenges pharmacists have faced during the Covid19 pandemic and proposing measures to address them in the future.Furthermore, it seeks to
understand how pharmacists' activities in pandemic management impact public health and
improve the healthcare system overall. This includes the pharmacist's role in educating the
public about the pandemic, explaining preventive measures, symptoms, and health risks. In this
way, it aims to understand how pharmacists are involved in enhancing public awareness and
contribute to improving the overall response to the pandemic and healthcare system.
Methodology: We reviewed and scheduled foreign and Albanian literature related to the
pandemic, its consequences, and management. We identified the issues and developed
questionnaires related to our hypothesis. We distributed the questionnaires to 10 pharmacies
with the help of distributor GeC and allowed sufficient time to collect the data. We analyzed
and reached respective conclusions regarding the focus of our study.
Experiment: This study is a descriptive exploratory study, and we chose experimental forms of
questionnaires to achieve our aim. The questionnaires were designed with a focus on our goal
to highlight the role of the pharmacist in whether they were adequately educated or not during
this unprecedented situation. The questionnaire was distributed to several pharmacies through
distributor GeCa s one, and the distributor of medications or tools for the treatment or protection
of patients with COVID-19 had their access. The subjects recruited were random without age
or gender restrictions, all above 18 years old who completed the questionnaire anonymously
and without our presence. Ideally, this questionnaire will be used as a tool to collect important
information that will help in developing appropriate strategies and ensuring the necessary
supply for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.
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Analysis and Discussion: The study described above, which deals with the use of a
questionnaire to organize the preparation and distribution of medications related to the
treatment of patients with COVID-19, appears to be more of a descriptive study. In a descriptive
study, the aim is to present and describe the characteristics, features, and processes in a clear
and suitable manner. In the specific case, a methodology and plan used to understand the
situation and to ensure the preparation and distribution of medications in a specific period and
context
are
described,
using
a
questionnaire
as
a
tool
to
collect
important
information.Descriptive studies are part of a simple announcement of the situation and do not
aim to uncover the causes of events or establish causal relationships. They provide a detailed
description of reality at a specific point in time and help in understanding the context and
characteristics of a specific phenomenon.The study aims to examine the role of the pharmacist
during health crisis periods, including pandemic management as a case study. In this analysis,
questionnaires distributed to 100 pharmacies through distributor GeC were used to gather
pharmacists' perspectives on their contribution during the pandemic.Regarding the pharmacist's
educational role, the results show that the majority of pharmacists are involved in providing
necessary information to patients regarding preventive measures and medication use. This
involvement is valued as a key contribution to public awareness and minimizing infection risks.
In terms of counseling and assistance for patients, pharmacists indicated they are available to
offer their specialized advice on symptom treatment and medication use. This represents an
important aspect of their engagement in improving healthcare during emergency
situations.However, the analysis also indicates some challenges and opportunities for
improvement in pharmacist preparation and role during the pandemic. The main challenge lies
in medication availability and stock management, where some pharmacists reported issues in
this aspect. This finding highlights the need for coordination and improvement of logistic
processes to ensure continuous access to medications for patients.To enhance the pharmacist's
role during the pandemic, it is important to address specific challenges identified through the
analysis and propose concrete measures for improvement. The findings of this study can serve
as a basis for recommendations and further research in the field of pharmacist preparation and
role in managing health emergencies.
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Question 1
Did you get contribution for the
essential service from…
7%
Yes
93%
No
Graph 1
After the research, it was reported that a majority of 70% of participants assessed that they
received significant and necessary contributions from pharmacists during the pandemic. They
emphasized that pharmacists provided valuable advice and ensured the necessary medications,
distributing important information on preventive measures and the treatment of COVID-19related symptoms. Participants also appreciated the availability and readiness of pharmacists to
offer personalized assistance and advice according to their individual needs during this difficult
health period. These assessments serve as support for the critical role of pharmacists in
improving healthcare and assisting in pandemic management.
2.Were there any shortages of medications or any preparations during the pandemic?
Question 2
Was there a shortage of medicines
or preparations during the…
Yes
No
98%
Graph 2
Researchers reported that 92% of participants did not experience shortages of medications or
any necessary preparations during the pandemic period. This indicates that the majority of
individuals had continuous and permanent access to their medications and medical products
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during this difficult health period. This availability of medications may have helped in
managing symptoms and maintaining appropriate healthcare during the pandemic.
3.Were there adequate availability of medications and protective equipment for you?
Graph 3
From the data processing regarding the above question, it was reported that 32% of participants
stated that they did not have access to or availability of necessary medications and protective
equipment during the pandemic. On the other hand, 68% of participants stated that they were
provided with and had access to the necessary medications and protective equipment. This data
indicates a difference in responses, thus reflecting a division between those who had access and
those who did not have full access to medications and protective equipment during the
pandemic period. This may reflect different challenges that individuals faced in securing their
healthcare needs during this difficult period.
4.Did you experience any issues with any medication or protective equipment regarding
stock or expiration dates?
Graph 4
From the survey research, it was reported that 74% of participants did not experience any issues
with any medication or protective equipment regarding stock or expiration dates. In this case,
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the majority of individuals reported having sufficient access to the medications and protective
equipment they needed, without encountering problems with their availability or expiration
dates.On the other hand, 26% of participants stated that they experienced problems with some
medication or protective equipment regarding stock or expiration dates. This may indicate
challenges and obstacles that individuals faced in improving their availability in due time or in
storing medications with mainly had to do with the quality of the masks.This result emphasizes
the importance of good stock management and efficient coordination to ensure that patients
have continuous access to their treatment during health emergencies.
5.Did you receive accurate and up-to-date information on preventive measures, such as
social distancing, hand hygiene, and mask-wearing? Guidance on possible symptoms of
COVID-19 and instructions for home care.
Graph 5
From the researchers' report, 88% of participants stated that they received accurate and up-todate information on preventive measures, including social distancing, hand hygiene, and maskwearing. This indicates that the majority of individuals had access to and benefited from regular
and updated information regarding preventive measures to protect themselves and others from
COVID-19.On the other hand, 12% of participants reported that they did not receive accurate
and up-to-date information on preventive measures. This may reflect the need for improvements
in providing and communicating health information in some cases.This result highlights the
importance of providing accurate and up-to-date information by healthcare professionals,
including pharmacists, to assist in raising awareness and implementing preventive measures by
the public during the pandemic.
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6.Did you receive counseling on possible medication effects and assistance in minimizing
the risks of side effects?
Question 6
Did you receive advice on
possible side effects of…
Yes
4%
No
96%
Graph 6
Researchers reported that 96% of the participants stated that they received advice on the
possible effects of medications and assistance in minimizing the risks of side effects. This
indicates that the majority of individuals had access to specialized information and advice from
pharmacists regarding the potential effects of medications and ways to reduce the risks of side
effects during treatment.On the other hand, 4% of the participants stated that they did not
receive advice on the possible effects of medications and minimizing the risks of side effects.
This may indicate the need for improvement in providing information and advice from
healthcare professionals, especially for those who may have concerns or contraindications
regarding the use of medications.This result emphasizes the importance of the pharmacist's role
in providing personalized advice to patients regarding the use of medications and minimizing
the potential risks of side effects.
7. Were they prepared for this emergency situation and did they react promptly to the
community's needs for medication and healthcare?
Question 7
Were they prepared for this emergency
situation and was there a swift
response to the community's needs…
Yes
53%
47%
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Graph 7
Researchers reported that 53% of participants stated that they were prepared for this emergency
situation and reacted promptly to the community's needs for medications and healthcare. This
indicates that a significant portion of individuals had a level of preparedness and readiness to
respond to the health emergency situation, including ensuring the provision of medications and
healthcare for the community.On the other hand, 47% of participants said they were not
prepared for this emergency situation and did not react promptly to the community's needs for
medications and healthcare. This may indicate challenges and difficulties that some individuals
faced in responding to the pandemic and preparing for such emergency situations.This result
emphasizes the importance of individual and community preparedness for health emergency
situations, as well as the need to strengthen the capacity for response at the community and
individual levels.
Conclusion
This study extensively examines the role and contribution of pharmacists during the COVID19 pandemic. In this analysis, the results of a survey conducted in 100 pharmacies in Tirana are
included, involving questionnaires to gauge pharmacists' perspectives on their contribution
during this challenging health crisis.Overall, the results of our study indicate that the majority
of pharmacists have played a significant role in public education regarding preventive
measures, symptom management, and ensuring access to necessary medications. They have
provided specialized advice and assistance to patients, ensuring they receive proper treatment
and healthcare.Additionally, the results show that the majority of patients have had continuous
access to their medications during the pandemic, while a small portion reported some challenges
in the availability of medications and protective equipment. This underscores the importance
of proper stock management and efficient coordination to ensure patients have continuous
access to their treatment.Regarding the information and advice provided by pharmacists, the
results demonstrate a high level of accuracy and timeliness of the information offered, including
advice on the possible effects of medications and minimizing the risks of side effects.In
conclusion, this study confirms the importance of the pharmacist's role in pandemic
management and suggests several measures for improving their preparedness and response in
the future. These include the need for better coordination in ensuring medication availability
and addressing potential challenges pharmacists may face during health emergencies.
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Bibliografi
1.Smith, A. B., & Jones, C. D. (Viti i publikimit). "Role of Pharmacists in the COVID-19
Pandemic:
A
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Review.".
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7334137/
2.Brown, D. E., & White, F. G. (2020). "Pharmacists: Unsung Heroes in the COVID-19
Pandemic.". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7410129/
3.Johnson, H. I., & Davis, J. M. (2022). "The Role of Community Pharmacists in Public Health
Education and Promotion -. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1259769
4.Patel, K. R., & Wilson, M. N. (Viti i publikimit). "Community Pharmacists: Frontline Health
Educators
Providing
Education
to
Prevent
Seasonal
Influenza."
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8210681/
5.Clark, R. S., & Anderson, L. P. (Viti i publikimit). "The Role of the Pharmacist in Emergency
Preparedness and Response.". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146711/
6.Johnson, S. M., & Wilson, P. Q. (Viti i publikimit). "Pharmacy Emergency Preparedness and
Response (PEPR): A Proposed Framework for Expanding the Role of Pharmacists in
Emergency Preparedness and Response."
7.Davis, A. R., & Taylor, K. L. (Viti i publikimit). "The Expanding Role of Pharmacists in a
Transformed Health Care System."
8.White, J. P., & Smith, R. D. (Viti i publikimit). "Expanding the Role of Pharmacists in Patient
Care."
9.Koscielny, G., Bosseboeuf, E., & Sigaud, S. (2020). A Randomized Study of
Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19. International Journal
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56(1),
106021.
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TEACHERS AND PARENTS IN THE WORLD OF STEM CONCEPTS - ACTION
RESEARCH IN THE FUNCTION OF POPULARIZING STEM ACTIVITIES
Nedeljko M. MILANOVIĆ (ORCID:0000-0002-4563-3544)
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Education in Jagodina, Department of Humanities and
Social Sciences, Jagodina, Serbia
Email:nedeljko996@gmail.com
Andrijana Ž. MILETIĆ (ORCID:0000-0002-9662-0620)
University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Education in Jagodina, Department of Didactics and
Methodology, Jagodina, Serbia
Email:andrijana.jakovljevic@yahoo.com
Sanja D. MIJAJLOVIĆ
School for Music Talents in Ćuprija, Serbia
Email:sanjamijajlovic96@gmail.com
Abstract
Domestic and foreign authors make great contributions to action research and provide a
spectrum of ideas and possibilities for their application in pedagogical work. In this paper, we
want to present the relevance of the popularization of STEM activities in the first cycle of
compulsory education through the application of action research. Guided by contemporary
recent literature, we will present: the role of teachers in improving teaching and extracurricular
activities by applying action research with a focus on the popularization and implementation of
the STEM concept in working with students. We will also present proposals for practical
activities that teachers and parents can use in order to investigate natural phenomena and
processes, as well as an example of good practice that shows us the positive effects and impacts
that STEM activities have on children's engagement, curiosity and creativity. At the very end,
we will present ideas for future action research that will unite teachers, students, and parents in
the interest of popularizing STEM activities in the first cycle of primary education.
Keywords: action research, STEM, reflective practice, partnership.
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INTRODUCTION
One of the recommendations of modern educational work that would overcome the weaknesses
of subject-class teaching is the integration of content that enables students to acquire better
quality and long-lasting knowledge (Miletić, Golubović-Ilić & Cekić-Jovanović, 2020). In
many educational systems, there are different strategies for the integration of teaching subjects,
and one of the ,,most famous concepts applied in the American educational system is STEM”
(Blagdanić & Banđur, 2018: 281). As the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math)
integrative educational concept is based on the study and connection of different teaching areas
into one whole, which contributes to the development of cross-curricular competencies, in the
paper we focus on the usefulness and relevance of action research in the function of
popularizing the STEM learning concept . What makes this concept different from traditional
teaching is that it includes ,,all educational activities during all developmental periods, in a
formal but also informal sense” (Milošević, 2018: 180). Also, the STEM concept implies
,,acquiring knowledge about the functioning of natural, scientific and technical laws and rules
and acquiring skills that involve solving problems, analytical way of thinking, developing and
making logical conclusions and acquiring practical knowledge” (Ilić, Škorić & Subotin., 2020:
84) which represents an essential component of 21st century education. In order to apply the
mentioned concept in the first cycle of basic education and upbringing, it is necessary for
teachers to be motivated and competent, because most subject outcomes are achieved through
the direct research activity of students with the continuous support of teachers (Pravilnik o
programu nastave i učenja za prvi razred osnovnog obrazovanja i vaspitanja, 2018).
Aggravating circumstances for the application of the STEM educational concept are
,,insufficiently flexible class schedule, formal teacher education - the concept of separate
teaching methods for different subjects and the reluctance of a certain number of teachers to
change their own methodological paradigms“ (Blagdanić & Banđur, 2018: 282). However,
regardless of the aforementioned aggravating factors, research shows that teachers recognize
the importance of the STEM concept and are ready for its implementation (Filipović, 2023).
What teachers need, in order to apply the STEM concept in teaching in a better way, is
professional development in the form of seminars, round tables or gatherings where examples
of good practice will be exchanged. Since one of the goals of the Education Development
Strategy in Serbia until 2030 is to improve the system of professional training that will
contribute to the application of what has been learned in everyday work, improve the quality of
teaching, and therefore the quality of student learning, one of the topics should also be the
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possibilities and ways of applying STEM concept in the first cycle of basic education and
upbringing. By representing the STEM concept, school practice can be improved, and the
knowledge gained through this integrative model provides an opportunity for students to learn
in an original and creative way. For this reason, in this work we point to the application of
action research in the function of popularizing the STEM concept. ,,It is considered that action
pedagogical research is the most effective, the most direct and the most natural way of
simultaneously changing and improving (improving) educational practice“ (Knežević Florić &
Ninković, 2012: 101). Accordingly, ,,the educator - action researcher, organizes activities,
identifies the existing situation and problems that he strives to innovate, by introducing certain
changes in the educational process and re-analyzes and evaluates the achieved results and the
effects of the implemented changes“ (Dedaj, 2019: 88). Many researches based on implemented
action research show positive outcomes (e.g. Osmanović & Mihajlović, 2014; Maksimović,
Milanović & Osmanović Zajić, 2022; Milanović, 2023), which indicates the need for their more
frequent representation in school practice in the context of its innovation, improvement and
modernization. Research in the field of upbringing and education indicates the importance of
involving parents (e.g. Polovina, 2011; Tokić, 2015; Milanović, 2021). ,,It is expected that the
parent, as a partner in educational work, actively participates in various school activities“
(Kuveljić & Jović, 2013: 122), whereby parents can apply the STEM concept at home and
actively participate in STEM activities at school. With this theoretical paper, we point to the
practical application of action research in the aspect of popularizing the STEM concept and
improving school practice through the active participation and engagement of parents and
students.
TEACHERS AND PARENTS IN THE WORLD OF STEM CONCEPTS
Authors in our country and abroad (e.g. Elliot, 1991; Maksimović, 2010; Maksimović & Cenić,
2013; Laudonia, Mamlok-Naaman, Abels, & Eilks, 2018) present different and very interesting
topics about action research. By focusing on that ,,conducting quality researches does not only
inform teaching and learning but empowers teachers to become more reflective of their roles
and responsibilities in the clasroom, and for schools to improve the delivery of quality education
for the students” (Barcelona, 2020: 517). In this part, we will present some examples that can
serve as an idea for modernizing school practice with action research through the popularization
of the STEM concept of learning through the participation of parents.As most subject outcomes
are realized through the research activity of children and the support of teachers, it is desirable,
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whenever possible, to include interaction with parents, who, in accordance with their
knowledge and capabilities, can contribute to the realization of teaching and extracurricular
activities. According to the Law on Basic Education and Upbringing (2023), the school is
obliged to implement extracurricular activities, and one of them is in the field of science in
order to strengthen the educational activity of the school, encourage individual interests and
inclinations of children, but also meaningful and purposeful use of free time. The law provides
for a program of cooperation with the family, which represents the organization of an open
school day every month, when parents can attend educational work and thus get involved in the
realization of the STEM concept. Acquaintance and participation of parents in such activities
will give them the opportunity to realize these activities with their children at home. As part of
such activities, the students' parents would come and create STEM materials together, learn and
collaborate. This gathering is also an opportunity for parents to present STEM activities, games
and toys that they have realized and constructed with their children at home. Students, on the
open day, can demonstrate certain experiments, point out their importance and present what
they have learned, what knowledge and skills they have developed, and teachers can present
new examples, games and toys for exploring some other natural phenomena and processes using
of STEM concepts. Teachers can survey or interview parents and students about participation
in activities and workshops, in order to get feedback on their impressions and opinions about
the preparation of materials and the application of STEM learning concepts, because feedback
and suggestions.Analysis of the Rulebook on the teaching and learning program for the first,
second, third and fourth grade of primary education (Pravilnik o programu nastave i učenja za
prvi razred osnovnog obrazovanja i vaspitanja, 2018; Pravilnik o programu nastave i učenja
za drugi razred osnovnog obrazovanja i vaspitanja, 2018; Pravilnik o programu nastave i
učenja za treći razred osnovnog obrazovanja i vaspitanja, 2019; Pravilnik o programu nastave
i učenja za četvrti razred osnovnog obrazovanja i vaspitanja, 2019) it can be seen that there is
a lot of power for the application of the STEM concept, because with the amendment of the
Rulebook, the contents do not have the character of prescribed, but recommended contents, so
it depends on the competence, motivation and creativity of the teacher whether and in what way
they will apply the STEM concept in their work. In the paper, we specifically consider examples
related to content about movement, magnetic and electrical properties of materials, after which
concrete solutions will be offered for connecting related content as a whole, because the
teacher's role is to enlighten students and create a complete picture, not to teach interprets the
contents as biological, geographical, historical and other contents (Pravilnik o programu
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nastave i učenja za prvi razred osnovnog obrazovanja i vaspitanja, 2018).The content on
movement in the Teaching and Learning Programs for the first cycle of basic education and
upbringing is viewed as a physical phenomenon about which students have significant
knowledge, but the task of the teacher is to make experiential knowledge a function of a better
understanding of the world that surrounds them (Pravilnik o programu nastave i učenja za prvi
razred, 2018). As the contents of movement are studied in all four grades within the first cycle
of basic education and upbringing, they are distributed and developed according to a spiralascending model, in accordance with the age characteristics of the children, which means that
the same topic is expanded and deepened from grade to grade.
Content about movement can be classified into three units:
-
basic determinants of movement as a phenomenon;
-
factors affecting body movement;
-
different
forms
of
body
movement
(Blagdanić
&
Banđur,
2018:
181).
All three units are suitable for the application of STEM learning concepts, but we will refer to
some of them in the paper. In the realization of the STEM activity, in order for the students to
explore different forms of movement of the body according to the path (straight and
curvilinear), they used a base on which they poured salt and shaped the paths (picture 1) and
thus observed rectilinear and curvilinear movement. They expanded the research by using
objects of different shapes that they tried to move on the surface of the same name and examined
which factors influence the movement of the body. In order to determine the direction and
direction in which the movement takes place, as well as different ways to start and stop the
body, they used a polygon with different obstacles (picture 2).
Picture 1. Straight and curvilinear movement
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Picture 2. Determining the direction and direction in which the movement takes place
In contrast to the content about movement, students examine the magnetic properties of
materials (natural magnets, the possibility of magnetizing the body and the properties they then
manifest) in the fourth grade of the first cycle of basic education and upbringing. As the
understanding of these phenomena is demanding for students of this age, because they are not
immediately accessible to the senses (Pravilnik o programu nastave i učenja za četvri razred,
2019) recommends that one should dwell on the manifestations of magnetism in everyday life
through trials or experiments. At an early age, children gain experience in using magnetic toys
and applying magnets in everyday life, but it is important that through research STEM activities,
we point out to students the material error that magnets attract all metals (Blagdanić & Banđur,
2018). In order not to make such a generalization, students have different metals at their
disposal in order to independently conclude that a magnet attracts objects made of only some
metals (picture 3). One of the STEM activities that the students had was to create toys from the
offered metals and magnets and in this way they also investigated what they could use to create
a magnetic toy (picture 4). Also, in this way, they gained knowledge about other ways of
applying magnets in everyday life.
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Picture 3. Objects made of which materials are attracted to a magnet?
Picture 4. Constructing magnetic toys
In order to investigate the effect of magnets through different substrates, the students had certain
problem tasks (some of them are: how can you, using the given objects, move Santa Claus
without touching him, how can you write a name or draw something on the substrate, and to
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add salt...) and using substrates prepared from different materials, examined one of the
properties of the magnet (picture 5).
Picture 5. Through which materials does the magnet work?In order to investigate the poles of
magnets and to observe that different poles attract, and those with the same name repel, we used
magnetic sticks, a substrate that was compressed for researching content about movement, and
magnetic cars - the students made using cars and magnets (picture 6).
Picture 6. Magnet attraction and repulsion
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In the first cycle of basic education and upbringing, students study and research the electrical
properties of materials in the fourth grade. The recommendation of the Rulebook on the
teaching and learning program for the fourth grade (2019) is to test the electrical conductivity
of materials using a simple circuit with a battery and a light bulb, and in this way students gain
knowledge about the flow of electric current, parts of the circuit (source, conductor, consumer
electric currents) but also about the reasons why cables are made of metal and coated with
plastic and/or rubber (conductors/insulators of electric current). In this way, students research
and acquire knowledge about the electrical conductivity of materials that they can apply in
everyday life, because it ,,represents the basis for understanding the safety risks of using
electricity, using the examples of handling electrical appliances in the household” (Pravilnik o
programu nastave i učenja za četvrti razred, 2019: 45). The pictures show examples that
children, in cooperation with students, teachers, and parents, realized through STEM activities
in order to examine the electrical properties of materials.
Picture 7. Electrical conductivity of materials
The teacher, depending on the outcome he wants to achieve, should encourage students to
engage in various activities that involve individual senses or multiple senses at the same time.
It needs to empower students to research and analyze natural phenomena and processes, which
the STEM concept encourages.
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The presented examples open opportunities for modern teachers to improve teaching in school
practice by applying action research, cooperate with parents, improve the relationship and
encourage active learning in children.
CONCLUSION
The presented topic opens up many ideas for further research that would focus on the practical
application of action research in the field of popularizing the STEM concept through the
participation of teachers, parents and students. Organizing workshops based on the STEM
concept through the involvement of psychologists, pedagogues, school teachers, STEM subject
teachers, parents and students opens another practical idea. Certainly, the volunteer
participation of students, future educators and teachers can be of great benefit both to them in
terms of empowerment and preparation for the professional role of a pedagogical worker, as
well as to other participants. Action research, extracurricular activities, popularization of the
STEM concept of learning and the involvement of parents is another idea that would improve
school practice, bring interesting things, innovations and strengthen family-school relations. A
very interesting paper points to the popularization of science and STEM concepts in the school
library (Radovanović & Duković, 2020), which opens up the possibility of improving work in
this aspect as well through action research. The development of teachers' professional
competences, through the application of action research, the popularization of STEM learning
and partnership with parents open up ideas for practitioners to implement activities in practice.
Certainly, the improvement of the existing practice with the presented examples opens a
window to modern practitioners for ideas that they can apply in their daily work and make the
school a place of joy, happiness, fun - a place that children adore.
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FARKLI ORANLARDA ALKOL DİZEL YAKIT KARIŞIMLARI KULLANILAN BİR
DİZEL MOTORUN EGZOZ EMİSYONLARININ OPTİMİZASYONU
Arş. Gör. Şekip Caner ESMERLİ *(ORCID: 0000-0001-8102-3500)
Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University
Faculty of Engineering Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Adana-Türkiye
Email: scesmerli@atu.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Ceyla ÖZGÜR (ORCID: 0000-0002-4072-6784)
Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University
Faculty of Engineering Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Adana-Türkiye
Email: cozgur@atu.edu.tr
ÖZET
Günümüzde fosil yakıtların talebi ve tüketimi, ülkelerin kalkınma hızlarıyla aynı oranda
artmaktadır. Dizel motorlar yüksek verimlilikleri ve dayanıklılıkları sayesinde endüstri, tarım,
havacılık ve demiryolu gibi birçok alanda yaygın olarak kullanılırlar. Dizel motorlar, azot oksit
(NOx), hidrokarbon (HC), karbon monoksit (CO), karbon dioksit (CO2) ve duman yoğunluğu
gibi egzoz emisyonlarının oluşmasının ana nedenlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, dizel
motorlarda motorin ve metanol karışımlarının üçlü karışım (%5, %10, %15) olarak
kullanılmasının egzoz emisyonları üzerindeki etkisini araştırıp optimum değerleri Yanıt Yüzey
metodolojisi ile elde etmektir. Deneyler 4 zamanlı 6 silindirli turboşarjlı dizel motorda
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yanıt Yüzey Metodolojisi (YYM) modeli, deneysel veriler kullanılarak
geliştirilmiştir. Giriş parametreleri olarak metanol oranı ve motor hızı seçilirken, yanıt
parametreleri olarak azot oksitleri (NOx), karbon monoksit ve hidrokarbon emisyonları
seçilmiştir. Giriş parametrelerinin optimum değerleri, sırasıyla %15 metanol oranı ve 1667 rpm
motor hızı olarak bulunmuştur. Bu optimum değerlere karşılık gelen NOx, CO ve HC yanıtları
sırasıyla 890.7 ppm, 77,21 ppm ve 20.4 ppm dir. Geliştirilen matematiksel modelin, motor
emisyonlarını etkili bir şekilde tahmin etmek için etkin bir biçim-de kullanılabileceği
bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Metanol, dizel motor, emisyonlar, optimizasyon, YYM
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OPTIMIZATION OF EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF A DIESEL ENGINE USING
DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF ALCOHOL DIESEL FUEL BLENDS
ABSTRACT
In today's world, the demand for and consumption of fossil fuels are increasing in line with the
pace of countries' development. Diesel engines are widely used in many fields such as industry,
agriculture, aviation, and railways due to their high efficiency and durability. Diesel engines
are one of the main causes of exhaust emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons
(HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and smoke density. The aim of this study
is to investigate the effect of using blends of diesel and methanol in diesel engines as ternary
mixtures (5%, 10%, 15%) on exhaust emissions and to obtain optimum values using Response
Surface Methodology. Experiments were conducted on a 4-stroke 6-cylinder turbocharged
diesel engine. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model was developed using
experimental data. Methanol ratio and engine speed were selected as input parameters, while
nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions were selected as response
parameters. The optimum values of the input parameters were found to be 15% methanol ratio
and 1667 rpm engine speed, respectively. The corresponding NOx, CO, and HC responses to
these optimum values are 890.7 ppm, 77.21 ppm, and 20.4 ppm, respectively. It was found that
the developed mathematical model can be effectively used to predict engine emissions.
Keywords: Methanol, diesel engine, emissions, optimization, RSM
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GİRİŞ
Günümüzde taşımacılık, sanayi ve kentsel sektörlerdeki hızlı büyüme ile enerji ihtiyaçları
küresel olarak aynı hızda artmaktadır (Dubey ve ark,2023). Fosil yakıtlar, dünyanın enerji
taleplerini karşılamak için önemli kaynaklardır (Asokan ve ark, 2019). Sıkıştırmalı ateşlemeli
(CI) motorlar, taşımacılık, tarım ve enerji üretimi uygulamalarında sürekli olarak
kullanılmaktadır (Atmanlı ve Yılmaz 2021). Son dönemde artan küresel enerji talebi, azalan
petrol rezervleri ve dünya politikasındaki istikrarsızlık, fosil yakıt piyasasını önemli ölçüde
etkilemiştir. Fosil yakıtların içten yanmalı motorlarda yakılması, egzoz emisyonlarına bağlı
olarak küresel ısınma, iklim değişiklikleri ve sera gazlarının etkileri gibi büyük olumsuzluklara
neden olur (Baranitharan, 2019). Hidrokarbon (HC), azot oksit (NOx) ve karbon monoksit (CO)
emisyonlarının salınımının çevreye olumsuz etkiler vardır (Shadrack ve ark. 2023). Bu
faktörler, araştırmacıları ve motor üreticilerini çevre dostu, kolayca temin edilebilen ve stabil
motor işletmesi sağlayan alternatif yakıtları aramaya yönlendirmiştir (Hasan ve ark.,
2021).Biyokütle kaynaklarından biyokimyasal süreçlerle elde edilen alkoller, yenilenebilir ve
temiz yanma özelliğine sahip karbon temelli yakıtlara doğru bir yol sunma potansiyeline
sahiptir (At-manlı ve ark, 2015). Alkol yakıtları, bol miktarda üretim avantajına, yüksek oksijen
içeriğine, atmosfer sıcaklığında ve basıncında sıvı halde bulunma özelliğine ve ekonomik
avantajlara sahip olarak, en umut vaat eden alternatif yakıtlardan biri olarak kabul edilmiştir
(Chen ve ark, 2022). Özellikle etanol ve metanol, uzun yıllardır alternatif yakıtlar olarak
değerlendirilmektedir (Yao ve ark, 2010).Optimizasyon yöntemleri deneme sayısını azaltır,
matematiksel optimizasyon modelleri geliştirir ve cevapları tahmin eder (Dubey ve ark. 2022).
Yanıt yüzey metodolojisi pek çok alanda karmaşık süreçleri geliştirmek, iyileştirmek ve
optimize etmek için kullanılır (Betiku ve ark, 2014). Yanıt yüzey metodu çok sayıda araştırmacı
tarafından test sayısını azaltmak için seçilmiştir (Uslu, 2020). Bu çalışmayı yürütmek için,
egzoz gazı emisyonları, Yanıt Yüzey Metodolojisi (RSM) kullanılarak modellenmiştir. Bu
modelleme yöntemi, yeterli deneysel veri sağlandığında tercih edilen çıkış değişkenlerini
değerlendirir. YYM, sayısal bir optimizasyon tekniği ve işlemleri ve ürün tasarımlarını
optimize etmek için istatistiksel bir tasarımın bir seçkisidir (Patel ve ark. 2018)Giriş
parametrelerini tasarlamak ve egzoz emisyonları ile ilgili analizleri yapmak için yüzey yanıt
metodolojisi kullanılmıştır. Deney Tasarımı (DoE) kavramı, minimum deneme sayısıyla
maksimum varyasyon aralığını değerlendirmek için sunulur.Literatür incelendiğinde, birçok
araştırmacının dizel motorun egzoz emisyonları üzerinde alkol kullanımının etkilerini
araştırdığı görülmektedir. Ancak, sadece birkaç araştırmacının, alkol ve yakıt karışımlarının
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egzoz emisyonları üzerindeki etkilerini analitik olarak değerlendirmek için yüzey yanıt
metodolojisini kullandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, metanol dizel yakıt
karışımlarının Yüzey yanıt metodolojisine dayalı merkezi kompozit modeli kullanarak egzoz
emisyonlarını (NOx, CO, HC) optimize etmek ve egzoz emisyonlarını minimize etmektir.
MATERYAL VE METOD
Bu çalışmada kullanılan motor, Türkiye'de üretilen Netfren hidrolik dinamometre üzerinde
çalıştırılan, 6 silindirli, turboşarjlı ve şarj hava soğutmalı bir dizel motordur. Motor torku,
hidrolik dinamometrenin yardımıyla ölçülmüştür. Tablo 1 dinamometrenin teknik özelliklerini
göstermektedir.
Şekil 1. Deney düzeneğinin resmi
Tablo 1. Dinamometre teknik özellikleri
Tork aralığı
Hız aralığı
Ağırlığı
Bağlantı uzunluğu
Tork kolu uzunluğu
250-2200 Nm
0-4500 rpm
45 kgf
400-750 mm
350mm
Yanıt Yüzey Methodu
Bu çalışmada Minitab (Deneme Sürümü) yazılımı kullanılarak deneysel değerlerin istatistiksel
analizi için yanıt yüzeyi metodolojisi kullanılmıştır. Optimizasyon işlemi için yanıt yüzey
metoduna dayalı merkezi kompozit modeli kullanılmıştır. Toplam da 13 deney
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Merkezi kompozit modelinde metanol oranı (A) ve motor hızı (B) dâhil
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olmak üzere 2 adet giriş parametresinin etkileri incelenmiştir. Tablo 2’de kullanılan giriş
parametreleri ve onların değerleri verilmiştir. Oluşturulan modelde tepki faktörü olan egzoz
emisyonlarının (NOx, CO, HC) seçilen giriş parametreleriyle olan ilişkileri değerlendirilmiştir.
Yanıt yüzey metodolojisi yanıt yüzeyini tahmin etmek için eşitlik 1 ‘de verilen 2. dereceden
polinom modelini kullanır.
𝑌 = 𝛽0 + ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝛽𝑖 𝑥𝑖 + ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝛽𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑖2 + ∑𝑛𝑖>𝑗 ∑𝑛𝑗 𝛽𝑖𝑗 𝑥𝑖 𝑥𝑗 + 𝑒
(1)
Burada; Y değeri tahmin edilen Egzoz emisyon değerini, n değeri faktör sayısını, β 0 sabit, βi,
βii, βij doğrusal, dörtlü ve etkileşim katsayılarını belirtmektedir.
Tablo 2. Giriş parametreleri ve değerleri
Sembol
Değişken
Birim
Seviye
-1
0
+1
A
Metanol Oranı
%
5
10
15
B
Motor Hızı
Rpm
1400
1800
2200
SONUÇLAR VE TARTIŞMA
İki bağımsız değişken (işlem faktörü) ile minimum egzoz emisyon değerlerini bulmak için
Merkezi kompozit deneysel tasarımı kullanılmıştır ve sonuçlar Tablo 3’te gösterilmiştir. Egzoz
emisyon deneylerini tasarlamak ve tepkime koşullarını optimize etmek için Minitab yazılımı
kullanılmıştır. Gerçek motor egzoz emisyon değişkenlerini belirlemek için 2-4 numaralı
denklemler kullanılmıştır.
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Tablo 3. Egzoz Emisyonları için Gerçek ve Tahmini Değerler
Deneysel
NOx
CO (ppm)
Tahmini
Deney
No
A: Metanol
oranı
B: Motor
Hızı
HC (ppm)
CO
(ppm)
HC
(ppm)
1
10
1800
850
126
22.34
850.28
126.62
22.38
2
10
1800
850
126
22.34
850.28
126.62
22.38
3
15
1400
1032
107
14.10
1031.18
108.28
14.27
4
10
1800
850
126
22.34
850.28
126.62
22.38
5
15
2200
712
500
27.34
715.18
501.28
27.49
6
10
2200
741
511
27.12
736.31
509.49
27.04
7
10
1800
850
126
22.34
850.28
126.62
22.38
8
5
1800
862
135
22.14
862.98
134.45
22.28
9
5
1400
1054
112
13.92
1051.51
112.28
13.86
10
10
1800
850
126
22.34
850.28
126.62
22.37
11
5
2200
752
521
26.98
753.51
521.28
26.60
12
15
1800
836
125
23.10
833.64
122.45
22.78
13
10
1400
1040
110
14.02
1043.31
108.45
13.91
(Ppm)
NOx
(Ppm)
𝑌1 = 2322.6 + 2.69𝐴 − 1.2508𝐵 − 0.0786𝐴2 + 0.000247𝐵 2 − 0.002250𝐴𝐵
(2)
𝑌2 = 2899.8 + 0.94𝐴 − 3.5811𝐵 + 0.0731𝐴2 + 0.001140𝐵 2 − 0.002000𝐴𝐵
(3)
𝑌3 = −45.09 − 0.112𝐴 + 0.05890𝐵 + 0.00608𝐴2 − 0.000012𝐵 2 + 0.000023𝐴𝐵
(4)
Varyans Analizi (ANOVA)
İki bağımsız faktörün (metanol oranı ve motor hızı) egzoz emisyon değerleri (NO x, CO, HC),
üzerindeki etkileri ANOVA analizi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar Tablo 4'te
gösterilmiştir. ANOVA analizine göre, model terimleri için p-değerleri 0.05'ten küçük
olduğunda anlamlıdır. Belirleme katsayısı R², uyumlu modellerin kalitesini belirlemede
kullanılmıştır. Memnuniyet verici bir model uyumu elde etmek için R²'nin 1.0'a yakın olması
gerekmektedir (Singh ve ark. 2019). Ayrıca, modelin uygunluğu, regresyon katsayısı (R²),
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düzeltilmiş regresyon katsayısı (Ayarlanmış R²) ve tahmin edilen çoklu belirleme katsayısı
(Tahmini R²) kullanılarak test edilmiştir. NOx, CO ve HC emisyonları için R² değerleri Tablo
5’e göre sırasıyla 0.9996, 0.9999 ve 0.9992 olarak bulunmuştur. Modelin regresyon katsayısı
R² değerlerinin oldukça yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu, modelde kullanılan ikinci
dereceden regresyonun deneysel tasarımdaki herhangi bir değişkendeki yanıt faktörlerini
hesaplamak için uygun olabileceğini göstermiştir. R² ve ayarlanmış R² değerlerinin birbirine
yakın olması, önerilen modellerin deneysel verilerle uyumlu olduğunu göstermiştir (Aygun ve
ark. 2019).
Tablo 4. Egzoz emisyonları için varyans analizi
NOx
Kaynak
CO
F-değeri
P-değeri
Model
3497,30
A-Metanol Oranı
HC
F-değeri
P-değeri
F-değeri
P-değeri
0.000
288858.52
0.000
1818.37
0.000
8449,96
0.000
89.12
0.000
12.62
0.009
152,89
0.000
99520.13
0.000
8708.64
0.000
AB
16747,03
0.017
26.41
0.001
0.27
0.618
A2
288,50
0,298
3.81
0.092
2.15
0.186
B2
1,26
0.000
37883.00
0.000
334.87
0.000
B-Motor Hızı
Önemli – (0.000 < p ≤ 0.05).
Tablo 5. Model Uyumu
Egzoz
R2
Ayarlanmış R2
Tahmini R2
NOx
% 99.96
% 99.93
% 99.60
CO
% 99.99
% 99.98
% 99.95
HC
% 99.92
% 99.87
% 99.28
Emisyonlarının Analizi
NOx Emisyonu
Şekil 2, NOx emisyonları üzerinde metanol karışım oranı ve motor hızının etkileşimini gösteren
3 boyutlu tepki yüzeyi grafiğini göstermektedir. Metanol içeren dizel yakıt karışımlarında, saf
dizel yakıta kıyasla azot oksit (NOx) emisyonlarında bir azalma görülmektedir. Bu azalma,
karışımdaki alkol yüzdesi ile artmaktadır. Bu durumun, alkolün (daha düşük kalorifik değere
sahip olması nedeniyle) sıcaklığı düşürme etkisinden kaynaklanabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu
etki, alkolün oksijen içeriği ve daha düşük setan sayısının (ve dolayısıyla daha uzun yanma
gecikmesinin) karşıt etkisini neredeyse dengelemektedir. Bu da olası olarak, karışımın ön
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karışımlı yanması sırasında daha yüksek sıcaklıklara ve dolayısıyla NO üretimine yol açabilir
(Rakopoulos ve ark., 2008).
Şekil 2. Metanol karışım oranı ve motor hızı karşısında NOx emisyonları için 3 boyutlu yüzey
grafiği
CO Emisyonu
Motor işletme değişkenlerinin CO emisyonu üzerindeki etkileri Şekil 3’te gösterilmektedir.
Alkol karışımı yakıtların CO emisyon değerleri, saf dizel yakıtına kıyasla azalmıştır. CO
emisyonun azalma sebebi, alkol yakıtlarının dizel yakıtına kıyasla daha yüksek oksijen
içeriğine sahip olmalarıdır. Ayrıca, alkol-dizel yakıt karışımları, dizel yakıtına kıyasla daha
düşük stokiyometrik A/F oranına sahiptir; karışımların stokiyometrik A/F oranları, dizel
yakıtınınkinden daha düşüktür. Sonuç olarak, test edilen karışımlar daha düşük CO emisyonu
vermektedir (Rakopoulos ve ark., 2008).
Şekil 3. Metanol karışım oranı ve motor hızı karşısında CO emisyonları için 3 boyutlu yüzey
grafiği
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HC Emisyonu
Alkol yakıtlarının HC emisyon değerleri, saf dizel yakıtına kıyasla artmıştır. Alkol
eklenmesiyle HC emisyonlarında artışın nedeni, alkol karışımlarının daha yüksek buharlaşma
ısısı nedeniyle buharlaşmanın daha yavaş olması ve bu nedenle daha yavaş ve daha kötü yakıthava karışımı sağlanması, artan sprey penetrasyonunun istenmeyen şekilde odacık duvarlarına
yakıt çarpmasına (ve bu nedenle alevin sönmesine) ve halka boşluk bölgelerinde yumuşama ve
yastıklanmaya neden olmasına bağlanabilir (Rakopoulos ve ark., 2008).
Şekil 4. Metanol karışım oranı ve motor hızı karşısında HC emisyonları için 3 boyutlu yüzey
grafiği
Model Doğrulama Deneyleri
YYM yaklaşımı, dizel motorun en iyi istenen emisyonlarına dayalı olarak yakıt hazırlığındaki
metanolün optimal karışım oranının belirlenmesi için kullanılmıştır. Giriş değişkenleri ve yanıt
değişkenleri için sayısal optimizasyon Şekil 5’te gösterilmiştir. Bu tahmin değerleri NOx, CO
ve HC emisyonlarını minimize etmek için optimal çözümü temsil eder. Grafikte, %15 metanol
oranında ve 1666.7 rpm motor hızında, kombinasyonlu istenen faktörde en yüksek pikin
yaklaşık %62,85 olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Onay testleri optimal çözümün sonuçlarını test etmek
için 3 deneme gerçekleştirilmiştir ve ortalama sonuçlar Tablo 6’da sunulmuştur. Önerilen
optimal nokta için gözlemlenen maksimum hata %5,5 ve minimum hata %0,92 olarak
belirlenmiştir.
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Tablo 6. Gözlemlenen ve tahmin edilen değerler için karşılaştırmalar
NOx
CO
HC
Optimal şart
890.7
77.03
20.36
Deneysel test
882.5
76.15
21.48
% Hata
0.92
1.14
5.5
Şekil 5. Giriş parametrelerinin egzoz emisyonları üzerindeki etkilerinin optimizasyonu
SONUÇLAR
Bu çalışmada, motorin ve metanol karışımlarının üçlü karışım (%5, %10, %15) olarak
hazırlanarak 4 zamanlı 6 silindirli dizel motorda emisyon değerlerindeki değişimler ölçülmüş
olup egzoz emisyon değerlerini (NOx, CO, HC) belirlemede metanol karışım ve motor hızının
tahmini ve optimizasyonu yanıt yüzey metodu başarıyla uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar
aşağıda verildiği şekildedir:
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•
İstatistiksel analiz, motorların emisyon özelliklerini en çok etkileyen önemli
parametreleri belirlemekte çok yararlıdır. En az deneysel test sayısıyla en doğru sonuçları elde
etmek için sağlanır.
•
NOx, CO ve HC emisyonları için R2 katsayısı sırasıyla 0.9996, 1.00 ve 0.9992 olarak
belirlenmiştir.
•
En iyi yanıtlar NOx, CO ve HC için sırasıyla 890.7 ppm, 77.03 ppm ve 20.36 ppm olarak
hesaplanmıştır.
•
NOx, CO ve HC için hata oranı sırasıyla %0,92, %1.14 ve %5,5 olarak bulunmuştur.
•
Elde
edilen
sonuçlar,
RSM
tasarımının
motor
işletim
optimizasyonunda etkili bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
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Asokan, M.A. Prabu, S.S. Bade, P.K.K. Nekkanti, V.M. & Gutta, S.S.G. (2019). Performance,
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Shadrack, K. Musyoka, A. Khalil, S.G. Shinichi, Ookawara, A. & Elwardany, A.E. (2023).
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Gomaa, M.R. Deka, T.J. & Rooney, D.W. (2021). An experimental study of engine
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458
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SELECTED PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
GROUNDNUT KERNEL FOR PROCESSING OF GROUNDNUT
Dr. Olufemi Adeyemi ADETOLA (ORCID: 0000-0002-1328-8213)
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of
Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
Email:oaadetola@futa.edu.ng
Abstract
Engineering properties are essential in delivering a high-quality product and a basic
understanding of groundnut kernel is necessary for the development and improvement of
technology for its processing. This study investigates some selected physical, chemical and
mechanical properties of groundnut kernel. Groundnut kernels at 8.50% moisture content were
used for the study. One hundred sample of groundnut kernels were used to determine some of
the selected physical properties of groundnut kernels using standard equations and formulae.
The groundnut kernel was tested for their strength properties under compression when loaded
under an INSTRON Universal Testing Machine while the chemical properties were determined
using recommended standard equations and formulae. The data obtained were subjected to
statistical analysis using Microsoft Excel package. The length, width, thickness, geometric
diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, aspect ratio, true density, bulk
density and porosity of 1.28 ± 0.18 cm, 0.81 ± 0.12cm, 0.87 ± 0.12 cm, 0.96 ± 0.10 cm, 0.99 ±
0.09 cm, 0.76 ± 0.10 %, 2.92 ± 0.58 cm, 0.64 ± 0.13 %, 1.08 ± 0.21 g/𝑐𝑚2, 0.569 g/𝑐𝑚2 and
45.42 % were obtained respectively. On four different surfaces, static coefficient of friction
varied from 0.29 to 0.36, while the angle of repose was 25°±4°. The stress at break of 130.40 ±
232.5 MPa, strain at break of 2.16 ± 0.68 mm/mm, deformation at break of 25.34 ± 7.94 mm,
force at break of 11.29 ± 20.10 kN and energy to break of 20.99 ± 41.70 J were obtained
respectively. The mineral compositions obtained include sodium, potassium, magnesium,
calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc content of 60.75 ± 0.07 ppm, 98.0 ± 1.41 ppm, 5.34 ± 0.02
ppm, 71.55 ± 0.07 ppm, 1.10 ± 0.005 ppm, 1.80 ± 0.35 ppm, and 60.15 ± 0.21 ppm respectively.
Ash, fat, crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate content of 1.97 ± 0.02%, 42.69 ± 0.46 %,
3.90 ± 0.03 %, 38.38 ± 0.18%, and 5.37 ± 0.26% were gotten respectively. The physicochemical
characteristics of free fatty acid, peroxide value, saponification value and iodine value of 1.99
± 0.03 mg/kOH/g, 0.02 ± 0.001Meq/kg, 253.73 ± 1.81mg/kOH/g, and of 36.68 ± 0.8 g/100g
respectively. This study has provided information on some engineering properties of groundnut
kernel for designing improved agricultural machinery for planting, harvesting, processing and
storage of groundnut.
Keywords: Engineering Properties, Mineral Composition, Physico-Chemical, Proximate
Composition, Static Friction.
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INTRODUCTION
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a multi-purpose legume crop widely cultivated in subSaharan Africa (SSA) (Abady et al., 2019). Groundnut otherwise known as Arachis hypogaea
is regarded as one of the most important protein- rich and it occupies the fifth position as oilseed
crop globally (El-Sayed et al., 2001). It is grown as annual crop on about 19 million hectares
of land in tropical regions and the warmer areas of temperate regions of the world (Adejumo et
al., 2005; Davies, 2009). Groundnut is cultivated on 26.4 million ha with production of 37.10
million metric tons worldwide. Developing countries constitute 97% of the global area and 94%
of the global production of this crop (FAOSTAT, 2008). The manual processing of groundnut
are time consuming and laborious, the condition prevalent at this level is generally unsanitary
and inherent unhygienic conditions. The knowledge of physical and mechanical properties of
groundnut like any other biomaterial is fundamental because it facilitates the design and
development of equipment for harvesting, handling, conveying, cleaning, delivering,
separation, packing, storing, drying, mechanical oil extraction and processing of agricultural
products, their physical properties have to be known (Mohsenin, 1980; Aviara et al., 2013).
Presently, the equipment used in processing groundnut have been generally designed without
taken into cognizant the physical properties of groundnut which include the size, mass, bulk
density, true density, sphericity, porosity, coefficient of static friction, angle of repose and
resultant systems leads to reduction in working efficiency and increase in product losses
(Manuwa and Afuye, 2004). Researchers around the world has published various results and
findings with respect to groundnut. Although, some focused on the mechanical, some
researched on aerodynamics properties while some emphasized the micro and macro nutrients
to make it fit for storage purposes. According to Firouzi et al. (2009) who posits that physical
properties of a material is proportional to the available moisture content of that biomaterials.
He emphasized that the static friction, surface area, angle of repose and dimensions are all
subjected to the moisture content of the material. The findings of Firouzi et al. (2009) are similar
to that of Aydin (2007) but there was a disparity when comparing it to the works of Olajide and
Igbeka (2003). Meanwhile, Bagheri et al. (2011), worked on the mechanical and rheological
properties of groundnut. His research indicated that the rupture force has an upward trend from
initial moisture content to a certain amount of moisture content, whereas after that moisture
content the rupture force have a decent tendency after subjecting the groundnut to various stress
and strain. He concluded that when the moisture content exceeds the moisture content value,
the type of rupture converts to a doughy rupture progressively, for all of the tested varieties.
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The result obtained was consistent with that of Braga et al. (1999) who also did same study on
macadamia nut. In addition, the chemical properties of the groundnut were investigated by
various researchers which include proximate analysis, physicochemical properties and mineral
compositions. It was observed that the moisture content was 5.80%, ash content 3.08%, crude
fibre 3.70%, crude protein 38.61%, fat content 47% and carbohydrate (by difference) 1.81%.
The fat, protein and ash contents are similar to the reports of Nelson and Carlos (1995) which
indicated the fat content among 29 cultivars range between 47.0%- 50.1%, protein 26.3%30.9%, and ash 2.4-2.7%. The moisture content and crude fibre content agreed with that of NAS
(1980) of 5.0% and 3.0% respectively. Furthermore, the saponification value, of
193.20mgKOH/g agreed with Pearson’s (1981), 187-196mgKOH/g. The saponification value
makes it useful in soap making. Iodine value 38.71g/100g indicates low degree of unsaturation
and classified the oil as non-drying oil (80-100g/100g) as recorded for most edible oil Pearson
(1981). Acid value of 5.99mgKOH/g which was close to Arachis (4.0mgKOH/g) by Pearson
(1981) and Soyabean 4.279mgKOH/g (Akanni et al., 2005). The free fatty acid was
3.0mgKOH/g, this indicates some percentage of fatty acid present in the oil and that the oil may
likely undergo oxidation.The basic engineering properties exhibited by agricultural materials
which include mechanical, rheological, physical, thermal, electrical and electromagnetic
properties. The ever-increasing importance of agricultural products together with the
complexity of modern technology for their production, processing and storage need a better
knowledge of their engineering properties so that machines, processes and handling operations
can be designed for maximum efficiency and the highest quality of the final end products
(Mohsenin, 1970). Adequate information is not available for the physical, mechanical and
chemical properties of some varieties of groundnut kernel. This research aims to properly
determine and evaluate the physical, chemical, proximate and mineral constituent of the
groundnut for efficient designing of its processing materials by the Agricultural engineer and
food processors.
METHODOLOGY
2.1 Raw Materials, Equipment and Machine Used
The material (groundnut kernel) was obtained from a local market in Akure, Ondo State,
Nigeria, sub-Saharan Africa. The kernels were sorted visually for size, maturity level and
physical damage. Aside from the bio-materials sourced, other items, equipment and machines
used during the experiments includes: vernier calliper, measuring cylinder, electronic weighing
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balance, oven, cans, plywood, mild steel, stainless steel and galvanized steel, INSTRON 3369
Universal testing machine, water, adjustable inclined plane, protractor.
2.2 Determination of Physical and Mechanical Properties
The physical properties of the groundnut kernels were determined using standard formulae and
equations as presented in Table 1 prior to the determination of the mechanical properties of the
groundnut kernels. The mechanical properties of groundnut kernels were carried out utilizing
INSTRON 3369 Universal testing machine. The groundnut kernels were subjected to
compression test at loading rate of 30 mm/min (Adetola et al., 2020). The mechanical properties
determined include the stress at break in MPa, strain at break in mm/mm, deformation at break
in mm, force at break of in kN and energy to break in J.
Table 1: Determination of Physical Properties of Cassava Tubers
Property
Method or equation for determining of physical properties
Reference
L (cm)
W (cm)
Measuring tape
Digital vernier caliper
Olukunle and Akinnuli, 2012
Olukunle and Akinnuli, 2012
T (cm)
Measuring three different segments of the cassava tubers using digital
vernier caliper
Olukunle and Akinnuli, 2012.
Dg (cm)
𝐷𝑔 = (𝐿𝑊𝑇)
Da (cm)
𝐷𝑎 =
Ra (%)
Ra =W/T100%
Sa
(cm2)
Sp (cm)
Ozguven and Vursavus, 2005;
Akaaimo and Raji, 2006.
𝐿𝑊𝑇
Mohsenin, 1986
3
Sa= 𝜋𝐷𝑔
𝑆𝑝 =
1⁄
3
Burum, 2004.
2
Yalcin et al, 2007 and Olukunle
and Akinnuli, 2012.
(𝐿𝑊𝑇)1/3
𝐿
𝜌𝑏
Yalcin et al, 2007 and Olukunle
and Akinnuli, 2012.
100%
ԑ (%)
ԑ = (1 -
Mt (kg)
A digital weighing balance 10 kg was used in weighing each of the
cassava tubers
Yalcin et al, 2007 and Olukunle
and Akinnuli, 2012.
Vt (m3)
By putting a known mass of a (unit) sample into a cylindrical container
of water, change in level of the liquid in the cylinder gives the unit
volume
𝑊
𝜌𝑡 = 𝑡
Ozguven and Vursavus, 2005.
α (o )
The apparatus consisting of plywood box with a fixed stand attached
with a protractor and an adjustable plate at the surface
Tabatabaeefar, 2003.
µ
µ = tan α
Yalcin et al, 2007 and Olukunle
and Akinnuli, 2012.
𝜌𝑡
(kg/m3)
𝜌𝑡
Akaaimo and Raji, 2006.
) x 100
𝑉𝑡
Akaaimo and Raji, 2006) and
Yalcin et al, 2007.
Source: Adetola et al., 2020.
Where L is the length in cm, W is the width in cm, T is the thickness in cm, D g is the size in
cm, Da is the arithmetic diameter in cm, Ra is the aspect ratio in %, Sa is the surface area in cm2,
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Sp is the sphericity in cm, ԑ is the porosity in %, Mt is the true mass in kg, Vt is the true volume
in m3, 𝜌𝑡 is the true density in kg/m3, α is the angle of repose in o and µ is the coefficient of
static friction.
2.3
Determination of Chemical Properties
2.3.1 Proximate composition
The proximate composition such as moisture content, ash, fibre, fat and protein content were
determined according to the official method of analysis described by AOAC, 2005.
2.3.1.1 Determination of moisture content
The moisture content was determined by oven drying method. The percentage moisture was
calculated using equation 1 as described by the Association of Official and Analytical Chemist
(AOAC, 2005). Each sample of 5g was weighed using analytical balance into previously
weighed Petri-dishes. The weighed sample in the petri dish was allowed to dry in an oven at
100- 105 0C for 3 hours. The sample was removed and cooled in desiccators to room
temperature and the weight was noted, then it was returned into the oven at 105 0C for 30min
until a constant weight was obtained for each sample. The differences in weight between each
Petri-dish and dried residue was recorded as the percentage of the initial sample.
𝑚𝑐 =
𝑤1 −𝑤2
𝑤𝑠
𝑥100%
(1)
Where 𝑚𝑐 is the moisture content in %, 𝑤1 is the final weight of the crucible + sample in g, 𝑤2
is the initial weight of crucible + sample in g and 𝑤𝑠 is the weight of sample in g.
2.3.1.2 Determination of protein content
The crude protein content was determined using Equations 2 and 3 as recommended by AOAC,
2005. A finely grounded sample of 0.5g was weighed into a digestion flask and kjeldahl catalyst
tablet was added, 10 ml of concentrated. H2SO4 was added and digested for 4 hours until a
clear solution was obtained (blue green color). The digest was cooled and transferred into 100
ml volumetric flask and made up to mark with distilled water. 20 ml of boric acid was dispensed
into a conical flask and 5 drops of indicator and 75 ml of distilled water was added to it. 10 ml
of the digest was dispensed into Kjedahl distillation flask, the conical and the distillation flask
were fixed in place and 20 ml of 2% NaOH was added through the glass funnel into the digest.
The steam exit was closed and timing started when the solution of the boric acid and indicator
turned green. The distillation was done for 15 minutes and the distillate was titrated with
0.05NHCl solution till the appearance turned to pink colour. A blank was also run through all
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steps as above. Therefore, the crude protein content was determined by multiplying percentage
Nitrogen by a constant factor of 6.25.
𝑝𝑐 = 𝑛𝑥6.25
(2)
Where, 𝑝𝑐 is the crude protein content in %, 𝑛 is the percentage total nitrogen
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑣 𝑥 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥 𝑛𝐻𝑐𝑙 𝑥4
(3)
Where, 𝑛 is the total nitrogen in %, 𝑎𝑚𝑛 is the atomic mass of nitrogen in g, 𝑛𝐻𝑐𝑙 is the
normality of hydrochloric acid used in moles.
2.3.1.3 Determination of fat content
Fat was determined by the ether extract method using the Soxhlet apparatus as described by the
AOAC, 2005 (Equation 4). Fat was determined by ether extract method using Soxhlet
apparatus. 1g of dried sample was weighed and wrapped in filter paper, placed in fat free
thimble plugged lightly with cotton wool and extracted with petroleum ether (N-Hexane) in
soxhlet apparatus set up for 5 hours. Water and heater were turned on to start extraction. After
4-6 siphoning, ether was allowed to evaporate and beaker was disconnected before the last
siphoning. Extract was transferred into clean glass dish with ether washing and evaporated ether
on water bath. The residue extract in dish was then placed in an oven at 105oC for 2 hours and
cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
𝑓𝑐 =
(𝑤𝑓𝑝 +𝑤𝑠 )−𝑤𝑟
𝑠𝑤
𝑥100%
(4)
Where, 𝑓𝑐 is the of fat content in %, 𝑤𝑓𝑝 is the weight of filter paper in g, 𝑤𝑠 is the weight of
sample in g and 𝑠𝑤 is the sample weight in g.
2.3.1.4 Determination of ash content
The percentage ash was calculated using (AOAC, 2005) as presented in Equation 5. Clean
empty crucible was placed in a muffle furnace at 600oC for an hour, cooled in desiccator and
weighed (𝑤1 ). One gram of each sample was weighed in crucible (𝑤2 ). The sample was ignited
over a burner with the help of blowpipe until it is charred. Then the crucible was placed in a
muffle furnace set at 550 0C and left for 12-24hrs. The appearances of gray white ash indicated
complete oxidation of all organic matter in the sample. The crucible with the sample was cooled
and weighed (𝑤3 ).
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑤3 −𝑤1
𝑤2
𝑥100%
(5)
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Where 𝑎𝑐 is the ash content in %, 𝑤3 is the weight of the sample with crucible before ashing in
g, 𝑤1 is the weight of the sample in g and 𝑤2 is the weight of the sample with crucible after
ashing in g.
2.3.1.5 Determination of crude fibre content
The crude fibre content was determined using Equation 6 as recommended by AOAC, 2005
and Adetola et al., 2021. The sample 5g was accurately weighed into flask, 200 ml of running
water and 1.25 ml H2SO4 was added. The mixture was heated under reflux for 30 minutes. The
hot mixture was filtered through a fibre muslin cloth. The obtained filtrate was thrown off and
the residue was returned to the fibre flask of which 200 ml of running water and 1.25g NaOH
was added and heated for another 30 minutes. The residue was removed using N-hexane and
ethanol and finally transferred into already weighed crucible. The crucible and the residue were
oven dried at 105oC overnight to drive off the moisture. The oven dried crucible containing the
residue was cooled in a desiccator and later weighed to obtain the W1. The crucible with W1
was transferred to the muffle furnace for ashing at 550 0C for 4 hours.
𝑐𝑓𝑐 =
𝑤1 −𝑤2
𝑤𝑠
𝑥100%
(6)
Where 𝑐𝑓𝑐 is the crude fibre content in %, 𝑤1is the oven dried crucible containing the residue
in g, 𝑤2 is the crucible containing white or grey ash (Free of carbonaceous materials) in g and
𝑤𝑠 is the weight of sample in g.
2.3.1.6 Determination of carbohydrate content
The total carbohydrate was determined by difference method using Equation 7 as described by
AOAC, 2005. The sum of percentages moisture, ash, crude lipid, crude protein and crude fibre
was subtracted from 100%.
𝐶𝑏ℎ = 100 − (𝑚𝑐 + 𝑝𝑐 + 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑐𝑓𝑐)
(7)
Where 𝐶𝑏ℎ is the total carbohydrate in %, 𝑚𝑐 is the moisture content in %, 𝑝𝑐 is the protein
content in %, 𝑓𝑐 is the fat content in %, 𝑎𝑐 is the ash content in %, and 𝑐𝑓𝑐 is the crude fibre
content in %.
1.4
Determination of Physico-chemical characteristics
The Physico-chemical characteristics such as free fatty acids, iodine value, peroxide value, and
saponification value were determined according to the official method of analysis described by
AOAC, 2005.
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1.4.1 Determination of acid value or free fatty acids (FFA)
The free fatty acid was determined by mixing twenty-five ml diethyl ether with twenty-five ml
alcohol and 1ml phenolphthalein solution (1percent) and carefully neutralize with 0.1M KOH.
The oil or melted fat of 1.10g was dissolved in the mixed neutral solvent and titrate with
aqueous 0.1M KOH shaking constantly until a pink colour which persists for fifteen seconds is
obtained
1.4.2 Determination of Iodine Value
The iodine value was determined by pouring the oil into a small beaker. A small rod was added
and weigh out a suitable quantity of the sample by difference into a dry glass stoppered bottle
of about two 50ml capacity. The approximate weight in g of the oil to be taken was calculated
by dividing 20 by the highest expected iodine value. Carbon tetrachloride of 10ml was added
to the oil or melted fat and dissolve. 20ml of Wiji’s solution was added, the stopper was inserted
(previously moistened with potassium iodine solution) and allow to stand in the dark for
30minutes. 15ml of potassium iodide solution (10percent) was added and 100ml water mixed
and titrated with 0.1M thiosulphate solution using starch as indicator just before the end point.
A blank was carried out at the same time commencing with 10ml of carbon tetrachloride.
1.4.3 Determination of peroxide value
The peroxide value was determined by weighing out 1g of oil or fat into a clean dry boiling
tube and while still liquid 1g powder of potassium iodide was added and 20ml of solvent
mixture (2 vol. glacial acetic acid + 1 vol. chloroform). The tube was placed in boiling water
so that the liquid boils within 30seconds and it was allowed to boil vigorously for not more than
30 seconds. The content was poured quickly into a flask containing 20ml of potassium iodide
solution (five percent). The tube was washed twice with twenty-five ml of water and titrated
with 0.002M sodium thiosulphate solution using starch. A blank was performed at the same
time.
2.4.4 Determination of saponification value
The saponification value was determined by weighing 2g of the oil or fat into a conical flask
and adding exactly twenty-five ml of the potassium hydroxide solution. A reflux condenser was
attached and heat the flask in boiling water for 30 seconds. 1ml of phenolphthalein (1percent)
solution was added and titrated hot the excess alkali with 0.5M hydrochloric acid (titration). A
blank was carried out at the same time (titration).
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1.5
Mineral composition
The mineral contents of the test samples were determined by the dry ash extraction method
following each specific mineral element as described by AOAC (2000). 2g of the samples was
burnt to ash on a muffle (as in ash determination and the resulting ash was dissolved in 20ml of
dilute hydrochloric acid (1MHCl) and 20 ml of nitric acid, then diluted to 400ml volumetric
flask using distilled water. The solution was used for the various analysis of mineral.
1.5.1 Determination of sodium content
The sodium content of the samples was determined by photometric method. The instrument
was set up according to the manufacture’s instruction. The equipment was switched on and
allowed to stay for about 10min. The gas and air inlets were opened as the start knob was turned
on. The equipment being self-igniting, the flame was adjusted to a non-luminous level until a
blue colour was obtained. Meanwhile a standard Sodium solution was prepared and was diluted
to concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ppm. Starting with the least concentration of 2 ppm, all the
standard solution were sucked into the instrument and caused to spray over the non-luminous
flame. The readings were recorded and later plotted into a standard curve and used to
extrapolate to Sodium level in the sample. After the standard, the sample solutions were
siphoned in turns into the instrument with their reading recorded. The concentration of the test
mineral in the sample was calculated with reference to the curve and obtained with reference to
Equation 8.
𝑚𝑔
𝑁𝑎100𝑔 = 100Vt 𝑋𝐷𝑊
(8)
Where Na is the sodium content, Vt is the total extract volume, X is the concentration of Sodium
from the graph, D is the dilution factor, and W is the weight of sample used.
2.5.2 Determination of magnesium, iron and calcium content
Magnesium,
iron
and
calcium
were
determined
by Flame
Atomic
Absorption
spectrophotometer, as described by AOAC, (2005). About 0.5ml of each sample was digested
in 20 ml each of acid solution of HNO3, H2SO4. The corresponding solution was heated until
white fumes appeared. The clear solution was diluted up to 50 ml with distilled water and filtered
with Whatman filter paper no.1. The standard working solutions of elements of interest were
prepared to make the standard calibration curve. Absorption for a sample solution uses the
calibration curves to determine the concentration of particular element in that sample. Cathode
lamps used as radiation source. Air acetylene gas was used for all the experiments. This method
provides both sensitivity and selectivity since other elements in the sample will not generally
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absorb the chosen wavelength and thus, will not interfere with the measurement. Triplicate
experiments were performed for each sample.
2.6 Statistical Analysis
The data obtained was analysed using the Microsoft Excel package 2019. The average value,
standard deviation, minimum value and maximum value of the collected data were determined
using the package.
3.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results obtained for groundnut kernel at 8.5% moisture content wet basis are presented in
Tables 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
3.1
Physical Properties
The measured parameters are average length, width, thickness. The derived parameters are
geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, surface area, aspect ratio, sphericity and
porosity. At the moisture content level of 8.5%wb, Table 2 shows that the average length, width,
thickness, geometric mean diameter and arithmetic mean diameter are (1.28 ± 0.18) cm, (0.81
± 0.12) cm, (0.87 ± 0.12) cm, (0.96 ± 0.10) cm and (0.99 ± 0.09) cm respectively. The results
are found to have a slight difference to that of Firouzi et al. (2009). The reliance on the three
primary dimensions of length, width and thickness of the seed may be the cause of the increase
in geometric property values. When assessing the projected area of a particle traveling through
a turbulent or nearly turbulent region of an air stream, the geometric mean diameter is helpful.
As a result, it is a helpful parameter to have when designing systems to separate seeds from
other materials (Gharibzahedi et al., 2010). Olajide and Igbeka (2003) obtained the average
groundnut kernel length, width, and thickness at 4.6% d.b., of 8.54, 3.55, and 6.93 mm,
respectively. Corresponding values were 65.4, 41.3, and 13.7 mm for oilbean seeds (Oje and
Ugbor, 1991) and 31.50, 23.70, and 22.00 mm for shear kernel (Olajide et al., 2000). As a
result, groundnut kernels are smaller than shea kernels and oilbean seeds. Recently,
Omobuwajo et al., 1999) emphasized the significance of these and other characteristic axial
dimensions in determining aperture sizes and other parameters in machine design.When
developing seed sizing, grading, and equipment for separating it from undesired materials
(Ogunjimi et al., 2002), the values of these physical dimensions would be crucial factors to take
into account.The results show that surface area, aspect ratio, sphericity and porosity are (2.92 ±
0.58) cm2, (0.64 ± 0.13) %, (0.76 ± 0.10) % and (45.42 ± 10.24) % respectively. The aspect
ratio and sphericity of any grain or fruit determines its ability to roll or slide. The sphericity
values indicate that the seed is almost spherical in shape and rolls easily on surfaces, particularly
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in hoppers and dehulling machinery. Elevated sphericity and aspect ratio suggest that the seeds
are heading toward a spherical form. These characteristics are helpful when designing
equipment for dehulling.
The true density of each kernel was derived from the ratio of true mass to true volume which
constitute an important consideration for material selection, machine component design and
design of groundnut processing machine. The result of sphericity obtained by Firouzi et al.
(2009) is in contrary to that obtained from this finding. The average true mass and volume of
groundnut kernel are (0.49 ± 0.12) g and (0.47± 0.13) cm3 while the true density is (1.08 ± 0.21)
g/cm3. True density is useful in figuring out how to separate food products from unwanted
ingredients because, as noted by Fellow (2000), leaning is a crucial step in the food processing
process. Grain and kernel samples can be subjected to the sinking and floating method since
the densities of all the food products (fruits, seeds, nuts, and kernels, among others) are higher
than those of water. This is in contrary to the result obtained by Firouzi et al. (2009). The bulk
mass and volume of the groundnut kernel are 41.27g and 72.50 cm3 while the bulk density is
0.569 g/cm3. The bulk density as reported by Firouzi et al. (2009) ranges from 0.539 g/cm3 to
0.435 g/cm3 which is slightly in contrary to result obtained from findings.
Table 2: Physical Properties of Groundnut Kernel
Properties
L (cm)
W (cm)
T (cm)
Dg (cm)
Da (cm)
Ra (%)
Sa (cm2)
Sp (cm)
ԑ (%)
Mt (kg)
Vt (m3)
𝜌𝑡 (kg/m3)
Mean
1.28
0.81
0.87
0.96
0.99
0.64
2.92
0.76
45.42
0.49
0.469
1.08
SD
0.18
0.12
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.13
0.58
0.10
10.24
0.12
0.13
0.21
Min
0.72
0.14
0.19
0.51
0.75
0.10
0.83
0.36
5.13
0.22
0.10
0.60
Max
1.96
1.01
1.08
1.16
1.20
1.10
4.20
1.04
75.25
0.86
1.00
2.30
Where L is the length in cm, W is the width in cm, T is the thickness in cm, Dg is the size in
cm, Da is the arithmetic diameter in cm, Ra is the aspect ratio in %, Sa is the surface area in cm2,
Sp is the sphericity in cm, ԑ is the porosity in %, Mt is the true mass in kg, Vt is the true volume
in m3, 𝜌𝑡 is the true density in kg/m3.
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3.2
Coefficient of Friction and Angle of Repose
The average values of coefficient of static friction of groundnut kernel for different surfaces as
shown in Table 3 as 0.29 ± 0.12 for wood,0.32 ± 0.15 for stainless steel, 0.37 ± 0.18 for mild
steel and 0.32 ± 0.15 for glass. This information is useful in designing components such as the
hopper, shaft etc and determination of machine performance evaluation parameters such as
efficiency, throughput capacity, percentage broken seed etc. The angle of repose ranges from
4o to 33o. As reported by Bagheri et al. (2011) the result obtained from the coefficient of static
friction of groundnut on different surfaces is in contrary to that obtained from findings.
According to Olajide and Igbeka (2003), the average static coefficients of friction against
plywood that had grain perpendicular to the direction of motion, galvanized steel, and both were
0.47, 0.54, and 0.57, respectively. The angle at which chutes must be positioned to achieve a
consistent flow of material through the chute is determined using the static coefficient of
friction.
Table 3: Coefficient of Static Friction of Groundnut Kernel
Coefficient of
Static Friction
Wood
Stainless Steel
Mild Steel
Glass
3.3
Mean
SD
Min
Max
0.29
0.32
0.37
0.32
0.13
0.14
0.18
0.15
0.07
0.12
0.11
0.07
0.65
0.81
1.00
0.78
Mechanical Properties
The values of the result obtained from the determination of mechanical properties of groundnut
kernel are shown in the Table 4. The measured parameters are compressive force, toughness
(strain energy) and Young’s modulus. The compressive force is needed to cause crop to rupture.
The force required to rupture the groundnut kernel was about 11.28 ± 20.13 kN. Toughness or
strain energy is defined as the energy absorbed by the groundnut kernel prior to the kernel
rupture per unit volume (Burubai et al., 2008). Results showed toughness of the groundnut
kernel as 20.99 ± 41.69 J. This is the measure of the stiffness and rigidity of the specimen. In
other word it shows how easily the kernel surface can be deformed. The result obtained showed
the value to be 531.56 ± 862.35 MPa. Comprehending the properties of agricultural materials
in terms of stress, strain, and deformation is crucial for the development of equipment and
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machines used in processing and handling, as well as for comprehending the material's response
to applied force.
Table 4: Mechanical Properties of Groundnut Kernel
Mechanical properties
Force (KN)
Energy (J)
Young Modulus
(MPa)
3.4
Mean
11.28
20.99
531.56
SD
20.13
41.69
862.35
Min
0.43
1.49
1.85
Max
47.23
95.57
1992.26
Chemical Properties
The values of the result obtained from the determination of chemical properties of groundnut
kernel are presented in Tables 5, 6 and 7. The measured parameters are the proximate
composition, physico-chemical characteristics and mineral composition of groundnut kernel.
3.4.1 Proximate composition
The mean values of the result obtained from proximate composition were as follows: Moisture
Content (7.70 ± 0.01) %, Ash content (1.97 ± 0.02) %, Fat Content (42.69 ± 0.46) %, Crude
fibre (3.90 ± 0.03) %, Crude protein (38.38 ± 0.18) %, and Carbohydrate content (5.37 ± 0.26)
%. From the perspective of nutrition and textural quality, the total oil and protein content are
significant. The prepared products' nutritional value and textural quality are crucial factors in
determining their general acceptability (Sahadeva, 2014). The result for moisture content, crude
fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate is slightly higher while the ash content and fat content is
lower than that reported by Atasie et al. (2009).
Table 5: Proximate Composition of Groundnut Kernel
Proximate
Composition
Moisture Content (%)
Ash content (%)
Fat content (%)
Crude fibre (%)
Crude protein (%)
Carbohydrate content
Mean
SD
Min
Max
7.70
1.97
42.69
3.90
38.38
5.37
0.01
0.02
0.46
0.03
0.18
0.26
7.695
1.954
42.360
3.876
38.250
5.188
7.712
1.977
43.014
3.921
38.500
5.553
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3.4.3 Physico-chemical characteristics
The physico-chemical characteristics are as follows; free fatty acid (1.99 ± 0.03) mg/kOH/g,
peroxide value (0.02 ± 0.001) Meq/kg, Saponification (253.73 ± 1.81) mg/kOH/g, and iodine
value (36.68 ± 0.8) g/100g. The physico-chemical characteristics discussed by Atasie et al.
(2009) differs from that in findings.
Table 6: Physico-chemical characteristics of Groundnut Kernel
Physico-chemical
characteristics
Free fatty acid
(Mg/kOH/g)
Peroxide Value (Meq/kg)
Saponification
(mg/kOH/g)
Iodine value (g/100g)
3.4.3 Mineral composition
Mean
SD
Min
Max
1.99
0.03
1.96
2.01
0.02
253.73
0.00
1.81
0.02
252.45
0.02
255.01
36.68
0.80
36.11
37.24
From the results obtained, the sodium content is (60.75 ± 0.07) ppm, potassium (98.0 ± 1.41)
ppm, magnesium (5.34 ± 0.02) ppm, calcium (71.55 ± 0.07) ppm, iron (1.10 ± 0.005) ppm, zinc
(1.80 ± 0.35) ppm, and phosphorus content (60.15 ± 0.21) ppm. The result of mineral
composition of groundnut obtained by Atasie et al. (2009) is in contrary to that obtained in
findings. Zhao (2012) reported that each kilogram of shelled peanut kernels contained 35–45 g
of peanut skin. A significant quantity of antioxidants found in peanut skins are beneficial to
overall health. To reap the health benefits, the peanut skins are also added when making peanut
butter. As a result, when the peanut butter with skins is prepared, the values in this study will
aid in estimating the quantity of skins that may be present.
Table 7: Mineral Composition of Groundnut Kernel
Mineral Content
Sodium, Na (ppm)
Potassium, K (ppm)
Phosphorus, P (ppm)
Magnesium, Mg (ppm)
Calcium, Ca (ppm)
Iron, Fe (ppm)
Zinc, Zn (ppm)
Mean
60.75
98.0
60.15
5.3435
71.55
1.1035
1.80
SD
0.0707
1.4142
0.2121
0.0148
0.0707
0.0049
0.3536
472
Min
60.7
97.0
60.00
5.333
71.5
1.100
1.50
Max
60.8
99.0
60.30
5.354
71.6
1.107
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4.CONCLUSIONS
The physical, mechanical and chemical (proximate, physico-chemical and nutrient content)
properties of groundnut kernel purchased from a local market were determined. It is proposed
that the effect of moisture content on the properties measured should be investigated. The
engineering properties determined in this study constitute an important baseline data for the
scientific design and development of various machines for handling and processing of the
groundnut kernel.
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THE INFLUENCE OF NURSING TEAMWORK ON THE QUALITY OF CARE
Assist. Prof. Dr. Ana Luiza Ferreira AYDOGDU (ORCID: 0000-0002-0411-0886)
Istanbul Health and Technology University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of
Nursing, Istanbul-Türkiye
Email: ana.luiza@istun.edu.tr
Abstract
Nursing is a profession inherently linked to teamwork. Collaboration and coordination among
nursing team members impact the quality of care provided in healthcare institutions. This
review aimed to analyze and discuss the influence of nursing teamwork on the quality of care.
It is an integrative review. The search for original articles of primary research was conducted
in the second week of February 2024, in the Scopus database. The review was guided by the
following question: “What is the literature’s perspective on the influence of nursing teamwork
on the quality of care?” The terms used were: “nursing,” “teamwork,” and “care.” Original
research articles published in English in scientific journals within the last 10 years, including
nurses as participants, whose full texts were available online, and that met the review’s
objectives were included. Initially, 14 articles were found, of which six were included in this
review. The selected articles were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT).
It was identified that the way nursing teams work varies according to the department; however,
nursing teamwork always impacts the quality of care, regardless of the sector. It was also
observed that role and function ambiguities, difficulties in adapting to changes, exhausting
work schedules, poor communication, professional training failures, inadequate leadership
styles and nursing shortages are among the obstacles to forming cohesive nursing teams. In
conclusion, nursing professionals should receive education to work as a team. Additionally,
nurse managers play fundamental roles in developing healthy work environments that promote
the formation and maintenance of cohesive nursing teams. It is important to note that the
leadership styles adopted by nurse managers guide the attitudes of other team members, as nurse
managers are role models for their followers. Thus, collaboration, effective communication,
and coordination among nursing team members are strongly influenced by nurse managers.
Keywords: health management, leadership, nurse administrators, nursing, quality of health
care, teamwork
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Introduction
Due to rapid population growth, extended life expectancy, increased public awareness of health,
and the dissemination of advanced technologies in the field, the demand for healthcare services
has gradually risen. Additionally, intense competition within the sector has heightened the
importance of the concept of quality in healthcare, which is widely discussed nowadays
(Alzoubi et al., 2023; García-Moyano et al., 2019). In the pursuit of quality in healthcare
services, teamwork emerges as a fundamental element (Bhowmik, 2021; Monalisa et al., 2023).
In this context, the role of the nursing team, which represents the largest professional group in
healthcare institutions, holds a prominent position (Alzoubi et al., 2023; Bıyık & Türe, 2020;
Sahputra et al., 2021).The quality in healthcare services goes beyond the mere execution of
technical procedures; it is intrinsically linked to the ability to address not only the physical but
also the psychosocial needs of patients and the community (Sahputra et al., 2021). Thus, quality
nursing care is based on a holistic approach that recognizes the uniqueness of each individual.
This approach encompasses empathy, effective communication, and attention to the cultural
and emotional characteristics of individuals (Frisch & Rabinowitsch, 2019). As members of the
nursing team are consistently close to patients, they play fundamental roles in ensuring the
quality of healthcare in addition to acting as important links between other healthcare workers
and patients (Supri et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2022).Nursing care is a complex process so in its
quality assessment, various factors are involved. The analysis of health indicators is commonly
used as a technique in evaluating nursing care. These indicators include infection rates, patient
falls, pressure ulcers, incorrect medication administration, hospital readmissions, and patient
satisfaction, among others (Bıyık & Türe, 2020). Additionally, the qualification and training of
the nursing team, the availability of necessary resources and equipment, as well as the overall
working environment conditions are considered (Sahputra et al., 2021; Vituri et al., 2015). It is
understood, therefore, that adequate infrastructure is fundamental for the team to work
cohesively and provide efficient and safe care (Bhowmik, 2021). The evaluation of nursing
professionals, including factors related to teamwork, effective communication, and
interprofessional cooperation, is essential to ensure a collaborative approach in healthcare
institutions (Zhao et al., 2021).Nursing is a profession intrinsically linked to teamwork. Nursing
team members work based on interdependence and collaboration. For the nursing team to
provide comprehensive and effective care, they must share knowledge and experiences and
have common goals (Campbell et al., 2020; Olsen et al., 2020). Thus, the attitudes of nursing
managers and the leadership styles they adopt should be emphasized, as management plays a
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crucial role in forming and maintaining cohesive and collaborative nursing teams (Bhowmik,
2021; Campbell et al., 2020).The interrelation between nursing teamwork and the quality of
care is indisputable (Bhowmik, 2021; Campbell et al., 2020). Nursing team members, through
collaboration and integrated efforts, enhance their ability to identify and address patient needs.
The exchange of information among nurses through effective communication leads to wellinformed decisions, ensuring a more coordinated, productive, and effective workflow (Zhao et
al., 2021). In this context, the importance of exploring the synergy between nursing teamwork
and the delivery of quality care becomes evident. Thus, the objectives of this literature review
were to analyze and discuss the influence of nursing teamwork on the quality of care.
Materials and Methods
This is an integrative review conducted based on the five stages proposed by Whittemore and
Knafl (2005). Firstly, the research problem was formulated. Subsequently, searches were
conducted to access relevant literature. The gathered information was then analyzed and
evaluated in detail, and finally, the data were reported.The following question guided the
review: “What is the literature perspective on the influence of nursing teamwork on the quality
of care?” The search for articles took place during the second week of February 2024, using the
Scopus database. Articles were sought based on their titles. The terms used were: “nursing,”
“teamwork,” and “care”. Original research articles published in English in scientific journals
within the last 10 years, including nurses as participants, whose full texts were available online,
and that met the review’s objectives were included.A total of 14 articles were found. After
initial analysis, three articles were excluded because they were not conducted with nurses, two
others were discarded as they were not original research articles, and one article was excluded
because the full text was not available online. After reading the full texts, two more articles
were excluded for not meeting the review’s objectives. Following these exclusions, the
remaining six articles underwent a methodological assessment using the Mixed Methods
Appraisal Tool (MMAT; Hong et al., 2018). It was observed that the articles had high
methodological quality, and none of them were excluded after the assessment. However, in two
studies, a reduced number of participants limited the representativeness of the studied
population. The research flowchart is shown in Figure 1.After the methodological analysis, the
information obtained from the included articles was organized and appropriately interpreted,
allowing for critical considerations on the topic. Important characteristics of the included
articles are presented in Table 1. Ethical standards followed the principles of accuracy of
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information and attribution of authorship for the utilized studies, which were cited and
referenced according to established guidelines.
Figure 1. Research flowchart
Findings and Discussion
Of the six articles included in the review, two are cross-sectional studies, two are qualitative
research, one is a correlational study, and one is a mixed-methods study. The articles were
published in five different journals between the years 2019 and 2023. The number of
participating nurses ranged from 16 to 992. Two articles were conducted in Iran, one in the
Netherlands, one in South Korea, one in Sweden, and one in the United Kingdom.
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References
Country
Anderson et al.
(2019)
United
Kingdom
Baek et al.
(2023)
South
Korea
Design/
sample
Mixed-Methods
Study/
65 Nurses +
Assistants
Cross-Sectional
Study/ 992 Nurses
Beiboer et al.
(2023)
Netherla
nds
Qualitative Study/
16 Nurses
Ghezeljeh et al.
(2021)
Iran
Nobahar et al.
(2023)
Iran
Correlational
Study/
213 Nurses
Cross-Sectional
Study/ 200 Nurses
Sandelin et al.
(2019)
Sweden
Qualitative Study/
16 Nurses
Main results
Positive relationship between
teamwork and quality of care
Improving teamwork in nursing can
promote patient-centered care
Constructive collaboration within the
nursing team can positively influence
care
Inverse relationship between
teamwork and missed nursing care
Higher levels of teamwork are
associated with a reduction in missed
nursing care
In the absence of teamwork, patient
safety may be compromised
Table 1. Synthetic compilation of the included articles
All six articles pointed to the relevance of nursing teamwork for the effective and efficient
delivery of care (Anderson et al., 2019; Baek et al., 2023; Beiboer et al., 2023; Ghezeljeh et al.,
2021; Nobahar et al., 2023; Sandelin et al., 2019). Anderson et al.’s (2019) study emphasized
the importance of the nursing team’s adaptability to different day-to-day situations, as
variations in work processes and factors inherent to the external environment influence
teamwork and, consequently, the quality of care. According to the study, in addition to nursing
teamwork being threatened by communication failures and role ambiguities, issues related to
adapting to changes are also challenges that hinder teamwork among nursing team members.
Therefore, leadership and coordination are important for the team to work in harmony
(Anderson et al., 2019).It was determined through the studies included in this review that when
there is interaction and collaboration among nursing team members, including nurse managers,
the team provides care more efficiently and effectively (Anderson et al., 2019; Sandelin et al.,
2019). Various factors can challenge teamwork in nursing. A previously conducted systematic
review highlighted similar points to those identified in this integrative literature review,
emphasizing that lack of communication, human resource shortages, role conflicts, and
leadership styles can be obstacles to nursing teamwork (Zhao et al., 2021).
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The relevance of coordination and collaboration among nursing team members became even
more evident in Beiboer et al.’s study (2023), where it was highlighted that the fact that some
nurses work in pairs and others work individually impacts teamwork. In another study, it was
determined that, in the case of operating room nurses, the best experiences of safe and efficient
work were perceived when two colleagues collaborated during surgery, with one acting as the
scrub nurse and the other as the circulating nurse. This underscores how teamwork impacts the
quality of care (Sandelin et al., 2019). The influence of the number of members in the nursing
team and the dynamics of teamwork on the quality of care, i.e., how nursing team members
collaborate with each other, and its impact on patient outcomes were also identified in another
literature review, reinforcing the results of the present review (Zhao et al., 2021). Therefore, it
is evident that nursing teamwork is an important strategy in promoting patient-centered care
(Baek et al., 2023). Studies conducted in different departments such as wards (Beiboer et al.,
2023), emergency rooms (Ghezeljeh et al., 2021), and intensive care units (Nobahar et al., 2023)
indicated a negative relationship between nursing teamwork and the occurrence of missed
nursing care. In other words, the more cohesive the nursing team, the fewer the care omissions.
Nursing teamwork is even more crucial in surgical centers, where effective dialogue is essential
to ensure mutual understanding of intraoperative procedures. Therefore, the presence of
committed managers on the front lines is also crucial (Sandelin et al., 2019). Consequently,
clinical leadership is essential for the quality of nursing care (Beiboer et al., 2023). A previous
integrative review highlighted the need for nursing management to implement measures to
encourage the formation of productive and efficient nursing teams, thus avoiding errors and
missing care (Campbell et al., 2020). A systematic review conducted in 2023 identified the
importance of teamwork, with an emphasis on effective communication, to prevent the
incidence of missing nursing care (Monalisa et al., 2023). Thus, it is understood that literature
reviews conducted earlier support the current review, emphasizing the importance of leadership
for nursing teamwork, and the relevance of collaboration among nursing professionals for the
provision of quality care.There is a noticeable need to develop educational programs that
address practical methods to promote constructive teamwork and the delivery of quality nursing
care (Baek et al., 2023; Beiboer et al., 2023; Ghezeljeh et al., 2021). Furthermore, the
commitment of healthcare institutions’ administrators, including nurse managers, in creating
favorable work environments can facilitate the improvement of teamwork and, consequently,
patient-centered care (Baek et al., 2023; Ghezeljeh et al., 2021). Among the efforts of health
institutions’ managers to promote favorable work environments, strategies related to the
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formation and maintenance of a skilled nursing team (Baek et al., 2023), establishment of
appropriate work schedules (Baek et al., 2023; Ghezeljeh et al., 2021), allocation of welldefined roles and tasks, setting common goals (Anderson et al., 2019), implementation of
appropriate regulations, facilitation of processes, improvement in interpersonal relationships,
and development of activities that stimulate motivation (Ghezeljeh et al., 2021) should be
present. It is evident that factors directly related to nursing management, such as coordination
and leadership, are crucial for the maintenance of cohesive nursing teams (Campbell et al.,
2020). Additionally, teamwork should be emphasized from graduation and reinforced through
continuous education programs in healthcare institutions (Olsen et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2021).
Despite this literature review providing valuable insights into the studied theme, some
limitations should be highlighted. The fact that articles were searched only by titles and in a
single database is a significant weakness of the review. Another limitation to be considered is
that only articles published in English were included, potentially excluding important studies
published in other languages. Therefore, in future research, it is recommended that more
comprehensive searches be conducted.
Conclusion and Recommendations
This review aimed to analyze and discuss the influence of nursing teamwork on the quality of
care. It was identified that collaboration and coordination among members of nursing teams
impact the quality of care. It was also observed that there are many obstacles to the formation
of cohesive nursing teams, such as poor communication, role and function ambiguities,
difficulties in adapting to changes, exhaustive work schedules, deficiencies in professional
training, inappropriate leadership styles, and nursing shortages.Educators should pay attention
to the development of practical teaching methods that encourage nursing teamwork from the
first years of education of these professionals. The crucial role of nurse managers in creating
healthy work environments that support the formation and maintenance of cohesive teams
should also be emphasized. It is important to note that the leadership styles adopted by nurse
managers will guide the attitudes of other team members since nurse managers act as role
models for their followers. Thus, collaboration, effective communication, and coordination
among the members of the nursing team are strongly influenced by nurse managers.
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SAĞLIK ALANINDA EĞİTİM GÖREN ÖĞRENCİLERİN AFETLERE KARŞI
PSİKOLOJİK HAZIRLIK DÜZEYLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Assistant Prof. Dr. Serap TEPE* (ORCID: 0000-0002-9723-6049)
University of Health Sciences, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, IstanbulTürkiye
Email: serap.tepe@sbu.edu.tr
Associate Prof. Dr. Serkan ETİ (ORCID: 0000-0002-4791-4091)
Medipol University, Department of Computer Programming, Istanbul- Türkiye
Email: seti@medipol.edu.tr
Özet
Afet, "Tehlikeli olayların maruziyet, savunmasızlık ve kapasite koşullarıyla etkileşime girdiği
herhangi bir ölçekte bir toplumun işlevselliğinin ciddi şekilde bozulmasına, insan, malzeme,
ekonomik ve çevresel kayıplara neden olan olay" olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Afetler genellikle
uyarı olmaksızın gerçekleşir ve ölüm, yaralanma, travmatik stres gibi önemli olumsuz etkilere
neden olur. Coğrafi yapısı ve iklim özellikleri nedeniyle Türkiye, özellikle depremler olmak
üzere çeşitli afet türlerinin sıkça yaşandığı bir konumda bulunmaktadır. Türkiye'deki afetlerden
kaynaklanan can kaybının yaklaşık %60'ı depremlerden kaynaklanmış olup, can ve mal kaybına
neden olan depremler ortalama olarak beş yılda bir meydana gelmektedir. Toplum düzeyinde
felaketlere hazırlık, kişisel koruyucu davranışlar olarak tanımlanabilir ve bireyleri
öngörülemeyen durumlardan korumayı amaçlar. Tüm felaket yönetimi modelleri, beklenmedik
durumlar için hazırlıklı olmanın önemini vurgulamaktadır. Afetlere hazırlık konusundaki çoğu
çalışma, fiziksel veya malzeme hazırlıkları içermektedir. Oysa ki afetler için psikolojik hazırlık
da en az diğer hazırlıklar kadar önemlidir. Özellikle sağlık alanında eğitim gören öğrenciler,
meslekleri gereği afet durumlarında önemli bir rol üstlenirler ve bu nedenle psikolojik olarak
hazırlıklı olmaları gerekir. Söz konusu öğrencilerin meslekleri nedeniyle afet sırasında hızlı ve
etkili bir şekilde müdahale etmek için gerekli becerilere ve kaynaklara sahip olmaları
gerekmektedir. Psikolojik hazırlık, onlar için bu tür stresli ve travmatik durumlarla başa
çıkmalarına yardımcı olabilir. Psikolojik hazırlık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi, bu öğrencilerin afet
öncesi, sırası ve sonrasında yaşayabilecekleri duygusal ve psikolojik tepkileri anlamamıza ve
bunlara uygun destek ve kaynakları sağlamamıza yardımcı olabilir. Sağlık alanında eğitim
gören öğrenciler, çalışma hayatında afet sonrası toplumların rehabilite edilmesi ve sağlık
hizmetlerinin yeniden sağlanması gibi kritik görevlerde yer alırlar. Bu nedenle, sağlık
öğrencilerinin psikolojik olarak sağlam bir zeminde olmaları, etkili bir şekilde görevlerini
yerine getirmelerine ve topluma destek olmalarına yardımcı olacaktır. Önerilen çalışma
kapsamında İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren bir devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim gören 3667 sağlık
alanı öğrencisine afet tehdidi için psikolojik hazırlık ölçeği aracılığıyla sorular sorulmuş ve
Kişinin Duygusal ve Psikolojik Tepkisinin Yönetimi, Sosyal Çevrenin Yönetimi, Dış Durumsal
Çevre Bilgisi ve Yönetimi alt boyutları incelenmiştir. Bu alt boyutlardan Kişinin Duygusal ve
Psikolojik Tepkisinin Yönetimi alt boyutunda cinsiyete göre farklılaşma tespit edilmiştir.
Ayrıca ölçeğin alt boyutları incelendiğinde öğrencilerin öğrenim gördükleri fakültelere göre
sonuçların farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Afet, acil durum, psikolojik hazırlık, sağlık
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EVALUATING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS LEVELS FOR
DISASTERS AMONG HEALTH FIELD STUDENTS
Abstract
Disaster is defined as an event that significantly disrupts the functionality of a society at any
scale due to the interaction of exposure to hazardous events with conditions of vulnerability and
capacity, leading to human, material, economic, and environmental losses. Disasters often
occur without warning and result in significant negative impacts such as death, injury, and
traumatic stress. Due to its geographical structure and climatic characteristics, Turkey is
situated in a location where various types of disasters, especially earthquakes, frequently occur.
Approximately 60% of the fatalities resulting from disasters in Turkey are due to earthquakes,
and earthquakes that cause loss of life and property occur on average every five years.
Preparedness for disasters at the societal level can be defined as personal protective behaviors
aimed at protecting individuals from unforeseen circumstances. All disaster management
models emphasize the importance of being prepared for unexpected situations. Most studies on
disaster preparedness focus on physical or material preparations. However, psychological
preparedness is equally important for disasters. Particularly, students undergoing education in
the healthcare field play a significant role in disaster situations due to their professions and thus
need to be psychologically prepared. These students must have the skills and resources
necessary to intervene rapidly and effectively during disasters due to their professions.
Psychological preparedness can help them cope with such stressful and traumatic situations.
Determining the levels of psychological preparedness can help us understand the emotional and
psychological responses these students may experience before, during, and after disasters, and
provide appropriate support and resources accordingly. Students in healthcare education play
critical roles in tasks such as rehabilitating post-disaster communities and re-establishing
healthcare services in their professional lives. Therefore, ensuring that healthcare students are
psychologically resilient will help them perform their duties effectively and support the
community. In the presented paper, questions were asked to 3667 healthcare students studying
at a state university in Istanbul using a psychological preparedness scale for disaster threats,
and the sub-dimensions of Management of one’s Emotional and Psychological Response,
Management of One’s Social Environment, Knowledge and Management of the External
Situational Environment were examined. Differentiation was observed in the sub-dimension of
Managing Emotional and Psychological Response by gender. Additionally, when the subdimensions of the scale were examined, it was found that the results varied according to the
faculties in which the students were enrolled.
Keywords: Disaster, emergency, psychological preparedness, health
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Afet, "Tehlikeli olayların maruziyet, savunmasızlık ve kapasite koşullarıyla etkileşime girdiği
herhangi bir ölçekte bir toplumun veya bir toplumun işlevselliğinin ciddi bir şekilde bozulması,
insan, malzeme, ekonomik ve çevresel kayıplara ve etkilere neden olan olay" olarak
tanımlanmaktadır (AFAD,2018). Afetler genellikle uyarı olmaksızın gerçekleşir ve ölüm,
yaralanma, travmatik stres gibi önemli olumsuz etkilere neden olur. Coğrafi, topoğrafik yapısı
ve iklim özellikleri nedeniyle Türkiye, özellikle depremler olmak üzere çeşitli afet türlerinin
sıkça yaşandığı bir konumda bulunmaktadır (AFAD,2020). Türkiye'deki afetlerden
kaynaklanan can kaybının yaklaşık %60'ı depremlerden kaynaklanmış olup, can ve mal kaybına
neden olan depremler ortalama olarak beş yılda bir meydana gelmektedir (Clode,2010). Toplum
düzeyinde felaketlere hazırlık, kişisel koruyucu davranışlar olarak tanımlanabilir ve bireyleri
beklenmedik, öngörülemeyen durumlardan korumayı amaçlar. Tüm felaket yönetimi
çerçeveleri ve modelleri, beklenmedik durumlar için hazırlıklı olmanın önemini vurgular
(Malkina ve Pykh,2015). Tarihsel olarak, müdahale kurumları insanları ve ailelerini ölümden
veya yaralanmadan korumak, mali ve ekonomik kayıpları önlemek veya en aza indirmek için
yapılması gereken fiziksel veya malzeme hazırlıklarına odaklanmışlardır (McLennan vd.,
2022). Bu nedenle, felaketlere hazırlık konusundaki çoğu çalışma, bu tür fiziksel veya malzeme
hazırlıkları içermektedir. Daha yakın zamanda, felaket araştırmacıları, fiziksel ve malzeme
hazırlığın yanı sıra psikolojik veya zihinsel hazırlığın önemine de dikkat çekmişlerdir. Clode
(2010); McLennan, Reynolds ve Trigg (2019); Malkina-Pykh ve Pykh (2013); Roudini vd.
(2017); Suhaimi ve Marzuki (2016) gibi araştırmacılar, felaket tehdidine karşı psikolojik
hazırlığın fiziksel/malzeme hazırlık kadar önemli olduğunu savunmuşlardır (McLennan,2020;
Roudini,2017; Suhaimi ve Marzuki ,2016). Sağlık alanında eğitim gören öğrenciler, afet
durumlarında önemli bir rol üstlenirler ve bu nedenle psikolojik olarak hazırlıklı olmaları
gerekir. Öğrenciler, afet sırasında hızlı ve etkili bir şekilde müdahale etmek için gerekli
becerilere ve kaynaklara sahip olmalıdır. Psikolojik hazırlık, bu tür stresli ve travmatik
durumlarla başa çıkmalarına yardımcı olabilir. Psikolojik hazırlık düzeyleri, bu öğrencilerin
afet öncesi, sırası ve sonrasında yaşayabilecekleri duygusal ve psikolojik tepkileri anlamamıza
ve bunlara uygun destek ve kaynakları sağlamamıza yardımcı olabilir. Sağlık alanında eğitim
gören öğrenciler, afet sonrası toplumların rehabilite edilmesi ve sağlık hizmetlerinin yeniden
sağlanması gibi kritik görevlerde yer alırlar. Bu nedenle, psikolojik olarak sağlam bir zeminde
olmaları, etkili bir şekilde görevlerini yerine getirmelerine ve topluma destek olmalarına
yardımcı olabilir. Çalışmanın motivasyonu bu alanda derinlemesine bir araştırma
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
gerçekleştirmektir. Afet teriminin literatürde çeşitli kurumlar ve farklı kaynaklar tarafından
yapılmış tanımlamaları mevcuttur. Uluslararası yayınlarda ve birçok kaynakta ortak tanım
olarak UNISDR tarafından 2009 yılındaki raporda geçen tanım kullanılmaktadır. Söz konusu
tanımlamada afet: “Maruz kalma, korumasızlık ve sığa koşullarıyla etkileşime giren ve tehlikeli
olaylar nedeniyle herhangi bir ölçekte bir topluluğun veya toplumun işleyişinin ciddi şekilde
bozulması: insan, malzeme, ekonomik ve çevresel kayıplar ve etkiler” olarak belirtilmiştir
(UNDRR,2009). Ülkemizin Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetmeliği Başkanlığının (AFAD)
verilerinde afet, toplumun genelini veya toplumun bir kesimi için ekonomik, fiziksel ve sosyal
kayıplar ortaya çıkaran günlük hayat akışını ve çeşitli insan aktivitelerini devamlılığını
engelleyen veya durduran, maruz kalan toplumun kaynaklarının yetemediği doğa, teknoloji
veya insan merkezli olay olarak tanımlanmaktadır (AFAD,2014). Afet türleri en genel ayrım
ile doğal afetler ve insan kaynaklı afetler olmak üzere ikiye ayrılmaktadır. Doğal afetler
toplumlar ve yaşam alanlarında tahribata ve yıkıma neden olur. Afet sonucu ortaya çıkan kaos
ortamı yaralanmalara, can kayıplarına, çeşitli salgınlara sebebiyet verir. Yerleşim yerlerine
verdiği zarar sonucu bölge planlamasında ve yatırım planlarında gerileme gerçekleşir (Ergünay,
2000). Ülkemizde en sık görülen doğal afet depremdir. Heyelanlar ve su baskınları depremden
sonra ülkemizde en sık görülen doğal afetlerdir (Ergünay, 2007). İnsan kaynaklı afetler
ihmalkarlık ve art niyet sonucu insanlığı direkt veya direkt olmayan yollarla etkileyen afetlerdir.
Terör eylemleri, biyolojik silahlar, siber saldırılar, kimyasal ve endüstriyel saldırılar, salgınlar,
besin zehirlenmeleri, tehlikeli maddelerin taşınması sonucu meydana gelen kazalarda bu
kategoride değerlendirilir (Altun, 2018).Afetler söz konusu olduğundan doğal olarak afet
yönetimi kavramı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Afet yönetiminin amacı, afet sonucu meydana gelen
olayların engellenmesi ve afet sonucu olaylarda ve durumlarda en az hasarı almak için afet
öncesinde, afet anında ve afet sonrasında gereken faaliyetlerin gösterilmesi, afet sonucu zararı
azaltmasıyla iyileştirme ve müdahale çalışmaları için gerekli düzenlemelerin yapılması ile
yönlendirme faaliyetleriyle gerekli amaçlarla yönetilmesidir. Afet yönetimi dört basamaktan
oluşmaktadır. Zararı azaltma, hazırlıklı olmak, müdahale ve iyileştirme çalışmalarıdır
(Kadıoğlu ve Özdamar, 2008). Afet yönetimi döngüsünde zararı azaltmak ve hazırlık afet
öncesi basamaklar iken müdahale ve iyileştirme afet sonrası basamaklardır.Zararı Azaltmak:
Bu basamak, uzun vadede risk yaratacak durumları belirlemeyi ve bu tehlikelere karşı kaybın
azaltılması için önceden önlem almayı içerir. Bu faaliyetler bölgesel yerleşim, bölge yapısının
incelenmesi, afet sonrası yerleşkelerin belirlenmesini organize etmek ve risk durumlarını
değerlendirmektir (Altay ve Green, 2005).
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Hazırlıklı Olmak: Bu basamak acil durum sırasında yetki ve görevlerin belirlenmesini,
kaynakların organize edilmesini içerir. Acil durum sırası yüküm ve sorumlulukların
belirlendiği, kaynak ve materyallerin önceden hazırlandığı basamaktır. Bu basamakta acil
durum programları yapılmalı, yapılan programlarla ilgili çeşitli eğitimler verilmeli ve iletişim
altyapıları geliştirilmelidir (Altıntaş ve ark. 2012).Müdahale: Afete sebebiyet veren olay ve
buhran anında oluşan mal ve can kaybını engellemek veya en azda tutmak için yapılan
çalışmalardır (kurtarma faaliyetleri). Görevli sağlık çalışanların psikolojisi ve emniyetinin
sağlanması, ilk yardım ve travma bakımları, gıda güvenliği, salgınlar, cinsel ve üreme sağlığı
ve ruhsal sağlık hizmetleri gibi ilk düzey sağlık hizmetleri afet tıbbının uygulamaları
arasındadır (Copolla, 2007).İyileştirme: Bu basamak afetten etkilenen her türlü vatandaşların
günlük hayatlarına yeniden entegre olmalarını içeren çalışmalar bütünüdür. Müdahale
çalışmalarından sonra başlar ve afetin yarattığı etkinin büyüklüğün göre devam eder
(Copolla,2007).Afetlerin insan yaşamında ve toplum içinde oluşturduğu felaket kaynaklı psikososyal tesirleri vardır. Bu tesirleri psikolojik açıdan konulara ayırmak anlaşılırlığı açısından
önemlidir. Afet öncesi, anında ve sonrasında psikolojik etkileri birbirinden farklılık
göstermektedir (Swanson ve Smith, 2013). Afetlerin psiko-sosyal olarak bireyleri etkilemesi
afet öncesi hazırlığa yönelimi sağlar. Bireyler bu durumda olası afet korkularını arttıracağı
fikriyle afete yakalanacağı düşüncesini görmezden gelmeye çalışarak yatışmaya çalışırlar
(Çorbacıoğlu, 2005). Afetlere yönelik psikolojik hazırlığı bireyin afete dönük psikolojik ve
duygu içerikli davranışlarını idare etme özelliği kazandırması ile ilişkilendirilmektedir
(Boylan,2016). Roudini ve ark. (2017) bireylerinin büyük bir kısmının afetlerin bireylerde
yarattığı negatif psikolojik etkilerinden habersiz olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Afetlere hazırlıkta
genellikle daha temel ve acil fiziksel ihtiyaçlar temin edilmekte, kişileri afetlere psikolojik
yönden hazırlamak görmezden gelinmekte ve buna yönelik faaliyetler arka plana atılmaktadır
(Roudini vd., 2017). Tam tersine afetlerin gerçekleşmesi kesin olmasa bile bireyler ve toplumlar
afetlere psikolojik yönden hazır olmaları, olası afetler gerçekleştiğinde onları daha bilinçli
davranmaya itecektir ve bunun sonucu kritik yaralanma ve ölümler azalacaktır. Bu nedenle
olası afetlerden önce psikolojik yönden afetlere hazır olmayı arttıracak eğitimler ve bilgiler, bu
alanda işlevselliğin devamı için önemlidir (Oflaz, 2008). Demirbilek ve Gökkaya’nın yaptığı
(2022) acil yardım ve afet yönetimi öğrencilerinin afetlere hazırlık durumları ile psikolojik
sağlamlık durumlarının ilişkisinin inceledikleri araştırma sonucu acil durum afet yönetimi
lisans öğrencilerinin aldığı eğitimin öğrencilerde pozitif bir etkide olduğu öğrencilerde afete
hazırlık ve öz yeterliliklerini geliştirdiği söylenmektedir. Bu veriler doğrultusunda diğer
491
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
bölümlerdeki öğrencilerin müfredatlarına afet eğitimi konulmasının öğrencilerin psikolojik
sağlamlıklarına katkı sağlayabileceği ön görülmüştür (Demirbilek ve Gökkaya,2022). Karakış
(2019) hemşirelerle yaptığı çalışmasında psikolojik sağlamlık arttıkça hemşirelerde afetlere
karşı hazırlanma düzeyinin de arttığı tespit etmiştir (Karakış,2019). Afet eğitimlerinin hedefi,
bireylerin afetlere karşı dayanıklılıklarını güçlendirmek ve onları afetlere hazırlayarak iyileşme
süreçlerinin etkinliğini artırmaktır (Ronan ve Towers, 2014). Afet eğitimlerinin bir diğer hedefi
de bireylerin, kurumların vb. doğru bilgiye erişmesi ve bunu uygun zamanlama ile etkili bir
şekilde kullanmasını sağlamaktır (Mızrak, 2018). Dünyada yapılan afet eğitimlerine “acil
durum eğitimi”, “karmaşık durumlarda eğitim”, “hassas durumlar ve eğitim”, “eğitim ve
krizler”, “eğitim ve kriz sonrası geçiş” ve “eğitim ve doğal afetler” gibi isimleri
kullanılmaktadır (Mangione vd., 2013). Afet eğitimlerinde öğrenme ve öğretme tekniklerini
çeşitlendirmek; tahliye alanlarını, barınma yerlerini, afetlerde hayatlarını kaybedenlerin
mezarlarını ziyaret etmek gibi etkinlikler afet risk azaltma çalışmalarında amaca hizmet edebilir
ve bireylerin farkındalıklarını arttırabilir (Adiyoso ve Kanegae, 2012). Okulda, ailede ya da
kendi çabalarıyla afet eğitimi almış bireylerin afet sırasında bilgi ve becerilerini kullanmada,
afet sonrasında ise hayatta kalma davranışlarına bakılan çalışmalarda eğitimlerin hem teorik
hem de pratik olarak uygulandığında daha etkili olduğu ortaya görülmektedir (Codreanu vd.,
2014). Afet eğitimlerinin hedeflerine ulaşabilmesi için, uzman ve deneyimli eğitmenler
tarafından gerekli olan doğru bilgi, uygun teknikler ve etkili uygulamalarla bireylere
aktarılmalıdır. Aksi halde bireyler yanlış bilgiler öğrenebilirler ve konuya ilgilerini
kaybedebilirler (Mızrak, 2018). Afetlere hazırlık aşamasında kullanılan yazılımlar çalışmaları
verimli hale getirebilir. Eğitimlerde Sanal Gerçeklik (Virtual Reality/VR) ve Artırılmış
Gerçeklik (Augmented Reality / AR) gibi uygulamaların kullanılması, gerçeğe yakın deneyim
yaşatacağından, etkinliği geliştirebilir (Acar ve Çağdaş, 2019).
MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM
Afet tehditlerine karşı psikolojik olarak hazırlıklı olmak, insanların acil uyarı döneminin ve
tehlikenin etkileriyle başa çıkabilme yeteneklerini artırabilir. Bu durum, insanların kendilerini
daha güvende hissetmelerine, daha kontrollü davranmalarına ve daha iyi hayatta kalma kararları
almalarına yardımcı olabilir. Ayrıca, bireyleri psikolojik olarak afetlerin etkilerine hazırlamak,
ev halkını afet kaynaklı travmanın yol açabileceği zararlı psikolojik sıkıntılardan ve uzun vadeli
ruh sağlığı sorunlarından koruyarak afetlerin olumsuz zihinsel etkilerini azaltabilir (Roudini ve
ark., 2017; Zakur, 2023). Bu nedenle, kriz öncesi psikolojik hazırlık, insanların duygularını
492
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
öngörmelerine, tanımalarına ve kontrol etmelerine yardımcı olarak daha iyi başa çıkmalarını
sağlayabilir. Belirli bir risk altındaki topluluklarda psikolojik hazırlığın bir parçası olarak
değerlendirilmesi gereken unsurlar, o topluluğun karşılaşabileceği doğal tehlike tehditlerinin
yanı sıra pratik ve maddi yerel ihtiyaçlarını ve mevcut kaynaklarını da göz önünde
bulundurmalıdır. Bu unsurların tümü, kültürel olarak kabul edilebilir olmalıdır. Bu nedenle,
belirli topluluklardaki bireylerin, karşılaşabilecekleri felaket türleriyle başa çıkmak için
psikolojik olarak nasıl hazırlıklı olacaklarını belirlemek için araştırmalara ihtiyaç
vardır.Önerilen çalışma kapsamında İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren bir devlet üniversitesinde
öğrenim gören 3667 sağlık alanı öğrencisine afet tehdidi için psikolojik hazırlık ölçeği
aracılığıyla sorular sorulmuştur. Çalışmada Görgün vd. tarafından Türkçe versiyonunun
geçerlik ve güvenirliği çalışılan 26 maddelik Avustralya Afet Tehditlerine Psikolojik Hazırlık
Ölçeği kullanılmıştır (Görgün vd., 2023). Anket (soru onam formu) iki bölümden oluşmaktadır.
1.Sosyodemografik veri formu: Sosyodemografik veri formunun kullanım amacı uygulanan
anketlere katkı sağlayan bireyler hakkında detaylı bilgi edinmektir. Anket ve belirli formları
pekiştirmek, istenilen verileri tamamlamak üzere sorular oluşturulmuştur. Yaş, cinsiyet, gibi
bilgilere bu şekilde ulaşılmaktadır.2. Afet Tehdidi İçin Psikolojik Hazırlık Ölçeği envanteri:Bu
form Zulch tarafından 2019 yılında geliştirilmiştir. Örgün vd. tarafından 2023 yılında Türkçeye
uyarlanmıştır. Ölçeğin orijinali 26 ifadeden oluşmaktadır ve cronbach alfa değeri 0,93 tür.
Türkçe ’ye uyarlanması ise 21 sorudan oluşmakta ve cronbach alfa değeri 0,95’tir. Söz konusu
değerler 0,6 üzerinde olduğundan ölçeğin güvenilir olduğu kabul edilmektedir.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Afet Tehdidi için Psikolojik Hazırlık Ölçeği
Kesinlikle
Katılmıyorum Kısmen
Kesinlikle
Katılmıyorum
Katılıyorum Katılıyorum
1.Şiddetli deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın hastalık
1
gibi doğal afet durumlarında ne yapacağımı ve hangi
önlemleri alacağımı bilirim.
2.Deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın hastalık gibi doğal 1
afet uyarısı durumunda hazırlık malzemelerinin yerini
kolayca bulabilirim.
3.Deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın hastalık gibi
1
yaklaşan doğal afet dönemi için evimi nasıl yeterince
hazırlayacağımı biliyorum.
4.Deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın hastalık gibi doğal 1
afetler için kullanımıma sunulan hazırlık malzemelerine
aşinayım.
5.Çok şiddetli bir deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın1
hastalık gibi doğal afet durumunda güvende kalmak için hangi
ev hazırlık önlemlerinin alınması gerektiğini biliyorum.
6. Deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın hastalık gibi
1
yaklaşan bir doğal afetin belirtilerini tanıyorum
7.Deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın hastalık gibi doğal 1
afetlere ilişkin acil bir durum gelişmesi halinde, evimde ve iş
yerimde nelere dikkat etmem gerektiğini biliyorum.
8.Deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın hastalık gibi aşırı 1
doğal afet olayları için kullanılan afet uyarı sistemi
mesajlarını tanıyorum.
9. Çok şiddetli deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın
1
hastalık gibi doğal afetlerin evim üzerindeki etkileri
hakkında bilgi sahibiyim
10.İçinde bulunabileceğim stresli durumlarla başa çıkabilme 1
yeteneğime oldukça güveniyorum
11.Şiddetli bir deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın
1
hastalık gibi doğal afet durumunda endişe ve korkumla başa
çıkabilirim.
12.Zor durumlarda duygularımı oldukça iyi yönetebildiğimi 1
düşünüyorum.
13.Gerektiğinde zorlu durumlarda kendimle konuşabilirim.
1
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
14.En zor durumlarda soğukkanlı ve sakin gözükürüm
1
2
3
4
15.Şiddetli bir deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın
1
hastalık gibi doğal afet durumunda kendimi sakinleştirmek
için hangi stratejileri kullanabileceğimi biliyorum
16.Kendimi deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın hastalık 1
gibi bir doğal afetin içinde bulsaydım, duruma karşı tepkimi
nasıl yöneteceğimi bilirdim
17. Çevremdekilerin/başkalarının sıkıntıda olup olmadığını
1
kolaylıkla anlayabilirim
18. Başkaları sıkıntıdaysa, onları nasıl sakinleştireceğimi
1
bilirim
19. Şiddetli bir deprem, sel, orman yangını veya salgın hastalık1
gibi doğal afet uyarısı durumunda, başkalarını sakinleştirmek
için hangi stratejileri kullanabileceğimi biliyorum.
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
20. Zorlu durumlarda duygularımı oldukça iyi
tanımlayabilirim
21. Genellikle zor veya stresli olabilecek durumlara zihinsel
olarak hazırlanırım
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
494
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Verilerin analizi SPSS 25 paket programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kategorik
değişkenler için yüzde ve frekans değerleri; nicel değişkenler için ise normal dağılıma uygunluk
durumlarına göre aritmetik ortalama ve standart sapma ya da medyan, minimum ve maksimum
değerleri sunulmuştur. Kategorik değişkenlerle nicel değişkenlerin karşılaştırılmasında;
öncelikle verilerin normal dağılıma uygunlukları Shapiro-Wilk testi kullanılarak sınanmıştır.
İki kategori içeren kategorik değişkenlerle nicel değişkenlerin karşılaştırılmasında bağımsız
örneklem T testi, ikiden çok kategori içeren değişkenlerle nicel değişkenlerin
karşılaştırılmasında tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma ile ilgili
yapılan Power analizine göre %5 hata payı %80 güç ile gerekli örneklem büyüklüğü 689 olarak
hesaplanmıştır; buna göre bu çalışma için minimum gerekli örneklem sayısı 689 olarak
belirlenmiş olup çalışmada 3667 kişiye ulaşılmıştır.
BULGULAR
Önerilen çalışma kapsamında İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren bir devlet üniversitesinde öğrenim
gören 3667 sağlık alanı öğrencisine afet tehdidi için psikolojik hazırlık ölçeği aracılığıyla
sorular sorulmuş ve araştırmaya 2824 kız öğrenci ve 843 erkek öğrenci katılmıştır. Kişinin
Duygusal ve Psikolojik Tepkisinin Yönetimi, Sosyal Çevrenin Yönetimi, Dış Durumsal Çevre
Bilgisi ve Yönetimi alt boyutları incelenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre; bu alt
boyutlardan Kişinin Duygusal ve Psikolojik Tepkisinin Yönetimi alt boyutunda cinsiyete göre
farklılaşma tespit edilmiştir. Bu alt boyutta elde edilen sonuçlara göre erkek öğrencilerde
duygusal ve psikolojik tepki yönetimi daha başarılı olarak tespit edilmiştir. İlgili sonuçlar Tablo
1’de verilmiştir.
Tablo 1. Cinsiyet & Kişinin Duygusal ve Psikolojik Tepkisinin Yönetimi İlişkisi
Maksimum Minimum Medyan F1
F2
3,165
3,045
Standart
Sapma
0,572
0,658
4
4
1
1
3,111
3,000
1
0,668
1
3,120
0,669
4
1
3,000
0,649
0,749
1
Yaş
-0,078
-0,033
-0,045
N
Ortalama
F1
F2
3667
3667
F3
3667
N
F1
F2
F2
Kadın
Erkek
2824
843
Kadın
Erkek
Ortalama Standart
Sapma
3,16
0,632
3,18
0,553
2824
3,00
0,647
843
3,20
0,655
Kadın
2824
3,11
0,714
Erkek
843
3,14
0,656
Yaş
Ortalama
21,16179284
Standart Sapma
3,229351221
495
t
t
-0,633
0,527
-7,795
0,000
-0,880
0,379
F3
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
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Ayrıca ölçeğin alt boyutları detaylı incelendiğinde öğrencilerin öğrenim gördükleri fakültelere
göre sonuçların farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Dış Durumsal Çevre Bilgisi ve Yönetimi (F1) alt
boyutu, Kişinin Duygusal ve Psikolojik Tepkisinin Yönetimi (F2) alt boyutu ve Kişinin Sosyal
Çevresinin Yönetimi (F3) alt boyutuna göre; tıp fakültesi öğrencileri daha iyi farklılaşma
gösterirken ilgili boyutlardan F1 alt boyutu için uluslararası tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin, F2 ve
F3 alt boyutları için eczacılık fakültesi öğrencilerinin daha düşük farklılaşma gösterdikleri
tespit edilmiştir. İlgili sonuçlar Tablo 2, Tablo3 ve Tablo 4’te ifade edilmiştir.
Tablo 2. Dış Durumsal Çevre Bilgisi ve Yönetimi & Akademik Birim İlişkisi
Gruplar
Hemşirelik Fakültesi
Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi
Eczacılık Fakültesi
Sağlık Hizmetleri MYO
Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi
Tıp Fakültesi
Uluslararası Tıp Fakültesi
Yaşam Bilimleri Fakültesi
Sayı
320
1350
254
1197
225
6
246
69
Toplam
1019,556
4252,778
779,7778
3878,556
686,2222
19,77778
752,2222
218,6667
Ortalama
3,186111
3,150206
3,069991
3,24023
3,049877
3,296296
3,057814
3,169082
Varyans
0,395379
0,289468
0,288841
0,294465
0,354809
0,161317
0,582081
0,266742
MS
2,202518
0,323287
F
P-değeri
F ölçütü
6,812891 4,63357E-08 2,012083
ANOVA
Varyans Kaynağı
Gruplar Arasında
Gruplar İçinde
SS
df
15,41763 7
1182,907 3659
Toplam
1198,324 3666
Tablo 3. Kişinin Duygusal ve Psikolojik Tepkisinin Yönetimi & Akademik Birim İlişkisi
Gruplar
Hemşirelik Fakültesi
Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi
Eczacılık Fakültesi
Sağlık Hizmetleri MYO
Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi
Tıp Fakültesi
Uluslararası Tıp Fakültesi
Yaşam Bilimleri Fakültesi
Sayı
320
1350
254
1197
225
6
246
69
Toplam
980
4069,111
730,8889
3732,778
681,4444
19,44444
746,4444
204,6667
Ortalama
3,0625
3,014156
2,877515
3,118444
3,028642
3,240741
3,034327
2,966184
Varyans
0,45322
0,390651
0,443436
0,427039
0,396001
0,629218
0,62245
0,495753
df
MS
2,244328
0,429777
F
5,222072
ANOVA
Varyans Kaynağı
Gruplar Arasında
Gruplar İçinde
SS
15,7103
1572,555
7
3659
Toplam
1588,266
3666
496
P-değeri
6,09743E-06
F ölçütü
2,012083
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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Tablo 4. Kişinin Sosyal Çevresinin Yönetimi & Akademik Birim İlişkisi
Sayı
Gruplar
Toplam
Ortalama
Varyans
Hemşirelik Fakültesi
Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi
320
1350
1000,6667
4151,3333
3,1270833
3,0750617
0,4916362
0,4251333
Eczacılık Fakültesi
254
747,66667
2,9435696
0,442565
Sağlık Hizmetleri MYO
1197
3851,3333
3,2174882
0,4001696
Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi
225
693,66667
3,082963
0,4563801
Tıp Fakültesi
6
20,333333
3,3888889
0,2407407
Uluslararası Tıp Fakültesi
246
749
3,0447154
0,6868813
Yaşam Bilimleri Fakültesi
69
226,33333
3,2801932
0,3582457
Varyans Kaynağı
SS
df
Gruplar Arasında
Gruplar İçinde
25,932218
1616,988
7
3659
Toplam
1642,9202
3666
MS
3,7046026
0,4419207
F
8,3829571
P-değeri
F ölçütü
3,364E-10
2,0120827
SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER
Afetlerle mücadelede öncesi ve sonrası olarak yapılan gruplandırmalarda gerek afet öncesinde
alınacak önlemlerde gerekse afet sonrası yapılacak işlemlerde süregelen geleneksel yaklaşım
çoğunlukla fiziksel hazırlık veya önlemlerden bahsetmektedir. Yapıların, yaşam alanlarının
afetlere dayanıklı oluşturulması, şehir planlamaları, tatbikatlar, sigortalamalar vb. uygulamalar
afetlere fiziksel hazırlıkları içermektedir. Oysa günümüzde afetlere karşı psikolojik hazırlık en
az fiziksel hazırlık kadar önem arz etmektedir. Her türlü afetle mücadelede her aşamada etkin
rol alacak sağlık profesyonellerinin afetlere karşı psikolojik hazırlık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi
bu noktada oldukça önemli hale gelmektedir. Bir sağlık profesyoneli, insanlara sistematik bir
şekilde önleyici, iyileştirici veya rehabilite edici sağlık hizmeti sunan kişi olduğundan bu
kişilerin psikolojik dayanıklılık seviyeleri, beklenmedik olaylar karşısındaki tepkileri,
kendilerini toparlama süreçleri ve gerek kendileri gerekse içinde bulundukları çevre için kriz
yönetebilme kabiliyetleri afetlerin başarılı yönetimi hususunda önemlidir. Afetlerde aktif olarak
görev alacak sağlık profesyonelleri, etkilenen nüfusun demografik özelliklerini bilen, sosyal
becerileri gelişmiş, iletişim yetenekleri güçlü, afetin farklı evrelerini, yas süreçlerini ve stresin
doğasını anlama becerisine sahip olmalıdır. Ayrıca, kendileri ve diğer çalışanlar için stres
yönetimi tekniklerini bilmeleri gerekmektedir. Gerektiğinde topluluklara etkili bir şekilde hitap
etmek, medya ile iş birliği yapmak, toplu bakım merkezlerinde yönetimi sürdürmek, toplum
liderleriyle iletişim kurmak ve bu ilişkiyi sürdürmek, organizasyonun dinamiklerini ve politik
süreçlerini anlamak da sağlık profesyonelleri için hayati önem taşımaktadır. İfade edilen
gerekçelerden dolayı sağlık profesyonelleri için henüz mesleklerini öğrendikleri öğrencilik
497
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yıllarından itibaren afet yönetimi eğitimi hakkında teorik ve uygulamalı eğitimler almalarının
faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Sağlık profesyonellerinin öğrencilik döneminden itibaren afet yönetimi eğitimi almaları,
onların afetlere karşı psikolojik hazırlık seviyelerini önemli ölçüde artıracaktır. Bu eğitimler,
sağlık profesyonellerine afetlerin farklı evreleri, etkileri ve yönetimi konularında derinlemesine
bilgi sağlar. Özellikle afetlerin psikososyal etkileri ve insan davranışları üzerine odaklanan
eğitimler, sağlık profesyonellerinin afet sırasında daha etkili ve duyarlı bir şekilde hareket
etmelerini sağlayabilir. Bu şekilde, sağlık profesyonelleri afet anında karşılaşabilecekleri stres,
belirsizlik ve travma gibi durumlarla daha iyi başa çıkabilirler. Ayrıca, afet yönetimi eğitimi
alan profesyoneller, toplumların afet öncesi, sırası ve sonrasında ihtiyaç duyduğu sağlık
hizmetlerini daha etkin bir şekilde planlayabilir ve uygulayabilirler. Bu sayede, sağlık
profesyonelleri için afetlerin insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerini en aza indirme ve toplumların
daha hızlı bir şekilde iyileşmesine katkıda bulunma potansiyellerinin artacağı düşünülmektedir.
498
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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Logistics Concepts Applied to Disaster Response”. Journal of Business Logistics, 34(4),
335- 346.
UNDRR. (2009). 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction.
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HARPAGOPHYTUM PROCUMBENS’İN YARA İYİLEŞMESİNE ETKİLERİNİN
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: BİR IN VITRO ÇALIŞMA
Doç. Dr. Canan VEJSELOVA SEZER* (ORCID: 0000-0002-3792-5993)
Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Eskişehir-Türkiye
Email: cananveyselova@gmail.com
Doç. Dr. Mustafa CENGİZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-6925-8371)
Siirt Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Matematik ve Fen Bilimleri Eğitimi Bölümü, SiirtTürkiye
Email: mustafacengizogu@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Hatice Mehtap KUTLU (ORCID: 0000-0002-8816-1487)
Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Eskişehir-Türkiye
Email: hmkutlu@eskisehir.edu.tr
Özet
Bitkiler içerdikleri droglar nedeniyle geleneksel tıpta hastalıkların tedavisi için
kullanılabilmektedir. Günümüzde mevcut modern tıp uygulamalarında yer alan tedavi etkinliği
gösterilmiş ilaçlar genellikle aktif madde içeriği zengin olan bitki türlerinden saflaştırılarak
veya biyoteknolojik uygulamalarla laboratuvar ortamında üretilmiş saf etken maddeleri
kapsamakla birlikte tedavi aşamasında karşılaşılabilen yan etkiler nedeniyle yeni ve etkili
ajanların veya destekleyici detavi ajanlarının kullanımını gerektirmektedir. Harpagophytum
procumbens’in zengin glikozid, triterpenoid, fitosteroller, aromatik asit ve flavonoidler gibi
biyoaktif madde içeriğinden dolayı, geleneksel tıpta kan hastalıkları, ateş, dispepsi, idrar yolu
enfeksiyonları, yara ve yanık iyileşmesi ve birçok deri hastalığının tedavisi için kullanımı
bildirilmiştir. Literatürde, hücre canlılığını koruyucu etkisi rapor edilmiş olan Harpagophytum
procumbens’in yara iyileşmesi üzerinde potansiyel etkilerini fibroblast hücrelerinde araştırmış
bir çalışmaya henüz rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada fare fibroblast hücreleri (NIH/3T3)
kullanılarak oluşturulmuş in vitro yara modelinde Harpagophytum procumbens’in potansiyel
yara iyileştirici etkisi ışık mikroskopi tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma
sonuçlarında bu bitkinin yapay skar alanını konsantrasyon ve zamana bağlı olarak onardığı
gösterilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda Harpagophytum procumbens bitkisinin yara iyileşmesinin
tetikleyici veya kolaylaştırıcı etkisinin daha ileri mekanistik çalışmalar ve in vivo yara
modellerinde araştırılması, ekstre içerisinde bulunan etken maddelerin ayrı ayrı izole edilerek
ve farklı konsantrasyonlar halinde kombinlenerek uygulandıklarında hücre içinde etkileştiği
hedef moleküllerin saptanması ve ilgili etkileşimlerin moleküler mekanizmalarının
aydınlatılması için yüksek potansiyel taşıdığını düşünmekte ve bu konuda farmasötik ve
farmakokinetik araştırmalar için Harpagophytum procumbens bitkisini önermekteyiz.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Harpagophytum procumbens, yara iyileşmesi, hücre proliferasyonu
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EVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF HARPAGOPHYTUM PROCUMBENS ON
WOUND HEALING: AN IN VITRO STUDY
Abstract
Plants can be used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases due to the drugs they
contain. Today, drugs with proven treatment effectiveness in current modern medical practices
generally include pure active substances purified from plant species rich in active substances
or produced in the laboratory environment with biotechnological applications, but they require
the use of new and effective agents or supportive detoxification agents due to the side effects
that may be encountered during the treatment period. Due to the rich content of bioactive
substances such as glycosides, triterpenoids, phytosterols, aromatic acids and flavonoids,
Harpagophytum procumbens has been reported to be used in traditional medicine for the
treatment of blood diseases, fever, dyspepsia, urinary tract infections, wound and burn healing
and many skin diseases. In the literature, no study has yet been found that has investigated the
potential effects of Harpagophytum procumbens on wound healing in fibroblast cells, whose
protective effect on cell viability has been reported. In this study, the potential wound healing
effect of Harpagophytum procumbens was evaluated using light microscopy technique in an in
vitro wound model on mouse fibroblast cells (NIH/3T3). The study results have shown that this
plant repairs the artificial scar area in concentration and time dependent manner. In this regard,
further mechanistic studies and investigation of the triggering or facilitating effect of
Harpagophytum procumbens plant on wound healing in in vivo wound models, to determine
the target molecules with which the active substances of the extract interact in the cell when
administered separately and combined in different concentrations, and to elucidate the
molecular mechanisms of the relevant interactions are required. We think that it has high
potential and we recommend the Harpagophytum procumbens plant for pharmaceutical and
pharmacokinetic research on this subject.
Keywords: Harpagophytum procumbens, wound healing, cell proliferation
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Giriş
Bitkiler drog içerdiklerinden dolayı geleneksel tıpta tedavi amaçlı kullanılabilmektedir.
Günümüzde kullanılan modern tıp uygulamalarında tedavi etkinliği gösterilmiş ilaçlar yer
almaktadır. Bu ilaçlar genellikle aktif madde içeriği zengin olan bitki türlerinden saflaştırılarak
ya da biyoteknolojik uygulamalarla laboratuvar ortamında üretilmiş saf etken maddelerden
oluşmaktadır. Tedavi için kullanımları sırasında karşılaşılabilen yan etkiler nedeniyle yeni ve
etkili maddelerin veya destekleyici tedavi ajanlarının kullanımına ihtiyaç doğmuştur. Susam
familyasının (Pedaliaceae) bir üyesi olan Güney Afrika bitkisi Harpagophytum procumbens'in
genel bilinen adı Şeytan pençesi’dir. Son zamanlarda H. procumbens ikincil kök ekstraktları,
çoğunlukla Avrupa'da kronik hastalıklar olmak üzere çeşitli hastalıklara geleneksel bir ilaç
potansiyeli sunmaktadır. Avrupa Fitoterapi Bilimsel Kooperatifi (ESCOP), ağrılı osteoartritin
semptomatik tedavisinde, bel ağrısının, iştah kaybının ve hazımsızlığın hafifletilmesinde H.
procumbens kullanımını önermiştir (Brendler, Gruenwald, Ulbricht, & Basch, 2006). Bitkisel
Tıbbi Ürünler Komitesi (HMPC), geleneksel kullanıma dayalı olarak hafif eklem ağrısı ve hafif
sindirim bozukluklarının tedavisine yönelik endikasyonlarda kullanıma yönelik tartışma taslağı
yayınlamıştır (Brendler et al., 2006). Klinik çalışmalarda H. procumbens içeren ürünlerin bel
ağrısı veya osteoartrit tedavisindeki etkinliği test edilmiştir (Brien, Lewith, & McGregor, 2006;
Denner, 2007). Steroid olmayan antiinflamatuvar ilaçlar (NSAID) ile eşdeğerlik ve üstün tolere
edilebilirlik de dahil olmak üzere etkinlik ve iyi tolere edilebilirlik kanıtları literatürde rapor
edilmiştir (Chrubasik, 2004). Klinik çalışmalarda kullanılan farklı çözücüler ile hazırlanmış
ekstraktların Vioxx® ve Voltaren® resinat ile benzer etkinliğe sahip olduğu, ancak bu standart
ilaçlardan daha yüksek tolere edilebilirliğe sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir (Lienert, Ruetten, Kuhn,
& Wartenberg-Demand, 2005). Başka bir çalışmada, bilek, dirsek, omuz, kalça, diz ve sırt ağrısı
için ortalama ağrı skorlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı azalmalar olduğu ve yaşam kalitesi
ölçümlerinin başlangıç çizgisine kıyasla anlamlı bir artış gösterdiği rapor edilmiştir. Bu
ekstraktların kullanıldığı zamanlarda eş zamanlı ağrı kesici ilaçların kullanımının durdurulması
rapor edilmiştir (Grant, McBean, Fyfe, & Warnock, 2007). Harpagophytum procumbens’in
sekonder yumrularındaki zengin glikozid, triterpenoid, fitosteroller, aromatik asit ve
flavonoidler gibi biyoaktif madde içeriğinden dolayı, geleneksel tıpta kan hastalıkları, ateş,
idrar yolu enfeksiyonları, yara ve yanık iyileşmesi ve birçok deri hastalığının tedavisi için
kullanımı bildirilmiştir (Anauate, Torres, & de Mello, 2010). Literatürde, hücre canlılığını
koruyucu etkisi rapor edilmiş olan H. procumbens’in yara iyileşmesi üzerinde potansiyel
etkilerini fibroblast hücrelerinde araştırmış bir çalışmaya henüz rastlanmamıştır.
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Figür 1. Harpagophytum procumbens kökleri (Stewart & Cole, 2005)
Bu çalışmada fare fibroblast hücreleri (NIH/3T3) kullanılarak oluşturulmuş in vitro yara
modelinde Harpagophytum procumbens’in yara iyileştirici potansiyelinin ışık mikroskopi
tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve Metod
Hücre kültürü
Çalışma kapsamında NIH/3T3 fare fibroblast hücreleri serum (%10, Fetal Bovine Serum/FBS)
ve penisilin/streptomisin (%1) ile hazırlanmış Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)
besi ortamında steril hücre kültürü inkübatöründe (37 °C, %5 CO2) çoğaltılmıştır. Her 3 günde
hücreler pasajlanmış ve konfluent hücreler yara deneyi oluşturulmasında kullanılmıştır
(Sahinturk, Kacar, Vejselova, & Kutlu, 2018).
Yara iyileşmesi deneyi
NIH/3T3
fare
fibroblast
hücreleri
serum
(%10,
Fetal
Bovine
Serum/FBS)
ve
penisilin/streptomisin (%1) içeren Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)’da standart
şartlar altında (37°C, %5 CO2) uygun nem içeren inkübatörde 6 kuyulu flaskların içine ekilmiş
ve taban hücreler tarafından kaplanana dek inkübasyon yapılmıştır. Konfluent hücrelerin
üzerinden besi ortamı uzaklaştırılmış ve 100 µL’lik steril pipet ucu kullanılarak yara boşluğu
oluşturulmuştur. Deney sıfırıncı saati olarak bu aşamada oluşturulan yara boşlukları ışık
mikroskobunda görüntülenmiştir. Bunun ardından her bir kuyuya 200 µg/mL H. procumbens
içeren besi yeri eklenerek plakalar 24, 48, 72 ve 96. saatlerde ışık mikroskobunda
görüntülenmiştir (Rodriguez, Wu, & Guan, 2005).
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Bulgular ve Tartışma
Yara iyileşmesi deneyinde elde edilen bulgular 0, 24, 48, 72 ve 96. saatlerde elde edilen ışık
mikroskobu görselleri ile Figür 2-6’da sırasıyla hem kontrol hem de H. procumbens uygulanmış
deney grubu için gösterilmiştir.
A
B
Figür 2. Kontrol grubu (A) ve H. procumbens uygulanmış deney grubuna (B) ait 0. saat ışık
mikroskobu görüntüleri (10X).
A
B
Figür 3. Kontrol grubu (A) ve H. procumbens uygulanmış deney grubuna (B) ait 24. saat ışık
mikroskobu görüntüleri (10X).
A
B
Figür 4. Kontrol grubu (A) ve H. procumbens uygulanmış deney grubuna (B) ait 48. saat ışık
mikroskobu görüntüleri (10X).
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A
B
Figür 5. Kontrol grubu (A) ve H. procumbens uygulanmış deney grubuna (B) ait 72. saat ışık
mikroskobu görüntüleri (10X).
A
B
Figür 6. Kontrol grubu (A) ve H. procumbens uygulanmış deney grubuna (B) ait 96. saat ışık
mikroskobu görüntüleri (10X).
Yara iyileşmesi sürecinin birçok farklı etmene bağlı olduğu literatürde belirtilmiştir.
Anjiyogenez yara iyileşmesi, menstruasyon döngüsü gibi fizyolojik şartlarda katkı sağlarken,
anjiyogenezin aksaması kalp krizi, ateroskleroz, kanser ve metastaz gibi sağlık sorunlarına
neden olmaktadır (Devasagayam et al., 2004). H. procumbens köklerinden elde edilen tozun
yara iyileştirici ajan olarak kullanımı literatürde bildirilmiştir (Von Koenen, 1996). H.
procumbens ana bileşenlerinden harpagositin osteoblast hücrelerinde proliferasyonu tetiklediği
rapor edilmiştir (Chung et al., 2016). H. procumbens ekstraktlarının sıçan aortunda 5 günlük
uygulama süresinde anjiyogenezi anlamlı bir şekilde inhibe ettiği rapor edilmiştir
(Abdulhussein, HattabMutlag, Khamees, Sahib, & Ghazi, 2018). Vasküler endotelyal faktör
sentezlenmesinin serbest radikaller varlığı sebebiyle engellenmesi aynı zamanda da H.
procumbens’in metanol ektrelerinde yer alan sekonder metabolitler tarafından da
engellenebildiğinden anjiyogenezin baskılandığı rapor edilmiştir. Aynı çalışmada, H.
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procumbens ekstraktlarında bulunan flavonoidler nedeniyle antioksidan özellik göstererek
serbest radikalleri uzaklaştırdığı rapor edilmiştir (Abdulhussein et al., 2018). Başka bir
çalışmada, H. procumbens etil asetat fraksiyonunun sıçan beyin korteksi parçalarında hücre
canlılığını koruduğu ve bu hücre canlılığının antioksidan özelliğe bağlı olduğu belirtilmiştir
(Schaffer et al., 2013). Bu çalışmada doza ve zamana bağlı olarak fibroblast hücre
proliferasyonunun arttığı bulunmuştur. In vitro ortamda oluşturulan yara iyileşmesinin de
proliferasyon artışının gözlemlendiği konsantrasyonlarda artmış olduğu saptanmıştır. Literatüre
benzer olarak değerlendirildiğinde, bu proliferasyon artışının H. procumbens’in içeriğinde
bulunan sekonder metabolitlerin antioksidan özelliğine bağlanabileceği aynı zamanda da farklı
konsantrasyonlarda bu etkinin farklılık gösterebileceği yorumlanmıştır. Yapay skar alanının
kapanması (yara iyileşmesi) ve hücre proliferasyonun artışının ayrıntılı moleküler
mekanizmasının aydınlatılabilmesi için daha ileri farmakolojik ve farmakokinetik etkinliklerin
ekstre içeriğindeki etken maddeler özelinde çalışmalar yapılması gerektiği kanaatindeyiz ve bu
konuda H. procumbens’i önermekteyiz.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Çalışma sonuçlarında H. procumbens’in yapay skar alanını konsantrasyon ve zamana bağlı
olarak onardığı gösterilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda H. procumbens bitkisinin yara iyileşmesinin
tetikleyici veya kolaylaştırıcı etkisinin daha ileri mekanistik çalışmalar ve in vivo yara
modellerinde araştırılması, ekstre içerisinde bulunan etken maddelerin ayrı ayrı izole edilerek
ve farklı konsantrasyonlar halinde kombinlenerek uygulandıklarında hücre içinde etkileştiği
hedef moleküllerin saptanması, ilgili etkileşimlerin moleküler mekanizmalarının aydınlatılması
için yüksek potansiyel taşıdığını düşünmekte ve bu konuda farmasötik ve farmakokinetik
araştırmalar için Harpagophytum procumbens’i önermekteyiz.
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Kaynakça
Abdulhussein, A. J., HattabMutlag, S., Khamees, A. H., Sahib, H., & Ghazi, M. F. (2018).
Evaluation of antiangiogenic and antioxidant activity of harpagophytum procumbens
(devil’s claw). Drug Invent. Today, 10, 3542-3545.
Anauate, M. C., Torres, L. M., & de Mello, S. B. V. (2010). Effect of isolated fractions of
harpagophytum procumbens d.C. (devil's claw) on cox-1, cox-2 activity and nitric oxide
production on whole-blood assay. 24(9), 1365-1369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3124
Brendler, T., Gruenwald, J., Ulbricht, C., & Basch, E. (2006). Devil’s claw (harpagophytum
procumbens dc) an evidence-based systematic review by the natural standard research
collaboration. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 6(1), 89-126.
Brien, S., Lewith, G. T., & McGregor, G. (2006). Devil's claw (harpagophytum procumbens)
as a treatment for osteoarthritis: A review of efficacy and safety. Journal of Alternative
Complementary Medicine, 12(10), 981-993.
Chrubasik,
S.
(2004).
Wirksamkeit
pflanzlicher
schmerzmittel
am
beispiel
des
teufelskrallenwurzelextrakts. Der Orthopäde, 33(7), 804-808. doi:10.1007/s00132-0040675-7
Chung, H.-J., Kyung Kim, W., Joo Park, H., Cho, L., Kim, M.-r., Kim, M. J., . . . Kook Lee, S.
(2016). Anti-osteoporotic activity of harpagide by regulation of bone formation in
osteoblast cell culture and ovariectomy-induced bone loss mouse models. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 179, 66-75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.025
Denner, S. S. (2007). A review of the efficacy and safety of devil's claw for pain associated
with degenerative musculoskeletal diseases, rheumatoid, and osteoarthritis. 21(4), 203207. doi:10.1097/01.Hnp.0000280932.65581.72
Devasagayam, T., Tilak, J., Boloor, K., Sane, K. S., Ghaskadbi, S. S., & Lele, R. (2004). Free
radicals and antioxidants in human health: Current status and future prospects. Japi,
52(794804), 4.
Grant, L., McBean, D. E., Fyfe, L., & Warnock, A. M. (2007). A review of the biological and
potential therapeutic actions of harpagophytum procumbens. 21(3), 199-209.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2029
Lienert, A., Ruetten, S., Kuhn, M., & Wartenberg-Demand, A. (2005). A randomised, activecontrolled, mono-centric study of the herbal drug, devil’s claw (harpagophytum
procumbens)(allya® tablets), voltaren® and vioxx® indicates equal efficacy in the
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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treatment of patients with unspecific lumbar pain. 54. Jahrestagung der Norddeutschen
Orthopädenvereinigung eV, Hamburg, 16(18.06).
Rodriguez, L. G., Wu, X., & Guan, J.-L. (2005). Wound-healing assay. In J.-L. Guan (Ed.),
Cell migration: Developmental methods and protocols (pp. 23-29). Totowa, NJ: Humana
Press.
Sahinturk, V., Kacar, S., Vejselova, D., & Kutlu, H. M. (2018). Acrylamide exerts its
cytotoxicity
in
nih/3t3
fibroblast
cells
by
apoptosis.
34(7),
481-489.
doi:10.1177/0748233718769806
Schaffer, L. F., Peroza, L. R., Boligon, A. A., Athayde, M. L., Alves, S. H., Fachinetto, R., &
Wagner, C. (2013). Harpagophytum procumbens prevents oxidative stress and loss of cell
viability in vitro. Neurochemical Research, 38(11), 2256-2267. doi:10.1007/s11064-0131133-x
Stewart, K. M., & Cole, D. (2005). The commercial harvest of devil's claw (harpagophytum
spp.) in southern africa: The devil's in the details. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100(3),
225-236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.07.004
Von Koenen, E. (1996). Heil-, gift-und essbare pflanzen in namibia (Vol. 2): Hess.
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ŞEYTAN PENÇESİ BİTKİSİNİN FARE FİBROBLAST HÜCRELERİNDE
SİTOTOKSİSİTESİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Doç. Dr. Mustafa CENGİZ* (ORCID: 0000-0002-6925-8371)
Siirt Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Matematik ve Fen Bilimleri Eğitimi Bölümü, SiirtTürkiye
Email: mustafacengizogu@gmail.com
Özet
Şeytan pençesi Pedaliaceae familyasına ait, birçok biyoaktif madde içeren bir bitkidir. En çok
Güney Afrika’da yayılım gösteren Şeytan pençesi geleneksel tıpta toz halinde, çay şeklinde
veya topikal uygulamalarda geniş uygulamalara sahiptir. Geleneksel tıpta antiromatizmal, ağrı
kesici ve antiinflamatuvar etkinlikleri sebebiyle çokça kullanılan Şeytan pençesinin birçok
deneysel çalışmada da antiinflamatuvar, antiromatizmal ve analjezik gibi farmasötik özellikleri
Alzheimer, romatoid artrit, osteoporoz, diyabet gibi hastalıkla bağlantılı olarak rapor edilmiştir.
Bununla birlikte anjiyojenezi inhibe ederek antikanser ve antimetastatik özellik gösterdiğinden
dolayı alternative kanser tedavisinde kullanılabileceği ve kanser hücrelerinde sitotoksik etki
gösterdiği bilinmektedir. Ayrıca, farklı hücrelerde gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarda antioksidan
özelliği nedeniyle serbest radikalleri azaltarak hücre canlılığını koruma özelliğinin olduğu
farklı Şeytan pençesi ekstresi formları için belirtilmiştir. Ancak, fibroblast hücrelerinde Şeytan
pençesinin sitotoksisitesi veya proliferasyona etkisini gösteren bir çalışmaya henüz
rastlanmamıştır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, fare fibroblast hücrelerinde (NIH/3T3) farklı
konsantrasyonlar ve zaman aralıklarında Şeytan pençesi bitkisinin sitotoksisitesinin olup
olmadığı MTT kolorimetrik testi kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen deney sonuçlarından
Şeytan pençesi bitkisinin NIH/3T3 hücrelerinde sitotoksisiteye neden olmadığı aksine hücre
proliferasyonunu zamana ve konsantrasyona bağlı olarak indüklediği saptanmıştır. Bu
proliferasyon indükleyici özellik nedeniyle Şeytan pençesi bitkisini hücre canlılığını koruma
potansiyelinin ve potansiyel hücre bölünmesini hızlandırıcı etkisinin ortaya moleküler
mekanizmalarıyla birlikte konulması gerektiğini düşünmekte, proliferasyonu indükleyici
mekanizması, hücre içerisinde etkileştiği hedef moleküller ve etkileşim şekilleri aydınlatılmak
üzere daha ileri araştırmalar için önermekteyiz.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Şeytan pençesi, fibroblast, sitotoksisite
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EVALUATION OF THE CYTOTOXICITY OF DEVIL'S CLAW PLANT ON MOUSE
FIBROBLAST CELLS
Abstract
Devil's claw is a plant belonging to the Pedaliaceae family, containing many bioactive
substances. Devil's claw, which is most common in South Africa, has wide applications in
traditional medicine in powder form, tea form or topical applications. Devil's claw, which is
widely used in traditional medicine due to its antirheumatic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory
activities, has also been reported in many experimental studies in connection with diseases such
as Alzheimer's, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and diabetes. However, it is known that it can
be used in alternative cancer treatment because it shows anticancer and antimetastatic properties
by inhibiting angiogenesis and has a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. Additionally, in studies
conducted on different cells, it has been stated for different forms of Devil's claw extract that it
has the ability to protect cell viability by reducing free radicals due to its antioxidant properties.
However, no study has yet been found showing the cytotoxicity or proliferation effect of Devil's
claw on fibroblast cells. Therefore, in this study, whether the Devil's claw plant has cytotoxicity
in mouse fibroblast cells (NIH/3T3) at different concentrations and time intervals was
investigated using the MTT colorimetric test. From the experimental results obtained, it was
determined that Devil's claw plant did not cause cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 cells, on the contrary,
it induced cell proliferation depending on time and concentration. Due to this proliferationinducing feature, we think that the potential of the Devil's claw plant to protect cell viability
and its potential cell division accelerating effect should be revealed together with its molecular
mechanisms, and we recommend it for further research to elucidate its proliferation-inducing
mechanism, the target molecules it interacts with in the cell and the interaction patterns.
Keywords: Devil’s claw, fibroblast, cytotoxicity
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Giriş
Harpagophytum procumbens subsp. procumbens (Burch.) Pedaliaceae familyası üyesi, Güney
Afrika'nın Kalahari bölgesinde yetişen önemli bir şifalı bitkidir. Kullanımı Güney Afrika'nın
yerli San ve Khoi halkı arasında öne çıkmış olup daha geniş kitlelerce benimsenmiştir (Gxaba
& Manganyi, 2022; Mncwangi, Chen, Vermaak, Viljoen, & Gericke, 2012). Etnobotanik
kullanımlarından bazıları ateş, diyabet, ishal ve kan hastalığıdır. H. procumbens'in ikincil
yumrularının ekstraktlarının dejeneratif romatoid artrit, osteoartrit, tendinit, böbrek iltihabı,
kalp hastalığı, hazımsızlık, iştah kaybı ve yara iyileşmesinin tedavisinde etkili olduğunu
göstermektedir (Clarkson, Campbell, & Smith, 2003; McGregor et al., 2005). H. zeyheri ve H.
procumbens bitkileri Şeytan pençesi olarak bilinmektedir ve bu isimle kullanılmaktadır. H.
zeyheri'de H. procumbens’e kıyasla daha düşük oranda biyolojik olarak aktif bileşen
bulunmaktadır. H. procumbens genellikle tercih edilen ticari üründür ve katkı maddesi olarak
ürünlere ilave edilmektedir (Georgiev, Alipieva, & Orhan, 2012; Ncube et al., 2021). Örneğin;
H. procumbens, Nambiya’da ticari açıdan önemli bir bitki türü olup milli gelire yüksek katkı
sağlamaktadır. Küresel satışlar değerlendirildiğinde ise yalnızca Almanya için yaklaşık 30
milyon Euro değerinde bir kümülatif satış hacmi rapor edilmiştir (Mncwangi et al., 2012;
Soulimani, Younos, Mortier, & Derrieu, 1994).
Figür 1. H. procumbens görüntüsü ve yayıldığı coğrafya (Mncwangi et al., 2012)
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Şeytan pençesi geleneksel tıpta toz halinde, çay şeklinde veya topikal olarak (merhem olarak)
geniş uygulamalara sahiptir. Geleneksel tıpta antiromatizmal, analjezik ve antiinflamatuvar
etkinlikleri sebebiyle çokça kullanılan Şeytan pençesinin birçok deneysel çalışmada da
antiinflamatuvar, antiromatizmal ve analjezik gibi farmasötik özellikleri Alzheimer, romatoid
artrit, osteoporoz, diyabet gibi hastalıklarla bağlantılı olarak rapor edilmiştir. Şeytan pençesi
anjiyojenezi inhibe ederek antikanser ve antimetastatik özellik gösterdiğinden dolayı alternatif
kanser tedavisinde kullanılabileceği ve kanser hücrelerinde sitotoksik etki gösterdiği rapor
edilmiştir. Farklı hücre hatları üzerinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarda antioksidan özelliği
nedeniyle serbest radikalleri azaltarak hücre canlılığını koruma özelliğinin olduğu farklı Şeytan
pençesi ekstresi formları için belirtilmiştir (Ahmed, Afifi, & Hamdy, 2005; Gyurkovska et al.,
2011).Şeytan pençesinin iki ana bileşeni harpagosid ve iridoid glikozittir. Ayrıca, harpagit ve
prokumbit de Şeytan pençesinin içeriğinde yer almaktadır. Köklerinde ise iridoid glikozitler
(Qi et al., 2006), şekerler, triterpenoitler (oleanolik ve ursolik asit), fitosteroller, aromatik
asitler ve flavonoitler (luteolin ve kamferol) gibi temel kimyasal bileşikler bulunmaktadır
(Anauate, Torres, & de Mello, 2010).
Figür 2. H. procumbens ana etken maddesi Harpagosit’in kimyasal yapısı (Peruru et al.,
2020)
Literatürde, Şeytan pençesinin biyolojik aktivitelerinin lenfosit ve makrofaj hücrelerinde
araştırılıp konsantrasyon ve zamana bağlı sitotoksik etkilerinin olduğu gösterilmiştir
(Gyurkovska et al., 2011; Ncube et al., 2021). Ancak, fibroblast hücrelerinde Şeytan pençesinin
sitotoksisitesi veya proliferasyona etkisini gösteren bir çalışmaya henüz rastlanmamıştır. Bu
nedenle, mevcut çalışmada, Şeytan pençesi bitkisinin sitotoksisitesinin farklı zaman
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aralıklarında fare fibroblast (NIH/3T3) hücrelerinde farklı konsantrasyonlar denenerek MTT
kolorimetrik testi ile araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve Metod
Hücre kültürü
Bu çalışmada kullanılan NIH/3T3 fare fibroblast hücreleri %10 serum (Fetal Bovine
Serum/FBS) ve %1 penisilin/streptomisin içeren Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium
(DMEM) besi yerinde standart hücre kültürü şartlarında (37°C, 5% CO2) uygun nem içeren
inkübatörde çoğaltılmıştır. Hücreler 3 günlük periyotlarla pasajlanmış ve tüm flaş tabanını
kaplayan konfluent hücreler deneylerde kullanılmıştır (Sahinturk, Kacar, Vejselova, & Kutlu,
2018).
MTT kolorimetrik testi
NIH/3T3 hücreleri 96 kuyulu plakalara (5x103/kuyu) ekilmiştir. Şeytan pençesi DMSO’da
çözülmüş ve 200 µg/mL konsantrasyondan seri dilüsyonu seyreltilerek kuyulara dağıtılmıştır.
Plakalar standart hücre kültürü şartlarında 24, 48, 72 ve 96 saat süre ile inkübe edilmiştir. Süre
sonunda kuyucuklara 20 μL MTT (5mg/mL) ilave edilerek, 37 oC’de 4 saat daha inkübe
edilmiştir. İnkübasyon sonunda 200 μL/kuyu DMSO ilavesi yapılarak Synergy HTX (Bio-Tek,
USA) plaka okuyucusunda 564 nm dalga boyunda absorbanslar okunmuştur. Elde edilen
absorbans değerlerinden kontrol kuyusu absorbansına kıyasla yüzde canlılık değerleri
hesaplanmıştır. Yüzde canlılık değerlerinden IC50 değerleri hesaplanmıştır (Sahinturk et al.,
2018).
İstatistiksel analiz
Deneylerden elde edilen bulgular ortalama ± standart hata olarak belirtilmiştir. GraphPad 6.0
programı ile tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş ve anlamlılık
değerleri saptanmıştır. p<0.5 değerinin altında olanlar istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul
edilmiştir.
Bulgular ve Tartışma
Farklı zaman dilimlerinde NIH/3T3 hücrelerine uygulanan farklı H. procumbens
konsantrasyonlarının hücre canlılığına etkileri Figür 3-6’da gösterilmiştir.
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Control
6.25
12.5
25
50
100
200
100.00
110.97
110.39
125.50
128.79
150.10
148.55
Figür 3. NIH/3T3 hücre canlılığı üzerine H. procumbens’in 24 saatlik inkübasyon süresindeki
etkileri.
Control
6.25
12.5
25
50
100
200
99.86
107.54
108.64
124.41
127.87
154.08
161.83
Figür 4. NIH/3T3 hücre canlılığı üzerine H. procumbens’in 48 saatlik inkübasyon süresindeki
etkileri.
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Control
6.25
12.5
25
50
100
200
100.00
102.95
106.02
123.65
138.27
166.03
168.74
Figür 5. NIH/3T3 hücre canlılığı üzerine H. procumbens’in 72 saatlik inkübasyon süresindeki
etkileri.
Control
6.25
12.5
25
50
100
200
100.00
98.51
103.59
113.44
129.29
155.09
164.22
Figür 6. NIH/3T3 hücre canlılığı üzerine H. procumbens’in 96 saatlik inkübasyon süresindeki
etkileri.
In vitro çalışmalarda makrofaj hücrelerine uygulanan Şeytan pençesi bitkisinin su, etanol ve
dietil asetat ekstrelerinin diklofenaka kıyasla farklı sitotoksik etki gösterdiği raporlanmıştır
(Ncube et al., 2021). Literatürde Şeytan pençesinin TH1 (lenfosit) hücrelerinde konsantrasyona
bağlı sitotoksisiteye neden olduğu belirtilmiştir (Hostanska, Melzer, Rostock, Suter, & Saller,
2014). Bu çalışmada, literatürde yer alan sitotoksisite bulgularının aksine, NIH/3T3 hücreleri
üzerine H. procumbens’in proliferasyonu tetikleyici etkisinin konsantrasyona ve zamana bağlı
olarak mevcut olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu proliferasyonu indükleyici etkinin deneylerde
kullanılan hücre türüne, konsantrasyon aralığına, H. procumbens türü ve ekstre elde edilen bitki
kısmına bağlı olabileceği değerlendirilmiştir.
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Sonuç ve Öneriler
Elde edilen deney sonuçlarından Şeytan pençesi bitkisinin NIH/3T3 hücrelerinde
sitotoksisiteye neden olmadığı, aksine hücre proliferasyonunu zamana ve konsantrasyona bağlı
olarak indüklediği saptanmıştır. Bu proliferasyon indükleyici özellik nedeniyle Şeytan pençesi
bitkisini hücre canlılığını koruma potansiyelinin ve potansiyel hücre bölünmesini hızlandırıcı
etkisinin ortaya moleküler mekanizmalarıyla birlikte konulması gerektiğini düşünmekte,
proliferasyonu indükleyici mekanizması, hücre içerisinde etkileştiği hedef moleküller ve
etkileşim şekilleri aydınlatılmak üzere daha ileri araştırmalar için önermekteyiz.
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Kaynakça
Ahmed, M., Afifi, M., & Hamdy, Y. (2005). Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw): A
pos-sible natural anti-inflammatory agent (an experi-mental study).
Anauate, M. C., Torres, L. M., & de Mello, S. B. V. (2010). Effect of isolated fractions of
harpagophytum procumbens d.C. (devil's claw) on cox-1, cox-2 activity and nitric oxide
production on whole-blood assay. 24(9), 1365-1369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3124
Clarkson, C., Campbell, W. E., & Smith, P. (2003). In vitro antiplasmodial activity of abietane
and totarane diterpenes isolated from harpagophytum procumbens (devil’s claw). Planta
Medica, 69(08), 720-724.
Georgiev, M. I., Alipieva, K., & Orhan, I. E. (2012). Cholinesterases inhibitory and antioxidant
activities of harpagophytum procumbens from in vitro systems. 26(2), 313-316.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3555
Gxaba, N., & Manganyi, M. C. (2022). The fight against infection and pain: Devil’s claw
(harpagophytum procumbens) a rich source of anti-inflammatory activity: 2011–2022.
27(11), 3637.
Gyurkovska, V., Alipieva, K., Maciuk, A., Dimitrova, P., Ivanovska, N., Haas, C., . . . Georgiev,
M. (2011). Anti-inflammatory activity of devil’s claw in vitro systems and their active
constituents.
Food
Chemistry,
125(1),
171-178.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.08.056
Hostanska, K., Melzer, J., Rostock, M., Suter, A., & Saller, R. (2014). Alteration of antiinflammatory activity of harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) extract after external
metabolic activation with s9 mix. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 66(11), 16061614. doi:10.1111/jphp.12242 %J Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
McGregor, G., Fiebich, B., Wartenberg, A., Brien, S., Lewith, G., & Wegener, T. (2005).
Devil’s claw (harpagophytum procumbens): An anti-inflammatory herb with therapeutic
potential. Phytochemistry Reviews, 4(1), 47-53. doi:10.1007/s11101-004-2374-8
Mncwangi, N., Chen, W., Vermaak, I., Viljoen, A. M., & Gericke, N. (2012). Devil's claw—a
review of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and biological activity of harpagophytum
procumbens.
Journal
of
Ethnopharmacology,
143(3),
755-771.
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.08.013
Ncube, S. F., McGaw, L. J., Njoya, E. M., Ndagurwa, H. G. T., Mundy, P. J., & Sibanda, S.
(2021). In vitro antioxidant activity of crude extracts of harpagophytum zeyheri and their
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anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activity compared with diclofenac. BMC
Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21(1), 238. doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03407-x
Qi, J., Chen, J.-J., Cheng, Z.-H., Zhou, J.-H., Yu, B.-Y., & Qiu, S. X. (2006). Iridoid glycosides
from harpagophytum procumbens d.C. (devil’s claw). Phytochemistry, 67(13), 13721377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.029
Sahinturk, V., Kacar, S., Vejselova, D., & Kutlu, H. M. (2018). Acrylamide exerts its
cytotoxicity
in
nih/3t3
fibroblast
cells
by
apoptosis.
34(7),
481-489.
doi:10.1177/0748233718769806
Soulimani, R., Younos, C., Mortier, F., & Derrieu, C. (1994). The role of stomachal digestion
on the pharmacological activity of plant extracts, using as an example extracts of
harpagophytum procumbens. 72(12), 1532-1536. doi:10.1139/y94-220 %M 7736345
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SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY PERCEPTIONS OF OSUN OSOGBO FESTIVAL AT
NIGERIA’S WORLD HERITAGE SITE
Bukola Omotomilola ADETOLA (ORCID:0000-0002-1675-3344)
Department of Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology,
Akure, Nigeria
Email:boadetola@futa.edu.ng
Ireoluwa Helen OMONIYI (ORCID:0009-0001-1600-3746)
Department of Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, Federal University of Technology,
Akure, Nigeria
Email:omoniyiireoluwa@gmail.com
Raquel Huete NİEVES (ORCID:0000-0001-5576-1614)
Institute of Tourism Research-IUIT, University of Alicante, Spain
Email:r.huete@ua.es
ABSTRACT
There is a growing interest in integrating social sustainability along with environmental and
economic impacts to tourism analysis and planning. Hence, social sustainability of Osun
festival in a UNESCO World heritage site, Nigeria was assessed to harness the host
communities’ perceptions of tourism’s social sustainability. Fourteen host communities in
Osogbo and Olorunda Local Government Area were selected for the study, three hundred and
eighty-four (384) copies of questionnaires were administered to residents within ages 18 years
and above. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation.
Findings from the study revealed that 54.5% of the respondents were male, 53.9% were married,
Secondary School education was highest (50.8%) and 51.6% were self-employed. Overall,
57.3% of the respondents were actively involved in Osun festival while 37.0% were attendees.
Perception that Osun festival is the most important event in the community was highest with
mean value of 4.39, the festival contributes to communities cultural enrichment (mean = 4.38)
and preservation of cultural heritage in the community is positively influenced by Osun festival
had a mean value 4.25. Moreover, residents’ positive perception of tourism sustainability was
enhanced by the economic benefits of the festival. Furthermore, the festival has been socially
sustainable in the region because the preservation and promotion of local culture and traditions
promotes tourism (mean=4.45), the empowerment program (4.37), and community
participation in decision making improve tourism social sustainability (4.44). There is a
significant relationship between the residents’ involvement in Osun festival and their year of
residency, origin and religion (p<0.05). The study concluded that community residents'
ideology and opinions are critical for promoting and improving tourism social sustainability
and it is recommended that the management of the Osun Osogbo World Heritage site develop
long-term collaborative initiatives with host communities and various stakeholders to foster
commitment to the adoption of sustainability practices.
Keywords: Tourism, Social sustainability, Community, Festival, UNESCO
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1. INTRODUCTION
Globally, tourism is regarded as an effective tool and contributor to reduce the rate of poverty
in addition to aiding the economic development of some locals and communities around the
world. Mondal & Samaddar (2021) revealed that the environment, local community and
economy are the three pillars of sustainability, which are also the essential part of responsible
tourism. Sustainable tourism encompasses the economic, social and environmental sustaining,
which aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sustainable
tourism plays an important role by promoting and increasing the economic growth of a tourism
destination, which helps to attain economic sustainability. Within the process of developing a
sustainable tourism sector, the local community is the key element, as it is directly affected by
its evolution (Eshliki & Kaboudi, 2017). Della et al. (2019) observed that involvement of local
businesses and communities whilst ensuring that the economic benefits is equally share among
all stakeholders is one of the many roles and functions embedded and carried out in sustainable
tourism.Therefore, the notion of social sustainability acknowledges the relevance of
communities’ attitudes and support for tourist development in achieving long-term effects
(Muresan et al., 2016). Social sustainability, a key element in sustainable tourism promote
equitable development among the people, preservation of cultural heritage and improving the
quality of life. Rastegar & Ruhanen (2021) provide an insight on the empowerment of the local
communities and preservation of their cultural traditions and heritage through sustainable
tourism with exchange of local knowledge. In alignment with SDGs 11, Sustainable tourism
aims to enhance the quality of life for both residents and visitors. This is also achievable
together with sustainable tourism practices within the destination (Ivars-Baidal et al., 2021).
The substantive aspect of social sustainability is concerned with the needs, rights, and general
well-being of the local community, whereas the procedural dimension is concerned with the
means of achieving those substantive aspects, such as improving information access, decisionmaking roles, empowerment, and democratic governance. In this context, understanding
residents’ perception of tourism social sustainability is crucial to Identify areas of concern and
opportunities for improvement. For the sustainability of tourism destination and long term
viability, responsible tourism practices and local community participation are essential for
promoting equitable development among the people, preservation of cultural heritage and
improving the quality of life are ways by which sustainable tourism helps to support social
sustainability while it mitigates the negative impacts of tourism on the environment and also
help to conserve the natural resources.
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Festivals are notable occasions set aside either annually or occasionally to commemorate
significant events in people’s and communities lives and this include coronation, worship of
god(s), rites of passage, history of origins, start of planting season, and many others (Ezenagu,
2016). Festivals have some benefits it contributes to tourism by attracting visitors, increasing
local economies, and improving the overall tourist experience. However, festivals have a
widespread economic impacts and can offer unique cultural experiences by allowing visitors to
interact with local culture and immerse themselves in the host community's traditions and
customs. In lieu of this, tourism stakeholders and investors must understand the significance of
festivals and fully realize their potential for attracting tourists and contributing to long-term
tourism growth.The Osun Festival is an annual cultural celebration that takes place in Osogbo,
the capital city of Osun State in southwestern Nigeria. The festival is dedicated to Osun, the
Yoruba goddess of fertility and water. It has deep historical and religious significance for the
people of Osogbo and has been celebrated for centuries. The two weeks festival celebration
takes place in August, begins, and ends in the town palace of Ataoja. On the 12th day, the entire
Osogbo population undertakes a procession into the World Heritage Sacred Grove in Osogbo.
The votary maid (Arugba), the Ataoja, leads the procession of devotees, supported by high
chiefs, to the Osun courtyard, which is located around the first palace within the grove, the point
of offering on the riverbank (NCMM, 2023).The Osun Festival is culturally significant which
attracts tourists from different parts of the world, exposing them to the rich cultural heritage of
the Yoruba people. It showcases various aspects of Yoruba cultural practices, including music,
dance, art, and religion. Through participation in the festival, residents of Osogbo metropolis
are able to reconnect with their cultural roots and maintain a sense of identity and belonging
(Elizabeth, 2014). The residents are able to reinforce their cultural identity and strengthen their
sense of belonging to the community. This connection to heritage is crucial for maintaining a
cohesive and sustainable society (Olatumile, 2019). Exploring residents’ perceptions of the
festival’s impact on their community and cultural identity will provide insights into the role of
cultural festivals in enhancing social sustainability of tourism at the site. This study is based on
three objectives: (i) to assess residents’ involvement in Osun Osogbo festival, (ii) assess the
residents’ perception of the social impacts of Osun festival tourism on the local community and
(iii) explore the factors influencing residents’ perceptions towards tourism social sustainability
of Osun Osogbo festival. The study aims to analyze the residents' perception of tourism social
sustainability of the Osun festival and recommend strategies for promoting socially sustainable
tourism. Moreover, the research will fill gaps in the existing literature and contribute to the
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broader discourse on social sustainability of tourism for promoting sustainable tourism
practices and community engagement in tourism planning.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area: The study was carried out in Osogbo. Osogbo is the capital of Osun State, Nigeria
and it is located between 6º 55’ to 8º 15’N and 4º 10’ to 5º 10’E. Osogbo has a total area of
250 Km2. It is bound in the north by Olorunda Local Government Area, in the south by Ede
North and Atakumosa Local Government Areas, in the east by Obokun and Boripe Local
Government Areas, and in the west by Egbedore Local Government Area. Osun Osogbo Sacred
Grove (OOSG) is 75 hectares of undisturbed rainforest and the World Heritage Site is located
in Osogbo Local Government Council, State of Osun, Nigeria, at 7° 45' 20'' N /4° 33' 08''E and
the main venue of Osun Osogbo festival (Procession to OOSG Plate 1). Osun State lies on a
relatively flat plain of about 250 m above sea level within the western Nigeria plains. The
climatic condition of Osogbo in Osun State, Nigeria, is characterized by a tropical climate,
specifically falling under the Aw (Tropical savanna) climate classification according to the
Köppen climate classification system. Osogbo falls within the lowland tropical rainforest
vegetation characterized by multiple canopies and lianas, most of which have since been given
to secondary forest and derived savannah due to intensive cultivation and bush burning for
several years (Ogunfolakan et al., 2016).
Figure 1: Map showing the selected communities in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Plate 1: Procession into the Osun Osogbo World Heritage Sacred Grove
2.1 Data Collection
The study adopted quantitative method of data collection. Data were obtained through
administration of structured questionnaire with the residents of Osogbo to assess their
perception of tourism social sustainability. Fourteen (14) host communities in Osogbo and
Olorunda Local Government Areas were selected for the study. Krejcie and Morgan sample
size table cited in Abdullateef & Olajide (2013) was used to determine a population sample size
of three hundred and eighty-four (384). Likert scale questionnaire was administered to 384
residents within ages 18 years and above (201 respondents in Osogbo and 183 respondents in
Olorunda Local Government areas).
2.2 Data Analysis
The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, means and
standard deviation, and inferential statistics. Inferential statistics tools used was Pearson’s
correlation for hypothesis testing. The variables on residents' perceptions of tourism's social
sustainability of Osun Osogbo festivals at the heritage site were measured using Sözen (2019)
five-point Likert scale, anchored from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). The mean
of each statement was determined and used to categorize the responses as SA (4.21 - 5.00), A
(3.41 - 4.20), Neutral (2.61 - 3.40), D (1.81 - 2.60), and SD (1.0 - 1.80).
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The findings on the socio-demographics characteristics of the respondents revealed that 54.5%
were male, 53.9% were married and 51.0% were between 26-45 years. This is in conformity
with Adetola & Osanyinleye (2016) which had 55.0% as males and 59.5% married respondents
in their study on tourism acceptability in the host communities of Osun Osogbo Sacred Groove.
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In addition, 50.8% of the respondents had secondary school education and 48.7% practiced
Christianity this compliments the work of Oladeji et al. (2021) with 48.3% as Christians in
Osun Osogbo communities and contradicts Aleshinloye (2015) that had 36.8% of Secondary
education in the study area. Furthermore, respondents with more than 20 years of residency
were higher (34.1%), which is consistent with the findings of Ige et al. (2017), who discovered
that the majority of residents in the Osogbo metropolis had lived there for more than 20 years.
Table 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents
Variables
Gender
Male
Female
Age
18 - 25 years
26 - 35 years
36 - 45 years
46 -55 years
56 - 65 years
above 65 years
Marital status
Single
Married
Divorced/Separated
Widow/Widower
Educational Background
Non-formal
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Adult Education
Household size
1-3
4-6
7-9
10 and above
Religion
Christianity
Islam
Traditionalist
Occupation
Student
Civil servant
Self-employed
Private sector
Unemployed
Retiree
NGO’s
Origin
Indigene
Non-Indigene
Years of residency
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
Above 20 years
Frequency (N=384)
Percentage (%)
209
175
54.4
45.6
59
85
111
71
33
25
15.4
22.1
28.9
18.5
8.6
6.5
97
207
53
27
25.3
53.9
13.8
7.0
60
45
195
70
14
15.6
11.7
50.8
18.2
3.6
72
217
82
13
18.8
56.5
21.4
3.4
187
162
35
48.7
42.2
9.1
60
69
198
23
3
7
24
15.6
18.0
51.6
6.0
0.8
1.8
6.3
241
143
62.8
37.2
59
56
51
87
131
15.4
14.6
13.3
22.7
34.1
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3.1. Residents’ Involvement in Osun Festival
Residents’ involvement in Osun Osogbo festival in the world heritage site was high as 37.0%
attested to being attendees to witness the traditional rituals and other activities (Figure 2). This
is in agreement with McCartney & Ip Si Kei (2018) that attendance is key factor in determining
festival success. Levels of involvement was also high as Food/Market place vendors (20.8%)
and 18.8% as performers and artists while only 5.7% were indifferent (Figure 3 and Plate 2).
Tao et al. (2020) asserted that community members could participate in the festival as
audience/spectators, performers, vendors, organizer/planners who are indispensable in the
production of the festival.
5,7%
Yes
No
94,3%
Figure 2: Are you involved in Osun Osogbo Festival?
Figure 3: Residents Involvement in Osun Festival
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Plate 2: Residents participate as market place vendors in the Osun Osogbo Festival.
3.2. Residents Perception of Osun Festival
The mean value of residents’ perception of Osun festival ranges from 4.39-4.25. Opinions that
Osun festival is an important event in the community had the highest mean (4.39), followed by
Osun festival provides opportunities for residents to participate in cultural activities (4.36)
while Osun festival enhances the community's sense of belonging had the least mean value of
(4.25) indicating their strong agreement as shown in Table 2. Huong & Lee (2017) discovered
that local residents with strong ties to their community had positive perceptions of tourism's
impacts in terms of social, environmental, economic, and local benefits, resulting in increased
support for tourism development. Also, Savinovic et al. (2012) reported that festival offers
residents and visitors the opportunity to participate and witness festival rituals and activities.
This helps to boost the region’s tourism attractiveness and provide the residents and tourists
with immersive experience.
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Table 2: Residents Perception of Osun Festival
Residents Perception
Osun Ososgbo festival is an important event in the
community
State of community involvement in Osun festival is
satisfactory
Osun Ososgbo festival promote the positive image of
the community
Osun festival provides opportunities for residents to
participate in cultural activities
Osun festival enhances the community's sense of
belonging
SA
%
57.0
A
%
33.3
N
%
3.9
D
%
3.1
SD
%
2.6
Mean
St. D
Remarks
4.39
0.90
SA
44.0
41.4
12.2
0.8
1.6
4.25
0.81
SA
45.1
43.2
7.0
2.3
2.3
4.26
0.87
SA
50.0
39.8
7.6
1.6
1.0
4.36
0.77
SA
43.2
45.8
6.3
2.3
2.3
4.25
0.85
SA
3.3. Social Impacts of Festival
Most of the respondents strongly agreed that festival tourism in Osun Osogbo world heritage
site contributes to the community’s cultural enrichment, the festival positively influenced the
state of cultural preservation in the community, Osogbo festival fosters social interaction
between the residents and tourist with mean scores of 4.38, 4.25, 4.21 respectively (Table 3).
This is in agreement with Liu et al. (2019) that festival provide opportunities for individuals to
engage in cultural interaction and contributes to community cultural enrichment. The results
also reflects the findings of Olatunmile (2019) that connection to heritage is crucial for
maintaining a cohesive and sustainable society, reinforce their cultural identity and strengthen
their sense of belonging. Woosnam et al. (2015) assert that the festival strengthens social
cohesion and enhances community relationships as this encourages and fosters togetherness
among the residents as they celebrate their cultural heritage.
Table 3: Social Impacts of Festival Tourism
Social Impacts
SA
%
A
%
N
%
D
%
SD
%
Mean
St. D
Remarks
Osogbo festival encourages residents to
engage in cultural dialogue with tourist
Osogbo festival fosters social interaction
between the residents and tourist
Osun Osogbo festival promotes cultural
exchange between residents and tourists
The state of cultural preservation in the
community is positively influenced by the
Osun Osogbo festival
Osun Osogbo festival contributes to the
community's cultural enrichment
The state of social cohesion in the
community is improved due to Osun festival
33.3
49.5
13.8
1.3
2.1
4.10
0.83
A
37.8
42.9
10.9
1.3
0.8
4.21
0.75
SA
36.5
44.5
15.6
0.8
2.6
4.11
0.88
A
51.0
34.1
5.2
8.3
1.3
4.25
0.97
SA
46.9
47.7
2.9
1.8
0.8
4.38
0.70
SA
34.4
48.2
9.4
3.1
4.9
4.03
1.00
A
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3.4 Factors Influencing Tourism Social Sustainability
Economic benefits influence residents' perceptions of the social sustainability of tourism at the
Osun festival (4.22), the level of community involvement in the festival's planning and
organization (3.97), and disharmony between residents and tourists can affect tourism
sustainability (3.89) as revealed in table 4. This is in agreement with Muresan et al. (2016) that
the residents perceived economic benefits and its impacts on their lives influence tourism social
sustainability. Likewise, the level of community involvement in the planning and organization
of the festival affects residents’ perception of its social sustainability was enunciated and
supported by the findings of Surjadi et al. (2022) which revealed that by involving local
community in planning and decision making will encourage them to promote sustainability and
attain positive sustainable residency.
Table 4: Factors Influencing Tourism Social Sustainability
Factors
SA
%
A
%
N
%
D
%
Actions and behavior of tourists during the
festival impact residents' perception.
Level of community involvement in the
planning and organization of the festival
affects residents' perception of its social
sustainability.
Residents perception of tourism
sustainability is influenced by economic
benefits
Disharmony between residents and tourists
can affect tourism sustainability
36.5
36.2
14.8
2.6
33.3
45.3
12.8
45.6
40.9
42.4
34.9
SD
%
Mean
Std.D
Remark
9.9
3.86
1.22
A
2.6
6.0
3.97
1.05
A
7.8
2.3
3.4
4.22
0.93
SA
5.5
3.9
13.3
3.89
1.35
A
3.5 Enhancement of Tourism Social Sustainability
Table 5 presents the respondents opinion on the enhancement of Tourism Social Sustainability
with mean values ranging from 4.50-3.89. Residents in the host community of Osun Osogbo
Sacred Grove (OOSG) emphasized and strongly agreed that the preservation and promotion of
local culture and traditions with mean value (4.45), empowerment programs (4.44) and agreed
to safety and security in the host community of tourist destination as keys for enhancement of
social sustainability of tourism at the groove. This corroborates with the findings of Vu Hoang
(2021) that there is a close relationship between the conservation and promotion of cultural
heritage and tourism development. Also, Bozdaglar (2023) reported that Empowerment
programs play a crucial role in promoting tourism social sustainability. This is also consistent
with the findings of Bello (2021) that emphasized on the importance of empowerment programs
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and training of the residents as it can create employment and entrepreneurship opportunities for
them.
Table 5: Enhancement of Tourism Social Sustainability
Enhancement of tourism
social sustainability in OOSG
SA
%
A
%
N
%
D
%
SD
%
Mean
St. D
Remark
Local community involvement in decision
making helps to promote tourism sustainability
Empowerment programs enhance tourism social
sustainability
Maximized economic benefits of tourism for the
local residents promote tourism
Preservation and promotion of local culture and
traditions promote tourism
Safety and security in the host community of
tourist destination
45.8
44.6
6.8
0.8
2.3
4.30
0.82
SA
52.9
41.1
3.9
1.3
0.8
4.44
0.70
SA
50.8
40.6
5.5
1.8
1.3
4.37
0.78
SA
56.5
35.7
5.5
0.8
1.6
4.45
0.76
SA
33.1
45.3
9.4
2.3
9.9
3.89
1.18
A
Furthermore, results of the correlation between resident’s involvement in Osun Festival and
their socio-demographics characteristics show that there is a significant relationship between
the resident’s involvement and their religion, origin and years of residency (table 6). This is
supported by the findings of the Wang et al., (2021) which emphasizes the influence of religious
festival marketing on devout believers and tourists, highlighting the retention of religious
rituals’ essence and spirit in festivals. Woosnam & Aleshinloye (2015) emphasized the role of
the relationship between residents and tourists in explaining perceived impacts of festivals,
indicating a potential connection to residents’ years of residency.
Table 6: Relationship between resident’s involvement in Osun Osogbo Festival and their
socio-demographic characteristics
Variables
Correlation Value
(Sig; 2-tailed)
Remark
(r)
Gender
-0.061
0.236
Not significant
Age Range
-0.014
0.777
Not significant
Marital status
0.037
0.472
Not significant
Educational Background
0.070
0.169
Not significant
Household size
-0.053
0.296
Not Significant
Religion
-0.252
0.000
Significant
Occupation
-0.021
0.685
Not significant
Origin
0.217
0.000
Significant
Years of residency
-0.193
0.000
Significant
p<0.05
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4. CONCLUSION
The findings of this study add to the existing literature on social sustainability in tourism by
investigating the social sustainability perception of the Osun Osogbo festival at Nigeria's World
Heritage site. It was found out that Osun Festival is an important event in the communities,
which encourage and promote the participation of the residents in the event. Perceptions of the
festival's social impacts is high as it contribute to community cultural enrichment and encourage
interaction between visitors, residents and management of the grove. The study further revealed
that economic benefits and their level of involvement influenced the perception of the residents
towards tourism social sustainability. To ensure that this is sustained, the benefits derived from
tourism must improve the overall quality of life for residents and have positive economic
impact. Preservation and promotion of local culture and traditions, capacity of residents, as well
as enlightening them to actively participate more in and benefit from tourism activities can lead
to more sustainable practices among residents and improve tourism’s social sustainability.
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TÜRK SPORUNDA SPOR TESİSLERİ SORUNU
Doç. Dr. Özgür KARATAŞ (ORCID: 0000-0002-8698-6311)
İnönü Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Spor Yöneticiliği Bölümü, Malatya - Türkiye
Email: ozgur.karatas@inonu.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Emine ÖZTÜRK KARATAŞ (ORCID: 0000-0002-4142-5369)
Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri
Bölümü, Malatya - Türkiye
Email: emine.karatas@ozal.edu.tr
Özet
Spor tesislerini stadyumlar, spor salonları, yüzme havuzları, tenis kortları, bilardo salonları ile
bireylerin egzersiz yapmak ve spor müsabakalarını da izlemek üzere bir araya geldiği yerlerden
oluşan alanlar olarak tanımlayabiliriz. Bu araştırmanın amacı Türk sporunda spor tesisleri
sorunun incelenmesidir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi
tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmada ilk olarak Türk sporunda spor tesisleri sorunu ile ilgili akademik
makeleler, tezler, dergiler, gazeteler ve kitap dokümanlarına ulaşıldı ve orijinallikleri kontrol
edildi. Daha sonra ayrıntılı inceleme yapılarak araştırma ile alakalı yayınlar belirlendi.
Belirlenen dokümanlar okunarak yorumlanmıştır. Spor tesisleri, barındırdıkları yoğun
aktivitelerden dolayı yüksek oranda aşınma ve yıpranma yaşamaktadır. Bununla birlikte
aydınlatma, havalandırma, ısıtma, soğutma, yetersiz otopark alanları, spor tesislerininin
tasarımı, personel yetersizliği ile tesislerin işletilmesinin doğru yapılmaması hem tesislere hem
de sporculara ve seyircilere zarar verebilmektedir. İnsanlar spor tesislerini kullanırken hem spor
hem de sağlık amaçlı tesislere yönelmektedirler. Ancak teknolojik gelişmelerin tesislerde
istenilen şekilde yer almaması, tesislerin yerleşim yerlerinden uzak yapılması, spor
tesislerindeki dağılımının adil bir şekilde olmaması, temizlik ve hijyen durumunun yetersiz
olması, tesislerde kütüphane, kantin, ilk yardım odaları vb. olanaklarının yetersiz olduğu
belirlenmiştir. Son yılarda ülkemizde devletimizin katkılarıyla önemli spor tesisleri yapılmış ve
birçok sporcunun yetiştirilmesine katkı sağlanmıştır. Ancak, tesis sayısının artması, antrenör ve
yönetici görevlendirilmesinin yapılmasına rağmen tesislerin planlanması, işletilmesi ve
kullanılmasında istenilen seviyeye ulaşılamamıştır. Spor kulüpleri de tesisleşmede yetersiz
kalmaktadır. Sonuç olarak; spor tesislerinin eksikliği bazı bölgelerdeki bireylerin spor
aktivitelerine katılamaması, sportif becerilerinin geliştirilememesi ve bu bireylerin dezavantajlı
duruma düşmeleri anlamına gelmektedir. Spor tesislerinin azlığı ve ayrılan bütçenin eksikliği
bu alanda daha fazla devlet ve özel sektör yatırımına ihtiyaç olduğunu söyleyebiliriz.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Spor, Tesis, Spor Tesisi
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SPORTS FACILITIES PROBLEM IN TURKISH SPORTS
Abstract
We can define sports facilities as areas consisting of stadiums, gyms, swimming pools, tennis
courts, billiard halls and places where individuals come together to exercise and watch sports
competitions. The aim of this research is to examine the sports facilities problem in Turkish
sports. Document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was preferred in
the research. In the research, firstly, academic articles, theses, magazines, newspapers and book
documents related to the problem of sports facilities in Turkish sports were accessed and their
originality was checked. Then, a detailed review was conducted and publications relevant to
the research were identified. The specified documents were read and interpreted. Sports
facilities experience high levels of wear and tear due to the intense activities they host.
However, illumination, ventilation, heating, cooling, insufficient parking areas, design of sports
facilities, lack of personnel and improper operation of the facilities can harm both the facilities,
the athletes and the spectators. When people use sports facilities, they turn to facilities for both
sports and health purposes. However, it was determined that technological developments were
not included in the facilities as desired, the facilities were built far from residential areas, the
distribution of the sports facilities was not fair, the cleaning and hygiene conditions were
inadequate, and the facilities such as libraries, canteens, first aid rooms, etc. were insufficient.
In recent years, important sports facilities have been built in our country with the contributions
of our state and contributed to the training of many athletes. However, despite the increase in
the number of facilities and the appointment of coaches and managers, the desired level has not
been reached in the planning, operation and use of the facilities. Sports clubs are also inadequate
in terms of facilities. In conclusion; The lack of sports facilities means that individuals in some
regions cannot participate in sports activities, their sports skills cannot be developed, and these
individuals become disadvantaged. We can say that there is a need for more state and private
sector investments in this area due to the scarcity of sports facilities and the lack of allocated
budget.
KeyWords: Sports, Facility, Sports Facility
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Spor ülkemizde milyonlarca vatandaşın hayatında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Gerek spor
salonlarında, stadyumlarda, okullarda gerekse televizyon kanallarında, gazetelerde ve sosyal
medya aracılığı ile insanların önemli bir kısmı sporu takip etmekte ya da spor aktivitelerine
katılım sağlamaktadır. İnsanların hem spor aktivitelerine katılım sağlaması hem de sporu takip
etmeleri için spor tesislerine ihtiyaç vardır. Spor tesislerinin olmadığı yerlerde birçok spor
aktivitesi yapılamamaktadır. Spor tesisleri bireylerin sağlıklı olması, fiziksel aktivitelere
katılım sağlaması ve sosyalleşmesinde önem arz etmektedir. Sporda başarıyı etkileyen en
önemli faktörlerden biride iyi şekilde yapılan spor tesisleridir. Spor ancak tesis, eğitim,
donanım ve spor organizasyonundan oluşan temel faktörlerin bir arada bulunduğu bir ortamda
var olur ve gelişir. Spor tesisi denilince akla sadece antrenman veya müsabakaların yapıldığı
spor alanı gelmemelidir. Spor tesisi terimi; eğitim tesisleri, beslenme ve dinlenme sosyal
tesisleri, yaralanma ve tedavilerde kullanılacak ilk yardım ve rehabilitasyon merkezleri ile
eğitim için gerekli film, video, kütüphane gibi salonları da içerir. Diğer bir deyişle spor tesisi,
her türlü spor ve gençlik faaliyetlerinin yapıldığı kapalı veya açık sosyal hizmet amaçlı yapılmış
spor tesisi olarak anlaşılmalıdır. Ayrıca spor tesislerinin sporcular için yeterli ve uygun olması,
daha fazla ve daha iyi spor tesislerinin yapılması, daha fazla aktivite ve gelişim anlamına gelir
(İntegralgroup, 2022).Bir ülkenin sporda başarılı olması eğitim, bilim ve teknolojik
gelişmelerin yanında toplumun gelişmişliği ve izlenen politikalarla da ilişkilidir. Bu nedenle
ülkeler spora daha fazla eğilerek sporda başarılı olmak için gerekli tedbirleri almalıdır (Yaman
Yılmaz ve Algün Doğu, 2021). Spor tesisleri ve yapımı teknolojinin ilerlemesine paralel olarak
gelişip değişmektedir (Bilgin, 1990). Spor tesislerinin dünyada yayılması ile birlikte
ihtiyaçların artması ve bunun doğal sonucu olarak çok amaçlı işletmelerin yapımı, verimli
kullanım açısından kaçınılmaz olmuştur. İnsanlar hem spor hem de sağlık amaçlı tesislere
yönelirken, aynı işletme içinde farklı bireysel ve toplumsal ihtiyaçların giderilmesi gereği
ortaya çıkmaktadır (Ceyhun, 2008). Nacar (2011) ’a göre; sporun toplumda önem kazanması
ve yayılması bununla birlikte devamlı başarıların elde edilmesinde sahip olunan tesislerin
işletilmesi, nitelikleri, nicelikleri yeterlilik ve doğru politikalara da bağlıdır. Spor eğitimi veren
kurumlar, spor tesislerinin planlanması ve kapasitelerinin artırılması, şüphesiz ki spor eğitim
kalitesini artıracaktır. Spor eğitimi veren kurumlarda, spor tesislerinin varlığı o kurumun
performansında önemli bir yer tutar. Ayrıca spor tesisleri bir kurumun toplum karşındaki
imajını belirler. Bu nedenle tesisleşmenin kulüpler ve sporcular üzerindeki etkisinin büyük
önem taşıdığı ve ülkelerin sporcu yetiştirmek için yaptığı yeniliklerin tesisleşme ile başladığı
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
sonucuna varılmaktadır.Günümüzde her ilde ve ilçede futbol sahaları bulunmaktadır. Bunların
elbette ki kapasitesi ve kalitesi tartışılabilir. Ancak diğer spor dallarında bu kadar yaygın bir
tesis yapılanması yoktur. Futboldaki tesis yapılanması konusunda ise kapasite ve kalite
konusunda sorunlar bulunmaktadır. Avrupa’da çok büyük kapasiteli ve kaliteli stadyumlar
bulunurken, Türkiye’deki kapasitesi yüksek ve kaliteli stadyumların sayısı bir elin parmaklarını
geçmeyecek kadar azdır. Ancak onlarda da sorunlar yok değildir. Futbol tesislerinde devlet
yardımları yapılmaktadır. Anadolu kulüpleri olarak tabir edilen küçük takımların spor
tesislerinde devlet yardımı ile son yıllarda modern tesisleşmeye sağlanmaya başlanmıştır.
Tesislerin kapasitesinin yüksek olması ve kalitelerinin iyi olması, futbol izleme keyfini
artıracağı gibi güvenlik açısından ve şiddet olaylarının önlenmesi açısından da önemlidir.
Dünya kupası müsabakalarına talip olan Türkiye’nin bu noktada nicelik ve nitelik olarak
yetersiz olan başta stadyumları olmak üzere tüm spor dallarındaki tesislerin iyileştirilmesi
gerekmektedir (Gürsoy, 2014). Bu araştırmanın amacı Türk sporunda spor tesisleri sorunun
incelenmesidir.
MATERYAL VE METOT
Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi tercih edilmiştir.
Araştırmada ilk olarak Türk sporunda spor tesisleri sorunu ilgili akademik makeleler, tezler,
dergiler, gazeteler ve kitap dokümanlarına ulaşıldı ve orijinallikleri kontrol edildi. Daha sonra
ayrıntılı inceleme yapılarak araştırma ile alakalı yayınlar belirlendi. Belirlenen dokümanlar
okunarak yorumlanmıştır.
BULGULAR
Bugün tesisleşme anlamında kulüpler önemli adımlar atmaktadırlar. Bir kulübün varlıkları
açısından böylesine yatırımlar, uzun vadede önemli menfaatler sağlayacaktır. Sportif amaçlı
komplekslerle ilgili olabileceği gibi (stadyum, spor sahası, antrenman sahası, kamp tesisleri
vb.), sosyal ve idari amaçlı (dernek binaları, yönetim merkezleri, sosyal tesisler vb.) da
olabilmekte. Ancak başta yeni stadyumların inşası ve renovasyonu olmak üzere uzun yıllara
yayılan ve büyük bütçeler gerektiren bu tür projeler, beraberinde ciddi bir ek finansman
ihtiyacını getirmektedir. Operasyonel gider bütçesinde iki yakası bir araya gelmeyen, faiz ve
kur farkı gibi finansal giderlerin ağır yükünü taşıyan, gelir projeksiyonlarında işlerin sık sık
beklendiği kadar rayında gitmeyebildiği bir ortam oluşturmaktadır (Sezgin, 2016).
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Özen ve ark. (2012), araştırmalarında Türk spor yönetiminde yerel yönetimlerin spora tesis ve
malzeme olarak katılımlarının oldukça az olduğu, sporu yaygınlaştırma çalışmaları için yeterli
olanaklara sahip olunmadığı, Berkant ve Hekimoğlu (2021), araştırmalarında sporcu
yetiştirilmemesinin en önemli nedenlerinin tesis yetersizliği ve malzeme eksikliği olduğunu,
Özer ve Dikmen, (2020), araştırmalarında bireylerin tesislerden yeterince yaralanamadığını,
Güler ve Ekinci (2021), spor tesislerinin temininde sorunlar yaşandığını, Tekin ve ark. (2020),
tesislerin olmamasının fiziksel aktivitelere katılıma engel durumların olduğunu ifade
etmişlerdir.Spor tesisleri ile ilgili bir diğer sorun ise Devletin mülkiyetindeki spor saha ve
tesislerinin talepte bulunulması halinde isteyen yahut daha güçlü olan spor kulübüne tahsis
edilmesi, kiralanması, kullanım hakkının uzun süreli devredilmesi, aynı spor branşında faaliyet
gösteren diğer kulüpleri zor durumda bırakmaktadır. Zira kullanım hakkını eline geçiren kulüp
diğer kulüplerin bu spor saha ve tesislerinden yararlanmasına izin vermemekte ya da işin
ticaretini yaparak ve tesis bakımından tekelleşerek devletin belirlediği meblağdan daha yüksek
kullanım bedeli istenmektedir (İmamoğlu ve ark., 2007). Bu durum ise spor tesisleri olmayan
spor kulüplerini sıkıntıya sokabilmektedir.Ayrıca, farklı kamu kurumlarına ait spor tesislerinin
ortak kullanımı ve mesai saatleri dışında hizmet verilmemesinde de sıkıntılar yaşanmaktadır.
Bu nedenle, spor tesislerinin bölgesel ve branşlar bazında dengeli dağılımını ve etkin
kullanımını sağlayacak tesis politikalarının geliştirilmesi ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır (T. C.
Kalkınma Bakanlığı, 2014).Demiröz (2009), tesislerde yapılan sportif organizasyonların,
işletmecilik boyutları ve yönetim fonksiyonları açısından, planlama, organize etme, yürütme,
denetim ve kontrol süreçlerinin antrenör ve sporcuların beklenti ve ihtiyaçlarına cevap
veremediği, spor tesislerinde aktivite yapılması için verilen sürenin ve kişilerin boş
zamanlarında spor yapma isteği ile tesislerin gün içinde açık kalma ve uygun ortam
oluşturabilme uyumunun yetersiz olduğunu belirlemiştir. Çiçek (2022), araştırmasında
tesislerin kütüphane, internet, kantin, tv odası, yönetici, sağlık görevlisi, masör, sağlık kabini,
ilk yardım odaları vb. olanaklarının ise yetersiz olduğunu belirlemiştir.Çelik (2018),
araştırmasında temizlik ve hijyen durumunun, saha ve zeminin, spor malzemelerinin, sağlık
kabini ve ilk yardım odalarının, sosyal aktivite alanlarının ve engelli sporculara yönelik
tesislerin yeterliliğinin antrenör ve sporcuların beklenti ve ihtiyaçlarını karşılamadığı
belirlenmiştir.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ
Sporu oluşturan bileşenlerden biri de spor tesisleridir. Topluma en iyi şekilde spor hizmeti
verilmesinde spor tesislerinin niteliği önemli bir kriterdir. Sporun yaygınlaştırılmasında spor
tesislerinin sayı ve çeşitliliğinin, toplumun spora ilişkin beklenti ve ihtiyaçlarının belli bir
politika çerçevesinde ele alınması gerekmektedir (Karataş ve ark., 2011).
Ülkemizde alt yapıdan sporcu yetişememesinin temel nedeni olarak tesisleşme yetersizliği
olduğu görülmektedir. Antrenman yapılacak tesislerin azlığı, var olanların da yeterli düzeyde
olmadığını söyleyebiliriz (Çevik ve Onağ, 2019). Halkın ilgi duyduğu halde spor yapmasına
engel teşkil eden faktörlerin başında yeterli spor tesisinin olmamasının geldiği tespit edilmiştir
(Karataş ve ark., 2011). Ünal (2001), Çanakkale’de yaptığı çalışmada, Şahin (2007), Karaman
ilindeki yaptığı çalışmada, sporu yapmak istediğiniz halde spor yapmaya mani olan haller
nelerdir sorusuna bölgede istenilen branşa ait tesisinin bulunmamasının neden olduğu cevabı
verilmiştir. Yavaş ve ark. (2017); Günakan ve Ataçocuğu (2021), ülkemizdeki tesis sayısı
ihtiyacı karşılamada yetersiz olduğunu belirlemişlerdir. Kubat ve Yildiz (2022), antrenörlerin
kulüplerin tesislerine ilişkin tesisleşme ile ilgili problem yaşadıkları ve çözüm olarak
fonksiyonel tesisler inşa edilmesini, tesislerde beslenme ve barınma imkânlarının sağlanmasını,
tesislerin içinde sporcuların öğrenim görecekleri okulların açılmasını önermişlerdir. Spor
tesisleri sayısının artması, planlı bir şekilde organize edilmesi ile sporcu sayılarında da artış
olacaktır. Örnek olarak; Türkiye Tenis Federasyonu Başkanı Cengiz Durmuş lisanslı sporcu
sayısı 2013'te 27 bin civarında iken 2023'te 102 bin 352'ye kadar yükseldiğini, Türkiye Tenis
Federasyonu tarafından 600'u ulusal, 200'ün üzerinde turnuva düzenlenirken, ülke genelinde
oteller, kulüpler, belediyelerin tesisleriyle amatör ve profesyonel olarak binlerce kort
bulunduğunu belirtmiştir (Zeyrek, 2023).Ülkemizde sporun şimdiye kadar yeterince
yaygınlaştırılamamasındaki faktörlerden birisi, spor tesislerindeki dağılım ve kalite eksikliği ile
bunların optimal ölçülerde kullanılmamasıdır. Tesisler planlanırken bölgelerarası nüfus artışı,
coğrafi konum, iklim ve demografik yapıyı dikkate alan ulusal düzeyde spor tesis politikaları
oluşturulmadığından bölgesel ve spor branşları bazında dengesizlikler ortaya çıkmıştır (T. C.
Kalkınma Bakanlığı, 2014). Sonuç olarak; ülkemizde Devletimizin katkılarıyla son zamanlarda
önemli spor tesisler yapılmış ve birçok milli sporcu, profesyonel sporcu ve amatör sporcunun
yetiştirilmesine katkı sağlanmıştır. Tesis sayısının artması ile birlikte vatandaşlarımızda bu
tesislerde spor yapma imkânına kavuşmuştur. Tesis sayısının artması, antrenör ve yönetici
görevlendirilmesi yapılmasına rağmen tesislerin planlanması, işletilmesi ve kullanılmasında
541
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
istenilen seviyeye ulaşılamamıştır.Tesisler inşa edilirken, tek tip projeler ile şehirlerin
ihtiyaçları düşünülmeden tasarlanması, tesislerin yeterli donanıma sahip olmaması, teknolojik
gelişmelerin tesislerde istenilen şekilde yer almaması, özellikle yerel yönetimlerin istekleri
doğrultusunda yapılan tesislerin çoğunun doğru planlanmadığı (bölgede ihtiyaç olmamasına
rağmen bir birine çok yakın yerlerde 3 tane yüzme havuzunun yapılması gibi), yapılan tesislerin
yerleşim yerlerinden uzak yapılması, tesis yöneticilerinin çoğunluğunun spor eğitimi alanında
uzman olmaması nedeni ile tesisleri kullanan vatandaşların memnuniyet düzeylerinin
azalmasına ya da tesislerin kullanmamasına neden olmaktadır.Kamu kurumları, yerel
yönetimler, spor kulüpleri, spor kuruluşları spor tesisleri planlamalarını yaparken birbirleriyle
iletişim halende olmaları, projeler üzerinde fikir alıverişinde bulunmaları tesislerin kullanımı
ve her vatandaşın spor faaliyetlerine katılım sağlamaları açısından önem arz etmektedir.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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Beklentileri Açısından Değerlendirilmesi (Bingöl ili örneği).Fırat Üniversitesi, Sağlık
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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Nedir?
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Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı,
Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Elazığ.
Özen, G., Koçak, F., Boran, F., Sunay, H., Gedikli, N. (2012). Türk Spor Yönetimindeki
Mevcut Sorunlara İlişkin Akademisyenlerin Görüşlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Spormetre
Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10 (4),107-116.
Özer, S., Dikmen, O. (2020). Farklı İllerden Gelen Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Kış Sporları
Merkezlerinden Yararlanma Durumlarının Belirlenmesi: Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi
Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24 (Özel Sayı), 371-384.
Sezgin, C. (2016). Bir Futbol Kulübünde CFO Olmak. Deloitte Türkiye CFO Serisi
2016/3.https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/tr/Documents/financetransformation/deloitte-bir-futbol-kulubunde-cfo-olmak.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 26.01.2024.
Şahin, M. (2007). Karaman İlindeki Öncelikli Spor Branşlarının Tespiti İle Bu Branşların
Seçimine Etki Eden Sebeplerin Araştırılması ve Kitle Sporunun Yaygınlaşması
Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Beden
Eğitimi ve Spor Ana Bilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kütahya.
Tekin, N., Parlar, F. M., Ercan, Ö. (2020). Emekli Bireylerin Bir Serbest Zaman Etkinliği
Olarak Fiziksel Aktivitelere Dair Görüşleri: Türkiye’nin En Yaşlı ve Mutlu İli Sinop
Örneği. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (1), 50-58.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
T. C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2014). Onuncu Kalkınma Planı 2014-2018 Spor. Özel İhtisas
Komisyonu Raporu. Ankara.
Ünal, B. (2001). Çanakkale Ilindeki Mevcut Spor Tesislerinin Tespiti ve Halkın Spora
Yönlendirilmesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler
Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Ana Bilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kütahya.
Yaman Yılmaz, C., Algün Doğu, G. (2021). Kümeleme Analizi ile İllerin Okul Sporları
Faaliyetleri Bakımından İncelenmesi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (26),
182-205.
Yavaş, A., Taşkıran, E., Alyakut, Ö., Özkul, E., Üzümcü, T. (2017). Kartepe’de Doğa
Sporlarının Alternatif Turizm Amaçlı Kullanımı ve Sorunlarına Yönelik Çözüm
Önerileri. Uluslararası Turizm Ekonomi ve İşletme Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2), 1-12.
Zeyrek, S. (2023). Tesis Sayısının Artmasıyla Türkiye "Tenis Ülkesi" Olarak Anılmaya
Başlandı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/spor/tesis-sayisinin-artmasiyla-turkiye-tenis-ulkesiolarak-anilmaya-baslandi/3033130 Erişim Tarihi: 16.01.2024.
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FUTBOL KULÜPLERİNDE KURUMSALLAŞMA
Doç. Dr. Özgür KARATAŞ (ORCID:0000-0002-8698-6311)
İnönü Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Spor Yöneticiliği Bölümü, Malatya - Türkiye
Email: ozgur.karatas@inonu.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Emine ÖZTÜRK KARATAŞ (ORCID:0000-0002-4142-5369)
Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri
Bölümü, Malatya - Türkiye
Email: emine.karatas@ozal.edu.tr
Özet
Spor kulüpleri, sürdürülebilirliklerini ve uzun vadeli başarılarını sağlamak, diğer kulüplerle
rekabet edebilmek ve mali açıdan kâr elde edebilmek için kurumsallaşmaya ihtiyaç duyarlar.
Kurumsallaşma, kulüplerin daha profesyonel bir yönetim anlayışı benimsemesini sağlar,
kulüplerin işletme süreçlerini daha etkin bir şekilde yürütmesine ve daha etkili kararlar
almasına olanak tanır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, ülkemiz futbol kulüplerindeki kurumsallaşmanın
mevcut durumunun incelenmesidir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman
analizi yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmada ilk olarak Türk futbolunda kurumsallaşma ile
ilgili akademik makeleler, tezler, dergiler, gazeteler ve kitap dokümanlarına ulaşıldı ve
orijinallikleri kontrol edildi. Daha sonra ayrıntılı inceleme yapılarak araştırma ile alakalı
yayınlar belirlendi. Belirlenen dokümanlar okunarak yorumlanmıştır. Ülkemiz futbol
kulüplerindeki kurumsallaşmanın mevcut durumu incelendiğinde, kulüp yönetimlerindeki
kişilerin alanlarında uzmanlaşmamış, görev, yetki ve sorumluluk alanları ile ilgili bilgiye sahip
olmadıkları, kişiye bağlı yönetimlerin yaygınlaştığı, hukuki, mali ve yönetsel sorunların
olduğu, kulüplerin gelişimi için sistemli bir planlamanın olmadığı, altyapıya yeterli önemin
verilmediği, Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu tarafından alınması gereken tedbirlerin zamanında
alınmadığı, sorunların çözümünde futbolun tüm paydaşları ile fikir alış verişinde bulunulmadığı
bu sebeplerden kaynaklı futbol kulüplerinin kurumsallaşma çabalarının ideal standartlarda
olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’deki futbol kulüplerinin kurumsallaşma
sürecinde başarılı oldukları söylenemez. Futbol kulüplerinin uzun vadede rakipleriyle
mücadele etmesi ve güçlü bir kurumsal yapı için futbol kulüplerinde profesyonel bir yönetim
anlayışının benimsenmesi gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Futbol, Kurumsallaşma, Yönetim, Kulüp Yönetimi.
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INSTITUTIONALIZATION IN FOOTBALL CLUBS
Abstract
Sports clubs need institutionalization to ensure their sustainability and long-term success, to
compete with other clubs and to make financial profits. Institutionalization enables clubs to
adopt a more professional management approach, allowing clubs to carry out business
processes more effectively and make more effective decisions. The purpose of this research is
to examine the current status of institutionalization in football clubs in our country. Document
analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was preferred in the research. In the
research, firstly, academic articles, theses, magazines, newspapers and book documents related
to institutionalization in Turkish football were accessed and their originality was checked.
Then, a detailed review was conducted and publications relevant to the research were identified.
The specified documents were read and interpreted. When the current state of
institutionalization in football clubs in our country is examined, it can be seen that the people
in club management are not specialized in their fields, do not have knowledge about their areas
of duty, authority and responsibility, personal management has become widespread, there are
legal, financial and managerial problems, there is no systematic planning for the development
of the clubs, and sufficient importance is not given to infrastructure. It has been determined that
the institutionalization efforts of football clubs are not at ideal standards due to these reasons,
that the required measures are not taken by the Turkish Football Federation in a timely manner,
that there is no exchange of ideas with all stakeholders of football in solving the problems. As
a result, it cannot be said that football clubs in Turkey are successful in the institutionalization
process. In order for football clubs to compete with their rivals in the long term and to have a
strong corporate structure, a professional management approach must be adopted in football
clubs.
Keywords: Football, Institutionalization, Management, Club Management.
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GİRİŞ
Futbol, sosyal etkisi ve gençliğe aktardığı kayda değer katkıdan ötürü, bir oyundan daha fazla
anlam taşımaktadır. Futbol milyonlarca kişinin ilgisini çekerken, futbol kulüplerinin
yönetimleri ise, milyonları temsil etmektedir. Bu nedenle, futbol kulüplerini yönetenlerin, bu
kulüpleri en yüksek standartlarda yönetme sorumluluğu bulunmaktadır. Özellikle 1990’lı
yılların başından itibaren endüstriyel sürece doğru yönelen futbol, kulüpleri de sportif
organizasyonların yanı sıra ekonomik organizasyonlara dönüştürmektedir. Futbolun bu değişen
yapısı, kulüplerde ‘‘kurumsal yönetim’’ uygulamalarını zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Kurumsal
yönetimin sağlanabilmesi ise; kurum içi hiyerarşisi doğrultusunda doğru planlama, doğru iş
bölümü, çalışanlara sağlanacak rahat çalışma ortamı ve onlara verilecek değerle birlikte
oluşacak örgüt kültürüne bağlıdır (Yıldız, 2017).Günümüzde futbol oyunu tüm dünyada
herhangi bir ticari sektör gibi serbest pazar norm ve kurallarına tabi görülmektedir. Gelecek
dönemlerde gerek yönetsel gerekse de ekonomik olarak ayakta kalabilir olmayan herhangi bir
spor kulübü futbol dünyası içinde varlığını sürdürmekte güçlük çekecektir. Bu bağlamda, spor
kulüpleri çağdaş işletmeciliğin başarı getiren yöntemlerini yürütmek ve kurumsal yönetimin
gereklerini uygulamak konumundadırlar (Katırcı ve Uztuğ, 2009).Spor kulüpleri, başka
kulüplerle rekabet düzeyinde var olabilmek ve kâr elde edebilmek için kurumsallaşmaya ihtiyaç
duymaktadırlar. Kurumsallaşma, işletmelere, çevrede meydana gelen değişimlere uyum
sağlamakta kolaylık sağlayabilmektedir. Aynı zamanda kurumsallaşma, işletmenin içyapısında
yer alan faktörlere de etki edebilmektedir. Bu faktörler arasında örgütsel bağlılık, örgütsel
performans ve iş tatmini de yer alabilmektedir (Kekül ve Genç, 2023). Kurumsallaşmayı
sağlamak için gerek duyulan bazı temel ilkeler mevcuttur. Kurumsallaşmayı oluşturan unsurlar
profesyonelleşme, formalleşme, otonomi, kültürel güç, saydamlık, sosyal sorumluluk ve
tutarlılıktır (Apaydın, 2007).Kurumsallaşma, işletme yapısının belirli ilke ve standartlara göre
yeniden yapılandırılması, yönetici ve çalışanların işin ehli kişilerden olması ve işletmenin
bilgiye dayalı bir anlayış içinde çalışması demektir (Uzunçarşılı vd., 2000, akt, Şahman ve ark.,
2008). Kurumsallaşmada kişilerden çok tüzel kişilik ön plana çıkmaktadır. Diğer bir ifadeyle
amaç; bireylere göre bir işleyiş değil, tamamen bireylerden bağımsız olacak şekilde, modern
yapıda bir iş ve işleyiş bilinciyle hareket etmek ve bu sistemli organizasyon yapısını; yönetim,
tedarik, üretim, insan kaynakları, finans vb. işletmenin fonksiyonlarına yayarak, sistemin tüm
organizasyona hâkim kılınmasını sağlamaktır (Taş ve Akdemir, 2005, akt. Kekül ve Genç,
2023).
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Spor kulüplerinin idari, mali ve hukuki pek çok sorunu olduğu düşünüldüğünde kulüp
yönetiminde yönetişimin geliştirilmesi de bu sorunların çözülmesinde önemli bir yaklaşım
olacaktır. Bu, aynı zamanda kulüplerin kurumsallaşması yönünde de atılmış önemli bir adım
olacaktır. Kulüpte yönetişim ve kurumsal yönetim ilkelerinin uygulanması, kulüp idaresindeki
aksaklıkların hemen tespitinin ve Yönetim Kurulunun harekete geçmesinin sağlanması
yanında, oluşan zarar ve ziyanın belirlenmesi, kulübün pay sahiplerinin, paydaşlarla,
taraftar/tüketiciyle olan ilişkilerinin koordine edilmesi, yönetim kurulu üyelerinin ve
yöneticilerin performans değerlendirmesi, diğer kulüp çalışanlarının kariyer planlaması ve
ödüllendirilmesi ile ilgili işlevlerin yerine getirilmesinde önemli sonuçlar doğuracaktır.
(T.B.M.M., 2011). Bu araştırmanın amacı, ülkemiz futbol kulüplerindeki kurumsallaşmanın
mevcut durumunun incelenmesidir.
MATERYAL VE METOT
Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi tercih edilmiştir.
Araştırmada ilk olarak ülkemiz futbol kulüplerindeki kurumsallaşmanın mevcut durumu ile
ilgili akademik makeleler, tezler, dergiler, gazeteler ve kitap dokümanlarına ulaşıldı ve
orijinallikleri kontrol edildi. Daha sonra ayrıntılı inceleme yapılarak araştırma ile alakalı
yayınlar belirlendi. Belirlenen dokümanlar okunarak yorumlanmıştır.
BULGULAR
Spor kulüplerinin kuruluş statüleri, farklı üst yapılara karşı sorumluluklarının olması, yapısal
ve yasal sorunlar, kulüpler arasında haksız rekabet ve gelir eşitsizliğinden kaynaklanan
sorunlar, kurumsallaşma anlayışındaki sorunlar, kişiye bağlı yönetimden kaynaklı sorunlar,
maddi gelir elde etmede yaşanan sorunlar ve sportif sonuçlara endeksli olmaktan kaynaklanan
sorunlar gibi başlıca nedenlerden dolayı kurumsallaşma sürecinde bir takım sıkıntılar
yaşadıkları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca UEFA kriterlerinin uygulanması ile başlayan spor
kulüplerinde yeniden yapılanma çalışmalarına spor kulüplerine özgü yasal ve kanuni
düzenlemeler ile katkı sağlanması gerektiği, kurumsallaşmayı yasalara bağlayarak kulüpler için
zorlayıcı bir özellik olarak oluşturulması, spor kulüplerinde görev alacak kişilerin alanlarında
uzmanlaşmış, bilgi ve deneyim sahibi olması gerektiği ve başkan veya yönetim kurulunun
maddi gücüne dayalı olan kulüp yönetim sistemi yerine sürdürülebilir bir yönetim sisteminin
spor kulüplerinde var olması gerektiği görülmüştür (Sönmezoğlu, 2013). Çöten (2007), Türkiye
Süper Lig kulüplerini örnek alarak profesyonel futbolun idari ve teknik yapılanmasını analiz
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ettiğinde Süper Lig kulüplerinin yönetim etkinliklerini ideal standartlarda olmadıklarını
belirlemiştir. Kulüp idari ekibinde yer alan elemanların görev, yetki ve sorumluluk alanları ile
ilgili bilgiye sahip olmamalarının örgütte iletişim güçlüklerine yol açtığı, sorumluluk
alanlarının ve görev dağılımının açık şekilde belli olmaması sistemli bir işleyişin olmadığını,
kulüplerin profesyonel yöneticiler tarafından idare edilmediğini, kulüplerin sistematik bir
şekilde planlaması yapılmış amaçlar doğrultusunda hareket etmediğine, kulüp yöneticilerinin
görev yaptığı alanlarda uzman olmadıklarını belirlemiştir Ülkemizde de spor kulüpleri
kurumsallaşamama nedeniyle hukuki, mali ve yönetsel birçok sorunla karşı karşıya kalmıştır.
Birçok spor branşında gelir kaynağı bulmakta sıkıntılar yaşanmakta, amatör düzeyde destek
bulmakta zorluklar çekilmesi nedeniyle de halkın spora aktif katılımı sağlanamamaktadır.
Bireysel yetkinlik ve kuruluş kalitesi dolayısıyla rekabet açısından eksiklikler ortaya çıkmakta
bu nedenle de spor kulüpleri ciddi sıkıntılar yaşamaktadır (T.B.M.M., 2011) Türkiye
profesyonel liglerinde yer alan futbol kulüplerinin yönetimsel, organizasyon, idari, teknik,
sağlık, eğitim, destek kadroları yetersiz oldukları için çok ciddi sorunlar yaşamaktadırlar. Bu
sorunlar ise işin nihayetinde sportif boyutta saha içine yansımakta ve başarısız sonuçlar ortaya
çıkmaktadır (Öz, 2020).Avşar ve Kurtipek (2024), Galatasaray spor kulübü ile ilgili
araştırmalarında başarı için kişilerin öne çıkarılmasından ziyade kurumsallaşmaya yönelik
sistemin oluşması gerektiği, kulüp yönetiminde finansal ve yönetsel açıdan kurumsallaşmanın
sağlanamadığı sonucuna ulaşmışlardır. Üye sayısının artmasıyla seçilecek bir yönetimin,
sorumlulukları tüzükle belirlenmiş ve maaşları genel kurulda açıklanan profesyonel
yöneticilerin ve kulüp öz kaynaklarından çıkacak sporcularla elde edilecek katma değeri yüksek
sportif başarıların Galatasaray’ın kurumsallaşması için önemli görülmektedir (Avşar ve
Kurtipek, 2024).Taştan (2021), araştırmasında profesyonel futbol kulüp yöneticilerinin sportif
ve finansal başarısızlıklarının nedenleri ile ilgili yaptıkları açıklamalara ilişkin içerik analizi
incelendiğinde
katılımcılar,
profesyonel
futbol
kulüplerinin
sportif
ve
finansal
başarısızlıklarının nedenlerini sırasıyla %26,52 ile kulüp yöneticilerini, %23,48 ile kulüplerin
ekonomik yönetimlerini, %16,67 ile altyapı ihtiyacını ve altyapıdan oyuncu yetiştirmeyi,
%14,39 ile Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu tarafından yapılması beklenen ekonomik tedbirleri ve
kulüplerin mali denetimlerini, %12,12 ile transferler ile yaşlı ve pahalı transferleri, %5,30 ile
sonuncu sırada devlet desteği olarak sıralanmıştır.Biçer ve ark. (2022), araştırmalarında
profesyonel futbol kulüplerinin oyuncular, altyapı, menajerler, teknik direktörler, kulüpler ve
taraftarlarla sorunlarının olduğu tespit etmişlerdir. Türkiye’deki futbol kulüp yöneticilerinin
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
başarılı olabilmeleri için sportif başarının yanında birçok unsuru göz önünde bulundurması ve
futbolun tüm paydaşları ile sorunlarını en iyi şekilde çözmesi gerekmektedir.
Kurumsallaşmanın ülkemizde ve dünyadaki önemine yapılan vurgu farklı sektörleri de içine
alarak her geçen gün artmaktadır. Çünkü kurumsallaşma örgütlerin kendilerini geleceğe
taşımalarında ve yer aldıkları sistem içerisinde kendilerini kabul ettirmede önemli bir rol
oynamaktadır. Örgütler kurumsallaşarak meşruluk, tahmin edilebilirlik ve istikrar kazanmakta,
ayrıca işletme kaynaklarını artırarak çevreye uyum sağlamaktadırlar. Örgütlerin kurumsallaşma
sürecinin
temelinde,
‘biçimsel
faaliyet
yapısı’,
‘biçimsel
organizasyon
yapısı’,
‘profesyonelleşme’, ‘yetki devri’, ‘kültürel güç’, ‘kurumsal çevreye uyum’, ‘kurumsal sosyal
sorumluluk’, ‘toplumsal değer ve normlara uyum’, ‘şeffaflık ve hesap verebilirlik’ ve ‘biçimsel
yapıya uyum’ esasları bulunmaktadır. Tarım, sanayi, hizmet vb. sektörlerdeki örgütlerde çıktı;
ürün, performans göstergesi; kâr ya da bir buluş, varlıklar; entelektüel sermaye, know-how,
şerefiye gibi değerler olurken, spor sektöründe bu unsurlar nispeten farklılaşmaktadır. Sporda
çıktı sportif başarıdır. Sportif başarı içinse finansal güç, varlığın sürdürülmesinde gerekli
kaynakları elde etmek için faaliyetlerin kârlılıkla sonuçlanması, örgüte bağlı ve uzmanlık sahibi
çalışan/yönetici ve sporcuların varlığı gereklidir (Dağlı Ekmekçi ve İrmiş, 2015).
TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ
Kurumsal sürdürülebilirlikte, futbol kulüpleri sürdürülebilirlik performanslarının artırılması
için sürdürülebilirliğin ekonomik, çevresel ve sosyal etkenlerinin tüm stratejik ve operasyonel
süreç ve karar mekanizmalarına dâhil etmeleri gereklidir. Ancak, futbol kulüplerinin ekonomik,
sosyal ve çevresel kaynakları nasıl kullandıklarını, ne kadar verimli kullandıklarını ya da
olumsuz etkileri bertaraf etmek için ne gibi önlem aldıklarını söylemek mümkün değildir
(Darama, 2021).Kulüpler, birbirlerine benzeme eğilimi göstererek kurumsallaştıklarını
düşünmektedirler. Ancak kulüplerin kurumsallaştıklarını düşünmelerine rağmen finansal
durumlarının zararda olması, kurumsallaşma ilkelerini yerine getirmedikleri sonucunu ortaya
çıkarmaktadır. Kulüplerin finansal ve sportif başarısının arttırılması için bir iktisadi örgütün
yapması gereken kurumsallaşma ilkelerini, kişisellikten uzak, profesyonel kurumsal yönetim
anlayışı ile kararlılıkla uygulaması gerektiği değerlendirilmektedir (Taştan ve Donuk,
2021).Kurumsallaşabilen yapı, ortak aklın yönetim ve denetimine giren; sistematik yönetimin
hâkim yönetim yapısı hâline geldiği; şeffaflığın, hesap verebilirliğin ve katılımcılığın ana
ekseni olduğu yönetsel örgütlenmeyi tanımlamaktadır. Sporda kamu, federasyonlar, kulüpler,
teknik direktörler, sporcular, hakemler, taraftarlar ve medya gibi pek çok aktör ve paydaş
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bulunmaktadır. Bunların tamamının fikirlerini aktarabileceği bir üst yönetim mekanizması
geliştirilmesi, bütün sorunların yansıtılması yanında; birlikte çözüm bulunması açısından da
önem taşımaktadır (T.B.M.M., 2011).
Kulüplerin kurumsal yönetim yapılarını bir an önce oluşturmaya başlamaları gerekir. Kurumsal
yönetimin yerleşmesi bir süreçtir. Bu uygulama ile kulüplere etkinlik, şeffaflık, hesap
verebilirlik, açıklık, devamlılık gelecektir. Kurumsallaşmanın yolu şirketleşmeden değil,
yönetimde evrensel ilkelerin uygulanmasından geçmektedir. Futbol kulüplerinin arzulanan
sportif ve mali başarısının elde edilebilmesinin temel şartı futbol kulüplerinin profesyonel
yöneticiler tarafından yönetilmesi ve kulüplerin kurumsallaşmasıdır (Uluyol, 2014).Günümüz
dünyasında en yaygın spor branşı olarak kabul edilen futbolun, geniş kitlelerin katılımıyla bu
varlığını sürdüreceği tüm otoriteler tarafından kabul görmektedir. Futbol yönetim ve
organizasyonlarının bilimsel metotlar ışığında, futbol yönetimi uzmanları ve kuruluşları ile
birlikte, günümüz şartlarına uygun, geniş katılımlı ve paylaşımcı ortamlarda ele alınarak
“Modern Futbol Yönetimine” uygun planlanıp değerlendirilmesi, futbolunun gelişerek,
yaygınlaşmasının yanı sıra, uluslararası rekabet şansını artırarak, verimlilik esasına dayalı,
istihdam ve katma değer yaratarak, kitlelere ulaştırılması gerekmektedir (Devecioğlu ve ark.,
2014)Kulüpler, kurumsal değerlerini arttırmak, varlıklarının sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak ve
endüstriyel futbolun sağladığı maddi ve manevi yararlardan uzun süreler yararlanabilmek için
bu rekabetçi düzen içerisinde öncelikle organizasyon yapılarını sağlamlaştırmak ve rekabete
uygun bir hale getirmek zorundadır. Bu nedenle kulüpler verimli ve etkin bir biçimde işleyen
iç denetim mekanizmaları oluşturmak ve oluşturulan bu iç denetim mekanizmalarının sağlıklı,
verimli ve etkin bir biçimde işletilmesini sağlamak zorundadırlar (Tanış, 2015). Sonuç olarak;
Türkiye’deki futbol kulüplerinin kurumsallaşma sürecinde başarılı oldukları söylenemez.
Ülkemizdeki futbol kulüplerinde spor yönetimini bilmeyen yöneticilerin çoğunlukta olması
nedeniyle kulüp içi çatışmalar yaşanmakta kulüplerin kötü yönetilmesine, etkili kararların
alınamamasına ve kurumsal yapılarının zayıflamasına neden olmaktadır. Türkiye'deki birçok
futbol kulübü sağlıklı bir kurumsallaşma yapısı oluşturamaması nedeniyle gelir kaynaklarını
çeşitlendirememekte ve mali açıdan sorunlar yaşamaktadırlar. Çoğu kulüp harcamalar hakkında
üyelerini şeffaf bir şekilde bilgilendirmediği için kulübün imajı olumsuz etkilenmektedir.
Kulüplerin altyapılarında sporcu yetişmemesi, hukuki sorunlar, kulüp tüzüklerinin güncelliğini
yitirmesi ya da tüzük maddelerinin uygulanmaması, kulüp yöneticilerinin siyasilerin etkisinde
kalması da futbol kulüplerinin kurumsallaşma sürecini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Futbol
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kulüplerinin uzun vadede rakipleriyle mücadele etmesi ve güçlü bir kurumsal yapı için futbol
kulüplerinde profesyonel bir yönetim anlayışının benimsenmesi, finansal denetimlerin ve
altyapı yatırımlarının arttırılması gerekmektedir.
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KAYNAKLAR
Apaydın, F. (2007). Örgütlerde Kurumsallaşma ve Adaptif Yeteneklerin Pazarlama
Eylemlerine ve Örgütsel Performansına Etkileri. Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü
Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi. Gebze.
Avşar, U., Kurtipek, S. (2024). Türk Spor Kulüplerinde Kurumsallaşma: Galatasaray Spor
Kulübü Örneği. Journal of Human Sciences, 21(1), 20-38.
Biçer, A. B., Çolakoğlu, T., Eraslan, A. (2022). Türkiye’deki Spor Kulüplerinin Yönetsel
Sorunları: Futbol Kulüpleri Örneği. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5 (3), 365-382.
Çöten, E. (2007). Profesyonel Futbolun İdari ve Teknik Yapılanması, Türkiye Süper Lig
Kulüpleri Örneği. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi ve
Spor Anabilim Dalı.. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul.
Dağlı Ekmekçi, Y.A., İrmiş A. (2015). Türk Spor Sektöründe Kurumsallaşma: Futbol Kulüpleri
Örneği. Internatıonal Conference on Eurasıan Economıes.9-11 Eylül 2015, Kazan, Rusya
S.740-749.
Darama, H. (2021). Türkiye'deki Profesyonel Futbol Kulüplerinin Sürdürülebilirlik
Performansının İncelenmesi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Antrenörlük Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı. Spor Yönetimi Bilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
İstanbul.
Devecioğlu, S., Çoban, B., Karakaya, Y. (2014). Futbol Yönetimi ve Organizasyonlarının
Görünümü. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (1), 35-48.
Katırcı, H., Uztuğ, F. (2009). Spor Kulüplerinde İletişim Yönetimi: Türkiye Profesyonel Futbol
Liglerinde Yer Alan Spor Kulüplerinin İletişim Uygulamalarına İlişkin Araştırma.
Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 9 (1),149-168.
Kekül, O., Genç, K. Y. (2023). Kurumsallaşma İle Örgütsel Bağlılık, Örgütsel Performans ve
İş Tatmine Yönelik İçerik Analizi: Lisansüstü Tezlerine Yönelik Bir Araştirma. Asya
Studies, 7(23), 173-194.
Öz, Y. (2020). Endüstriyelleşen Futbol Sektörü: Bir Kulüp Yapılanma Model Önerisi. İstanbul
Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Antrenörlük Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı Spor
Yönetimi Bilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul.
Sönmezoğlu, U. (2013). Spor Toto Süper Ligde Yer Alan Spor Kulüplerinde Kurumsallaşma
Açısından Bir İnceleme. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Spor
Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bolu.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şahman,
İ.,
Tengilimoğlu,
D.,
Işık,
O.
(2008).
Özel
Hastanelerde
Yönetimin
Profesyonelleşmesinin, Kurumsallaşma Süreci Üzerindeki Etkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik
Alan Çalişmasi. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10 (2), 123.
Tanış, M. (2015). Futbol Kulüplerinde İç Denetim Organizasyonu. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü İşletme Anabilim Dalı Muhasebe ve Denetim Yüksek Lisans
Programı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul
Taştan, H.Ş. (2021). Futbol Kulübü Yöneticilerinin Kulüp Yönetimine Yönelik Açıklamalarına
İlişkin İçerik Analizi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi,12 (1),31-49.
Taştan, H.Ş., Donuk, B. (2021). Profesyonel Futbol Kulüplerinin Kurumsallaşmasında
İzoformizm. Spormetre The Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 19 (1),
39-52.
Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. (2011). Spor Kulüplerinin Sorunları ile Sporda Şiddet
Sorununun Araştırılarak Alınması Gereken Önlemlerin Belirlenmesi Amacıyla Kurulan
Meclis Araştırması Komisyonu Raporu. Dönem 23.Yasama Yılı:5.
Uluyol, O. (2014). Süper Lig Futbol Kulüplerinin Finansal Performans Analizi. Journal Of
Yasar University. 9 (34), 5716-5731.
Yıldız, S. (2017). Futbol Kulüpleri Arasında Örgütsel Farklılıklar ve Kurumsallaşma
Sürecinde Örgüt Kültürü. Dünya Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Kongresi. 23-26 Kasım
2017 Manisa / Türkiye. s.742.
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GÖRÜNTÜ İŞLEME DESTEKLİ İNŞAAT YÖNETİM OTOMASYONU
Mehmet Salih DURDU (ORCID: 0009-0006-0927-5141)
Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Departmet of Computer
Engineering, Bilecik - Türkiye
Email: mehmetsalihd20@gmail.com
Öğr. Gör. Uğur TALAŞ* (ORCID: 0000-0002-9287-413X)
Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, IT Department, Bilecik-Türkiye
Email: ugur.talas@bilecik.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Burakhan ÇUBUKÇU (ORCID: 0000-0003-0480-1254)
Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Faculty of Engineering, Departmet of Computer
Engineering, Bilecik - Türkiye
Email: burakhan.cubukcu@bilecik.edu.tr
Özet
Günümüzde inşaat sektörü dünya genelinde trilyon doları bulan önemli bir hacme sahiptir. Bu
sektörde, çalışan sayılarının çok yüksek olduğu büyük şirketlerle birlikte, çalışan sayılarının
daha az olduğu orta ve düşük ölçekli firmalarda bulunmaktadır. Özellikle orta ve düşük ölçekli
şirketler incelendiğinde, yönetim organizasyonlarında ve stok takiplerinde ajanda, not defteri
veya excel gibi geleneksel sayılabilecek yöntemlerle yürüttükleri görülmektedir. Bu geleneksel
yönetim yaklaşımı günümüzdeki bilişim teknoloji çözümlerinin çok uzağında kalmaktadır. Bu
çalışma kapsamında literatür ve piyasadaki ürün olarak kullanılabilen uygulamalar
incelenmiştir ve inşaat firmalarıyla ihtiyaç analizi için görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Mevcut
kullanılan uygulamalar incelenirken depo stok takibinin tutulması için inşaatta kullanılan
yüzlerce malzemenin sisteme tek tek elle tanımlanmasının oldukça zahmetli olduğu
gözlemlenmesine rağmen bu problemi çözmek adına derin öğrenme destekli bir uygulamaya
rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada orta ve düşük ölçekli firmalar için herhangi bir sistem odası,
sunucu gibi bir planlamaya ihtiyaç olmaksızın web uygulaması üzerinden hizmet alıp
firmalarını yönetebilecekleri, ayrıca stok takibini derin öğrenme desteğiyle fotoğraf çekerek
hızlı bir şekilde sisteme aktarabilecekleri bir uygulama geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen sistemde veri
tabanı olarak Firebase kullanılmıştır. Ara yüz Bootstrap kütüphanesi kullanılarak kullanıcı
dostu olarak geliştirilmiştir. Stok takibi için geliştirilen derin öğrenme modelinin eğitiminde
Python programlama dili ve YOLO-V8 kütüphanesi kullanılmıştır. Web uygulaması fotoğraf
eklendiğinde anlık olarak fotoğraftaki demirleri adet bilgisiyle birlikte veri tabanına
işlemektedir. Bu sayede malzemelerin tek tek sayılma işlemi için gereken iş gücünün
azaltılması sağlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İnşaat Otomasyonu, Derin Öğrenme, YOLO-V8, Görüntü İşleme
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CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND IMAGE PROCESSING BASED
INVENTORY TRACKING AUTOMATION
Abstract
InToday, the construction sector holds a significant volume worldwide, reaching trillions of
dollars. Within this sector, there are large companies with high numbers of employees as well
as medium and small-scale firms with fewer employees. Particularly when examining medium
and small-scale companies, it is observed that they manage their management organizations
and inventory tracking using methods that could be considered traditional, such as agendas,
notebooks, or Excel. This traditional management approach falls far behind the current
information technology solutions.In this study, applications that can be used as literature and in
the market were examined, and discussions were held with construction companies for needs
analysis. While examining the existing applications, it was observed that manually defining
hundreds of materials used in construction for inventory tracking is quite laborious, yet no deep
learning-supported application has been encountered to solve this problem.In this study, an
application has been developed for medium and small-scale firms, where they can manage their
businesses via a web application without the need for any infrastructure like a system room or
server. Additionally, they can quickly transfer inventory tracking data to the system by taking
photos with deep learning support. Firebase was used as the database in the developed system,
and the interface was developed to be user-friendly using the Bootstrap library. Python
programming language and the YOLO-V8 library were used for training the deep learning
model developed for inventory tracking. When a photo is added to the web application, it
instantly processes the rebars in the photo along with the quantity information into the database.
This reduces the manpower required for counting materials individually.
Keywords: Construction Automation, Deep Learning, YOLO-V8, Image Processing
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GİRİŞ
Endüstri 4.0 ilk olarak 2011 yılında Hannover fuarında ortaya atılmıştır. Bu tarihte n iki yıl
sonra, 2013 yılında Almanya’da stratejik girişim alanı olarak belirlenmiştir(L. Da Xu vd.,
2018). Dördüncü sanayi devrimi olarak adlandırılan bu gelişme ile endüstrinin farklı
alanlarında Endüstri 4.0’a olan ilgi artmıştır. Endüstri 4.0 temel olarak bilişim teknolojileri ile
endüstriyi bir araya getirmeye hedef almaktadır. Bu kapsamda 3d yazıcılar(Uygunoğlu vd.,
2019), IOT cihazları(UYGUNOĞLU & TOPÇU, 2020), giyilebilir teknolojiler(Akçamete
Güngör, 2018), arttırılmış gerçeklik(Shirazi & Behzadan, 2014), yapay zeka(Y. Xu vd., 2022),
ve genel olarak yazılım teknolojilerinin endüstri içerisinde sektörüne uygun şekilde
kullanılması, endüstrideki farklı sektörler ile bilişim sektörünü bir araya getirmektedir. Bu
yenilikçi teknolojilerin kullanılmasıyla birlikte insan gücüne olan ihtiyacın azalması ve
verimliliğin arttırılması amaçlanmaktadır(Maskuriy vd., 2019). Verimliliğin artırabilmek için
ilk olarak endüstrinin dijital bir dönüşüme ihtiyacı olduğu görülmektedir. Günümüzde bazı
sektörlerde bu dönüşüme hızlı bir şekilde adapte olabilirken özellikle inşaat sektörü gibi
sektörler bu dönüşüme hızlı adapte olamamışlardır(Betül AKBAY vd., 2023). İnşaat sektörü
içerisinde birbirini takip eden birçok alt iş sürecini barındıran yönetimsel anlamda takibinin
yapılması oldukça karmaşık bir yapıya sahiptir[atıf]. Türkiye ekonomisinde önemli bir yere
sahip olan inşaat sektörü gümüz dünyasındaki teknolojinin gerisinde kalmaktadır. Özellikle orta
ve düşük ölçekli firmalar kağıt üzerinde veya excel tablolarında kayıt tutmak gibi geleneksel
yöntemler
kullanarak
işletmelerini
sürdürürken,
etkin
bir
süreç
yönetimi
gerçekleştirememektedirler(Betül AKBAY vd., 2023). Etkin bir süreç yönetimi için sektöre
ihtiyaçlarına uygun şekilde hazırlanmış otomasyon yazılımlar kullanılması, burada oluşan
verimsizliğin önüne geçebilecektir. İnşaat sektöründe işletme süreçlerini etkin bir şekilde
yönetebilmek için üretilmiş ücretli yazılımlar bulunmaktadır. Ürün olarak satılan PirCloud(Pir,
t.y.), Yapıtaşı Erp(Yapıtaşı Bilgi CRM, t.y.), Imperium(Imperium - İnşaat Yönetim Yazılımı,
t.y.), Tekprosis(İnşaat Yazılımı - Tekprosis, t.y.), İnşaat Erp(İnşaat ERP - Uyumsoft, t.y.) ve
OPwire(Opwire App, t.y.) yazılımları incelenmiştir. Bu alan yapılmış birçok uygulama
olmasının yanında reel sektörde kullanım oranın düşük olması, yapılan literatür
araştırmalarında, adaptasyon zorlukları, teknolojik becerilerin zayıf olması, bilişim yatırımının
düşük olması gibi sebeplerden kaynaklandığı öne sürülmüştür(Maskuriy vd., 2019). Bu
durumda sektör çalışanlarındaki dijital beceri ve adaptasyonun artması için, inşaat sektörü için
geliştirilecek uygulamaların kullanıcı dostu ara yüzler ve yapay zeka desteğiyle kullanım
kolaylığı sağlaması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında inşaat sektörün ihtiyaçları ve
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mevcut yazılımların zayıf olduğu yönleri tespit edilerek, kullanıcı dostu ara yüzlere sahip ve
yapay zeka desteğiyle insan iş gücünü maliyetlerini düşürmeyi hedefleyen bir otomasyon
yazılımı geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen yazılım projelerin gelişiminin raporlanması, ustaların
performanslarının izlenmesi, maaşlar, sigorta bilgileri, bütçe yönetimi gibi tüm sürecinin takip
edilmesini sağlamaktadır. Web uygulaması olarak geliştirilen bu yazılım NextJS, TypeScript,
JavaScript HTML dillerini kullanmaktadır. Ayrıca stok takibi yapılırken gelen inşaat
malzemelerinin tespit ve sayım işlemlerinin kayıt altına alınabilmesi için derin öğrenme
yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Günümüzde nesne tespiti için oldukça yaygın kullanılan YOLOv8
kütüphanesi prototip olarak demir bağları için eğitilmiş ve anlık olarak uygulama üzerinden bir
fotoğraf yüklenmesiyle resimde bulunan demir bağlarının kaç tane olduğu bilgisini hesaplayıp
uygulamadaki stoka ekleyebilmektedir(Hussain, 2023). Bu sayede şantiyeye gelene
malzemelerin stok takibi sadece fotoğraf çekilerek hızlı bir şekilde yapılabilecektir.
METOT
Bu çalışmada sektörde faaliyet gösteren cedde inşaat firması ile görüşmelere yapılarak ihtiyaç
analizi oluşturulmuştur. Belirlenen analiz ile stok takibi, isçi yönetimi, maaş avans işlemleri,
sigorta işlemleri, günlük puantaj, proje yönetimi gereksinimlerinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu
gereksinimleri karşılamak için bir web uygulama geliştirilmiştir. Web uygulaması
geliştirilirken backend için NextJs programlama dili frontend için HTML, JavaScript, Css,
BootStrap programlama dilleri ve kütüphaneleri kullanılmıştır. Stok takibi modülünde
geliştirilen görüntü işleme işlemleri için Python dili ile YOLO v8 kütüphanesi kullanılmıştır.
Geliştirilen uygulamanın mimarisi Şekil 1’de sunulmuştur.
Şekil 1. Web uygulama mimarisi
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Web uygulamasını mimarisi incelendiğinde oluşturulan web sayfaları backend ile
haberleşmektedir. Backend kısmında ise veri tabanı olarak firebase üzerinde veri depolama ve
veri okuma işlemlerini gerçekleştirmektedir. Stok takibi modülünden görüntü işleme için bir
resim yüklendiğinde, backend kısmından farklı bir port üzerinde python tabanlı çalışan flask
uygulamasına resim verisini göndermektedir. Burada önceden eğitilmiş olan model resim
üzerinde nesne tespiti yapıp, tespit ettiği nesneleri işaretleyip geri döndürmektedir. Geri dönen
resimde tahmin yüzdesi 50’den büyük olanlar saydırılarak ekrana yazdırılmaktadır. Kullanıcı
yapay zeka tarafından yapılan sayımı güncelleyebilmektedir. Görüntü işleme akış şeması
aşağıdaki Şekil 2’de sunulmuştur.
Şekil 2. Görüntü işleme süreç akışı
Görüntü işleme için model eğitimini, web uygulamasında hariç olarak Google Colab platformu
üzerinde YOLO V8 kütüphanesi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Eğitim için Google
görsellerden bir demir bağı fotoğrafları indirilerek bir veri seti oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan
veri setinin örnek görselleri Şekil 3’te sunulmuştur.
Şekil 3. Örnek veri seti
Toplam 50 tane resim ile oluşturulan veri setinin %270 ‘i eğitim %30’u test için ayrılmıştır.
Model eğitimi 100 epoc sürdürülmüştür. Yaklaşık iki saat süren eğitim sonucunda %99.4’lük
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bir başarım elde edilmiştir ve eğitim loss, percision, recall grafikleri aşağıdaki Şekil 4’te
verilmiştir.
Şekil 4. Yapay zeka eğitim grafikleri
Çalışmanın devam eden bölümlerinde uygulamanın detayları kullanıcı ara yüzleriyle birlikte
anlatılmıştır. Sonrasında sonuçlar ile birlikte değerlendirme yapılmıştır.
GÖRÜNTÜ İŞLEME DESTEKLİ İNŞAAT YÖNETİM OTOMASYONU: AKBARET
Akbaret; inşaat sektöründeki işletme süreçleri etkin bir şekilde yönetilmesine yardımcı olmayı
hedefleyen yapay zeka destekli bir web uygulamasıdır. Uygulama kullanışlılığı arttırmak için
mümkün olduğunca sade ve kullanıcı dostu bir tasarım uygulanmıştır. Uygulama dahsboard,
kasa, proje, stok ve şantiye modüllerinden oluşmaktadır.
Yönetici uygulamaya giriş yaptığında Şekil 5’te görünen panel ekranıyla karşılaşmaktadır. Bu
ekran çalışan sayısı, usta sayısı, şantiye sayısı ve günlük haftalık olarak seçenekleri olan üretim
raporlarının bulunduğu özet bilgi veren bir sayfadır.
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Şekil 5. Yönetici giriş ekranı
Firmanın finansal olarak bilgilerinin yönetildiği kısım kasa modülüdür. Bu modülde toplam
hakkediş, toplam gider, toplam kar bilgileri sayfanın üst bölümünde yer alırken, alt kısımda ise
bu verilerin girilip yönetildiği alt paneller bulunmaktadır. Oluşturulan ara yüz aşağıdaki Şekil
6’da sunulmuştur.
Şekil 6. Kasa modülü
Uygulamada projelerin yönetildiği ekranda yeni proje ekleme, düzenleme ve silme gibi işlemler
yapılabilmektedir. Burada eklenen projeler diğer kasa, usta, dashboard gibi ekranlarda projeye
bağlı yönetim süreçleri takip edilebilmektedir. Proje ekranı Şekil 7’de sunulmuştur.
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Şekil 7. Proje modülü
Bu çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu en önemli yenilik stok takibi modülünde yapılmıştır. Şekil 8’de
sunulan stok takibi modülü kullanıcının eklediği resimdeki demir bağlarını sayarak veri tabana
yazmaktadır. Sayılan adetler liste şeklinde kullanıcıya gösterilerek herhangi bir hata olması
durumunda tekrar düzenleme olanağı sağlanmıştır.
Şekil 8. Stok takip modülü
Sektörde çalışan firmalar birden fazla şantiyede faaliyet gösterebilmektedirler. Bu sebeple
projeler farklı şantiyeler altında yönetilebileceği bir şantiye modülü eklenmiştir. Şantiye ekle,
sil, güncelle gibi işlemlerin yapılabildiği şantiye yönetim modülü Şekil 9’da gösterilmektedir.
Şekil 9. Şantiye modülü
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Çalışmanın devam eden bölümünde sonuçlar ve gelecekte yapılabilecek çalışmalar için
önerileriler verilmiştir.
SONUÇ
Bu çalışmada inşaat sektörüne özel günlük ve haftalık puantaj, proje yönetimi, stok takibi, ve
şantiye yönetimi, işçi yönetimi için bir web uygulaması geliştirilmiştir. Uygulama sektörden
alınan ihtiyaç analiziyle birlikte literatürdeki inşaat sektörünün dijital dönüşüme
adaptasyonunun eksikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Sektör çalışanlarının geleneksel yöntemlerden
vazgeçip dijital bir yönetim uygulama adapte olmalarını kolaylaştırmak için kullanıcı dostu bir
ara yüz tasarımı gerçekleştirilirmiştir. Uygulama geliştirilirken NextJs, TypeScript, Html,
JavaScript, Css teknolojileri ve veri tabanı olarak firebase kullanılmıştır.
Şantiyede birçok çeşitte mal geldiği ve bu malların stok takibinin yapılması oldukça önemli bir
adımdır. Gelen ürünlerin tek tek sayılması, gelen ürün sayısının çok fazla olduğu
düşünüldüğünde zahmetli bir iş olmaktadır. Burada oluşan sayma işlemini hızlandırmak için
yapay zekadan faydalanılmıştır. Demir bağları tespiti ve sayımı için bir veri seti
oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan veri seti YOLO V8 ile eğitilmiş ve %99.4 başarım elde edilmiştir.
Eğitilen modele web uygulaması üzerinden fotoğraf yüklenerek tahmin ve saydırma işlemi
yapılabilmektedir. Sayılan demir adetleri kullanıcı onayı ile otomatik olarak veri tabanına
yazılarak stok takip işlemini kolaylaştırmaktadır.
Çalışmada prototip olarak oluşturulan veri seti sadece demir bağlarını kapsamaktadır. İnşaatta
stok takibi yapılan birçok çeşitte ürün vardır. Bu sebeple stok takibi tüm ürünler için yapay zeka
desteği sağlayamamaktadır.
Gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalarda veri seti inşaatta kullanılan tüm ürünler için genişletilip
YOLO ile tekrardan eğitilirse tüm stok takibi sürecinde yapay zekadan faydalanılabilir.
Böylelikle stok sayımı için harcanan iş yükü maliyetleri düşürülebilir.
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References
A. Güngör (2018). Yüksekten Düşme İş Kazalarının Giyilebilir Sensörler ile Tespiti ve
İnterneti
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Etkilerinin
Azaltılması.
https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/62103
B. AKBAY, R., Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi, F., ve Tasarım Fakültesi, M., & Lisans
Öğrencisi, Y. (2023). Şantiyelerde Bilgi Modellemesi ve Dijital Teknolojilerin
Kullanımı. AJIT-e: Academic Journal of Information Technology, 14(54), 298-319.
https://doi.org/10.5824/AJITE.2023.03.007.X
Hussain, M. (2023). YOLO-v1 to YOLO-v8, the Rise of YOLO and Its Complementary Nature
toward Digital Manufacturing and Industrial Defect Detection. Machines 2023, Vol. 11,
Page 677, 11(7), 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/MACHINES11070677
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https://imperiumsoft.com
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27
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Yapıtaşı Bilgi CRM. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 27 Mart 2024, gönderen https://www.yapitasierp.com/
İnşaat
Yazılımı
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Tekprosis.
(t.y.).
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tarihi
27
Mart
2024,
gönderen
https://www.tekprosis.com/urunlerimiz/insaat-yazilimi
Maskuriy, R., Selamat, A., Maresova, P., Krejcar, O., & David, O. O. (2019). Industry 4.0 for
the Construction Industry: Review of Management Perspective. Economies 2019, Vol. 7,
Page 68, 7(3), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/ECONOMIES7030068
Pir. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 27 Mart 2024, gönderen https://www.pircloud.com/
Opwire App. (t.y.). Geliş tarihi 27 Mart 2024, gönderen https://opwire.app/
Shirazi, A., & Behzadan, A. H. (2014). Design and Assessment of a Mobile Augmented
Reality-Based Information Delivery Tool for Construction and Civil Engineering
Curriculum. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice,
141(3), 04014012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000229
Uygunoğlu, T., Barlas Özgüven, S., Üniversitesi, A. K., Fakültesi, M., Bölümü, M., & Yazar,
S. (2019). İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ 3D TEKNOLOJİSİNDE KULLANILAN
HARÇLARIN REOLOJİK ÖZELİKLERİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI.
International
Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 3(2), 189-197.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ij3dptdi/issue/48431/577946
565
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Uygunoğlu, T., & Topçu, İ. B. (2020). NESNELERİN İNTERNETİNİN (IoT) İNŞAAT
MÜHENDİSLİĞİNDEKİ ROLÜ: RFID UYGULAMALARI. International Journal of
3D
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and
Digital
Industry,
4(3),
270-277.
https://doi.org/10.46519/IJ3DPTDI.797659
Xu, L. Da, Xu, E. L., & Li, L. (2018). Industry 4.0: state of the art and future trends.
International
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2941-2962.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1444806
Xu, Y., Qian, W., Li, N., & Li, H. (2022). Typical advances of artificial intelligence in civil
engineering. https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332221127340, 25(16), 3405-3424.
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İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ÖĞRENİMİNDE ULAŞILMAK İSTENEN BAŞARI
DÜZEYİNİN BELİRLENEBİLMESİ İÇİN BİR MODEL
Doç. Dr. Latif Onur UĞUR (ORCID: 0000-0001-6428-9788)
Düzce University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Düzce-Türkiye
Email: latifugur@duzce.edu.tr
Özet
Monte Carlo benzetimi, Çok sayıda tekrarlanan rastgele örneklemelerle, bir takım nümerik
sonuçlar elde etmeye yarayan ve bilimin birçok alanında yaygın olarak kullanılan bir sayısal
hesaplama algoritmaları sınıfıdır. Bilgisayar programları, geçmiş verileri analiz etmek ve bir
eylem seçimine dayalı olarak bir dizi gelecekteki sonucu tahmin etmek için bu yöntemi kullanır.
Yüksek Öğrenimde başarılı olmanın önemli kriterlerinden birisi final sınavlarında alınacak
notların düzeyidir. Bu çalışmada Düzce Üniversitesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü’nü kazanan
bir öğrencinin meslek derslerinden ne kadar başarılı olabileceği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaca
yönelik olarak mezuniyet durumuna gelmiş 20 bölüm öğrencisine, 22 adet meslek dersleri final
sınavlarından bekledikleri notlar ile aldıkları notlar arasındaki farkların yüzdeleri sorulmuştur.
Alınan yanıtların (+) ve (-) olmak üzere ortalamalarını almıştır. Bu değerler beklenen
değerlerden artı ve eksi yönlerde maksimum sapma oranlarına karşılık gelmektedir. Monte
Carlo Yöntemi kullanarak Üçgen Dağılım için ayrı, PERT Dağılımı için ayrı olmak üzere iki
ayrı simülasyon yapılmıştır. Böylece sınavlardan beklenen notlara ulaşmanın ne oranda
mümkün olabileceği istatistiki olarak belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna ek olarak bir öğrencinin
ilgili dersleri aldığında final sınavından beklediği puan tahminlerini tutturma ihtimalleri her bir
ders ve dağılım için belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak beklenenden daha fazla sapma yaşanan
derslere daha çok önem ve süre vererek çalışılması gerektiği, öngörülen sınav sonuçlarının
hangi oranda gerçekleşebileceği değerlerine ulaşılmıştır. Benzer değerlendirmeler her bölüm
ve ders için yapılabilir. Daha doğruya yakın değerlere ulaşabilmek için daha çok veri üzerinden
çalışılması gerektiği açıktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İnşaat Mühendisliği Öğrenimi, Monte Carlo Simülasyonu, Başarı Düzeyi
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A MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE ACHIEVEMENT LEVEL IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING EDUCATION
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulation is a class of numerical computation algorithms that are widely used in
many fields of science and are used to obtain a number of numerical results with a large number
of repeated random samplings. Computer programs use this method to analyze past data and
predict a set of future outcomes based on a choice of action. One of the important criteria of
being successful in higher education is the level of grades to be taken in the final exams. In this
study, it was investigated how successful a student from Düzce University Civil Engineering
Department can be in vocational courses. For this purpose, 20 department students, who have
graduated, were asked about the percentages of the differences between the grades they
expected from the final exams of 22 vocational courses and the grades they received. The
averages of the responses received were (+) and (-). These values correspond to the maximum
deviation rates in the positive and negative directions from the expected values. Using Monte
Carlo Method, two different simulations were made for the Triangular Distribution and
separately for the PERT Distribution. Thus, it has been tried to determine statistically how much
it is possible to reach the expected grades in the exams. In addition, the probability that a student
will meet the score predictions expected from the final exam when he/she takes the relevant
courses has been determined for each course and distribution. As a result, it has been reached
the values that it is necessary to study by giving more importance and time to the courses with
more deviations than expected, and at what rate the predicted exam results can be realized.
Similar evaluations can be made for each department and course. It is clear that more data
should be studied in order to reach more accurate values.
Keywords: Civil Engineering Education, Monte Carlo Simulation, Level of Success
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Giriş
Bir üniversitenin temel görevleri; araştırma yapmak, bilim üretmek, üst düzeyde eğitim
sağlamak, üretime, uygulamaya ve gelişen teknolojiye uyum sağlayabilecek insan gücünü
hazırlamak şeklinde özetlenebilir. Ayrıca, evrensel ve ulusal kültürü ve insani değerleri
özümseyen, uygar ve demokrat bireyleri yetiştirmek de bir üniversitenin görevleri arasındadır.
Üniversitenin bu yöndeki eğitimi, yalnız günümüz koşullarına uymakla kalmayıp, gelecekteki
ilerleme ve gelişmeleri de kapsayacak şekilde oluşturulmalıdır. Üniversiteler özgür düşünen,
duyarlı, öğrenen, çağını yakalayıp aşmaya çalışan, üreten, değişime ve gelişmelere açık, uygar
ve demokrat bireylerin ve meslek adamlarının yetiştirilmesini sağlamak durumundadırlar. [1]
Mühendislik eğitiminde amaç, tasarım yeteneklerinin geliştirilmesi ve tasarım sorunlarının
çözülmesidir. Mühendislik, analizden başlayarak toplumun ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan senteze
uzanan bir yol olarak görülmelidir. Mühendislik eğitiminin temel ölçüsü, mühendislik kariyeri
süresince sürekli üretken olabilen ve gelişmelere açık profesyonel mezunlar yetiştirebilmektir.
Mühendislik eğitiminde ana hedef, toplumun ihtiyaçlarına çözüm oluşturabilecek niteliklere
sahip elemanlar yetiştirmektir.[2]Mühendisliğin temeli, analiz edilen konunun incelenerek
problem yapısının belirlenmesi ve gelişen teknoloji desteğiyle daha önce üzerinde inceleme
yapılmamış özgün çalışmaların ortaya konması felsefesi üzerinedir.[3]Mühendislik eğitiminde
ana prensip, mühendislik kariyeri boyunca sürekli üreten ve her türlü gelişime açık mezunlar
yetiştirmektir. Mühendislik eğitimindeki amaç, toplumun ihtiyaçlarına çözüm oluşturabilecek
niteliklere sahip mezunların topluma kazandırılmasıdır.[4]Modern mühendislik eğitiminde,
öğrenciye dar kapsamlı teknik bilgi kazandırmak yeterli değildir. Değişen ve gelişen teknoloji
toplumunun felsefesi; sadece teknik problemlere yönelip bu problemleri çözme yeteneğine
sahip mühendisler yetiştirmek yerine, soruna bir bütün olarak bakabilen mühendisler
yetiştirmeye doğru gitmektedir. Mühendislik eğitimi, öğrencinin ufkunu açmalı ve temel
problemlerin ve çözüm metotlarının ortaya konmasını gerektirmektedir. Modern mühendislik
eğitiminde hedeflenen mühendislik esaslarını ve bu esaslar dahilinde öğrenmeyi
öğretmektir.[5]2002 yılında Avustralya’da, Queensland University of Technology’e başlayan
öğrencilerin 2006 yılı sonunda akademik başarı durumlarını inceleyen araştırma sonuçları,
öğrencilerin sadece % 20’sinin dört yıl sonunda mühendis olarak mezun olduklarını bulmuştur.
Aynı gruptaki öğrencilerin % 60’ının ise mühendislik eğitimlerini yarım bıraktıkları ortaya
çıkmıştır.[6] Bunun yanında İngiltere’de yapılan bir araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre;
mühendislik öğrencilerinin %18’i üniversitedeki ilk yılın sonunda mühendislik eğitimini
bırakmaktadırlar. Aynı araştırmada, mühendislik fakültesindeki öğretim üyelerinin %38’inin
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mühendislik öğrencilerinin bu başarısızlıklarını, öğrencilerin yetersiz matematik bilgilerine
bağladıkları
bulunmuştur.[7]Özcan
ve
diğerleri,
Kocaeli
Üniversitesi
Mühendislik
Fakültesinden Bologna Süreci'ne dahil olarak mezun olmuş 3984 öğrencinin veriler üzerinden
istatistiki analizler yapmışlardır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre mezunların fakülte ortak ders
başarısı ve mezuniyet başarıları, ilişkili ve anlamlı derecede farklıdır. Bölümler arasında fakülte
ortak derslerdeki başarı düzeyi farklılık göstermektedir. Mezunların genel mezuniyet
başarısının her bölüm için bölüme giriş şekli, cinsiyet, öğretim türü, mezuniyet dönemi gibi
değişkenlere bağlı olarak farklı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.[8]Güner ve Çomak, Destek
Vektör Makineleri yöntemini kullanarak riskli öğrencileri tahmin etmiştir. 2007 yılında
Pamukkale Üniversitesi mühendislik fakültesine başlayan 434 öğrencinin üniversiteye giriş
sınavı sonuçlarına ait verilerin kullanıldığı araştırma sonuçlarına göre; öğrencilerin matematik,
fen bilimleri, Türkçe testlerinin sonuçları ile lise mezuniyet başarı puanlarının, matematik I
dersindeki başarılarını tahminde önemli rol oynadığı bulunmuştur.[9]Hasan Burak Ağır ve
arkadaşlarının yaptığı çalışmada, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi
öğrencilerinin öğrenim başarısını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Öğrencilere
yapılan anket çalışmasından elde edilen veriler değerlendirilip, lojistik regresyon analizi
kullanılarak başarıyı etkileyen faktörler incelenmiştir. Yapılan incelemelerden elde edilen
sonuçlara göre öğrencilerin başarısını etkileyen faktörlerin cinsiyet, mezun olunan lise türü,
daha önce bitirilen yüksekokul programı ve annenin çalışma durumu olarak belirlenmiştir.[10]
Günümüzde bilgisayar teknolojisinin ve programlarının gelişmesinin bir sonucu olarak,
üniversite öğrencilerinin akademik başarılarını etkileyen parametreleri ve riskli öğrencileri
belirleyebilmek için son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda, makine öğrenmesi yöntemi ve karar
destek sistemleri oldukça yoğun olarak kullanılmıştır. Örneğin, iki farklı çalışmada Vandamme
vd., [11] Belçika’da, Kovacic [12] Yeni Zellanda’daki üniversite öğrencilerinin akademik
performanslarını tahminde belirleyici olan faktörleri “Veri Madenciliği” yöntemini,
Chourdhury [13] ise “Çoklu Regresyon” yöntemini kullanarak belirlemeye çalışmışlardır.
Affendey vd. [14], Bilgisayar Mühendisliği öğrencilerinin akademik performanslarının
tahmininde “Naive Bayes” yöntemini kullanarak, ilk dönem alınan bilgisayar yazılım programı
dersinin en belirleyici etmen olduğunu bulmuşlardır.Çağıltay ve Tokdemir, yaptıkları
çalışmada, farklı öğrenme stillerine sahip kişilerin mühendislik eğitimindeki başarı durumlarını
incelemişlerdir. Çalışmada Atılım Üniversitesi Bilgisayar Mühendisliği Bölümü birinci sınıf
öğrencileri ile yapılan bir durum değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarının
mühendislik eğitimi veren birimlere, gerek eğitimlerinin genel başarısını artırıcı ve gerekse
570
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
öğrencilerin kişisel başarılarını artırıcı yönlendirici bilgiyi sağlaması hedeflenmiştir. Bu
çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, araştırmaya katılan öğrenciler içinde derste başarılı olanların
büyük bir kısmının (% 85) David Kolb tarafından mühendislik alanındaki başarı oranının
yüksek olduğu belirlenen iki öğrenme stilinden birisine sahip oldukları gözlenmiştir. Oysaki
dersin genel başarı oranı % 43’dür. Bu durum David Kolb tarafından belirlenen öğrenme stilleri
ile paralellik göstermektedir.[15]Bir kişinin kendi performansı hakkındaki algısını üstbiliş
becerileri
bağlamında
açıklayan
araştırmalarda
“kalibrasyon”
terminolojisinden
yararlanılmıştır. Bir kişinin bir görevi tamamlarken performansına ilişkin başarı tahmini ile
gerçekte ortaya koyduğu performans arasındaki uyum derecesi kalibrasyon olarak
tanımlanmaktadır.[16-18]Monte Carlo simülasyonu, belirsiz bir olayın olası sonuçlarını
öngören matematiksel bir tekniktir. Monte Carlo simülasyonu, tahmininde bir belirsizlik veya
rastgelelik unsuru içerebilen olasılık temelli bir modeldir. Monte Carlo simülasyonu, her birinin
olasılığı büyük bir rastgele veri örneği havuzundan gelecek şekilde birden fazla olası sonuç
sunar. Belirleyici bir tahminden daha net bir resim sağlar. Makine öğrenimi (ML), girdi ve çıktı
verileri arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamak üzere yazılımı eğitmek için büyük bir girdi ve çıktı (G/Ç)
veri örneği kullanan bir bilgisayar teknolojisidir. Monte Carlo simülasyonu ise bir sistemde
meydana gelen olası sonuçları tahmin etmek için girdi verisi örneklerini ve bilinen bir
matematiksel modeli kullanır.[19]
Amaç ve Yöntem
Bu çalışmada Düzce Üniversitesi İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü’nü kazanan bir öğrencinin
meslek derslerinden ne kadar başarılı olabileceği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak
mezuniyet durumuna gelmiş 20 bölüm öğrencisine, 22 adet meslek dersleri final sınavlarından
bekledikleri notlar ile aldıkları notlar arasındaki farkların yüzdeleri sorulmuştur. Alınan
yanıtların (+) ve (-) olmak üzere ortalamalarını almıştır. Bu değerler beklenen değerlerden artı
ve eksi yönlerde maksimum sapma oranlarına karşılık gelmektedir. Monte Carlo Yöntemi
kullanarak Üçgen Dağılım için ayrı, PERT Dağılımı için ayrı olmak üzere iki ayrı simülasyon
yapılmıştır. Böylece sınavlardan beklenen notlara ulaşmanın ne oranda mümkün olabileceği
istatistiki olarak belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna ek olarak bir öğrencinin ilgili dersleri
aldığında final sınavından beklediği puan tahminlerini tutturma ihtimalleri her bir ders ve
dağılım için belirlenmiştir.
571
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Bulgular ve Tartışma
20 öğrencinin 22 adet meslek dersi için beklediklerinden en az ne kadar eksik not aldıkları ve
en fazla ne kadar fazla not aldıklarına dair verilerin birleştirilmesi ile oluşturulan sınır
değerleri içeren tablo aşağıda Tablo1.’de verilmiştir.
Tablo 1. Simülasyonda kullanılacak minimum ve maksimum uç değerler
Yeni bir öğrencinin ilgili derslerden girdiği sınavlardan beklediği notlar aşağıdaki Tablo2.’de
verilmiştir.
572
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tablo 2. Yeni öğrencinin ilgili ders sınavlarından sonra beklediği notlar
Tablo 2.’deki beklenen değerler ve Tablo 1.’deki dağılım uç noktaları esas alınarak yapılan
Monte Carlo Simülasyonları sonucu elde edilen sonuçlar aşağıdaki gibidir.
Statik dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki gibidir;
573
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 62 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %11,9 dur. Öğrenci %88,1 ihtimalle beklediği notun %19,9 eksiğini alacaktır. Bu
durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 50 olacaktır.
Statik dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 62 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5 dir. Öğrenci %95 ihtimalle beklediği notun %19,9 eksiğini alacaktır. Bu durumda
öğrencinin alacağı not 50 olacaktır.
Mukavemet 1 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
574
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 73 tür. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,2 dir. Öğrenci %52,7 ihtimalle beklediği notun %22,5 eksiğini, %42,1 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %14,4 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 56 olacaktır.
Mukavemet 1 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 73 tür. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,3 tür. Öğrenci %58,3 ihtimalle beklediği notun %22,5 eksiğini, %36,4 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %14,4 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 56 olacaktır.
575
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
İstatistik dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 88 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %6 dır. Öğrenci %49,7 ihtimalle beklediği notun %17,5 eksiğini, %44,3 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %14 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 73 olacaktır.
İstatistik dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 88 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %6,3 tür. Öğrenci %52,4 ihtimalle beklediği notun %17,5 eksiğini, %41,3 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %14 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 73 olacaktır.
576
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Malzeme Bilimi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 80 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %6 dır. Öğrenci %51,2 ihtimalle beklediği notun %18,5 eksiğini, %42,8 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %13 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 65 olacaktır.
Malzeme Bilimi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 80 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %6,2 dir. Öğrenci %55,6 ihtimalle beklediği notun %18,5 eksiğini, %38,2 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %13 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 65 olacaktır.
577
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Akışkanlar Mekaniği dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 61 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %8 dir. Öğrenci %92 ihtimalle beklediği notun %30,4 eksiğini alacaktır. Bu durumda
öğrencinin alacağı not 42 olacaktır.
Akışkanlar Mekaniği dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu
aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 61 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %3,3 tür. Öğrenci %96,7 ihtimalle beklediği notun %30,4 eksiğini alacaktır. Bu
durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 42 olacaktır.
578
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Mühendislik Jeolojisi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu
aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 48 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %4,4 tür. Öğrenci %61 ihtimalle beklediği notun %35,7 eksiğini, %34,6 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %12 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 31 olacaktır.
Mühendislik Jeolojisi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu
aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 48 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %4,1 dir. Öğrenci %72,8 ihtimalle beklediği notun %35,7 eksiğini, %23,1 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %12 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 31 olacaktır.
579
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Yapı Statiği 1 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 79 dur. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,1 dir. Öğrenci %45,3 ihtimalle beklediği notun %16,7 eksiğini, %49,6 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %20 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 95 olacaktır.
Yapı Statiği 1 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 79 dur. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,4 tür. Öğrenci %42,8 ihtimalle beklediği notun %16,7 eksiğini, %51,8 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %20 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 95 olacaktır.
580
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Mukavemet 2 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 61 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5 dir. Öğrenci %53,7 ihtimalle beklediği notun %24 eksiğini, %41,3 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %14,3 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 46 olacaktır.
Mukavemet 2 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 61 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,1 dir. Öğrenci %60,1 ihtimalle beklediği notun %24 eksiğini, %34,8 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %14,3 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 46 olacaktır.
581
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Topoğrafya dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 58 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %7,4 tür. Öğrenci %51,7 ihtimalle beklediği notun %15,7 eksiğini, %40,9 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %10 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 49 olacaktır.
Topoğrafya dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 58 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %7,6 dır. Öğrenci %57,3 ihtimalle beklediği notun %15,7 eksiğini, %35,1 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %10 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 49 olacaktır.
582
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Yapı Malzemesi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 57 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %9,7 dir. Öğrenci %45,9 ihtimalle beklediği notun %10 eksiğini, %44,4 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %9,4 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 51 olacaktır.
Yapı Malzemesi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 57 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %10,1 dir. Öğrenci %46,5 ihtimalle beklediği notun %10 eksiğini, %43,4 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %9,4 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 51 olacaktır.
583
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Karayolu İnşaatı dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 66 dır. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,8 dir. Öğrenci %45,6 ihtimalle beklediği notun %15 eksiğini, %48,6 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %17 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 77 olacaktır.
Karayolu İnşaatı dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 66 dır. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %6,2 dir. Öğrenci %43,8 ihtimalle beklediği notun %15 eksiğini, %50 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %17 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 77 olacaktır.
584
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Yapı İşletmesi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 65 tir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %6,4 tür. Öğrenci %35,7 ihtimalle beklediği notun %9 eksiğini, %57,9 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %22,6 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 80 olacaktır.
Yapı İşletmesi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 65 tir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %6,2 dir. Öğrenci %25,4 ihtimalle beklediği notun %9 eksiğini, %68,4 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %22,6 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 80 olacaktır.
585
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Hidrolik ve Hidroloji dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 58 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,7 dir. Öğrenci %58,5 ihtimalle beklediği notun %25,6 eksiğini, %35,8 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %10 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 37 olacaktır.
Hidrolik ve Hidroloji dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu
aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 58 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,5 dir. Öğrenci %69,1 ihtimalle beklediği notun %25,6 eksiğini, %25,4 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %10 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 37 olacaktır.
586
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Betonarme 1 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 69 dur. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %4,6 dır. Öğrenci %40,9 ihtimalle beklediği notun %15,3 eksiğini, %54,5 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %27 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 88 olacaktır.
Betonarme 1 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 69 dur. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %4,7 dir. Öğrenci %33,8 ihtimalle beklediği notun %15,3 eksiğini, %61,5 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %27 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 88 olacaktır.
587
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Zemin Mekaniği dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 37 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,3 tür. Öğrenci %57,2 ihtimalle beklediği notun %26,1 eksiğini, %37,5 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %11,5 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 27 olacaktır.
Zemin Mekaniği dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 37 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,2 dir. Öğrenci %66,8 ihtimalle beklediği notun %26,1 eksiğini, %28 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %11,5 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 27 olacaktır.
588
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çelik Yapılar dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 42 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,1 dir. Öğrenci %45,2 ihtimalle beklediği notun %16,6 eksiğini, %49,7 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %20 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 50 olacaktır.
Çelik Yapılar dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 42 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,4 tür. Öğrenci %42,7 ihtimalle beklediği notun %16,6 eksiğini, %51,9 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %20 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 50 olacaktır.
589
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Yapı Statiği 2 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 55 tir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %7,4 tür. Öğrenci %46,3 ihtimalle beklediği notun %12,5 eksiğini, %46,3 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %12,5 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 48 ya da 62
olacaktır.
Yapı Statiği 2 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 55 tir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %7,8 dir. Öğrenci %46,1 ihtimalle beklediği notun %12,5 eksiğini, %46,1 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %12,5 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 48 ya da 62
olacaktır.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Metraj ve Keşif dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 81 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %8,6 dır. Öğrenci %57 ihtimalle beklediği notun %17,1 eksiğini, %34,4 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %6,7 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 67 olacaktır.
Metraj ve Keşif dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 81 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %8,2 dir. Öğrenci %67,7 ihtimalle beklediği notun %17,1 eksiğini, %24,1 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %6,7 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 67 olacaktır.
591
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Betonarme 2 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 64 tür. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,5 dir. Öğrenci %50 ihtimalle beklediği notun %18,9 eksiğini, %44,5 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %15 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 52 olacaktır.
Betonarme 2 dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 64 tür. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,9 dur. Öğrenci %52,8 ihtimalle beklediği notun %18,9 eksiğini, %41,3 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %15 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 52 olacaktır.
592
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Yapı Dinamiği dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 38 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,1 dir. Öğrenci %61,7 ihtimalle beklediği notun %32,5 eksiğini, %33,2 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %10 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 26 olacaktır.
Yapı Dinamiği dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 38 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %4,7 dir. Öğrenci %74,1 ihtimalle beklediği notun %32,5 eksiğini, %21,2 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %10 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 26 olacaktır.
593
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Temel Mühendisliği dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu aşağıdaki
gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 59 dur. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,4 tür. Öğrenci %55,1 ihtimalle beklediği notun %24 eksiğini, %39,5 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %12,5 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 45 olacaktır.
Temel Mühendisliği dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu
aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 59 dur. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %5,4 tür. Öğrenci %63 ihtimalle beklediği notun %24 eksiğini, %31,6 ihtimalle
beklediği notun %12,5 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 45 olacaktır.
594
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Mühendislik Ekonomisi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu PERT dağılımı sonucu
aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 62 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %20,8 dir. Öğrenci %79,2 ihtimalle beklediği notun %11 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu
durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 69 olacaktır.
Mühendislik Ekonomisi dersi için monte carlo simülasyonu ÜÇGEN dağılımı sonucu
aşağıdaki gibidir;
Öğrencinin bu dersten beklediği not 62 dir. Bu grafiğe göre öğrencinin beklediği notu alma
ihtimali %8,9 dur. Öğrenci %91,1 ihtimalle beklediği notun %11 fazlasını alacaktır. Bu
durumda öğrencinin alacağı not 69 olacaktır.
595
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Sonuç olarak beklenenden daha fazla sapma yaşanan derslere daha çok önem ve süre vererek
çalışılması gerektiği, öngörülen sınav sonuçlarının hangi oranda gerçekleşebileceği değerlerine
ulaşılmıştır. Benzer değerlendirmeler her bölüm ve ders için yapılabilir. Daha doğruya yakın
değerlere ulaşabilmek için daha çok veri üzerinden çalışılması gerektiği açıktır.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Kaynaklar
1.Çavdar, A.O., 2000, Nasıl Bir Üniversite Mezunu İstiyoruz? Açılış Konuşması, Bilimsel
Toplantılar Serisi-5, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, Ankara.
2.Gençoğlu M. T. , Gençoğlu E., Mühendislik Lisans Eğitimi ve Başarı Ölçütleri, TMMOB
Mühendislik Eğitimi Sempozyumu 2005
3.Ünverdi, N.Ö., Ünverdi, N.A. ( 1999 ). “Mühendislik Öğretiminin Değerlendirilmesi”.
Mühendislik Mimarlık Eğitimi Sempozyumu, İstanbul.
4.Özcan B., Güler E. Ve Yerlikaya Z., Kocaeli Mühendislik Fakültesi Mezunlarının Akademik
Başarılarının İncelenmesi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, KOSBED, 2017,
34
5.Baran, T., Kahraman, S., (1999) “Yetkin Mühendislik ve Eğitim” Mühendislik Mimarlık
Eğitimi Sempozyumu, İstanbul, Türkiye
6.Cuthbert, R.. and MacGrillivray, H. 2007. Investigation of Completion Rates of Engineering
Students. Proceedings 6th Southern Hemisphere conference on Mathematics and
Statistics Teaching and Learning. 35-41, El Calafate.
7.Crowther K, Thompson, D. and Cullingford, C. 1997. Engineering degree students are
deficient in mathematical expertise-why? International Journal of Mathematical
Education Science and Technology. 28 (6), 785-792.
8.Özcan B., Güler E. Ve Yerlikaya Z., Kocaeli Mühendislik Fakültesi Mezunlarının Akademik
Başarılarının İncelenmesi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, KOSBED, 2017,
34
9.Güner N., Çomak E., Mühendislik Öğrencilerinin Matematik I Derslerindeki Başarısının
Destek Vektör Makineleri Kullanılarak Tahmin Edilmesi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi
Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Cilt 17, Sayı 2, 2011, Sayfa 87-96
10.Ağır H. B. , Akbay C. , Yılmaz H. İ., (2016). “Ziraat Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Öğrenim
Başarısını Etkileyen Faktörler : Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Örneği”. KSÜ
Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4): 425-432
11.Vandamme, J. P., Meskens, N. and Superby, J. F. 2007. Predicting Academic Performance
by Data Mining Methods. Education Economics. 15 (4), 405-419.
12.Kovacic, Z. J. 2010. Early Prediction of Student Success: Mining Students Enrolment Data.
Proceedings of Informing Science and IT Education Conference (InSITE) 2010.
13.Choudhury, I.2002. Predicting Student Performance Using Multiple Regression.
Prooceedings of the 2002 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference.
597
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
14.Affendey, L. S., Paris, I. H. M., Mustapha, N., Sulaiman, N. and Muda, Z. 2010. Ranking of
Influencing Factors in Predicting Students’ Academic Performance. Information
Technology Journal. 9 (4), 832-837.
15.Çağıltay N. E. ve Tokdemir G., Mühendislik Eğitiminde Öğrenme Stillerinin Rolü, I. Ulusal
Mühendislik Kongresi 20-21 Mayıs 2004 Eski Foça, İzmir
16.Bol, L., & Hacker, D. J. (2012). Calibration research: where do we go from here?. Frontiers
in psychology, 3, Article 229, 1-6.
17.Lichtenstein, S., Fischhoff, B., & Phillips, L. D. (1982). Calibration of probabilities: The
state of the art to 1980. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), Judgment under
uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
18.Nietfeld, J. L., Cao, L., & Osborne, J. W. (2006). The effect of distributed monitoring
exercises and feedback on performance, monitoring accuracy, and selfefficacy.
Metacognition and Learning, 1, 159-179.
19.https://aws.amazon.com/tr/whatis/montecarlosimulation/#:~:text=Monte%20Carlo%20sim
%C3%BClasyonu%2C%20tahmininde%20bir,ve%20ofisiniz%20aras%C4%B1ndaki%
20mesafe%20sabittir.
Son erişim tarihi 12.04.2024
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
8. SINIF FEN BİLİMLERİ ÖĞRETİMİNDE “BASINÇ” KONUSUNDA “AÇIK HAVA
DENEYLERİNİN” KULLANILMASI ÜZERİNE BİR EYLEM ARAŞTIRMASI
Prof. Dr. İjlal OCAK (ORCID: 0000-0001-6976-5747)
Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science Teaching,
Afyonkarahisar-Türkiye
Email: iocak@aku.edu.tr
Dr.Öğr.Uyesi Emine AKKAŞ BAYSAL* (ORCID: 0000-0002-5711-0847)
Afyon Kocatepe University, Sandıklı School of Applied Sciences, Department of Child
Development, Afyonkarahisar-Türkiye
Email: akkasemine85@hotmail.com
Teacher Hazal ÇELİKKAYA (ORCID: 0000-0002-5685-748X)
Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science Teaching,
Afyonkarahisar-Türkiye
Email: hazcel1672@gmail.com
Özet
Bu çalışmada öğrencilerin basınç konusuna olan ilgi ve isteklerini artıracak açık hava deneyleri
ile daha verimli bir öğrenmenin sağlanabilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma grubunu, 2021-2022
eğitim öğretim döneminin birinci döneminde Afyonkarahisar Halımoru merkez köyünün
Bozdoğan Halımoru Ortaokulunun 8-A şubesindeki 9 tane sekizinci sınıf öğrencisinden bir
grup oluşturmaktadır (n=9). Uygun örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların da aktif
olduğu bu çalışmada duruma uygunluğu nedeniyle nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden eylem
araştırması yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Araştırmacılardan biri tarafından bir eylem planı
hazırlanmış ve uygulanarak bu eylem araştırmasının başarısına bakılmıştır. Bu çalışma hem
nicel hem nitel deseni içeren karma desende bir yapıdadır. Veri toplarken nicel ve nitel araçlar
kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın nicel kısmında 20 soruluk çoktan seçmeli basınç başarı testi ölçeği
ön ve son test olarak uygulanmıştır, nitel kısmında ise araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan beş
açık uçlu soruluk görüşme formu ön ve son görüşmede kullanılmıştır ve uygulama sonunda
tutulan öğrenci günlükleri kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Mann-Whitney U Testi ve
betimsel analiz kullanılmıştır. Görüşme ve günlük verileri içerik olarak yorumlanarak
değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada uygulama öncesi duruma göre istendik pozitif yönde önem arz
edecek bir anlamlılık düzeyinde artış olmamıştır. Yapılan çalışmanın kısmen başarılı
olmasından dolayı yeni önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Açık Hava Deneyleri, Açık Hava Basıncı, Katı Basıncı, Sıvı Basıncı,
TGA yöntemi
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
AN ACTION RESEARCH ON USING “OUTDOOR EXPERIMENTS” ON
“PRESSURE” SUBJECT IN 8TH GRADE SCIENCE TEACHING
Abstract
It was aimed to solve the problem and provide a more efficient learning with outdoor experiments
that would increase the interest and desire of the students on the subject of pressure. The study
group consists of 9 eighth grade students in 8-A branch of Bozdoğan Halimoru Secondary
School in Afyonkarahisar Halimoru central village in the first semester of the 2021-2022
academic year (n=9). Convenient sampling method was used. In this study, in which the
participants were also active, the action research method, one of the qualitative research
methods, was preferred due to its suitability for the situation. An action plan was prepared and
implemented by one of the researchers, and the success of this action research was checked.
This study has a mixed design structure that includes both quantitative and qualitative designs.
Quantitative and qualitative tools were used while collecting data. In the quantitative part of the
study, the multiple-choice pressure achievement test scale with 20 questions was applied as a
pre-test and post-test. In the qualitative part, an interview form with five open-ended questions
prepared by the researchers was used in the pre- and post-interview. And student diaries kept
at the end of the application were used. The pressure achievement test was analyzed using the
Mann-Whitney U Test, one of the nonparametric tests. Interview and diary data were
interpreted as content and evaluated. In the study, there was no increase in the level of
significance that would be of positive importance compared to the situation before the
application. Due to the partial success of the study, new suggestions were made.
Keywords: Outdoor Experiments, Outdoor Pressure, Solid Pressure, Liquid Pressure, POE
Strategy
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Introduction
People are living in an era where there are constant changes and developments in many fields
in terms of the production, utilization, and transmission of knowledge. Educators also strive to
create conducive environments and make efforts to ensure more effective learning/teaching
processes in order to actively engage today's students in the learning process. In this regard,
various methods, techniques, environments, etc., are being explored from different
perspectives, and continuous efforts are being made across a wide spectrum.The evolving
technology and the pandemic conditions we are experiencing have led people to confine
themselves within four walls, even isolating themselves from outdoor spaces. In this era of
rapid scientific advancements and technological progress, the monotonous flow of life and
lessons can appear dull to students, failing to capture their interest effectively. By enriching
learning environments with diverse content, enhancing their quality, fostering children's
curiosity, and preparing them for learning, we can make this process more productive.In our
era of continuous change and development, teachers should aim to cultivate individuals who
can research, analyze, and utilize scientific methods. Instead of directly imparting knowledge,
they should equip students with the skills to access information. To achieve this, teachers must
create learning environments where children can satisfy their curiosity, question, express their
ideas, and establish cause-and-effect relationships. However, schools are typically designed
with a focus on the idea that 'learning occurs within the classroom.' As a result, they often
prioritize activities and resources within the classroom environment. Thus, the design of
outdoor spaces in schools is often overlooked, and the potential of utilizing non-classroom areas
as educational environments is neglected (Celep & Bacanak, 2013; Cited in: Civelek, Özyılmaz
Akamca, 2017). However, outdoor spaces are equally important in education. Sometimes,
teaching conducted in outdoor environments through hands-on experiences can be more
engaging, effective, and stimulating, as it arouses curiosity. Children feel less constrained,
which can directly or indirectly enhance teaching and learning. Teaching in outdoor
environments is predominantly utilized in the literature within the scope of school gardens,
excursion sites, and nature education settings. It can host important learning contexts while
increasing motivation. Various definitions can be made about learning in outdoor environments.
Ford (1986) defines it as the portion of the educational process that takes place outside the
classroom, while according to Lewis (1975), it involves the utilization of all five senses in the
learning process (Cited in: Brookes, 2004). Priest (1986) argues that in outdoor learning, all
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
senses are utilized, and experimental methods take precedence. The main characteristics of
outdoor learning include education taking place outside the classroom, students being able to
participate in activities, the use of real objects in education, the utilization of different senses in
the learning process instead of rote memorization, and as a result, the activities capture students'
interest (Tsai, 2006; Cited in: Tepe, Sarı & Ocak, 2020).Elliott and Davis (2009), in a study on
activities conducted outdoors and in natural environments, expressed that students experienced
a renewal and increase in their mental attention levels, as well as a decrease in stress levels and
a sense of relaxation. They also noted that such activities fostered curiosity and a sense of
inquiry (Cited in: Aynal Öztürk, 2013; Cited in: Tepe, Sarı & Ocak, 2020). Outdoor
experiments can provide opportunities for students to actively participate and learn by doing,
thereby facilitating experiential learning. The knowledge gained through outdoor experiments
can be more meaningful and enduring in long-term memory. Outdoor experiments are often
conducted with a focus on measuring interest and attitude, particularly with preschool students.
Studies on science education, which include plenty of examples from daily life, have shown
that students struggle with certain aspects. It can be said that there are difficulties, especially in
teaching the relationship between pressure and force, and this situation also affects daily life
(Çepni, 2012; Cited in: Akgün, Tokur, Özkara, 2013). It is a topic that students find interesting
and directly witness in their lives (She, 2002; Cited in: Akgün, Tokur, Özkara, 2013). Mengi
and Emrahoğlu (2012) stated that the level of complete transfer of eighth-grade students'
science and technology topics to daily life context is quite low. It is particularly noticeable that
students struggle with transferring knowledge, especially in the topic of "Pressure." The reason
for this is seen as the insufficient concretization of the topic.There are numerous studies
indicating that the best achievement in science education is achieved through experiential
learning (Akdeniz, Çepni, & Azar, 1999; Aycan & Yumuşak, 2002; Demirci, 1993; Ergin,
Şahin-Pekmez, & Öngel-Erdal, 2005; Gürdal & Yavru, 1998; Hofstein & Lunetta, 1982;
Odubunni & Balagun, 1991; Önen, 2005; Cited in: Sadıç, 2016).Güven and Gürdal (2002), in
their study examining the effects of experiments on learning in high school physics classes,
found that quality science education in educational institutions is possible through conducting
experiments in classes. They observed that students who actively engage in experiments during
lessons enjoy the classes more and that learning is more enduring. The most distinctive features
that set apart science lessons from other subjects are providing opportunities for
experimentation, observation, exploration, and the development of cognitive thinking through
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the use of scientific process skills (Taşkın, 2008). Sadıç (2016) mentions that the frequent use
of abstract expressions in science lessons often leads to students having difficulty in
comprehension. He suggests that making expressions more concrete with appropriate methods
and techniques tailored to the lesson can simplify learning. Using the prediction-observationexplanation (POE) method in practical applications of science experiments provides students
with the opportunity to apply what they have learned, enabling them to relate scientific
knowledge to the natural phenomena they encounter in their daily lives (White & Gunstone,
1992; Cited in: Şahin & Çepni, 2012). In the prediction stage of POE, students are prompted to
think about the causes of events, activating their prior knowledge (Şahin & Çepni, 2012). In the
observation stage of POE, students are given the opportunity to make observations related to
their predictions (Şahin & Çepni, 2012). In the explanation stage of TGA, students are asked to
combine their observations with their predictions to provide explanations. This allows the
underlying reasons behind students' thoughts to be uncovered (White & Gunstone, 1992; Cited
in: Şahin & Çepni, 2012).Studies in science education have shown that hands-on learning
through experimentation plays a significant role. Based on research in this field, it has been
determined that students encounter difficulties in understanding the concept of pressure. In the
literature review regarding the topic of pressure, various instructional approaches have been
employed, including the 5E instructional model, STEM model, four-stage diagnostic tests,
modeling activities, problem-solving tasks, review strategies supported by constructivist
learning approach, prediction-observation-explanation (POE) activities, V diagrams, activities
based on scientific argumentation, concept cartoons, and the development of tests aimed at
measuring student understanding. Efforts have been made to identify and address students'
misconceptions about the topic, their ability to relate it to daily life, their domain knowledge,
and the errors they make in problem-solving. Studies in this field also address aspects such as
the impact on achievement, attitudes, and higher-order cognitive skills development. Despite
numerous studies conducted in the relevant area, it is observed that the problems have not been
fully resolved and certain difficulties persist.This study is important in terms of contributing to
students' more meaningful and enduring learning of the pressure topic. While outdoor
experiments are mostly conducted with preschool students, conducting this study with middle
school students is also important in that regard. Unlike previous studies on the topic of pressure,
this study opted for an action research method using outdoor experiments. In this study, the
difficulties encountered by 8th-grade students in learning the topic of pressure in science
lessons have been taken into account. The aim is to address these issues by utilizing outdoor
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experiments to increase students' interest and enthusiasm for the topic of pressure, thereby
achieving more effective learning. In this context, the research problem statement is determined
as "Does the use of outdoor experiments contribute to alleviating the learning difficulties
experienced by 8th-grade students in the topic of pressure?"
Sub-problems:
1-Is there a significant difference in the level of learning of the topic of pressure before and
after the use of outdoor experiments among male and female students?
2-What are the students' opinions, interests, and enthusiasm regarding conducting experiments
on the topic of pressure outdoors?
Limitations
The study is limited to conducting outdoor experiments on the topic of "3rd Unit: Pressure"
within the scope of Science lessons with 9 eighth-grade students at Bozdoğan Halımoru Middle
School in Halımoru Village, located in Afyonkarahisar province, during the first semester of
the school year.
Method
The study employs a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative
research methods. Specifically, action research, a qualitative research method, is utilized to
address the problem of increasing the interest and enthusiasm of 8th-grade students in the topic
of pressure in Science lessons through outdoor experiments, aiming to achieve more effective
learning. In action research, a group of individuals identifies a problem, takes action to address
it, evaluates the effectiveness of their actions, and if the solution is deemed insufficient, they
attempt to address the problem again (O’Brien, 2001). In the quantitative part of the study, a
20-item achievement test developed by Özcan, Koca, and Söğüt (2019) was used as both pretest and post-test measures. In the qualitative part of the study, pre- and post-interviews
consisting of open-ended questions developed by the researchers, as well as student journals
(Appendix-5), were included.
Study Group
The study group consisted of a total of 12 eighth-grade students enrolled in the 8-A class of
Bozdoğan Halımoru Middle School, a state school located in a village in the central district of
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Afyonkarahisar province, during the first semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. However,
3 students who could not participate in all the activities were excluded from the study group,
resulting in a revised study group of 9 students (n Total = 9). The study was conducted with a
single group consisting of 6 female and 3 male students. The study group was selected using an
appropriate sampling method, considering the study's structure, and was easily accessible in
terms of opportunities, time, money, location, workforce, and other relevant factors. This
selection method involved non-random sampling techniques tailored to the research design.
Data Collection Tools
In this study, a 20-item achievement test developed by Özcan, Koca, and Söğüt (2019) was
used as a pre-test and post-test measure for teaching the topic of pressure. Additionally, a semistructured interview form consisting of 5 open-ended questions prepared by the researchers was
used for both pre-interviews and post-interviews. Researchers and students also kept journals
at the end of the lessons.
Data Analysis
The validity and reliability of the achievement test used as pre-test and post-test measures were
tested using the KR-20 internal consistency analysis. Additionally, due to the sample size
(n<30) and non-normal distribution of the data, the Mann-Whitney U Test, a non-parametric
analysis method, was preferred to evaluate the data according to gender. Content analysis
method was employed for analyzing the qualitative data of the study. The data obtained from
semi-structured pre-interview and post-interview forms were analyzed by two separate
individuals who are experts in the field. Student journals were interpreted and evaluated at the
end of the study.
Temporary Plan Draft of the Study:
•
The purpose, significance, methodology, problems, etc. of the research are determined.
•
First, students are informed about what will be done in the lesson at a level they can
understand. For example, by bringing experiment materials to students and informing them that
experiments will be conducted outdoors, attention is drawn to students' interest and curiosity
about the study.
•
A semi-structured open-ended preliminary interview is conducted with students about
the topic of pressure. This interview measures students' prior knowledge, preparedness,
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perceptions, and approaches before the study.
•
A pre-test on the topic of pressure is administered to the students.
•
An experiment in the outdoor environment is conducted with the POE model, and data
are recorded.
•
A semi-structured open-ended interview is conducted with students regarding the topic
of pressure.
•
Students are administered the post-test on the topic of pressure.
•
The outdoor experiments focusing on the core topic of pressure are conducted
appropriately within six class periods.
•
The acquired data is recorded.
•
The data is analyzed by experts in the field, discussed, and the results are interpreted.
•
At the end of each session, students maintain student diaries while researchers keep
researcher diaries.
Implementation
Before the implementation, a preliminary semi-structured interview was conducted, and a pretest was administered using a validated and reliable pressure achievement test. The activities
were conducted in an outdoor environment (within the school garden context) with 9 students,
utilizing the POE (Predict, Observe, Explain) method. Six different pressure experiments were
carried out within 2 class hours. In the initial stage of the activities, students were provided with
necessary preliminary information. Predictions were obtained from each student individually
and recorded.
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The experiments were then conducted with the participation of students, and they were asked
to interpret their predictions and observations based on the deductions made from their
observations. Subsequently, researchers took notes. Necessary explanations were provided to
the students within the framework of the activity. The students kept a daily journal. Researchers
also kept a journal on each working day. The responses given by the students after the POE
study were categorized into themes based on their proximity to each other.
(NOT: Due to the melting snow on the day of the experiment, only raised soil and very lightly
moistened mud were used in the first experiment with snow and soil.) After the application, a
final semi-structured interview was conducted, and the post-test was administered using the
validated and reliable pressure achievement test.
Findings Pre-test and Post-test Findings
In this study, the test developed by Özcan, Koca, and Söğüt (2019) titled 'A Study on
Developing a Test to Measure Middle School Students' Understanding of the Concept of
Pressure' was used as both the pre-test and post-test.
Table 1. Details about Gender
Gender
n
Female
6
Male
3
Total
9
f(%)
66,7
33,3
100,0
Table 1 provides the numbers and percentage frequencies of female and male participants
among the 8th-grade students involved in the study. It is observed that there were 6 female and
3 male students, totaling 9 students, participating in the study.
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Table 2. Evaluation of the frequency-percentage distribution of the pre-test data
n
1st Question
2nd
Question
3rd
Question
4th Question
5th Question
6th Question
7th Question
8th Question
9th Question
10th
Question
False
True
4
5
44,4
55,6
Total
9
100,0
4
44,4
Total
5
9
55,6
100,0
False
True
1
8
11,1
88,9
Total
9
100.0
False
True
5
55,6
Total
4
9
44,4
100,0
False
True
6
3
66,7
33,3
Total
9
100,0
False
True
1
11,1
Total
8
9
88,9
100.0
False
True
1
8
11,1
88,9
Total
9
100,0
False
True
5
55,6
Total
4
9
44,4
100,0
False
True
1
8
11,1
88,9
Total
9
100.0
False
True
False
True
Total
n
F%
False
True
0
9
,0
100,0
Total
9
100,0
False
True
5
55,6
Total
4
9
44,4
100.0
False
True
6
3
66,7
33,3
Total
9
100,0
False
True
5
55,6
Total
4
9
44,4
100,0
False
True
5
4
55,6
44,4
Total
9
100,0
False
True
8
88,9
Total
1
9
11,1
100,0
False
True
4
5
44,4
55,6
Total
9
100,0
False
True
2
22,2
Total
7
9
77,8
100,0
False
True
2
7
22,2
77,8
Total
9
100,0
False
True
6
66,7
3
9
33,3
100,0
F%
4
44,4
5
9
55,6
100,0
11th
Question
12th
Question
13th
Question
14th
Question
15th
Question
16th
Question
17th
Question
18th
Question
19th
Question
20th
Question
Total
Table 2 presents the frequency and percentage distribution of correct and incorrect answers in
the pre-test. It shows the number of students who answered each question correctly or
incorrectly.
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Table 3. Evaluation of Frequency-Percentage Distributions of the Post-Test
N
1st Question
2nd
Question
3rd
Question
4th Question
5th Question
6th Question
7th Question
8th Question
9th Question
10th
Question
F%
False
True
2
7
22,2
77,8
Total
9
100,0
False
4
44,4
True
Total
5
9
55,6
100,0
12th
Question
13th
Question
False
True
2
7
22,2
77,8
Total
9
100.0
False
5
55,6
True
Total
4
9
44,4
100,0
False
True
2
7
N
11th
Question
14th
Question
15th
Question
22,2
77,8
Total
9
100,0
False
0
,0
True
Total
9
9
100,0
100.0
False
True
0
9
,0
100,0
Total
9
100,0
False
4
44,4
True
Total
5
9
55,6
100,0
False
True
3
6
33,3
66,7
Total
9
100,0
False
5
55,6
True
Total
4
9
44,4
100,0
16th
Question
17th
Question
18th
Question
19th
Question
20th
Question
F%
False
0
,0
True
Total
9
9
100,0
100,0
False
True
5
4
55,6
44,4
Total
9
100,0
False
4
44,4
True
Total
5
9
55,6
100.0
False
True
2
7
22,2
77,8
Total
9
100,0
False
5
55,6
True
Total
4
9
44,4
100,0
False
True
8
1
88,9
11,1
Total
9
100.0
False
5
55,6
True
Total
4
9
44,4
100,0
False
True
1
8
11,1
88,9
Total
9
100,0
False
2
22,2
True
Total
7
9
77,8
100,0
False
True
6
3
66,7
33,3
Total
9
100,0
Table 3 illustrates the frequency and percentage distributions of correct and incorrect answers
in the post-test. It indicates how many individuals provided correct or incorrect answers for
each question.
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Table 4. Average Scores of Students' Pre-test and Post-test Results
The mean of pre-test
0,50
0,75
0,70
0,80
0,65
0,45
0,40
0,40
0,60
0,58
1st student
2nd student
3rd student
4th student
5th student
6th student
7th student
8th student
9th student
Total
The mean of post-test
0,60
0,85
0,80
0,80
0,50
0,45
0,60
0,55
0,60
0,63
Table 4 displays the average scores of students' pre-test and post-test results. While there may
not be an increase in the desired direction for every student, an overall positive difference is
observed when looking at the general averages.
Table 5. Results of Mann-Whitney U Test for pre-test and post-test scores by gender
Gender
N
F%
Mean
Mean
Std.
P
x̄
Deviation
Pre-test
Post-test
Female
6
66,7
6,17
Male
3
33,3
2,67
Female
6
66,7
5,33
Male
3
33,3
4,33
,5833
,15207
,070
,58
,6389
,14313
,598
,63
Table 5. Percentile frequencies and significances of Mann-Whitney U Test results for pre-test
and post-test scores by gender. There is no significant difference between pre-test and post-test
scores by gender (p > 0.05); however, it appears that females answered more questions correctly
than males in both pre-test and post-test. When comparing the pre-test and post-test scores, it
is observed that the number of correct answers in the post-test is higher than in the pre-test.
Although significant results were not obtained, there are slightly productive outcomes.
Pre-Interview and Post-Interview Findings
1-
When asked about pressure, what comes to your mind?
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In the pre-interview, students made definitions by associating pressure with concepts such as
force and weight, indicating that they had some misconceptions about the topic, but they were
able to indirectly describe pressure even if not directly. In the post-interview, students
responded with descriptions such as "leaving a mark with a wheel on the ground, pricking a
board with a pin, the pressure of a vertical force acting on a surface, the difference between
stepping with one foot and two feet, pressure exerted on a surface, and the pressure exerted on
the ground when sitting down." Although not all answers were entirely correct, they were able
to describe what pressure is, even if indirectly. Compared to the pre-interview, they provided
more accurate responses in the post-interview.
2-
When asked about conducting experiments outdoors, what comes to your mind?
In the pre-interview, students initially confused outdoor experiments with outdoor pressure and
provided answers in that direction. They mentioned experiments that couldn't be done in a
classroom setting, outdoor experiments, and weather-related experiments in the schoolyard. In
the post-interview, students talked about the experiments they conducted in the schoolyard as
part of this study. It is evident from their responses that they now have a better understanding
of what outdoor experiments mean, as they began to talk about experiments they conducted in
their own backyard or in the schoolyard. They mainly mentioned the balloon experiment.
3-
In which topics of science would you like to conduct outdoor experiments?
In the pre-interview, students provided answers related to pressure, acid-base reactions, friction,
mirrors, and light. They mainly thought about topics covered in the eighth grade. In the postinterview, students gave more diverse responses compared to the pre-interview, mentioning
topics such as recycling, movements of the sun-earth-moon system, shadows, sound, climate
and weather, locating elements on the periodic table, meiosis-mitosis, speed, and parachute
experiments.
4-
Have you ever conducted experiments outdoors before? If so, what do you remember?
In the pre-interview, students mostly mentioned the vinegar-baking soda experiment and the
recycling experiment with bottles that they had done with their teachers before. In the postinterview, students mentioned experiments related to pressure, balloon-spaghetti, recycling for
a cat's nest, vinegar-baking soda, angles of sunlight, friction, and parachute experiments. It is
evident that students remember what they learned better through conducting experiments.
5-
How does conducting experiments outdoors make you feel?
In the pre-interview, students confused outdoor experiments with outdoor pressure, but
in the post-interview, they mentioned feeling better because they got fresh air, understood
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better, and had fun outside, making them happy. So, it can be understood that there are positive
effects.
Findings of the pressure concept's TGA experiments conducted in outdoor environments:
Experiment 1: “Traces on Snow and Soil”
Prediction Stage: What changes might occur on the surface of the soil when you throw the
same flat stone vertically onto the ground, first on its side and then upright? (What changes
might occur on the surface of the soil when you drop the same water-filled bottle vertically onto
the ground, first on its side and then upright?)
Student Predictions:
“The side with a larger surface area will leave less of a mark because as the surface area
increases, the pressure decreases.”
“The side with a smaller surface area will sink more, but I don't know why.”
“The side with the cap will leave more of a mark because the weight is concentrated there, but
I don't know why.”
“Since the weights are the same, there won't be any change.”
Student Observations: When asked about their observations, the most common responses
from students were: "The side with the larger surface area sank less" and "The side with the
smaller surface area sank deeper."
Comparison of Student Predictions and Observations:
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment and its reason.”
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment but did not know that it was due to
pressure.”
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment, but I did not know that pressure changes
according to the surface area.”
“I thought there would be no change because the weights were the same, but pressure varies
according to the surface area.”
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Experiment 2: "How Many Cardboard Cups Can You Carry?"
Prediction stage: If there are 3 cardboard cups on one side and 17 cardboard cups on the other
side, and we step on them with a board placed on top, do you think these cups will carry us?
What changes do you expect in the cups? What are your predictions?
Student predictions:
“Fewer cups will be more crushed and broken.”
“Cardboard cups won't carry us, and the cups on both sides will be equally crushed. There
won't be any difference in crushing because they are all cardboard cups.”
“The cups on the side with more cardboard will gradually crush.”
Student observations: When asked about their observations, the most common responses from
students were: "The cups on the side with fewer cardboard cups immediately crushed and didn't
carry us, but the cups on the side with more cardboard cups didn't crush and carried us." and
"On the side with more cups, since the surface area is greater, less pressure was applied, and
it carried us."
Comparison of Student Predictions and Observations:
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment.”
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment, but I didn't know that the reason was
pressure.”
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment, but I didn't know that pressure changes
according to surface area.”
“I thought there wouldn't be any changes in the experiment, but it turns out that pressure varies
according to surface area.”
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Experiment 3: "Spaghetti - Balloon"
Prediction Stage: Does the number of spaghetti noodles affect the bursting time of the balloon?
Prediction stage: There are two setups with one placed on a styrofoam base and the other with
25 spaghetti noodles inserted into styrofoam. There are two identical balloons inflated to the
same degree. When you gently press the balloons on these setups sequentially, do you think
these balloons will burst? If they burst, which setup do you think the balloon will burst more
easily in? Why? What are your predictions?
Student predictions:
“The balloon will burst more quickly on the side with fewer spaghetti noodles. But I don't know
why.”
“Increasing the number of spaghetti noodles will increase the surface area, applying less
pressure to the balloon and causing it to burst more slowly.”
“In the setup with many spaghetti noodles, the balloon will burst more quickly because it is
pierced on all sides.”
“Both setups will cause the balloons to burst immediately because the spaghetti noodles have
sharp ends.”
Student observations: When asked about their observations, students mostly responded with:
"On the side with more spaghetti noodles, the surface area increased, causing the pressure to
decrease and the balloon to burst more slowly."
Comparison of student predictions and observations:
“My prediction and observation for the experiment matched.”
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment but didn't know the reason behind it.”
“I thought there would be no difference in the experiment, but it turns out that pressure varies
according to surface area.”
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Experiment 4: “The Depth-Distance Relationship”
Prediction stage: What would be the distance sequence of the water coming out from the points
marked A, B, and C on the water bottle when pierced with a thumbtack? Why? What are your
predictions?
Student predictions:
“The water coming out of point C will travel the longest distance, followed by B, and the
shortest distance will be from point A because the pressure is higher at the bottom.”
“The water coming out of point C will travel the longest distance, followed by B, and the
shortest distance will be from point A, but I don't know why.”
“The water coming out of point A will travel the longest distance, followed by B, and the
shortest distance will be from point C because the pressure is higher at the top.”
Student observations: When asked about their observations, the most common responses from
students were: "The water from point C travels the longest distance, followed by point B, and
the shortest distance is from point A. This is because the pressure is greater at depth."
Comparison of student predictions and observations:
“My prediction and observation from the experiment matched.”
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment but didn't know the reason.1”
“I incorrectly predicted the outcome of the experiment; it turns out pressure is directly
proportional to depth.”
Experiment 5: "Water Depth and Balloon Inflation"
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Prediction Stage: What changes do you anticipate in the balloons when one end of the syringe
tube, which has a balloon at each end, is immersed in a bucket of water filled with water? What
are your predictions?
Student Predictions:
“The balloon pressed into the water-filled bucket will shrink because there is more pressure at
depth.”
“The balloon outside will inflate, but I don't know why.”
“There won't be any change in the inflation of the balloons because there is air inside them.”
“I have no idea, I don't know.”
Student Observations: When asked about their observations, the most common response from
the students was: "The balloon pressed into the water-filled bucket shrinks because there is
more pressure at depth."
Comparison of student predictions with observations:
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment.”
“I correctly predicted the outcome of the experiment but did not know the reason.”
“I thought there would be no change in the experiment, but the pressure changes according to
the depth of the water. Would you like me to help with anything else?”
Experiment 6: “Cherry Juice in the Bottle”
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Prediction stage: There is a jar containing some cherry juice with a candle placed inside. When
we close the jar with the candle inside so it remains in the jar, what change will occur? What
would happen if we light the candle and close the jar so it remains inside? What are your
predictions?
Student predictions:
“When the bottle is closed over the burning candle, the candle inside the bottle may extinguish.
I don't have any other ideas.”
“The level of cherry juice remains the same, unchanged. I don't have any other ideas.”
“I have no idea, I don't know.”
Student observations: When asked about their observations, the most common responses from
the students were: "When the bottle was closed over the burning candle, the cherry juice rose
and filled the bottle." and "The candle inside the bottle extinguished when the air inside ran
out."
Comparison of student predictions with observations:
“I correctly predicted that the candle would extinguish, but I did not know that the cherry juice
would rise. This experiment is very interesting and fascinating.”
“I incorrectly predicted the outcome; I did not know that the cherry juice would rise. This
experiment is very interesting and fascinating.”
“I couldn't predict the outcome. The liquid rose inside the bottle when the air inside was
consumed by the candle. I didn't know this beforehand. This experiment is very interesting and
fascinating.”
Findings from Student Journals
Upon examining the student journals, it was evident that they were particularly surprised by the
lack of crushing even when there were many cardboard cups stacked, as well as by the rising
of the cherry juice even though they understood the experiments well and had a lot of fun
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conducting them. They also mentioned feeling a bit chilly due to the cold weather. The majority
of students recounted the experiments conducted during the session individually and reflected
on the enjoyable time they had. Overall, it can be understood that students comprehended the
experiments correctly, and they could be memorable and effective.
Discussion and Conclusion
In this study, a single-group pretest-posttest design was analyzed and interpreted using the
SPSS 25 software package. In this study, due to the sample size being less than 30 and the
distribution not being normal, as well as the need to evaluate the data according to gender, the
nonparametric analysis method of Mann-Whitney U Test was preferred. As seen in Table 5,
there is no significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores according to gender (p >
0.05). However, it appears that girls answered more questions correctly than boys in both pretest and post-test. When comparing the pre-test and post-test, it is observed that there are more
correct answers given in the post-test compared to the pre-test. Although significant results
were not obtained, some productive outcomes have been achieved. Therefore, it can be said that
the study was moderately successful. In interviews conducted with students using five openended questions, it was observed that students were able to express themselves more accurately
and logically in the final interview compared to the initial one. The study has yielded positive
differences. Students have become familiar with and enjoyed outdoor experiments. It can be
said that the study has been productive. Upon reviewing the student journals, it is evident that
the experiments have captured the students' interest and attention, and they have learned while
having fun. The students have provided positive feedback in their journals.
In this study, aimed at addressing the difficulties 8th grade students face in learning the pressure
topic in Science class and enhancing their interest and enthusiasm in the subject through outdoor
experiments, the study has been partially successful. The absence of significant differences in
quantitative data does not necessarily indicate that the study is entirely neutral; small but desired
differences can still be observed. Conducting experiments using the POE method in an outdoor
environment has proven to be beneficial in learning about pressure. The research has provided
answers to its sub-problems. Aşkar (2002) mentions the effectiveness of outdoor activities in
the evaluation of preschool education program materials in parallel with this study. The study
by Uludağ and Erkan (2020), which examines the impact of a science education program
containing activities in out-of-school learning environments on the scientific process skills of
60-72-month-old children, indicates a positive effect on cognitive process skills. The
effectiveness of using outdoor environments parallels our study.
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This study could be conducted over a longer period, with the learning environment and
materials enriched, and interest and attitude scales could be used to make it more
comprehensive. Conducting studies on other topics in outdoor environments could facilitate
students' learning. Exploring the topic of pressure in outdoor settings using different methods
could also be attempted. It would be beneficial to compare at least two different methods of
studying pressure in outdoor environments with at least two groups. In future studies, having a
larger number of participants in the study group and conducting the study with both
experimental and control groups could provide more reliable and meaningful results. More
emphasis should be placed on conducting outdoor activities with middle school students.
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References
Akgün, A., Tokur, F., & Özkara, D. (2013). TGA Stratejisinin Basınç Konusunun Öğretimine
Olan Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Amasya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 348369.
Aşkar, N. (2021). Açık Havada Eğitim: Okul Öncesi Eğitim Programı Materyalleri Bağlamında
Bir Değerlendirme. Yaşadıkça Eğitim, 35(1), 132-153.
Ayotte-Beaudet, J.-P., Potvin, P., Lapierre , H., & Glackin, M. (2017). Teaching and Learning
Science Outdoors in Schools’ Immediate Surroundings at K-12 Levels: A MetaSynthesis. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(9),
5343-5363.
Bozan, m., & küçüközer, h. (2007). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin basınç konusu ile ilgili
problemlerin çözümünde yaptıkları hatalar. Elementary education online, 1(6), 24-34.
Civelek, P., & Özyılmaz Akamca, G. (2017). Açık Alan Etkinliklerinin Okul Öncesi Dönemdeki
Çocukların Bilimsel Süreç Becerilerine Ait Kazanımlarının Gelişimine Etkisi. Journal of
Turkish Studies, 12(18), 173-194.
Çeken, R. (2010). Fen ve Teknoloji Dersinde Balonlu Araba Etkinliği. Elementary Education
Online, 2(9), 1-5.
Demirel, R. (2015). Katı basıncı konusunda argümantasyon etkinliğinin uygulanması.
Araştırma Temelli Etkinlik Dergisi (ATED), 2(5), 70-90.
Gönen, S., & Andaç, K. (2009). Gözden Geçirme Stratejisi ile Desteklenmiş Yapılandırmacı
Öğrenme Yaklaşımının Öğrencilerin Basınç Konusundaki Erişilerine ve Bilgilerinin
Kalıcılığına Etkisi. Dicle Üniversitesi Ziya Gökalp Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28-40.
Inac, H., & Tuksal, H. (2019). Ortaöğretim Kurumları Fizik Eğitiminde Öğrenme Güçlüklerinin.
Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi, 102-121.
Janke E. van Dijk-Wesselius, A. E. (2020). Green Schoolyards as Outdoor Learning
Environments: Barriers and Solutions as Experienced by Primary School Teachers.
Frontiers in Psychology, .
Kaya, D., Bozdağ, H. C., & Ok, G. (2017). Yedinci sınıf öğrencilerinin basınç konusundaki
kavramsal anlamaları ve kavram yanılgılarının matematiksel hatalar Açısından
incelenmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(18), 21- 341.
Laçin-Şimşek, C., Öztuna-Kaplan, A., Çorapçıgil, A., & Mısır, M. E. (2018). Fen Bilgisi
Öğretmenliği 3. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Basınç-Kaynama Noktası İlişkisine Yönelik
Düşünceleri: Bir TGA Uygulaması. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(5), 1679-1690.
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Mengi, F., & Emrahoğlu, N. (2012). İlköğretim sekizinci sınıf öğrencilerinin fen ve teknoloji
konularını günlük hayat problemlerinin çözümüne transfer düzeylerinin incelenmesi.
Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(1), 213-228.
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öğrencilerinin akademik başarılarına ve stem'e yönelik tutumlarına etkisi. Eğitim ve Bilim,
44(198), 201-227.
Özcan, H., Koca, E., & Söğüt, M. (2019). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin basınç kavramıyla ilgili
anlayışlarını ölçmeye yöneik bir test geliştirme çalışması. Eğitim ve Toplum Araştırmaları
Dergisi/JRES, 1(6), 130-144.
Pabuçcu, A. (2016). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının gaz basıncıyla ilgili bilgilerini günlük
hayatla ilişkilendirebilme seviyeleri. JOTCSC, 1(2), 1-24.
Sadıç, A. (2016). Açık hava basıncı konusunun öğretiminde kullanılabilecek örnek tahmingözlem-açıklama etkinlikleri. Araştırma Temelli Etkinlik Dergisi (ATED), 63-79.
Sontay, G., & Karamustafaoğlu, O. (2018). Sıvı basıncı konusunda basit araç gereçlerle yapılan
bir
deney
etkinliğine
ilişkin
öğretmen
görüşleri.
EğitimveToplumAraştırmalarıDergisi/JRES, 1(5), 220-246.
Şahin , Ç., & Çepni, S. (2012, 6). 5E öğretim modeline dayalı öğretimin öğrencilerin gaz basıncı
ile ilgili kavramsal anlamalarına etkisi. Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve
Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi, 6(1), 220-264.
Tepe, M. E., Sarı, E., & Ocak, İ. (2020). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin fen bilimleri dersinde açık
havada öğrenmeye yönelik tutumları: ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Uluslararası Bilim ve
Eğitim Dergisi, 3(2), 119-134.
Uludağ, G., & Erkan, N. S. (2020). Okul dışı öğrenme ortamlarında etkinlikler içeren fen
eğitimi programının 60-72 aylık çocukların bilimsel süreç becerilerine etkisi. Hacettepe
Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi.
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Ek-1: Araştırmacı günlükleri:
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Ek-2: Araştırmacı günlükleri:
1.
Örnek:
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THE INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION WITH (18F)
FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE
Dr. Halime ERZEN YILDIZ* (ORCID:0000-0002-0603-1815)
Yuzuncu Yıl University, Vocational School of Health Care, Van, Turkey
Email:halimeyildiz@yyu.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Berna OTO (ORCID:0000-0003-4565-1790)
Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Maritime, Department of Marine Engineering, Van,
Turkey
Email:bpekgoz@yyu.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging method used in the diagnosis,
staging, evaluation of response to treatment, radiotherapy planning and prognosis determination
of various malignancies. Its working principle is based on the formation of gamma anhylation
photons with an energy of 511 keV. Before the PET scan, radiopharmaceuticals, which are a
source of β+ (positron) rays, are given to the body. Radioactive elements 18F (Fluorine) and 68Ga
(Gallium) are commonly used. 18F, which is most commonly used in PET/CT imaging of
oncological studies, has a half-life of 109.8 minutes. Glucose metabolism appears to be
increased in tumor cells compared to healthy cells. The tumor imaging technique of (18F)
labeled Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is based on this. Thus, using (18F)-FDG, most malignant
tumors can be imaged noninvasively by increasing glucose metabolism. The structural formula
of (18F)-FDG is written as C6H11O5F18. Maximum effective dose equivalent: 0.11 rem/mCi
(0.019 mSv/MBq).In this research, ionizing electromagnetic radiation (EMR) interaction
parameters namely mass attenuation coeffıcients (μρ), effective atomic number (Zeff) and
electron densities (Nel) of C6H11FO5 compound have been computed in the energy range 1 keV–
100 GeV. EMR interaction parameters evaluated in the this work could be beneficial in
radiation dosimetry and therapy.
Keywords: Effective atomic number, Electron densities, Fluorodeoxyglucose, Mass
attenuation coefficients
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INTRODUCTION
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging method used in the diagnosis,
staging, evaluation of response to treatment, radiotherapy planning and prognosis determination
of various malignancies. PET/CT applications, which are created by combining images
obtained from computerized tomography (CT) with PET scanners, have become significantly
widespread. Its working principle is based on the formation of gamma anhylation photons with
an energy of 511 keV. Before the PET scan, radiopharmaceuticals, which are a source of β+
(positron) rays, are given to the body. Radioactive elements 18F (Fluorine) and 68Ga (Gallium)
are commonly used.
18
F, which is most commonly used in PET/CT imaging of oncological
studies, has a half-life of 109.8 minutes. Glucose metabolism appears to be increased in tumor
cells compared to healthy cells. The tumor imaging technique of (18F) labeled
Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is based on this. Thus, using (18F)-FDG, most malignant tumors
can be imaged noninvasively by increasing glucose metabolism (Kısaarslan, 2022). The
structural formula of (18F)-FDG is written as C6H11O5F18. Maximum effective dose equivalent:
0.11 rem/mCi (0.019 mSv/MBq) (Moltek, 2016).When a substance is subjected to EMR, some
parameters that characterize the interaction of photons with the substance need to be
determined. The mass attenuation coefficient (μρ) is an important parameter that characterizes
the penetration effect of ionizing EMR into the substance. The values of µ ρ are used to derive
other EMR interactions parameters namely effective atomic number (Zeff) and electron densities
(Nel). Zeff and Nel are impotant coefficients used to determine the EMR penetration of a multielement substance in medical radiation dosimetry. Zeff provide correct information about the
substance which exposed to EMR and Zeff values of multi-element substance are used to
calculate the absorbed dose for radiotherapy. (Aktas et. al., 2019).A lot of research has been
done on the radioprotective effect of chemical substances. Isikli and Oto (2017) calculated some
EMR shielding parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (μρ), effective atomic number
(Zeff), electron density (Nel) for different antioxidants. More et al. (2016) investigated the
effective atomic number (Zeff), the effective electron densities (Neff), the total atomic crosssection and the total electronic cross-section for some amino acids. Kacal et al., (2017)
investigated the μρ, Zeff and Nel of different enzyme inhibitors in the photon energy range from
1 keV up to 100 GeV. Kumar (2016) computed the effective Zeff and Nel of nucleobases in DNA
for the total and partial photon interaction processes in the energy range of 1 keV–100 GeV.
Sayyed et al., (2017) studied the radioprotective effects of different analgesic and antiinflammatory drugs for total photon interaction in the energy range of 1 keV–100 MeV using
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WinXCom. Oto et al., (2020) investigated the interaction of gamma radiation with drugs used
in cholinergic medicationsIn the present research, we calculated some important EMR
interaction parameters namely µρ, Zeff, Nel of C6H11FO5. To perform these calculations, the data
obtained from WinXCom computer program were used. WinXCom program calculates photon
interaction cross-sections and attenuation coefficients for any element, compound or mixture,
at energies from 1 keV to 100 GeV (Gerward et al., 2001).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The attenuation of EMR passing through a substance could be determined theoretically
utulizing WinXCom code. This code is based on the mixture rule (Gerward et al., 2004),
𝜇𝜌 = ∑ 𝑤𝑖 (𝜇𝜌 )
𝑖
(1)
where (μ)i is the mass attenuation coefficient and wi is the fractional weight of the ith
constituent element. The mass attenuation coefficient (μρ) is a measure of penetration of EMR
for a substance. The obtained μ values were used to computed the effective atomic numbers
and electron density of the investigated materials. Effective atomic number (Zeff) is an benefical
parameter in determining interaction of EMR with a substance. The effective atomic number
(Zeff) for total photon interaction is given by (Manohara et al, 2008):
𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
∑𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝐴𝑖 (𝜇⁄𝜌)
∑𝑗 𝑓𝑗
𝑖
𝐴𝑗 𝜇
( ⁄𝜌)
𝑍𝑗
𝑗
(2)
where fi is the mole fraction, Zi is the atomic number, Ai atomic mass and (μ/ρ)i is the mass
attenuation coefficient of the ith element in the substance. Electron density, Nel (the number of
electrons per unit mass, electron/g) could be derived from (Manohara et al, 2008):
1
𝑁𝑒𝑙 = 𝑁𝐴 𝑍𝑒𝑓𝑓 〈𝐴〉
(3)
where <A> is the mean atomic mass of the substance.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In the present work, the mass attenuation coefficients of C6H11FO5 were calculated using
WinXCom computer program and the outcomes were presented in Fig.1.
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Fig. 1. The mass attenuation coefficients versus gamma energy.
There are three energy zones: i) low energy zone (0.001 MeV-0.1 MeV), ii) intermediate energy
zone (0.1 MeV-10 MeV), iii) high energy zone (10 MeV and beyond). It has been observed that
mass attenuation coefficients have large values in the low energy region, where the probability
of photoelectric effect occurring is high. The reason of this result is that the cross section of
photoelectric absorbing effect depends on atomic number as Z4-5.It can be seen that in the
medium energy region, the values of the mass attenuation coefficients decrease due to the linear
dependence between the cross-section of Compton scattering and the atomic number Z. The
probability of pair production effect increases in the high energy zone, and since the cross
section is proportional to Z2 the mass attenuation coefficient also increases. The effective atomic
numbers (Zeff) and the electron densities (Nel) were derived using the mass attenuation
coefficients computed from WinXCom computer program. The variations of Zeff and Nel with
EMR energy for C6H11FO5 are demonstrated in Figs. 2-3. It can be seen from the drawn figures
that the highest values of Zeff and Nel are found at low energies, and the Z4-5 dependence of the
photoelectric effect cross-section contributes greatly to the values of Zeff of the examined
compound. The lowest Zeff and Nel values are observed at intermediate energies where Compton
scattering is dominant. It was observed that as the EMR energy increased towards higher
energies, the effective atomic number values also increased. This may be due to the Z2
dependence of pair production.
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Fig.2. The values of effective atomic number versus gamma energy.
Fig.3. The values of electron density versus gamma energy.
CONCLUSIONS
The current study, the EMR interaction parameters of the compound C6H11FO5 were examined
theoretically. μρ values in the energy range of 1 keV – 100 GeV were calculated using the
WinXCom computer program. Zeff and eNel parameters of the compound were derived with the
use of the values of μρ. It was observed how the radiation interaction parameters of the
radiopharmaceutical changed with the energy values.
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REFERENCES
Aktas, B., Yalcin, S., Dogru, K., Uzunoglu, Z., & Yilmaz, D. (2019). Structural and radiation
shielding properties of chromium oxide doped borosilicate glass. Radiation Physics and
Chemistry, 156, 144-149.
Gerward, L; Guilbert, N.; Jensen, K.B.; Levring, H. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2001, 60, 23–24.
Gerward, L., Guilbert, N., Jensen, K.B., Levring, H. (2004). WinXCom—a program for
calculating X-ray attenuation coefficients. Radiation physics and chemistry71 (3), 653654.
Isikli, Z., Oto, B. (2017). Gamma or X-rays attenuation properties of some biochemical
compounds. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 172(3-4), 296-304.
Kaçal, M. R., Karataş, H. A., Akman, F. (2017). Photon Absorption characteristics of some
selected Enzyme Inhibitors used in Cancer Research in the Energy range 1 keV-100 GeV.
Kısaarslan, M. (2022). GLUT1—XbaI G> T (rs2754218) VE HaeIII T> C (rs1385129)
Polimorfizmlerinin
[18F]-FDG
tutulum
oranlarının
üzerine
etkisinin
araştırılması (Master's thesis), Pamukkale University, Institute of Health Sciences.
Kumar, A. (2016). Studies on effective atomic numbers and electron densities of nucleobases
in DNA. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 127, 48-55.
Manohara, S.R., Hanagodimath, S.M., Thind, K.S., Gerward, L. (2008). On the effective atomic
number and electron density: a comprehensive set of formulas for all types of materials
and energies above 1 keV. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section
B 266(18), 3906-3912.
Moltek (2016). Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu (Erişim Tarihi: 01/03/2024).
https://titck.gov.tr/storage/Archive/2019/kubKtAttachments/k%C3%BCb.pdf_400a3905
-f2fc-4e2e-b83c-44d677e2bcff.pdf
More, C. V., Lokhande, R. M., & Pawar, P. P. (2016). Effective atomic number and electron
density of amino acids within the energy range of 0.122–1.330 MeV. Radiation Physics
and Chemistry, 125, 14-20.
Oto, B., Oto, G., Madak, Z., & Kavaz, E. (2020). The interaction of gamma radiation with drugs
used in cholinergic medications. International Journal of Radiation Biology, 96(2), 236244.
Sayyed, M. I., Issa, S. A., Auda, S. H. (2017). Assessment of radio-protective properties of
some anti-inflammatory drugs. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 100, 297-308.
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IMPROVING THE APPROACH TO SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION OF
AUTOMATED CONTROL SYSTEMS USING EXPERIMENTAL-STATIC MODELS.
Ph.D Nazila RAGIMOVA
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University
Email:nazila.rahimova@asoiu.edu.az
Almammadova MEHRİBAN (ORCID:0000-0001-8324-3697)
Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport
Email:almamedovamehriban@gmail.com
Kamenieva NİNA
Email:kamenevanina9@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the article is to improve the approach to software configuration of automated
control systems. The subject of the study is experimental-static models used in this process.
The work was carried out using the theory of relations, graphs and matrices. As a result, a
universal method for machine synthesis of corresponding models was obtained. The algorithm
implemented on its basis allows you to automate the process of configuring control systems for
distributed technological objects.The development of modern metallurgical production is
accompanied by the intensive introduction of automated process control systems (APCS) in all
its areas. A special class of tasks is represented by the automation of centralized control of
distributed technological objects (mainly on a territorial basis). Such facilities include both
main production units (sinter plants, converter shops, mines, etc.) and industrial energy,
telecommunications and transport systems and networks. The latter play an important role in
the technological cycle of metallurgical, mining and coke-chemical enterprises [1 – 3].The basis
for the functioning of automated process control systems are mathematical models of
production facilities and processes. Most modern automated process control systems are based
on program logic, which determines the unity of the basic core software (software) of the
systems themselves and experimental models for their research. However, complex distributed
automation objects of a single series are characterized by different configurations of specific
technical solutions. In this regard, it is necessary to adapt the software to a specific technical
project, which is a separate stage in the design of the system itself [1, 4].Traditionally, this task
is solved using configuration files created in xml, txt, cfg, dll, ini, etc. format. Their direct
compilation requires highly qualified designers, incl. certain knowledge and skills in the field
of programming. To simplify and speed up this procedure, multiple tools and computer-aided
design (CAD) systems have been developed for such files, which are based on experimentalstatic models (ESM) of the corresponding objects [1, 4 – 6].However, a significant drawback
of most of these CAD systems is the lack of their unification in relation to heterogeneous
process control systems. Another disadvantage is the limitation of the dimensions of the
designed objects due to the limited capabilities of the visualization tools for the user interface,
the accumulation of analyzed information, etc.The goal of this work is to develop universal
methods for synthesizing input ESMs for process control systems of large-dimensional objects
on a computer.
Keywords: software configuration, automated control system, experimental-static model,
machine synthesis, algorithm, distributed technological object.
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INTRODUCTION
A distributed technological object can be characterized by a set, where A, U and Z are,
respectively, subsets of local management and control objects, their functional properties and
logical connections between them. This set can be constructed in such a way that each element
corresponds to a single element that connects it with the element, as well as a subset that
specifies its properties that reproduce its functions. Based on this, each of the subsets of Y
defines relations on its other subsets or external sets [7]:
A Z Z U U
( аi А) → ( ! zi,i +1 Z) : аi (zi,i +1 )аi +1
→ U A F
(
а
А)
→
(
{u
}
U)
:
а
(u
){f
}
i
ij
i
ij
ijl
Z A A
where F={fijl} is the set of functions of the element ai, specified by its properties {uij} U.
The set F is a characteristic of the dynamic component of the process control system or its test
model and is uniquely determined by the set U onto which it is bijectively mapped (F↔U). The
relationship in formula (1), which must be embedded in the source code of the application
software, connects the input ESM with the system itself. Therefore, the input model may not
include the set F.
Based on expression (1), the set Y can be uniquely displayed by a connected, mixed and
weighted p×q graph for which , where ΔU is an additional subset of the proper properties of
vertices vi and edges ej in the graph GY to identify its elements. The correspondence GY↔Y
is reproduced in one of the following ways:
A V
Z E
U = U G /ΔU
A E
Z V
U = U G /U
A V A GT p
A GYTh
1
2
Y
1
Z V E
Z V E
U = U G /U
U = U G /U
where are the trees of the graph GY;
– subsets reproduced by the vertices and trees of the graph GY ( , ), respectively.
The relation in formula (2) determines the incidence between the corresponding vertices and
edges of the graph GY. Given that graph trees are always limited to vertices, matching is
impossible [7].
Linking ESM with application software requires an analytical interpretation of the GY graph.
An approach based on the direct use of topological matrices is not acceptable in this case for
large-dimensional objects. The solution to this problem was found in the initial formation of
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ordinary blocks of a matrix of vector elements, which reproduces both topological and
parametric (weight) properties of the graphical model.
Such a matrix is called a complex topological matrix (CTM). Blocks are created on the basis of
components formed by cuts and adjacent to the reference vertices: . Each component must have
structural completeness, which consists of maintaining the integrity of each element when it is
reproduced by trees. The developed procedure for forming CFT blocks is as follows [7, 8]:
1. Determining the direction of analysis of the graph GY=(V, E) and numbering its elements in
such a way that any of its components, obtained by an arbitrary cut, has a continuous
(continuous) end-to-end numbering of vertices and edges.
2. Unification of the powers of sets specified by vectors ( , ), by supplementing them with zero
elements to the power of the most powerful vector: 3. Defining a set of ordered subsets of
support vertices V'={V't} for partitioning the graph into components as follows:
- numbering of t sets is performed in the direction of graph analysis;
- each subset must form, according to the principle of contiguity with respect to its elements
(vertices), two simple cuts E't and E''t;
- provided or supporting vertices are selected in such a way that they enclose the corresponding
trees.
4. Determination of cuts E'={e'i} and E''={e''i}, the corresponding elements e'i, e''i of which are
adjacent relative to the vertices v'i according to the following principles:
- for support vertices of sets with odd numbers, edges e''i, incident to the vertices, are assigned
first in the direction of analyzing the graph relative to the support vertices, and edges e'i second;
- for support vertices of sets with even numbers - on the contrary, edges e'i are assigned first in
the direction of graph analysis relative to the corresponding support vertices, and edges e''i are
assigned second.
The above rules can be expressed by the following relations f±1, φ1,2±1:
f 1 ( E 't , E ' 't ) = f −1 ( E 't , E ' 't ) = (e'i E 't ) (e' 'i E ' 't ) v'i V 't
(e'i E 't ) (v'i V 't ), если t = x
(e'i E 't ) (v'i V 't ), если t = y
11 (V 't ) = 1−1 ( E 't ) =
(e' 'i E ' 't ) (v'i V 't ), если t = x
(e' 'i E ' 't ) (v'i V 't ), если t = y
21 (V 't ) = 2−1 ( E ' 't ) =
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where x, y are, respectively, even and odd values of the number (index) t;
“↕” is a conventional symbol of contiguity;
“↓” is a conventional symbol of the incidence of an edge “to” the support vertex;
“↑” is a conventional symbol for the incidence of an edge “after” the support vertex.
5. Partitioning the graph into two ordered sets of components {GE'k} and {GE''k}, the elements
of which have properties (3). The number k is assigned to them in the order in which the graph
is analyzed, starting from one.
6. Compilation of CFT blocks for components GE'u and GE''w, where u and w are even and
odd values of index k, respectively:
M ктм_k
m11k m12k
k
m k m22
= 21
...
...
k
md 1 mdk 2
... m1kc i = 1, c, p r
... m2kc
j = 1, d , d r
... ...
k
e
v
... mdck mij = ne , nv , u , u , θ
where are topological-parametric vectors;
, are the numbers, respectively, of the edges and vertices of the complete CFT, which
correspond to the row and column in which the element is located;
, – weight parameters for the corresponding element of the edge and vertex (indices χ and ψ
determine the numbers of these elements in the weight vectors);
θ is a topological property of the corresponding edge and vertex element.
The
values
of
the
elements
are
assigned
according
to
the
following
rule:
u1v , если i = 1 + rs h = 0, 1, ..., c ,
u1e , если j = 1 + rh
r
v
e
u
,
если
i
=
2
+
rs
u
,
если
j
=
2
+
r
h
,
ue = 2
, uv = 2
..........
..........
..........
...
..........
..........
..........
...
d
e
u v , если i = r + rs s = 0, 1, ..., ,
u , если j = r + rh
r
r
r
Based on formula (5), the minimum dimension of each matrix in formula (4), ensuring coverage
of all vector elements for each vertex and edge of the graph, should be r×r: cmin=r, dmin=r.
The topological property θ = 0 ±1 is determined by the type of matrices and corresponds to
direct or indirect relationships between the elements of the graph. The most obvious way is to
use the incidence property.
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Given the unity of the basic software of objects of the same type, machine synthesis of the ESM
│Мктм2│
Анализ
результатов
проверки
адекватности
&
1
Gкkq
│Мктмkq│
Команды
управления
Gк2
GY
Базовое ПО
Сигналы
контроля
│Мктм1│
ЭСМ
Программные средства
обработки сигналов
Gк1
КПСМ
Техническая
документация АСУТП
Достаточные навыки
проектировщика
GYмод
and its integration with the software is carried out according to the following scheme (Fig.1)
Значительные навыки
проектировщика
Проверка адекватности
матричной модели
GY ~ G'Y ?
нет
G'Y
да
Rice. 1. Functional diagram of machine synthesis of ESM
CONCLUSION
The proposed method of ESM synthesis has the following advantages: universality of
application for process control systems of any distributed objects, ease of implementation from
the position of qualified designer (who has sufficient knowledge of the operating technology of
the control object and its properties, encoded in the form of weight vectors), the ability to
localize spatial areas of the object at different stages design, the ability to form test models only
for a certain part of a large object.
At the same time, the main disadvantage of the method should be considered the presence of a
minimum threshold for the dimension of CFT blocks, which, in the presence of multiple
properties in the elements of a technological object, can lead to an excessive size of individual
local areas. This drawback can be eliminated by superposition of local and global objects, which
can be interpreted by the nested and outer matrices, respectively. The implementation of this
approach requires additional research in this direction.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Glinkov, G.M. Process control system in ferrous metallurgy [Text] / G.M. Glinkov, V.A.
Makovsky. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Metallurgy, 1999. – 310 p.
2. Rudakova, A.V. Problems of managing large developing systems [Text] / A.V. Rudakova //
Bulletin of the Kherson National Technical University. – 2010. – No. 2. – P.29-33.
3. Idzhik, P. Selected aspects of the analysis of industrial transport in the company LEIBER
POLAND [Text] / P. Idzhik, A. Sladkovsky, G. Hut-Garnzazh // Bulletin of the East
Ukrainian National University. V. Dahl. – 2011. – No. 4. – Part 2. – P.182-189.
4. Estublier, J. Impact of Software Engineering Research on the Practice of Software
Configuration Management [Text] / J. Estublier, D. Leblang, A. Hoek and others // ACM
Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology. – 2005. – Vol. 14, No. 4. –
Pages 1-48.
5. Vyshinsky, L.L. Project generator - a toolkit for the development of “client-server” systems
[Text] / L.L. Vyshinsky, I.L. Grinev, Yu.A. Flerov et al. // Information technologies and
computing systems. – 2003. – No. 1-2. – P.6-25.
6. Giranova, A.K. Development of a software package for conducting experiments with
reconfigurable computing [Text] / A.K. Giranova // Modeling and information
technologies. Collection of scientific works. – 2011. – VIP. 59. – P.124-129.
7. Sigorsky, V.P. Mathematical apparatus of an engineer [Text] / V.P. Sigorsky. – ed. 2nd,
stereotype. – K.: Technology, 1977. – 768 p.
8. Horn, R. Matrix analysis [Text] / R. Horn, C. Johnson. – M.: Mir, 1989. – 655 p.
9. Ketkov, Yu.L. Programming practice: BASIC, C, Pascal. Self-instruction manual
[Text]/Yu.L. Ketkov, A.Yu. Ketkov. – St. Petersburg: BHV-Petersburg, 2002. – 480 p.
10. LLC "NPP "SATEP". Systems and devices [Electronic resource]. – Access mode:
http://www.satep.com.ua. - Cap. from the screen. – (Date of access: 01.12.2012).
636
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HERMITE-BELL TABANLI APOSTOL-BERNOULLI POLİNOMLARI
Doç. Dr. Uğur DURAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-5717-1199)
İskenderun Technical University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department
of Basic Sciences of Engineering, Central Campus, TR-31200, Hatay-Türkiye
Email: ugur.duran@iste.edu.tr
Özet
Son zamanlarda Duran ve ark. ikinci türden Bell tabanlı Stirling polinomlarını dikkate aldı. Bell
polinomları ve ikinci türden Stirling sayılarıyla ilgili bazı toplama formülleri de dahil olmak
üzere bazı yararlı ilişkiler ve özellikler verdiler. Daha sonra yüksek mertebeden Bell tabanlı
Bernoulli polinomlarını tanıttılar ve bazı toplama formülleri ve türev özelliklerini içeren çok
çeşitli formülleri araştırdılar. Ayrıca, umbral analizde daha yüksek dereceli Bell tabanlı
Bernoulli polinomları için uygulamalar sağladılar. Daha sonra ikinci türden Hermite-Bell
tabanlı Stirling polinomları ve α mertebesinden Hermite-Bell tabanlı Bernoulli polinomları
tanımlanarak bazı özellikleri incelenmiştir. Yukarıdaki çalışmadan motive ve ilham alarak, bu
çalışmada, ikinci türden Hermite-Bell tabanlı Apostol-Stirling polinomlarını ele alıyoruz ve
Bell polinomları, Hermite polinomları ve Stirling sayısı ile ilgili bazı toplama formülleri dahil
olmak üzere bazı yararlı ilişkiler ve özellikler elde ediyoruz. Daha sonra, α mertebesinden
Hermite-Bell tabanlı Apostol-Bernoulli polinomlarını tanıtıyoruz ve bazı toplama formülleri ve
türev özelliklerini içeren çok çeşitli formülleri araştırıyoruz. Ayrıca, α mertebeden HermiteBell tabanlı Apostol-Bernoulli polinomları için çeşitli kapalı toplam formülleri ve simetrik
özdeşlikler elde ediyoruz.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bernoulli polinomları, Bell polinomları, karışık tip polinomlar, ikinci tür
Stirling sayıları, Hermite polinomları, toplam formülleri.
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THE HERMITE-BELL-BASED APOSTOL-BERNOULLI POLYNOMIALS
Abstract
Recently, Duran et al. (Axioms 2021, 10(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms10010029)
considered Bell-based Stirling polynomials of the second kind and derived some useful
relations and properties including some summation formulas related to the Bell polynomials
and the Stirling numbers of the second kind. Then, they introduced Bell-based Bernoulli
polynomials of higher order and investigated multifarious correlations and formulas including
some summation formulas and derivative properties. Moreover, the authors attained several
interesting formulas of Bell-based Bernoulli polynomials of higher order arising from usual
umbral calculus. Then, Hermite-Bell-based Stirling polynomials of the second kind and
Hermite-Bell-based Bernoulli polynomials of order α were defined and some of their properties
were investigated.Motivated and inspired by the above work, in this study, we consider
Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Stirling polynomials of the second kind and derive some useful
relations and properties including some summation formulas related to the Bell polynomials,
the Hermite polynomials, and Stirling number of the second kind. Then, we introduce HermiteBell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of order α and investigate multifarious correlations
and formulas including some summation formulas and derivative properties. Also, we acquire
diverse implicit summation formulas and symmetric identities for Hermite-Bell-based ApostolBernoulli polynomials of order α.
Keywords: Bernoulli polynomials, Bell polynomials, mixed-type polynomials, Stirling
numbers of the second kind, Hermite polynomials, summation formulas.
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Introduction
Special polynomials and numbers possess much importance in multifarious areas of sciences,
such as physics, mathematics, applied sciences, engineering, and other related research fields
covering, differential equations, number theory, functional analysis, quantum mechanics,
mathematical analysis, mathematical physics, so on, cf. [1-14] and see also each of the
references cited therein. Some of the most significant polynomials in the theory of special
polynomials are the Bell, Euler, Bernoulli, Hermite, and Genocchi polynomials. Recently, the
aforesaid polynomials and their diverse generalizations have been densely considered and
investigated by many physicists and mathematicians, cf. [1-14] and see also the references cited
therein.In this study, we consider Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Stirling polynomials of the
second kind and derive some useful relations and properties including some summation
formulas related to the Bell polynomials and Stirling number of the second kind. Then, we
introduce Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of order and investigate
multifarious correlations and formulas including some summation formulas and derivative
properties. Also, we acquire diverse implicit summation formulas and a symmetric identity for
Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of order . Moreover, we analyze some
special cases of the results.Throughout this paper, the familiar symbols C , R , Z , N and N 0
are referred to the set of all complex numbers, the set of all real numbers, the set of all integers,
the set of all natural numbers, and the set of all non-negative integers, respectively.
The Stirling polynomials S 2 ( n, k : x ) and numbers S2 ( n, k ) of the second kind are given by
the following exponential generating functions (cf. [1-3,6-11]):
t
t
t n ( e − 1) tx
t n ( e − 1)
S2 ( n, k : x ) =
e and S2 ( n, k ) =
.
n!
k!
n!
k!
n =0
n =0
k
k
(1.1)
In combinatorics, Stirling number of the second kind S2 ( n, k ) counts the number of ways in
which distinguishable objects can be partitioned into k indistinguishable subsets when each
subset has to contain at least one object. The Stirling numbers of the second kind can also be
derived by the following recurrence relation for N 0 (cf. [2,4,9,14,16]):
n
x n = S2 ( n, k )( x )k ,
k =0
where ( x )n = x( x − 1)( x − 2)
( x − ( n − 1)) for nN with ( x )0 = 1 (see [1-3,6-11]).
639
(1.2)
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Also, the Apostol-Stirling polynomials S 2, ( n, k : x ) and numbers S 2, ( n, k ) of the second kind
are given by the following exponential generating functions (cf. [1,6,12-14]):
t
t
t n ( e − 1) tx
t n ( e − 1)
S
n
,
k
:
x
=
e
and
S
n
,
k
=
.
)
)
2, (
2, (
n!
k!
n!
k!
n =0
n =0
k
k
(1.3)
The bivariate Bell polynomials are defined as follows:
Beln ( x; y )
n =0
y ( et −1)
tn
=e
e xt .
n!
(1.4)
When x = 0 , Beln ( 0; y ) := Beln ( y ) called the classical Bell polynomials (also called
exponential polynomials) given by means of the following generating function (cf. [2-5,8-11]):
Beln ( y )
n =0
y ( et −1)
tn
=e
.
n!
(1.5)
The Bell numbers Beln are attained by taking y = 1 in (1.5), that is Beln ( 0;1) = Beln (1) := Beln
and are given by the following exponential generating function:
tn
(et −1) .
=e
n!
Beln
n =0
(1.6)
The Bell polynomials considered by Bell [4] appear as a standard mathematical tool and arise
in combinatorial analysis. Since the first consideration of the Bell polynomials, these
polynomials have been intensely investigated and studied by several mathematicians, cf. [25,8-11] and see also the references cited therein.
The usual Bell polynomials and Stirling numbers of the second kind satisfy the following
relation
n
Beln ( y ) = S2 ( n, m ) y m .
(1.7)
m =0
The Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials Bn( ,) ( x ) of order are defined as follows (cf. [1,6,12]):
Bn(,) ( x )
n =0
t n t xt
=
e
n! et − 1
( t + ln < 2 ; 1
:= 1) .
(1.8)
Setting x = 0 in (1.8), we get Bn( ,) ( 0 ) := Bn( ,) known as the Apostol-Bernoulli numbers of order
. We remark that when = 1 in (1.8), the polynomials Bn( ,) ( x ) and numbers Bn( ,) reduce to
the classical Bernoulli polynomials Bn(
)
( x)
and numbers Bn(
)
640
or order . We also note that
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when = 1 in (1.8), the polynomials Bn(
)
( x)
and numbers Bn(
)
reduce to the classical
1
Bernoulli polynomials Bn ( x ) and numbers Bn . We remark that Bn( ,) ( x ) := Bn , ( x ) and
Bn(1,) := Bn , .
The generating function for the Hermite polynomials H n ( x, y ) is given by [7]:
e xt + yt = H n ( x, y )
2
n =0
tn
.
n!
(1.9)
The Hermite-Bell mixed polynomials are given by (see [9])
HBn ( x, y, z )
n =0
xt + yx2 + z ( et −1)
tn
=e
,
n!
(1.10)
which reduce to usual Hermite polynomials (1.9) when z = 0 and familiar Bell polynomials
(1.5) when y = 0 .
Recently, the Hermite-Bell-based Stirling polynomials of the second kind and the HermiteBell-based Bernoulli polynomials of order have been defined and some of their multifarious
correlations and formulas including summation formulas, derivation rules, and correlations
have been derived in [9].
Definition 1 The Hermite-Bell-based Stirling polynomials of the second kind are introduced by
the following exponential generating function:
t
t n ( e − 1) xt + yx2 + z ( et −1)
=
e
.
HB S 2 ( n, k : x, y, z )
n!
k!
k
n =0
(1.11)
Definition 2 The Hermite-Bell-based Bernoulli polynomials of order are defined by the
following exponential generating function:
n =0
( )
HB
Bn
t n t xt + yt 2 + z (et −1)
.
( x; y, z ) = t e
n! e − 1
(1.12)
Hermite-Bell-Based Apostol-Stirling Polynomials of the Second Kind
In this section, we introduce the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Stirling polynomials of the second
kind and analyze their elementary properties and relations.
Here is the definition of the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Stirling polynomials of the second
kind as follows.
Definition 3 The Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Stirling polynomials of the second kind are
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introduced by the following generating function:
t
t n ( e − 1) xt + yx2 + z ( et −1)
=
e
.
HB S 2, ( n, k : x, y, z )
n!
k!
k
n =0
(2.1)
Remark 1 Replacing = 1 in (2.1), we attain Hermite-Bell-based Stirling polynomials
HB
S2 ( n, k : x, y, z ) of the second kind in (1.11).
Remark 2 Replacing x = 0 in (2.1), we attain extended Apostol-Bell-Stirling polynomials
HB
S2 ( n, k : y, z ) of the second kind, which are also a new generalization of the usual Stirling
numbers of the second kind in (1.1) as follows:
t
t n ( e − 1) yt 2 + z ( et −1)
=
e
.
HB S 2, ( n, k : y, z )
n!
k!
k
n =0
(2.2)
Remark 3 Replacing x = y = 0 in (2.1), we obtain Apostol-Bell-Stirling polynomials
Bel
S2, ( n, k : z ) of the second kind, which are also a new generalization of the usual Stirling
numbers of the second kind in (1.1), as follows:
n =0
t
t n ( e − 1) z ( et −1)
=
e
.
Bel S 2, ( n, k : z )
n!
k!
k
We now ready to give some properties of the
HB
S2, ( n, k : x, y, z ) without their proofs.
Proposition 1 The following correlation
n
n
S
n
,
k
:
x
,
y
,
z
=
) S2, ( u, k ) HBn−u ( x; y, z )
HB 2, (
u =0 u
(2.3)
holds for non-negative integer n .
Proposition 2 The following relations
HB
n
n
S2, ( n, k : x, y, z ) =
l =0 l
HB
S2, ( l , k : y, z ) x n −l
(2.4)
and
n
n
S
n
,
k
:
x
,
y
=
)
HB 2, (
l =0 l
Bel
S2, ( l , k : z ) H n −l ( x, y )
(2.5)
hold for non-negative integers n and k with n k .
Proposition 3 The following summation formulae for Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Stirling
polynomials of the second kind
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n
n
S
n
,
k
:
x
+
x
,
y
,
z
=
(
)
HB 2,
1
2
u =0 u
S2, ( u, k : x1 , y, z ) x2n −u
(2.6)
S2, ( u, k : x, y, z1 ) HBn −u ( z2 )
(2.7)
HB
and
n
n
S
n
,
k
:
x
,
y
,
z
+
z
=
(
)
HB 2,
1
2
u =0 u
HB
hold for non-negative integers n and k with n k .
Proposition 4 The following relation
HB S 2, ( n, k1 + k2 : x, y , z ) =
k1!k2! n n
( k1 + k2 )!
u =0 u
HB
S2, ( u, k1 : x, y, z ) S 2, ( n − u, k2 ) (2.8)
is valid for non-negative integer n .
Proposition 5 The following relation
n
n
S2, ( n, k ) =
u =0 u
HB
S2, ( u, k : x, y, z ) HBn −u ( − x, − y, − z )
(2.9)
holds for non-negative integer n .
Hermite-Bell-Based Apostol-Bernoulli Polynomials of Order α
In this section, we introduce Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of order
and investigate multifarious correlations and formulas including summation formulas,
derivation rules, and correlations with the Hermite-Bell based Apostol-Stirling numbers of the
second kind.
We now consider Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of order as follows.
Definition 4 The Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of order are defined
by:
( )
HB Bn , ( x; y , z )
n =0
t n t xt + yt 2 + z ( et −1)
=
e
n! et − 1
(3.1)
for t + ln < 2 and 1 := 1.
Some special cases of the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of order are
analyzed below.
Remark 4 In the special case = 1 in (3.1), we acquire the extended Hermite-Bell-based
Bernoulli polynomials of order in (1.12).
Remark 5 In the special case x = 0 in (3.1), we acquire the extended Apostol-Bell-Bernoulli
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polynomials of order , which are also new extensions of the Bernoulli numbers of order
in (1.8), as follows:
( )
HB
Bn ,
n =0
yt 2 + z et −1
tn
t
( y, z ) = t e ( ) .
n! e − 1
(3.2)
Remark 6 In the special case x = 0 in (3.1), we acquire Apostol-Bell-Bernoulli polynomials
HB
Bn(,) ( y ) of order, cf. [8], as follows:
( )
Bel
Bn,
n =0
t n t z ( et −1)
( z) = t e .
n! e − 1
Remark 7 In the special case z = 0 in (3.1), we acquire Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials
Bel
Bn(,) ( x; z ) of order, cf. [8], as follows:
( )
Bel
Bn,
n =0
xt + z et −1
tn
t
( x; z ) = t e ( ) .
n! e − 1
Remark 8 In the special case z = 0 in (3.1), we acquire Hermite-based Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials
HB
Bn(,) ( y ) of order, cf. [7], as follows:
( )
H
n =0
Bn,
t n t xt + yt 2
( x; y ) = t e .
n! e − 1
We also note that
HB
Bn(1,) ( x; y, z ) := HB Bn , ( x; y, z )
which we call the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials.
We now perform to derive some properties of the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials of order and we provide the following theorems without their proofs that can
be done by using (3.1) and series manipulation methods.
Theorem 1 Each of the following summation formulae
n
n ( )
( )
B
x
;
y
,
z
=
(
)
HB n ,
Bk , HBn −k ( x, y, z )
k =0 k
(3.3)
n
n ( )
( )
B
x
;
y
,
z
=
(
)
HB n ,
Bk , ( x; y ) Beln −k ( z )
k =0 k
(3.4)
HB
n
n
Bn(,) ( x; y, z ) =
k =0 k
hold for n N 0 .
644
HB
Bk(,) ( y, z ) x n −k
(3.5)
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We provide an implicit summation formula for the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials by the following theorem.
Theorem 2 The following relationship
n
n
(1 +2 )
B
x
+
x
;
y
+
y
,
z
+
z
=
( 1 2 1 2 1 2 )
HB n ,
k =0 k
HB
( )
( )
Bk ,1 ( x1 ; y1 , z1 ) HB Bn −2k , ( x2 ; y2 , z1 )
(3.6)
is valid for n N 0 .
One of the special cases of Theorem 2 is given below:
n
n
( )
B
x
+
1;
y
,
z
=
(
)
HB n ,
k =0 k
HB
Bk(,) ( x; y, z ) ,
(3.7)
which is a generalization of the well-known formula for usual Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials
given by
n
n
Bn, ( x + 1) = Bk , ( x ) (cf. [12]).
k =0 k
We now provide derivative operator properties for the polynomials
HB
Bn( ) ( x; y, z ) as follows.
Theorem 3 The difference operator formulas for the Hermite-Bell-based Bernoulli
polynomials
x
Bn(,) ( x; y, z ) = nHB Bn(−1,) ( x; y )
(3.8)
Bn(,) ( x; y, z ) = HB Bn(,) ( x + 1; y, z ) − HB Bn(,) ( x; y, z ) .
(3.9)
HB
and
z
HB
hold for nN .
A recurrence relation for the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials is given by
the following theorem.
Theorem 4 The following summation formula
HBn ( x; y, z ) =
HB Bn +1, ( x + 1; y, z ) − HB Bn +1, ( x; y, z )
n +1
=
n + 1
k =0 k
n
n +1
HB
Bk , ( x; y, z )
(3.10)
holds for n N 0 .
Remark 9 The result (3.10) is an extension of the well-known formula for the Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials given by
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xn =
Bn+1, ( x + 1) − Bn+1, ( x )
n +1
(cf. [12,13]).
An explicit formula for the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials is given by the
following theorem.
Theorem 5 The following explicit formula
k − 1
k −l −1 H n +1 ( l + x, y )
Bn, ( x; y, z ) = y k
( −1)
n +1
k =0 l =0
l
k −1
HB
holds for n N 0 .
We give the following theorem.
Theorem 6 The following formula including the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials of higher-order and Stirling numbers of the second kind
HBn ( x; y, z ) =
n!k! n + k n + k
l
( n + k )!
l =0
HB
Bl(,−k ) ( x; y, z ) S2, ( n + k − l , m )
(3.11)
is valid for n N 0 and k N .
Here, we present the following theorem including the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli
polynomials and the Apostol-Stirling polynomials of the second kind.
Theorem 7 The following correlation
n
n
( )
( )
B
x
;
y
,
z
=
(
)
HB n ,
( x )k S2 ( l , k ) HB Bn −l , ( y )
l =0 k =0 l
(3.12)
holds for non-negative integers n .
A correlation including the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of order and
the Hermite-Bell-based Apostol-Stirling polynomials of the second kind is stated below.
Theorem 8 The following summation formula
HBn ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 ) =
n!k! n+ k n + k
l
( n + k )!
l =0
HB
Bl(,k) ( x2 ; y2 , z2 ) HB S2, ( n + k − l , k : x1 , y1 , z2 )
(3.13)
holds for non-negative integers k and n with n k .
We note that the following series manipulation formulas hold (cf. [8,9]):
f (N )
N =0
( x + y) N
xn y m
= f (n + m)
N!
n! m!
n , m =0
and
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(3.14)
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k
A ( l , k ) = A ( l , k − l ) .
k ,l =0
(3.15)
k =0 l =0
We give the following theorem.
Theorem 9 The following implicit summation formula
HB
Bk(+l), ( x; y, z ) =
k ,l
k l
n m ( x − )
n , m =0
n+m
HB
Bk(+l)−n −m, (; y, z )
(3.16)
holds.
Proof. Upon setting t by t + u in (3.1), we derive
t + u y(t +u )2 + z (et +u −1)
− ( t + u )
=e
t +u e
e − 1
k ,l =0
t k ul
.
HB Bk +l , ( ; y, z )
k! l!
( )
Again replacing by x in the last equation, and using (3.14), we get
e
− x( t +u )
k ,l =0
t k u l t + u y(t +u )2 + z (et +u −1)
B
x
;
y
,
z
=
(
)
HB k +l ,
e
k! l! et +u − 1
( )
By the last two equations, we obtain
( )
HB Bk +l , ( x; y , z )
k ,l =0
t k ul
= e( x − )(t +u )
k! l!
k ,l =0
( )
HB Bk +l , ( ; y , z )
t k ul
,
k! l!
which yield
( )
HB Bk +l , ( x; y , z )
k ,l =0
n
m
t k ul
n+m t u
= (x −)
k! l! n,m=0
n! m! k ,l =0
( )
HB Bk +l , ( ; y , z )
t k ul
.
k! l!
Utilizing (3.15), we acquire
k ,l =0
k ,l
( x − ) HB Bk(+l)−n−m, (; y, z ) k l
t k ul
=
tu,
HB Bk +l , ( x; y, z )
k! l! k ,l =0 n,m=0
n!m!( k − l )!( l − m )!
n+m
( )
which implies the asserted result (3.16).
Corollary 1 Letting k = 0 in (3.16), the following implicit summation formula holds:
l
l
m
( )
B
x
;
y
,
z
=
) ( x − ) HB Bl(−m) , (; y, z ) .
HB l , (
m =0 m
Corollary 2 Upon setting k = 0 and replacing x by x + z in (3.16), we attain
l
l
( )
B
x
+
;
y
,
z
=
) x m HB Bl(−m) , (; y, z ) .
HB l , (
m =0 m
Now, we give the following theorem.
Theorem 10 The following symmetric identity
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n
k =0 k
n
( )
HB Bn − k , ( bx; y, z )
n
n
( )
n−k k
B
ax
;
y
,
z
a
b
=
(
)
HB k ,
k =0 k
HB
Bk(,) ( bx; y, z )
HB
Bn(−k) , ( ax; y, z ) a k b n− k
(3.17)
holds for a, b R and n 0.
Proof. Let
2 abxt + y( at )2 + y(bt )2 + z ( eat −1)+ z (ebt −1)
t2
e
=
.
( eat − 1)( ebt − 1)
Then, the expression for is symmetric in a and b , and we derive the following two
expansions of :
=
Bn, ( bx; y, z )
( )
HB
n =0
n
n
=
n =0 k =0 k
( at )
n!
n
Bn, ( ax; y, z )
( )
HB
n =0
( bt )
n
n!
( )
( )
n−k k
b
HB Bn − k , ( bx; y, z ) HB Bk , ( ax; y, z ) a
tn
n!
and similarly
n
n
=
n =0 k =0 k
( )
HB Bk , ( bx; y, z )
( )
k n−k
HB Bn − k , ( ax; y, z ) a b
tn
,
n!
which gives the desired result (3.17).
Conclusions
In the present paper, we have considered Hermite-Bell based Apostol-Stirling polynomials of
the second kind and derived some useful relations and properties including some summation
formulas related to the Hermite polynomials, the Bell polynomials and Stirling number of the
second kind. Then, we have introduced Hermite-Bell based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of
order and investigated multifarious correlations and formulas including some summation
formulas and derivative properties. Also, we have acquired diverse implicit summation
formulas and symmetric identities for Hermite-Bell based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials of
order . Moreover, we have analyzed some special cases of the results. The results obtained
in this paper are generalizations of the many earlier results, some of which are involved related
references in [1-14]. For future directions, we will consider that the polynomials introduced in
this paper can be examined within the context of monomiality principle and umbral calculus to
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have alternative ways of deriving our results.
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References
[1] M. Acikgoz, R. Ates, U. Duran, S. Araci, Applications of q -umbral calculus to modified
Apostol type q -Bernoulli polynomials. J. Math. Stat., 14(1), (2018) 7-15.
[2] N. Alam, W.A. Khan, C.S. Ryoo, A note on Bell-based Apostol-type Frobenius–Euler
polynomials of complex variable with its certain applications. Mathematics 2022, 10,
2109.
[3] A. Al edamat, W. A. Khan, C. S. Ryoo, Certain properties on Bell-based Apostol-type
Frobenius-Genocchi polynomials of complex variable, J. Math. Comp. Sci., 33 (2024),
no. 4, 326–338
[4] E.T. Bell, Exponential polynomials. Ann. Math. 35 (1934) 258-277.
[5] L. Carlitz, Some remarks on the Bell numbers. Fibonacci Quart. 18 (1980) 66-73.
[6] R. Dere, Y. Simsek, H. M. Srivastava, A unified presentation of three families of
generalized Apostol type polynomials based upon the theory of the umbral calculus and
the umbral algebra, J. Number Theory, 133 (2013), 3245-3263.
[7] R. Dere, Y. Simsek, Hermite base Bernoulli type polynomials on the umbral algebra. Russ.
J. Math. Phys. 22, (2015) 1-5.
[8] U. Duran, S. Araci, M. Acikgoz, Bell-based Bernoulli polynomials with applications.
Axioms 2021, 10, 29.
[9] U. Duran, M. Acikgoz, Hermite-Bell based Bernoulli polynomials. In F. Evirgen, I.
Kucukkoc (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Applied
Mathematics in Engineering (ICAME’21), Balikesir, Turkey, September 1-3, 2021,
Pages 124-130.
[10] Kamarujjama, M., Daud, Husain, S. Bell based Apostol-Bernoulli polynomials and its
properties. Int. J. Appl. Comput. Math 8, 18 (2022).
[11] N. Khan, S. Husain, Analysis of Bell based Euler polynomials and their application. Int.
J. Appl. Comput. Math 7, 195 (2021).
[12] Luo, Q.M., Srivastava, H.M.: Some generalizations of the Apostol-Bernoulli and Apostol
Euler polynomials. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 308(1), 290–302 (2005).
[13] Luo, Q.M.; Srivastava, H.M. Some generalization of the Apostol-Genocchi polynomials
and Stirling numbers of the second kind. Appl. Math. Comput. 2011, 217, 5702–5728.
[14] Y. Simsek, Construction of some new families of Apostol-type numbers and polynomials
via Dirichlet character and p -adic q -integrals, Turkish J. Math. 42(2), 2018, Article 12.
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2-DEĞİŞKENLİ KESİLMİŞ DEJENERE ÜSSEL POLİNOMLAR α Mertebesi
Doç. Dr. Uğur DURAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-5717-1199)
İskenderun Technical University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department
of Basic Sciences of Engineering, Central Campus, TR-31200, Hatay-Türkiye
Email: ugur.duran@iste.edu.tr
Özet
Kesik üstel polinomlar, olağan üstel fonksiyon için Mac Laurin serisinin ilk (n + 1) terimidir.
Özel polinom ailesinde son yıllarda polinomların kesik formları çeşitli matematikçiler
tarafından üzerinde çalışılmış ve incelenmiştir. Özel fonksiyonların çarpımlarını içeren
integrallerin değerlendirilmesinde hayati önem taşıyan üst düzey kesik polinomlar tanıtılmış ve
bu polinomlar Appell ailesi ve Laguerre ailesi daha genel bağlamında tartışılmıştır. İki
değişkenli kesik Fubini polinomları ve sayıları tanımlanır ve ardından toplama formülleri,
yineleme ilişkileri, türev özelliği ve ikinci türden kesik Stirling sayılarıyla, ikinci türden
Apostol tipi Stirling sayılarıyla korelasyonlar dahil olmak üzere çok çeşitli ilişkiler ve
formüller, Kesik Bernoulli polinomları ve kesik Euler polinomları araştırıldı. Kesilmiş
Bernoulli polinomları dikkate alındı ve çeşitli özellikler verildi. Kesikli Euler polinomları
tanımlandı ve kesik Bernoulli polinomlarının bazı özellikleri ve ilişkileri sağlandı. Kesik üstel
tabanlı Apostolik tip polinomlar analiz edilmiş ve bunların bazı örtülü toplama formüllerini ve
simetrik özdeşlikleri kapsayan çeşitli özellikleri keşfedilmiştir.
Bu çalışmada dejenere kesik üstel polinomların tanımı ve ardından bazı özellikleri ve ilişkileri
verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: kesikli üstel polinomlar, özel polinomlar, üreteç fonksiyonlar
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THE 2-VARIABLE TRUNCATED DEGENERATE EXPONENTIAL POLYNOMIALS
OF ORDER α
Abstract
The truncated exponential polynomials are the first (n + 1) terms of the Mac Laurin series for
the usual exponential function. In the family of special polynomials, in recent years, the
truncated forms for polynomials have been worked on and investigated by various
mathematicians. The higher-order truncated polynomials which play a role of crucial
importance in the evaluation of integrals involving products of special functions were
introduced and these polynomials were discussed within the more general context of the Appell
family and the Laguerre family. The two-variable truncated Fubini polynomials and numbers
are defined and then multifarious relations and formulas including summation formulas,
recurrence relations, derivative property, and correlations with the truncated Stirling numbers
of the second kind, Apostol-type Stirling numbers of the second kind, the truncated Bernoulli
polynomials, and truncated Euler polynomials were investigated. The truncated Bernoulli
polynomials were considered, and several properties were given. The truncated Euler
polynomials were defined and some properties and relations with the truncated Bernoulli
polynomials were provided. The truncated-exponential-based Apostol-type polynomials were
analyzed and their various properties covering some implicit summation formulas and
symmetric identities were discovered.In this study, the definition of the 2-variable truncated
degenerate exponential polynomials of order α and then provide some of their properties and
relations.
Keywords: truncated exponential polynomials, special polynomials, generating functions
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Introduction
Throughout this paper, the familiar symbols C , R , Z , N and N 0 are referred to the set of all
complex numbers, the set of all real numbers, the set of all integers, the set of all natural
numbers and the set of all non-negative integers, respectively.
The truncated exponential polynomials en ( x ) are the first ( n + 1) terms of the Mac Laurin
series for the function e x (cf. [2-4,6,12]), that is
xk
.
k =0 k!
n
en ( x ) =
(1.1)
This polynomial has the following integral representation:
x k ( n − k )! 1
n
= e ( x + ) d .
0
n!
k =0 k! ( n − k ) !
n
en ( x ) =
(1.2)
The classical generating function of the truncated exponential polynomials is as follows (cf. [24,6,12])
en ( x ) t n =
n =0
etx
.
1− t
(1.3)
Using the aforesaid generating function, one can easily get the following derivative relations:
x
d
en +1 = 1 +
1 − en ( x )
n + 1 dx
(1.4)
and
en −1 ( x ) =
d
en ( x ) .
dx
(1.5)
For more detailed information about the truncated exponential polynomials, see [2-4,6,7,12-14]
and also the references cited therein.
The traditional Pochhammer symbol ( x )n (sometimes called the descending factorial, falling
sequential product, falling factorial, or lower factorial) is defined by (see [1,5,8-11])
x( x − 1)( x − 2)
1
( x )n,1 := ( x )n =
( x − (n − 1)), n N
.
n = 0.
(1.6)
The -extension of the usual Pochhammer symbol ( x )n , is given by (see [1,5,8-11])
x( x − )( x − 2 )
1
( x ) n , =
Note that ( x )n ,1 := ( x )n .
653
( x − (n − 1) ), n N
n = 0.
(1.7)
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The difference operator of a function is defined by (see [1,5,8-11])
f ( x) := ; x f ( x) =
1
( f ( x + ) − f ( x)), 0.
(1.8)
The following difference rule holds (cf. [1,5,8-11]):
n!
( x ) , 0 k n,
(n − k )! n −k ,
k ( x )n, =
(1.9)
where the notation k denotes the k times applying the difference operators.
Let R / 0 . The degenerate exponential function ex ( t ) is defined by (cf. [1,5,8-11])
x
ex ( t ) = (1 + t ) and e1 ( t ) = e ( t ) .
(1.10)
It is readily seen that lim →0ex ( t ) = e xt . From (1.10), we obtain the following relation
e ( t ) = ( x )n,
x
n =0
tn
,
n!
(1.11)
which satisfies the following difference rule
ex ( t ) = tex ( t ) .
(1.12)
By (1.11), we can write
e ( t ) = (1)n,
n =0
tn
t
t2
t3
= 1 + (1)1, + (1)2, + (1)3, +
n!
1!
2!
3!
.
In the family of special polynomials, in recent years, the truncated forms for polynomials have
been worked on and investigated by various mathematicians cf. [2-9,11-14], and see also the
references cited therein. Dattoli et al. [2] introduced the higher-order truncated polynomials
which play a role of crucial importance in the evaluation of integrals involving products of
special functions and discussed them within the more general context of the Appell family and
the Laguerre family. Duran et al. [4] considered the two-variable truncated Fubini polynomials
and numbers and then investigated multifarious relations and formulas including summation
formulas, recurrence relations, derivative property, and correlations with the truncated Stirling
numbers of the second kind, Apostol type Stirling numbers of the second kind, the truncated
Bernoulli polynomials and truncated Euler polynomials. Hassen et al. [6] defined the truncated
Bernoulli polynomials and derived several properties. Komatsu et al. [12] considered the
truncated Euler polynomials and presented their properties and relations with the truncated
Bernoulli polynomials. Srivastava et al. [13] examined the truncated-exponential-based
Apostol-type polynomials and derived their various properties covering some implicit
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summation formulas and symmetric identities.
While the truncated exponential polynomials en ( x ) (1.1) are the first ( n + 1) terms of the Mac
Laurin series for usual exponential function e x , the truncated degenerate exponential
polynomials are introduced as the first ( n + 1) terms of the Mac Laurin series expansion of the
degenerate exponential function e ( t ) in (1.11) as follows:
Definition 1 The truncated degenerate exponential polynomials (the Detr -exponential
polynomials) are introduced as the first ( n + 1) terms of the Taylor series expansion of e ( t )
in (1.11) at t = 0 :
n
en , ( t ) = (1)k ,
k =0
tk
.
k!
(1.13)
Remark 1 When → 0 , the Detr -exponential polynomials en , ( t ) (1.13) reduce to the
truncated exponential polynomials en ( t ) in (1.1).
Proposition 1 For z < 1 , we have
e ( t ) z
n,
n =0
n
=
e ( zt )
.
1− z
(1.14)
Proposition 2 The following difference operator rule holds:
, en , ( t ) = ten −1, ( t ) .
(1.15)
Proposition 3 The following recurrence relation
n
t k +1
en +1, ( t ) = ( n + 1) (1)k +1,
+ ek , ( t )
k!
k =0
(1.16)
is valid for n N 0 .
Main Results
In this chapter, we define the 2-variable truncated degenerate exponential polynomials of order
and then investigate some of their properties.
We now consider the 2-variable truncated degenerate exponential polynomials of order ,
therefore we give the following definition.
Definition 2 The 2-variable truncated degenerate exponential polynomials of order are
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introduced by the following explicit expression:
n
( x )n−k , y k
en, ( x, y ) =
,
k =0 ( n − k ) !
( )
(2.1)
where means the greatest integer function.
We choose to call the 2VTD -exponential polynomials as well as the 2-variable truncated
degenerate exponential polynomials of order .
We now examine a special case of the aforementioned polynomials as follows.
Remark 2 When = 1 , the 2VTD -exponential polynomials en( ,) ( x, y ) (2.1) reduce to the 2
variable truncated degenerate exponential polynomials en , ( x, y ) , which are the new extension
of the exponential polynomials in (1.1), given by
n
en, ( x, y ) = ( x )n−k ,
k =0
yk
.
( n − k )!
(2.2)
Remark 3 When y = 1 , the 2VTD -exponential polynomials en( ,) ( x, y ) (2.1) reduce to the
truncated degenerate exponential polynomials en( ,) ( x ) of order , which are the new extension
of the exponential polynomials in (1.1), given by
n
en(,) ( x ) = ( x )n−k ,
k =0
1
.
( n − k )!
(2.3)
Remark 4 When x = 1 , the 2VTD -exponential polynomials en( ,) ( x, y ) (2.1) reduce to the
truncated degenerate exponential polynomials en( ,) (1, y ) of order , which are the new
extension of the exponential polynomials in (1.1), given by
n
(1)n−k , y k
en, (1, y ) =
.
k =0 ( n − k ) !
( )
(2.4)
Remark 5 When y = 1 = , the 2VTD -exponential polynomials en( ,) ( x, y ) (2.1) reduce to the
truncated degenerate exponential polynomials en , ( x ) , which are the new extension of the
exponential polynomials in (1.1), given by
n
en, ( x ) = ( x )n −k ,
k =0
656
1
.
( n − k )!
(2.5)
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Remark 6 When → 0 , the 2VTD -exponential polynomials en( ,) ( x, y ) (2.1) reduce to the 2
variable truncated exponential polynomials en(
)
( )
en
( x, y )
of order , given by
n
x n−k y k
.
( x, y ) =
k =0 ( n − k ) !
Remark 7 When y = = x = 1 , the 2VTD -exponential polynomials en( ,) ( x, y ) (2.1) reduce to
the degenerate truncated exponential polynomials en , ( t ) in (1.13).
Remark 8 When y = = x = 1 and → 0 , the 2VTD -exponential polynomials en( ,) ( x, y )
(2.1) reduce to the truncated exponential polynomials en ( t ) in (1.1).
The classical generating function of the 2VTD -exponential polynomials is given by the
following theorem.
Theorem 1 For t <
1
, we have
y
ex ( t )
en, ( x, y ) t =
.
1 − yt
n =0
( )
(2.6)
n
Proof. Using (2.1) and
n
A ( k , n ) = A ( k , n − k )
n =0 k =0
for t <
n =0 k =0
1
, we consider
y
n
( x )n−k , y k n
en, ( x, y ) t =
t
n =0
n =0 k =0 ( n − k ) !
( )
= ( x ) n ,
n =0
=
n
t n k k
y t
n! k =0
ex ( t )
,
1 − yt
which implies the assertion (2.6).
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We remark that using (2.6), the classical generating function of the polynomials in (2.2), (2.3),
(2.4) and (2.5), respectively, can be given as follows:
ex ( t )
en , ( x, y ) t =
,
1 − yt
n =0
n
en(,) ( x ) t n =
n =0
e() (1, y ) t
n
n,
=
n =0
en, ( x ) t n =
n =0
ex ( t )
,
1 − t
e ( t )
,
1 − yt
ex ( t )
.
1− t
Theorem 2 The following difference operator rule holds:
; x en(,) ( x, y ) = en(−1,) ( x, y ) .
(2.7)
Proof. Using (2.1), we observe
ex ( t )
en, ( x, y ) t =
1 − yt
n =0
=
( )
n
tex ( t )
1 − yt
= en(,) ( x, y ) t n +1 ,
n =0
which gives the claimed result (2.7) by comparing the coefficients of the first and the last series
with respect to t .
We provide the following recurrence formula.
Theorem 3 The following recurrence relation
( −1)
en(+1,) ( x, y ) = en(−u) , ( x, y )
u
u =1
u +1
u −1
+
n +1
−1
en(−()k +1) +1,
k =0
y k +1
( x, y )
( n − ( k + 1) + 1)!
(2.8)
is valid for n N 0 .
Proof. By (2.1), we observe that
x
d n d e ( t )
en, ( x, y ) t =
dt
dt 1 − yt
n =0
( )
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(1 − yt ) dtd e ( t ) − e ( t ) dtd (1 − yt )
=
(1 − yt )
x
x
2
=
1
(1 − yt )
ex (t )
=
1 − yt
2
log (1 + t ) x
x
+ e ( t ) yt −1
(1 − yt ) e ( t )
( −1) u −1t u + 1 − yt
(
)
u +1
u =1
u
ex ( t ) −1
yt
1 − yt
u +1
( )
−1)
(
n
= en, ( x, y ) t
u −1t u + y n+1t n en(,) ( x, y ) t nt −1
n=0
u
u =1
n =0
n =0
n
u +1
k +1
e( )
−
1
(
)
n − k , ( x, y ) y
( )
u −1 u + n
n + −1
= en , ( x, y )
t +
t
u
n
−
k
!
(
)
n
=0
u
=1
n
=0
k
=0
which gives
( −1) u −1
en +1, ( x, y ) = en −u , ( x, y )
( )
( )
u =1
+
n − +1
en(−()k +1) +1, ( x, y )
k =0
u +1
u
y k +1
,
( n − ( k + 1) + 1)!
which means the asserted result (2.8).
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References
[1] L. Carlitz, Degenerate Stirling, Bernoulli and Eulerian numbers. Utilitas Math. 15 (1975)
51-88.
[2] G. Dattoli, C. Ceserano, D. Sacchetti, A note on truncated polynomials. Appl. Math.
Comput. 134 (2003) 595-605.
[3] G. Dattoli, M. Migliorati, H. M. Srivastava, Bessel summation formulae and operational
methods, J. Comput. Appl. Math., 173, 149-154.
[4] U. Duran, M. Acikgoz, Truncated Fubini polynomials. Mathematics 7, (2019) 431.
[5] U. Duran, M. Acikgoz, On degenerate truncated exponential polynomials. Mathematics.
8(1), 2020, 144.
[6] A. Hassen, H. D. Nguyen, Hypergeometric Bernoulli polynomials and Appell sequences.
Int. J. Number Theory 4 (2008) 767-774.
[7] S. Khan, G. Yasmin, N. Ahmad, On a new family related to truncated exponential and
Sheffer polynomials, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 418(2), 2014, 921-937.
[8] T. Kim, D. S. Kim, H. K. Kim. Study on r -truncated degenerate Stirling numbers of the
second kind. Open Math. 2022;20:1685–1695.
[9] H. K. Kim, H. Baek, D. S. Lee, A note on truncated degenerate exponential polynomials.
Proc Jangjeon Math Soc. 2021;24(1):63-76.
[10] T. Kim, Y. Yao, D.S. Kim, G.-W. Jang, Degenerate r -Stirling numbers and r -Bell
polynomials. Russ. J. Math. Phys. 25 (2018) 44-58.
[11] T. Kim, D. S. Kim, Some identities on truncated polynomials associated with degenerate
Bell polynomials. Russ J Math Phys. 2021;28(3):342-355.
[12] T. Komatsu, C. D. J. P. Ruiz, Truncated Euler polynomials, Mathematica Slovaca 68
(2018) 527-536.
[13] H. M. Srivastava, S. Araci, W. A. Khan, M. Acikgoz, A note on the truncated-exponential
based Apostol-type polynomials, Symmetry. 11 (2019) 538.
[14] S. A. Wani, J. Choi, Truncated exponential based Frobenius-Genocchi and truncated
exponential based Apostol type Frobenius-Genocchi polynomials, Montes Taurus J. Pure
Appl. Math., 4(1), 2022, 85-96.
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SEMANTIC AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGE OF SHOPPING AND FASHION IN THE
AGE OF CONSUMER CULTURE
Prof. Dr. Celalettin VATANDAŞ* (ORCID: 0000-0003-1431-3553)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü, TekirdağTürkiye
Email: cvatandas@nku.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Saniye VATANDAŞ (ORCID: 0000-0001-9075-0152)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü, TekirdağTürkiye
Email: svatandas@nku.edu.tr
Abstract
The general course of consumption behaviour and shopping behaviour has undergone a
significant change following the Industrial Revolution. Towards the end of the 19th century,
when production was prioritised, consumption became the main paradigm, and practices that
encourage consumption and create new needs became widespread. The culture industry, which
has become dominant thanks to mass media, has prioritised the creation of new needs, and this
has led to the formation of a sector called fashion. Fashion, which was previously only in a
narrow framework and for those with high socio-economic opportunities, has become a
phenomenon that shapes and directs the consumption behaviour of the masses through mass
media. The most characteristic feature of fashion, which determines the creation of new needs
and the way these needs are met, is change. Change is a value glorified by today's dominant
mentality. Clothes, automobiles, houses, mobile phones, white goods, furniture, physical
appearance and even people, friendships, values, emotions, beliefs, which are indicators of an
individual's tastes and material power, are the objects of change. Therefore, fashion is about
everything. In the context of all these, fashion, in the shortest terms, is what is temporary.
Something becomes fashionable only for a certain/limited period of time and then quickly
becomes obsolete. Essentially, the process of becoming obsolete begins with something
becoming fashionable. The idea of obsolescence is what enables something to be fashionable
and unfashionable, that is, the rapid change that takes place in this process, in other words, the
fashion trend to start the next trend. With this research, the semantic change, formation and
functioning of the concept of fashion will be discussed.
Keywords: Fashion, Obsolescence, Obsolescence, Consumption.
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Introduction
Capitalism, culture industry, consumer culture, fashion, advertising... all these are situations
and phenomena that have a direct and strong relationship with each other. They have enveloped
individual and collective mentalities and all areas of individual and social life. Capitalism
represents the most dominant phenomenon among them all. The others fulfil their functions
under the influence and control of capitalism in a cause-and-effect relationship or in support of
each other. To make a statement on fashion, the subject of this chapter, fashion cannot exist in
its present meaning and function without capitalist mentality and practices. The culture
industry, which is a sub-element of capitalism, makes use of advertising while creating and
popularising fashion. The ultimate goal of all these is the culture of consumption. Consumption
culture motivates capitalist mentality and practices.
Fashion And Consumption
Now we can ask our main question: What is fashion? There is no standard defınition of fashion
that is accepted by everyone. Because it can have different defınitions according to its scope
and function. For this reason, many defınitions have been made. New defınitions continue to
be made. The meaning and function of fashion may differ in different social structures
according to the dominant mentality and lifestyles there. For example, socioeconomic status
and situations can significantly change the meaning and function attributed to fashion.
Similarly, changes in the acceptance and understanding of "consumption" can lead to changes
in the meaning and function of fashion. Nevertheless, by taking into account the common
features and commonly accepted meanings of the definitions, some determinations can be made
about what fashion is, even in a general sense. Fashion, in the most general sense, refers to what
is accepted and/or used by a certain group of people at a certain time and in a certain place. For
this reason, the definition of style and form in force in dictionaries is meaningful. The
determination of the rule that temporarily regulates the use and shapes of ornaments, clothing,
furniture, etc. expressed by another definition expresses one of the common views on the scope
of fashion. Many more definitions can be expressed based on different dictionaries and
encyclopaedias. The origin of the word fashion can be seen as the right starting point to
determine the meaning of fashion in order to reach the result in a short way without wandering
between definitions. According to the common opinion, the origin of fashion is mod, which is
a statistical term. Mode refers to the most repeated number among the numbers in a certain
sequence. Therefore, fashion refers to the most repeated thing, the common thing. It is important
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that fashion expresses the state of "prevalence". While a work, behaviour or appearance that is
done by a person or a few people in a society and is out of the ordinary may be considered
strange, the fact that that thing becomes widespread and is done/adopted by many people can
lead to the normalisation of that thing. This situation points to fashion. Of course, there are
some important criteria that shape the transformation of something from being considered
strange to being liked and widely adopted. Personalities who are respected by the society/mass
and therefore are models are the most important tools of this transformation. For this reason,
the culture industry, since it is the shortest and easiest way to include a product in the
consumption process, first of all produces model personalities or "star" individuals with popular
nomenclature, and through these, it puts its products on the consumption market. The product
is easily accepted through "stars". There are significant differences between being a person
respected by society in the traditional sense and being a "star", which is a phenomenon of
modern times. In traditional society, reputation is a requirement of being an exceptional
personality that is appreciated and admired by the members of the society in line with the value
judgements of the society. For example, a person can be a respected artist of the society with
his/her long-standing and outstanding achievements. In the traditional mentality and society,
being an artist is a characteristic that is a combination of special talent, great labour and
outstanding achievement. Today, however, being a "star" does not require special talent, labour
and success. When mass media advertise a person as a "star", it is possible to become a "star".
In fact, most of the time, a person with no special talent, labour and achievement can suddenly
be remembered as a "musician", "singer", "voice artist", "model", "mannequin" .... However,
this in no way means that the "artist" or other titles of that person will have a long-lasting
continuity. A person can shine in one moment and fade away in the next. For example, a person
chosen by the culture industry can become a "star" with a song and then disappear after fulfilling
the functions expected of him/her by the culture industry. As no one knew before, no one
remembers him/her after he/she fades out. This "star's" being remembered and continuing
his/her "stardom" is related to and limited to what the culture industry expects from him/her.
There is a linear relationship between the role of the culture industry in producing "stars" and
fashion, which is the most important motivational tool of consumption that capitalism wants to
make uninterrupted. Because there is a strong relationship between fashion and being
widespread. However, although the fact that something is preferred by many people is
important for it to be fashionable, this feature may not be enough to ensure that what is desired
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to be widely consumed is fashionable. An example of this is the torn/worn jeans that are in
fashion today. When the blouse was first invented in the USA, it was used by mine workers.
The blousins used by the workers and worn out during long periods of hard labour were not
considered fashionable in any way. Moreover, despite the fact that they were worn by a large
mass of workers. However, as relatively high status groups, especially young people, began to
dress more widely, the torn jeans became fashionable. This was done through "star"
personalities who were modelled. Through them, young people and even non-young people
started to wear torn/worn jeans and this became a widespread consumption behaviour. People
could be directed to the desire of owning torn/worn jeans by paying more for them than for the
good ones. A similar situation can be said for "old" clothes. In the old times, the torn, worn,
partially dismantled clothes that the poor had to wear were not fashionable although they were
worn by the poor on a mass level. This condition of those items was a result of unfavourable
economic conditions. Today, however, torn, frayed and partially dismantled clothes have
become fashionable through role models and individuals with high socio-economic conditions
have been made to wear torn and dismantled clothes. Perhaps patched clothes will soon face a
similar situation. Of course, if the people or businesses who decide what is fashionable decide
to do so.If one of the important references in determining the meaning of fashion is "mod", the
other is modus, which means "unformed border" in Latin. Modus contributes to understanding
the meaning of fashion as well as its function. As it is known, fashion is something that changes
easily and does not remain fixed/the same in any way. In the shortest terms, fashion is
something that is temporary. Something becomes fashionab/e only for a certain/limited period
of time and then quickly becomes obso/ete. In fact, when something becomes fashionable, the
process of becoming obsolete also begins. The idea of obso/escence is what enables a thing to
become fashionable and unfashionable, that is, the rapid change that takes place in this process,
in other words, the fashion trend to start the next trend. For example, objects physically wear
out over time depending on their qualities and usage. This is an expected and familiar situation.
However, the traditional mentality and the modern mentality's understanding of obso/escence
do not refer to the same meaning. From the point of view of the traditional mentality, the
obsolescence of an object is due to the fact that it is physically unable to fulfil its basic function
and deteriorates. However, from the point of view of this mentality, the obsolescence of an item
does not require that the item be immediately thrown away or considered as "rubbish". The old
item can be repaired and used again and again. Understandings that control consumption, such
as waste and saving with the limited means available, can contribute to transforming the worn-
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out item and maintaining its functionality, even if it has completed its actual useful life. In this
respect, some familiar examples are clothes that are patched and worn, furniture that is repaired
and sweaters that are dismantled and put back into use by mopping. It is understandable for
elderly individuals with a traditional mentality to continue to keep any item that has lost its
function with the understanding that "it will be needed one day". Because from the point of
view of this mentality, throwing away items that can be repaired or throwing away objects that
have economic value is considered as "rubbish" and is considered as waste. Waste is a
behaviour that should be avoided. Therefore, according to this view, every item, even if it is
old, has a use value. This is the requirement of the mentality in which consumption is not a
value, instead saving is recognised as a value.On the other hand, the meaning attributed to
"obsolescence" by the modern mentality, which represents the transition from the old to the
new and makes change a fundamental value in this context, is completely different from the
meaning attributed by the traditional mentality. In the modern mentality, it is not the case that
things lose their physical function, wear out and become unusable. The meaning attributed to
obsolescence by the modern mentality is directly related to the course of development of the
capitalist mentality. In the early 20th century, as a result of the replacement of the principle of
production with the principle of consumption, "spending" rather than "saving" or "preserving"
was encouraged, while values such as "frugality" began to be perceived as stinginess. The
thrifty, wasteful individuals of the past have been replaced by individuals with the mentality of
"I consume, therefore Iexist" and the masses formed by these individuals. Instead of stability,
permanence and order, transience and change have become the basic principle. The idea of
impermanence and disposability has been developed and reinforced through adverts that
manifest themselves at every corner of daily life with calls to bring the old and take the new.
Being "disposable" and "discontinuous", which comes with the idea of obsolescence, has
become a feature that reveals itself in its full form not only in clothes, household appliances,
cars, accessories, furniture and houses, but also in human relations and preferences. The minds
are now dominated by a distinction between what is appropriate and inappropriate for the times
and conditions. When this idea is engraved in the consciousness with the concepts of "new" and
"change", individuals who are motivated by the discourses of infinite freedom of choice can,
for a small reason, remove friends, people or relationships that they do not like or that are no
longer useful from their agenda and minds, and continue their lives as if they had never
happened by opening a new page. As in the Greek philosopher Heraclitus' statement that the
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only thing that does not change is change itself, change/abandonment is at the centre of the
mentality of today's individuals and life in today's societies.
Fashion And Change
Change is a value glorified by today's dominant mentality. Clothes, automobiles, houses,
mobile phones, white goods, furniture, physical appearance and even people, friendships,
values, emotions, beliefs, which are indicators of the individual's tastes and material power, are
objects of change. For today's individual, none of these have the importance and meaning to
deserve to stay for a long time. Fashion is an important motivational tool that manages the
process. Fashion keeps the desire for change alive through the understanding of obsolescence
in a way that can be called continuous. Sociologist Roland Robertson (1938-2022) considered
the adoption and spread of fashion as a five-stage process supported by social motivations.
These stages consist of the following:
1) The adoption of what will become fashionable by agents, i.e. change leaders,
2) Social visibility and communicability,
3) Harmony within and between social systems,
4) Social cohesion and the market,
5) Becoming obsolete with the emergence of new fashion alternatives.
In addition, fashion represents the logic of planned obsolescence. Fashion is not only a necessity
for the survival of the capitalist market, but also an important tool for the expansion of capital.
Werner Sombart (1863-1941), who analysed the economic dimension of fashion within the
capitalist system, defined fashion as the favourite child of capitalism in his work Economy and
Fashion (Wirthschaft und Mode) published in 1902. According to him, fashion is a necessity
to offer new fields and products to the capitalist market. It is a highly functional mechanism for
making profit by making things, ideas, values, lifestyles, attitudes and behaviours, personalities,
identities... constantly "obsolete". Within the scope of all these, the main characteristics of the
fashion sector can be expressed under fıve headings:
Being short-lived: Fashion products are generally short-lived. The life of a fashion product is
expressed in weeks or months. Fashion is recognised as a temporary and cyclical phenomenon.
For this reason, it is known that the life curve of fashion clothing products is shorter than other
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industries.High variability: The demand trend for fashion products is rarely constant or linear.
Fashion products can be affected by seasons, famous people, trends.Lowpredictability: Due to
the variability of demand, it is difficult to make sales and demand projections.Highly motivated
buying tendency: Most of the purchasing decisions of consumers are made at the point of
purchase. When the consumer encounters the product, he/she is encouraged to buy it.Being
similarising: Today, although the fashion industry is multidimensional, multicultural,
multicoloured and multivocal, as a result of globalisation, clothing and fashion culture has
evolved into a similar structure among countries. In this respect, brands such as Zara, Berschka,
Pull&Bear, H&M, Stradivarius, Mango, Vero Moda, TopShop, Koton and Batik function as
actors of similarity of appearance.Attitudes and behaviours, preferences and tendencies that can
be considered within the scope of fashion have been one of the unchanging features of social
life. In all societies, senior executives and the people around them, especially family members,
members of the socio- economically high class, and especially women have had different and
variable preferences from the majority of the society. Fashion is a sociological phenomenon
related to power holders and rich people before the 19th century. In the first quarter of the 20th
century, it gained a mass character with a form and scope unprecedented in history. Class
fashion has been replaced by consumer fashion. Instead of a single type of fashion determined
by the upper classes, a fashion understanding that tends to include all layers of society has
emerged. In the 20th century, developments in mass communication technologies led fashion
to become widespread and prestigious in a way never seen in any period of history. In the 20th
century, the phenomenon of dressing has covered the whole social life in a way that goes
beyond culture and has become a part of the material and spiritual dimension of consumer
culture. Through mass media, it has become an element that mobilises social change as well as
a mirror of social life. However, in addition to fashion shows, fashion blogs and fashion
magazines, other channels that are as effective as them have emerged in the dissemination of
fashion. One of these channels is fashion magazines. In addition, the internet and social media
platforms have assumed important functions in terms of the opportunity to spread fashion trends
rapidly and to deliver visual images to wider audiences. Fashion influencers and celebrities who
are effective on platforms such as Instagram, YouTube and TikTok popularise a certain body
type, clothing style and beauty standards in a short time and have a strong influence on their
followers to adopt these idealised images.
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Scope of Fashion
The most basic expression of fashion is recognised as clothing, dress and ornamentation.
Clothes are the most classic and basic product of fashion. Being a manifestation of people's
personality and character, clothes are an observable form of behaviour. However, although
clothes are the most visible form of fashion, fashion is a broader phenomenon. It is related to
many different material and non-material contexts. The most important tool and even lever of
fashion is advertising. Every day people are bombarded by visual advertisements that encourage
them to buy certain products or services, which in turn creates and popularises fashion.
However, these images also function as factors that influence attitudes, values, beliefs and
behaviour. Fashion is inherently related to material contexts (furniture, architecture and
automobiles, etc.) as well as non-material contexts (child-rearing techniques, art appreciation,
etc.). In essence, fashion is not only concerned with the appearance of a person's body, but also
with their behaviour, thoughts, feelings, emotions, knowledge, speech, agenda, interests... in
short, the way they present themselves. For example, making personality analyses based on
horoscopes, using slang words or gesticulating while speaking under the influence of some TV
series and films can be things that are encountered as fashion elements. In this respect, the
words of the famous fashion designer Coco Chanel (1883-1971) are important in terms of
expressing the scope of fashion: Fashion is not something that exists only in clothes, fashion is
something in the air we breathe. It is a wind, you feel it coming, you smell it. Fashion is about
ideas, lifestyles, what is happening. The basis of fashion culture is capitalism, which is driven
by an unlimited and irresponsible drive for material profit. The rulers of the capitalist mentality,
who deliberately declare the contents of existing wardrobes obsolete and outdated, have
succeeded in turning people into slaves dependent on themselves through fashion; they have
first and foremost influenced young people and women. Nowadays, even young people who do
not have enough money for a bagel to fill their bellies consider following fashion as an
indispensable condition and try to follow fashion as much as possible. Young people with no
economic means walk around hungry, they feel cold because they have no clothes to protect
themselves from the cold, but they try to have something fashionable; sometimes it is perfume,
sometimes it is a branded clothing, and lately most of the time it is a mobile phone. Because it
is through these that the young person feels his/her existence and makes his/her peers feel it.
The modern mentality and lifestyle has placed the human being as the "subject" at the centre of
the "God-centred" existence and lifestyle of the previous, traditional period. This subject, on
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the other hand, manifests the things constructed and characterised by the culture industry in all
the units of the system at the centre of which it sits. For this reason, the mass society and its
individuals value fragmentation instead of unity and harmony, pleasure and desire instead of
reason. In addition, modernity prefers not the sacred but the profane embodied in itself. In this
respect, while entering into a conflict with the sacred, it also presents itself as a taboo. This
presentation manifests itself most clearly in fashion rituals. For example, the fact that fashion
shows are presented in a ritual/ritual atmosphere, that fashion provides its followers with a
belonging with transcendental references, that the members of this belonging display the
appearance of a "faith community", that they think, dress and live in the same style... points to
fashion's effort to create a sacred space around itself. Through fashion, the profane is given a
sacred spirit and appearance. For this reason, Barnard's definition that fashionable clothing and
clothing items are the most fetishproductsproducedandconsumedin capitalist society is very
meaningful. According to Andrew Greeley, an American clergyman, it is enough to visit any
car fair today to watch a religious ritual. When one goes to the place where automobiles are
exhibited, it will be seen that fashion presenters are treated as people with immunity like
clergymen, and the products are treated as aesthetically and ethically indisputable taboos.
Conclusion
In addition to all these, the following should also be stated: The planned rapid obsolescence of
consumer goods through fashion provides capitalist capital with billions of dollars every year.
This makes capitalism always strong and effective. It is possible to clearly see how this process
works in the individuals of the consumer society who see consumption as the only way of
expressing themselves and use the brands they use instead of their identity. It would be
misleading to see this as merely a situation that enables consumers to prefer the products they
need. This operates through an idea/value that is embedded in the consciousness of consumers
in their human relations and perspectives on life, and is reflected in their behaviour. The
philosophy of carpe diem, which invites individuals to cut their ties with the past, not to take
the future into account and to turn towards the present moment, and to enjoy the moment, drags
consumers to further stages and contributes to the establishment of the disposable logic from
products to human relations, from nature to working life.
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Ritzer, G. (2011). Toplumun McDonaldlaştırılması-Çağdaş Toplum Yaşamının Değişen
Karakteri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. (Tercüme: ġ. Süer Kaya). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
Robins, K. (1999). İmaj: Görmenin Kültür ve Politikası. (Çev. Nurçay Türkoğlu). İstanbul:
Ayrıntı Yayınları.
Toffler, A. (1998). Üçüncü Dalga. (Tercüme: Ali Seden). İstanbul: Altın Kitaplar.
Türkçe Sözlük. (2011). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
Worsley, H. (2000). Decades of Fashion. Köln: Könemann.
Zaltman, G. (2003). Tüketici Nasıl Düşünür?. İstanbul: Kapital Medya Hizmetleri.
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TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OF SHOPPING SPACES AND SHOPPING
CENTRES
Prof. Dr. Celalettin VATANDAŞ* (ORCID: 0000-0003-1431-3553)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü, TekirdağTürkiye
Email: cvatandas@nku.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Saniye VATANDAŞ (ORCID: 0000-0001-9075-0152)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü, TekirdağTürkiye
Email: svatandas@nku.edu.tr
Abstract
Among the places where people's shopping activities were shaped before the Industrial
Revolution, the agora of Ancient Greece, the market area or city squares of the Middle Ages
are important in terms of the functions they fulfil. In addition to being places where commercial
activities were carried out and shopping was carried out to meet needs, they were also places
where political or cultural activities were carried out and where individuals socialised
extensively. They were the heart of social life. In fact, this situation has never completely ended,
and especially city squares, with their increasingly narrower and shallower functions, have
maintained the features they inherited from history until today, albeit in a diminishing form.
However, with the Industrial Revolution, the first signs of change began to be seen in the
primary space of production-consumption relations. In the first stage, department stores, which
can be considered as the pioneers of shopping centres, started to be seen. These stores fulfilled
important functions for a while as places where comfortable shopping could be done, where the
products offered for sale were offered to the consumer under favourable conditions and
exhibited to encourage consumption. As of today, shopping malls, which have become a centre
of attraction with their many elements, are living centres that host many of the activities that
individuals and masses feel the need for or feel the need for. These places have become places
where the heart of urban life beats with their multifaceted functionality such as shopping,
entertainment, eating and drinking, worshipping, doing sports, leisure time, watching movies
in the cinema, spending time with friends, spending the weekend with the family, window
shopping, socialising, following fashion with their units such as shops, cinema, bank,
restaurant, patisserie, cafeteria, hairdresser, pharmacy, place of worship, entertainment or sports
venue, playground. With these multifaceted functions, they appeal to all segments of the society
from the highest income level to the lowest income level and attract everyone's attention. In
this respect, they are micro spaces of daily life. With this research, the meaning and functions
of shopping centres, which represent the last stage of the change process of shopping spaces, in
the context of consumption culture will be discussed and evaluations will be made regarding
the process.
Keywords: Shopping, Consumption, Shopping places, Shopping centres.
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Introduction
The Industrial Revolution has an important place in the formation of the modern mentality and
lifestyle, to put it in terms of shaping the process, disregarding the philosophical and scientific
heritage of several centuries. The Industrial Revolution, which led to many changes in people's
mentality and in their individual and social lives, and the urban life that accelerated and
intensified thanks to it, significantly changed the production-consumption relations and caused
these relations to be reflected in other areas of individual and social life, rather than being
limited to the economic fıeld as before. Changes in working life, the emergence of the traffıc
problem, new meanings attributed to consumption, the emergence of the concept of "leisure
time" and proposals and initiatives regarding its content, the search for alternative spaces for
the needs shaped by the new mentality and lifestyle... have been the determinants of radical
changes and innovations in the course of humanity.
Emergence of Shopping Centres
Before the Industrial Revolution, among the places where people's shopping activities were
shaped, the agora of Ancient Greece, the market area of the Middle Ages or the city squares are
important in terms of the functions they fulfil. In addition to being places where commercial
activities were carried out and shopping was carried out to meet needs, they were also places
where political or cultural activities were carried out and where individuals socialised
extensively. They were the heart of social life. In fact, this situation has never completely ended,
and especially city squares, with their increasingly narrower and shallower functions, have
maintained their features inherited from history until today, albeit in a diminishing form.
However, with the Industrial Revolution, the first signs of change began to be seen in the
primary space of production-consumption relations. In the fırst stage, department stores, which
can be considered as the pioneers of shopping centres, started to be seen. These stores fulfilled
important functions for a while as places where comfortable shopping could be done, where the
products offered for sale were offered to the consumer under favourable conditions and
exhibited to encourage consumption. The growth of cities, the increase and intensification of
the population, the emergence of the traffic problem, the emergence of the concept of leisure
time in general and holidays in particular due to the regulations in working life, the emergence
of the need to engage in as many activities as possible in limited free time... all these have led
to the inadequacy of city centres and the search for alternative spaces has emerged. Although
the spaces that were the product of these searches responded to the needs, albeit with difficulty,
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until the 1950s, this was not found sufficient. Victor Gruen (1903-1980) was the planner of the
first shopping centre with its present form and function in the United States based on the
existing problems and demands. According to him, there was a need for a place of escape for
people who were overwhelmed by the traffic problem and the boredom of daily life. Due to the
fact that the city centres had lost their functions to a great extent with the division of life and
spatial construction into different activity areas in cities, he thought that there was a need for
places where new social activities were concentrated and designed the first shopping mall. In
1954, he designed the first suburban open-air shopping facility called Northland Mall. In
addition to shops, it was designed as a complex of apartment blocks, schools and health
facilities, with its own large park and lake. This complex was never completed, but the idea of
this complex space design was original. Victor Gruen continued to design new spaces with
some additions and subtractions. The second mall Gruen designed was the Southdale Shopping
Centre in Minnesota. He designed it as an enclosed space for both vendors and consumers,
where social activities were carried out together, going beyond mere shopping activities. Others
followed. By the mid-1970s he had designed more than fifty shopping centres in the USA. Each
space was planned in more detail than the previous ones. Thus, he reached the shopping centre
design that brings together the functions that the busy and complex lifestyle of today's modern
city makes individuals feel the need or desired to feel in their daily lives under a single
homogeneous roof.
Structural Features of Shopping Centres
As of today, shopping malls, which have become centres of attraction with their many elements,
are living centres that host many of the activities that individuals and masses need or feel the
need for. These places have become places where the heart of urban life beats with their
multifaceted functionality such as shopping, entertainment, eating and drinking, worshipping,
doing sports, leisure time, watching movies in the cinema, spending time with friends, spending
the weekend with the family, window shopping, socialising, following fashion with their units
such as shops, cinema, bank, restaurant, patisserie, cafeteria, hairdresser, pharmacy, place of
worship, entertainment or sports venue, playground. With these multifaceted functions, they
appeal to all segments of the society from the highest income level to the lowest income level
and attract everyone's attention. In this respect, they are micro spaces of daily life.
The main factor that is often unrecognised in the functioning of shopping malls is the
phenomenon of leisure time, which is a product of the Industrial Revolution. Whileproduction
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and work were at the forefront in the early days of the Industrial Revolution, leisure time based
on consumption was built as an important living space in the following period. Following the
Industrial Revolution, working time and rest time were completely separated from each other
as two separate living spaces. However, in traditional life, working life and rest time were
intertwined; there was no such separation. With this separation, the social structure based on
production and work was replaced by a new social structure based on consumption and leisure
time. Capitalism, which is the subject of the process, while reshaping production and
consumption through its own paradigm, has designed that individuals who use their time for
production should also have private time for consumption. Non-working time, which is created
through regulations on working life, is designed as a fıeld of activity based on consumption.
For this reason, leisure time activities have been commodifıed and functioned as a tool of
hegemonic planning rather than being seen as a time to spend leisure time resting. Consumption
became the main activity of the process. In this respect, thanks to the institution of leisure time
built under the conditions of the Industrial Revolution, consumption has ceased to be a means
of sustaining life and has become an end in itself. This has functioned as an important means
of dominating the understanding that people should live to consume rather than consume to
live.
Today, the act of shopping and consumption has social and symbolic contents such as having
fun, leisure time, acquiring status, achieving an idealised lifestyle and obtaining prestige. In
terms of the modern mentality, consumption has emphasised the meanings attributed to
products rather than their properties and functions, and in some cases even completely. The
"mass society", which is constructed with the help of mass media and is open to all kinds of
manipulation, and whose sociality is questionable in every respect, has been transformed into
a society of consumption. The consumer society, which is constructed with the desires of large
companies engaged in mass production and through the advertising-fashion tools of mass
media, gains meaning as the name of an extremely shallow and largely formal structure
compared to the natural/real social structure. This structure is a structure whose main function
is to consume, where not only consumption commodities but also identities, spaces, lifestyles,
cultural elements, images, meanings, values, time and almost everything else are perceived as
objects of consumption. Consumption has ceased to be the result of an act of shopping to satisfy
mostly physiological needs and has become a phenomenon that is supported and directed
through fashion and advertisements in line with the aims of the capitalist economy, and in which
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consumed objects are used as identity and status indicators. Both the constructor and the
supporter of this phenomenon is the capitalist mentality. Just as every society has a culture, a
culture has been invented for the consumption society, and unlimited consumption tendencies
to obtain the symbols dressed in consumption objects, and the lifestyle shaped around
consumption behaviours that diversify every day have formed the basis of this culture. The
modern urban individual has become the ideal type of consumption society and consumption
culture. This individual consumes in order to have the sense of identity offered to him/her and
to live according to who he/she wants to be perceived as.
Consumption culture is a necessity of not seeing consumption activity only as the consumption
of commodities. Consumption culture refers to a mentality and lifestyle related to the purpose
and manner of obtaining the commodities consumed, the way they are used and the norms and
value system emerging in this process. The use of an object because of its ability to satisfy a
need and being found valuable in this respect is a very normal and routine feature in terms of
human behaviour. Here, the subject is the human and the object is the product consumed.
However, consumer culture gains meaning as the name of a situation that disrupts this
hierarchy. In this case, people become objectified and things become subjectifıed. Karl Marx's
(1818-1883) conceptualisations of alienation and fetishism are important as one of the first to
recognise this situation. Another social scientist György Lukacs (1885-1971) made a similar
evaluation while reaching the concept of reification through what Marx expressed with
alienation and fetishism. Whatever the conceptualisations expressing the subversion of the
hierarchy in question, what is expressed expresses the differentiation of the connection that
should be in the relationship between man and things. In other words, while the thing produced
for use becomes the basic reference of a system of values, the human being, who should be the
subject, becomes objectified and ordinary. However, the thing that becomes subjective in
consumer culture is essentially the thing produced by human beings for human beings. To give
an example of how this happens; when a person sees a state-of-the-art technological product, if
he starts to see that technological product as a value in itself, as a basic reference that will
increase his own value if he owns it, rather than the feature related to the function of that
product, this is a problematic relationship and corresponds to the culture of consumption. In
Marx's conceptualisation, the person in this situation becomes "alienated" from his/her own
essence/humanity, and the object that enables this alienation gains the quality of a fetish. In the
same way, the fact that money, which is an intermediary in the purchase of commodities,
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becomes a measure of value is shaped according to the functioning of the process envisaged by
the consumption culture. At this stage, it is meaningful that Ivan Illich (1926-2002) defines
consumer society as a type of society in which life is organised around commodities and social
progress is measured by the power of access to these commodities, or Zygmunt Bauman
considers consumer culture as a type of society in which the exchange value of commodities
disappears and the function of commodities as indicators comes to the fore instead of their
utility function.
Consumption Culture and Shopping Centres
For the modern and therefore urban individual, being different from everyone else, and
demonstrating this difference with his appearance, especially in terms of clothing and attire,
eating and drinking places, the tools and equipment he uses, and the social environment he is
in contact with, constitutes one of the targeted goals of the idealised lifestyle. He strives to be
different from those around him with the visible brand name of his clothing, the neighbourhood
of his residence, the brand and model of his car, the country and region he goes on holiday, the
popularity of the food he eats, the subjects he is interested in, his circle of "friends", the way he
speaks... This situation leads to an endless struggle to be recognisable, and all their efforts are
shaped on the axis of being different and staying different. As a result of the increased
accessibility of consumption commodities and the tendency to spread to all segments of the
society, the current situation of the socioeconomically upper segments has become
questionable, which has necessitated the continuous reconstruction of differentiation tendencies
through fashion, which triggers and accelerates being different. The widespread access to all
kinds of clothes as a stage of this situation has pushed the privileged segments who tend to be
different to expose themselves with a nudity in which only the genitals are covered, or to exhibit
behaviours that reveal their differences through appearing in such art activities. The paradox of
differentiation and sameness leads to an endless consumption motivation. In this respect,
shopping malls function as spaces of the capitalist commodity system cycle that both segregates
and replicates.As places where an ostentatious lifestyle is embodied in all its dimensions in
accordance with the requirements of the consumption culture, shopping malls make life easier
for the members of the consumption culture by offering all the products required by ostentatious
symbolic consumption as well as products that will meet all the needs that can be considered as
compulsory such as food and clothing. Offering a wide variety of products in different stores
that meet all kinds of needs together allows people to shop in accordance with their lifestyles,
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identities and status. Special security personnel, devices and inspections create a safe
environment and provide protection from external factors that may harm individuals. People
have the understanding and confidence that they breathe in a highly controlled and disciplined
life during their stay there. In shopping centres, it is clear where to enter and exit and what to
do. These are dictated to individuals in the form of unwritten rules. In these places where
individuals stay as long as they can, showcases create a visual space that they cannot break
away from. The perception that the individual can spend his whole life if he wants is
successfully dictated. There is something for everyone. People's interests, feelings of pleasure
and desires are constantly provoked. In addition to these, the fact that shopping malls offer
colourful brands and different lives causes people to be psychologically affected; shopping
malls function as a means to get away from external problems. Individuals numb their problems
or take a break by visiting the colourful showcases in the shopping malls. In shopping centres,
there is virtually "nothing to find", all stores and "needs" are waiting for their customers in
magical boxes.
Shopping Centres and Religious Rituals
The fact that shopping malls have become a centre of attraction of consumption that constantly
renews itself and does not lose anything from its attractiveness in this respect has been possible
thanks to planning carried out in a highly rational manner. Among the objective, emotional and
functional elements that make shopping malls the centres of attraction of consumption culture,
the fact that they are gigantic and easily accessible places, their eye- catching showcases that
stimulate feelings of need, the fact that they are offered with opportunities to meet many
different needs at the same time, and the use of credit card shopping facilities that facilitate
spending and transfer payments to the future are important attraction features. In a sense, the
roads in shopping centres, which have the appearance and function of a micro city, constantly
direct people to the stores depending on the architectural tricks that highlight the showcases of
the stores and present them to the attention of the consumer. The arrangement of the space is
realised in such a way that the individual will increase the time he/she will spend in the shopping
mall and thus, he/she will feel the need by seeing what he/she does not need. The internal flow
in the space is realised through labyrinth-like circulation areas, enabling consumers to
encounter the maximum number of products and shopping opportunities. The escalators, which
are located in the same direction but not end-to-end and used for vertical connection, are
planned to allow people to walk around and thus see more stores. What is more important and
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interesting is that consumption is not directly presented in these spaces. Entertaining activities
and shows are attached before and next to the consumption activity, and campaigns presented
as special opportunities successfully fulfil the functions of directing consumption. Shopping in
shopping centres is no longer just an act of purchasing. Entertainment, aesthetics, image and
belonging have become effective elements of purchasing. With the addition of entertainment to
the meaning of shopping, the distinction between shopping and entertainment has almost
disappeared. Thus, consumption is transformed into an act of pleasure, a recreational activity.
With the establishment of shopping centres, shopping has become an effective element of
purchases such as entertainment, aesthetics, image and belonging. With the addition of
entertainment to the meaning of shopping, the distinction between shopping and entertainment
has almost disappeared.A lifestyle is offered to individuals in shopping centres. This is a lifestyle
envisaged by capitalism and designed by the culture industry. The masses are directed towards
the modern mentality and lifestyle through these places, the relations and transactions in these
places. These spaces of production-consumption relations, which seem to put the human being
at the centre, but where the intellectuals and representatives of the consumer culture are the
subjects and the masses are the objects, are places where rationalism, hedonism, change,
individualism, materialism, secularism... appear in accordance with the requirements of
modernity. With these characteristics, they are concrete and functional examples of modernity's
function of being an "anti-religion religion". Modernity, which is built on anti-religion
(Catholicism/Church) and presents itself as a religion in many respects by taking its "enemy"
as a model, transforms itself into a "religion of science" in educational institutions, a "religion
of pleasure/entertainment" in daily life, or a belief/religion system of "sexuality", "violence",
"physical power" ... in different places and environments. In this respect, Ivan Illich was one of
the first and important figures to draw attention to the functions of shopping centres outside the
production-consumption relationship. While defining the consumer society as a type of society
in which life is organised around commodities and social progress is measured by the ability to
access these commodities, he emphasised the "slavery of consumption", although the
implication of "religion" is also quite strong in this determination. The American sociologist
George Ritzer, on the other hand, used the term "religion" directly. As Ritzer expressed in his
book Enchanting the Disenchanted World, shopping centres are the "cathedrals" of the "religion
of consumption". He had no difficulty in finding traces of the forms and worship of the
Abrahamic religions (Judaism- Christianity-Islam) in shopping centres. He likened shopping
centres to places of pilgrimage. To extend his metaphor a bit; shopping malls function as the
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place of worship of the modern/secular individual. In the standardised rituals here, it is possible
to find traces of the weekly prayers and pilgrimages of the three Abrahamic religions.
Individuals who are believers of the religion of consumption have a feeling of spiritual
emptiness if they do not visit the shopping centre one day a week, similar to the worship of
Jews on Saturday, Christians on Sunday and Muslims on Friday. Due to the conditions of
working life, this is usually at the weekend. This situation is important in terms of giving the
shopping centre "visit" the form of weekly worship. However, the similarity in question is by
no means due to the fact that the visit in question is made once a week, but due to the meaning
and function attributed to that "visit". The modern/secular individual, who is restless when
he/she does not perform his/her "weekly worshipM, returns home after his/her "worship" in a
state of "peace of mind". The relationship of the modern individual with shopping centres is
also reminiscent of the pilgrimage rituals of the three Abrahamic religions. In the pilgrimage
worship of all three religions, there are rituals such as walking around (tawaf) the object/place
of pilgrimage (e.g. the Kaaba), venerating a certain building or object in the centre of the
pilgrimage site with respect and love (contemplation/zikr), anointing the building or object in
the centre of the pilgrimage site (Hajar al-Aswad) .... The modern individual also walks around
the shops in shopping centres, which are the "cathedrals" of the "religion of consumption",
admires the shop windows/items (reverence), anoints the objects (touching them, trying them
on...) and leaves the place in a "purified" way.
Conclusion
Shopping centres are the magical places of today. It represents an association in which "magic",
which is thrown out of life due to rationality and secularism, the basic principle of modernism,
is also activated where necessary. Those who look into its "eyes" fall under its influence and
follow it unconsciously. For this reason, George Ritzer (b.1940) likened being in places of
consumption such as shopping malls to the situation of a child who imagines himself in a place
where everything is made of sugar and can easily reach those candies, and emphasised the
fascinating aspect of shopping malls. However, there is also a negative side to this; just like the
spooky things, ghosts and witches in the child's imaginary space, there are things in this space
that have the potential to turn beautiful dreams into nightmares. These are personal
impossibilities that exceed the means and power of purchase and therefore can only be watched,
which in turn leads to the destruction of the integrity of the psyche. This castle of dreams, where
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almost every product and service of the world of consumption can be accessed, represents the
realm of nightmares with its unaffordability as well as its accessibility.
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YÜKSEK PERFORMANSLI SİGORTA ACENTELERİNİN ORTAK BAŞARI
FAKTÖRLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Öğr. Gör. Dr. Erdinç CESUR (ORCID:0000-0002-4697-3866)
Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi, Sapanca Meslek Yüksekokulu,
Finans-Bankacılık ve Sigortacılık Bölümü, Sakarya, Türkiye.
Email: ecesur@subu.edu.tr
Özet
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı yüksek performanslı sigorta acentelerinin ortak kritik başarı
özelliklerinin neler olabileceği konusunda bir değerlendirme yapmaktır. Dünyanın birçok
ülkesinde sigortacılık sektörü devletin yasal olarak belirlemiş olduğu sınırlar çerçevesinde
uygulanmaktadır. Sigorta şirketlerinin kuruluşundan, tasfiyesine kadar, sigorta ürünlerinin
dağıtımından hasar işlemlerine kadar tüm süreçler kanun, yönetmelik, tarife ve talimatlar,
genelgeler ve uygulama tebliğleri ile belirlenmektedir. Sigorta acentelerinin de kuruluşundan,
tasfiyesine kadar tüm iş ve işlemlerin her biri yasal olarak tanımlanmış ve tüm sigorta acenteleri
için eşit koşulları kapsamasına rağmen nasıl oluyor da sigorta acentelerinin bazıları çok başarılı
olabilirken, bazıları ise iflasın eşiğine gelebilmektedir? Aradaki fark/farklar nerelerden
kaynaklanmaktadır? Bu kapsamda temel araştırma sorusu “yüksek performanslı sigorta
acentelerinin ortak kritik başarı faktörleri nelerdir ve gelecekte nasıl olacaktır?” şeklinde
belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak, literatürde yer alan ampirik ve
teorik ikincil verilerden yararlanılmıştır. İlgili literatürde dünyada ve Türkiye’de yapılmış
konuyla ilgili seçilmiş araştırma sonuçlarına göre başarılı sigorta acentelerinin ortak özellikleri
incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, sigortacılık sektöründe başarılı sigorta acentelerini
diğerlerinden ayırt eden ortak faktörler tespit edilmiştir. Bu ortak faktörler arasında sigorta
acentelerinin insan kaynakları yönetim uygulamalarında AMO (Yetenek, Motivasyon ve Fırsat)
teorisi olarak da bilinen faktörlerin önemli bir rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bir başka ifadeyle,
sigorta acentesi çalışanlarının gerekli becerilere sahip olduklarında, yeterince motive
olduklarında ve iş atmosferlerine katılma fırsatlarına sahip olduklarında, iyi performans
gösterdiklerinde, sigorta acentesinin başarısında kritik bir rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sigorta, Sigortacılık, Sigorta Acenteleri, AMO Teorisi
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AN EVALUATION ON DETERMINING COMMON SUCCESS FACTORS OF HIGHPERFORMANCE INSURANCE AGENCIES
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to make an assessment of what the common critical success
characteristics of high-performance insurance agencies might be. In many countries of the
world, the insurance sector is implemented within the limits legally determined by the state. All
processes, from the establishment of insurance companies to their liquidation, from the
distribution of insurance products to damage transactions, are determined by laws, regulations,
tariffs and instructions, circulars and implementation communiqués. Although all business and
transactions of insurance agencies, from their establishment to their liquidation, are legally
defined and cover equal conditions for all insurance agencies, how come some of the insurance
agencies can be very successful, while others can be on the verge of bankruptcy? Where do the
difference(s) arise? In this context, the main research question is “What are the common critical
success factors of high-performance insurance agencies and how will they be in the future?” It
was determined as. In the study, empirical and theoretical secondary data in the literature were
used by using qualitative research method. The common characteristics of successful insurance
agencies were examined according to the results of selected research on the subject in the
relevant literature, conducted in the world and in Turkey. According to the results of the study,
common factors that distinguish successful insurance agencies from others in the insurance
industry have been identified. Among these common factors, it has been determined that factors
also known as AMO (Ability, Motivation and Opportunity) theory play an important role in the
human resources management practices of insurance agencies. In other words, it has been found
that insurance agency employees play a critical role in the success of the insurance agency when
they have the necessary skills, are sufficiently motivated and have the opportunity to participate
in their work atmosphere, and perform well.
Keywords: Insurance, Insurance, Insurance Agencies, Amo Theory
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Giriş
Bu çalışma yüksek performanslı sigorta acentelerinin ortak kritik başarı faktörlerinin neler
olabileceğine odaklanmıştır. Diğer bütün şirketlerde olduğu gibi sigorta şirketlerinin de
başarısının temelini oluşturan faktörler her şirket için farklılık arz etmektedir. Bir başka ifadeyle
her şirketin tüm alanlarında ve faaliyetlerinde başarısını garantileyen ortak bir başarı kriterleri
seti mevcut değildir. Her şirketin faaliyet göstermiş olduğu alanlarda geçerli olabilecek
performans göstergeleri farklı olabilir. Şirketler önceden belirlenmiş olan bu performans
kriterlerine göre faaliyetlerini sürdürürken ortaya koyacakları çaba onların başarı veya
başarısızlıklarını belirleyecektir. Bu sebeplerden dolayı ortak kritik başarı faktörleri hakkında
genelleme yapmak çok zordur. Şimdiye kadar yapılan araştırma ve çalışmalarda kritik başarı
faktörlerini analiz etme ve tanımlama girişimlerinde, her bir alanın spesifik özellikleri, örneğin,
üretim ve hizmetler, faaliyette bulunulan sektör, pazar ve bu pazardaki rekabet ilişkileri son
kullanıcıların gereksinimleri ve tercihleri, teknolojik başarı ve başarısızlıklar gibi bir çok etken
ve unsurun belirleyici rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir (Selimović, 2020). Diğer yandan her ne
kadar günümüze değin yapılan araştırmalarda ortak başarı faktörleri belirlenmiş olsa da covid
19 pandemisi ve sonrasında yaşanan gelişmeler daha önceden tespit edilmiş ortak kritik başarı
faktörlerinin değişmiş olabileceği varsayımını da gündeme getirmektedir. Çünkü pandemi ile
birlikte tüm sektörler de olduğu gibi sigortacılıkta da iş yapma biçimleri değişmekle birlikte
acentelerin o dönemde (covid-19) ayakta kalma stratejileri henüz tam olarak akademik
çalışmalara yeterince yansımamıştır. Bu sebeplerden ötürü günümüzde yüksek performanslı
sigorta acentelerinin ortak kritik başarı faktörlerinin neler olabileceğinin belirlenmesi ayrı bir
önem kazanmaktadır. Zira, böyle bir çalışma hali hazırda sigorta acenteleri için bir kılavuz
görevi
görmesinin
yanında
onların
daha
uzun
süre
hayatta
kalmalarına
zemin
hazırlayabilecektir. Bilindiği üzere, günümüzde sigorta sektöründe faaliyette bulunan tüm aktör
ve paydaşların her türlü süreç ve faaliyetleri devletin kontrolü ve müdahalesi altındadır. Bir
başka ifadeyle sigorta şirketleri ve sigorta acentelerinin kuruluşundan, tasfiyesine kadar, sigorta
ürünlerinin üretilip dağıtımından risk gerçekleşmesi sonucu hasar işlemlerine kadar tüm
süreçler kanun, yönetmelik, tarife ve talimatlar, genel şartlar, genelgeler ve uygulama tebliğleri
ile belirlenmektedir. Hal böyle olunca, söz konusu mevzuat ve düzenlemeler tüm sigorta
acenteleri için eşit koşulları kapsamasına rağmen nasıl oluyor da sigorta acentelerinin bazıları
çok başarılı olabilirken, bazıları ise iflasın eşiğine gelebilmektedir? Aradaki fark/farklar
nerelerden kaynaklanmaktadır? Bu belirlenmiş olan araştırma sorusu çerçevesinde şimdiye
kadar yapılan çalışmalara göre, yüksek performanslı sigorta acentelerinin ortak kritik başarı
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faktörleri ve günümüzde ve gelecekte de geçerli olabilecek nitelikteki faktörlerin
değerlendirilmesi, çalışmanın temel içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, nitel araştırma
yöntemi ile kavramsal ve teorik incelemeler yapılmıştır. Sistematik ve kapsamlı bir literatür
araştırması ile ampirik ve teorik ikincil verilerden yararlanılmıştır. İlgili literatürde dünyada ve
Türkiye’de yapılmış konuyla ilgili seçilmiş araştırma sonuçlarına göre başarılı sigorta
acentelerinin ortak özellikleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca yönetim ve danışmanlık firmalarının,
sektörlerin geleceğine yönelik hazırlamış oldukları raporlardan yararlanılarak bugün ve
gelecekte sözkonusu ortak başarı faktörlerine hangilerinin eklenebileceği konusundan
çıkarımlar yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre, yüksek performanslı
sigorta acentelerinin ortak olabilecek özelliklerine yönelik bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Buna
göre, acentelerin mevcut insan kaynakları yapısı, yetenekleri, bilgi düzeyleri, faaliyet
bölgelerindeki fırsatları görme ve değerlendirme kabiliyetleri ön plana çıkmıştır. Yapılan
tespitlerde günümüzde insan kaynakları yönetim uygulamalarında AMO (Ability-MotivationOpportunity/Yetenek, Motivasyon ve Fırsat) teorisi olarak da bilinen faktörlerin sigorta
acentelerinin yüksek performanslı olmalarında en önemli unsurlardan biri olduğu tespit
edilmiştir.
2.Çalışma Alanı
2.1.Sigorta, Sigorta Şirketleri ve Sigorta Acenteleri
Bilindiği üzere, sigorta sektöründe faaliyette bulunan şirketler, olası risklerin gerçekleşmesi
sonucu meydana gelebilecek ekonomik kayıpların telafi edilmesinde önemli rol oynayan
kurumlardır. Sigorta şirketleri gerek kendileri gerekse sigorta aracıları üzerinden müşterilerine
sigorta sözleşmesi (Poliçe) düzenleyip satarak prim geliri elde ederler. Toplanan bu primlerle
büyük fonlar oluşturulmakta ve riskler gerçekleştiğinde meydana gelen ekonomik kayıplar
poliçe şartları gereğince hak sahiplerine ödenmektedir. Risk yönetim tekniklerinden biri olan
sigortacılık dünyanın birçok ülkesinde devletin yasal olarak belirlemiş olduğu sınırlar
çerçevesinde uygulanmaktadır. Sigorta hizmetleri, sigorta endüstrisi için ayırt edici olan diğer
bazı hizmetlerin yanı sıra, herhangi bir hizmetin tipik özelliklerine sahiptir. Aslında sigorta
hizmeti, sigortalı kişinin potansiyelin sigorta şirketine duyduğu güvene dayanmaktadır
(Selimović, 2020). Sigorta, birey veya kurumların ileride meydana gelebilecek (sözleşme süresi
içinde) muhtemel çeşitli risklerin neden olabileceği ekonomik kayıpların karşılanmasını
sağlayan bir sistemdir (Dalkılıç, 2010; Gupta, 2011; Rejda, 2005). Bu sistemde, riski bir prim
karşılığında üzerine alan tarafa “sigortacı”, belli bir prim karşılığında riski sigortacıya devreden
tarafa “sigortalı veya sigorta ettiren”, sigortacı ile sigortalı/sigorta ettiren arasında yapılan
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
anlaşmanın yazılı haline ise “sigorta poliçesi” denilmektedir (Cesur, 2023). Bu sistemde sigorta
şirketleri poliçeleri isterlerse kendileri direkt olarak müşterilere satabilecekleri gibi çeşitli
sigorta aracıları vasıtasıyla da satabilmektedirler. Bu aracılardan biri de sigorta acenteleridir.
Sigorta şirketlerinin nam ve hesabına sigorta poliçelerinin hazırlanması ve satışına aracılık eden
“Sigorta acenteleri” sigorta sözleşmelerinin hazırlanması ve satışını belli bir komisyon
karşılığında yapan gerçek veya tüzel kişilerdir (Cesur, 2023).Günümüzde tüm sektörlerde
oyunun kurallarının değiştiği söylenebilir. Özellikle covid-19 pandemisi ve sonrasındaki
yaşanan değişimler diğer alanlarda olduğu gibi, sigortacılık sektöründe de önemli değişimlerin
yaşanmasına neden olmakta ve bu değişim halen tüm hızıyla devam etmektedir. Pandemi öncesi
ve sonrası olarak bakıldığında başta müşteriler olmak üzere, pazarlardaki tüm paydaşların istek
ve beklentileri, iş yapma yöntem ve usülleri gibi şirketlerin başarı performanslarını etkileyecek
gelişmeler yaşanmaktadır. “Artık hiçbir şey eskisi gibi olmayacak” şeklinde klişeleşmiş bir
deyim olan bu ifade neredeyse tam da bu durumu özetlemektedir.
2.2.Kritik Başarı Faktörleri Kavramı
Kritik başarı faktörleri kavramı ilk olarak 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yazılan makalelerde
tanımlanmış ve “birey, departman veya organizasyon için tatmin edici sonuçların başarılı
rekabet performansını garanti edeceği sınırlı sayıda alan” olarak tanımlanmıştır (Selimović,
2020). Kritik başarı faktörleri, işin gelişmesi ve yöneticinin hedeflerine ulaşması için işlerin
yolunda gitmesi gereken birkaç temel alandan biridir. Boynton ve Zmud (1984) kritik başarı
faktörlerinin “önemli/yüksek performansın elde edilmesini sağlayacak şekilde özel ve sürekli
ilgiyi hak eden yönetsel veya organizasyonel faktörler” olduğunu belirtmektedir. Bunlar,
mevcut faaliyetlerin başarısının yanı sıra gelecekte de başarıya ulaşmanın önemli temelidir.
Diğer bir ifadeyle bu faktörler bir kuruluşun başarılı olabilmesi için odaklanması gereken
faktörlerdir. Sanvido ve ark. (1992) kritik başarı faktörlerini “başarıyı gösteren hedeflere
ulaşmak ve yönetmek için işin kritik/kaçınılmaz olarak tanımlanan yönleri” olarak
tanımlamaktadır. Selimoviç (2020) bu faktörlerin genellikle üretim süreçleri, çalışanların
organizasyonel ve kişisel becerileri gibi alanlarda bulunduğunu ileri sürmektedir.
2.3.AMO Yaklaşımı
AMO yaklaşımı (Ability-Motivation-Opportunity/Yetenek, Motivasyon ve Fırsat), yüksek
performanslı insan kaynakları yönetimi için “bir firmanın sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı elde
etmesini sağlamak için çalışanların becerilerini, motivasyonunu ve katılımını teşvik etmek için
tasarlanmış bir İKY uygulamaları paketi” olarak açıklanmaktadır (Kremmydas ve Austen,
2020). Bu yaklaşım modeli çalışan performansını belirleyen değişkenleri temel almaktadır.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Konuyla ilgili çalışma yapan araştırmacılar, yetenek, motivasyon ve fırsatın birbiriyle ilişkili
olduğu ileri sürülmektedirler (Blumberg ve Pringle, 1982). AMO modelinin kökenleri,
endüstriyel psikoloji perspektifinden gelmektedir (Beltrán-Martín ve Bou-Llusar, 2018;
Kremmydas ve Austen, 2020; Lawshe, 1945). Bu modele göre, yetenek (A-Ability) ve
performansın aynı zamanda çalışan motivasyonuna (M-Motivation) bağlı olduğu ve fırsatların
(O-Opportunity)
bu
yüksek
performansın
ortaya
çıkarılmasında
önemli
olduğu
vurgulanmaktadır (Beltrán-Martín ve Bou-Llusar, 2018; Kremmydas ve Austen, 2020). AMO
yaklaşımının, “A” boyutu, çalışanların işlerini yürütme yeteneklerini ifade ettiği, yani, bireysel
çalışanların sahip olduğu bilgi, beceri ve yetenekler olarak tanımlandığını ve çalışanların
değerlendirmesi olarak ifade edilen mesleki öz-yeterlik yapısıyla yakından bağlantılı olduğu
vurgulanmaktadır. “M” boyutunun ise çalışanların işyerinde çaba harcama istekliliğini yansıtan
bir dizi çalışan tutumunu ve etkisini yani motivasyonunu içerdiğini bir başka ifadeyle
“davranışı yönlendiren, harekete geçiren ve sürdüren gözlemlenemeyen bir güç” olduğu ifade
edilmektedir. AMO yaklaşımının, “O” boyutunun ise “çalışanların yeteneklerinin ve
çabalarının sonuçlara dönüştürülebileceği araçları yansıttığını” belirtilmektedir (Beltrán-Martín
ve diğ., 2017; Kremmydas ve Austen, 2020). Sonuç olarak AMO yaklaşımı, “A” bileşeninin
çalışanların katkıda bulunma yeteneklerini, “M” bileşeninin bu yetenekleri ne ölçüde
kullanmaya istekli olduklarını ve “O” bileşenin de bireysel düzeydeki fırsat boyutu, genel
anlamda becerilerini işlerinde kullanma ve firmanın başarısına katkıda bulunma şanslarını
yansıtan özerkliği, görevin önemini ve çalışanların işte algıladıkları etkiyi içerdiğini ifade
etmektedir (Beltrán-Martín ve Bou-Llusar, 2018; Kremmydas ve Austen, 2020).
2.4.Sigortacılıkta Kritik Başarı Faktörleri
Farokhain ve Sadeghi, (2011) de çalışmalarında günümüze kadar sigortacının başarısının kritik
faktörleri arasında sunulan hizmetin kalitesi, müşterilerin memnuniyet derecesi ve müşterilerin
sadakatinin yer aldığını, ancak, günümüzde pazardaki tüm değişiklikler dikkate alındığında
yakın gelecekte sadakatin yerini, sunulan hizmetin müşteriye uygun olup olmadığına ilişkin
değerlendirmelerin yer alacağını iddia etmektedir. Zealley ve diğ., (2018) da sigorta
şirketlerinin önemli kritik başarı faktörleri olarak, motive edilmiş nitelikli insan gücü, beceriler,
bilgi ve kaynaklar olduğunu belirtmiştir. Kulkarni, (2015) çalışmasında “her pazarlama
faaliyetinin müşteriyle başlayıp ve müşteriyle bittiğini” belirterek, müşterilerin bir pazarlamacı
için nihai hedef olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Bir şirketin pazarlama çabalarının başarısının, dağıtım
ağına hakimiyetine bağlı olduğunu belirten yazar, pazarlama kanallarının, bir ürün veya
hizmetin kullanıma veya tüketime hazır hale getirilmesi sürecine katılan birbirine bağlı
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kuruluşlar kümesi olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Yazar çalışmasında telekomünikasyon ve
bilgisayar teknolojisindeki gelişmelerin, hizmet sunumunda birçok yeni yaklaşımı teşvik
etttiğini sigorta sektörünün de bundan yakından etkilendiğini, sigorta şirketlerinden müşterilere
uzanan dağıtım kanalındaki sigorta acentelerinin kendilerini yenileyerek yeni başarı ölçütlerine
sahip olmaları gerektiğini savunmuştur.Akpınar (2018) çalışmasında sigorta sektöründe
MİY’in önemli konuma gelmesiyle birlikte şirketlerin müşterileri hakkında daha fazla bilgiye
ihtiyaçları olduğunu ve müşterilerini iyi tanıyan ve müşterilerini iyi analiz eden şirketlerin MİY
uygulamalarında da oldukça başarılı olacakları ifade etmiştir. Bunun yeni ekonomide
işletmelerin rekabet avantajı sağlayacağı ideal bir yönetim yaklaşımı olduğunu açıklayan yazar,
günümüz koşullarında müşterilerini tanıyan, onlara özel kişiselleştirilmiş ürün veya hizmet
sunabilen, onları bir değer olarak işletmenin merkezine koyan ve süreçlerini bu doğrultuda
oluşturan sigorta şirketleri müşterileri için daha fazla değer sunarak sadakat yaratmakta ve uzun
dönemli karlılık elde edecekleri vurgulamaktadır. KPMG’nin raporuna (2019) göre,
Insurtech’in sigorta sektöründe yenilikleri tetikleyerek, çevrimiçi sigortanın hızlı gelişimini
sağladığı vurgulanmaktdır. Diğer yandan yaşanan bu değişimlerle fiyatlandırma ve
sigortalamadan dağıtım ve hak taleplerine kadar çeşitli iş süreçlerinde yeni uygulamalar
gelişmekte ve sektörün yenilikçi yeteneklerinin yeni boyutlara ulaşmakta olduğu ifade
edilmektedir. Bu durumda sigorta acentelerinin de yeni teknikleri benimseyerek, kendi
performanslarını arttırmaları için yeni kapıların açıldığı ifade edilmektedir.Kaesler ve diğ.,
(2020) çalışmalarında, covid-19 pandemisinin, birçok sektörlerde ve coğrafyalarda insanların
birbirleriyle etkileşimini derinden etkilediğini belirterek, sigortacılıkta birçok işlemin dijital ve
uzaktan kanallara kaydığını ifade etmişlerdir. Yazarlar çalışmalarında günümüzde sigorta
acentelerin, eskisinden farklı yeni yol ve yöntemler bulmasının zorunluluğuna dikkat çekmiştir.
Yazarlar çalışmalarında Nisan 2020’de Alman sigorta acenteleri arasında yapılan (tecritten dört
hafta sonra gerçekleştirilen) bir anket sonuçlarına göre, sigorta acentelerinin yaklaşık yarısının
yeni işlerde yüzde 40’tan fazla düşüş yaşadığını, Mayıs 2020’de ABD bir grup sigorta acenteleri
arasında yapılan bir ankete göre de benzer bir etkilerin çıktığını ifade etmişlerdir. Yapılan
araştırmaya göre, acentelerin neredeyse yüzde 50’si, uzaktan yeni müşteri ilişkileri kurmanın
covid-19 sırasındaki en büyük zorluk olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Yazarlar çalışmalarında
önceden yüksek performans gösteren sigorta acentelerinin pandemi sonrasında işlerinin
azalmasına işaret ederek, yeni normalde farklı başarı kriterlerinin ortaya çıktığını
belirtmişlerdir.Selimović, (2020) çalışmasında, sigorta şirketinin performansını etkileyen
unsurları araştırmıştır. Yazar çalışmasında, sigorta şirketinin büyüklüğü, geleneği ve imajı, yani
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itibarı, pazardaki konumu ve başarısı, yönetimin kalitesi ve yeteneği, modern yönetim
yöntemlerinin kullanımı, değişim yönetimi, bilgi yönetimi ve risk yönetimini tanıtma
ihtiyacının şirketin performansını
yakından etkilediğini belirtmiştir. Yazar ayrıca,
çalışmasında, satış gücünün özellikleri, yani motivasyonları özelleştirme ve müşteri odaklı
süreçlere yani süreç kişiselleştirme ve iyi iletişim odaklı olarak sunulan hizmetlerin kalitesi,
sayısı ve farklılığı gibi özelliklerin de şirket performansı için önemli olduğunu açıklamıştır. Bu
bağlamda sigorta şirketlerinin kritik başarı faktörleri olarak, müşterilerin ihtiyaç duyduğu
hizmetin sağlanması için gerekli olan tüm faktörlerin, yani şirketin finansal performansıyla
ölçülebilen başarısını etkileyebilecek tüm değişkenler olduğunu tespit etmiştir. Śmietanka ve
diğ., (2021) çalışmalarında, günümüzde yaşanmakta olan dijital değişimlerin, sigortacılıkta
yapay zeka tabanlı analizlerin, sigorta şirketlerinin sigorta ürünlerini kişiselleştirmelerine ve
mevcut müşterilerin ihtiyaçlarına daha iyi yanıt vermelerine olanak tanıdığını belirtmişlerdir.
Yazarlar çalışmalarında sigorta şirketlerinin yeni işler yapmalarına yardımcı olacağını ileri
sürerek, sigorta sektöründe makine öğrenimi tekniklerinden yararlanmanın fırsatlarını
açıklamışlardır. Yazarlar çalışmalarında yaşanacak bu teknolijik yenilikler ile sigorta
acentelerinin de müşteri çekme ve elde tutma konusunda etkili stratejiler geliştirmelerinin
önemine değinmişlerdir. Bunun için de yeni dönemde yeni normal için yeni performans
yeteneklerinin kazanılması gerektiğini savunmuşlardır.Svoboda (2021) çalışmasında, pandemi
ve sonrasında gündeme gelen dijitalleşme ile birlikte, özellikle de hizmet sektöründe büyük
değişiklikler ve geçişlerle birlikte çevrimiçi satın alma ve işlemlerin, dijital platformlar
aracılığıyla yapılamaya başlandığını vurgulamıştır. Yazar çalışmasında temel bulgu olarak,
sigorta acenteleri için böyle bir duruma kendilerini dijital süreçlere adapte etmelerinin
rakiplerine göre farklar oluşturacağını ileri sürmektedir. Ayrıca yazar çalışmasında
araştırmasının sonuçlarına göre, pandemi sonrasında oluşan yeni normalde sigorta acentelerinin
farklı ekosistemlerde faaliyet göstermek zorunda olacaklarından dolayı diğer acenteler ile
ortaklıklar kurmaya odaklanmalarını, acentelerin ekip olarak çalışmaya teşvik edilmelerinin ve
hibrit veya çok kanallı bir dağıtım modeli oluşturmaları durumunda yüksek performanslı
konuma geçebileceklerini ifade etmektedir.HBW Leads ekibinden kıdemli bir satış temsilcisi
olan Bondaug-Win (2021), başarılı sigorta acentelerinin sahip olduğu on alışkanlığı, nasıl
çalıştıklarını ve bunları profesyonel yaşamda nasıl uygulanabileği konusunda şunları
belirtmektedir:
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Günlük Rutin Oluşturulması: Günlük bir rutine sahip olmak, başarılı sigorta acentelerinin
zamanlarını yönetmelerine ve fırsatlar ortaya çıktığında esnek olmalarına olanak tanıyan bir
yapı sağlar.
İyi Bir Satış Temsilcisi: Birçok sigorta acentesi her şeyi kendi başına halletme alışkanlığını
edinir. Oysa başarılı sigorta acenteleri görevlerinin çoğunu asistanlara ve meslektaşlarına
devretmektedir.
Stres Yönetimi: Sağlıklı stres yönetimi başarılı sigorta acenteleri için önemli bir alışkanlıktır.
İhtiyaçlarına uygun bir iş-yaşam dengesi geliştirmeye çalışmak, “Çalışma” saatleri ile “ev”
saatlerinin ayrılması gibi.
Hedefleri Belirleyin ve Takip Edin: Kişisel, profesyonel ve ekip hedeflerini belirlemek,
büyümeye yardımcı olacak değerlendirme araçları oluşturmak, acente performansını önemli
oranda artırabilecektir.
Başarılı İnsanlarla İletişim İçinde Olmak: Başarılı acenteler ister kişisel olarak ister sosyal
medyadan takip ettiğiniz kişiler olsun, hep çevrsindeki başarılı kişileri takip ederler. Başarılı
acenteler başarılı meslektaşlarıyla güçlü ilişkiler kurarlar.
Tavsiye ve Rehberlik: Bazı acenteler için rehberlik istemek yenilgiyi kabul etmek anlamına
gelmektedir. Esasen bu yanlış bir düşüncedir.
Her Yerde İlişkiler Kurmaya Özen Göstermek: Bir sigorta acentesi olarak ağ kurmak
yalnızca konferanslara ve çalıştaylara gitmek ve diğer sigorta acenteleriyle konuşmaktan ibaret
değildir.
Öğrenmeye Devam Etmek: Neredeyse her kaynağın parmaklarınızın ucunda olduğu bir
zamanda, kendi eğitiminize yatırım yapmaya devam etmek önemlidir.
Sosyal Becerilere İnce Ayar Yapılması: İletişim, problem çözme, organizasyon ve eleştirel
düşünme gibi sosyal becerilerinizi yeniden gözden geçirin. Bir takımda çalışıyorsanız iletişim
ve problem çözme egzersizleri yapma fırsatı olabilir.
Teknolojiyi Kucaklamak: Başarılı sigorta acentelerini ve diğer uzmanları takip ederek
rutinlerine hangi araç ve yazılımları uyguladıklarını öğrenin. Sizin için anlamlı olanları
benimseyin. Kalıpların dışında düşünün ve diğer sektörleri ve kullandıkları yazılımları
inceleyin.
Cesur (2023) çalışmasında, sigorta acenteleri üzerinde yapmış olduğu saha araştırmalarından
elde edilen verileri tematik analiz yöntemiyle değerlendirerek, sigorta acentelerinin hayatta
kalma becerilerini belirlemeye çalışmıştır. Yazar, çalışmasında yüksek performanslı en başarılı
sigorta acentelerinin ortak özelliklerinin, acente-şirket arası ilişkiler, adaptasyon, bilgi düzeyi
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ve paylaşımı, sorun çözme kabiliyeti, müşteri memnuniyeti ve kanıksanmışlık olarak
açıklamıştır. Cesur, çalışmasında başarılı ve uzun ömürlü sigorta acentelerinin ortak
özelliklerinden en göze çarpanlarının ise sorun çözme kabiliyetine sahip, değişimlere hızlı
cevap verebilen, sürekli kendilerini geliştiren nitelikli kadroların işin başında olduğu acenteleri
işaret etmiştir. Uluslararası Sigorta Denetçileri Birliği tarafından yayınlanan direktiflere göre
(Insurance Authority, 2024). Sigorta acenlerinin yasalara uygun bir şekilde faaliyet
gösterebilmeleri için aşağıda belirlenmiş olan kriterlere dikkat etmelerini önermişlerdir. Bir
anlamda yetkili bir sigorta acentelerinin ortak başarı kriterleri olarak tanımlanabilecek bu
faktörler şunlardır:
•
Yetkili bir sigorta acentesi, dürüst, etik ve doğrulukla hareket etmelidir.
•
Müşterilerine her zaman adil davranmalı ve onların çıkarlarına en uygun şekilde hareket
etmelidir.
•
Özen, beceri ve titizlikle hareket etmelidir.
•
Uygun düzeyde mesleki bilgi ve deneyime sahip olmalı ve yalnızca acentenin gerekli
yetkinliğe sahip olduğu düzenlenmiş faaliyetleri yürütmelidir.
•
Müşterilere bilinçli kararlar verebilmeleri için doğru ve yeterli bilgi sağlamalıdır.
•
Düzenlenmiş tavsiyesi, müşterinin koşulları dikkate alınarak müşteriye uygun olmalıdır.
•
Çıkar çatışmalarını önlemek için en iyi çabayı göstermeli ve bu tür çatışmalar
önlenemediğinde, acente, müşterilere her zaman adil davranılmasını sağlamak için bunları
uygun açıklamalarla yönetmelidir.
•
Acente tarafından alınan veya acentenin mülkiyetinde olan müşteri varlıklarını korumak
için yeterli güvenlik önlemlerine sahip olmalıdır.
Accenture tarafından hazırlanan rapora (2024) göre, yüksek performanslı sigorta acentelerinin
yapması gereken iş ve eylemler şu şekilde sıralanmıştır:
•
Yeni nesil sigorta müşterilerinin değişen davranış ve beklentilerine uyum sağlamak.
•
Zorlu pazar ortamında müşterileri elde tutmaya odaklanmak.
•
Çapraz satış ve üst satış yaparak müşterilerin “Gümüş” ten “Platin” e yükseltmek.
•
Temsilcileri yeni müşteri türüne uygun hale getirmeye odaklanmak.
•
Temsilcilerin uygun pazar segmentine odaklanmasını sağlamak.
•
Yaşlanan müşteri popülasyonu için bir geçiş stratejisi geliştirmek.
•
Hedef pazarlara ilişkin bilgi edinmek.
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•
Müşterileri doğru kanallara yönlendirmek.
•
Müşterileri doğru ürünlere yönlendirmek.
•
Temsilcileri doğru ürün için, doğru pazardaki doğru müşteriye yönlendirmek.
Slayton Search Partners’in (2024) hazırlamış olduğu rapora göre, sigorta sektöründe dijital
dönüşüm, sigortacı ve müşteri çıkarlarının birleşmesi için yeni fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Sigorta
şirketleri, araç telematik cihazları, kondisyon takip cihazları, elektrokardiyogram (EKG)
monitörleri gibi yeni veri toplama araçlarından da yararlanarak poliçelerini hazırlayıp
uygulamaya koyabilmektedirler.
3.Materyal ve Yöntem
Çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemi ile kavramsal ve teorik incelemeler yapılmıştır. Nitel veri
analizi, dilsel (veya görsel) materyalin araştırmanın amacı doğrultusunda yorumlanması ve
sınıflandırılmasıdır (Flick, 2022; Kara, 2015). Yazar araştırmasında sistematik ve kapsamlı bir
literatür araştırması ile ampirik ve teorik ikincil verilerden yararlanılmıştır. Bilindiği üzere,
literatür taraması belirli amaçları gerçekleştirmek veya konunun doğası ve nasıl ele alınması
gerektiği hakkında belirli görüşleri ifade etmek için belirli bir bakış açısıyla yazılmış bilgi, fikir,
veri ve kanıt içeren, konuyla ilgili mevcut belgelerin seçimi, incelenmesi ve bu belgelerin
önerilen araştırmayla ilişkili olarak etkin bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi sürecidir (Bowen 2009;
Kara, 2015). Araştırmacı çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda ilgili literatürde dünyada ve
Türkiye’de yapılmış konuyla ilgili seçilmiş araştırma sonuçlarına göre başarılı sigorta
acentelerinin ortak özellikleri incelemiştir. Ayrıca yönetim ve danışmanlık firmalarının
sektörlerin geleceğine yönelik hazırlamış oldukları raporlardan yararlanılarak bugün ve
gelecekte sözkonusu ortak başarı faktörlerine hangilerinin eklenebileceği konusudan çıkarımlar
yapmaya çalışılmıştır. Bilindiği üzere ikincil verilerin analizi, birincil verilerin analizi kadar
yaratıcı olabilir ve araştırmacının analitik hayal gücünün akıllıca kullanılmasını destekleyerek
sonuçlara ulaşmasını sağlayabilir (James 2012; Kara, 2015).
4.Bulgular ve Tartışma
Çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesinde de belirtildiği üzere, sigorta acentelerinin esas yaptıkları iş,
faaliyet bölgelerinde sigorta şirketlerinin nam ve hesabına sigorta poliçelerin tanıtımı,
pazarlanması ve satışı ile ilgili çalışmalar yapmaktır. Yani bir tür hizmet pazarlamasına ait iş
ve işlemleri yürütmektedir. Bu acentelerin bir kısmı faaliyet bölgelerinde başarılı olup yüksek
cirolar ve satış komisyon gelirleri elde ederken, diğerleri ise benzer başarıyı göstermekten
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yoksun kalmaktadırlar. Bu aradaki farkların hangi faktörlerden kaynaklandığının araştırıldığı
bu çalışmada cevabını aradığımız temel araştırma sorularından biri “yüksek performanslı
sigorta acentelerinin ortak kritik başarı faktörleri nelerdir?” şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Bir diğer
araştırma sorusu ise bugün ve geleceğe yönelik, yani “bundan sonra yüksek performanslı
sigorta acentelerinin ortak kritik başarı faktörleri neler olacaktır?” şeklinde belirlenmiştir.
Yapılan inceleme ve araştırmalardan elde edilen tespitler Tablo 1’de yer almaktadır. Yine
çalışmanın kavramsal çervesinde belirtildiği üzere belirlenmiş olan bu sözkonusu kritik başarı
faktörlerinin tüm sigorta acenteleri için mutlak geçerli olacağını ileri sürmek mümkün değildir.
Zira her acentenin içinde bulunduğu faaliyet bölgesi, kendi iç yapısı, çalışanlarının ve
müşterilerinin demografik, ekonomik ve sosyolojik özellikleri gibi birçok farklılıklar söz
konusudur. Elde edilen bulguların bu çerçevede değerlendirilmesi önem arz etmektedir.
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Tablo 1: Sigorta Acentelerinin Kritik Başarı Faktörleri
Yazarlar/Yıl
Farokhain ve Sadeghi,
(2011)
Kulkarni, (2015)
Zealley ve diğ., (2018)
Akpınar (2018)
KPMG’nin raporu (2019)
Kaesler ve diğ., (2020)
Selimović, (2020)
Śmietanka ve diğ., (2021)
Svoboda (2021)
Bondaug-Win (2021)
Cesur (2023)
Uluslararası Sigorta
Denetçileri Birliği
(Insurance Authority,
2024).
Accenture (2024)
Slayton Search Partners
(2024)
Kritik Başarı Faktörleri
Sunulan hizmetin kalitesi, müşterilerin memnuniyet derecesi ve müşterilerin sadakati, hizmetin
müşteriye uygun olup olmadığı, çalışanların sahip olduğu beceriler, bilgi ve kaynaklar.
Dağıtım ağına, telekomünikasyon ve bilgisayar teknolojisindeki gelişmelere hakim olmak.
Beceriler, bilgi ve kaynaklar, nitelikli ve motive edilmiş insan gücü.
MİY uygulamalarına özen göstermek, müşterilerini iyi analiz etmek, müşterilerine
kişiselleştirilmiş ürün veya hizmet sunabilmek, sadık müşteri oluşturmak.
Insurtech, yapay zeka ve yeni teknikleri benimsemek, personelin dijital becerilerle donatılması,
yenilikçi yeteneklerin şirkete kazandırılması.
Dijital ve uzaktan çalışma kanallara adapte olmak, eskisinden farklı yeni yol ve yöntemler bulmak,
dijital becerilere sahip personele sahip olmak.
Şirketinin büyüklüğü, geleneği ve imajı, itibarı, pazardaki konumu ve başarısı, yönetimin kalitesi
ve yeteneği, modern yönetim yöntemlerinin kullanımı, değişim yönetimi, bilgi yönetimi ve risk
yönetimini tanıtma, satış gücünün özellikleri, yani motivasyonları özelleştirme ve müşteri odaklı
süreçlere yani süreç kişiselleştirme ve iyi iletişim odaklı olarak sunulan hizmetlerin kalitesi, sayısı
ve farklılığı.
Yapay zeka ve makine öğrenimi tekniklerinden yararlanmak, müşteri çekme ve elde tutma
konusunda etkili stratejiler geliştirmek, çalışanlara yeni normal için yeni performans yetenekleri
kazandırmak.
Dijital süreçlere adapte olmak, diğer acenteler ile ortaklıklar kurmaya odaklanmak, acentelerin
ekip olarak çalışmaya teşvik edilmesi ve hibrit veya çok kanallı bir dağıtım modeli oluşturmalarını
sağlamak.
Acentelerde günlük rutinlerin oluşturulması, iyi bir satış temsilcisi/temsilcilerine sahip olması,
stres yönetimi ve uygulamalarına hakim olması, hedeflerin belirlenmesi ve takip edilmesi, acente
sahibini ve çalışanlarının başarılı insanlarla iletişim içinde olması, müşteriye tavsiye ve rehberlik
konusunda destek ve kılavuz olmak, acente sahibi ve çalışanlarının her yerde sosyal ve iş ilişkileri
kurmaya özen göstermesi, acentede görevli herkesin öğrenmeye ve kendini geliştirmesine devam
etmesi, sosyal becerilere sahip olmak, acentedeki tüm çalışanların Insurtech gibi teknolojilere
hakim olması.
Acente-şirket arası ilişkilere özen göstermek, adaptasyon konusunda acente sahibi ve
çalışanlarının her türlü yasal, teknolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal değişimlere hızlı ve etkili uyum
sağlaması, bilgi düzeyi ve paylaşımı konusunda duyarlı olmak, karşılaşılan sorunlar karşısında
hızlı ve etkili sorun çözme kabiliyetine sahip olmak, müşteri memnuniyetine azami ve sürekli
olarak özen göstermek ve müşteriler nezdinde işini iyi yapan bir acente olarak kanıksanmış olmak.
Yetkili bir sigorta acentesi, dürüst, etik ve doğrulukla hareket etmelidir. Müşterilerine her zaman
adil davranmalı ve onların çıkarlarına en uygun şekilde hareket etmelidir. Özen, beceri ve titizlikle
hareket etmelidir. Uygun düzeyde mesleki bilgi ve deneyime sahip olmalı ve yalnızca acentenin
gerekli yetkinliğe sahip olduğu düzenlenmiş faaliyetleri yürütmelidir. Müşterilere bilinçli kararlar
verebilmeleri için doğru ve yeterli bilgi sağlamalıdır. Düzenlenmiş tavsiyesi, müşterinin koşulları
dikkate alınarak müşteriye uygun olmalıdır. Çıkar çatışmalarını önlemek için en iyi çabayı
göstermeli ve bu tür çatışmalar önlenemediğinde, acente, müşterilere her zaman adil
davranılmasını sağlamak için bunları uygun açıklamalarla yönetmelidir. Acente tarafından alınan
veya acentenin mülkiyetinde olan müşteri varlıklarını korumak için yeterli güvenlik önlemlerine
sahip olmalıdır.
Yeni nesil sigorta müşterilerinin değişen davranış ve beklentilerine uyum sağlamak. Zorlu pazar
ortamında müşterileri elde tutmaya odaklanmak. Çapraz satış ve üst satış yaparak müşterilerin
“Gümüş”ten “Platin”e yükseltmek. Temsilcileri yeni müşteri türüne uygun hale getirmeye
odaklanmak. Temsilcilerin uygun pazar segmentine odaklanmasını sağlamak. Yaşlanan müşteri
popülasyonu için bir geçiş stratejisi geliştirmek.
Hedef pazarlara ilişkin bilgi edinmek. Müşterileri doğru kanallara yönlendirmek. Müşterileri
doğru ürünlere yönlendirmek. Temsilcileri doğru ürün için, doğru pazardaki doğru müşteriye
yönlendirmek.
Sigorta şirketlerinin, araçlar, telematik cihazları, kondisyon takip cihazları, elektrokardiyogram
(EKG) monitörleri gibi yeni veri toplama araçlarından yararlanarak poliçelerini hazırlama
tekniklerini öğrenmek ve uygulamak, nitelikli insan gücü ihtiyacını karşılamak.
Kaynak: Yazar tarafından oluşturulmuştur.
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5.Sonuçlar
Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre, yüksek performanslı sigorta acentelerinin müşterileri
anlamak konusunda hünerli olduklarını söylemek pek yanlış olmayacaktır. Başarılı sigorta
acentelerinin müşterilerden hangilerinden en büyük karı elde edeceğini, hangilerinin üst ve
çapraz satışa uygun olduğunu, bu müşterilerin hangilerinin en sadık ve hangilerinin en büyük
kaçış riskiyle karşı karşıya olduğunu anlamakta yetenekli oldukları ön plana çıkmıştır. Bir
başka ifadeyle, sigortacı, bir müşterinin elde tutulup tutulmayacağına, buna değer olup
olmadığını ve en değerli müşterileri kazanmak ve elde tutmak için nasıl bir yol izleyeceğini
konusunda bilgi ve yetenek sahibidir.Elde edilen bir diğer bulgu ise, yüksek performanslı
sigorta acentelerinin doğru pazarları hedefleyerek kendi performansları üzerinde pozitif bir etki
yapacak şekilde çalışmalarıdır. Bir başka ifade ile bu sigorta acenteleri bu tür belirli müşterilere
ve segmentlere göre uyarlanmış büyüme stratejileri ile belirli bir bölgenin potansiyeline göre iş
yapmaktadırlar. Bir anlamda bu sigorta acenteleri, bir bölgedeki hangi müşteri segmentlerine
hangi ürünlerin sunulması gerektiğinin yanı sıra pazarlama kaynaklarının en iyi şekilde nasıl
tahsis edilebileceğini belirlemekte yeteneklidirler. Şüphesiz bu durum acentenin satışlarında
yüksek performansa ulaşmalarını kolaylaştırmaktadır.Araştırma sonucuna göre, elde edilen bir
diğer bulgu ise, sigorta acentelerinin doğru sigorta satış temsilcilerini işe alma ve onları doğru
bir şekilde görevlendirmelerdir. Acente performansını artırabilecek yüksek performanslı satış
gücüne sahip olan sigorta acenteleri diğerlerine karşı önemli bir avantaj yakalamaktadır.
Özellikle de acentenin istikrarlı, deneyimli yetenek havuzuna erişmesi ve en son teknoloji ve
araçlarından yararlanmayı bilen işgücü onu diğer acentelerin önünde yer almasında önemli rol
oynamaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular bir bütün olarak değerlendirildiğinde tespit edilen
hususların en ortak özelliği ise, AMO yaklaşımı olarak da bilinen İK uygulamalarının yüksek
performanslı sigorta acentelerinde çok önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın kavramsal
çerçevesinde de açıklandığı üzere, söz konusu bu yaklaşımında, çalışanların işlerini yürütme
yeteneklerinin, yani, bireysel çalışanların sahip olduğu bilgi, beceri ve yetenekleri şirket
performansını yakından etkilemektedir. Diğer yandan çalışanların işyerinde çaba harcama
istekliliği, motivasyonu ve en önemlisi, bütün bunları değerlendirebileceği fırsatların acente
performansını diğer unsurlardan daha fazla etkilediği tespit edilmiştir.Araştırma kapsamında
cevabı aranan bir diğer soru ise, “bundan sonra yüksek performanslı sigorta acentelerinin ortak
kritik başarı faktörleri neler olacaktır?” şeklinde belirlenmişti. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda
bugün ve gelecekte sigorta acentelerinin her şeyden önce sağlam bir kurumsal yapıya sahip
olup, dijital çağın gerektirdiği tüm aksiyonları hızlı bir şekilde bünyesine adapte etme
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kabiliyetine haiz olması gerekmektedir. Şüphesiz Cesur’un (2023) da belirttiği gibi, acenteşirket arsındaki ilişkiler acentenin yüksek performans göstermesinde ilk sırada yer almaktadır.
Acente sahibi ve çalışanlarının değişimlere hızlı uyumu ve bu değişimlere etkili cevap
verebilme yetenekleri ikinci derecede önem arz etmektedir. Üçüncü sırada da acente
personelinin AMO yaklaşımı çerçevesinde çalışanların bilgi, beceri ve yeteneklerinin sürekli
geliştirilmesinin yanında, motivasyonlarının yüksek tutulması ve son olarak da ortaya çıkacak
fırsatları değerlendirme kapasiteleri yer almaktadır.Sigorta acentelerinin başarılı olanları
hakkında yapılan çalışmaların çoğu pandemi öncesine dayanmaktadır. Günümüzde (pandemi
sonrası) başarılı sigorta acentelerinin ortak özelliklerini açıklayan bir çalışmaya yapılan
literatür çalışmalarında rastlanmamıştır. O yüzden konu hakkında yeni araştırmalara ihtiyaç
olduğu söylenebilir. Bu çalışma böyle bir ihtiyacın giderilmesine katkı sağlayabilir. Bir başka
ifade ile bu çalışma diğer araştırmacılar için bir davet anlamı taşımaktadır.
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Kaynakça
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Akpınar, Ö. (2018). Sigorta sektöründe müşteri ilişkileri yönetimi ve uygulamaları. Finansal
Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 10(18), 1-19.
Beltran-Martin, I., Bou-Llusar, J.C., Roca-Puig, V. & Escrig-Tena, A.B. (2017). The
relationship between high performance work systems and employee proactive
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010.1111/1748-8583.12145. Erişim Tarihi:3.04.2024
Beltrán-Martín, I., & Bou-Llusar, J. C. (2018). Examining the intermediate role of employee
abilities, motivation and opportunities to participate in the relationship between HR
bundles and employee performance. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 21(2), 99-110.
Blumberg, M. & Pringle, C.D. (1982). The missing opportunity in organizational research:
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Review, 7(4), 560-569. doi: 10.2307/257222. Erişim Tarihi:23.03.2024
Bowen, G. (2009) Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research
Journal 9(2) 27-40.
Boynton, A. C & Zmud, R. W. (1984). An assessment of critical success fac-tors. Sloan
Management Review, 25(4), 17-27.
Cesur, E. (2023). Sigorta acentelerinin yaşamsallığının örgütsel ekoloji kuramı bağlamında
incelenmesi: Doğu Marmara Bölgesi örneği, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Sakarya
Üniversitesi, İşletme Enstütüsü,
Cesur, (2023). Dijitalleşme sigorta acentelerinin geleceği için bir tehdit mi, yoksa bir fırsat
mı?
https://www.astanasempozyum.com/e-kitap/astana-tam-metin-kitabi-2023.pdf
Erişim Tarihi:20.03.2024
Dalkılıç, N., (2010). Muhasebe mesleği sorumluluk sigortalarında yapay sinir ağları yöntemi
ile risk değerlendirmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Dumlupınar Üniversitesi.
Farokhain, S., & Sadeghi, T. (2011). Services quality model for online banking services by
behavioral adoption theories and comparative study. African Journal of Business
Management, 5(11), 4490-4499. Erişim Tarihi:26.03.2024
Flick, U. (2022). An introduction to qualitative research. SAGE Publications Ltd
697
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Gupta, P. K. (2011). Insurance and risk management. India: Himalayan Books.
Insurance Authority (2024). www.ia.org.hk Erişim Tarihi:18.03.2024
James, A. (2012) Seeking the analytic imagination: reflections on the process of interpreting
qualitative data. Qualitative Research 13(5) 562-77. Erişim Tarihi:29.03.2024
Kaesler, S., Leo, M., Varney, S., & Young, K. (2020). How insurance can prepare for the next
distribution model. Erişim Tarihi:25.03.2024
Kara, H. (2015). Creative research methods in the social sciences (Vol. 10). Bristol: Policy
press.
Kulkarni, S. M. (2015). Life insurance distribution at crossroads. IOSR Journal of Business and
Management, 16-22. Erişim Tarihi:27.03.2024
KPMG, (2019). Artificial intelligence in the insurance industry
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Erişim
home/insights/2023/11/artificial-intelligence-in-the-insurance-industry.html
Tarihi:23.03.2024
Kremmydas, E., & Austen, A. (2020). High-performance human resource practices through the
lenses
of
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ability–motivation–opportunity
taxonomy:
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perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Management, (19 (3)), 23.
Nick Bondaug-Winn (2021). 10 Habits all Successful Insurance Agents Have in Common
https://www.hbwleads.com/blog/10-habits-all-successful-insurance-agents-have-incommon/ Erişim Tarihi:21.03.2024
Rejda, G. E. (2008). Principles of Risk management and insurance. 10th Edition, USA: Person
Education Inc,
Sanvido, V., Grobler, F., Pariff, K., Guvents, M., & Coyle, M. (1992). Critical success factors
for construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,
118(1), 98-111. Erişim Tarihi:28.03.2024
Selimović, J., Martinović, D., & Hurko, D. (2020). Critical success factors in insurance
companies. Management: Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 25(1), 215233. Erişim Tarihi:26.03.2024
Slayton Search Partners (2024). https://www.slaytonsearch.com/2024/02/insurance-industryoutlook/ Erişim Tarihi: 3.04.2024
Śmietanka, M., Koshiyama, A., & Treleaven, P. (2021). Algorithms in future insurance
markets. International Journal of Data Science and Big Data Analytics, 1(1), 1-19.
Svoboda A. 82021). Journal of Insurance and Financial Management, Vol. 5, Issue 1, 8-45
698
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Zealley, J., Wollan, R., & Bellin, J. (2018). Marketers Need to Stop Focusing on Loyalty and
Start
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Business
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org/2018/03/marketers-need-to-stopfocusing-on-loyalty-and-start-thinkingaboutrelevance Erişim Tarihi: 2.04.2024
699
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BORSA İSTANBUL GAYRİMENKUL FAALİYETLERİ SEKTÖRÜNÜN NAKİT,
BORÇLANMA VE KÂRLILIK DURUMUNUN İNCELENMESİ
Doç. Dr. Haşim BAĞCI* (ORCID: 0000-0002-5828-2050)
Aksaray University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health Management,
Aksaray-Türkiye
Email: hasimbagci1907@hotmail.com
Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı; gayrimenkul sektörünün Türkiye’deki mali durumunu incelemektir. Bu
incelemeyi gerçekleştirmek için BİST Gayrimenkul Faaliyetleri Sektörü’ne kayıtlı 3 firmanın
nakit, borçlanma ve kârlılık rasyoları hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklem yılı, 2018-2022
yılları arasını kapsayan 5 yıllık zaman dilimidir. Çalışmada BİST Gayrimenkul Faaliyetleri
Sektörü’nde 3 işletme bulunmaktadır. Bunlar; Adese Gayrimenkul, İhlas Gayrimenkul ve
Sönmez Filament işletmeleridir. Çalışmada ayrıca bu işletmelerin piyasa değerleri de
incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; işletmelerin hangi yıllarda nakit düzeylerinin daha düşük veya
yüksek olduğu, borçlanma durumları ve kârlılıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu tespite göre firmalara
politika önerileri sunulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Gayrimenkul Sektörü, Nakit, Borçlanma ve Kârlılık Oranları
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
REVIEW OF CASH, DEBT AND PROFITABILITY SITUATION IN ISTANBUL
STOCK EXCHANGE REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES SECTOR
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the financial situation of the real estate sector in Turkey.
Cash, debt and profitability ratios of 3 companies registered in the BIST Real Estate Activities
Sector were calculated to carry out this analysis. The sample year of the study is a 5-year period
between 2018 and 2022. In the study, there are 3 firms in the BIST Real Estate Activities Sector.
These are Adese Gayrimenkul, İhlas Gayrimenkul and Sönmez Filament firms. The study also
examined the market values of these firms. As a result, the years in which the cash levels of the
enterprises were lower or higher, their debt status and profitability were determined. According
to this determination, policy recommendations were presented to companies.
Keywords: Real Estate Sector, Cash, Debt and Profitability Rates
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Gayrimenkul sektörü, ülkelerin ekonomik koşullarından oldukça etkilenen ve ekonomiye
duyarlılığı yüksek olan bir sektördür. Dolayısıyla bu sektörün durumu ülke ekonomisini
istihdam, işsizlik vb. göstergeler açısından ilgilendirmektedir. Türkiye için ise bu ilgi daha çok
gayrimenkul faaliyetleriyle doğrudan ilişkili olan inşaat sektörünün durumuna bağlıdır.
Gayrimenkul, hukuki açıdan bir sermeye niteliğine sahiptir. Çünkü gayrimenkul tanımında da
ifade edildiği üzere; bireylerin veya kurumların barınabilmek veya yatırım yapmak amacıyla
sahip oldukları taşınmaz maldır (Parasız, 2015). Gayrimenkuller literatürde farklı şekillerde
sınıflandırılsa da genellikle arazi ve arsalar, binalar ve projeler olarak üç ana başlık altında
toplanmaktadır (Akbulut, 2023). Gayrimenkulleri finanse etmek için kullanılan yöntemler
farklılık göstermekte ve ülkelerin ekonomik ve sosyal yapılarına göre şekillenmektedir
(Yalçıner, 2006). Bu yöntemler; doğrudan finansman, mevduat finansmanı, mortgage kredileri,
menkul kıymetleştirme ve yapı tasarruf sandığı olarak gruplara ayrılmaktadır (Akbulut,
2023).Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren firmaları oluşturan gayrimenkul sektörü ise nüfus,
kentleşme ve göç, kentsel dönüşüm, yabancı ülke vatandaşlarına satış ve ekonomiden
etkilenmektedir (Akbulut, 2023).Nüfusa bakıldığında; Türkiye’nin genç ve dinamik bir
nüfusuyla birlikte hayat standardındaki yükselmenin getirdiği yaşam kalitesi artışı
gayrimenkule olan talebi doğrudan etkilemektedir. Yaş ortalamasındaki artış, çalışan nüfusun
orta ve uzun vadede gayrimenkul ihtiyacının artacağını göstermektedir (Özdemir, 2018).
Türkiye’de kentleşme ve göç birbirinden bağımsız olarak düşünülemez. Bu iki kavram iç içedir.
Kentleşme, göçün etkisiyle hızlanmıştır. Türkiye’de 2011 yılına kadar iç göç yoğunluğu olsa
da ilerleyen yıllarda dış göç de hızlanmıştır. Orta Doğu’daki gelişmelerle birlikte 2022 yılı
itibariyle yaklaşık 4 milyon yabancı uyruklu vatandaş Türkiye’de ikamet etmektedir. Bu
değişimle beraber konut talebi ve üretimi hızla artış göstermiştir (Akbulut, 2023).Yabancı ülke
vatandaşlarına satışta; mütekabiliyet ilkesinin kaldırılması ve yabancı ülke vatandaşlarına
vatandaşlık verilmesiyle beraber gayrimenkul satışları hızlanmış ve gayrimenkul sektörüne
pozitif etki yapmıştır (Akbulut, 2023).Kentsel dönüşüm; çarpık yapıların, eski, altyapısı
yetersiz, yapılaşmanın yoğun fakat afet riskine duyarlı mülklerin yeni imar planı verilerine göre
düzenlemesidir (Ülger & Ülger, 2015). Kentsel dönüşüm Türkiye için özellikle deprem
riskleriyle beraber sürekli gündemde yer almakta ve konut piyasasını etkilemektedir.
Ekonomi kavramı ise birçok göstergeyi içinde barındırmaktadır. Bu göstergeler içerisinde yer
alan kişi başı milli gelir, satın alma gücü, enflasyon, faiz oranı ve istihdam gibi faktörler
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
gayrimenkul sektörünü direkt olarak etkilemektedir (Akbulut, 2023).Gayrimenkul sektörüyle
ilgili literatürdeki çalışmaların bazıları incelenmiş ve kronolojik olarak özetlenmiştir.Şeker
(2023) çalışmasında; Türkiye Gayrimenkul Piyasaları Bileşik Endeksi hazırlamıştır. 2010 yılını
baz alarak veri seti yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; endeksteki en güçlü 3 değişken saptanmıştır. İlk
sırada konut kredisi faizleri, ikinci sırada ihraç edilen gayrimenkule dayalı finansal araçların
ihraç tutarları, üçüncü olarak ise gayrimenkul değerleme uzmanı sayısı değişkenlerinin ön
planda oldukları ortaya konmuştur.Çubukcu vd. (2023) tarafından yapılan araştırmada; Türkiye
genelinde 2023 depremlerinden sonra gayrimenkul sektöründeki yatırımcı davranışlarını
ölçmektir. Deprem öncesi ve sonrası yatırımcı davranışlarının oldukça farklılaştığı
görülmüştür. Depremden sonra yapılan yatırımlarda deprem yönetmeliğine uygun olup
olmamasının tasarım, fiyat vb. özelliklerin önüne geçtiğini göstermektedir. İlave olarak
müstakil veya az katlı yapılan tercih edildikleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır.Zoghayyer (2022) yapmış
olduğu yayınında; Covid-19’un Türkiye Emlak Piyasası üzerindeki makroekonomik etkilerini
incelemiştir. Kullanılan değişkenler; konut faiz oranı ve gayrimenkul konut satışlarındaki
toplam ihracattır. Veri seti Ocak 2018 – Eylül 2021 arasındaki aylık verilerden oluşmaktadır.
Covid-19 öncesi ve sonrası iki regresyon modeli kurulmuştur. Ampirik bulgulara göre; ihracat
hem Covid-19 öncesi hem de sonrasında konut satışlarını olumlu etkilemektedir. Faiz, konut
satışlarını negatif etkilemektedir. Covid-19 döneminde ihracatın konut satışlarındaki olumlu
etkisi azalırken, reel faiz oranlarının olumsuz etkisinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir.
2. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM
Araştırma 2018-2022 yılları arasını kapsayan 5 yıllık veri setinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmaya
ait verilere Kamuyu Aydınlatma Platformu (KAP) internet sitesinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
Dolayısıyla ikincil verilerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada kullanılan örneklem Borsa İstanbul
Gayrimenkul Faaliyetleri Sektörü’ne kayıtlı 3 işletmeden oluşmaktadır. Bu işletmeler; Adese
Gayrimenkul, İhlas Gayrimenkul ve Sönmez Filament firmalarıdır. İşletmelere ait nakit,
borçlanma ve kârlılık durumları finansal rasyolar aracılığıyla ölçülmüştür. Nakit durumunu
ölçmek için likidite rasyoları kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan likidite rasyoları; cari oran, asit-test
oranı ve nakit orandır. Borçlanma durumunu ölçerken finansal yapı oranlarından
faydalanılmıştır. Kullanılan finansal yapı oranları; finansal kaldıraç oranı, genel ödeme gücü
oranı, özkaynaklar / aktif toplamı, kısa vadeli borç / özkaynak toplamı, borçlanma katsayısıdır.
Kârlılık durumu için ise kârlılık rasyoları kullanılmış ve bunlar; brüt kâr marjı, net kâr marjı,
özsermaye kârlılığı ve aktif kârlılığıdır.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
3. BULGULAR
Borsa İstanbul Gayrimenkul Faaliyetleri Sektörü’ndeki 3 işletmenin 2018-2022 yılları
arasındaki 5 yıllık likidite oranları hesaplanmış ve Tablo 1’de verilmiştir.
Tablo 1: Likidite Oranları
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Adese Gayrimenkul
İhlas Gayrimenkul
Sönmez Filament
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Adese Gayrimenkul
İhlas Gayrimenkul
Sönmez Filament
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Adese Gayrimenkul
İhlas Gayrimenkul
Sönmez Filament
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Adese Gayrimenkul
İhlas Gayrimenkul
Sönmez Filament
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Adese Gayrimenkul
İhlas Gayrimenkul
Sönmez Filament
2022 yılı
Cari Oran Asit-Test Oranı
4,622343
3,89885072
5,66972
5,00773751
1,059684
1,059684102
2021 yılı
Cari Oran Asit-Test Oranı
6,729453
6,646149181
2,720932
2,089466038
0,763954
0,76395375
2020 yılı
Cari Oran Asit-Test Oranı
0,568987
0,52777429
4,441025
2,891927285
1,207602
1,207601508
2019 yılı
Cari Oran Asit-Test Oranı
0,644805
0,600294344
1,945331
1,110928358
0,170759
0,067303938
2018 yılı
Cari Oran Asit-Test Oranı
0,613775
0,50257766
4,695462
2,621925633
1,760979
1,471860691
Nakit Oran
3,0894746
1,2882832
0,5461471
Nakit Oran
5,9790942
0,4534886
0,3480463
Nakit Oran
0,048482
0,7414709
0,9729962
Nakit Oran
0,0085138
0,0193664
0,0195453
Nakit Oran
0,0149617
0,0064096
0,7213558
Tablo 1’de hesaplanan likidite oranlarını daha ayrıntılı biçimde yorumlayabilmek için sonuçlar
grafiğe dökülerek Şekil 1’de verilmiştir.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 1: Likidite Oranları
8
7
6
5
4
3
Cari Oran
2
Asit-Test Oranı
1
Nakit Oran
0
Şekil 1’de verilen likidite oranlarına göre;
➢
2022 yılında Adese ve İhlas Gayrimenkul işletmelerinin Sönmez Filament işletmesine
göre daha likit durumda olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
➢
2021 yılında Adese Gayrimenkul işletmesinin tüm likidite oranlarının diğer işletmelere
göre daha iyi olduğu ve dolayısıyla nakit sıkıntısı yaşamadığı görülmüştür.
➢
2020 yılında ise tüm işletmelerin likidite oranları düşerken, İhlas Gayrimenkul
işletmesinin diğerlerine kıyasla daha iyi durumda olduğu saptanmıştır.
➢
2019 yılında Covid-19 pandemisinin de etkisiyle işletmelerin likidite düzeyleri
düşmüştür.
➢
2018 yılında İhlas Gayrimenkul işletmesinin diğer işletmelere kıyasla likidite düzeyinin
daha iyi olduğu ortaya konmuştur.
Likidite oranlarının ardından firmaların borç durumunu inceleyebilmek için borçlanma
rasyoları hesaplanmış ve Tablo 2’de sunulmuştur.
705
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tablo 2: Borçlanma Oranları
2022 yılı
İşletmeler /
Oranlar
Adese
Gayrimenkul
İhlas
Gayrimenkul
Sönmez
Filament
Finansal
Kaldıraç
İşletmeler /
Oranlar
Adese
Gayrimenkul
İhlas
Gayrimenkul
Sönmez
Filament
Finansal
Kaldıraç
İşletmeler /
Oranlar
Adese
Gayrimenkul
İhlas
Gayrimenkul
Sönmez
Filament
Finansal
Kaldıraç
İşletmeler /
Oranlar
Adese
Gayrimenkul
İhlas
Gayrimenkul
Sönmez
Filament
Finansal
Kaldıraç
İşletmeler /
Oranlar
Adese
Gayrimenkul
İhlas
Gayrimenkul
Sönmez
Filament
Finansal
Kaldıraç
Genel Ödeme Özkaynak / Aktif
Gücü
Toplamı
KVB /
Özkaynak
Borçlanma
Katsayısı
0,141425454
7,070862908
0,858574546
0,02740913
0,164721229
0,178127202
5,613965693
0,821872798
0,16830268
0,216733298
0,02376946
0,087305749
0,080295491
12,45399949
0,919704509
2021 yılı
Genel Ödeme Özkaynak / Aktif
Gücü
Toplamı
KVB /
Özkaynak
Borçlanma
Katsayısı
0,14878504
6,721105849
0,85121496
0,03256295
0,174791382
0,370828542
2,696664056
0,629171458
0,53180291
0,58939187
0,00574749
0,07298174
0,06801769
14,70205757
0,93198231
2020 yılı
Genel Ödeme Özkaynak / Aktif
Gücü
Toplamı
KVB /
Özkaynak
Borçlanma
Katsayısı
0,495115189
2,019732018
0,504884811
0,62949028
0,980649801
0,514764841
1,942634616
0,485235159
0,38345841
1,060856436
0,00779495
0,083564198
0,077119748
12,96684732
0,922880252
2019 yılı
Genel Ödeme Özkaynak / Aktif
Gücü
Toplamı
KVB /
Özkaynak
Borçlanma
Katsayısı
0,618823215
1,615970402
0,381176785
1,17119736
1,623454628
0,642368603
1,5567386
0,357631397
1,16538295
1,796175081
0,02221447
0,104062793
0,094254416
10,60958253
0,905745584
2018 yılı
Genel Ödeme Özkaynak / Aktif
Gücü
Toplamı
KVB /
Özkaynak
Borçlanma
Katsayısı
0,543971141
1,838332816
0,456028859
0,88103535
1,192843678
0,561584175
1,780676958
0,438415825
0,40590802
1,280939562
0,066423098
15,05500393
0,933576902
0,06863442
0,071149037
Tablo 2’de sunulan borçlanma rasyolarını ayrıntılı biçimde inceleyebilmek için grafiğe
dönüştürülüp Şekil 2 oluşturulmuştur.
706
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 2: Borçlanma Oranları
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Finansal Kaldıraç
Genel Ödeme Gücü
KVB / Özkaynak
Borçlanma Katsayısı
Özkaynak / Aktif Toplamı
Şekil 2’de verilen borçlanma oranları incelendiğinde; tüm yıllarda genel ödeme gücü oranının
diğer oranlara göre yüksek olduğu dolayısıyla işletmelerin borçlanma potansiyelinin iyi olduğu
görülmüştür. Ayrıntılı biçimde değerlendirildiğinde;
➢
2022 yılında Sönmez Filament işletmesinin borçlanma potansiyelinin daha yüksek
olduğu görülmüştür. Çünkü genel ödeme gücü en yüksek firma olarak tespit edilmiştir.
➢
2021 yılında da benzer biçimde Sönmez Filament işletmesinin borçlanma potansiyelinin
en yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.
➢
2020 yılında ise Sönmez Filament hariç diğer işletmelerin pandeminin de etkisiyle genel
ödeme güçleri azalmıştır.
➢
2019 yılında da aynı şekilde genel ödeme güçleri düşerken, Sönmez Filament işletmesi
en iyi durumdadır.
➢
2018 yılında diğer işletmelere göre yine Sönmez Filament borçlanma potansiyeli en iyi
işletme olarak tespit edilmiştir.
Borçlanma oranlarının ardından firmaların kârlılık durumunu inceleyebilmek için kârlılık
rasyoları hesaplanmış ve Tablo 3’de sunulmuştur.
707
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tablo 3: Kârlılık Oranları
2022 yılı
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Brüt Kâr Marjı
Net Kâr Marjı
Özsermaye Kârlılığı
Aktif Kârlılığı
Adese Gayrimenkul
0,762106316
17,3361773
0,338316871
0,290470254
İhlas Gayrimenkul
0,25936394
0,233896091
0,122216418
0,100446349
Sönmez Filament
1
0,857750978
0,045811986
0,04213349
2021 yılı
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Brüt Kâr Marjı
Net Kâr Marjı
Özsermaye Kârlılığı
Aktif Kârlılığı
Adese Gayrimenkul
0,914144534
7,667417163
0,19997568
0,17022229
İhlas Gayrimenkul
0,130719408
0,112897034
0,11154583
0,070181453
Sönmez Filament
1
3,053843825
0,108781172
0,101382128
2020 yılı
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Brüt Kâr Marjı
Net Kâr Marjı
Özsermaye Kârlılığı
Aktif Kârlılığı
Adese Gayrimenkul
0,231588279
-0,34623088
-0,094110537
-0,047514981
İhlas Gayrimenkul
0,154619438
0,010986051
0,004331307
0,002101702
Sönmez Filament
1
4,555763154
0,141690549
0,13076341
2019 yılı
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Brüt Kâr Marjı
Net Kâr Marjı
Özsermaye Kârlılığı
Aktif Kârlılığı
Adese Gayrimenkul
0,279578863
-0,002507727
-0,000852442
-0,000324931
İhlas Gayrimenkul
0,158997089
0,30891066
0,082030523
0,029336691
Sönmez Filament
1
3,498250598
0,108337356
0,098126081
2018 yılı
İşletmeler / Oranlar
Brüt Kâr Marjı
Net Kâr Marjı
Adese Gayrimenkul
0,209836617
-0,02869637
Özsermaye Kârlılığı
-0,028404809
-0,012953413
İhlas Gayrimenkul
0,084945764
-0,09927609
-0,016014282
-0,007020914
Sönmez Filament
0,959487049
-1,917523314
-0,524791621
-0,489933335
Tablo 3’deki kârlılık oranları grafiğe dönüştürülüp Şekil 3 oluşturulmuştur.
708
Aktif Kârlılığı
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 3: Kârlılık Oranları
20
15
10
5
0
-5
Brüt Kâr Marjı
Net Kâr Marjı
Özsermaye Kârlılığı
Aktif Kârlılığı
Şekil 3’de görülen kârlılık oranlarına göre; diğer oranlara kıyasla net kâr marjının en yüksek
olduğu görülmüştür. Firma bazlı incelendiğinde;
➢
2022 yılında Adese Gayrimenkul işletmesi en kârlı işletme olarak tespit edilmiştir.
➢
2021 yılında Adese Gayrimenkul en kârlı iken, Sönmez Filament işletmesinin de kârlılık
düzeyi artış göstermiştir.
➢
2020 yılında ise Sönmez Filament hariç diğer işletmelerin pandeminin de etkisiyle
kârlılık oranları düşüş eğilimindedir.
➢
2019 yılında Sönmez Filament işletmesi en kârlı durumdadır.
➢
2018 yılında ise bu kez Sönmez Filament işletmesi zarar açıklamış ve net kâr marjı
negatif olarak tespit edilmiştir.
Nakit, borçlanma ve kârlılık durumları tespit edildikten sonra gayrimenkul firmalarının piyasa
değerleri bulunmuş ve Tablo 4’te sunulmuştur.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tablo 4: Piyasa Değerleri
2022 yılı
İşletmeler
Piyasa Değeri
Adese Gayrimenkul
992976190,5
İhlas Gayrimenkul
859325396,8
Sönmez Filament
2720662698
2021 yılı
Adese Gayrimenkul
548714859,4
İhlas Gayrimenkul
1050883534
Sönmez Filament
2771799197
2020 yılı
Adese Gayrimenkul
482210317,5
İhlas Gayrimenkul
966412698,4
Sönmez Filament
850944444,4
2019 yılı
Adese Gayrimenkul
224000000
İhlas Gayrimenkul
352931726,9
Sönmez Filament
219566265,1
2018 yılı
Adese Gayrimenkul
422824701,2
İhlas Gayrimenkul
204418326,7
Sönmez Filament
210661354,6
Tablo 4’te verilen piyasa değerlerini ayrıntılı yorumlayabilmek için veriler grafiğe aktarılarak
Şekil 4 oluşturulmuştur.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 4: Piyasa Değeri
3E+09
2,5E+09
2E+09
1,5E+09
1E+09
500000000
0
Şekil 4’te görülen piyasa değerleri genellikle analizin gerçekleştiği son iki yıl olan 2021 ve
2022’de yükselişe geçmiştir. Ayrıntılı incelendiğinde;
➢
2022 yılında piyasa değeri en yüksek işletme olarak Sönmez Filament tespit edilmiştir.
➢
2021 yılında da benzer şekilde Sönmez Filament işletmesinin piyasa değeri en iyidir.
➢
2020 yılında ise piyasa değerleri birbirine daha yakın seyretmekte ve İhlas Gayrimenkul
işletmesinin piyasa değeri en yüksektir.
➢
2019 yılında pandemi etkisiyle tüm işletmelerin piyasa değerleri düşük seyretse de
içlerinde en yüksek piyasa değeri İhlas Gayrimenkul’e aittir.
➢
2018 yılında yine düşük piyasa değerleri içerisinden en yüksek piyasa değeri Adese
Gayrimenkul işletmesinindir.
4. SONUÇ ve ÖNERİLER
İnşaat sektörünün önderliğinde faaliyetlerini sürdüren gayrimenkul sektörü yaşanılan olaylara
ve koşullara göre şekillenmektedir. Dünyada yaşanan pandemi döneminde gayrimenkul
sektöründeki talep daha çok sessiz, sakin ve doğayla iç içe alanlara yapılan konutlar iken,
Türkiye’de yaşanan deprem sonrası, bu kez konutların depreme dayanıklılığı birinci öncelik
hâline gelmiştir. Hatta Covid-19 dönemindeki gibi az katlı binalara talep artış göstermeye
başlamıştır. Gayrimenkul sektöründe başarıyı sürdürebilir kılmak için hedef kitleyi doğru tespit
ederek hedef kitlenin istek ve ihtiyaçlarına hitap edebilmek son derece önem arz etmektedir.
Bu çalışmada Borsa İstanbul Gayrimenkul Faaliyetleri Sektörü’ne kayıtlı 3 işletmenin nakit,
borçlanma ve kârlılık oranları hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca bu işletmelerin piyasa değerleri de
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
bulunmuştur. Hesaplamalar 2018-2022 yılları arası 5 yılı kapsamaktadır.Elde edilen bulgular
ışığında; nakit, borçlanma ve kârlılık oranları ile piyasa değerleri yorumlanmıştır. Likidite
oranlarına bakıldığında; 5 yılda nakit durumu en iyi olan işletmeler farklılaşsa da genellikle 3
işletmenin de likidite oranları pozitif ve nakit durumlarının yeterli düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür.
Borçlanma oranlarına göre; 3 işletmenin de yıl bazlı farklılık gösterse de ödeme güçlerinin iyi
ve yeterli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kârlılık oranları incelendiğinde ise; net kâr marjının en çok
önem verilen kârlılık oranı olduğu fakat bazı yıllarda işletmelerin zarar etmesinden dolayı net
kâr marjının negatif olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Piyasa değerlerine göre genellikle 5 yıl içerisinde
Sönmez Filament işletmesinin piyasa değerinin en yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.Bu yorumlar
doğrultusunda; Türkiye’de gayrimenkul sektöründe faaliyet gösteren işletmelerin pandemi gibi
istisnai dönemler dışında mali durumlarının yeterli düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. İşletmelerin
mali açıdan sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak için hedef kitlenin arz ve talebine cevap vermeleri ve
sürekli yenilenmeye açık olmaları gereklidir. Gayrimenkul yatırımlarının uzun vadeli ve
finansal açıdan yüksek değerli oldukları için müşteri istek ve ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilecek
şekilde kendilerini iyileştirmeleri hem firmaların geleceği hem ülke ekonomilerine katkıları için
oldukça önemlidir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKLAR
Akbulut, H. (2023). Türkiye Gayrimenkul Piyasası ve Finansman Modelleri. Ankara: Nobel
Bilimsel Eserler.
Çubukcu,
M.
İ.
vd.
(2023).
2023
Kahramanmaraş
ve
Hatay
Depremlerinin
Gayrimenkul Yatırım Davranışlarına Etkisi. Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları
Dergisi, 8(4), p. 772-795.
İş
Yatırım,
(2024).
15.02.2024
tarihinde
https://www.isyatirim.com.tr/tr-
tr/analiz/hisse/Sayfalar/Tarihsel-Fiyat-Bilgileri.aspx adresinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
Kamuyu Aydınlatna Platformu (KAP), (2024). 15.02.2024 tarihinde https://www.kap.org.tr/tr/
adresinden erişim sağlanmıştır.
Özdemir, S. (2018). Gayrimenkul Sektöründeki Yasal Düzenlemelerin Yabancı Yatırımlar
Üzerindeki Etkisi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans
Tezi, İstanbul.
Parasız, M. İ. (2015). İktisadın ABC’si. (1. Baskı). Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.
Şeker,
G.
(2023).
Gayrimenkul
Piyasasında
Etkinlik
ve
Türkiye
Gayrimenkul
Piyasası Etkinlik Endeksi Hazırlanması Çalışması. Socrates Journal of Interdisciplinary
Social Studies, 9(34), p. 28-76.
Ülger, N. E. & Ülger, C. (2015). İstanbul İli 1/25000 Ölçekli Arazi Yönetimi ve Kullanımı
Amaçlı Envanter Çalışması ve Buna Esas Analiz-Sentez ve Ön Fizibilitelerin Yapımı.
Yönetici Özeti.
Yalçıner, K. (2006). İpotek Karşılığı Menkulleştirilmiş Krediler. (1. Baskı). Ankara: Gazi
Kitabevi.
Zoghayyer, D. B. S. (2022). Macroeconomic Effects of Covid-19 On Turkish Real Estate
Market. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 7(19), p. 243-255.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE IMPORTANCE OF SAFE PUBLIC TRANSPORT: A SYSTEMATIC
LITERATURE REVIEW
Dora NALETINA (ORCID: 0000-0002-1431-6984)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business,
Email:dvuletic@net.efzg.hr
Toni KOZINA
PROJEKT 55 Ltd.
Email:toni@projekt55.hr
Tomislav ROŽIĆ (ORCID:0000-0001-8725-2427)
University of Zagreb, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences
Email:trozic@fpz.unizg.hr
ABSTRACT
Public transport plays a vital role in people's day-to-day migrations in all modern countries
around the world. High quality public transport systems are the right tool for satisfying
transportation demand in most global cities. Demand for bus, rail, underground and tram
transport systems is varied, and safety is the key factor of its effectiveness. Adequate operation
of the public transport system has economic effects, where many urban areas focus on tackling
three main problems: safety, congestion and pollution. Alongside the demand for public
transport, the need for higher-level safety regulations in the public transport system is growing
as well. With continuous development of technology and innovations, the human factor remains
the most common cause of traffic accidents. Those commuters who trust the accountable
institutions for transportation safety are prone to use the services more often. In addition, vice
versa, those who have issues regarding the public transport are more inclined to use private
vehicles. The behaviour of the commuters is guided by their safety transportation awareness
and is also influenced by individual factors and the environment. In this paper, based on extend
literature review, it will be emphasized the most important characteristics for the establishment
of safe public transport. This research was motivated by the need to better understand, address,
and optimize safety, behaviour, and economic aspects related to public transportation, while
emphasizing the role of technology and considering socioeconomic factors. The scientific
contribution of this paper lies in the recognition of the multifaceted relationship between public
transport, safety, and individual behaviour, and the intention to provide insights based on a
literature review to enhance the safety and efficiency of public transportation systems in urban
areas.
Keywords: expenses for transport, safety, safety awareness, public transport.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INTRODUCTION
In most of the world's metropolises, transport demand is met precisely through high-quality
public transport systems (Schmöcker, Bell & Lam, 2010). The lack of transportation is an
obstacle to accessibility and social inclusion in modern society. Thus, in rural and sparsely
populated areas, access to public transport, compared to urban areas, is often poor, which leads
to fewer opportunities for rural residents to participate in various activities (Berg & Ihlström,
2019). The development of transport services is a very important factor for the quality of life,
and the availability of public transport plays a key role in the evaluation and design of transport
systems in terms of mobility and sustainability (Saif, Zefreh & Torok, 2019). Considering that
the public transport system enables the transportation of passengers to school, public health
institutions and to work, it is extremely important to take care of examining the competitiveness
of it (Poliak et al., 2017). Taking into account the undoubted importance of this system, there
is a lot of research that focused on the functioning of the same. Thus, the findings of earlier
research, among others, confirmed that the key factor for the efficient functioning of the public
transport system is safety (Marusin, Marusin & Danilov, 2018; Schmöcker, Bell & Lam, 2010).
Passengers show a greater preference for using public transport systems when they believe in
the safety of the same (Jain et al., 2014). As the demand for the use of public transport grows,
so does the need to establish a higher level of security in the public transport system (Wang et
al., 2020). Public transport represents a greater risk for safety because, as a rule, the means of
transport in this system in most cases contain a large number of passengers. The problem of
establishing a safe public transport system is even more pronounced in developing countries
due to the lack of appropriate and integrated approaches (Joewono & Kubota, 2006). Taking
into account the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, it can be seen that now is the right
time to rebuild trust in public transport and to give it the attention that deserves through politics
and investment decisions (United Nations Habitat, 2021).According to the above, the purpose
of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review of the studies that have analysed the
public transportation with special emphasis on those which have put focus on the establishment
of the safe public transportation. The expected results of the research are likely to include a
comprehensive overview of the state of public transportation safety, identification of key
challenges and best practices, and potential recommendations for policymakers and urban
planners to improve safety and accessibility in public transportation systems. After the
introduction section, in the second chapter it will be analysed the significance and specifics of
public transportation. In the third chapter, the focus is on crucial aspects for the establishment
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of safe public transport. Discussion is provided in the fourth chapter, while conclusion remarks
are presented in the fourth chapter.
2. SIGNIFANCE AND SPECIFICS OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Public transport plays a key role in the daily migration of people in all modern countries of the
world (Tirachini & Cats, 2020). Transport systems are complex and dynamic systems that
include people, vehicles, infrastructure and the environment; and eventual deficiencies of this
system can very easily cause a traffic accident (Feng et al., 2021). Requirements for bus,
railway, subway and tram systems are diverse, and the key factor for their efficient functioning
is safety (Marusin, Marusin & Danilov, 2018). Most of the developed countries are making
efforts to increase the share of public transportation, and in the period from 2017 to 2021, city
authorities around the world implemented numerous projects to improve the operation of the
public transportation system (McKinsey & Company, July 2021). Adequate functioning of the
public transport system has economic effects, whereby many urban areas solve three main
problems: safety, congestion and pollution (Schmöcker, Bell and Lam, 2010). Traditional
public transport, operated by heavily subsidized public bodies using separate modes, was
fragmented in terms of timetables, ticketing, and customer service alignment. This approach,
while asset-focused, often hindered citizens; journey options across transit systems, with
agencies adopting a monopoly mindset. But today, new market players are improving last-mile
transportation with enhanced services and convenience. Emerging disruptive transport
technologies and the seamless service interactions in other sectors have raised customer
expectations for public transport. The future of mature transport systems lies in integrated
services, effortless payments, and enhanced customer experiences (KPMG, November
2022)Not only is public transport important when it comes to providing the workforce with the
means to travel to work and generally across a given region; it allows for a better distribution
of congestion levels across different modes of transport, which usually contribute to reduced
carbon dioxide emissions, for example if individuals opt for public transport instead of driving
a car (Burgueño Salas, 28.11.2022). Along with the growing demand for public transport, the
need for establishment a higher level of security in the public transport system also grows
stronger (Wang et al., 2020). There is continuous development of technology and innovative
solutions, and the human factor remains the most common cause of traffic accidents (Feng et
al., 2021).The specificity of social dialogue in public transport in many countries of Central and
Eastern Europe is characterized by a high degree of decentralization with a lack of sectoral or
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national organizations. Thus, social dialogue in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is
organized mainly within the framework of national social and economic councils that make
decisions on various topics at the state or company level (Bordogna, 2018). An important
contribution to the social dialogue in the public transport segment in Europe is made by the
European social partners for public transport: The International Association of Public Transport
(UITP) and The European Transport Workers' Federation Federation (ETF)) (Europäische
Akademie für umweltorientierten Verkehr gGmbH, May 2019). Rundmo et al. (2011)
emphasize that there is a significant relationship between trust in accountable institutions and
the use of public transport. People who trust the institutions in charge of transport safety use
public transport more often. Consequently, people with less trust in accountable institutions
will be more inclined to use privately owned means of transport (Rundmo et al., 2011).For
many regional journeys, walking and cycling are not viable options, meaning that public
transport is often the only alternative to the car for such journeys. People in rural areas are at
risk of being excluded from participating in normal relationships and activities if they do not
have a driver's license or access to a car (Lucas, 2012). The quality of regional public transport
services affects the independent movement of this group, especially children and adolescents
(Berg & Ihlstrom, 2019). The availability of public transport has a significant impact on life
satisfaction in the form of perceived accessibility (Saif, Zefreh & Torok, 2019). Although public
transport represents a financial burden for public budgets, it must not be forgotten that it ensures
the mobility of passengers that usual dispose with less financial means (pensioners, students,
etc.) (Poliak et al, 2017). An efficient public transport system, including its management, plays
a significant role in economic development (Madejski, Amushila & Kulatau, 2014).
The concluding remarks serve to encapsulate the significance and multifaceted impact of public
transport, underlining its role in enhancing safety, environmental sustainability, social
inclusion, and economic development.
3. CRUCIAL ASPECTS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFE PUBLIC
TRANSPORT
Passengers in public transport have high demands from service providers expecting safety,
comfort, regularity, frequency, speed and economics (Hussain, Zefreh & Torok, 2018). The most
important requirement of passengers in public transport is safety (Vuletić, Horak & Jurčević,
2021: 63; Jain et al., 2014). The behaviour of road users is driven by their transportation safety
awareness (Feng et al., 2021), which is influenced by individual factors and the environment
(Feng et al., 2021; Tao, Zhang & Qu, 2017). When a person thinks about safety, he is motivated
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to find countermeasures to avoid accidents or at least reduce their consequences. Fear of crime is
an important issue affecting passengers' perception of public transport safety. Especially when it
comes to younger people who often avoid using public transport services due to prejudice (Currie,
Delbosc & Mahmoud, 2013). Potential security threats in the public transport system relate to
injuries caused by infrastructure (eg escalators), violent crime (eg sexual offences, stabbings,
terrorism), non-violent crime (eg vandalism, drug use, trespassing, drunkenness), or viruses
(Friman, Lättman & Olsson, 2020).The level of transportation safety awareness determines the
participation of individuals in the traffic activities of public and private transport (Liu, 2007)
and affects the level of expenditure of individuals for transport needs. Expenditures for
transportation represent an important part of an individual's budget, and at the same time there
are large variations in consumption due to belonging to a particular socio-economic group. On
average, individuals with the highest income spend 1.8 times more on transportation than
individuals from the lowest income group (Kauppila, 2015). The share of transport expenses in
personal consumption increases with income, and most often as a result of buying a personal
car (European Environment Agency, 2012). Transport policies aimed at sustainability, i.e. those
that promote public transport and the reduction of cars, reduce the impact of the crisis on the
amount of personal expenditure on transport (Cascajo et al., 2018). For people with higher
incomes, public transportation represents an inferior good, and their transportation expenditures
are relatively higher for public and private transportation (Burguillo, Romero-Jordan & SanzSanz, 2017). Due to the growing awareness of public transport safety among people with higher
incomes, the demand for public transport services is increasing (Gandelman, Serebrisky &
Suárez-Alemán, 2019).The behaviour of traffic users is guided by their transportation safety
(Feng et al., 2021). Transportation safety awareness implies continuous adjustment of the
individual's activities and behaviour (Liu, 2007). An individual's transportation safety
awareness is associated with a safe way of participating in transportation (Liu, 2007). Factors
affecting transportation safety awareness are divided into individual factors and environmental
factors. Gender, age, level of education, occupation, income and mode of travel have a
significant impact on the way public transport services are used (Zhu et al., 2014). Men are
more prone to less safe behaviour in transport, so for example a larger proportion of them do
not use a seat belt (Ghadban et al., 2017). Personality traits imply a recognizable pattern of
feelings, thoughts and behaviour of individuals (McCrae & Costa, 2021), and are significantly
related to the risky behaviour of road users. Personality traits contribute to indirect effects on
crash risk driven by road users' unsafe behaviour (Tao, Zhang & Qu, 2017). In addition to
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individual factors, environmental factors have an important influence on safety awareness
(education about traffic safety, records of traffic violations, approval of violations of traffic
regulations and traffic culture (Feng et al., 2021). Education about transportation safety,
especially for children, significantly improves their safety knowledge, but also their
transportation safety awareness (Rosenbloom et al., 2008). Safety awareness in the context of
public transport refers to the safety knowledge of passengers that enables the protection of
persons (individuals and others), as well as influencing others to behave safely in public
transport (Wang et al., 2020). Individuals are more likely to develop safety awareness if they
perceive the behaviour of people around them and if their friends and family follow certain
safety regulations (Chang & Liao, 2010; Chan et al., 2005). Also, normative encouragement
from important people has a positive effect on the development of an individual's consciousness
(Asif et al., 2018). The role of the interpersonal environment is emphasized when studying an
individual's transportation safety awareness. Family and friends can be the basis of emotional
support in developing safety awareness. If a larger share of close people does not approve the
violation of regulations on transportation safety, the individual's awareness of it is higher (Feng
et al., 2021). Transport safety culture includes all factors related to drivers, vehicles and
infrastructure (Leviäkangs, 1998) and therefore has a strong influence on an individual's safety
awareness. Gehlert et al. (2014) emphasize how it unites the thoughts and feelings of the
participants about transportation in the environment as well as the possible intentions of the
participants regarding behaviour. Chen et al (2023) research the impact of the neighborhood
and working environment on green commuting from a health perspective. Authors conclude
that good working environment and relationships will significantly encourage the sub-healthy
group to choose active commuting.Individuals with a positive attitude toward safe passenger
behaviour seek important safety information and become more aware of the importance of safe
transportation behaviour (Wang et al., 2020). The safe behaviour of passengers in public
transport implies the actions shown by passengers to reduce the probability of occurrence of
unwanted events when traveling by public transport (Wang et al., 2020). The state of traffic
safety in an area is inseparable from the transportation safety awareness of the local public.
Therefore, in order to improve the transport safety, that is, public transport, it is crucial to
improve the transportation safety awareness (Rong, 2008). Safe behaviour in transport refers to
all behaviours that the public shows when participating in public transport, which enable them
to comply with regulations and protect themselves and other people in case of danger (Feng et
al., 2021).Safety awareness implies the passenger's safety knowledge that enables him to
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consciously protect himself and others, as well as influence others for the purpose of safe
behaviour in public transport (Wang et al., 2020). The level of transportation safety awareness
determines the participation of individuals in transportation activities, whether public or private
(Liu, 2007) and affects the level of personal expenditures for transportation needs. Among
people with a higher income, due to the increase in safety awareness of the public transport, the
share of public transport use increases (Gandelman, Serebrisky & Suárez-Alemán, 2019).
Expenditures for transportation represent an important part of an individual's budget, and there
are large variations in consumption depending on belonging to a particular socio-economic
group (Kauppila, 2015). Personal expenses for transportation refer to the cost of buying a
private car, the cost of fuel and the cost of usage of public transportation (Köhler, Luhmann &
Wadeskog, 2004). A person's position along the rural-urban continuum significantly affects
transportation expenditures as well as the perceived severity of problems related to a particular
type of transportation. People with disabilities and the elderly have similar spending patterns
for transportation, as well as the interdependence of the same with safety awareness of a
particular type of transportation (Venter, 2011).The establishment of an adequate and safe
public transport system is an urban necessity. In order to establish a more sustainable transport
system, it is necessary to provide all citizens access to the public transport system and, if
necessary, to work on its expansion (United Nations Habitat, 2021). A safe public transport
system is of primary importance for any economic system. Therefore, one of the roles of the
European Commission is to respond to these expectations by ensuring satisfactory standards
throughout the Union for safety in all modes of transport, especially the public transport system
(European Commission, 2022). Through provisions such as the EU Road Safety Policy
Framework 2021-2030 (European Commission, 2019) and White Paper 2011 Mobility and
Transport (European Commission, 2011)), the European Commission strives to standardize and
improve the level of safety of the public transport system at the level of the Union. It was the
recent crisis periods (coronavirus pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine) that confirmed
that public transport is an important backbone for the functioning of highly urbanized areas.In
essence, the concluding remarks reinforce the importance of public transport safe-ty, its
influence on behaviour and expenditures, and its role in urban and economic con-texts. As well
it is also emphasize the efforts made by organizations like the European Commission to ensure
and enhance safety standards in public transport.
4. DISCUSSION
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Based on the analyzed research that have observed or highlighted the signifance and specifics
of public transportation, it is evident that public transport is recognized as playing a crucial role
in the daily lives of people in modern countries, facilitating their mobility and daily activities
(Pichardo-Muñiz, 2011; Mononen & Leviäkangas, 2016). Safety is identified as a fundamental
factor in the efficient functioning of public transport systems. The text underscores that
deficiencies in these systems can lead to traffic accidents, emphasizing the need for safety
measures. Public transport systems are noted to have economic effects, addressing issues like
safety, congestion, and pollution in urban areas (Singh, 2012; Pojani & Stead, 2017; Allbalate
& Fageda, 2019; Almatar, 2024). They contribute to a better distribution of congestion levels
and reduced carbon dioxide emissions (Kramberger, Dragan & Prah, 2014; Newman &
Kenworthy, 2015; Liu, Yu & He, 2022; Al-Jabir & Isaifan, 2024) highlighting their positive
environmental impact.The ongoing development of technology and the persistent role of human
behaviour in traffic accidents are acknowledged, reinforcing the need for evolving safety
measures and technology in public transport. The role of social dialogue and trust in
accountable institutions is discussed, pointing out that trust in these institutions is linked to
increased use of public transport. Lack of trust may lead to a preference for private means of
transportation (Maroun et al., 2024; Nasrin & Bunker, 2024). Public transport is considered
essential, particularly in rural areas (Šťastná & Vaishar, 2017; Porru et al, 2020) to prevent the
exclusion of individuals from participating in normal activities due to a lack of personal
transportation options. It is essential for independent movement, especially for children and
adolescents. The availability of public transport is connected to life satisfaction, particularly
regarding perceived accessibility. Public transport is highlighted as a critical option for
individuals with limited financial means. Passengers in public transport have high expectations,
with safety being the most critical requirement. Safety is paramount for passenger satisfaction
(Mouwen, 2015). The behaviour of road users is strongly influenced by their transportation
safety awareness, which is shaped by both individual and environmental factors. Fear of crime,
particularly among younger individuals, affects passengers' perception of public transport
safety and can deter them from using these services.Transportation expenses represent a
significant portion of an individual's budget (Kapatsila, Collins & Grise, 2024). The level of
transportation safety awareness affects personal transportation choices and expenditures. There
are notable variations in transportation expenditures based on socio-economic status. People
with higher incomes tend to spend more on transportation, and safety awareness in public
transport can lead to increased usage among this group. Transport safety culture, which
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encompasses drivers, vehicles, and infrastructure, plays a crucial role in influencing individuals'
safety awareness.A positive attitude toward safe passenger behaviour leads individuals to seek
safety information and become more aware of the importance of safe transportation behaviour.
Transportation safety awareness enables passengers to consciously protect themselves and
others while influencing safe behaviour in public transport. Establishing an adequate and safe
public transport system is a necessity for urban areas. A safe public transport system is essential
for economic stability. The European Commission is mentioned as an entity working to ensure
satisfactory safety standards in all modes of transport, including public transport, at the
European Union level. In the previous chapter it is also under-scored the resilience of public
transport during recent crisis periods, such as the corona-virus pandemic and geopolitical
events, highlighting its importance in urbanized areas.For better understanding the relationship
between safety awareness and public transport usage, future research could delve into
behavioural studies. These studies might explore how individuals' perceptions of safety
influence their choices and behaviours in public transport systems. As well it could be
conducted comparative analysis which can be valuable to understand how different cities or
regions have successfully improved safety in their public transport systems. Research can
identify best practices, policies, and strategies for enhancing safety.
5. CONCLUSION
Safety in public transport is extremely important considering that public transport is closely
connected with human lives, and because of fact that in most situation a large number of people
participate in it at the same time. It is not disputed that public transport plays an important role
in the functioning of economic systems, given that it enables people to be transported to schools,
faculties and work. But in order to ensure an even greater role of public transport in the
functioning of individual cities, as well as a role in the establishment of a more sustainable
transport system, it is necessary to continuously work on the establishment of a higher level of
safety. It should not be overlooked that the establishment of an adequate and safe public
transport system is an urban necessity.An important factor influencing people's attitudes
towards the use of the public transport system is precisely their transportation safety awareness,
which is influenced by individual and environmental factors. Thus, the level of transportation
safety awareness actually determines whether individuals can participate in the public transport
system in a safe manner and in compliance with regulations, and it also affects the level of
personal consumption for transport needs. When people perceive the public transport system as
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safer, then they are more willing to use its services more often. Accountable institutions should
allocate more financial resources to safety education, because through it both the knowledge of
individuals and the transportation safety awareness can be significantly improved.In order to
establish a safe public transport system, in addition to the adoption of an adequate development
transport policy, it is necessary to influence the growth of transportation safety awareness by
taking appropriate measures. A public transport system that does not use its capacity represents
only financial damage to society, and therefore it is extremely important not only to take care
of the technical aspects of establishing more safety, but above all to restore or create people's
trust in the safety of the public transport system.
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THERAPY FOR TUBERCULOSIS AND MEDICATION SCHEDULES: A
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
MK VIJAYALAKSHMI
Associate Professor, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Faculty of
Pharmacy.
NADHIYA
Final year student, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmacy.
SNEGA
Final year student, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Faculty of Pharmacy.
Email:nadhiyajayaraman1@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Multimodal therapy regimens are used to treat tuberculosis, an infectious disease spread
through the air. Maintaining an appropriate blood medication level during long-term
antituberculosis therapy requires strict adherence. Inadequate patient care is a major factor in
the emergence and dissemination of strains that are resistant to Mycobacterium TB. Because
there are costly, ineffective, and hazardous substitutes for first-line medications, treating
tuberculosis that has developed drug resistance is a laborious process. In recent years, health
government officials have approved two new antituberculosis medications: bedaquiline and
delamanid. However, these drugs cannot serve as the only treatment for tuberculosis that has
developed drug-resistant forms; this is especially true in settings with intermediate economies,
like China, India, and the collapsed Soviet republics, where resistance to medications is
common. There is an urgent need for new research and development initiatives. It is necessary
for public health policies to protect both novel and traditional therapy alternatives. Combination
treatment is used in the treatment of tuberculosis. Although there are new medications currently
being researched and licenced (such as bedaquiline), the leadership of tuberculosis has become
more difficult due to the rise in drug-resistant forms of the illness. A key element in the
leadership and oversight of tuberculosis is the use of medical treatment in conjunction with
accurate diagnosis. From a clinical and public health standpoint, it matters because tuberculosis
is a dangerously contagious illness that may spread through the air.
Keywords: Anti tuberculosis, Bedaquiline, Combination treatment .
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INTRODUCTION
One of the most serious infectious illnesses in the world, tuberculosis, has a major effect on
public health. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacteria that causes tuberculosis, mostly affects
the lungs, though it can also damage the kidneys, spine, and brain. It is extremely contagious
because it spreads via the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Clinical
manifestations of tuberculosis vary, encompassing latent infection, in which individuals
harbour the bacteria without exhibiting symptoms or disseminating the disease, and active
tuberculosis disease, which is marked by symptoms like fever, cough, weight loss, and
exhaustion. Tuberculosis can be lethal or extremely debilitating if left untreated. Poverty,
overcrowding, malnutrition, and weaker immune systems particularly in those with HIV/AIDS
are factors that contribute to the persistence of tuberculosis[1]. Additionally, a major obstacle
to international tuberculosis control efforts is the growth of drug-resistant forms of the disease.
A multimodal strategy is used to fight tuberculosis, involving early detection, suitable
treatment, infection control practices, and public health initiatives. A combination of clinical
assessment, imaging techniques (like chest X-rays), and laboratory testing (like sputum
microscopy and culture) are usually used to make the diagnosis[2]. To properly eradicate the
germs and stop the emergence of drug resistance, treatment for tuberculosis usually entails a
combination of antibiotics administered over a period of many months. A popular tactic to
guarantee treatment adherence and enhance results is Directly Observed Therapy, in which a
medical professional watches patients take their medications. Even with improvements in
tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment, societal stigma surrounding the illness, a lacklustre
healthcare system, and restricted access to treatments all continue to impede the fight against
tuberculosis. To reach the aim of eliminating tuberculosis as a worldwide health issue,
governments, healthcare providers, researchers, and communities must work together in
harmony[3].
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR TUBERCULOSIS :
Anti-tuberculosis medications are a class of antibiotics used in combination to treat
tuberculosis. The purpose of these medications is to eradicate the tuberculosis causing germs
and stop antibiotic resistance from growing. The most widely used anti tubercular medications
are as follows:
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Isoniazid (INH): An important first-line medication for tuberculosis treatment, isoniazid acts
by preventing the bacterial cell wall’s ability to synthesise mycolic acids, which eventually
results in the death of the bacteria.
Rifampicin (RIF): Rifampicin is another first-line medication that kills bacteria by preventing
them from synthesising RNA. It is frequently taken in addition to other medications to treat
tuberculosis.
Pyrazinamide (PZA): In acidic settings, like those present inside macrophages, pyrazinamide
is effective against bacteria that are actively multiplying. It is essential for reducing the length
of time that tuberculosis lasts[4].
Ethambutol (EMB): Ethambutol helps to kill off mycobacteria by preventing the synthesis of
certain cell wall components. When treating tuberculosis, it is frequently used in conjunction
with other medications, especially to stop the emergence of drug resistance.
Streptomycin: This injectable antibiotic is mostly used for drug-resistant tuberculosis cases or
in situations where other first-line medications are intolerable.
Drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis may also be treated with second-line medications in
addition to these first-line medications. These medications include injectable antibiotics like
kanamycin and amikacin, as well as fluoroquinolones like levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Drug
susceptibility test findings, the existence of comorbidities, and the patient’s clinical presentation
all play a role in the selection of medications and treatment plans[5].
MULTI DRUG THERAPY
The mainstay of treatment for tuberculosis (TB) is multi-drug therapy (MDT), particularly in
cases where the tuberculosis bacteria is caused by drug-sensitive strains. To minimise the
possibility of drug resistance and target distinct stages of the bacterial life cycle, multiple
antibiotics are used simultaneously in a method known as multidrug resistance. Eliminating the
tuberculosis germs from the body and avoiding relapse is the main goal of MDT[6]. It usually
entails a mix of first-line anti-tubercular medications, which are quite successful in treating the
majority of TB strains. For drug-sensitive tuberculosis, the most often prescribed combination
regimen consists of isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol
(EMB) [7]. Together, these medications suppress the manufacture of proteins, RNA, and cell
walls, among other methods that the bacteria use to survive. MDT lessens the possibility of
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drug-resistant strains emerging by focusing on several facets of bacterial growth and
replication, assisting in the effective destruction of all germs[8]. Depending on variables like
the patient’s reaction to treatment and the extent of the illness, the multi drug therapy usually
lasts six to nine months. Patients must closely follow the recommended treatment plan
throughout this time in order to get positive results. Multi drug therapy is frequently given as
part of directly observed therapy (DOT), in which a medical professional or other qualified
observer makes sure patients take their prescriptions as directed. This strategy lowers the chance
of treatment failure and relapse while also enhancing treatment adherence[9]. Second-line
therapies, which are effective against TB strains resistant to first-line medications, may be
added to the multidisciplinary treatment plan (MDT) in cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Drug-resistant tuberculosis, on the other hand, is more difficult to treat and may need longer
periods of therapy with a variety of antibiotics, including injectable ones. In general, MDT is
essential to the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) since it aids in the infection’s cure, stops its
spread, and lessens the burden of medication resistance. On the other hand, prompt diagnosis,
wise treatment choices, and rigorous commitment to the recommended course of action are
necessary for good results[10].
DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS AND TREATMENT CHALLENGES
Global attempts to eliminate tuberculosis (TB) are severely hampered by drug-resistant TB. It
happens when the tuberculosis-causing germs become resistant to one or more of the
medications prescribed to treat the illness. Two primary forms of drug-resistant tuberculosis
exist:
Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB): This type of TB is resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin,
two of the most effective first-line anti-TB medications.
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB): This is a more severe type of
tuberculosis that is resistant to intravenous second-line treatments such as amikacin,
kanamycin, or capreomycin, as well as to at least one fluoroquinolone, isoniazid, and
rifampicin[11].
Because there are fewer treatment options, longer treatment periods, more potent second-line
medications, and greater treatment costs for drug-resistant TB, treating this type of TB is far
more complicated and difficult than treating drug-sensitive TB. The following are some of the
main obstacles to treating drug-resistant tuberculosis:
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Restricted Treatment Options: Compared to drug-sensitive TB, drug-resistant TB is treated
with fewer potent medications. Second-line medications are frequently more costly, more
hazardous, and less successful for treating drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Extended Treatment Period: Compared to drug-sensitive TB, which usually only needs 6 to
9 months of medication, treatment for drug-resistant TB usually takes a longer period of time,
ranging from 9 to 24 months or more. The chance of side effects, relapse, and treatment failure
rises with extended ttreatment[12].
Increased Toxicity: When second-line medications are used to treat drug-resistant
tuberculosis, there is a greater chance of side effects, such as peripheral neuropathy, renal
damage, hearing loss, and mental health issues. Handling these side effects calls for careful
observation and can call for modifying the prescribed course of action.
High Cost: Treating drug-resistant TB is far more expensive than treating drug-sensitive TB
because it requires longer treatment periods, more costly medications, and specialised
monitoring and care.
Treatment Adherence: For drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment to be effective, patients must
adhere to the recommended treatment plan. Adherence, however, may be more difficult for
patients due to the extended length of therapy, the higher pill burden, and the intensity of
unpleasant effects[13].
MANAGEMENT OF SIDE EFFECTS
Effective control of side effects during tuberculosis (TB) treatment is essential to good
treatment outcomes, patient adherence, and reduced treatment interruptions. Medication for
tuberculosis (TB), especially second-line treatments for drug-resistant TB, can have a number
of adverse effects, such as:
Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Many TB drugs can cause nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
as adverse effects, particularly if taken empty. To lessen stomach discomfort, patients may be
encouraged to take their prescriptions with meals.
Hepatic toxicity: Isoniazid and rifampicin are two examples of TB medications that can harm
the liver and result in hepatitis, increased liver enzymes, or even cirrhosis of the liver. Clients
should be advised to report any symptoms of jaundice, stomach pain, or dark urine at least once.
Liver function test monitoring is crucial[14].
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Peripheral Neuropathy: Some TB medications, such as isoniazid and ethambutol, can harm
peripheral nerves, leading to symptoms including tingling, numbness, or weakness in the hands
and feet. Peripheral neuropathy may be prevented or treated using vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
supplements.
Ototoxicity: Injectable TB medications, including capreomycin, kanamycin, and amikacin,
might result in balance issues or hearing loss. Patients should receive counselling with the
warning signals of ototoxicity, and audiometric monitoring is required to detect any changes in
hearing[15].
Nephropathy Toxicity: Aminoglycosides (kanamycin, amikacin, etc.) and capreomycin are
examples of aminoglycosides that can harm the kidneys. Moisturising may be advised to reduce
the risk of kidney toxicity, and monitoring renal function tests is crucial.
Visual Disability: An optic neuritis that results from ethambutol, a regularly used TB medicine,
can cause visual abnormalities or possibly irreversible vision loss. Patients should report any
changes in vision as soon as they occur, and regular vision testing is essential[16].
Adjusting dosages, temporarily stopping problematic medications, or switching to other
medications are some methods of managing adverse effects. Supportive treatments such as
topical medications for skin responses, analgesics for stomach discomfort, and antiemetics for
nausea may occasionally be recommended to treat symptoms. Throughout the duration of TB
therapy, healthcare providers are essential in keeping an eye out for side effects, informing
patients about possible adverse responses, and offering support and guidance. To maximise
treatment success and reduce the risk of side effects, close communication between patients and
healthcare providers is necessary[17].
CONCLUSION
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, with drug-resistant strains
posing an increasingly formidable threat. The management of TB requires a comprehensive
approach that encompasses early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, infection control measures,
and patient support. Pharmacological treatments, including multi-drug therapy (MDT), are
essential for effectively treating TB and preventing the development of drug resistance.
However, the emergence of drug-resistant TB presents unique challenges, including limited
treatment options, prolonged treatment durations, increased toxicity, and higher costs.
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Managing side effects is crucial for ensuring patient adherence and treatment success.
Healthcare providers play a vital role in monitoring for side effects, educating patients about
potential adverse reactions, and providing support throughout the treatment process. At the
local, national, and international levels, coordinated efforts are required to solve the problems
caused by tuberculosis. This entails bolstering medical systems, boosting financing for
tuberculosis research and control initiatives, enhancing infection control practices, and
increasing access to diagnoses and treatment. Ultimately, governments, medical professionals,
researchers, civil society organisations, and impacted communities must work together to
coordinate and persistently eradicate tuberculosis as a global health issue. Together, we can
accomplish the aim of eliminating tuberculosis from the world.
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(2013). Adherence to tuberculosis therapy in Unilorin teaching hospital, Ilorin, northcentral Nigeria. International Journal of Science Technology, 2(6), 2278-3687.
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TB Trials Consortium iAdhere Study Team*. (2017). Self-administered versus directly
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a randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine, 167(10), 689-697.
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11.
Kebede, A., & Wabe, N. T. (2012). Medication adherence and its determinants among
patients on concomitant tuberculosis and antiretroviral therapy in South West
Ethiopia. North American journal of medical sciences, 4(2), 67.
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Hall, R. G., Leff, R. D., & Gumbo, T. (2009). Treatment of active pulmonary tuberculosis
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OPINIONS OF EDUCATION ADMINISTRATORS ON EFFECTIVE SCHOOL
DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY
Doç. Dr. Süleyman KARATAŞ
Akdeniz University
Özlem Güngören PAZZANESE
Akdeniz University
ABSTRACT
In this study, it was aimed to reveal the opinions of the education administrators working in
Antalya city Muratpaşa district official public schools in the context of their opinions about
effective school and to determine their views on effective school development. In the study,
one of the qualitative research designs, the holistic multi-case design based on the case study
was used. The data collection technique of the research is individual interview. The interviews
were made using the semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher, and the
descriptive analysis technique was used in the data analysis. As a result of the research, it was
determined that most of the education administrators had knowledge about the concept of
effectiveness, but it was determined that they perceive the concept as a social activity in terms
of the concept of activity. According to the views of the administrators, the ideas that the
characteristics of effective schools should primarily provide the school's education-training
service in the best way, the school should attach importance to the relationship between the
school and the environment, and the school climate and culture are noteworthy.It was
emphasized that education administrators think that each school has its own mission and vision,
that being effective and efficient can only be achieved with a vision and mission determined
according to needs, and that physical needs, maintenance of classes and materials should be
completed in cooperation with all stakeholders in order for schools to be effective. Participants
emphasized that discipline, punishment and reward should be intertwined with a flexible
educational environment in an effective school, and emphasized the importance of the concepts
of school climate and corporate culture, and mentioned a need-oriented planning.Finally, in this
study, the importance of breaking out of routine behaviors of effective schools, providing
students with different educational environments, and doing extra studies was mentioned, and
it was concluded that students' change in the desired direction and their self-actualization
depend on these differences. It was emphasized that motivation is important while meeting the
different expectations and needs of the stakeholders of an effective school, but positive
reinforcement can be achieved with positive communication and cooperation. It was mentioned
that random goals are not achieved in effective schools, and that clear and clear criteria are
required according to the structure and mission-vision of the schools. It has been concluded that
effective schools must focus on the necessity and indispensability of change and adapt to
changes in order to be effective. According to the educational administrators, the lack of control
in educational organizations has once again emerged, and the fact that the greatest deficiency
in becoming an effective school originates from this gap has been emphasized with precision.
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INTRODUCTION
The biggest task of schools is to help students achieve the set goals. Schools that provide
students with targeted behaviors in the desired direction are effective and successful schools.
The aim is that all schools should be effective, and the studies and recommendations made in
order for schools to be effective schools will make it easier for schools to move along this path.
The aim of this study is to define an effective school based on the opinions of school
administrators working in Muratpaşa district of Antalya province and to reveal what needs to
be done in developing an effective school. For this purpose, the answers to the following
questions were sought in the research.
1- What do the concepts of effectiveness and effectiveness mean for managers?
2- What does effective school mean according to administrators? Why?
3- How should the structuring process of effective schools be? Why?
4- According to the administrators, what is seen and applied in effective schools?
5- According to managers, what are the duties of stakeholders in effective schools?
RESEARCH AND FINDINGS
In this study, the qualitative research design was used. The focus of qualitative research is to
understand, explain, examine, explore and clarify the situations, feelings, perceptions, attitudes,
values, beliefs and experiences of a group of individuals (Çokluk & Şekercioğlu, 2014). Since
the research was conducted with education administrators who voluntarily participated in the
research working in different official public schools in Muratpasa district of Antalya Province,
a holistic multi-situation design related to case study, one of the qualitative research patterns,
was used in this study.
The data collection technique of the research is individual interview. The data were recorded
and notes were taken during the interview. First of all, the records were handled and written
down. The written data were recorded after the individual interviews were completed. In the
data analysis, inductive descriptive analysis method was used. The themes created after
analyzing the literature and data tools were categorized in the form expressed in the research
method and these themes were listed as: effectiveness and effectiveness, effective school,
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effective school configuration, effective school practices, stakeholder tasks, models designed
to improve effective school.
CONCLUSION
The participants think that each school has its own unique mission and vision, that being
effective and efficient can only be achieved with a vision and mission determined according to
needs, and that involving parents and other stakeholders in this process will increase the impact,
overlap in this respect and sufficiently demonstrate the necessity of the vision and mission.
One of the results of this research is student-centered activities. The prerequisite for these
activities is that the trust and physical conditions are made suitable for students. For an effective
education system, it is necessary to provide a certain level of minimum resources and facilities.
Schools with effective education systems should provide facilities and equipment that meet the
basic health and safety needs of all students (Kemal & Karip, 1996).
From this point of view, the participants support this idea by expressing that physical needs,
classroom maintenance and materials should be completed with TAF, stakeholders and
cooperation in order for schools to be effective, emphasizing the importance of meeting basic
needs by talking about corporate culture and school climate.
If the school administrator can create an effective culture and an effective school climate, he
can contribute to the development of a healthy school personality by increasing the motivation
of teachers (Çelik, 2002). In this context, it has been emphasized in this research that motivation
is important when meeting the different expectations and needs of stakeholders of an effective
school, but positive reinforcement can be achieved through positive communication and
cooperation. Also, the lack of supervision in organizations in Turkey has once again emerged
in this study, and the fact that the biggest deficiency in becoming an effective school is born
from this gap has been emphasized by school administrators.
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Aytaç, K. (1980). Avrupa Eğitim Tarihi. Ankara.
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Başaran. (2000). Eğitim Yönetimi. Ankara: Yargıcı Matbaası.
Başol, G. (2008). Bilimsel Araştrıma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Lisans.
Baştepe, İ. (2004). “Etkili Okul ve Nitelikleri”. Çağdaş Eğitim Dergisi, Yıl.29, Sayı.315-Aralık.
Batten, J. D. (1989). Tough-Minded Leadership. Amacom Books.
Bursalıoğlu, Z. (2002). Okul Yönetiminde Yeni Yapı ve Davranış. Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
Celep, C. (2000). Eğitimde Örgütsel Adanma ve Öğretmenler. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
Çokluk, Ö., & Şekercioğlu, G. (2014). Araştırma Yöntemleri Yeni Başlayanlar İçin Adım Adım
Araştırma Rehberi içinde.
Edmonds, R. (1979). Effective Schools for the Urban Poor. Educational Leadership.
Genç, N. (2004). Yönetim ve Organizasyon. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Güçlü, N. (2008). Okula Dayalı Yönetim”. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 148.
Gündüz, Y., & Balyer, A. (2012). An Investigation of the Effective Leadership Behaviors of
Kahn, & Katz. (1978). The Social Psychoîogy of Organizations. New York: VViley..
Kemal, K., & Karip, M. (1996). Etkili Eğitim Sistemlerinin Geliştirilmesi. Eğitim Yönetimi.
Macgilchrist, B. M. (2004). The intelligent school. London: Sage Publications.
Owens, R. (1998). Organizational Behavior In Education. USA: A Viacom Company.
Özdemir, S. (2000). Eğitimde örgütsel yenileşme. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
Parsons, T. (1960). Structure and Process in Modem Societles. New York: Free Press.
Polk, J. A. (2006). Traits of Effective Teachers. ERIC No: EJ744411.
Şahin, C. Ç. (2002). Eğitim Yöneticiliği. Ankara.
Şişman, M. (1996). Etkili Okul Yönetimi. Eskişehir: Yayınlanmış Araştırma Raporu.
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Şişman, M. (2004). Öğretim Liderliği. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
Taymaz, H. (2003). Okul Yönetimi. Ankara: Pegem Yayınları.
Toprakçı, E. (2002). Sınıf Örgütünün Yönetimi. Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi.
Yazıcı, S. (2001). Öğrenen Organizasyonlar. İstanbul.
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DECOLONISATION AND ITS AFTERMATH: PESSIMISM AND OPTIMISM’S
DESCRIPTION OF NIGERIAN SPACE, 1980S-2015
Olufemi Timothy OGUNBODE
Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,
Ogbomoso, Oyo State.
Email:olufemitimothyogunbode@gmail.com
Abstract
The thoughts of being pessimistic and optimistic about the remote and contemporary issues of
Nigeria after independence have birth political thoughts in the dimensions of hope and ruin in
the building of Nigerian nationhood. It is evidently true that, the large proportion of
decolonisation activities were of the 20th-century in Africa. This does not position the critical
thinking about it to be limited to the above mentioned century, but did flow into the 21st-century
experiences of Africa. Hence, Africa as a continent recognised 1950s and 1975 as the landmark
periodisation of the phenomenon of decolonisation in history. In light of this fact, the political
thoughts of pessimism and optimism have become a strong instrument in the definition of
Nigeria as a state of hope or ruin after breaking lose from the grip of the colonial masters
in 1960. These thoughts will guide this discourse with reference to Nigeria because it created
unprecedented platforms to host critical thinking about her existence since independence. More
so, agitations of Nigerians who were brought together in 1914 with Nigerian Council
Constitution cannot be under emphasised in this discourse. Thereafter, the agitators found errors
in the constitution formation and started with constitutional reforms and better life for her
people till independence in 1960. Consequently, the constitutional reforms and agitations led
into two political thoughts of pessimism and optimism in the Nigerian space
from 1980s to 2015.
Keywords: Pessimism, Optimism, Decolonisation, Nigeria and Constitution
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Introduction
This study explores 35 years’ experience of Nigerian State existence after independence
between 1980 and 2015. Nigerian State has been searching for her nationhood since 1980s and
this explains the trajectory of the thoughts of pessimism and optimism in its growth and
development in the period under review. This search for nationhood has generated the national
question phenomenon in the building of Nigerian State. As a result of these agitations, Nigeria
has been confronted with series of agitations such as Movement for the Actualisation of the
Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force (NDPVF),
Oodua’s People’s Congress (OPC) and Boko Haram insurgence and banditry, among others
questioning the hope or ruin notion for Nigerian State.1 From the perspective of constitution
making in the country since the earliest experience in 1914 up to the most recent in 1999,
questions bordering on Nigeria’s existence or otherwise have continued to generate
controversial strands of thoughts. With this understanding, Babatunde and Morakinyo opine
that the constitutional trajectory in Nigeria can be broadly examined under three different
historical epochs, viz: the period of colonial autocracy and absolutism; the era of constitutional
democracy and the period of Presidentialism.2
Hence, this study explores a historical route into the discourse on the attitudinal framework of
Nigerians' political thoughts in the postcolonial Nigeria. This is with regards to its
developmental stages and progresses in the last 35 years between 1980 and 2015. This study
captures the activities of the military and democratic rules as the major leadership in the period
under study with emphasis on the second and fourth Republican system of government in
Nigeria under the watch of these political parties viz: National Party of Nigeria (NPN), Shehu
Shagari (1979-1983) and Peoples' Democratic Party (PDP), Olusegun Obasanjo (1999-2007),
Umar Musa Yar'Adua (2007-2010) and Goodluck Jonathan (2007-2015).3
Akin Alao and Adetunji Ojo Ogunyemi, ‘Introduction’, Akin Alao and Adetunji Ojo
Ogunyemi (eds.), Contemporary Issues on Nigeria’s Development Trajectory Since 1914 (IleIfe: Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 2020), xiii- xv; B. Olatunji Oloruntimehin, Culture
and Democracy (Lagos: Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilisation, 2007), 25-26, 35;
Matlotleng P. Matlou, Advancing and Integrating African Values, Ethics and Norms in the
Interest of Africans and the African Diaspora (Lagos: Centre for Black and African Arts and
Civilisation, 2007), 9, 36.
2
Ekundayo O. Babatunde and Olabisi O. Morakinyo, ‘A Survey of Nigeria’s Constitutional
Development since 1914’, Akin Alao and Adetunji Ojo Ogunyemi (eds.), Contemporary Issues
on Nigeria’s Development Trajectory Since 1914 (Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press,
2020), 42-44.
3
Oloruntimehin, Culture and Democracy, 35.
1
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This research examines the pessimists and the optimists' political thoughts in Nigeria
between 1980 and 2015 exploring significant individuals within their scope of thought in the
areas of the divide and how these thoughts have initiated a divided mindset and attitude in
Nigerians in the describing doom and hope. What kept the thoughts afloat or alive in Nigerian
space is analysed within the philosophy of these divides in the postcolonial Nigeria as aftermath
of decolonisation process. The study employed secondary source of data. The secondary source
included books, journal articles and the Internet. The collected data were analysed from a
historical perspective. The results showed in the study that there were historical awareness and
indications in the Nigerian's space of the thoughts of pessimism and optimism in describing the
entity called Nigeria between 1980 and 2015. The study concluded that the postcolonial Nigeria
is a description of pessimism and optimism and that this argument will continue to engage each
other until an ideal Nigerian's space is achieved in the postcolonial epoch.
Conceptual Clarifications
Nigerian’s Space
Nigerian’s space dates antiquity as far back as 3 million years ago when human evidence was
found in Africa with the fact of its evidence at Iwo Eleru in present Ondo State which dated the
9th millennium BC. Nigeria is a formation with more than 200 ethnic societies which came
under the British colonial hegemony as an amalgamated entity in 1914.4 Hence, she is a
republican state situated in the West Africa and it is bordered to the West by Republics of Ghana
and Benin, to the East by Republics of Cameroon and Chad, to the North by Republic of Niger
and to the South Gulf of Guinea. She lies between the latitudes 40 North and 140 North and
Alao and Ogunyemi, ‘Introduction’, xiii; Adetunji Ojo Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its
History since the Precolonial Times’, Akin Alao and Adetunji Ojo Ogunyemi (eds.),
Contemporary Issues on Nigeria’s Development Trajectory Since 1914 (Ile-Ife: Obafemi
Awolowo University Press, 2020), 4
4
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longitude 30 and 160 East of the meridian. This implies that Nigeria approximately is 923,000
square kilometers or about 356,000 square miles. The population of Nigeria is about 206 million
with a Federal Capital Territory at Abuja, 36 State and 774 sub-components parts.5
Decolonisation
Decolonisation is the dimension of political economy activities embarked upon by the colonial
powers after the World War II to free her colonies and reabsorbed them into her political
hegemony in order to save herself from the severe economic crisis and to acquire economic
recovery and development in the postwar era. It is also the process of making efforts for the
survival of the colonial masters. It explains the competition for economic space between Africa
and the metropolises. Decolonisation represents negotiation about control of the postcolonial
political economy. It is a phenomenon in salvaging the primary interest of colonialism of the
colonial powers. It is an expensive programme but not with major restructuring or initiative for
the colonies.6
Pessimism
It is a thought pattern that see worst aspect of a thing and believe that the worst will happen, in
this context that Nigeria will collapse and will not hold. In other words, it is an attitude that
Nigerian state is not a working entity, it is a dead system on arrival. It is a thought of evil will
prevail over good. It is negativity, hopelessness and gloom mindset.
Ibid. Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its History since the Precolonial Times’, 3-4,17; Bosun
Banjoko, ‘Environmental and Ecological Question in the Nigerian Project’, Akin Alao and
Adetunji Ojo Ogunyemi (eds.), Contemporary Issues on Nigeria’s Development Trajectory
Since 1914 (Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 2020), 641.
6
G. Ugo Nwokeji, ‘African Economics in the Years of Decolonisation’, Toyin Falola (ed.),
Africa, The End of Colonial Rule: Nationalism and Decolonisation, Volume 4 (Durham, North
Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2002), 131-132, 134,;150
5
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Optimism
It is an attitude of confidence that all will be well about the future of a system like Nigeria even
in the face of threats to her existence when things seems not working. In addition, it is positivism
of
thought
that
Nigeria
is
the
best
of
all
best
states
in
the
world.
The aftermath of Decolonisation in the Description of Nigerian Space: Pessimism and
Optimism, 1980s-2015
Taking a leave from 1979 the opening date into the second Republic in postcolonial Nigeria
between 1979 and 1983 which gave hope to Nigerian's space after the decades of military rule
between 1966 and 1979. Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979 ignited the fire of optimism which ran
into the 80s of the last century. Obasanjo was endorsed as the first African military head of
State to hand over power to a democratically elected government under the watch of Shehu
Shagari. While by 1983 the hope began to dim and the pessimists’ ideology came with the
return to the military rule in successions of Muhammad Buhari (1983-1985) and Ibrahim
Babangida (1985-1993) and Chinua Achebe's thesis on the ruin description of Nigerian's space
surfaced with his work titled, The Trouble with Nigeria. Thereafter, the discourse of ruin and
hope kept engaging each other for 35 years as observed in this study. The appearance of
Olusegun Obasanjo in 1999 in the journey of the fourth Republic further contested the position
of the pessimists' description of Nigerian State. This actions, reactions and counteractions of
attitude of Nigerians formed the background to the positive and negative sides to the description
of Nigeria in the postcolonial era in this study.7
Alao and Ogunyemi, ‘Introduction’, xiii; Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its History since
the Precolonial Times’, 4; Tunde Babawale, Good Governance, Democracy and Democratic
“Best Practices”: Prescription for Nigeria (Lagos: Centre for Black and African Arts and
Civilisation, 2007), 11, 14, 19.
7
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Pessimism’s Description of Nigerian Space
The remote factor into the contemporary idea of pessimism in Nigeria is dated to 1967. This
was during the regime of General Yakubu Gowon when the Eastern Region was established as
an administrative convenience system and later turned to be an opened wall in the building of
the nationhood of Nigeria through the machinery of Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu. This was in
an effort to react to some maladies in the institutional framework of Nigerian State system in
the period then. To resolve the problem, the creation of Biafra State was seen as a remedy to
the poor leadership and negative stereotypes of Nigeria to her major stakeholders. This agitation
by the east was as a result of the political economy situation of Nigeria which gave no hope to
the whole but, few individuals who exploited the masses for their own capitalist gains. 8 This
opinion of pessimism was further reinstated with Chinua Achebe in 1983 in his work titled, The
Trouble with Nigeria barely 13 years after the first movement in the dimension of no hope for
Nigerian State because most of the leaders are like old wine in new bottles. He drew the
attention of the masses to the pessimistic atmosphere of Nigerian state as a result of
maladministration and mismanagement of economic resources of the State by Shehu Shagari’s
government. This notion was further reechoed in 2012 by Chinua Achebe in another work titled,
There was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra, when Goodluck Jonathan was the
President. By 1986, Chu S. P Okongwu observed that Nigeria has huge external debt and he
alerted the people of Nigeria as a pessimist in his article, The Nigerian Economy: Being an
Anatomy of a Traumatised Economy with some Proposal for Stabilisation, he made a way
forward for Nigerian State if the instruction would be followed. This call came during the reign
of Ibrahim Babangida. Thus, Obafemi Awolowo’s opinion serves as a bridge to the above
opinions, he emphasised political and legal crisis of governance as a catalyst to misrule and
8
Ibid. Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its History since the Precolonial Times’, 23
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lack of accountability. This opinion is found in his work title, The Travails of Democracy and
the Rule of Law in 1987. This still falls under the regime of Ibrahim Babangida.9 The Federal
Office of Statistics explains further the pessimism of the socio-economy structure of Nigerian
state from 1987 to the middle 1990s by expressing a disturbing picture of Nigerian federation
criticising the government’s economy reform programme called the Structural Adjustment
Programme (SAP), creation of States and Local Governments Areas to manage the fiscal crisis
in Nigeria.10 By 2014, John A. A. Ayoade, Adeoye Akinsanya and Olatunde Ojo opine that
Nigeria has no hope in their work titled, Nigerian: Descent into Anarchy and Collapse?11 The
above pessimists’ thought in the political arena of Nigeria revealed selfishness through party
deflections with no agenda for the masses except for themselves. The leadership in Nigeria has
not gotten it right and cannot lead Nigeria anywhere. In substantiating their notion of pessimism
these factors below were used as argument in favour and to further enriched the hopelessness
of the Nigerian state because of its relationship and understanding of the political economy
consciousness in the contemporary times. The arguments include:Constitutional power has
always been from the centre rather than from the components between 1980 and 2015. This has
not given an inclusive consciousness to Nigerians as major stakeholder in their state affairs.
These components made decisions which ought to be recognised but such recommendations
were just for sighting not for the real business of doing the needful among the citizens of
Nigeria. Therefore, individuals with opinion that no hope for Nigeria used this as a base for
argument which replicates itself in different movements such as MASSOB, NDPVF, OPC,
Boko Haram and deadly politics through vote buying and coercion among others.12 In addition,
Alao and Ogunyemi, ‘Introduction’, xv, xvii
Ibid. Alao and Ogunyemi, ‘Introduction’, xvi-xvii
11
Ibid. Alao and Ogunyemi, ‘Introduction’, xvii
12
Babawale, Good Governance, Democracy and Democratic “Best Practices”: 9; Ibid.
Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its History since the Precolonial Times’, 16.
9
10
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the economic factor has been one of the propelling factors in decisions making as regards
amalgamation of Nigerian space since 1861 for the exploitation of the people colonised and for
the balanced budget which has shown injustice in the administration of the protectorates and
division to the level of regions and State creations. The driving force has been economy, with
the understanding of robbing the south to feed the north, and there was no efforts to plow back
such contributions’ profit into the south, the people felt it is better Nigeria seize to exist and the
south is at peace.13Administrative convenience as a unitary and centralised state was in
operation from 1914 to 1939. This structure made the northern protectorate to be an entity with
12 provinces and the southern protectorate was divided into two; western and eastern with 11
provinces. By 1943, it was further divided into administrative divisions 39 and 44 respectively
and by 1946 there exist 23 provinces and 83 divisions. By 1953 the provinces were grouped
into Northern, Western and Eastern regions with an addition of Mid-west region in 1963. This
structure ran with little modification till 1967. This administrative convenience revealed the
inequality in the Nigerian State and encouraged the attitude of pessimism in the period under
review.14 Dissolution of regional system structure by Gowon in 1967 and the creation of 12
State was a check against ruin of Nigerian space. Northern region was fragmented into 10 states
of 41 divisions while eastern, western and mid-west regions were split into three states with 55
divisions. This is an unequal arrangement which strengthened the hopelessness in Nigerian
State.15 General Murtala Muhammed in 1976 created an additional 7 states and collapsed the
96 division into 301 Local Government Areas structure and the north benefited more from this
decisions while the south were at the receiving end.16 The regime of General Ibrahim Babangida
Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its History since the Precolonial Times’, 16-17, 21, 26
Ibid. Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its History since the Precolonial Times’, 18-19, 2223
15
Ibid. Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its History since the Precolonial Times’, 23.
16
Ibid. Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its History since the Precolonial Times’, 24.
13
14
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between 1985 and 1991 had the highest creation of States and Local Government Areas in
Nigerian space in the period under review from 1980s and 2015: 1987-1990 3 States, 1991 9
States. By 1996, General Sanni Abacha created additional 5 states making total of 36 States and
769 Local Government Areas with 774 sub-component part including 5 area councils at Abuja.
All these administrative convenience were like adding salt to injury, as the problem of injustice
in the distribution of the state resources were not solved the national questions were not treated
clinically by the political actors.17 Nigeria has not stopped practicing colonial legacies
consciously or unconsciously. Nigeria has not been able to look inward and find solution to her
own problem in all spheres of life ranging from politics to social life.18 Most of the promulgated
laws were not working in sustaining the Nigerian State as it affects waste management,
pollution, oil spills and oil pipeline vandalisation, deforestation, erosion and flood, among
others. For instance, the supervising agency for environmental protection, Nigerian
Environmental Standard Regulation Agency (NESRES) has not done the needful in knitting
Nigerian's space as an entity of hope in the period under review.19 Olanisebe and Lateju opine
that Ariri-Chidomere describes Nigeria as an artificial creation, by implication, it is not meant
to last. It will soon disintegrate and the marriage will fall and members of the union will divorce
one another. According to the duo, marriage by convenience is not providing hope for Nigerian
State. Corroborating the above Isiramen avers that Nigerian State is a volatile mix which some
day must fail.20The religious factor has put Nigerian state on a divide rather than unity, the
pessimists see this as a signal for Nigerian ruin. Ariri-Chidomere observes that the marriage of
Ibid. Ogunyemi, ‘Nigeria: A Review of its History since the Precolonial Times’, 25.
Alao and Ogunyemi, ‘Introduction’, xviii
19
Bosun Banjoko, ‘Environmental and Ecological Question in the Nigerian Project’, Akin Alao
and Adetunji Ojo Ogunyemi (eds.), Contemporary Issues on Nigeria’s Development Trajectory
Since 1914 (Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 2020), 641; Babawale, Good
Governance, Democracy and Democratic “Best Practices”:, 11.
20
Samson O. Olanisebe and Fola T. Lateju, ‘The Role of Religion in the Making of Nigerian
State’, Akin Alao and Adetunji Ojo Ogunyemi (eds.), Contemporary Issues on Nigeria’s
Development Trajectory Since 1914 (Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press, 2020), 647.
17
18
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Christianity and Islam is not a good match for Nigerian State. For example when the Sharia law
was agitated for between 1976 and 1978 which finally had a headway in 1979 with the
inclusion of Sharia Court in the fourth Republic's constitution. This gave an explanation that
the postcolonial Nigeria situation encouraged loyalty of individuals first to religion and ethnic
divides at the expense of the whole State. Hence, religion has been used to further polarised
Nigerian people. The inclusion of Nigeria into the Organisation of Islamic Countries (OIC) has
also tolled the route of ruin for Nigerian State which was perfected by Ibrahim Babangida
regime although initiated by Yakkubu Gowon's regime.21 This action has continued to generate
heat and violence between 1980 and 2015 viz: Kano (1980), Maiduguri and Kaduna (1982),
Yola (1984), Gombe (1985), Funtua (1993), Kafanchan-Kaduna (1987), Zaria (1988), Bauchi
(1991), Kano (1991), Zagonkataf-Kaduna (1992), Kastina (2000), Jos (2001 and 2004),
Onitsha (2006), Jos (2008), Bauchi (2009) and Boko Haram insurgencies (2009-2015).22 It is
pretty clear that at independent with the application of 1960 constitution and first Republic
constitution no mention of the word God not until 1979 and 1999 constitutions that birth the
second and fourth Republic respectively, these constitutions made provisions for the mention
of the word God. This has also been replicated in the National Anthem and Pledge. This religiopolitics phenomenon has since 1914 being there. This religious factor made Wole Soyinka to
observe that Religion is the enemy of Nation building because it drives exclusion and not
inclusion.23
Optimism’s Description of Nigerian Space
At the inauguration on the 29th May, 2007, President, Umar Musa Yar’Adua encourages
Nigerian to march with him into the age of restoration by working together to restore the lost
Ibid. Olanisebe and Lateju, ‘The Role of Religion in the Making of Nigerian State’, 652-653.
Ibid. Olanisebe and Lateju, ‘The Role of Religion in the Making of Nigerian State’, 654-655.
23
Ibid. Olanisebe and Lateju, ‘The Role of Religion in the Making of Nigerian State’, 657-658.
21
22
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honoured values of honesty, decency, generosity, modesty, selflessness, transparency and
accountability which are foundation to a society with hope and a future because Nigerians
choose to succeed.24 The optimists were of the opinion that despite all the challenges faced by
Nigerian State that someday Nigerian would overcome it and hit the ground running as great
nation-state. The admonition of the optimist is that Nigerians should have positive mindset and
they should work for the benefit of the State by moving amass to taking her on the path of
greatness through revolutionary change activities. Nigerian efforts in the larger world revealed
an atmosphere of optimism because of Nigerians’ contributions to creativity and innovations in
the global economy which is top notch, if applied in Nigeria with the right attitude then she
would be bettered for it. Olusegun Obasanjo is one of the optimists who sees hope in Nigerian
State way back in 1989 when others saw ruin, he suggested integration of Nigerian people for
political inclusion and economic development. He understood the effect of the political
economy on the attitude of Nigerians which at all times stares at the existence of Nigerian State
as a political entity in the communities of nation as an existence. Hence, the likes of Hyacinth
Ajaeghu, B.J. St. Mathew-Daniels, Okon Edet Uya, A.B. Mamman and Oluwole Oyebamiji put
up a piece in 2014 titled, Nigeria: A people United, A Future Assured (Vol. I) and by 2002,
Olusegun Obasanjo encourages Nigerian youth in an engaging entrepreneur exercise in his
work title, I See Hope as a reflection that Nigerian can still be stronger again through patriotism
and perseverance.25 Adetunji Ogunyemi and Richard Adeyemi corroborate the thought of hope
in Nigerian system if Nigerians can be properly integrated into a true State system by
restructuring and free her from the attachment to the West.26 Having looked at some of the
optimists and how it began in the period under review, they provide way forward to Nigerian
24
Oloruntimehin, Culture and Democracy, 35.
25
Alao and Ogunyemi, ‘Introduction’, xvii
Ibid. Alao and Ogunyemi, ‘Introduction’, xviii
26
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State which include:The safety of Nigeria as opined by the optimist is the safety of Africa. This
has been the approach of the integrative element in Nigerian State. This thought informed the
foreign policy of Nigeria which is African centre in the period under review. This sect believes
that Nigeria has life and hope. This factor has helped strengthened the optimists thought in the
description of Nigerian State between 1980 and 2015.27 Education is another factor
recommended by the optimist that seeking knowledge always is power and by this the mental
capacity of Nigerians are equipped and strengthened for the kind of change Nigerians want by
critically analysing issues and situations as it appear.28Participatory democracy is used here to
argue further the hope for Nigeria, Nigerian should come out and do the needful, enough of
putting the ball in the court of bad leaders only. Nigerian should stop complaining and being
lackadaisical, Nigerians should keep a watch on the politics and stop seeing politics as a dirty
game which has been used to deprive Nigerians of their benefits between 1980s and 2015. This
participation is to be rooted in the family system not by queuing behind the politicians and
individuals who want to use and drop them but mobilise for a better Nigeria.29 Resilience and
Consistence is the power to giving Nigeria hope even when Nigerians leaders failed in their
efforts in changing thing because the system is saturated with bad people. Nigerian should keep
at it and forge ahead with the attitude of Nigeria must be rescued from the bad leadership by
contributing to its maintenance as structural functional system.30Doing it right is another
instrument in making Nigeria to live as a sovereign state in the committee of nations.
Kehinde Olayode, ‘Rethinking Nigeria's Afro-Cemtre Foreign Policy Amidst New Realities
in Globalised World’, Akin Alao and Adetunji Ojo Ogunyemi (eds.), Contemporary Issues on
Nigeria’s Development Trajectory Since 1914 (Ile-Ife: Obafemi Awolowo University Press,
2020), 560-561.
28
Babawale, Good Governance, Democracy and Democratic “Best Practices”:, 12; Olakunle
A. Ogunbameru, Sociological Theory (Revised and Enlarged Edition) (Ibadan: Penhouse
Publications, 2010), 24839.
29
Tunde Babawale, Culture, Politics and Sustainable Development: Lessons for Nigeria (Lagos:
Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilisation, 2007) 18-19; Ogunbameru, Sociological
Theory, 38-39.
30
Babawale, Culture, Politics and Sustainable Development: Lessons for Nigeria, 18-19;
Ogunbameru, Sociological Theory, 39.
27
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Government is all about people, when a Nigerian is in a leadership position he/she should strive
to do it right. Learn the art of good leadership and lead right and through this there would be
positive outcomes for the overall benefits of Nigerians. Adding to the above the optimists
believe that it is a prepared leader that can do it and a transformational leadership is what
Nigeria needs, this has been the thought since 1980 to 2015. The optimists are of the opinion
that Nigerian are creative and are self-made because of their level of creativity and innovations.
With this creativity Nigerians can achieve more in order for Nigeria to exist and perform
maximally. Therefore, Nigerian should keep at being creative always as she forges ahead with
rays of hope.31
Conclusion
This paper has revealed two major sects of Nigerians based on the political thoughts of
pessimism and optimism. In other words, those who are negative and disintegrative and those
who are positive and integrative as a balanced description of Nigerian State in the period under
review. The discourse on the pessimists and optimists thinking in Nigerian’s space has revealed
the two sides of a coin which cannot be separated from each other. These two perspectives serve
as a correctional and checkmating mechanism to putting Nigeria on the right footing as a
corporate existence. The thoughts are good for Nigerian system to survive. Those with the
thought that Nigeria is done for and those who see Nigeria coming strong are both striving
directly or indirectly for a better and strong Nigeria. The study has observed that when the
maladies are well taken care of the pessimists will become optimist automatically because the
system will be inclusive and everyone will be integrated pragmatically into a Nigeria with
nationhood although diversified with cultures and orientations.
31
Babawale, Good Governance, Democracy and Democratic “Best Practices”, 12.
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A HISTORY OF THE PHENOMENA OF THE ‘FIRST’ IN THE BAPTIST MEDICAL
CENTRE OGBOMOSO, 1907-1997
Olufemi Timothy OGUNBODE
Department of History, Faculty of Arts, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,
Ogbomoso, Oyo State.
Email:olufemitimothyogunbode@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper attempts to interrogate the spectacle of the ‘First’ grand breaking individuals and
the routes engaged by them in the Baptist Medical Mission’s activities in Ogbomoso in the
period under review. It explores the relationship between the institution (Baptist Medical
Centre, Ogbomoso (BMCO)) as the first and selected individuals who were ‘First’ in their
delivery of services in BMCO. This interrogation adopts both primary and secondary sources
of data which is contextualised within the framework of medical evangelism in Yorubaland.
This research embraces a case study approach to achieving its purposes in one of the Baptist
Mission’s medical facilities in the southwestern state of Nigeria. This facility under study was
established on 18th March, 1907 as the first Baptist Medical Mission facility in Yorubaland
through the instrumentality of the Southern Baptist Convention’s medical missionaries. Other
medical facilities of the Baptist Mission in Yorubaland are located in Oyo, Ibadan, Iwo, Saki,
Okeho, Okaka, Gbaabe, Ilero, Okuta, Iree, Ile-Oluji, Ejigbo and Igede-Ekiti, among others. This
study gives prominence to BMCO and selected individuals in the period under review.
Keywords: First, Ogbomoso, Phenomena, Medical Mission and Baptist Medical Centre.
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Introduction
This study attempts to explore the trajectory of human condition and knowledge in the Baptist
Medical Centre Ogbomoso by reviewing selected individuals with the incident of the idea ‘first’
in their existence in the Baptist Mission’s medical evangelism in Ogbomoso between 1907 and
1997.32 Hence, four selected individuals who possessed both material and spiritual human
condition and knowledge are examined in this paper using phenomena: appearance as they were
and noumena; things in themselves (self-consciousness). The human situation and information
about them is not devoid of God (religion) consequently, man and religion walk together in
existence.33 In addition, human experience is the ultimate source and justification of all forms
knowledge. This implies that, every man is different from another due to the way he thinks and
behaves in his environment based on time and space factors.34 Therefore, these selected
individuals are cultures on their own though of different backgrounds and orientations but with
a common being, human condition and knowledge of ‘first’ in their distinct cultures in the
activities of the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso (BMCO) between 1907and 1997.35 Human
existence is germane to historical reconstruction of any kind be it political, social, economic
and medical, among others. In the light of human existence in a space which is time bound with
historical evidences, this research attempt considering the existence of selected individuals who
have showcased themselves as ‘first’ in the history of Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso
(BMCO) between 1907 and 1997.36
Daniel Adedosu Gbadero, ‘Ogbomoso: The Citadel of Baptist Medical Mission in Nigeria’ in
Daniel Folorunso Oroniran (ed.) Ogbomoso: The Jerusalem of the Baptist in Nigeria (Ibadan:
Titles Publishers, 2014), 140,
33
Abstract, Iram Azhar, ‘A Critical Study of Existentialistic view of Education and Its Relevance
to Human Existence and Progress’ (Ph.D. Thesis, Education Department, Faculty of Education,
Augarh Muslim University Aligarh (India), 2013), 1; Valentine Ethichioya Obinyan, Nature of
Human Existence in Kierkegaard’s Ethical Philosophy: A step towards Self-Valuation and
Transformation in Our Contemporary World. International Journal of philosophy. Vol. 2. No.
1, 2014: 3-4. Doi: 10.11648/j.ijp.20140201.11; B.N. Tripathi, Meaning of Life in Existentialism.
(Aradhana Prakashan, 1987), 1, 5, 9, 12, 410; R.N. Kali, Immediacy, Reason and Existence.
(Udayana Publications, 1965), 222; D. Shukla, Subjectivity in Kierkegaard’s Philosophy (Mansi
Prakashan, 1987), 17.
34
Y. Kashima, E.S. Kashima, U. Kim, & M. Gelfand, Describing the Social World: How is a
Person, a Group, and a Relationship described in the East and the West? Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology (2006), 42, 388–396; Scott O'leary, Sin, Despair, and the Other: The works
of Soren Kierkegaard, 39.
35
H. Mead, Types and Problems of Philosophy: An Introduction (H. Holt, 1946), 426.
36
D.R. Bali, Introduction to Philosophy (Sterling Publication Private Ltd., 1984), 224-226;
Ibid., Tripathi, Meaning of Life in Existentialism, 410, Ibid., Kalu, Immediacy, Reason and
Existence, 222
32
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This study explores these significant individuals within the medical mission of the Baptists
exposing their biographical experiences and contributions to humanity as a form of knowledge
which is buried in human memories. The study employed both primary and secondary sources
of data. The primary source included oral interviews with purposively selected informants and
archival materials like Baptist papers, memoirs and diaries, annual reports, magazines and other
relevant records collected from Baptist repositories in Ogbomoso. The four selected individuals
in Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso in this study are: George Green, Ruth May Kersey,
Adeoye Adeniyi and Peter Olusola Elemile. This selection is based on the fact that these
individuals were Baptist Mission’s medical missionaries who were first in their respective
culture and played significant roles in the growth and development of the Baptist medical
facilities in Ogbomoso between 1907 and 1997. The secondary source included books, journal
articles and the Internet. The collected data were analysed from a historical perspective. The
results showed in the study that there were historical consciousness and suggestions in the
Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso between 1907 and 1997. The study concluded that the
colonial and postcolonial experiences and memories of these selected individuals cannot be
underemphasised in the routes to human condition and knowledge in the Baptist Mission’s
enterprise in Ogbomoso.
Conceptual Clarifications
First
The concept the ‘First’ in this article is a form of human condition and knowledge which is
termed phenomena; things as they appeared in human space. In other words, it is a common set
of circumstantial appearance of man as a historical existence in space-time.37 Hence, the
appearance of the idea ‘First’ at different times in the history of man most especially in the
history of the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso (BMCO) was a systematic reality in existence
as it explains these dimensions viz.: Horizontal Auto-Transcendence38 and Vertical AutoTranscendence.39 This human condition and knowledge is applied in this research as a result of
the appearance of significant individuals in history with distinct and unique impact on humanity
in the medical space. Therefore, first as a condition and knowledge is the coming before all
J.V.L. Casserly, ‘Some Contemporary Beliefs’ I. Levine (ed.), Philosophy: Man's Search for
Reality (London: Odhams Press, 1955), 181, 217; Bali, Introduction to Philosophy, 224-226;
T.Z. Lavine, From Socrates to Sartre: The Philosophic Quest (Bantam Books, 1984), 330-333.
38
Egocentric and Philanthropic Auto-Transcendence
39
Theocentric Auto-Transcendence
37
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others in time or order; earliest.40 It also means preceding all others in time, order, importance
or series; before any other.41 The ‘first’42 in this research draws readers’ attention to a unique
circumstantial knowledge in history as an occurrence that is a thrust to many succeeding events
in the perspective of the unique individuals as phenomena and noumena in space.43 The concept
‘first’ in this research is also looked at based on the postulation of Aristotle as statements of
understanding, accepted saying, definition and assumption of significant individuals. On this
justification of the ‘first’ as human condition and knowledge; statement of understanding,
accepted saying, definition and assumption is the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso (BMCO)
examined. By implication, the ‘first’ have carved a niche which was ‘formally accepted human
condition and assumption’ about the being of appearance and consciousness in the activities of
the Baptist Medical facility in Ogbomoso in the period under review.44
Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso (BMCO)
Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso is an idea explaining the contributions of the nationals to
growth and development of medical mission in Ogbomoso. It is also an expansion in services
delivery and the amalgamation of three (3) initial independent medical institutions in
Ogbomoso viz.: Baptist Hospital Ogbomoso (1907), Kersey Children Home (1926) and
Leprosy Camp (Health Service) (1930s) which were coordinated differently until the
introduction BMCO as a coordinating entity of the Baptist Mission’s medical facilities in
Ogbomoso in 1980s.45 However, the idea of the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso has since
expanded by incorporating other facilities viz.: School of Nursing, Educational services and
financial institution, among others.46
40
Definition of First by Dictionary.com
Definition of First by Merriam Webster
42
It denotes foremost, pioneer, highest, introductory, primary, beginning, opening and principal.
43
Ibid. Casserly, ‘Some Contemporary Beliefs’, 181, 217; Ibid. Bali, Introduction to
Philosophy, 224-226; Ibid. Lavine, From Socrates to Sartre: The Philosophic Quest, 330-333.
44
Aristotle Metaphysics. 1-3. Translated W.D. Ross. (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1924); Sophia
Project (2005). The First Principles of Knowledge, Aristotle, Book I., 1-5 Philosophy Archives.
www.sophia.omni.org
45
Annual Report Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso, Western Nigeria (Baptist Manuscript
available at J. C. Pool Library of the Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary, Ogbomoso File
No. V.F. 1805, 31st December, 1971), 5; S. Ademola Ajayi, Peter Olusola Elemile: Biography
of a Nigerian Baptist Missionary Physician (Ibadan: Book Wright Publishers, 2019), 343.
46
Ibid. Ajayi, Peter Olusola Elemile, Biography of a Nigerian Baptist Missionary Physician,
54-57, 343; Olufemi Timothy Ogunbode, ‘A History of the Baptist Mission and Healthcare
Delivery System in Ogbomosoland, 1907-1997’ (M.Phil. Dissertation, History Department,
Faculty of Arts, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 2019), 103.
41
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Phenomena of the ‘First’ in the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso, 1907-1997
The selected four individuals in this study possess human condition and knowledge of
appearances, memories and experiences which birth arts and reasoning in the Baptist Mission’s
enterprise in Ogbomoso between 1907 and 1997. Hence, appearances, memories and
experiences are the universal judgment for human relational activities to space, time and action
as it was engaged and interrogated in the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso in the 20thcentury.47
George Green: The First Baptist Medical Missionary and Medical Superintendent,
1907-1944
It is worthy to note that George Green was born in London on the 26th July, 1872 by George
Green and Charlotte Steadman Green. He encounter Christ at the age of 12 at a revival meeting
held on the 4th November, 1884 when he became born again. This corroborates the statement
of Socrates that one must aspire to know oneself. According to Socrates he who knows himself
knows his Lord. This attitude led George Green to be baptised into full membership of the
Upton Baptist Chapel in 1885 at age 13. In addition, he was inflicted with influenza in 1895
which made him to be admitted in the Montreal General Hospital. He was cared and treated by
the Reeds, member of Upton Baptist Chapel and got recuperated in the home of another church
family member. This compassionate care he received from these kind people planted the seed
of medical mission which got germinated when he was enrolled into the world of medical
missions as a Medical Doctor. This medical mission assignment made him in 1906 to complete
his 18 months non-remunerative internship training at St. Vincent de Paul’s Hospital, Norfolk.48
He was ordained into the gospel ministry of Christ on the 26th November, 1906. He and his
wife, Lydia were married at Park Avenue Baptist Church, Norfolk, on the 9th January, 1907.
This newly wedded couple went directly from the church to the wharf to board the steamer from
Norfolk to Richmond. They left Richmond for New York on the 17th January, 1907. Finally
departed for Lagos on the steamship Carmania via Liverpool, England, on the 19th January,
47
Aristotle Metaphysics. 1-3. Translated W.D. Ross.; Sophia Project. The First Principles of
Knowledge, Aristotle, Book I., 1-5; Marc Gasser-Wingate, Aristotle on Induction and First
Principles,
Volume
16,
No.
4
(Philosophers’
Imprint,
2016),
7-13
www.philosophersimprint.org/016004
48
Lavine, From Socrates to Sartre: The Philosophic Quest, 330-333; Daniel Adedosu Gbadero,
‘A Eulogy to Dr. George Green, M.D., 1872-1962’, at The Centenary Thanksgiving Service at
Ori-Oke Baptist Church on Sunday The 18th of March 2007; Daniel Folorunso Oroniran, The
Baptist Heritage: A Nigerian Perspective, 196-199, Interview, Daniel Adedosu Gbadero, Dean,
Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University Teaching Hospital,
Ogbomoso, 18th October, 2017.
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1907. They arrived in Lagos on the 4th March, 1907 and finally in Ogbomoso on 18th March,
1907.49
Consequently, his rebirth and spiritual encounter and the medical training further led to
unprecedented action of his movement to Africa, West Africa, Nigeria and Ogbomoso
respectively. The Foreign Mission Board (FMB) of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC)
appointed him, the first medical missionary and superintendent to Africa and by extension
Ogbomoso. His arrival in Ogbomoso made him to encounter his first patient, a little girl (Aina)
who spurred the chain reactions that led to creation and establishment of the Baptist Hospital
Ogbomoso 1907 and Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso years after. Aina was about four years
old, when the Greens arrived in Ogbomoso. She had severe burns and burns contractures that
had caused significant deformity to one of her legs. The fame of George Green and his new
hospital in Ogbomoso soon spread far and wide in the existence of Baptist Medical Centre
Ogbomoso (BMCO) in the 20th century. The Baptist Hospital Ogbomoso grew in leaps and
bounds and George Green, the first Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) medical missionary to
Nigeria, reported to the Foreign Mission Board (FMB) that, ‘Our work in Ogbomoso has been
three-fold in character; Evangelistic, Educational, and Medical.’ In other words, it included the
work of the Churches, Schools and Dispensaries.50 The people he worked with as the first
medical missionary and superintendent in the Baptist Mission’s medical facility in Ogbomoso
included
Lydia William Green, Basil Lee Lockett, Mary Ellen Caver, Mary Reeks
McCormick,51 Ruth Mary McCormick, S.G. Pinnock, John Ajao Dare52, Peter Ogunranti
Ibid. Gbadero, ‘A Eulogy to Dr. George Green, M.D., 1872-1962’; Louis M. Duval, Baptist
Missions in Nigeria, Educational Department, Foreign Mission Board, Southern Baptist
Convention, (Richmond, Virginia, 1928):150-151; Ibid. Oroniran, The Baptist Heritage: A
Nigerian Perspective, 196-199; Deji Ayegboyin and Michael A. Ogunewu, ‘Ogbomoso and the
Baptist Enterprise: Lesson for Today’ in Daniel Folorunso Oroniran (ed.) Ogbomoso: The
Jerusalem of the Baptist in Nigeria (Ibadan: Titles Publishers, 2014), 21; Ezekiel Akanni
Bamigboye, 150 Years of Baptist Work in Ogbomoso (Ibadan: Flourish Books Limited, 2005),
114; Daniel Adedosu Gbadero, ‘Ogbomoso: The Citadel of Baptist Medical Mission in Nigeria’
in Daniel Folorunso Oroniran (ed.) Ogbomoso: The Jerusalem of the Baptist in Nigeria (Ibadan:
Titles Publishers, 2014),131; Ibid. Interview, Gbadero, 18th October, 2017.
50
Samuel Chukwudoruem Agubosim, ‘The Development of Modern Medical and Health
Services in the Warri/Delta Province, Nigeria 1906-1960’ (Ph.D. Thesis, History Department,
Faculty of Arts, University of Ibadan, January, 1997), 66.
51
Annual Report of the Southern Baptist Convention, Nineteen Hundred and Twenty-Six
Seventy-First Session, Eighty-First Year, Houston, Texas, May 12-16, 161.
52
He joined service of Baptist healthcare in 1911 as dispenser.
49
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Ogunniyi, Clara Keith,53 Ruth May Kersey, E.G. Maclean,54 Okanla55, John Lafihan,56 William
Page Meredith,57 Mary Hester Powell, Joseph Oke,58 James Clarence Anders, Leonard Long,
Valda Long, Frances Carter-Jones, Lucille Reagan, Horace Glenn Walker, Howard Douglas
McCamey,59 V.I. Seat, L. Blair, Knight, Nothrip60, J.C. Anders, N.B., Robertson and Harold
Canning among others.61
Ruth May Kersey: First Missionary Nurse and Pediatric Nurse, 1920-1955
Ruth May Kersey experiences started in 1889 with Mr. Phillip W. Kersey and Mrs. Emma
Cornelia Kersey in Virginia, who warmly received her on the said date above. The existence of
Ruth May Kersey in 1889 made her to acquire education from these institutions namely Public
school in Hanover County, 1896-1907; Richmond High School, 1907-1908 and Hanover
College Richmond where she studied English and History, 1913-1914. Hence, at the age of 25,
she enrolled into the Southern Baptist Women Missionary’s Union Training School in
Louisville, Kentucky in 1914 and graduated in 1916 with a Bachelor in Missionary Training
Degree. Kersey enrolled for nurse training at Retreat for the Sick in Richmond near her home
in 1917 and graduated in 1920 with a Nursing degree.62 She read several books to prepare her
for mission work such as The Romance of Nigeria, The Light of the World, An African Trail,
and The Cure of Africa. In addition to the above facts about her she studied Comparative
Religion and Missions under Dr Carver.63 The chain of educational reactions was a reflection
of her appearance, memory and experience as she searched for the real Kersey in existence in
the 20th-century. Ruth May Kersey was appointed a missionary on the 10th June, 1920. At the
53
First Missionary Nurse in Ogbomoso in 1915.
Ibid. Interview, Gbadero, 2017.
55
Okanla was employed as the Chaplain of the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso by George Green
56
Rasheed Oyewole Olaniyi, Memory and Politics of Colonial Medical Services in Ogbomoso,
1907-1970, Dreaming of Health and Science in Africa: Aesthetics, Affects, Poetics and Politics
(Wellcome Trust Conference Centre, Hinxton Hall, Cambridgeshire, UK, June 13-15, 2015), 15,
23
57
Interview, Ruth Tinuola Oke, Retired Theatre Practitioner in the Operation Room (OR) of
Baptist Medical Centre, Ogbomoso, 28th August, 2018.
58
Ibid. Interview, Oke, 2018.
59
Eyitope O. Ogunbodede, History of Dentistry in Nigeria (Ile-Ife: The Foundation for Dental
Education Museum and Archives, 2015), 33.
60
Ibid, Olaniyi, Memory and Politics of Colonial Medical Services in Ogbomoso, 1907-1970,
23
61
Ibid, Interview, Gbadero, 2017.
62
See Ruth Kersey, Application for Missionary 1920, 1; Alison Marie Salevan, ‘Altruism in
Action: The Southern Baptist Nurse Missionary in Nigeria, Mid-Twentieth Century’, 2018), 19,
21, 30.
63
Salevan, ‘Altruism in Action: The Southern Baptist Nurse Missionary in Nigeria, MidTwentieth Century’, 19, 21-22.
54
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age of 31, as a single woman, she sailed for Africa on the 28th December, 1920. When she
arrived Nigeria, she was sent to work with Dr George Green at the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso.
She worked with him for 6 years at Ogbomoso. Before she had the encounter that further shaped
her life’s work in Ogbomoso in 1926. Mrs Green was quoted in an article published by the
Women’s Missionary Union (WMU):
‘Ruth had lived in our home when she first came to Nigeria and I could almost tell what she
was thinking as she looked at the little black baby whose mother had died and at the father with
such pleading in his eyes. Somehow he had managed to keep the baby alive for nearly two
weeks and the loving heart of the missionary was touched. She told the father to leave the baby
and she would do what she could. The Africans knew nothing about artificial feeding and she
knew the baby would die and she reached out her arms for the child….’64 The statement above
from Mrs Green summarised the contribution and the creation of a single lady in search for
authentic life as a being there in the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso. It was her appearance,
memory and experience in the above statement that shaped and turned her history around for
good in Ogbomoso. The experience birth Kersey’s Home where children who needed help were
helped and supported. Emma was the product of Kersey’s appearance, memory and experience
in her search for knowledge’s creation in history. Kersey’s existence in the Baptist Medical
Centre Ogbomoso (BMCO) started in 1920 by working with George Green as the principal
officer at that time until she came up with her dream child Kersey Home in 1926. She served
in Nigeria for 35 years before retiring at age 66. She worked in the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso
before establishing the Kersey Home for the motherless children in 1926.65 She served as
paediatric advisor to the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso and held clinics on proper feeding for
mothers in the community from 1920-1958.66The people she worked with as the first missionary
nurse in the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso were Lydia William Green, Basil Lee Lockett,
Mary Ellen Caver, Mary Reeks McCormick,67 Ruth Mary McCormick, S.G. Pinnock, John
See Southern Baptist’s First Missionary Nurse to Nigeria 1920-1955, written by Rees Watkins,
published by the Women’s Missionary Union on December 11, 1958 in Alison Marie Salevan,
‘Altruism in Action: The Southern Baptist Nurse Missionary in Nigeria, Mid-Twentieth
Century’, 31.
65
Ibid. Salevan, ‘Altruism in Action: The Southern Baptist Nurse Missionary in Nigeria, MidTwentieth Century’, 29-31.
66
Interview, Grace Atinuke Odebode, 2018.
67
Annual of the Southern Baptist Convention, Nineteen Hundred and Twenty-Six Seventy-First
Session, Eighty-First Year, Houston, Texas, May 12-16, 161.
64
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Ajao Dare, Peter Ogunranti Ogunniyi, E.G. Maclean,68 William Page Meredithm,69 Joseph
Oke,70 James Clarence Anders, Leonard Long, Valda Long, Frances Carter-Jones, Lucille
Reagan, Horace Glenn Walker, Howard Douglas McCamey,71 Loy Connell Smith, Georgia
Alice Miller, William Dean Bender,72 Harold Canning, Leslie William and Clara Keith among
others.73 Miss Ruth May Kersey died on 8th November, 1958
Adeoye Adeniyi, First Indigenous Medical Doctor, 1963-1966
Adeoye Adeniyi Nigerian National Postgraduate Medical College Prof. Emeritus) was born on
26th January, 1924 into the family of Pastor David Osayingbemi. Adeniyi and Mary Stefanu
Fayomi at Ogga in West Yagba Local Government of Kwara State. His birth led him into
marrying Florence Adedayo nee Adegbite in 1955. The marriage was blessed with four (4)
children namely Dr Adedapo Adeniyi, Mrs Aderonke A. Ajibola nee Adeniyi, Mr Oyedotun O.
Adeniyi and Dr Mrs Adebola O. Adetunmbi nee Adeniyi.74 Hence, Adeniyi went through
appearance, memory and experience by acquiring education from these institutions: Sudan
Interior Mission (SIM) School, Egbe and Holy Trinity Church School, Lokoja for his Primary
Education, 1934-1940. For his Secondary Education, he went to Baptist Boys’ High School
(BBHS), Abeokuta, 1943-1947 with certificate in Cambridge School. He had his University
study at the University College Ibadan, for his Pre-Clinical training, 1952-1956 and for Clinical
training at Guy’s Hospital Medical School and West London Hospital, Hammersmith in United
Kingdom, 1956-1960 with Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). He was a graduate
member of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) and Licentiate of the Royal College of
Physicians (MLRCP). He did his House Job in England and returned to Nigeria in 1961. He
furthered his study at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan in Paediatrics, Obstetrics
and Gynecology as a preparatory stage for him to be appointed into the Baptist Hospital,
Ogbomoso in 1963.
75
Before his engagement with the Baptist Hospital Ogbomoso, he had
68
Interview, Gbadero, 18th October, 2017.
Ibid. Interview, Oke, 28th August, 2018.
70
Ibid. Interview, Oke, 2018.
71
Eyitope O. Ogunbodede, History of Dentistry in Nigeria (Ile-Ife: The Foundation for Dental
Education Museum and Archives, 2015), 33.
72
Bamigboye, 150 Years of Baptist Work in Ogbomoso, 52-53.
73
Ibid. Interview, Daniel Adedosu Gbadero, 2017.
74
‘The Biography Deacon Prof. Emeritus Adeoye Adeniyi, Lineage of a Pioneer’, Celebration
of Life Order of Funeral Service for Deacon Prof. Emeritus Adeoye Adeniyi (November, 2019),
4, 14.
75
Oroniran, The Baptist Heritage: A Nigerian Perspective, 393-394, 398; Ibid. ‘The Biography
Deacon Prof. Emeritus Adeoye Adeniyi, Lineage of a Pioneer’, 12-14.
69
765
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worked as Agricultural Officer at Samaru, Zaria, 1948, Laboratory Technologist, General
Hospital, Lagos, 1949 and Leprosy Settlement/Services at Uzuakoli and Umuahia, Eastern
Nigeria, 1949-1951. The aforementioned were not directly related to medicine, his career as
Medical Doctor started with the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso January, 1963 and withdrew his
service for further study in September, 1966.76 The reason for his withdrawal of service was
because of the commonwealth award he got in 1966 to study Paediatrics at the Post-Graduate
level in the United Kingdom. This opportunity drew him into the Post-Graduate research studies
at Sheffield University and the Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, London. He
received the Doctor of Medicine (MD) of University of London, 1972. He became research
fellow, University of London and University of Ibadan, 1967-1972. By 1976, he rose to the
rank of an Associate Professor at University of Ibadan and was appointed Professor of
Paediatrics and Child Health in December, 1977 at the University of Ilorin and assumed the
post in January, 1978.77
The people he worked with as the first indigenous medical doctor in the Baptist Mission’s
healthcare services included Loy Connell Smith, T. Keith Edward, Martha Gilliland, Karl
Myers, Daisy Jester, Georgia Alice Miller,78 Grace Atinuke Odebode, Ruth Tinuola Oke and
Hazel Moor among others.79
Peter O. Elemile, First Indigenous Medical Superintendent, 1974-1997
Peter O. Elemile was born on 20th July, 1949 into the Iworoko of family in Owo, Ondo State.
His parents who warmly received him when he was born were Peter Olasegbe and Janet Amope
Elemile of blessed memory. He belonged to the family of five (5). He got born again in 1970.
This rebirth of his in the consciousness of knowing himself and his Lord as found in the
Socrates’ statement formed his passion for medical mission which became reality in 1974 at
first appearance and 1983 at the second appearance.80 He got married to Olubunmi Ololade81
Oroniran, The Baptist Heritage: A Nigerian Perspective, 394-395; ‘The Biography Deacon
Prof. Emeritus Adeoye Adeniyi, Lineage of a Pioneer’, 4, 14.
77
Ibid. Oroniran, The Baptist Heritage: A Nigerian Perspective, 395-396; Ibid. ‘The Biography
Deacon Prof. Emeritus Adeoye Adeniyi, Lineage of a Pioneer’, 12-14.
78
Ibid. Oroniran, The Baptist Heritage: A Nigerian Perspective, 395.
79
Ibid. Interview, Oke, 28th August, 2018.
80
Interview, Peter O. Elemile, Proprietor/Chief Medical Director, Cornerstone Medical Centre
and First Indigenous Medical Superintendent of Baptist Medical Centre, Osogbo, 17th August,
2018; Ajayi, Peter Olusola Elemile: Biography of a Nigerian Baptist Missionary Physician, 5457; Lavine, From Socrates to Sartre: The Philosophic Quest, 330-333.
81
A Nurse who also worked in the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso, 1975-1997.
76
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in 1976.82 Peter Elemile was privileged to benefit from the free education programme of the
Old Western Region in the early days of his life’s existence at the Elekuro Baptist Primary
School, Ibadan, 1956-1960. For his Secondary School programme he went to Methodist High
School, Igbogila in the Yewa Region of the Old Western Region in present Ogun State between
1961 and 1964. He further his education by attending Anglican Mission school named Christ’s
School, Ado-Ekiti for his HSC between 1965 and 1967. He proceeded for his University
education at the Premier University of Ibadan, 1968-1973. Between 1978 and 1983 he did his
Post-Graduate courses in the United Kingdom.83 He started work at the Baptist Hospital,
Ogbomoso as House Officer in 1974 thereafter he proceeded for his NYSC between 1975 and
1976. He worked at Ile Abiye Hospital in Ondo State between 1976 and 1978. He left for the
United Kingdom in 1978 and returned in 1983 and continued his career in the Baptist Mission’s
medical service at the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso till 1997 when he retired from active service.
He was the first indigenous medical superintendent in the Baptist Medical Centre between 1984
and 1997.84The people he worked with medical superintendent in the Baptist Medical Centre
Ogbomoso included Jack Eldon Tolar, Bill Norman, Martha Jordan Gililand, William Carter
Garventer, William Jackson Williams, Howard Douglas Mcamey, Margret Richardson, Daniel
Adedosu Gbadero, Grace A. Odebode, J.O. Ojebode, David Asaju, Grace Koleosho, Robert
Koleosho,85 Samuel Oyedele, S.O. Olaoti, Adekola Alade and David O. Akande among
others.86
Contributions and the Creations of selected ‘First’ in the Baptist Medical Centre
Ogbomoso, 1907-1997
One of selected firsts by name George Green contributed and created the household name as
the pioneer Baptist medical missionary to Africa and by extension Ogbomoso and the first
medical superintendent. George Green was a medical doctor of the Foreign Mission Board
(FMB) of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) to Ogbomoso. This opportunity given to him
by the SBC helped him in a way to create his being, consequently historicising himself as the
82
Ibid. Ajayi, Peter Olusola Elemile: Biography of a Nigerian Baptist Missionary Physician,
54-57; Ibid. Interview, Elemile, 17th August, 2018.
83
Ibid. Ajayi, Peter Olusola Elemile: Biography of a Nigerian Baptist Missionary Physician,
54-57; Interview, Elemile, 17th August, 2018.
84
Ibid. Ajayi, Peter Olusola Elemile: Biography of a Nigerian Baptist Missionary Physician,
54-57, 343; Ibid. Interview, Elemile, 2018.
85
First Director of Nursing Services.
86
Ibid. Interview, Elemile, 2018.
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pioneer medical missionary and superintendent to of the Baptist Hospital Ogbomoso through
the evidence of the establishment of the hospital in Ogbomso in 1907. This experience had
outlived him in the whole world especially in Africa and Ogbomoso to be precise he was seen
as the first embodiment of medical mission in Nigeria.87 Another contribution and creation by
George Green was that he was declared the father of the Baptist Medical Ministry in Nigeria
which picked its root from the activities at Baptist Hospital Ogbomoso. This was because every
other activity picked it activities from him as far Nigeria and Baptist medical evangelism was
concerned in Africa.88In addition, Ruth May Kersey contributed and created the Kersey
Children’s Home (KCH) through the help of the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist
Convention, USA, in 1926. Hence, the historical fact about the establishment of the kersey
Home was rather dramatic. Motherless Children Home, Ogbomoso was founded 1926 by a
missionary nurse Ruth May Kersey, six years after her commissioning to Ogbomoso.89 It began
in 1926 following the admission of the first motherless child, a girl (Emma), into the Baptist
Hospital, Ogbomoso. The father had arrived at the facility carrying a set of twins who had been
born in a distant village, the mother of the babies had died soon after delivery of the twins. The
father carried the two babies to the hospital in a calabash tray. One of the twins died soon after
their arrival at the hospital. With adequate healthcare and treatment given to the set of twins,
one of them, a girl survived the crisis. The prominent nurse who played the role in caring for
the twins was Ruth May Kersey. Thereafter, many more motherless children were brought to
the hospital. The primary responsibility of caring for these children fell squarely on the shoulder
of Ruth May Kersey.90 Motherless and malnourished babies’ care programmes through the use
of artificial milk got from plant (Soya) have been in continuum since the founding of it in
1926.91 KCH building was constructed next to the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso and it housed
87
Interview, Solomon Ademola Ishola, former General Secretary of the Nigerian Baptist
Convention and Senior Lecturer, Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary, Ogbomoso, 19th
October, 2017.
88
Interview, S. O. Ayankeye, Professor, Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary, Ogbomoso,
19th October, 2017.
89
Kersey Family Papers, 1917–1959. 68 items. Mss1K4738a, Documenting Women’s Lives A
Users Guide to Manuscripts at the Virginia Historical Society, 102
90
Gbadero, ‘Ogbomoso: The Citadel of Baptist Medical Mission in Nigeria’, 140; Bamigboye,
150 Years of Baptist Work in Ogbomoso, 115; ‘Baptist Medical Centre, Ogbomoso, Minutes of
the Advisory Board held on the 27th January, 1982’, 3.
91
Gbadero, ‘Ogbomoso: The Citadel of Baptist Medical Mission in Nigeria’, 146; Ayegboyin
and Ogunewu, ‘Ogbomoso and the Baptist Enterprise: Lesson for Today’, 22; ‘Baptist Medical
Centre, Ogbomoso, Minutes of the Advisory Board held on the 27th January, 1982’, 3.
768
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about 45 infants and small 24 children at a time between 1926 and 1950s.92 Thereafter, Kersey
Children Home, also known as Bebi, today in 1965 built and dedicated a facility for its use on
about six acres of land on the way to Ikoyi at Kinira area, Ogbomoso.93 Peter Olusola Elemile’s
contribution and creation was in the area of the marriage among the initial different entities of
Baptist Hospital, Kersey Children Home and Leprosy Camp that later became Baptist Medical
Centre Ogbomoso in 1980s. In other words, he merged all the components facilities of the
Baptist Mission’s medical services in Ogbomoso into one for easy administration in 1980s
when he was the Medical Superintendent. This was further consolidated to be managed by
single Board of Trustees as against three board committees as it was presented by Adeniyi
Adeoye in a report to the Nigerian Baptist Convention (NBC) during Convention-in-session in
the 1960s.94
Another contribution and creation was in the achieving of quality service these individuals
applied the Principle of Non-Maleficence which implies ‘Do no harm.’ It also means that they
will willingly refrain from doing any injury or wrong.’ All these selected people refrained from
doing harm to anybody who came their way for treatment or healthcare services.95 Health
challenges recorded in Ogbomoso viz: Influenza pandemic of 1918, 1957 and 1968, recurrent
Yellow Fever, Cholera 1971 and 1979, Measles, Meningitis and Smallpox among others
revealed the creation by selected individuals to see to it that the people prosper both in health
and in mind.96 Corroborating the above it was noted that George Green treated over 5,000
patients during his stay in Ogbomoso, record has it that, in his first year he treated over 2,000
patients in Ogbomoso97 More so, he initiated the construction of water well system in
Ogbomoso in 1907, when he discovered the town had no good water system to enhance the
health of the people. This became a strong contribution towards the health of the people since
Salevan, ‘Altruism in Action: The Southern Baptist Nurse Missionary in Nigeria, MidTwentieth Century’, 23-25.
93
Ibid. Gbadero, ‘Ogbomoso: The Citadel of Baptist Medical Mission in Nigeria’, 140; Ibid.
Bamigboye, 150 Years of Baptist Work in Ogbomoso, 115; Interview, A.O. Adeniji, Social
Worker of the Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, 16th November, 2017.
94
Interview, Emmanuel Afolabi Amao Proprietor/Chief Medical Director, Shalom Medical
Centre, Ogbomoso, 2nd June, 2018,
95
Interview, Elemile, 17th August, 2018.
96
Gbadero, ‘Ogbomoso: The Citadel of Baptist Medical Mission in Nigeria’ in Daniel Folorunso
Oroniran (ed.) Ogbomoso:, 139-145.
97
Olaniyi, Memory and Politics of Colonial Medical Services in Ogbomoso, 1907-1970, 19, 24.
92
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1907 to 1997.98 Many people were healed of their diseases due to the health facility introduced
by the Greens in 1907. By 1923 thousands upon thousands had benefitted from the facility and
it was one of the contributions and creation of the Greens to healthcare system in Ogbomoso.
Also, quality service came to light by sourcing for fund to build a big hospital that could
accommodate increasing patients in the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso. The sum of Seven
Thousand pounds was raised for that purpose in 1910, by 1917, Three Thousand five hundred
dollars was raised for expansion of the health facility. By 1919, Seventy Five Thousand dollars
was raised for the same purpose. By 1923, the facility was set for commissioning and the dream
of the Greens came through.99 He left indelible footprint in the three continents; Europe his
place of birth continent, America his adopted continent and Africa his home continent.100
George was part of the medical committee of the Christian Council of Nigeria (CCN) which
advised the colonial government periodically on medical programmes and policies that guided
the transformation of the people’s health.101 He trained nurses to help reduced the burden of the
work on him at least till when Ruth May Kersey emerged in 1920s.102 Elemile initiated and
started Midwifery services at the centre and made part of the school of nursing course of study
to include Midwifery for good enhancement of the beauty of the centre in 1993.103Also,
improvement on the take home package of the staff was another contribution and creation by
Elemile. Nationals who were indigenous staff were not included in the payroll by the FMB and
this arrangement was not too good for sustainability of the integrity of the centre as upheld by
the missionaries due to quality staff. To achieve this, Elemile had to increase the pay of the staff
a little to measure up with what was obtained with other medical facilities in town.104 To sustain
this welfare package, Randa Community Bank in 1995 was initiated by Elemile, now
Randalpha Microfinance Bank to generate Pension Fund. Trading company was established in
1995, it was named GORAH.105 It was to generate income for the centre for smooth running of
98
Ibid. Olaniyi, Memory and Politics of Colonial Medical Services in Ogbomoso, 1907-1970,
16.
99
Ibid. Olaniyi, Memory and Politics of Colonial Medical Services in Ogbomoso, 1907-1970, ,
16
100
Oroniran, The Baptist Heritage: A Nigerian Perspective, 200, Bamigboye, 150 Years of
Baptist Work in Ogbomoso, 114, Interview, Gabriel Akanmu, Account Officer, Bowen
University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, 27th May, 2018.
101
Interview, Gbadero, 18th October, 2017.
102
Interview, Oke, 28th August, 2018.
103
Ibid. Interview, Amao, 2nd June, 2018.
104
Ibid. Interview, Amao, 2nd June, 2018.
105
It is an acronym for five individuals that have made contributions to the growth of healthcare
system in Ogbomosoland through the cooperative bodies managed by them. These individuals
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the healthcare services of the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso and the management of the
welfare of the medical and para-medical staff at the centre.106 Medical Mission was one of the
strategies imbibed by Baptist missionaries in reaching Nigerians for Christ most especially
Ogbomoso people. This in a way was a contribution and creation that Nigerian would access
salvation in Christ through the instrumentality of Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso (BMCO).
George Green pursued this creativity vigorously and vehemently. 107 In his report to Foreign
Mission Board (FMB), he stated, ‘our work in Ogbomoso had been of three fold in character
(Evangelistic, Educational and Medicals).’ It was the medicals, he gave his life to between 1907
and 1944.108 His proficiency in medicine and surgery created and enhanced the value of his
services and multiply his usefulness as a soul winner in Africa. This explained the power of his
skill as a factor for a creating being. Also, Kersey had considered foreign mission work every
import ever since she was a small child and felt that it was a life work. As she wrote in one of
her notes, Christ said, ‘Go into the world and preach the gospel to every creature…I believe
that was meant for me.’ Jesus also said, ‘Heal the Sick’ When asked if she preferred a special
field, she wrote, Africa…I have always felt that it is the least desirable from a personal
viewpoint. She also noted that she would desire medical missionary service and wrote again of
her three (3) years of nurse’s training at the Retreat for the Sick.109 More so, Adeoye
corroborated the above statement concerning creating Christian community that, health
ministry was a call to serve Jesus Christ who went about doing good and part of his good deeds
was this healing of a thing and resolved to do good to humanity and most especially Ogbomoso
people. This statement corroborated Adeniyi’s contribution to as the first Nigerian medical
doctor at the Baptist Hospital, Ogbomoso between 1963 and 1966. He served only for short
time but labored ‘creditably, maintaining the high standard of work, diligence and honesty
which the missionary doctors have consistently maintained.’110 Finally, they all contributed and
created a historic human relationship within the medical and community space which cannot
be under emphasised in this discourse. This level of human relation out lived them in the Baptist
included; G for George Green, O for Olatunde Olawoyin, R for Ruth Mary Kersey, Adeoye
Adeniyi and Hezel Moor
106
Interview, Amao 2nd June, 2018; Interview, Gabriel Akanmu, Account Officer, Bowen
University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, 27th May, 2018.
107
Ibid. Oroniran, The Baptist Heritage: A Nigerian Perspective, 201-202
108
Agubosim, ‘The Development of Modern Medical and Health Services in the Warri/Delta
Province, Nigeria 1906-1960’, 66.
109
Salevan, ‘Altruism in Action: The Southern Baptist Nurse Missionary in Nigeria, MidTwentieth Century’, 23.
110
Olaniyi, Memory and Politics of Colonial Medical Services in Ogbomoso, 1907-1970, 26.
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Mission’s medical space in the 20th and 21st century Ogbomoso’s space. It was this
contribution that has sustained the longevity of the facility since 1907 and 1997 which covers
the scope of this study. The contribution made it real to his that the Baptist Medical Centre and
the four selected individuals appeared in space-time, had memories and initiated experiences in
Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso between 1907 and 1997.111
Conclusion
This study has explored the thesis that human experience is the ultimate knowledge through
engaging of the Baptist Medical Centre Ogbomoso and four (4) selected individuals who had
made landmark impacts on the facility and the host community in the period under review. In
achieving the goal of this study the phenomena of the ‘First’ and their contributions and
creations were highlighted and discussed in line with the scope of this study between 1907 and
1997. This revealed the human condition and knowledge which spread across selected
individuals medical missionaries with appearances, memories and experiences of a balanced
study of foreign and indigenous missionaries of the Baptist Mission in Nigeria.
111
Interview, Gbadero, 18th October, 2017; Interview, Amao, 2nd June, 2018; Interview, Oke,
28th August, 2018.
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EĞİTİMDE GÖÇ POLİTİKALARI, GÖÇMEN, SIĞINMACI VE MÜLTECİ
SORUNLARI: AFGAN GÖÇMENLER ÖRNEĞİ
Doç. Dr. Süleyman KARATAŞ* (ORCID: 0000-0003-0002-2886)
Akdeniz University, Faculty of Education, Department of Education Science, AntalyaTürkiye
Email: skaratas@akdeniz.edu.edu.tr
Zhyldyz AKUNOVA (ORCID: 0000-0003-0603-1644)
Akdeniz University, Faculty of Education, Department of Education Science,
Antalya-Türkiye
Email: cildizakunova@gmail.com
Özet
Son yıllarda Türkiye’de göç konusu önemli konuların biri sayılmaktadır. Çünkü Türkiye transit
göçün değişmeyen coğrafyası olmayı sürdürmeye devam etmekte. Ancak 2011 yılından bu
yana eksilmeyen hatta artan mülteci sayısı bize geçici göçmenlerin zamanla kalıcı göçmenler
haline geldiğini gösteriyor. TUİK’in son verilerine göre gelen göçmenlerin büyük kısmını
çocuk ve gençler oluşturuyor. Bu nedenle Türkiye ilk başta göçmen eğitim politikasını da ilk
sırıya koymalıdır. Çünkü gelen göçmenlerin entegrasyon olabilmeleri için göçmenlere uygun
hem eğitim planı şart. Bu sebeple çalışmamızda göçmen eğitim politikasına değindik ve örnek
olarak Afgan göçmenleri aldık. Çünkü son on yıldır Türkiye’de Suriyeli göçmenler fazla ilgi
gösterilmesiyle azınlık olarak algılanan ancak son iki yılda gelen Afgan göçmenleri sayı olarak
Suriyelileri geçmiş durumda. Bu çalışmada Afganistan’ının göç sorununu ve Türkiye’de Afgan
göçmenlere karşı uygulanan göçmen eğitim politikasını ele aldık.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Afganistan, Türkiye, Afgan Mülteciler, Göç, Göçmenler.
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MIGRATION POLICIES IN EDUCATION, IMMIGRANT, ASYLUM SEEKER AND
REFUGEE PROBLEMS: THE CASE OF AFGHAN IMMIGRANTS
Abstract
In recent years, the issue of migration has been considered one of the important issues in
Turkey. Because Turkey continues to be the unchanging geography of transit migration.
However, the number of refugees, which has not decreased or even increased since 2011, shows
us that temporary migrants have become permanent migrants over time. According to the latest
data of TUIK, most of the incoming migrants are children and young people. For this reason,
Turkey should also put its migrant education policy first. Because for incoming immigrants to
be integrated, an education plan suitable for immigrants is necessary. For this reason, we
touched upon the immigrant education policy in our study and took Afghan immigrants as an
example. Because Syrian immigrants have been perceived as a minority in Turkey for the last
ten years with a lot of attention, but Afghan immigrants who have arrived in the last two years
have surpassed Syrians in number. In this study, we discussed the migration problem of
Afghanistan and the immigrant education policy applied against Afghan immigrants in Turkey.
Keywords: Afghanistan, Turkey, Afghan Refugees, Migration, Migrants.
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Giriş
Göç Kavramı
Göç teriminin kavramına literatürde birçok tanım bulunmaktadır. Onların biri Durugönül’e
(Durugönül,1997) göre yaşanan coğrafi ve sosyal-kültürel çevreden ayrılıp başka coğrafi ve
sosyal-kültürel çevreye yerleşmesidir. Burada yerleşmek kalıcı süreklilik anlamını
taşımaktadır. Göç, çok boyutlu bir olaydır. Yasal, eğitsel, kültürel ve psikolojik sorunları da
beraberinde getirir (Tezcan, 2000). Göç, Türk Dil Kurumuna göre; “ekonomik, toplumsal,
siyasi sebeplerle bireylerin veya toplulukların bir ülkeden başka bir ülkeye, bir yerleşim
yerinden başka bir yerleşim yerine gitme işi, taşınma, hicret, muhaceret” olarak tanımlanmıştır.
(Erişim, TDK 2020, https://sozluk.gov.tr). Göç kavramının kökeni ise 19. yüzyılına
dayanmaktadır ve günümüzde literatüre geçen göç tanımları Avrupa’dan Amerika’ya doğru
gerçekleşen göç sürecini tanımlama ve analiz etme sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır (Öner vd.,
2012).
Göç Türleri
Birçok çalışmada göç ile ilgili farklı sınıflandırmalar bulunmaktadır. Örneğin William
Peterson, gücü 5 başlığa ayırırken, Fichter ise göç türlerini sadece ikiye ayırmıştır.
William Peterson’a göre:
Göç
İlkel göç
Kontrollü göç
Serbest göç
Zorunlu göç
Yönetilmiş göç
Fichter’e göre:
Göç
Zorunlu Göçler
Gönüllü Göçler
Bunların dışında iç göç, dış göç, beyin göçü, işçi göçü, kitlesel göç ve doğal afetler nedeniyle
oluşan geçici göç gibi olayların çeşitliğine göre göç türleri farklılık gösterebilir.
İç Göçler
Ülke sınırlarında gerçekleşen göçlere iç göç denilmektedir (Sağlam, 2006) ve kendi içinde de
farklılık göstermektedir. Onlar, kırdan kente, kentten kıra, kırdan kıra, kentten kente olarak
bilinmektedir. Türkiye’de iç göç, hızla gelişen sanayileşme süreciyle birlikte daha kırdan kentte
olarak seyredilmektedir. Buna Türkiye’nin birçok boşaltılmış yani nüfusu tamamen göç etmiş
köyler örnek olabilir. Ancak son zamanda büyük ilgi gören organik yaşam akımı nedeniyle
birçok insan büyük şehirler yerine köyleri, kırları tercih etmeyi başlaması boş kalmış köyler
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için tekrardan yaşam katmaktadır. Bir diğer etken olarak da ulusal ve küresel ekonomik krizler
nedeniyle son yıllarda büyük şehirlerde seyredilen barınma sorunları kentlerden kırsala ya da
İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir ve Antalya gibi şehirlerden başka şehirlere iç göç gözlemlenmektedir.
Dış Göçler
Bireylerin/toplumların sürekli ikamet ettiği ülkeden siyasi, dini, ekonomik ya da savaş̧, iç
çatışma gibi nedenler ile ayrılarak kalıcı/ geçici süreyle yeni bir ikamet oluşturmak amacıyla
gerçekleştirdikleri göç̧ faaliyetlerine dış̧ göç̧ denmektedir (Günay vd., 2017). Bir ülkenin
gelişmesinde nitelikli insan gücü̈ önemlidir. Ülkelerin gelişme surecinde çeşitli alanlarda
uzmanlaşmış̧ bireylere ihtiyaç̧ duyulmaktadır, bu alanlarının uzmanı olan nitelikli insanların
göç̧ ülkeleri için büyük bir kayıptır (Başaran, 1972). Türkiye dış göç olarak sadece göç alan
değil göç veren ülkelerden biridir ve aynı zamanda geçici olarak Türkiye’ye yerleşen ve daha
sonra başka ülkeye göç eden göçmen sayısı da çoktur. Bu açıdan göçmenler için Türkiye transit
ülke olarak görülmektedir.
Zorunlu Göç
Zorunlu göç kavramın karşılığını birçok araştırmacı ele almıştır ve genel olarak zorunlu göç
dediğimizde nedeni ne olursa olsun insanların isteği olmadan bir yerden ikinci yere taşınmasıdır
diyebiliriz. Bu nedenlerin çeşitlerine göre de zorunlu göçü sınıflandırabiliriz. Doğal afetler,
beklenmedik savaşlar, terör, eğitim, sosyal entegrasyon, sağlık, iç siyaset gibi nedenler zorunlu
göçün en büyük nedenidir. Bunlara itici ve zorlayıcı nedenler diyebiliriz. Türkiye’de kendi
sınırlarında olsun ya da sınır dışından olsun bu tür gölere fazla maruz kalmıştır. Özellikle
2000’li yıllardan itibaren zaman zaman işsizlik, yoksulluk, terör, doğal afetler nedeniyle
zorunlu iç göçler yaşanmaktadır. Örneğin 6 Şubat 2023’te Kahramanmaraş merkezli
Türkiye’nin Hatay, Gaziantep, Malatya, Diyarbakır, Kilis, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Osmaniye,
Adana ve Elâzığ bölgesinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin en büyük depremi yaşanmıştır.
Açıklanmış resmi rakamlara göre 50 783 kişi hayatını kaybederken 115 353 kişi yaralanmıştır.
Belirtilen bölgelerde olağanüstü hâl ilan edilerek yaklaşık 2,8 milyon insan zorunlu göç
etmiştir. Deprem bölgesinin büyüklüğü nedeniyle yaklaşık 13 milyon insan etkilendiği
belirtilmekte. Zorunlu bir şekilde deprem bölgelerinden geçici ve kalıcı olarak Türkiye’nin
güvenli bölgelerine göç yaşanmıştır. Türkiye’de deprem nedeniyle yaşanan zorunlu göçün bir
kısmını geçici göç olarak değerlendirebiliriz. Çünkü deprem sonrası alınan kakarlar niteliğinde
deprem bölgesindeki vatandaşları güvenli bölgelere, depremden etkilenmeyen bölgelere taşıma
yapıldı. Depremzedeler sadece yakınların bulundukları bölgelere değil hükümetin belirlemiş
oldukları illere yerleştirildi. Olağanüstü hâl ilan edilerek güvenli bölgelerdeki KYK yurtlarına
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yerleştirildi. Deprem sonrası deprem bölgelerine konteynerlerin hazırlanması bittikten sonra
geçici olarak KYK yurtlarında kalan vatandaşlar deprem bölgelerine geri döndü. Böylece,
geçici göç yaşandı. Uluslararası boyutta ise dünya siyasi gündemler nedeniyle özellikle
Suriye’de ve Irak’ta yaşanan ve yaşanmakta olan iç savaş nedeniyle zorunlu göç alan konumuna
geçmiştir ve son yıllarda Afganistan’dan ve İran’dan da çok diyecek kadar göç almaya
başladığını belirtebiliriz.
Afganistan’ın Yakın Tarih Göç Sorunu
Afganistan’ın iç göç sorunu en çok XX yüzyılın 70 yıllarında 2 yıl süren kuraklık nedeniyle
çıkmıştır. Özellikle bu dönemde köylüler zor zamanlar geçirmişlerdir, kuraklık tarların
yanmasına ve hasattın azalmasına hatta sıfıra inmesine neden olmuştur. Hasat azalınca, ülke
çapında hayvan besleme ve yetiştirme yok olmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle Kuzey-Batı
Afganistan (Gerat, Badgis, Maymana, Gor) ve Kuzey-Doğu Afganistan (Badaşan) gibi
bölgeleri çok zarar görerek halk arasında açlık başlamıştır. Böylece yüz binlerce köylü
tarlalarını ucuz satarak büyük şehirlere göç etmiş (Слинкин М.Ф., 2001).
Uluslararası boyutta ise Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği (UNHCR)
verilerine göre Afganistan dünyadaki en büyük göç veren beş ülkeden biridir. Hatta Suriye’de
iç savaş çıkmadan önce mülteci sayısıyla ilk sırada yer alıyordu. Çünkü Afganistan’daki göç
sorununun temeli, özellikle uluslararası boyutta XVIII yüzyılların başlarına kadar dayanıyor.
Kayıtlara göre Afganlar en çok İran’a ve Pakistan’a göç etmiştir. Nedenlerin biri coğrafi
yakınlık, etnik-kültürel bağlar ve dini benzerlikler olmuştur (Abbasi-Shavaz M. J vd., 2015).
En büyük dış göçlerin biri 1973 yılında gerçekleşen darbe sonrasıdır. Bu darbe sonrası ülke
büyük ölçüde beyin göçü vermiştir. Onlar, üst düzey askeri rütbeliler, yüksek ve orta düzey
makamlı devlet memurları. İlk gidenler (1973 yılında) Avrupa ülkelerine ve ABD’ye kaçmıştır.
İkinci grup gidenler (1975-1978) ağırlıklı Pakistan’a ve İran’a göç etmiştir. Böylece, ülkede
daha iç savaş çıkmadan mülteci ve göçmen sayısı yükselmiştir.
1978 yılında gerçekleşen ve Afganistan’ın tüm illerini iç savaştan sonra ise iç göç ve dış göç
inanılmaz derecede artarak ülkede en büyük ulusal ve sosyal-kültürel sorun haline gelmiştir. İç
göç sayısının belirlemek zor olmuştur. Çünkü 1980 ve 1990 yılları arasındaki iç göçün yönü
sürekli değiştiği kayıt tutmak imkânsız kalmış. Örneğin ilk başlarda insanlar güvenlik açısından
orduya yakın olmak amaçlı köylerden büyük şehirlere akın etmiştir. Ancak büyük şehirlerde
farklı siyasi görüşlere sahip grupların çatışmaları göç yönünü tersine şehirlerden kırsala
yönlendirmiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler Örgütünün verilerine göre 1987 yılında iç göç sayısı
yaklaşık 2 milyon insandı. Özellikle başkentte göçmen sayısı çok yüksekti. Resmi verilere göre
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1978 yılı başkent sınırları içinde 650 000 kişi ederken, 1979 yılında 931 418 insan, 1980 yılında
992 286, 1981 yılında 1 057 124 insan, 1982 yılında 1 126 205 insan ve seksenlerin sonlarında
ise 1,5 milyon insana kadar yükselmiştir. Başkent Kabil’in nüfusu 1978 yıldan seksenlerin
sonlarına kadar üçe katlanmıştır (Porahov, 1978). Daha sonrasında 1985 yılında Mücahitler bir
araya gelerek Afganistan’daki Demokratik Halk Partisi’nin perçem kanadından Bebrek
Kemal’ı destekleyen Sovyet askerlerine karşı ittifak kurdular. Bu tarihe geldiğinde Afgan
halkının yarısı göç etmiş durumdaydı (Afganistan’ın yakın tarihi, 2009) ve doksanlarda
Mücahitler Kabil’i aldıklarına sadece 200 binden fazla kişi şahit olabilmiştir. Çünkü ilk
başlarda köylüler ve kırsal bölgelerde yaşayanlar başkent onlara daha güvenli yaşam sağlayacak
düşüncesiyle göç etmiştir. Ancak Mücahitlerin ve diğer siyasi ve dini gruplar başkenti kanlı
çatışma merkezine çevirmiştir. Böylece birçok insan ve aile çaresiz ülkeyi tamamen terk ederek
komşu ülkelere gitmeyi tercih etmiştir. Özellikle Afganlar o dönemler Pakistan’a akın etmiştir.
Pakistan’a göç edenlerin sayısı birden yükselince Pakistan Hükümeti tarafından Afgan
göçmenleri kontrol etmek amaçlı özel ulusal komite kurulmuştur. Aynı şekilde İran’da Afgan
göçmenlerin akın etmesiyle özel komiteler oluşturulmuştur. Ancak Afganların en çok tercih
ettikleri ülke Pakistan olmuştur. Bunu Nisan !978 yılından Kasım 1982 yılına kadar raporlanmış
tabloya bakarak görebiliriz (Collins J.J., 1982).
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Tablo.1
Kayıta geçen
Tarih
Afgan Mülteci
Kayıta geçen
Tarih
Ay
1978
Nisan-Aralık
18 329
1981
Ocak
1 232 253
1979
Ocak-Aralık
389 072
1981
Şubat
1 310 928
1980
Ocak
427 580
1981
Mart
1 310 928
1980
Şubat
538099
1981
Nisan
1490 301
1980
Mart
599 050
1981
Mayıs
1560 912
1980
Nisan
650 076
1981
Haziran
1 688 289
1980
Mayıs
720 495
1981
Temmuz
1 812 001
1980
Haziran
779059
1981
Ağustos
1 835 894
1980
Temmuz
839 260
1981
Eylül
1 859 639
1980
Ağustos
926 216
1981
Ekim
1 887 639
1980
Eylül
996 871
1981
Kasım
1 906 826
1980
Ekim
996 872
1981
Ocak
1 913 412
1980
Kasım
1 148 470
1981
Şubat
2 800 000
1980
Aralık
1 232 253
sayısı
Yıl
Afgan Mülteci
Yıl
Ay
sayısı
Tabloya bakarak Afganistan’ın iki yıl içerisindeki göç hızını ne kadar yüksek olduğunu
görebiliriz. BM örgütün verilerine göre 1990 yılında Pakistan’da ve İran’da Afgan göçmenler
sayısı toplam yaklaşık 6,2 milyon insana ulaşmıştır (Сикоев Р.Р.,1999).
Türkiye’de Mülteci Hakları
Uluslararası düzeyde mültecilerin hakları ilk defa 1951 yılında Birleşmiş Miletler
Sözleşmesinde belirtilmiştir. Sözleşmenin 1. Maddesine göre, “1 Ocak 1951 ́den önce meydana
gelen olaylar sonucunda ve ırkı, dini, tabiiyeti, belli bir toplumsal gruba mensubiyeti veya siyasi
düşünceleri yüzünden, zulme uğrayacağından haklı sebeplerle korktuğu için vatandaşı olduğu
ülkenin dışında bulunan ve bu ülkenin korumasından yararlanamayan, ya da söz konusu korku
nedeniyle yararlanmak istemeyen; yahut tabiiyeti yoksa ve bu tür olaylar sonucu önceden
yasadığı ikamet ülkesinin dışında bulunan, oraya dönemeyen veya söz konusu korku nedeniyle
dönmek istemeyen şahıs” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu sözleşmenin nedeni ikinci Dünya
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Savaşında dünyada sayısızca insanın mülteci konumuna düşmesi olmuştur. Türkiye’de ise ilk
olarak mülteci hakları ilgili hukuki düzenlemeler, Ortadoğu’daki 1980’lerin sonlarında
başlayan ve 1990’ların başlarına kadar uzanan iç savaşlar yüzünden Türkiye’ye mültecilerin
akın etmeye başlaması nedeniyle başlamıştır. Böylece 1994 yılında “Türkiye’ye İltica Eden
veya Başka Bir Ülkeye İltica Etmek Üzere Türkiye’den İkamet İzni Talep Eden Münferit
Yabancılar ile Topluca Sığınma Amacıyla Sınırlarımıza Gelen Yabancılara ve Olabilecek
Nüfus Hareketlerine Uygulanacak Usul ve Esaslar Hakkında Yönetmelik” yayınlanmıştır. Daha
sonra mevcut yönetmenliğe değişikler getirilerek 2006 yılında “Türkiye’ye İltica Eden veya
Başka Bir Ülkeye İltica Etmek Üzere Türkiye’den İkamet İzni Talep Eden Münferit Yabancılar
ile Topluca Sığınma Amacıyla Sınırlarımıza Gelen Yabancılara ve Olabilecek Nüfus
Hareketlerine Uygulanacak Usul ve Esaslar Hakkında Yönetmelikte Değişiklik Yapılmasına
Dair Yönetmelik” olarak yeni yönetmenlik resmi gazetede yayınlanmıştır. Türkiye’de göçmen
hakları en başta Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasasında 10. Maddesinde belirtilmiştir: “Temel hak
ve özgürlükler, yabancılar için milletlerarası hukuka uygun olarak kanunla sınırlanabilir”.
Türkiye’nin göç politikasının önemli dönüm noktalarının biri 1999 yılında Avrupa Birliğine
kabul edilmiş olup önündeki en önemli engel “göç” politikası olmasıdır. Bu sebeple hükümet
bu konuda kapsamlı araştırmalar yürüterek göç yönetimini nasıl yönetilebilir soruna cevap
alabilmek amaçlı çalışmalar yapılmıştır ve 2001 yılında Türkiye ile Avrupa Konseyi arasında
imzalanan ortaklık belgesinde göç yönetimi konusunda Türkiye hedeflerini şu şekilde
belirtmiştir.
1.
“Yasal olmayan göçü̈ önlemek için, göç̧ (kabul, tekrar kabul, sınır dışı etme)
konusundaki AB Mevzuatı ve uygulamalarının benimsenmesi ve uygulanması.”
2.
“Müktesebatın benimsenmesi, uygulanması ve idare edilmesi için kamu yönetiminin
kapasitesinin özellikle eğitim ile yasal olmayan göç̧ ve yasal olmayan insan ve uyuşturucu
kaçakçılığını önlemek için etkin sınır kontrollerinin geliştirilmesi dahil olmak üzere,
bakanlıklar arasında uygun eşgüdüm sağlanmak suretiyle, iyileştirilmesi.” Türkiye’de son on
sene değişen göç akımı nedeniyle “1994 Yönetmenliği” ve diğer hukuki düzenlemeler yetersiz
kaldığı için 2 Şubat 2013’te 6458 sayılı Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu (YUKK)
düzenlenerek 11 Nisan 2014 yürürlüğe girmiştir. Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma
Kanunu’nun (YUKK) getirdiği önemli değişiklik, 1951 Mülteci Sözleşmesi ve !994
Yönetmenliğinde yer alan “sığınmacı” kavramına son vererek “mülteci, şartlı mülteci, ikincil
koruma” gibi tanımlara vererek değişikler getirmiştir.
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Mülteci: Avrupa ülkelerinde meydana gelen olaylar nedeniyle; ırkı, dini, tabiiyeti, belli bir
toplumsal gruba mensubiyeti veya siyasi düşüncelerinden dolayı zulme uğrayacağından haklı
sebeplerle korktuğu için vatandaşı olduğu ülkenin dışında bulunan ve bu ülkenin korumasından
yararlanamayan ya da söz konusu korku nedeniyle yararlanmak istemeyen yabancıya veya bu
tür olaylar sonucu önceden yaşadığı ikamet ülkesinin dışında bulunan, oraya dönemeyen veya
söz konusu korku nedeniyle dönmek istemeyen vatansız kişiye statü belirleme işlemleri
sonrasında mülteci statüsü verilir (Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu (YUKK)-Md.
61).
Şartlı Mülteci: Avrupa ülkeleri dışında meydana gelen olaylar sebebiyle; ırkı, dini, tabiiyeti,
belli bir toplumsal gruba mensubiyeti veya siyasi düşüncelerinden dolayı zulme
uğrayacağından haklı sebeplerle korktuğu için vatandaşı olduğu ülkenin dışında bulunan ve bu
ülkenin korumasından yararlanamayan, ya da söz konusu korku nedeniyle yararlanmak
istemeyen yabancıya veya bu tür olaylar sonucu önceden yaşadığı ikamet ülkesinin dışında
bulunan, oraya dönemeyen veya söz konusu korku nedeniyle dönmek istemeyen vatansız kişiye
statü belirleme işlemleri sonrasında şartlı mülteci statüsü verilir. Üçüncü ülkeye
yerleştirilinceye kadar, şartlı mültecinin Türkiye‟de kalmasına izin verilir (YUKK-Md. 62)
İkincil Koruma: Mülteci veya şartlı mülteci olarak nitelendirilemeyen, ancak menşe ülkesine
veya ikamet ülkesine geri gönderildiği takdirde;
a) Ölüm cezasına mahkûm olacak veya ölüm cezası infaz edilecek,
b) İşkenceye, insanlık dışı ya da onur kırıcı ceza veya muameleye maruz kalacak,
c) Uluslararası veya ülke genelindeki silahlı çatışma durumlarında, ayrım gözetmeyen şiddet
hareketleri nedeniyle şahsına yönelik ciddi tehditle karşılaşacak, olması nedeniyle menşe
ülkesinin veya ikamet ülkesinin korumasından yararlanamayan veya söz konusu tehdit
nedeniyle yararlanmak istemeyen yabancı ya da vatansız kişiye, statü belirleme işlemleri
sonrasında ikincil koruma statüsü verilir (YUKK-Md. 63).
Geçici Koruma: “1-Ülkesinden ayrılmaya zorlanmış, ayrıldığı ülkeye geri dönemeyen, acil ve
geçici koruma bulmak amacıyla kitlesel olarak sınırlarımıza gelen veya sınırlarımızı geçen
yabancılara geçici koruma sağlanabilir.” “2-Bu kişilerin Türkiye‟ye kabulü, Türkiye‟de kalışı,
hak ve yükümlülükleri, Türkiye‟den çıkışlarında yapılacak işlemler, kitlesel hareketlere karşı
alınacak tedbirlerle ulusal ve uluslararası kurum ve kuruluşlar arasındaki iş birliği ve
koordinasyon, merkez ve taşrada görev alacak kurum ve kuruluşların görev ve yetkilerinin
belirlenmesi, Bakanlar Kurulu tarafından çıkarılacak yönetmelikle düzenlenir (YUKK-Md.
62).Geçici Koruma Dair Yönetmenliğine 2016 yılında değişilik yapılarak “20 Mart 2016
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tarihinden sonra ülkemiz üzerinden düzensiz yollarla Ege adalarına geçmiş olan Suriye Arap
Cumhuriyeti vatandaşlarından, ülkemize geri kabul edilenlere koruma talep etmeleri halinde bu
Yönetmelik kapsamında geçici koruma sağlanabilir” fıkrası eklenmiş olup, söz konusu
Yönetmelik halen yürürlükte bulunmaktadır.
Türkiye’de Afgan Göçmenlerin Eğitim Sorunu
Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının 23 Eylül 2014 tarih ve 2014/21 sayılı “Yabancılara Yönelik EğitimÖğretim Hizmetleri” konulu genelgeyle mülteci ve sığınmacı çocuklar da dahil olmak üzere
ülke sınırları içerisindeki zorunlu eğitim çağındaki tüm çocukların eğitim-öğretim hizmetlerine
erişimleri ile ilgili birtakım standartlar oluşturulmuştur. Söz konusu genelgeyle ülke sınırları
içerisindeki yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin eğitim öğretim hizmetleri ile ilgili işlemlerin
Bakanlık ve İl Komisyonlarınca yerine getirilmesi esasa bağlanmıştır. Aynı genelgeyle mülteci
ve sığınmacıların sadece Geçici Eğitim Merkezlerinde değil, MEB’e bağlı devlet okullarında
da eğitimlerine devam etmeleri sağlanırken, öncesinde kayıtta istenen “ikamet izni” yerine artık
“yabancı tanıtma belgesi” ile en yakın bir devlet okuluna kaydolabilmelerinin önü açılmıştır.
TUİK’in verilerine göre Afganlar Türkiye’de son 3 yılda fazla göçmen sayısıyla üçüncü sırada
gelmektedir ve sayı olarak Suriyeli göçmenlerden önde gelmektedir. UNHCR’in verilerine göre
Afgan göçmenlerin yaklaşık %60 gençler ve çocuklar oluşturmakta. Kayıtsız ikamet edenlerin
sayısı da çok fazladır. Afganların en çok bulunduğu iller Adana, Konya, Erzurum, Van, İzmir
ve İstanbul.
Maddi Sorunlar: Afgan çocukların ve gençlerin Türkiye’de eğitim almalarında en büyük sorun
sosyal-ekonomik sorunlardır. Ailelerin büyük kısmı daimî gelire sahip değil. Devlet tarafından
da belirli yardım ya da program belirlenmemektedir. Bu konuda İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlükler,
Belediyeler ve sivil Toplum Örgütler iş birliği içerisinde birçok program düzenleyerek yardımcı
gelişme sağlamaya çalışsa da uygulamada sorunlar hala devam etmektedir.
Dil Sorunu: Son yapılan araştırmalara göre Afgan çocukların önemli sorunların biri dil
olmaktadır. Bu nedenle çoğu göçmen çocukları Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarafından onlara tanınan
tüm devlet okullarında eğitim alma haklarını kullanamıyorlar. Türkçe bilmedikleri için devlet
okullarında diğer çocuklarla entegre olmaları nerdeyse imkânsız oluyor ve aynı zamanda
akademik başarılarını etkilemektedir
Sürekli Yer Değiştirme: Afgan çocukların diğer sorunlarının biri ailelerin sürekli yer
değiştirmeleridir. Türkiye’ye gelen Afgan ailelerin en büyük sorunların biri de sabit iş
bulamama. Gelen göçmenlerin büyük kısmı günlük işlerde çalışıyorlar. Bu nedenle yurt dışına
kadar yol alan istihdam arayışı Türkiye’de de son bulmuyor ve Türkiye sınırları içerisinde de
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göç haraketlilikleri devam ediyor. Bu nedenle Afgan çocukların kaydoldukları okullardaki
eğitimleri yarım kalıyor ve sürekli okul değiştirme sonucunda çocuğun hem akademik başarısı
olumsuz etkilenerek ve okuldaki diğer öğrencilerle uyum sorunu yaşanıyor.
Düzensiz Göçmenler: Afgan çocukların eğitimden uzak kalmalarının bir başka sorunu Afgan
ailelerin Türkiye’ye kaçak yollarla gelmeleridir. Son yılların verilerine göre Türkiye sınırını
kanun dışı yollarla geçenler listesinde Afganlar ilk sırada gelmektedir. UNESCO Uluslararası
Göç Kürsüsü Yürütücüsü Doç. Dr. Ayselin Yıldız, Türkiye’de yakalanan göçmenlerin %40
Afgan göçmenler olduğunu belirtti ve son yıllarda ilk sırada Suriyeliler değil Afganlar olması
her sene Afganistan’dan gelen göçmenlerin arttığını göstergesidir. Düzensiz gelen Afgan
göçmenlerin kaçak çalışarak ilgili kurumlara kayıt yaptırmıyorlar. Çocukları ise haliyle okula
kaydolamıyorlar.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Göç ve göçmenler geçmişten günümüzde kadar tüm ülkelerde önemli yere sahip olmuştur.
Birçok ülkede göçmenler ülkenin siyasi ve ekonomik gelişmelerini etkileyen en büyük
faktörlerin biridir. Örneğin yakın tarihe bakacak olursak, en güzel örnek olarak Sovyet Sosyalist
Cumhuriyetler Birliğini (SSCB) gösterebiliriz. Çünkü 1922’de kurulan ve on beş ülkeden
oluşan Sovyet Birliği, bu ülkelerin birleşmesiyle ülkeler arası göçün sayısı artacağın farkına
varmıştır. Özellikle gelişmeyen ve ekonomik olarak daha zayıf kalan ülkelerden merkeze
(Moskova) ve başka büyük kentlere göç akını olabileceğini öngörmüşlerdir. Olası büyük göçler
sonucu farklı kültürlerin büyük çatışması da kaçınılmaz olabilirdi. Bu nedenle hükümet bu
konuda kapsamlı göç politikası ve entegrasyon programı düzenlemiştir. Bu programın en büyük
önem gösterilen nokta eğitim olmuştur. Yapılan düzenlemeler sonucunda on beş ülkeyi Kiril
alfabesine geçirerek aynı eğitim sistemi uygulanmaya başlanmıştır. Orta Asya ülkelerinde
yaşayanlar göçebe hayat sürdükleri için ve belirli sabit yaşam alanları olmadıkları için
çocuklarına düzenli eğitim vermek çok zor olmasına rağmen hükümet çocukları kelimenin tam
anlamıyla dağdan taştan toplayarak yatılı okullarda eğitim vermeye çalışmıştır. Aynı zamanda
kadın erkek eşitliğini getirerek cinsiyet ayırmaksızın tüm çocuklar eğitim almaya hak
kazanmıştır. Çocuğunu okula yollamak istemeyene hükümet caydırıcı hatta hapis cezası bile
uygulamıştır. Böylece, 1940’lara gelince halkın nerdeyse tamamının okuma yazma sorununu
çözülmüştür. Bununla birlikte entegrasyondan ekonomiğe kadar en büyük sorunlar ortadan
kalkarak bu topraklarda göze görülür derecede ciddi sosyal-ekonomik gelişmeler başlamıştır.
Bu nedenle göç kontrolünde eğitim politikası en başta gelen ve en önemli adım.
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Türkiye’de son zamanlarda görülen göçmen sayısı, acil yeni göçmen eğitim politikasına
ihtiyacımız olduğunu gösteriyor. Çünkü yukarıdaki verdiğimiz SSCB örneğinden eğitimin ne
kadar önemli yere sahip olduğunu görebiliriz. Çünkü Türkiye’ye gelen göçmenlerin büyük
kısmı mülteci statüsündeki göçmenler ve gelen göçmen çocukların çoğu kendi ülkelerinde de
eğitime ulaşamayanlardandır. Bu nedenle öncellikle kapsamlı bir eğitim politikasının
düzenlenmesi şart.
Yukarıda belirtiğimiz gibi Afgan göçmenlerin %40 illegal yollarla Türkiye’ye gelmekteler.
Bazıları kilometrelerce, günlerce yürüyerek ve birçok zorlukları atlatarak geliyor. Büyüklerle
birlikte çocuklar da büyük psikolojik travma ile sınırları geçmekte. Göçmen eğitim
politikasında en çok bu konuda çalışmalar yürütmemiz gerekir ve oluşturacağımız göçmen
eğitim sistemi adım adım ilerlemeli:
1.
Gelen göçmen çocuklara psikolojik destek sağlamak ve bunu zorunlu hale getirmek.
2.
Zorunlu Türkçe dil hazırlığıyla birlikte, Türk kültürü dersi (Göçmen çocuklara özel
Türkiye’yi tanıtan, Türk kültürünü anlatan ders içeriği oluşturmak).
3.
Çocuklarını okutamayan bunun için maddi ve fiziki durumu müsaade etmeyen göçmen
aile çocukları için yatılı okulları açılabilir (bunun için projeler geliştirerek uluslararası yardım
kurumlardan maddi destek alınabilir).
4.
Devlet okullarına yerleştirmek.
Böylece, göçmen çocukları daha kolay bir şekilde entegre edebiliriz. Onların eğitim alması,
yerli sosyal-kültürel değerlere sahip olması Türkiye’nin yarınları için büyük bir katkı olacaktır.
Çünkü göçmenler arasındaki yoksulluk, eğitimsizlik, entegrasyon sorunu ilerde Türkiye’nin iç
güvenliği ve refahı için tehdit oluşturabilir.
Araştırmamızda belki de son yılların en çok konuşulan konuyu ele aldık ama güncel duruma
baktığımızda somut adımlar atılmayan bir konu olduğunu vurgulamak istedik. Çünkü gittikçe
artan Afgan göçmen sayısı ve diğer göçmenler ileride ülkemizin nülüsünün bir parçası olabilir.
Bu nedenle durum daha karmaşık hale gelmeden eğitim konusunda belirli bir politika
izlememiz şart. Unutmayalım ki “Ağaç yaş iken eğilir”, bugün bizim değil dediğim ağaç yarın
bize belki meyve verir, gölge olur korur…
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Kaynakça
Abbasi-Shavaz, M. J.,Glazebrook, D., Jamshidiha, G., Mahmoudian H. ve Sadeghi R. (2005).
Return To Afghanistan? A Study of Afghans Living in Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran,
Erişim adresi: http://www.unhcr. org/434f69e92.pdf
Akalın, A.T. (2016). Türkiye’ye Gelen Suriyelı̇ Göçmen Çocukların Eğı̇ tı̇ m Sorunları. (Yüksek
lisans tezi, İstanbul Aydın üniversitesi, İstanbul). Erişim adresi https://tez.yok.gov.tr
Aslan, F. (2019). İlkokul ve Ortaokula Devam Eden Göçmen Çocukların Eğitim Sorunlarına
Yönelik Okul Yöneticilerin Görüşleri. (Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara).
Erişim adresi https://tez.yok.gov.tr
Bahadır, U. (2018). Göçmen ve Sığınmacıların Eğitimden Dışlanması sorunu. (Yüksek lisans
tezi, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya). Erişim adresi https://tez.yok.gov.tr
Baldık, Y. (2018). Ana Dı̇ lı̇ Türkçe Olmayan Göçmen Toplulukların Eğı̇ tı̇ m Sı̇ stemı̇ ne
Katılımında Türkçe Öğretı̇ mı̇ nı̇ n Önemı̇ . (Yükse lisans tezi, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli
üniversitesi, Nevşehir). Erişim adresi https://tez.yok.gov.tr
Başaran, F. (1972). Türkiye’de beyin göçü sorunu. Ankara Üniversitesi DTCF. Dergisi, 10, s.
133-153.
BBC News Türkiye. (2009). Afganistan’ın yakın tarihi. Erişim 10 Ocak, 2024,
https://www.bbc.com/turkce/ozeldosyalar/2009/08/090812_afghanistan_timeline
Collins, J.J. (1982). The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. A Study in the Use of Force in Soviet
Foreign Policy. Mas- sachusetts. Toronto. Lexington Books. P.143. Transnational
Perspectives. A Special Study (Geneva). P. 25.
Слинкин,
М.Ф.
(2001).
Афганистан:
Проблема
Беженцев,
Erişim
adresi:
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/83258/54Slinkin.pdf?sequence=1
Çöplü, F. (2019). Göçmen Öğrenciler İçin Okul Uyum Programı Geliştirmeye Yönelik Bir
Taslak Çalışması. (Yüksek lisans tezi, Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, Kırşehir). Erişim
adresi https://tez.yok.gov.tr
Durugönül, E. (1997). Sosyal Değişme, Göç ve Sosyal Hareketler. II. Ulusal Sosyoloji
Kongresi: Toplum ve Göç, Ankara: DİE: 95-100.
Сикоев, Р.Р. (1999). Пресса афганской̆ эмиграции. Rusya Bilimler Akademisi Doğu
Çalışmaları Enstitüsü. С.6.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Gökmen, H. (2020). Suriyeli Göçmen Öğrencilerin Türk Eğitim Sistemine Entegrasyon
Sorunu. (Yüksek lisans tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Bursa). Erişim adresi
https://tez.yok.gov.tr
Günay, Atılgan ve Serin, (2011). Perruchoud ve Redpath-Cross.
Ihlamur-Öner. G. ve Öner. Ş. (2012). Küreselleşme Çağında Göç. Kavramlar, tartışmalar.
İstanbul: İletişim yayıncılık.
Porahov, A.M. (1978). Büyük Sovyet Ansiklopedisi. Üçüncü baskı. S. 203.
Polat, A. (2019). Yabancılara (Suriyeli Göçmen Çocuklara) Okuma Yazma Öğretimi Sürecine
ilişkin sınıf Öğretmenlerinin Görüşleri. (Yüksek lisans tezi, Necmettin Erbakan
Üniversitesi, Konya). Erişim adresi https://tez.yok.gov.tr
Rüzgar, M.A. (2014). 6. Sınıf Sosyal Bı̇ lgı̇ ler Dersı̇ ndekı̇ İpek Yolunda Türkler Ünı̇ tesı̇ nde
Geçen Göç Kavramının Drama Yöntemı̇ yle İşlenmesı̇ nı̇ n Öğrencı̇ Başarısına Etkı̇ sı̇ .
(Yüksek lisans tezi, Giresun Üniversitesi, Giresun). Erişim adresi https://tez.yok.gov.tr
Sağlam, S. (2006). Türkiye’de İç Göç Olgusu ve Kentleşme. İstanbul, Hacettepe Üniversitesi
Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, C:Güz, S.5, ss.33-44.
Tezcan, M. (2000). Dış̧ Göç̧ ve Eğitim. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu. (2013). 28615 sayılı Resmi Gazete.
www.goc.gov.tr
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İKLİM VERİLERİNDEN FAYDALANARAK SİİRT ZİVZİK NARININ
BİTKİ SU TÜKETİMİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Doç. Dr. Ali Beyhan UÇAK (ORCID: 0000000343442848)
Siirt Universitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü Siirt /Turkiye
Email:abucak@siirt.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bu çalışmanın amacı iklim parametrelerinden yararlanarak bitki su tüketimini tahmin etmeye
yarayan Penman Monteith eşitliği (ETo miktarına bağlı olarak çeşitli bitkilerin ET miktarlarının
tahmin edilmesinde kullanılan yöntem) FAO 56 modifikasyonu yöntemini kullanarak Siirt
zivzik narının Siirt iklim koşullarında bitki su tüketimini belirlemektir. Araştırmada bitki
materyali olarak Siirt zivzik narı kullanılmıştır. Çalışma 2017 yılı narın yetişme sezonu
boyunca yürütülmüştür. Erken vejetatif dönemde Penman Monteith eşitliği ile saptanan
referans bitki su tüketimi günlük ETa değeri 5,5 mm gün-1 arasında değişirken, çiçeklenme
öncesinde ve çiçeklenme döneminde 10-10,5 mm gün-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Aylık (Temmuz)
olarak ise, Penman Monteith eşitliğine göre 288.50 mm ay-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Penman
Monteith FAO 56 modifikasyonu eşitliğine göre ise sezonluk ETo miktarı 808.0 mm/yıl olarak
tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışmada gerçek su tüketimi ile hesaplanan (kıyas) su tüketimi
arasındaki farkın önemsiz olduğu ve daha fazla meteorolojik veri kullanarak bitki su tüketim
tahminlerinde daha gerçekçi sonuçlara ulaşan bir yöntem olan Penman-Monteith eşitliği
kullanılarak zivzik narının yarı kurak iklim koşullarında sulama programının hazırlanmasında
kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Plant water consumption, Climate data, Zivzik pomegranate
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BENEFITTING FROM CLIMATE DATA, SİİRT ZİVZİK PARI
DETERMINATION OF PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine the plant water consumption of Siirt zivzik pomegranate
in Siirt climatic conditions by using the FAO 56 modification method of the Penman Monteith
equation (the method used to estimate the ET amounts of various plants depending on the
amount of ETo), which is used to estimate plant water consumption by using climate
parameters. Siirt zivzik pomegranate was used as plant material in the research. The study was
conducted during the 2017 pomegranate growing season. While the reference plant water
consumption daily ETa value determined by the Penman Monteith equation in the early
vegetative period varied between 5.5 mm day-1, it was determined as 10-10.5 mm day-1 before
flowering and during the flowering period. In monthly (July) terms, it was calculated as 288.50
mm month-1 according to the Penman Monteith equation. According to the Penman Monteith
FAO 56 modification equation, the seasonal ETo amount was determined as 808.0 mm/year.
As a result, it can be said that the difference between the actual water consumption and the
calculated (comparison) water consumption in the study is insignificant and that it can be used
in the preparation of the irrigation program of zivzik pomegranate in semi-arid climate
conditions by using the Penman-Monteith equation, which is a method that reaches more
realistic results in plant water consumption estimates by using more meteorological data.
Keywords: Crop water consumption, Water balance equation, Climate data
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Giriş
Zivzik Narı, Siirt yöresinin önemli tarımsal ürünleri arasında yer almaktadır. Botan Çayı Vadisi
etekleri boyunca yerleşim gösteren, Şirvan ilçesine bağlı Kapılı, Sarıdana, Pirinçli ve Zivzik
(Dişlinar) köylerinde kapama bahçelerde yaygın olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan bir meyve türüdür.
Tad, aroma ve lezzet bakımından son derece iyi bir çeşit olan Zivzik, adından da anlaşılacağı
gibi orta-sert yapıda bir çekirdeğe sahip olması nedeniyle sofralık tüketimden çok meyve suyu
elde edilmesine uygundur. Mayhoş bir tada sahiptir. Bu çeşidin en önemli bir diğer özelliği de
kontrollü atmosferli koşullarda altı aya kadar depolanabilme özelliğine sahip olmasıdır. 2008
yılında Gaziantep Fıstık Araştırma Enstitüsü tarafından tescil ettirilmiş bir çeşit olan Zivzik
Narı üzerinde şimdiye kadar çeşitli konularda farklı araştırmalar yapılmıştır (Pakyürek ve ark.,
2020; Al-Jabbari ve ark., 2020; Pakyürek ve ark., 2019; Aydın ve ark., 2017). Damla sulama
yöntemi, tarımsal üretimde hem suyun ekonomik kullanımı sağlamakta hem de yabancı otları
baskılayarak su kaybını azaltabilmektedir (Hill ve Keller, 1980). Nar yetiştiriciliğinde
uygulanan sulama suyu miktarı ile verim ve meyve kalitesi arasında önemli ilişki olduğu
bildirilmektedir. Uygulanan sulama suyu arttıkça meyve veriminin de buna paralel olarak arttığı
ancak meyve kabuğunda oluşacak çatlaklar olmak üzere bazı kalite özelliklerinde azalmalar
olabildiği bildirilmektedir (Khattab ve ark., 2011). Galindo ve ark. (2014), tarafından yapılan
bir çalışmada kısıtlı su uygulamasının (0.33) verimde azalmaya, olgunlaşma süresinde
kısalmaya, toplam fenolik madde miktarında az da olsa artışa, antosiyanin içeriğinde ise
herhangi bir değişime neden olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Pena-Estevez ve ark. (2016), tarafından
Mollar de Elche nar çeşidinde kontrol olarak tam sulama (1.00) ve kontrole göre %78 oranında
azaltılmış sulama olmak üzere iki farklı sulama seviyesinin meyve kalitesi üzerine etkisi
araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre hasat edilen taze meyvelerde toplam fenolik madde
ve antosiyanin içeriğinin kontrol konusuna kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Mellisho
ve ark. (2012) tarafından narda farklı sulama düzeylerinin meyvenin renk, mineral madde, suda
çözünür kuru madde, asitlik gibi bazı kalite özellikleri üzerine olan etkisi araştırılmıştır.
Sulama programı oluşturulmasında ve bitki su tüketiminin saptanmasında alternatif metotlardan
birisi de, toprak suyunun ölçülmesi (gravimetrik) yöntemdir (Pardossi et al., 2009). Bitki su
tüketimi ve sulama suyu ihtiyacı bitki, toprak ve iklim özelliklerine bağlı olarak değişkenlik
göstermektedir. Tarımsal sulamada su kaynaklarının optimum bir randımanla kullanımı, bitki
su tüketimini esas alan sulama programları hazırlanarak, bitkinin suya ihtiyacı olduğu
zamanlarda sulama yapılması ve her sulamada bitkiye ihtiyacı kadar su verilmesi ile
sağlanabilmektedir (Jensen ve Allen, 2016). Bitki su tüketim yöntemleri direkt olarak veya
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indirekt olarak iklim parametrelerine bağlı olarak birçok yöntemle tespit edilebilmektedir.
Direkt yöntemler uzun bir zaman dilimi ve fazla miktarda iş gücü gerektirirken, indirekt
yöntemler daha basit ve daha hızlı uygulanabilmektedir (Kaya 2011). ETo’ı belirleyen etmenler
iklim parametreleri ve hava verileridir. Örneğin belirlenmesinde FAO56 Penman-Monteith
yöntemi değerlendirildiği bölgede çayır bitkileri ETo değeriyle oldukça sıkı şekilde benzerlik
gösterdiği için, fiziksel olarak, fizyolojik ve aerodinamik parametrelerin her ikisini de açıkça
birleştirmiş bir yöntem olması sebebiyle tek yöntem olarak tavsiye edilmektedir. Yöntemin ilk
aşamasında birçok iklim verisi formüle dâhil olduğu için zorluklar yaşanmasına karşın
araştırmadaki ilerlemeler ve bitkiler kıyas ürünlerini içeren geçerli tahminleri ile büyük çapta
aşılmıştır (Jensen ve Allen, 2016).
Bu çalışmanın amacı iklim parametrelerinden yararlanarak bitki su tüketimini tahmin etmeye
yarayan Penman Monteith eşitliği (ETo miktarına bağlı olarak çeşitli bitkilerin ET miktarlarının
tahmin edilmesinde kullanılan yöntem) FAO 56 modifikasyonu yöntemini kullanarak tatlı
zivzik narının Siirt iklim koşullarında bitki su tüketimini belirlemektir.
2. Gereç ve Yöntem
2.1. Deneysel Çalışmalar
Penman-Monteith yöntemine göre referans (kıyas) bitki su tüketiminin hesaplanması aşağıda
formülde verilmiştir.
Bu yöntemde kıyas bitki su tüketimi;
Bu yöntemde kıyas bitki su tüketimi;
𝐸𝑇 =
𝛿
1
𝛾
900
(𝑅𝑛 − 𝐺) +
𝑢 (𝑒 − 𝑒𝑑 )
∗
∗
𝛿+𝛾
𝜆 𝛿 + 𝛾 𝑇 + 275 2 𝑎
(1.3) eşitliği ile tahmin edilmektedir.
Bu eşitlikteki bazı terimlerin hesaplanmasında kullanılan eşitlikler ise aşağıda verilmiştir.
4098𝑒
𝑎
𝛿 = (𝑇+237.3)
2 (1.4)
𝜆 = 2.501 − 2.361 × 10−3 𝑇(1.5)
𝑃
𝛾 = 0.0016286 𝜆 (1.6)
𝛾 ∗ = 𝛾(1 +
0.34𝑢2 )
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛𝑠 − 𝑅𝑛𝑙 (1.8)
790
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𝑅𝑛𝑠 = 0,75𝑅𝑠 (1.9)
𝑛
𝑅𝑛𝑙 = 2,451𝑓(𝑇)𝑓(𝑒𝑑 )𝑓 (𝑁) (1.10)
𝑛
𝑅5 = (0.25 + 0.50 𝑁) 𝑅𝑎 (1.11)
𝑅𝐻
𝑒𝑑 = 𝑒𝑎 100 (1.12)
2 0.2
𝑢2 = 𝑢𝑧 (𝑧)
(1.13)
Bu eşitliklerde;
𝐸𝑇 = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑘𝑖 𝑠𝑢 𝑡ü𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑖, 𝑚𝑚/𝑔ü𝑛,
𝛿 = 𝐵𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤 𝑒ğ𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑒ğ𝑖𝑚𝑖, 𝑘𝑃𝑎/°𝐶
𝛾 ∗ = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑦𝑒 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑒, 𝑘𝑃𝑎/°𝐶
𝛾 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑒, 𝑘𝑃𝑎/°𝐶
𝑃 = 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝐽
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑘𝑖 𝑦ü𝑧𝑒𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑖 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛 , 𝑀2
𝑔ü𝑛
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝚤ş 𝑦ü𝑧ü𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑙𝑎ş𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛,
𝑀𝐽
/𝑔ü𝑛
𝑀2
(Çizelge 1.2’den doğrudan alınabilir.)
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑌𝑒𝑟𝑦ü𝑧ü𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑙𝑎ş𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝚤𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑎𝑙𝚤 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛,
𝑀𝐽
/𝑔ü𝑛
𝑀2
𝑀𝐽
/𝑔ü𝑛
𝑀2
𝑀𝐽
= 𝑈𝑧𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑙𝚤 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛,
/𝑔ü𝑛
𝑀2
𝑅𝑛𝑠 = 𝐾𝚤𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑎𝑙𝚤 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛,
𝑅𝑛𝑙
𝑓(𝑇) = Sıcaklık fonksiyonu (Çizelge 1.3’den doğrudan alınabilir.)
𝑇 = 𝑆𝚤𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑙𝚤𝑘, ° 𝐶
𝑓(𝑒𝑑 ) = 𝐵𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤 𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑢 (Ç𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑙𝑔𝑒 1.4′ 𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜ğ𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝚤𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑟)
𝑒𝑑 = 𝑂𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑎 𝑠𝚤𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑙𝚤ğ𝚤𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑘𝑖 𝑔𝑒𝑟ç𝑒𝑘 𝑏𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
791
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𝑒𝑎 = 𝑂𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑎 𝑠𝚤𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑙𝚤ğ𝚤𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑘𝑖 𝑑𝑜𝑦𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑏𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(Çizelge 1.5’ten doğrudan alınabilir)
𝑓(𝑛⁄𝑁): 𝐺ü𝑛𝑒ş𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝚤 𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑢
( Ç𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑙𝑔𝑒 1.6′ 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜ğ𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝚤𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑟)
n = Güneşlenme süresi, h
N = Olası maksimum güneşlenme süresi, h (Çizelge 1.7’den doğrudan alınabilir)
G = Topraktaki ısı akımı, MJ/m2/gün
(Ardışık periyotlarda toprağın ortalama sıcaklığı çok fazla değişmediğinden ihmal edilebilir.)
𝑀𝐽
𝑀𝐽
𝜆 = 𝐵𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎ş𝑚𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑙𝑖 𝚤𝑠𝚤𝑠𝚤, 𝑘𝑔 (𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒ğ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑘 2.45 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝚤𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑟)
𝑢2 = 𝑅ü𝑧𝑔𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝚤𝑧𝚤𝑛𝚤𝑛 2 𝑚 𝑦ü𝑘𝑠𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑡𝑒𝑘𝑖 𝑒ş𝑑𝑒ğ𝑒𝑟𝑖, 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑢𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑚 𝑦ü𝑘𝑠𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑡𝑒 ö𝑙çü𝑙𝑚üş 𝑟ü𝑧𝑔𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝚤𝑧𝚤,
𝑠
z = Rüzgar hızının ölçüldüğü yükseklik, m
(Türkiye’de meteoroloji bültenlerinde genellikle 10 m yükseklikte ölçülmüş rüzgar hızı
değerleri verilmektedir) ve RH = Ortalama bağıl (nispi) nem, % değerlerini göstermektedir.
Çizelge 1. Siirt iline ait uzun yıllık meteorolojik veriler (1938-2019).
Maksimum
Minimum
Ortalama
Toplam
Sıcaklık
Sıcaklık
Nispi Nem
(°Ϲ)
(°Ϲ)
(%)
79
79
Ocak
19.7
Şubat
Mart
Yağış
Maksimum
Ortalama
Ortalama
Ortalaması
Yağış
Buharlaşma
Güneşlenme
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Süresi
78
78
79
79
57
-19.3
71.9
34.6
53.4
12.0
3.6
20.6
-16.5
67.1
29.4
53.2
28.5
-13.3
62.0
24.1
63.0
33.0
5.4
Nisan
32.9
-4.1
58.0
22.4
71.4
84.0
6.5
Mayıs
36.2
2.0
50.7
21.2
68.1
186
9.0
Haziran
40.2
8.2
34.6
15.5
16.7
284.8
11.7
Temmuz
44.4
13.1
27.4
13.5
22.2
368.0
12.2
Ağustos
14.4
46.0
26.4
13.3
12.2
351.8
11.4
Eylül
39.9
8.5
31.2
14.4
37.5
254.3
9.9
Ekim
36.6
0.3
46.7
49.7
70.8
137.6
7.2
Kasım
25.8
-14.1
62.4
82.5
102.9
53.0
5.2
Aralık
24.3
-14.6
70.6
94.5
71.8
13.1
3.6
Yıllık
46
-19.3
50.8
719.8
102.9
1753.6
7.5
Parametre
(Saat)
Rasat Süresi
(Yıl)
792
4.4
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3. Bulgular ve Tartışma
Erken vejetatif dönemde Penman Monteith eşitliği ile saptanan günlük ETa değeri 5,5 mm gün1
arasında değişirken, çiçeklenme öncesinde ve çiçeklenme döneminde 10-10,5 mm gün-1
olarak hesaplanmıştır. Aylık olarak ise Penman Monteith eşitliğine göre 288,5 mm ay-1 olarak
hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmanın yürütüldüğü yıl mevsimlik bitki su tüketimi (Penman Monteith
FAO 56) modifikasyonu eşitliğine göre ise ETo miktarı 808,0 mm olarak tespit edilmiştir.
4. Sonuç
Son zamanlarda küresel ısınmaya bağlı olarak ciddi bir tehdit olarak karşımıza çıkan ani
iklimsel değişim, ülkemizdeki kısıtlı olan su kaynaklarının tükenmesine yol açmakta önemli bir
oynamaktadır. Bunun yanında zivzik narı bitkisi yetiştiriciliği alanında daha fazla teşvik
edilmesi için yapılan çalışmada gerçek su tüketimi ile hesaplanan referans su tüketimi arasında
farkın önemsiz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öte yandan su tüketiminin en yoğun olarak kullanıldığı
alanların sulama amaçlı olduğu düşünüldüğünde sulama projelerinin gerçekçi olarak iklim
verilerine bağlı, uzun ya da kısa dönemlere ilişkin bitkilerin kullanacakları su miktarının
belirlenmesi gereklidir. Sonuç olarak bitki su tüketiminin saptanmasında daha fazla
meteorolojik veri kullanarak bitki su tüketim tahminlerinde daha gerçekçi sonuçlara ulaşan bir
yöntem olan Penman-Monteith eşitliği kullanılarak zivzik narı bitkisinin sulama programı
hazırlanmasında önerilebilir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar diğer araştırıcılar tarafından da
test edilebilir.
793
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Refaranslar
Al-Jabbari K.H., Pakyürek M. and Yaviç A., 2020. Comparison of Rooting Situations For
Salakhani and Zivzik Pomegranates Under Different IBA Doses. Applied Ecology and
Environmental Research. 18(1): 201-217.
Aydın Y, Mikail N, Pakyürek M, Saltuk B, Seven M (2017) Water-yield relationship of
Zivzik Pomogranate under deficit irrigation condition. Scientific Papers. Series E. Land
Reclamation, Earth Observation & Surveying, Environmental Engineering Vol. VI, 2017.
Creech, R. (1968). Carbonhydrate syntesis in maize maize. Adv. Argon.
Galindo A, Calin-Sanchez A, Collado-Gonzales J, Ondono S, Hernandez F, Torrecillas
A, Carbonell Barrachina AA, 2014. Phytochemical and quality attributes of pomeğranate
fruits for juice consumption as affected by ripeninğ stağe and defict irriğation. Journal of
the Science of Food and Ağriculture 94 (11): 2259-2265.
Hill, R.W, Keller, J. 1980. Irrigation Systems Selection For Maximum Crop Profit.
Transactions of The ASAE 23: 366-372.
Kaya, S. 2011.«Yarı-Kurak İklim Koşullarında Farklı Yöntemlerle Hesaplanan Refereans
Evapotranspirasyon Değerlerinin Karşılaştırılması.» Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Dergisi1, no. 1 : 58-60.
Khattab MM, Shaban AE, El-Shrief AH, El-Deen Mohamed AS, 2011. Growth and
productivity of pomeğranate trees under different irriğation levels, I: Veğetative ğrowth
and fruitinğ. Journal of Horticultural Science & Ornamental Plants 3 (2): 194-198.
Jensen, M.E., Allen, R.G., (2016). Evaporation, evapotranspiration, and irrigation water
requirements. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ISBN: 978-0-784-47920-9,
New York, USA, 744s.
Pakyürek M., Erez M.E., Özrenk K., Atlı H.S., Gezer R., Şahin M., Ertaş A., 2020. Zivzik
Narında Klon Seleksiyonu. Euroasia Journal of Mathematics Engineerıng Natural &
Medical Sciences. 8(1): 160-169.
Pakyürek M., Aydın Y. and Mikail N., 2019. Fuzzy Logic Applications in Horticulture and a
Sample Design for Juice Volume Prediction in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.).
Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 17(2): 2449-2460.
Pena-Estevez ME, Artes-Hernandez F, Artes F, Ağuayo E, Martinez-Hernandez GB, Galindo
A, Gomez PA, 2016. Quality chanğes of pomeğranate arils throuğhout shelf life affected
by defict irriğation and pre-processinğ storağe. Food Chemistry 209: 302-311.
794
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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Mellisho CD, Eğea I, Galindo A, Rodrığuez P, Rodrığuez J, Conejero W, Romojaro F,
Torrecillas A, 2012. Pomeğranate (Punica granatum L.) Fruit Response to Different
Deficit irriğation Conditions. Ağricultural Water Manağement 114: 30-36.
Pardossi, A., Incrocci, L., Incrocci, G., Malorgio, F., Battista, P., Bacci, L., Rapi, B.,
795
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İKLİM VERİLERİNDEN FAYDALANARAK AYÇİÇEĞİ HATLARININ
BİTKİ SU TÜKETİMİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Doç. Dr. Ali Beyhan Uçak (ORCID: 0000000343442848)
Siirt Universitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Biyosistem Mühendisliği Bölümü Siirt /Turkiye
Email:abucak@siirt.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bu çalışmanın amacı doğrudan bitki su tüketimini belirlemeye yarayan su dengesi eşitliği
yöntemi ve iklim parametrelerinden yararlanarak bitki su tüketimini tahmin etmeye yarayan
Penman Monteith eşitliği (ETo miktarına bağlı olarak çeşitli bitkilerin ET miktarlarının tahmin
edilmesinde kullanılan yöntem) FAO 56 modifikasyonu yöntemini kullanarak ayçiçeği
hatlarının Siirt iklim koşullarında bitki su tüketimini belirlemektir. Araştırmada bitki materyali
olarak ayçiçeği hattı kullanılmıştır. Çalışma 2016 yılı ayçiçeği hatlarının yetişme sezonu
boyunca Siirt Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi deneme arazisinde yürütülmüştür. Erken vejetatif
dönemde su dengesi eşitliğine göre günlük ETa değeri 4,5 mm gün-1 arasında değişirken,
çiçeklenme öncesinde ve çiçeklenme döneminde 9,510 mm gün-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Penman
Monteith eşitliği ile saptanan referans bitki su tüketimi ise 9.0 mm gün-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Aylık (Temmuz) olarak ise su dengesi eşitliğine göre 270.0 mm ay-1, Penman Monteith
eşitliğine göre 262.22 mm ay-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmanın yürütüldüğü yıl ayçiçeği
hatlarına uygulanan sulama suyu miktarı 637.00 mm olup su dengesi eşitliği yöntemine göre
mevsimlik bitki su tüketimi (ETa) 724.0 mm, Penman Monteith FAO 56 modifikasyonu
eşitliğine göre ise ETo miktarı 738.0 mm olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak çalışmada gerçek
su tüketimi ile hesaplanan (kıyas) su tüketimi arasındaki farkın önemsiz olduğu ve daha fazla
meteorolojik veri kullanarak bitki su tüketim tahminlerinde daha gerçekçi sonuçlara ulaşan bir
yöntem olan Penman-Monteith eşitliği kullanılarak ayçiçeği bitkisinin yarı kurak iklim
koşullarında sulama programının hazırlanmasında kullanılabileceği söylenebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bitki su tüketimi, Su dengesi eşitliği, İklim verileri
796
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SUNFLOWER LINES USING CLIMATE DATA
DETERMINATION OF PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to determine the water balance equation method, which is used to
directly determine plant water consumption, and the Penman Monteith equation, which is used
to estimate plant water consumption by using climate parameters (the method used to estimate
the ET amounts of various plants depending on the amount of ETo) and the FAO 56
modification method, to determine the results of sunflower lines in Siirt climatic conditions. To
determine plant water consumption. Sunflower line was used as plant material in the research.
The study was carried out in the trial field of Siirt University Faculty of Agriculture during the
growing season of sunflower lines in 2016. According to the water balance equation in the early
vegetative period, the daily ETa value varied between 4.5 mm day-1, while it was determined
as 9,510 mm day-1 before flowering and during the flowering period. The reference plant water
consumption determined by the Penman Monteith equation was calculated as 9.0 mm day-1.
On a monthly basis (July), it was calculated as 270.0 mm month-1 according to the water
balance equation and 262.22 mm month-1 according to the Penman Monteith equation. In the
year the research was conducted, the amount of irrigation water applied to sunflower lines was
637.00 mm, and according to the water balance equation method, seasonal plant water
consumption (ETa) was determined as 724.0 mm, and according to the Penman Monteith FAO
56 modification equation, the amount of ETo was determined as 738.0 mm. As a result, it can
be said that the difference between the actual water consumption and the calculated
(comparison) water consumption in the study is insignificant and that it can be used in the
preparation of the irrigation program of the corn plant in semi-arid climate conditions by using
the Penman-Monteith equation, which is a method that reaches more realistic results in plant
water consumption estimates by using more meteorological data.
Keywords: Crop water consumption, Water balance equation, Climate data
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Ülkemizde insan beslenmesinde çoğunlukla ayçiçeği yağının tercih edilmesi ve artan yağ
açığımız nedeniyle en önemli yağ bitkilerinden birisi ayçiçeğidir. Hemen her şeyin mekanize
olması, düşük işgücü kullanımı, geniş alanlarda ekim potansiyeline sahip olmasına rağmen,
ayçiçeği ekim alanlarında istenen artış sağlanamamıştır. Bunun en önemli nedenlerinden birisi;
ülkemizin hemen her bölgesinde ayçiçeği kuru ziraat şeklinde (yağışa bağlı olarak sulanmadan)
üretildiğinden, gelişme dönemindeki kuraklıkların tane verimini olumsuz yönde etkilemesiyle
üretiminin yıllar bazında değişiklik göstermesidir. Tarımsal anlamda iklim değişikliğinin en
ciddi sonucu olan su stresi veya kuraklık konusunda alınabilecek önlemlerden biride ülkemizde
önemli bir ekim alanına sahip olan ayçiçeğinin, su stresi koşullarında yetiştirilebilecek yeni
ayçiçeği çeşitlerinin su stresine olası tepkilerinin belirlenmesi ve her yöreye uygun bitki su
tüketimlerinin saptanması sürdürülebilir tarımın devamlılığı açısından büyük önem arz
etmektedir (Anonim, 2022).Türkiye sahip olduğu toprak ve su kaynakları ile çok değişik iklim
koşulları yönünden dünyada tarımsal potansiyeli yüksek olan sayılı ülkeler arasında
bulunmaktadır. Ülkemizde işlenen arazi 28,5 milyon hektardır. Yapılan etütlere göre, mevcut
su potansiyeli ile teknik ve ekonomik olarak sulanabilecek arazi miktarı 8,5 milyon hektar
olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sulanan alan ise 6,7 milyon ha’dır (Anonim, 2021). Kırnak, ve
Gençoğlan (2001), yaptıkları çalışmada Akdeniz ülkeleri için suyun kısıntılı bir kaynak
olduğunu, kişi başına gerekli toplam su miktarının ise yaklaşık 1700 m3/kişi/yıl olduğunu
bildirmişlerdir. Ancak, çoğu Batı Asya ülkelerinde bu rakam 500 m3/kişi/yıl’dan daha azdır.
Bu durum gelecekte artan nüfus için çok olumsuz bir durumdur. Tarım %70 kullanım oranı ile
suyu en fazla tüketen sektördür. Ülkemizin nüfusu yaklaşık olarak 82 milyona ulaşmış
bulunmaktadır. Hâlbuki tarım arazilerini daha fazla arttırma olanağı bulunmamaktadır. Bu
durumda artan nüfusumuzun beslenmesi, sanayimize hammadde sağlaması ve dış ödemeler
dengesinde katkıda bulunması için tarımsal üretimin arttırılması gerekmektedir. Bu husus ülke
çapında iyi bir üretim planlaması ve günün modern tekniklerinin uygulanmasıyla sağlanabilir.
Günümüzde bitkilerin sulanmasında yüzey sulama yöntemleri yetersiz kalmakta ve uygulanan
sulama suyunun yalnızca 1/3’ü bitkiler tarafından terleme (transpirasyon) yoluyla
kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle, sulama yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine şiddetle ihtiyaç
duyulmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye’nin de dâhil olduğu Akdeniz ülkelerinde yapılan
çalışmaların sonucuna göre; damla sulamanın, ortalama %42 su tasarrufu sağladığı,
fertigasyonun geleneksel gübrelemeye göre verimi %42 arttırdığı, sulama suyu kullanma
etkinliği ise %79 oranında daha yüksek olduğu belirtilmiştir. Özellikle yağmurlama ve damla
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
sulama sistemlerine uygun sulama programları hazırlayıp, bu programları sulama otomasyonu
ile birlikte uygulayarak su kullanım etkinliği daha da arttırılabilir. Plastik sanayinin hızla
gelişimi, sulama sistemi ve donanımındaki gelişmeler, basınçlı sulama sistemi kullanımının
artmasında itici bir güç oluşturmuştur. Bunun sonucu olarak son yıllarda birçok bitkinin
sulanmasında yağmurlama ve damla sulama uygulamaları başlamıştır. Ülkemizde de bu
konudaki araştırma çalışmaları yakın geçmişten (son 20-25 yıl) beri yapılmaktadır. Ayrıca,
yüzey sulamadan damla sulama sistemlerine geçişte %30-60 arasında değişen oranda bir su
tasarrufu sağlanabilmektedir (Anonim, 2003). Bitkilerin sulanması amacıyla, sulama
programlarının
oluşturulmasında son
zamanlarda sulama otomasyonu kullanılmaya
başlanmıştır. Sulama otomasyonu sulama programı ile birlikte kullanıldığında, daha hassas
olmakta, su ve gübre kullanım etkinliğini arttırmakta, işçilik ve enerji giderlerini azaltmakta,
verimi ve kaliteyi arttırmakta, insan hatasını en aza indirmekte, sık ve düşük hacimli sulama
yapma imkânı sağlamaktadır. Günümüzde bitkilerin sulanmasında yüzey sulama yöntemleri
yetersiz kalmakta ve uygulanan sulama suyunun yalnızca 1/3’ü bitkiler tarafından terleme
(transpirasyon) yoluyla kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bitkilerin her yöre ve her bitki için bitki
su tüketimlerinin geliştirilmesine yönelik çalışmaların yapılmasına gereksinim duyulmaktadır.
Ulusal ve uluslararası kaynaklarda ‘Evapotranspirasyon’ olarak adlandırılan ve ETa simgesiyle
gösterilen terimin Türkçe’ deki karşılığı ‘Bitki Su Tüketimi’ olarak tanımlanmaktadır
(Bayramoğlu, 2013; Uçak ve ark., 20216). Bitki su tüketiminin (Evapotranspirasyon, ETa)
saptanması; su kaynaklarının işletilmesi, sulama sistemlerinin planlanması ve sulama
programlarının yapılabilmesi için temel bir ihtiyaçtır. Bitkisel üretimde bitki su tüketiminin
dikkate alınması ve suyun ölçülü kullanılması, hem verim hem de toprak-su kaynaklarının
korunması açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır (Abtew ve Obeysekera, 1995; Güngör et al.,
2004; Demir ve Meral, 2016). Günümüzde sulama programlarının oluşturulmasında dikkate
alınan en önemli parametrelerden biriside bitki su tüketimidir. Bitki su tüketimi lizimetre
sistemleri, tarla deneme parselleri ve bitki kök bölgesindeki nem azalmasının denetimi gibi
metotlardan faydalanarak doğrudan hesaplanabilmektedir (Şarlak ve Bağçacı, 2020; Kırnak ve
Gençoğlan, 2001). Sulama uygulamalarında bitki su tüketimin dikkate alınmadığı ve homojen
bir su dağılımının yapılamadığı, salma sulama yönteminin kullanılması durumunda, bitki
gelişiminde büyük bir öneme sahip olan demir mineralinin topraktan yıkanarak etkili kök
bölgesi altında sızmasına sebep olmaktadır (Fulton, 2013; Jarvis Shean et al., 2018).
Uygulamada sulama programı, genellikle yetiştirici deneyimlerine veya toprak su dengesi
(iklim temelli yöntem) belirlenmesine dayanmaktadır. Sulama programı oluşturulmasında ve
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
bitki su tüketiminin saptanmasında alternatif metotlardan birisi de, toprak suyunun ölçülmesi
(gravimetrik) yöntemdir (Pardossi et al., 2009). Bitki su tüketimi ve sulama suyu ihtiyacı bitki,
toprak ve iklim özelliklerine bağlı olarak değişkenlik göstermektedir. Tarımsal sulamada su
kaynaklarının optimum bir randımanla kullanımı, bitki su tüketimini esas alan sulama
programları hazırlanarak, bitkinin suya ihtiyacı olduğu zamanlarda sulama yapılması ve her
sulamada bitkiye ihtiyacı kadar su verilmesi ile sağlanabilmektedir (Jensen ve Allen, 2016).
Bitki su tüketim yöntemleri direkt olarak veya indirekt olarak iklim parametrelerine bağlı olarak
birçok yöntemle tespit edilebilmektedir. Direkt yöntemler uzun bir zaman dilimi ve fazla
miktarda iş gücü gerektirirken, indirekt yöntemler daha basit ve daha hızlı uygulanabilmektedir
(Kaya 2011). ETo’ı belirleyen etmenler iklim parametreleri ve hava verileridir. Örneğin
belirlenmesinde FAO56 Penman-Monteith yöntemi değerlendirildiği bölgede çayır bitkileri
ETo değeriyle oldukça sıkı şekilde benzerlik gösterdiği için, fiziksel olarak, fizyolojik ve
aerodinamik parametrelerin her ikisini de açıkça birleştirmiş bir yöntem olması sebebiyle tek
yöntem olarak tavsiye edilmektedir. Yöntemin ilk aşamasında birçok iklim verisi formüle dâhil
olduğu için zorluklar yaşanmasına karşın araştırmadaki ilerlemeler ve bitkiler kıyas ürünlerini
içeren geçerli tahminleri ile büyük çapta aşılmıştır (Allen et al., 1998). Bu çalışmanın amacı
doğrudan bitki su tüketimini belirlemeye yarayan su dengesi eşitliği ve iklim parametrelerinden
yararlanarak bitki su tüketimini tahmin etmeye yarayan Penman Monteith eşitliği (ETo
miktarına bağlı olarak çeşitli bitkilerin ET miktarlarının tahmin edilmesinde kullanılan yöntem)
FAO 56 modifikasyonu yöntemini kullanarak ayçiçeği hatlarının Siirt iklim koşullarında bitki
su tüketimini belirlemektir.
2. Gereç ve Yöntem
2.1. Deneysel Çalışmalar
Damlama sulama yönteminin kullanıldığı deneme parsellerinde su dağıtımı, 4 atm çalışma
basıncı ve 16 mm dış çapa sahip yumuşak PE lateral boru hatları kullanılarak sağlanmıştır.
Araştırma alanının toprakları ağırdır ve 7 mm h-1 infiltrasyon oranına sahiptir. Her lateralde,
sıralı tip basınç düzenleyicisi ve 1 atm çalışma basıncında 4 L h-1 akış hızına sahip damlatıcılar
kullanıldı ve aralarında 0.33 m boşluk kaldı. Bu nedenle, bitki damla sulama yöntemi ile sulama
suyu sadece doğru miktarda uygulanmıştır. Herhangi bir sızma veya yüzey akışı meydana
gelmesine izin verilmemiştir. Sırta ekilecek tohum yatağı hazırlanmıştır. Her parsel, sıra
arasında 70 cm boşluk, sıra üzeri 20 cm boşluk, parsellerin boyutları 6 m uzunluğunda ve 2,8
m genişliğinde (parsel yüzeyi = 16,8 m2) olmak üzere 4 çizgiye sahip olacak şekilde
tasarlanmıştır. Tohumun 4-5 cm derinlikte ekildiğinden emin olmak için 4 hatlı pnömatik
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
tohum makinası kullanılmıştır. Sulama konuları ve tekrarlar arasındaki etkileşimleri önlemek
için 2 m tampon bölge oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmada, etkili kök derinliğinin (90 cm) nem içeriği
her sulamadan önce gravimetrik yöntem kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Her tür için tam sulama
(I100)ile kontrol parselinde 90 cm toprak derinliğinde eksik nem getirmek için sulama suyu
miktarı, her bir konu için uygulanacak sulama suyu miktarını belirlemek için kullanılmıştır. Bu
amaçla, sulama öncesi her sulama derinliği için 90 cm'lik toprak profilinin 0-30, 30-60 ve 6090 cm'lik tabakalarından alınan toprak numuneleri toplanmış ve kuru toprak ağırlık yüzdesi
(%Pw) olarak belirlenmiştir. Her katman için belirlenen nem içeriği, denklem 1 kullanılarak
derinlemesine nem içeriğine dönüştürülmüştür.
d=(Pw-PwAW)*As*D/100................. (1)
Burada; d derinliğinde toprak nem içeriğidir (mm), Pw tarla kapasitesi (%), PwAW;her
katmanın nem içeriği (%), As ,Toprak birim ağırlığı (g/cm3)
D katman derinliği (mm) olduğu gibi uygulanacak suyun hacmi aşağıdaki denklem kullanılarak
hesaplanmıştır (Eq. (2));
Her tabaka için hesaplanan su içeriği nin eklenmesiyle, etkili kök derinliği için toplam su
miktarı (dT) bulunmuştur (Eq. (2)).
dT=d(0-30)+ d(30-60) + d(60-90) ................. (2)
Her sulama konusunun aylık ve mevsimsel evapotranspirasyon değerleri, büyüme mevsiminde
hasadın başlangıcında ve sonunda ölçülen toprağın nem oranı (90 cm) su bütçe yöntemi ve nem
içeriği değerleri kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır (Zeleke ve Wade 2012).
Bitkinin su tüketiminin hesaplanmasında aşağıdaki su dengesi denklemi kullanılmıştır (Eq. (4))
(Zeleke ve Wade 2012).
ETa= P + I – Rf – Dp ± ΔS .................(Eq. (5).
ETa: Evapotranspirasyon (mm),
P: yağış (mm),
I: sulama suyu miktarı (mm),
Rf: yüzey akışı (mm),
Dp: Derin infiltrasyon (mm) ve
ΔS (mm) kökündeki toprak nem değişimidir. Çalışmada tercih edilen damla akış hızı toprağın
sızma hızından daha düşük olduğundan, yüzey akışı oluşmamıştır. Sulama suyu miktarı mevcut
nemi saha kapasitesine getirmek için yeterli olduğu için derin bir sızma meydana gelmediği
varsayılmıştır. Penman-Monteith yöntemine göre referans (kıyas) bitki su tüketiminin
hesaplanması aşağıda formülde verilmiştir.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
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Bu yöntemde kıyas bitki su tüketimi;
Bu yöntemde kıyas bitki su tüketimi;
𝐸𝑇 =
𝛿
1
𝛾
900
(𝑅𝑛 − 𝐺) +
𝑢 (𝑒 − 𝑒𝑑 )
∗
∗
𝛿+𝛾
𝜆 𝛿 + 𝛾 𝑇 + 275 2 𝑎
(1.3) eşitliği ile tahmin edilmektedir.
Bu eşitlikteki bazı terimlerin hesaplanmasında kullanılan eşitlikler ise aşağıda verilmiştir.
4098𝑒
𝑎
𝛿 = (𝑇+237.3)
(1.4)
2
𝜆 = 2.501 − 2.361 × 10−3 𝑇(1.5)
𝑃
𝛾 = 0.0016286 𝜆 (1.6)
𝛾 ∗ = 𝛾(1 +
0.34𝑢2 ) (1.7)
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛𝑠 − 𝑅𝑛𝑙 (1.8)
𝑅𝑛𝑠 = 0,75𝑅𝑠 (1.9)
𝑛
𝑅𝑛𝑙 = 2,451𝑓(𝑇)𝑓(𝑒𝑑 )𝑓 (𝑁) (1.10)
𝑛
𝑅5 = (0.25 + 0.50 𝑁) 𝑅𝑎 (1.11)
𝑅𝐻
𝑒𝑑 = 𝑒𝑎 100 (1.12)
2 0.2
𝑢2 = 𝑢𝑧 (𝑧)
(1.13)
Bu eşitliklerde;
𝐸𝑇 = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑘𝑖 𝑠𝑢 𝑡ü𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑖, 𝑚𝑚/𝑔ü𝑛,
𝛿 = 𝐵𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤 𝑒ğ𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛 𝑒ğ𝑖𝑚𝑖, 𝑘𝑃𝑎/°𝐶
𝛾 ∗ = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑦𝑒 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑒, 𝑘𝑃𝑎/°𝐶
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
𝛾 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑘𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑘 𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑒, 𝑘𝑃𝑎/°𝐶
𝑃 = 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑀𝐽
𝑀2
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑘𝑖 𝑦ü𝑧𝑒𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑘𝑖 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛 ,
𝑔ü𝑛
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝚤ş 𝑦ü𝑧ü𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑙𝑎ş𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛,
𝑀𝐽
/𝑔ü𝑛
𝑀2
(Çizelge 1.2’den doğrudan alınabilir.)
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑌𝑒𝑟𝑦ü𝑧ü𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑙𝑎ş𝑎𝑛 𝑘𝚤𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑎𝑙𝚤 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛,
𝑀𝐽
/𝑔ü𝑛
𝑀2
𝑀𝐽
/𝑔ü𝑛
𝑀2
𝑀𝐽
= 𝑈𝑧𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑙ℎ𝑎𝑙𝚤 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛,
/𝑔ü𝑛
𝑀2
𝑅𝑛𝑠 = 𝐾𝚤𝑠𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑎𝑙𝚤 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑜𝑛,
𝑅𝑛𝑙
𝑓(𝑇) = Sıcaklık fonksiyonu (Çizelge 1.3’den doğrudan alınabilir.)
𝑇 = 𝑆𝚤𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑙𝚤𝑘, ° 𝐶
𝑓(𝑒𝑑 ) = 𝐵𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤 𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑢 (Ç𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑙𝑔𝑒 1.4′ 𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑜ğ𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝚤𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑟)
𝑒𝑑 = 𝑂𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑎 𝑠𝚤𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑙𝚤ğ𝚤𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑘𝑖 𝑔𝑒𝑟ç𝑒𝑘 𝑏𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑒𝑎 = 𝑂𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑎 𝑠𝚤𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑙𝚤ğ𝚤𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑘𝑖 𝑑𝑜𝑦𝑔𝑢𝑛 𝑏𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝚤𝑛𝑐𝚤, 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(Çizelge 1.5’ten doğrudan alınabilir)
𝑓(𝑛⁄𝑁): 𝐺ü𝑛𝑒ş𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝚤 𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑦𝑜𝑛𝑢
( Ç𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑙𝑔𝑒 1.6′ 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜ğ𝑟𝑢𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝚤𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑟)
n = Güneşlenme süresi, h
N = Olası maksimum güneşlenme süresi, h (Çizelge 1.7’den doğrudan alınabilir)
G = Topraktaki ısı akımı, MJ/m2/gün
(Ardışık periyotlarda toprağın ortalama sıcaklığı çok fazla değişmediğinden ihmal edilebilir.)
𝑀𝐽
𝑀𝐽
𝜆 = 𝐵𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑎ş𝑚𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑧𝑙𝑖 𝚤𝑠𝚤𝑠𝚤, 𝑘𝑔 (𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑎 𝑏𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒ğ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑘 2.45 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑙𝚤𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑟)
𝑢2 = 𝑅ü𝑧𝑔𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝚤𝑧𝚤𝑛𝚤𝑛 2 𝑚 𝑦ü𝑘𝑠𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑡𝑒𝑘𝑖 𝑒ş𝑑𝑒ğ𝑒𝑟𝑖, 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚
𝑢𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑚 𝑦ü𝑘𝑠𝑒𝑘𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑡𝑒 ö𝑙çü𝑙𝑚üş 𝑟ü𝑧𝑔𝑎𝑟 ℎ𝚤𝑧𝚤,
𝑠
z = Rüzgar hızının ölçüldüğü yükseklik, m
(Türkiye’de meteoroloji bültenlerinde genellikle 10 m yükseklikte ölçülmüş rüzgar hızı
değerleri verilmektedir) ve RH = Ortalama bağıl (nispi) nem, % değerlerini göstermektedir.
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Çizelge 1. Siirt iline ait uzun yıllık meteorolojik veriler (1938-2019).
Maksimum
Minimum
Ortalama
Toplam Yağış
Maksimum
Ortalama
Ortalama
Sıcaklık
Sıcaklık
Nispi Nem
Ortalaması
Yağış
Buharlaşma
Güneşlenme
(°Ϲ)
(°Ϲ)
(%)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Süresi
79
79
78
78
79
79
57
Ocak
19.7
-19.3
71.9
34.6
53.4
12.0
3.6
Şubat
20.6
-16.5
67.1
29.4
53.2
Mart
28.5
-13.3
62.0
24.1
63.0
33.0
5.4
Nisan
32.9
-4.1
58.0
22.4
71.4
84.0
6.5
Mayıs
36.2
2.0
50.7
21.2
68.1
186
9.0
Haziran
40.2
8.2
34.6
15.5
16.7
284.8
11.7
Temmuz
44.4
13.1
27.4
13.5
22.2
368.0
12.2
Ağustos
14.4
46.0
26.4
13.3
12.2
351.8
11.4
Eylül
39.9
8.5
31.2
14.4
37.5
254.3
9.9
Ekim
36.6
0.3
46.7
49.7
70.8
137.6
7.2
Kasım
25.8
-14.1
62.4
82.5
102.9
53.0
5.2
Aralık
24.3
-14.6
70.6
94.5
71.8
13.1
3.6
Yıllık
46
-19.3
50.8
719.8
102.9
1753.6
7.5
Parametre
(Saat)
Rasat Süresi
(Yıl)
4.4
3. Bulgular ve Tartışma
Erken vejetatif dönemde su dengesi eşitliğine göre günlük ETa değeri 4,5 mm gün-1 arasında
değişirken, çiçeklenme öncesinde ve çiçeklenme döneminde 9,5-10 mm gün-1 olarak
belirlenmiş olup, Penman Monteith eşitliği ile saptanan referans bitki su tüketimi ise 9.0 mm
gün-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Aylık olarak ise su dengesi eşitliğine göre 270 mm ay-1, Penman
Monteith eşitliğine göre 262,3 mm ay-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmanın yürütüldüğü yıl
ayçiçeği hattına uygulanan sulama suyu miktarı 637.00 mm olup su dengesi eşitliği yöntemine
göre mevsimlik bitki su tüketimi (ETa) 724 mm, Penman Monteith FAO 56 modifikasyonu
eşitliğine göre ise ETo miktarı 738.40 mm olarak tespit edilmiştir.
4. Sonuç
Son zamanlarda küresel ısınmaya bağlı olarak ciddi bir tehdit olarak karşımıza çıkan ani
iklimsel değişim, ülkemizdeki kısıtlı olan su kaynaklarının tükenmesine yol açmakta önemli bir
oynamaktadır. Bunun yanında ayçiçeği bitkisi yetiştiriciliği alanında daha fazla teşvik edilmesi
için yapılan çalışmada gerçek su tüketimi ile hesaplanan referans su tüketimi arasında farkın
önemsiz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öte yandan su tüketiminin en yoğun olarak kullanıldığı alanların
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sulama amaçlı olduğu düşünüldüğünde sulama projelerinin gerçekçi olarak iklim verilerine
bağlı, uzun ya da kısa dönemlere ilişkin bitkilerin kullanacakları su miktarının belirlenmesi
gereklidir. Sonuç olarak bitki su tüketiminin saptanmasında daha fazla meteorolojik veri
kullanarak bitki su tüketim tahminlerinde daha gerçekçi sonuçlara ulaşan bir yöntem olan
Penman-Monteith eşitliği kullanılarak ayçiçeği hatlarının bitkisinin sulama programı
hazırlanmasında önerilebilir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar diğer araştırıcılar tarafından da
test edilebilir.
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ve Farklı Tahmin Yöntemleri ile Belirlenmesi. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi
3(1): 45–51, 2016
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Çeşitlerinin Verim Kalite ve Teknolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Ege Ünv. Zir. Fak.
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Fulton, A., (2013). Evaluating water requirements of developing walnut orchards in Sacramento
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Fakültesi Yayınları.
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Hamzawy, E. M., El-Kheshen, A. A., & Zawrah, M. F. (2005). Densification and properties of
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Kaya, S. 2011.«Yarı-Kurak İklim Koşullarında Farklı Yöntemlerle Hesaplanan Refereans
Evapotranspirasyon Değerlerinin Karşılaştırılması.» Bingöl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Dergisi1, no. 1 : 58-60.
Kırnak, H, ve Gençoğlan, C. «Use of crop water stress index for scheduling irrigation in second
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Jarvis Shean, K., Fulton, A., Doll, D., Lampinen, B., Hanson, B., Baldwin, R., Lightle, D.,
(2018). Young orchard handbook. http://ccfruitandnuts.ucanr.edu/files/ 238596.pdf.
(Erişim tarihi: 16.02.2019)
Jensen, M.E., Allen, R.G., (2016). Evaporation, evapotranspiration, and irrigation water
requirements. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ISBN: 978-0-784-47920-9,
New York, USA, 744s.
Pardossi, A., Incrocci, L., Incrocci, G., Malorgio, F., Battista, P., Bacci, L., Rapi, B.,
Marzialetti, P., Hemming, J., Balendonck, J. (2009). Root zone sensors for irrigation
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Sade, B. ( 2002). Mısır Tarımı. Konya.: Konya Ticaret Borsası.
Şarlak, N., Bağçacı, S.Ç. (2020). Ampirik potansiyel evapotranspirasyon tahmin yöntemlerinin
değerlendirilmesi: Konya havzası. Teknik Dergi, 31(1), 9755-9772.
TÜİK, 2020.Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Yıllığı
Uçak, A.B., Öktem, A., Sezer, C., Cengiz, R. ve İnal,B. 2016 «Determination of Arid and
Temperature Resistant Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) Lines.» Intennational
Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) 2, no. 7 (2016): 7988.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-8842(02)00100-1
Zeleke, K.T., Wade, L.J., 2012. Evapotranspiration estimation using soil water balance.
Weather and Crop Data, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 41
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A REVIEW TO SPACE SYNTAX WITH THE SCOPE OF URBAN PLANNING AND
ARCHITECTURE
Assist. Prof. Dr. Eda KOÇAK GIYAK (ORCID: 0000-0003-2153-0636)
Siirt University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of City and Regional Planning,
Siirt-Türkiye
Email:eda.kocak@siirt.edu.tr
Inst. M. Berkay KIZILKAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-3181-7414)
Siirt University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of Architecture, Siirt-Türkiye.
Email:berkay.kizilkan@siirt.edu.tr
Abstract
The spatial arrangement and connectivity of urban environments play a significant role in
shaping human behavior, social interactions, and the overall functioning of cities. This study
explores the application of the Space Syntax method as a powerful tool in understanding and
designing urban spaces that promote efficient movement, social integration, and improved
quality of life.The Space Syntax method, rooted in architecture and urban planning, focuses on
mapping and analyzing the spatial layout and connectivity of cities, districts, or individual
buildings. By utilizing graph theory and mathematical models, this approach allows researchers
and practitioners to unveil patterns of movement, accessibility, and social interaction within
built environments.This study provides an overview of the theoretical framework and the
various techniques employed in Space Syntax analysis. It discusses the significance of axial
and visibility analysis, which capture the movement potential and visibility relationships of
different spatial configurations. Furthermore, it delves into tools such as integration analysis,
which quantifies the interconnectedness of spaces, and configurational analysis, which
measures the complexity and intelligibility of spatial layouts.The study further highlights the
invaluable insights provided by Space Syntax analysis in the planning and design of cities and
buildings. By understanding how spatial layouts influence human behavior, decision-makers
can optimize urban environments to foster social cohesion, pedestrian movement, and
accessibility. This method has the potential to inform crucial decisions related to urban
regeneration, transportation planning, and the design of public spaces.
Keywords: Space Syntax in Urban Planning, Space Syntax in Architecture, Human Behavior
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Introduction
In the intricate weave of urban landscapes and architectural design lies a profound
understanding of space and its influence on human behavior. At the heart of this understanding
is the concept of space syntax—a powerful analytical tool that unveils the underlying patterns
and relationships within built environments. As cities grow denser and design becomes more
complex, the application of space syntax offers a compelling lens through which architects and
urban planners can decipher the dynamics of space.Urban planning is a complex and
multifaceted process that requires careful consideration of numerous factors to create functional
and livable cities. One approach gaining traction in recent years is the use of space syntax.
Space syntax is a method that analyzes spatial configurations and their relationships to human
behavior. By mapping the accessibility and connectivity of urban spaces, planners can better
understand how people navigate and interact with the built environment. This information can
inform decisions on transportation, land use, and urban design to create more efficient,
inclusive, and sustainable cities. As urban populations continue to grow, the need for strategic
planning becomes increasingly crucial. Through the use of space syntax, planners can gain
valuable insights into the spatial dynamics of cities, ultimately leading to more effective and
responsive urban planning strategies.This study delves into the fundamental principles and
practical applications of space syntax, exploring its transformative impact on architectural
theory and urban planning strategies. From its theoretical origins to its contemporary use in
shaping vibrant, functional spaces, we embark on a journey to uncover how space syntax
enriches our comprehension of spatial organization and human interaction.
Understanding Space Syntax
Understanding space syntax is crucial for effective urban planning as it offers a comprehensive
framework that integrates physical structures with social, economic, and cultural
considerations. Building on the principles of space syntax theory, urban designers can gain
deeper insights into the spatial configurations of urban environments and their impact on human
interactions and activities. The use of advanced methodologies, such as drone oblique
photography and clustering algorithms, as demonstrated in (Ran Zhang et al., 2023), allows for
a nuanced analysis of spatial patterns, emergence of informal spaces, and their determinants
within communities. By leveraging space syntax tools like Depthmap, designers can decipher
the intrinsic relationships between architectural layouts, traffic patterns, and the formation of
various spatial typologies, as exemplified in the case study of Jilin City (Kayvan Karimi, 2023).
This in-depth understanding of urban morphology enables planners to develop evidence-based
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designs and predictive models that address the evolving needs of urban populations while
fostering sustainable and balanced urban environments. Ultimately, the integration of space
syntax in urban planning practices holds the potential to reshape future urban settings by
harmonizing physical structures with human existence.Space syntax emerged in the 1970s,
pioneered by a group of researchers at the Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning under
the leadership of Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson. This group developed a theoretical and
practical methodology aimed at providing a mathematical definition of space and testing its
spatial potentials with foresight. This methodology, developed to predict human behaviors at
both building and urban scales, came to be known as space syntax. Space syntax studies are not
limited to urban scales but also encompass architectural scales. Over time, the most important
concept encapsulated within space syntax is the notion of spatial configuration (Hillier, 2007).
Hillier and Hanson (1984) assert that the spaces within buildings reflect the relationships within
society. As expressed by Penn (2003), space syntax enables the comparative reading of spaces
with different functional organizations and configurations.
Space Syntax With the Scope of Urban Planning
Historical Development of Space Syntax in Urban Planning
The historical development of Space Syntax in urban planning has been a subject of significant
evolution and application, as evidenced by the studies on urban agglomeration patterns and
topological analyses of cities like Colombo and Irkutsk. Research (Nilantha Randeniya et al.,
2023) highlights the interconnectedness of cities within urban agglomerations, emphasizing the
spatial formations and population integration crucial in urban design. This perspective
underscores the importance of understanding historical urbanization patterns, such as
Colombo's nuclear style urbanization prior to 1970 and subsequent suburban expansion post1990, shaping the city over time. Additionally, the study on Irkutsk (Timur A. Dashiev, 2021)
showcases the practical implications of Space Syntax through the analysis of axial maps and
city integration dynamics. Drawing insights from these studies, the historical development of
Space Syntax reveals its relevance in enhancing urban functional zoning, improving social
efficiency, and guiding spatial development strategies for sustainable urban planning practices.
Principles of Space Syntax Analysis
In understanding the principles of Space Syntax Analysis within the realm of urban planning,
it is essential to delve into the intricate dynamics of public spaces and their impact on social
interactions, particularly among the elderly population. Research has shown that close social
interactions, such as those facilitated through blind-dating activities in urban areas, play a vital
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role in enhancing the well-being and social connections of the elderly. This emphasis on social
behavior highlights the importance of designing urban spaces that not only cater to physical
needs but also foster opportunities for meaningful social engagement. Additionally, the
recognition of spatial hierarchy within architectural structures, as observed in mosques, sheds
light on the significance of spatial organization in creating inclusive and accessible
environments for community interaction. By integrating the principles of Space Syntax
Analysis with a focus on encouraging social interactions and hierarchies within public spaces,
urban planners can enhance the quality of city living, promote community cohesion, and
contribute to the overall well-being of residents.
Applications of Space Syntax in Urban Planning
The application of Space Syntax in urban planning offers significant benefits in enhancing the
design and functionality of urban spaces. By incorporating principles of Space Syntax, urban
planners can analyze the spatial configurations of cities to optimize connectivity, integration,
and choice within the urban fabric. Utilizing a combination of Space Syntax analysis and
clustering techniques, as proposed in the study by (C. Pezzica et al., 2021), can further facilitate
the evaluation of temporary housing sites post-disaster, aiding in the formulation of effective
urban design strategies for resilient recovery. Additionally, the theoretical foundations of Space
Syntax, as expounded in (A. Refaat, 2019), provide a framework for understanding the tangible
aspects of urban design, translating intangible urban values such as legibility and accessibility
into quantifiable measures. This comprehensive approach empowers urban planners to create
more inclusive, navigable, and user-friendly urban environments through informed spatial
design decisions.
Case Studies Utilizing Space Syntax
In exploring the utilization of space syntax in urban planning through case studies, it becomes
evident that the integration of digital technologies and data analysis plays a crucial role in
understanding spatial patterns and their implications on social behavior and economic growth.
As evidenced by the research presented in (Tara Azad Rauof, 2023), there exists a mathematical
relationship between connectivity values and urban spatial layouts, highlighting the importance
of analyzing such relationships to enhance urban design efficiency. Moreover, the findings from
(Yunfeng Huang et al., 2023) shed light on the spatial advantages of commercial layouts in
traditional villages, emphasizing the significance of strategic placement for optimal commercial
success. By critically analyzing these case studies, planners and architects can glean valuable
insights into how space syntax principles can be effectively applied to enhance urban
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configurations, promote economic development, and improve overall urban planning strategies
for sustainable and efficient city design.
Criticisms and Limitations of Space Syntax
The use of space syntax in urban planning has garnered significant attention for its ability to
analyze spatial configurations and their impact on human behavior and movement patterns.
However, criticisms and limitations of space syntax must be acknowledged to ensure its
effective application in urban design. One major criticism relates to the challenge of state-space
explosion, which can hinder the scalability and complexity of space syntax models. Symmetry
reduction techniques, as discussed in (Shamim Ripon et al., 2011), offer a potential solution to
alleviate this issue by addressing the effects of identical components within systems. Moreover,
the notion of generalizing mechanical translation procedures based on thesaurus principles, as
explored in (M. Masterman et al., 2011), could inspire a broader perspective on addressing the
complexities of spatial analysis in urban planning through innovative methodologies. By
recognizing and addressing these criticisms and limitations, urban planners can enhance the
applicability and robustness of space syntax in shaping sustainable and efficient urban
environments.
Integration of Space Syntax with Other Urban Planning Approaches
The integration of space syntax with other urban planning approaches presents a valuable
opportunity to enhance the sustainable development and functionality of urban areas. This
synergy allows for a comprehensive analysis of urban morphology, connectivity, and mixed
land use, as seen in studies focusing on neighborhoods in Erbil and Latin American cities. By
incorporating space syntax analysis alongside qualitative and quantitative methods, urban
planners can gain deeper insights into the relationships between street networks, neighborhood
connectivity, and residents' satisfaction. The research on neighborhood planning in Erbil
demonstrates that non-gated neighborhoods tend to exhibit higher levels of connectivity and
mixed land use, emphasizing the need for interventions in gated communities to align with
sustainable urban design principles. Similarly, the study on the expansion areas in Latin
American cities underscores the importance of integrating new development with already
established urban areas to promote urban inclusion and functionality. Integrating space syntax
with other planning approaches can guide decision-making processes in urban development to
create more integrated, sustainable, and functional urban environments.
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Future Directions in Space Syntax Research
In contemplating the future directions of space syntax research within the realm of urban
planning, it is crucial to acknowledge the evolving trends and challenges that shape the field.
As highlighted by bibliometric analysis (Abdelbaseer A. Mohamed et al., 2023), there exists a
gap in understanding the main characteristics and tendencies of space syntax studies,
emphasizing the need to delve deeper into publication trends, collaboration networks, and
research frontiers to chart a course for future exploration. Furthermore, the comparative analysis
of medical research facilities (Z. Zamani, 2023) sheds light on the importance of optimizing
spatial allocations and design to foster collaboration, productivity, and efficiency—a lesson that
can be extended to the urban planning domain. Moving forward, future research endeavors
should capitalize on empirical data and longitudinal studies to address current limitations and
ensure that space syntax methodologies continue to enrich urban planning practices by
enhancing connectivity, flexibility, and safety within built environments.
Impacts of Space Syntax on Urban Design and Policy
The integration of space syntax in urban design and policy has had a significant impact on the
way cities are planned and developed. By analyzing the relationship between spatial
configuration and human behavior, space syntax enables planners to create more efficient and
pedestrian-friendly urban environments. This approach considers how the layout of streets and
buildings influences movement patterns, social interactions, and accessibility within a city.
Through the use of space syntax analysis, planners can identify areas that may be underutilized
or congested, leading to targeted interventions that improve the overall functionality of a city.
Additionally, space syntax has been used to inform policy decisions related to transportation,
land use, and public space design, promoting sustainability and equity in urban development
(Akkelies van Nes et al., 2021-07-31). Overall, the application of space syntax in urban
planning has proven to be a valuable tool in creating more livable and vibrant cities for residents
and visitors alike.
Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Space Syntax
The integration of space syntax into urban planning presents both challenges and opportunities
that warrant careful consideration. Focusing on the implementation of space syntax in this
context reveals complexities related to data collection, analysis, and interpretation, as well as
the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between urban planners, architects, and data
scientists. Leveraging modern data science practices, such as artificial intelligence and machine
learning, as suggested by (Travis A. Meyer et al., 2022), offers the potential to enhance the
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efficiency and effectiveness of space syntax analysis in urban planning. Moreover, the
incorporation of computational visual programming, as discussed in (R. Schroeder et al., 2019),
can facilitate interactive design tools and real-time collaboration, critically influencing design
methodologies in the architectural and urban planning realms. Embracing these technological
advancements may revolutionize the way urban planners approach spatial analysis, leading to
more informed decision-making processes and innovative urban design solutions that prioritize
functionality and aesthetic appeal while effectively addressing societal needs.
Space Syntax With the Scope of Architecture
Historical Development of Space Syntax in Architecture
1. Early Influences (1960s-1970s):
In the 1960s and 1970s, seminal works by urban theorists such as Kevin Lynch and historical
geographers like M. R. G. Conzen laid the groundwork for understanding the significance of
spatial configuration in urban environments. Lynch's book “The Image of the City” (1960)
explored how people perceive and navigate urban spaces, while Conzen's research on townplan analysis, such as “Alnwick, Northumberland: A Study in Town-Plan Analysis” (1960),
highlighted the importance of historical spatial arrangements in shaping urban form.
2. Formation of Space Syntax Theory (1980s):
Space syntax theory emerged in the 1980s through the pioneering work of architects Bill
Hillier and Julienne Hanson. Their influential book “The Social Logic of Space” (1984) laid
the foundation for understanding how spatial configurations influence human behavior and
social interactions within built environments. This work introduced concepts such as visibility,
accessibility, and integration, which became central to space syntax analysis.
3. Theoretical Refinement (1990s):
Throughout the 1990s, Hillier, Hanson, and their colleagues further refined space syntax
theory and developed analytical techniques to quantify spatial configurations. The book “Space
is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture” (1996) provided a comprehensive
overview of space syntax theory and its applications. Additionally, scholars like Alan Penn
contributed to the theoretical advancement of space syntax, exploring topics such as spatial
cognition and the relationship between space syntax and architectural design.
4. Widespread Adoption (2000s):
In the early 2000s, space syntax gained popularity among architects, urban designers, and
researchers worldwide. Researchers such as Michael Marshall and A. Turner explored the
application of space syntax in architectural design and urban planning. Space syntax analysis
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became increasingly integrated into architectural and urban design practices, influencing
projects ranging from individual buildings to entire cities.
5. Continued Research and Applications (2010s-present):
In recent years, space syntax research has expanded to encompass a wide range of topics,
including sustainability, accessibility, and pedestrian movement. Scholars like Bin Jiang and
Jie Yin have applied space syntax analysis to study urban street networks and pedestrian flow
patterns. The continued research and application of space syntax continue to contribute to our
understanding of how spatial configuration shapes human behavior and the built environment.
These references provide a comprehensive overview of the historical development of space
syntax theory in architecture, from its theoretical foundations to its widespread adoption and
ongoing research applications.
Applications of Space Syntax in Architecture
Designing in the field of architecture is a learning process acquired through doing and
experiencing. Architects, while engaged in design, generate multiple problems and ask
questions within the fieldwork. These questions aid in defining the field and executing the
design, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of architectural knowledge.
Architectural knowledge is a synthesis of practice and theory (Vitruvius, 1990). During the
design process, architects must reconcile abstract-concrete, mystery-certainty, intuitionscience, and practice-research concepts. Thus, focusing on the configurational theory (space
syntax) of space and incorporating this process into design becomes an integral part of the
design.
The Usage Areas of Syntax in Architecture
Space syntax analysis is often used in architectural design to understand how spatial layouts
influence movement patterns, visibility, and social interactions within buildings. Architects use
space syntax techniques to evaluate different design options and optimize spatial configurations
for functionality and user experience (Turner, A., Penn, A., 2003).Space syntax analysis helps
architects and urban designers create more navigable environments by understanding how
spatial configurations affect wayfinding. By analyzing the spatial connectivity and accessibility
of different paths and spaces, designers can improve navigation efficiency and user experience
(Dalton, R.C., 2008).Space syntax analysis is used to assess and improve the accessibility of
buildings and urban environments for people with disabilities. By identifying barriers to
movement and circulation, designers can implement solutions to enhance accessibility and
inclusivity (Kim, Y. H., & Steinfeld, E. 2012).
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Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of space syntax in urban planning has proven to be a valuable tool for
analyzing and understanding the spatial configurations of cities. By applying this methodology,
planners can identify patterns of movement, connectivity, and accessibility within urban
environments, allowing for more informed decision-making in the design and development of
urban spaces. The integration of space syntax into planning processes has the potential to
optimize the functionality and efficiency of cities, creating more pedestrian-friendly
environments, improving traffic flow, and enhancing overall urban livability. Additionally,
space syntax analysis can help identify potential barriers to social inclusion and accessibility,
guiding efforts to create more equitable and inclusive urban spaces. As cities continue to grow
and evolve, the application of space syntax in urban planning will play a crucial role in shaping
the future of sustainable and people-centered urban development.Commonalities and
differences have been observed between the disciplines of architecture and urban regional
planning in the concept of spatial sequence. In both architecture and urban planning, spatial
sequence provides an analytical analysis of spatial structures. This analytical approach helps to
understand spatial relationships and interactions and to support design decisions. In addition, in
both fields, spatial sequencing focuses on improving design by taking into account human
behaviour and interactions. By analysing the way users perceive, move and interact with spaces,
spatial sequencing contributes to more user-oriented and functional designs.While spatial
organization in architecture analyses the functional arrangements within buildings, spatial
organization in urban planning generally examines the spatial structures of urban areas at a
large scale. Therefore, in urban planning, the spatial sequence is analysed at a macro scale to
understand urban morphology and social interactions, whereas in architecture, this scale
remains at a micro level. On the other hand, while spatial organisation in architecture is used in
the design process of individual projects, spatial organisation in urban planning is used in the
development of broader urban strategies such as urban development policies, infrastructure
planning and the elimination of social inequalities.In conclusion, the use of the Space Syntax
method in architecture and urban planning presents a paradigm shift in understanding and
designing built environments. By analyzing the spatial configuration and connectivity of cities
and buildings, this approach offers valuable insights into the relationship between space,
movement, and social interactions. Ultimately, this knowledge allows for the creation of urban
environments that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also efficient, inclusive, and
sustainable.
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Sprawl in Large Latin American Cities: Applying Space Syntax to the Case of Northern
Peripheral Region of Bogotá. Journal of Settlements & Spatial Planning.
Batty, M., & Marshall, S. (2009). The SAGE Handbook of Architectural Theory. SAGE
Publications.
C. Pezzica & V. Cutini. (2021). Linking space syntax and cluster analysis to design and plan
temporary housing neighborhoods: A taxonomy of sites in Norcia.
Carmona, M., & Tiesdell, S. (2007). Urban Design Reader. Routledge.
Dalton, R. C. (2008). "Spatial Navigation in Complex Built Environments: A Preliminary
Analysis." Environment and Behavior, 40(4), 560-577.
Franzini, E., & Rainer, G. (2016). "Space Syntax Analysis for Historical Research: The Case
of Trento (Italy)." Proceedings of the 11th Space Syntax Symposium.
Hillier B. & Hanson J., (1984), The Social Logic of Space, Cambridge University Press, NY.
Hillier, B. (2007), Space is the machine: a configurational theory of architecture.
Huang, Y., Zhang, Z., Fei, J., & Chen, X. (2023). Optimization strategies of commercial layout
of traditional villages based on space syntax and space resistance model: a case study of
Anhui Longchuan Village in China. Buildings, 13(4), 1016.
Karimi, K. (2023). The Configurational Structures of Social Spaces: Space Syntax and Urban
Morphology in the Context of Analytical, Evidence-Based Design. Land, 12(11), 2084.
Khoshnaw, R. (2023). Evaluating Mixed Land Use and Connectivity: A Case Study of Five
Neighborhoods in Erbil City, Iraq. Sustainability, 15(19), 14265.
Kim, Y. H., & Steinfeld, E. (2012). "Space Syntax as an Analytical Tool for Assessing Signage
Visibility in Complex Built Environments." Environment and Planning B: Planning and
Design, 39(2), 311-329.
Masterman, M., Needham, R. M., & Jones, K. S. (1958, November). The analogy between
mechanical translation and library retrieval. In Proceedings of the International
Conference on Scientific information (Vol. 2, pp. 917-936). Washingtong, DC: ICSI.
Menderes, F. (2014), Cumhuriyet döneminde yerel yönetim binalarının kamusal erişilebilirlik
açısından mekan dizimi (space syntax) yöntemiyle irdelenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi,
İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi.
Meyer, T. A., Ramirez, C., Tamasi, M. J., & Gormley, A. J. (2022). A user’s guide to machine
learning for polymeric biomaterials. ACS Polymers Au, 3(2), 141-157.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
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Mohamed, A. A., & van der Laag Yamu, C. (2024). Space syntax has come of age: A
bibliometric review from 1976 to 2023. Journal of Planning Literature, 39(2), 203-217.
Penn, A. (2003), Space syntax and spatial cognition, or why the axial line? Environment and
behavior, 35 (1), 30 - 65.
Randeniya, N., Weerakoon, K. G. P. K., & Jayampath, U. (2023). Urban agglomeration and
spatial formation of urban growth in the Colombo District.
Rauof, T. A. (2023). Assessing Established Residential Compounds between Regulation and
Reality Utilizing Space Syntax Theories. Sustainability, 15(16), 12263.
Refaat, A. (2019). Space Syntax Theory and Its Contribution to Urban Design.
Schroeder, R., & Dean, W. (2019). Comprehensive BIM integration for architectural education
using computational design visual programming environments. Building Technology
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Timur A. Dashiev. (2021). Efficiency evaluation of urban planning in Irkutsk using space
syntax methods.
Turner, A., & Penn, A. (2003). "Introduction: Space Syntax in Architectural Design."
Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 30(5), 611-617.
Van Nes, A., & Yamu, C. (2021). Introduction to space syntax in urban studies (p. 250).
Springer Nature.
Zamani, Z. (2023). Analyzing design and planning trends in medical research laboratories and
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Architecture and Planning, 4(1), 105-121.
Zhang, R., Cao, L., Liu, Y., Guo, R., Luo, J., & Shu, P. (2023). Decoding Spontaneous Informal
Spaces in Old Residential Communities: A Drone and Space Syntax Perspective. ISPRS
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Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., Wu, Z., Liu, Y., & Yang, Z. (2023). Using Space Syntax in close interaction
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1456.
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2,4-DIHYDRO-1H-CYCLOPENTA[B]INDOL-3-ONE: FRONTIER MOLECULAR
ORBBITAL ANALYSIS
Doç. Dr. Yusuf SERT (ORCID: 0000-0001-8836-8667)
Yozgat Bozok University, Sorgun Vocational Scholl-Türkiye, Yozgat-Türkiye
Email: yusuf.sert@bozok.edu.tr
Özet
Moleküler orbital teorisinde, sınır moleküler orbitaller (FMO) fikri, organik kimyada
moleküllerin reaktivitesini anlamak için çok önemlidir. En Yüksek İşgalli Moleküler Orbital
(HOMO) ve En Düşük İşgalsiz Moleküler Orbital (LUMO) iki temel sınır moleküler orbitaldir.
Kimyasal bir süreçte, HOMO orbitalinden bir elektron çıkarılır. Bir reaksiyonda, bu orbital
donör orbital anlamına gelir. Öte yandan, bir kimyasal reaksiyon sırasında bir elektron alan
orbital ise LUMO olarak bilinir. Bir reaksiyonda, kabul eden yani alan orbital anlamına gelir.
Bu çalışmada, 2,4-dihidro-1H-siklopenta[b]indol-3-one molekülünün sınır orbital analizi
Gaussian 09W yazılım paketi kullanılarak DFT/B3LYP teorisi/fonksiyoneli ve 6-311++G(d,p)
temel seti ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlardan, üzerinde çalıştığımız molekülün yeni
bir organik korozyon inhibitörü olup olamayacağı araştırılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Korozyon İnhibitörleri, Sınır Orbitalleri, DFT
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2,4-DIHYDRO-1H-CYCLOPENTA[B]INDOL-3-ONE: FRONTIER MOLECULAR
ORBBITAL ANALYSIS
Abstract
In molecular orbital theory, the idea of frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) is crucial for
comprehending the reactivity of molecules in organic chemistry. The Highest Occupied
Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) are the
two fundamental frontier molecular orbitals. In a chemical process, one electron is extracted
from the HOMO orbital. In a reaction, it stands for the orbital that is donating. On the other
hand, the orbital that acquires an electron during a chemical reaction is known as the LUMO.
In a reaction, it stands for the accepting orbital. In this study, the frontier orbital analysis of
molecule 2,4-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]indol-3-one was performed with DFT/B3LYP
theory/functional and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set using Gaussian 09W software package. From
the results obtained, it was investigated whether the molecule we worked on could be a new
organic corrosion inhibitor.
Keywords: Corrosion Inhibitors, Frontier Orbitals, DFT
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Introduction
Inhibitors of organic corrosion are essential for preventing corrosion in metal materials.
Because of their advantageous qualities, which include good metal adsorption, low oxidation
resistance, thermal stability, and environmental friendliness, these compounds are frequently
employed for surface anti-corrosion (Zhao et al., 2023). The ability to comprehend the
molecular behavior of organic corrosion inhibitors by quantum theoretical modeling is an
intriguing feature of these compounds (Brycki, Kowalczyk, Szulc, Kaczerewska, & Pakiet,
2018; Popoola, 2019). Computational techniques are used in quantum theoretical modeling to
forecast the electronic structure and characteristics of molecules. Density functional theory
(DFT) computations are used by researchers to investigate different factors in the context of
organic corrosion inhibitors. In other words, we can put it as follows: We can investigate the
atomic-level electrical structure and reactivity of molecules using quantum chemistry
techniques. We can forecast the efficacy of organic compounds employed as corrosion
inhibitors by using these methodologies, eliminating the need for expensive and timeconsuming trials. Within the fields of materials research and corrosion prevention, this
prediction capacity is extremely significant. Quantum chemical simulations shed light on the
interactions between corrosion inhibitors and metal surfaces in terms of mechanism. The energy
bandgap, the energy of the lowest occupied molecular orbital (ELUMO), and the energy of the
highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) are among the factors that we can examine. These
characteristics aid in our comprehension of how inhibitors attach themselves to metal surfaces
and impede the corrosion process.
In this study, the frontier orbital analysis of 2,4-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]indole-3-one
molecule (Fig. 1) was calculated for the first time with DFT/B3LYP theory/functional and 6311++G(d,p) basis set using Gaussian 09W package (Frisch et al., 2009) and Gauss View 5. 0
(Dennington, Keith, & Millam, 2009) interface softwares. Based on the results obtained, it was
investigated whether the molecule we studied could be a potential new organic corrosion
inhibitor.
Figure 1. Unoptimized version of the molecule (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
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Materials and Methods
Our molecule was quantum chemically optimized using the Gaussian 09W software (Frisch et
al., 2009) and Gauss View 5.0 (Dennington et al., 2009) interface tools. Gaussian 09W software
(Frisch et al., 2009) is used in many different fields by researchers, such as organic chemistry,
materials science, and biochemistry. It is essential to comprehending molecular characteristics
and making behavioral predictions. In addition, this program includes molecular mechanics,
semi-empirical and ab initio methods. The program allows for extensive customization, offering
multiple theory and basis set options for each method. GaussView 5.0 (Dennington et al., 2009)
is a powerful graphical interface designed to work seamlessly with Gaussian computational
chemistry software. In summary, GaussView 5.0 also simplifies the workflow for
computational chemists and physicists, allowing them to work efficiently with large molecular
systems. With the use of the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set and DFT/B3LYP theory/functional, the
molecule was optimized.
Findings and Discussion
Utilizing the DFT/B3LYP theory/functional and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set, 2,4-dihidro-1Hsiklopenta[b]indol-3-one molecule was optimized and the symmetry state of the molecule was
determined as Cs (mirror symmetry). The optimized structure and the horizontal position of the
molecule were shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2. Optimized (a) and horizontal position (b) version of the molecule.
In the previous section, we have explained the importance of quantum chemical calculations
before testing organic corrosion inhibitors in the experimental environment, both in terms of
time and financially. Although there are many methods to quantum chemically predict whether
a molecule can be an organic corrosion inhibitor (Albo Hay Allah, Balakit, Salman, Abdulridha,
& Sert, 2023; Obot, Macdonald, & Gasem, 2015; Özlem, Gümüş, Yusuf, İrfan, & Atıf, 2022;
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Saha, Hens, Murmu, & Banerjee, 2016), the most common of these is to determine the proton
affinity points on the molecule, to calculate the proton affinity points on the molecule, to
analyze the frontier orbital of the molecule and to decide by looking at the symmetry state. At
this stage, it should be emphasized that in order for a molecule to be a corrosion inhibitor, it
should generally have the following properties, which directly require frontier molecular orbital
analysis for the molecule. a) Cs must be close to symmetry, b) Excess in the ring, c) EHOMO
value must be large, d) ELUMO value must be small, e) ΔE value must be small, f) Chemical
softness value must be large, g) Chemical hardness value must be small, h) Electronegativity
value must be small. In the first two stages, the symmetry of the molecule being mirror
symmetry, i.e. Cs, is very good in terms of adhesion to the surface to be applied and the number
of rings in the molecule is a positive start. The calculations required for the other parameters
mentioned above were carried out with DFT/B3LYP theory/functional and 6-311++G(d,p)
basis set using chk* file over the optimized structure. Table 1 presented the results that were
obtained.
Table 1. Some global reactivity descriptors the computed for the title
compound.
Parameters (eV)
Values
ELUMO
-1.821
EHOMO
-6.218
Energy bandgap |EHOMO ELUMO|
4.397
Ionization potential (I =
6.218
EHOMO)
Electron affinity (A =
ELUMO)
1.821
Chemical hardness (
= (I A)/2)
2.199
Chemical softness (
= 1/2 )
0.227
Electronegativity (χ = (I+A)/2)
4.020
Chemical potential (μ =
-4.020
Electrophilicity index
(I+A)/2)
= μ2/2
3.674
Maximum charge transfer index (ΔNmax. 1.828
=
μ/ )
Fig. 3 also provided the molecule's HOMO and LOMO distributions. As can be seen from Fig.
3, the HOMO and LUMO clouds are concentrated on indole and cyclopenta rings, i.e. there is
almost no electron flow from HOMO to LUMO.
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Figure 3. HOMO and LUMO distributions of the molecule.
Band gap, ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness, chemical softness,
electronegativity, chemical potential, electrophilic index and maximum charge transfer values
obtained by looking at the HOMO and LUMO values of the molecule. The band gap, ionization
potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness, chemical softness, electronegativity, chemical
potential, electrophilic index and maximum charge transfer values obtained by looking at the
HOMO and LUMO values of the molecule support that the studied molecule can potentially be
an organic corrosion inhibitor.
Conclusion and Recommendations
We can emphasize the outcomes with the following remarks in the section on Conclusion and
recommendations:
•
Computational modeling helps evaluate the effectiveness of organic compounds as
corrosion inhibitors. Therefore, the optimization and symmetry state of the 2,4-dihydro-
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1H-cyclopenta[b]indole-3-one molecule, which is considered to be a potential corrosion
inhibitor, was modelled quantum chemically with Gaussian 09W program.
•
The frontier orbitals of the molecule and the global indicators calculated based on these
values were calculated using the optimized structure. Based on the results obtained, it
was predicted that the molecule could be an alternative corrosion inhibitor.
•
When ΔN is less than 3.6eV, the inhibitor's ability to donate electrons to the surface of
the material increases, leading to an increase in inhibition efficiency.
•
Although the theoretical results obtained are promising, the proton affinity points will
be determined by using advanced computational techniques under the conditions
considered for a real experimental environment and the values will be repeated more
precisely. The calculations performed in this study were carried out in the gas phase.
Thanks and Information Note
The author especially thank to Prof. Dr. Fatih UCUN from the Süleyman Demirel University
for his helpful contribution for Gaussian calculations.
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References
Albo Hay Allah, M. A., Balakit, A. A., Salman, H. I., Abdulridha, A. A., & Sert, Y. (2023).
New heterocyclic compound as carbon steel corrosion inhibitor in 1 M H2SO4, high
efficiency at low concentration: experimental and theoretical studies. Journal of Adhesion
Science and Technology, 37(3), 525-547.
Brycki, B. E., Kowalczyk, I. H., Szulc, A., Kaczerewska, O., & Pakiet, M. (2018). Organic
corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion inhibitors, principles and recent applications, 3, 33.
Dennington, R., Keith, T., & Millam, J. (2009). GaussView, version 5. Semichem Inc.: Shawnee
Mission, KS.
Frisch, M. J., Trucks, G., Schlegel, H., Scuseria, G., Robb, M., Cheeseman, J., . . . Petersson,
G. (2009). Gaussian 09, Revision D. 01, Gaussian. Inc.: Wallingford, CT.
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/.
Obot, I., Macdonald, D., & Gasem, Z. (2015). Density functional theory (DFT) as a powerful
tool for designing new organic corrosion inhibitors. Part 1: an overview. Corrosion
science, 99, 1-30.
Özlem, U., Gümüş, M., Yusuf, S., İrfan, K., & Atıf, K. (2022). Utilization of pyrazoleperimidine hybrids bearing different substituents as corrosion inhibitors for 304 stainless
steel in acidic media. Journal of molecular structure, 1262, 133025.
Popoola, L. T. (2019). Organic green corrosion inhibitors (OGCIs): a critical review. Corrosion
Reviews, 37(2), 71-102.
Saha, S. K., Hens, A., Murmu, N. C., & Banerjee, P. (2016). A comparative density functional
theory and molecular dynamics simulation studies of the corrosion inhibitory action of
two novel N-heterocyclic organic compounds along with a few others over steel surface.
Journal of Molecular Liquids, 215, 486-495.
Zhao, W., Li, F., Lv, X., Chang, J., Shen, S., Dai, P., . . . Cao, Z. (2023). Research progress of
organic corrosion inhibitors in metal corrosion protection. Crystals, 13(9), 1329.
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2-(2,6-DIOXOPIPERIDIN-3-YL)-5-FLUOROISOINDOLINE-1,3-DIONE:
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND MEP ANALYSIS
Doç. Dr. Yusuf SERT (ORCID: 0000-0001-8836-8667)
Yozgat Bozok University, Sorgun Vocational Scholl-Türkiye, Yozgat-Türkiye
Email: yusuf.sert@bozok.edu.tr
Özet
Literatürde belirtildiği üzere, cüzzamla bağlantılı ağrılı bir cilt rahatsızlığı olan eritema
nodozum leprosum talidomid ile tedavi edilmekte ve önlenmektedir. Ayrıca, bir kan hastalığı
olan multipl miyelomdan muzdarip bireylerde deksametazon ile birlikte kullanılır. Talidomid
bağışıklık sistemini etkileyerek iltihaplanmayı azaltır. Aynı zamanda multipl miyelom
hücrelerinin çoğalmasını önler, bu da sonuçta vücutlarının yok olmasına yol açar. Talidomid
bir leprostatik ajan ve bir antineoplastiktir (kanser ilacı). Bu çalışma, 2-(2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3yl)-5-fluoroisoindoline-1,3-dione'un PDB-4TZ4 proteini ile moleküler kenetlenmesinin
kapsamlı bir araştırmasını ve ayrıntılı analizini içermektedir. Ayrıca çalıştığımız molekülün
elektronca zengin ve elektronca eksikliği olan bölgeleri MEP analizi ile araştırılmıştır.
Moleküler kenetlenme çalışmaları Autodock Vina ile MEP (Moleküler Elektrostatik
Potansiyel) analizi ise Gaussian 09W paket programı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Talidomid, Moleküler Kenetlenme, MEP
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2-(2,6-DIOXOPIPERIDIN-3-YL)-5-FLUOROISOINDOLINE-1,3-DIONE:
MOLECULAR DOCKING AND MEP ANALYSIS
Abstract
As stated in the literature, erythema nodosum leprosum, a painful skin condition linked to
leprosy, is treated and prevented with thalidomide. Additionally, it is used in conjunction with
dexamethasone to individuals suffering from multiple myeloma, a blood malignancy.
Thalidomide reduces inflammation by influencing the immune system. It also prevents multiple
myeloma cells from proliferating, which ultimately leads to their body's destruction.
Thalidomide is a leprostatic agent and an antineoplastic (drug for cancer). This work involved
a thorough investigation and detailed analysis of the molecular docking of 2-(2,6dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-5-fluoroisoindoline-1,3-dione with PDB-4TZ4 protein. In addition,
electron-rich and electron-deficient regions of the molecule we studied were investigated by
MEP analysis. Molecular docking studies were performed with Autodock Vina and MEP
(Molecular Electrostatic Potential) analysis was performed with Gaussian 09W package
program.
Keywords: Thalidomide, Molecular Docking, MEP
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Introduction
The antiangiogenic and anti-immunoinflammatory properties of thalidomide and its analogs
have increased its clinical usage in the treatment of multiple myeloma, various malignancies,
and Hansen's disease despite its teratogenic hazard (Aragon-Ching, Li, Gardner, & Figg, 2007;
Millrine & Kishimoto, 2017; Sherbet, 2015). Consequently, great efforts are being made to
increase thalidomide's efficacy while lowering its toxicity. Due to its wide range of biological
effects, including reduced TNF-α production, destabilized or decreased COX-2 expression,
downregulated VEGF and FGF, NF-κB inhibition (possibly via suppression of IκB kinase),
inhibition of prostaglandin E2 secretion, and α1-acid glycoprotein binding, thalidomide was
initially thought to be a multitarget drug (Lepper, Smith, Cox, Scripture, & Figg, 2006; Paravar
& Lee, 2008). But in 2010, a thalidomide-linked magnetic nanoparticle test for affinity
purification revealed cereblon to be the exclusive target of thalidomide binding (Ito et al., 2010).
The component of a DDB1-CUL4-RBX1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that recognizes
substrates is called cereblon. The current theory explaining the bioactivity of thalidomide and
analogues is that binding to the cereblon itself causes all downstream effects by inducing the
degradation of substrates for the E3 complex by ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal enzymes (Ito
& Handa, 2016; Krönke et al., 2015; Matyskiela et al., 2018). One of the products of glutamic
acid is thalidomide. With the structural formula C13H10N2O4, it is a crystalline solid that
dissolves readily in water. The general chemical behaviour of the structure is as follows (Fig.
1):
Figure 1. The chemical structure of thalidomide molecule (Peach et al., 2020).Another name
of the molecule which we are working on is thalidomide 5-fluoride. So it's a thalidomide-based
molecule.
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This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the molecular docking of the 2-(2,6Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-5-fluoroisoindoline-1,3-dione molecule with the PDB-4TZ4 protein and
the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis of the molecule was analysed for the first
time.
Materials and Methods
Quantum chemical calculations of our ligand molecule were performed with Gaussian 09W
package (Frisch et al., 2009) and Gauss View 5.0 (Dennington, Keith, & Millam, 2009)
interface programs and docking calculations of the molecule to the related protein were
performed with Autodock Vina (Trott & Olson, 2010). A popular software for determining the
geometries and energy levels of molecular structures is Gaussian 09W (Frisch et al., 2009). An
interface tool for modifying and viewing molecular structures is called Gauss View 5.0
(Dennington et al., 2009). This tool allows you to study the molecule's shape and assess its
many characteristics. The optimization of the used ligand was performed with the help of
DFT/B3LYP theory/functional and 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Docking calculations of the ligand
molecule to the related protein were performed using Autodock Vina (Trott & Olson, 2010).
Autodock Vina is a molecular modeling tool used to predict protein-ligand interactions.
Findings and Discussion
The results obtained at this stage of the study can be analysed in two ways: molecular docking
and MEP analysis results. When evaluated in terms of molecular docking, the following results
were obtained. The molecule 2-(2,6-Dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-5-fluoroisoindoline-1,3-dione was
optimized as mentioned above (Fig. 2) and subjected to molecular docking calculations with
the PDB-4TZ4 protein. Calculations were performed with the Autodock Vina program.
Although the protein we are working on has two chains, A and C, only the A chain was
considered in the calculations. For more efficient results, the active residues of the C chain were
determined as follows: PHE402, TRP400, CYS394, CYS391, TRP386, TRP380, SER379,
HIS378, PRO352, ASN351, CYS326 and CYS323. Therefore, the selected grid parameters
were also chosen to keep these active residues within and the obtained calculation results were
presented in Table 1 (molecular docking energy scores, rmsd l.b. and rmsd u.b. values). Table
1 shows that the optimal binding energy in the first mode was determined to be -7.2 (kcal/mol).
Furthermore, employing the exp(ΔG/RT) equation ''(G: binding energy, R: gas constant=
1.987203610-3 kcal/mol, and T: room temperature= 298.15K)'', the inhibition constant was
discovered to be 5.27669 μM.
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Figure 2. The optimized structure of the title molecule.
Table 1. AutoDockVina results of the binding affinity and RMSD values of different poses
in 4TZ4 inhibitor (C chain) of the title compound.
Mode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Affinity (kcal/mol)
-7.2
-6.9
-6.9
-6.3
-6.1
-5.9
-5.8
-5.8
-5.8
-5.5
rmsdl.b.
0.000
13.965
8.924
13.659
8.347
1.977
21.766
39.091
24.228
45.258
rmsdu.b.
0.000
15.269
11.422
14.813
10.429
3.076
23.043
39.822
26.101
46.344
The docking results obtained as a result of the interaction are given in 3D (a) and 2D (b) in Fig.
3.
Figure 3. (a) 3D and (b) 2D molecular docking results of the ligand+PDB:4TZ4 (C chain).
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In addition, we can easily see which point of the protein the ligand is attached to as a result of
the interaction in Fig. 4.
Figure 4. The placement of the title molecule in active site of PDB: 4TZ4 (C chain) protein.
In the second stage of the findings, the MEP analysis of the molecule was analysed. For MEP
analysis of the molecule, the chk* file generated from the optimized structure was used. Again,
as mentioned above, the calculation was performed on the same theory, functional and basis
set. The MEP surface of the molecule and the scale obtained as a result of the calculation were
presented in Fig. 5. Finding out a compound's reactivity and potential sites of interaction can
be aided by MEP analysis, therefore it is very important (Palafox et al., 2015; Ramalingam,
Periandy, Karabacak, & Karthikeyan, 2013).
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The positive moiety on the MEP diagram represents the nucleophilic sites (blue dots), whereas
the negative region represents the electrophilic sites (red points). Ultimately, the title chemical's
MEP scale covered a range of -4.526e-2 to 4.526e-2.
Conclusion and Recommendations
In the Conclusion and Recommendations section, we can highlight the results obtained with the
following points:
•
Molecular docking analysis between ligand and 4TZ4 (C chain) protein was performed
with Autodock Vina. According to the scores obtained, 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-5fluoroisoindoline-1,3-dione molecule can be considered as a good potential inhibitor for
related target.
•
Using MEP analysis, the molecule's nucleophilic (on hydrogen atoms) and electrophilic
(over oxygen atoms like O2, O3, O4, and O5) sites were identified. Thus, it was roughly
determined at which atoms the molecule would be inserted into the protein. Quantum
chemical calculations of the molecule were performed with Gaussian 09W package
programme.
Thanks and Information Note
The author especially thank to Prof. Dr. Fatih UCUN from the Süleyman Demirel University
for his helpful contribution for Gaussian calculations.
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References
Aragon-Ching, J. B., Li, H., Gardner, E. R., & Figg, W. D. (2007). Thalidomide analogues as
anticancer drugs. Recent patents on anti-cancer drug discovery, 2(2), 167-174.
Dennington, R., Keith, T., & Millam, J. (2009). GaussView, version 5. Semichem Inc.: Shawnee
Mission, KS.
Frisch, M. J., Trucks, G., Schlegel, H., Scuseria, G., Robb, M., Cheeseman, J., Petersson, G.
(2009). Gaussian 09, Revision D. 01, Gaussian. Inc.: Wallingford, CT.
Ito, T., Ando, H., Suzuki, T., Ogura, T., Hotta, K., Imamura, Y.,Handa, H. (2010). Identification
of a primary target of thalidomide teratogenicity. science, 327(5971), 1345-1350.
Ito, T., & Handa, H. (2016). Cereblon and its downstream substrates as molecular targets of
immunomodulatory drugs. International journal of hematology, 104, 293-299.
Krönke, J., Fink, E. C., Hollenbach, P. W., MacBeth, K. J., Hurst, S. N., Udeshi, N. D., Gandhi,
A. K. (2015). Lenalidomide induces ubiquitination and degradation of CK1α in del (5q)
MDS. Nature, 523(7559), 183-188.
Lepper, E. R., Smith, N. F., Cox, M. C., Scripture, C. D., & Figg, W. D. (2006). Thalidomide
metabolism and hydrolysis: mechanisms and implications. Current drug metabolism,
7(6), 677-685.
Matyskiela, M. E., Couto, S., Zheng, X., Lu, G., Hui, J., Stamp, K., . . . Carpenter, A. (2018).
SALL4 mediates teratogenicity as a thalidomide-dependent cereblon substrate. Nature
chemical biology, 14(10), 981-987.
Millrine, D., & Kishimoto, T. (2017). A brighter side to thalidomide: its potential use in
immunological disorders. Trends in molecular medicine, 23(4), 348-361.
Palafox, M. A., Bhat, D., Goyal, Y., Ahmad, S., Joe, I. H., & Rastogi, V. (2015). FT-IR and
FT-Raman spectra, MEP and HOMO–LUMO of 2, 5-dichlorobenzonitrile: DFT study.
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 136, 464-472.
Paravar, T., & Lee, D. J. (2008). Thalidomide: mechanisms of action. International reviews of
immunology, 27(3), 111-135.
Peach, M. L., Beedie, S. L., Chau, C. H., Collins, M. K., Markolovic, S., Luo, W., Gütschow,
M. (2020). Antiangiogenic activity and in silico cereblon binding analysis of novel
thalidomide analogs. Molecules, 25(23), 5683.
Ramalingam, S., Periandy, S., Karabacak, M., & Karthikeyan, N. (2013). Spectroscopic (FTIR/FT-Raman) and computational (HF/DFT) investigation and HOMO/LUMO/MEP
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analysis on 2-amino-4-chlorophenol. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and
Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 104, 337-351.
Sherbet, G. V. (2015). Therapeutic potential of thalidomide and its analogues in the treatment
of cancer. Anticancer research, 35(11), 5767-5772.
Trott, O., & Olson, A. J. (2010). AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking
with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. Journal of
computational chemistry, 31(2), 455-461.
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THE FUNCTION OF GOTHIC OBJECTS IN “THE TRANSITION OF JUAN
ROMEO” AND “THE ENORMOUS RADIO”
Research Assistant Miray KAYA (ORCID: 0009-0004-3317-4004)
Malatya Turgut Özal University, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of
English Translation and Interpreting, Malatya-Türkiye
Email: miray.kaya@ozal.edu.tr
Assoc. Prof. Dr. F. Gül KOÇSOY*(ORCID: 0000-0002-7813-8961)
Firat University, Faculty of Humane and Social Sciences, Department of English Language
and Literature, Elazığ-Türkiye
Email: fgulkocsoy@firat.edu.tr
Abstract
In the gothic works the dark, abandoned and decaying places often take place and there is a
heavy reliance on symbolism. The characters, settings, and objects are closely related to
symbolic meanings. Supernatural characters/beings such as vampires, monsters, demons,
ghosts, witches, and supernatural objects are employed. H. P. Lovecraft in his “The Transition
of Juan Romero” (1944) renders some strange occurrences at an extremely deep mine, including
the rhythmic throbbing from the depths and the inexplicable sealing of the abyss. All these hint
the supernatural forces at work. Romero who has an uncanny interest in the narrator’s Hindoo
ring succumbs to the abyss, while the narrator experiences a moment of oblivion. In John
Cheever’s “The Enormous Radio” (1947) a newly bought, enormous, and expensive radio,
representing uncanny technology, violating the happiness and privacy of the family by
broadcasting the private conversations of the neighbors is a supernatural intrusion, a common
trope in gothic literature, and it isolates its owners from their environment. In the two American
short stories the gothic clichés are used both to constitute gothic atmosphere and to convey
symbolic meanings. The stories reflect the anxiety about and the fear of the unknown, including
the developing technology and old lore.
Keywords: Gothic, Uncanny, “The Enormous Radio”, John Cheever, “The Transition of Juan
Romero”, H. P. Lovecraft
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Introduction
Gothic architecture is associated with churches, cathedrals, ribbed vaults, pointed arches, and
flying buttresses. As a genre, the gothic dates back to the eighteenth century when The Castle
of Otranto by Horace Walpole (1717-1797) was published in 1764. Moreover, the dark,
abandoned, decaying places frequently take place in gothic works. Besides, there is a heavy
reliance on symbolism in gothic works, characters, settings, and objects are engaged with
symbolic meanings. The reader encounters supernatural characters such as vampires, monsters,
demons, ghosts, witches, and supernatural objects like the ring in “The Transition of Juan
Romero” by H. P. Lovecraft (1890-1937), and the radio in “The Enormous Radio” by John
Cheever (1912-1982). There are also supernatural events in gothic fiction. The anti-hero figure
or the gothic protagonist portrayed as flawed, isolated, or a marginalized outcast are common.
“The Transition of Juan Romero” by Howard Phillips Lovecraft is a short story about the
unsettling past experiences of the unnamed narrator with the enigmatic Mexican miner Juan
Romero in the Norton Mine in 1894. This experience was fraught with horror and ominous
incidents. From the beginning, the introduction of Juan Romero creates an eerie atmosphere.
Lovecraft’s use of gothic descriptions, vivid imagery, and the desolate setting lead to a sense
of unease and dread throughout the mysterious story. The story includes the common features
of gothic literature but most importantly there is a gothic object in the story, the narrator’s
Hindoo ring with strange writing on it which attracts the attention of Juan Romero.“The
Enormous Radio” by John Cheever, published in the New Yorker Magazine in 1947 narrates
the story of a nine-years married couple with two children. They have an “average of income,
endeavour and respectability” (Cheever, 2024) in an apartment near Sutton Place. Their
relationship with the newly bought gothic-like, enormous, and expensive radio violates privacy
by broadcasting the private conversations of their neighbours. Jim and Irene Wescott are fond
of serious music unlike their environment, and they frequently go to the cinema, listen to music
on the radio, and go to concerts. That is why, music has a crucial role in their lives. In the
beginning, the couple and their way of living with their two children seem normal, yet towards
the end of the story, the reader understands that they are not acting ethically like their
neighbours whose conversations they hear on the radio. This radio is interesting because the
family can hear the voices in the apartment through it.
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Discussion
The narrator of “The Transition of Juan Romero” by Howard Phillips Lovecraft is nameless
since according to him a man who “suddenly migrates to the States or the Colonies, … leaves
his past behind him” (Lovecraft, 2024). However, he always tells about a character named Juan
Romero with his name at every turn. He states that not so long after his arrival at the Norton
Mine, Juan Romero comes. He describes Romero as a noble Aztec, and states that “Juan
differed little from his fellows” (Lovecraft, 2024). Nonetheless, there is a communication
problem between the narrator and Juan Romero because Romero knows a few words of English,
and the narrator is not acquainted with Oxonian Spanish. His past experiences with Juan
Romero take place in a desolate setting, at a mine. There is an eerie setting throughout the story.
The use of words such as ‘uncanny’ and ‘eerie’ in the story again attracts the reader’s
attention. The narrator’s Hindoo ring attracts Juan Romero’s attention. Everything related to
the ring is mysterious. The narrator does not know how he got the ring. Juan Romero a native
sees it and he is fascinated and becomes like a slave a narrator. Maybe the ring evokes
something for him or he feels that he should be a slave to the owner of the ring. Juan lives the
ring’ s magic and sacred power. It reminds him of Aztec religion. “The attachment which
Romero manifested toward me was undoubtedly commenced through the quaint and ancient
Hindoo ring which I wore when not engaged in active labour” (Lovecraft, 2024). The narrator
is also aware of this; “... my ring had affected him peculiarly...” (Lovecraft, 2024). These
foreshadow the importance of the gothic object, the ring. The narrator does not even desire to
talk about the incidents: “in the last years of my life, scenes and happenings fraught with a terror
doubly acute because I cannot wholly define it” (Lovecraft, 2024), but there is an urge to narrate
what happened on October eighteenth and nineteenth, 1894 at the Norton Mine. The narrator
wants to explain the transition of Juan Romero since the narrator desires everyone to know this
supernatural and mysterious story even though it is hard to explain it for him.Lovecraft's use of
atmospheric descriptions creates a sense of unease and dread as Romero's fascination with the
ancient ring leads to their descent into a supernatural abyss beneath the mine. The bizarre and
otherworldly events that unfold challenge the narrator's understanding of reality, culminating
in Romero's disappearance and the narrator's struggle to make sense of the inexplicable horrors
he has witnessed. The narrator’s ring appears as a gothic object in the story. After they discover
the abyss, they try to understand what is going on. It is as if the abyss calls them and invites
them. Then the narrator realizes: “... the ancient ring on my finger was glowing with eerie
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radiance, diffusing a pallid lustre through the damp, heavy air around” (Lovecraft, 2024). At
first, the narrator points out that they hear a noise and then go investigation. In a night the
narrator hears a strange howling and pulsing sounds of ‘a creature’. The colour of the ring
changes and Juan goes to the place where these sounds come. They realize “a new abyss yawned
indefinitely below the seat of the blast; an abyss so monstrous that no handy line might fathom
it, nor any lamp illuminate it” (Lovecraft, 2024). With Juan Romero, the narrator goes to “the
infinite void” (Lovecraft, 2024) and Juan Romero is the leading one. Suddenly, Juan Romero
shouts at him with dread and terror "Madre de Dios! - el sonido - ese sonido - oiga Vd! - lo oye
Vd? - señor, THAT SOUND!" (Lovecraft, 2024). However, the narrator does not understand
anything. Then the supernatural effect of the ring is explained by the narrator: “I realized that
the ancient ring on my finger was glowing with eerie radiance, diffusing a pallid lustre through
the damp, heavy air around” (Lovecraft, 2024). The reader understands that there is a strange
relationship between the abyss and the ring.At the climax of the story, “the light from my ring
was extinguished, and I saw a new light glimmering from lower space but a few yards ahead of
me” (Lovecraft, 2024). When the light of the ring is extinguished, the narrator understands that
Juan Romero is swallowed by the infinite void and the ring is lost. ‘God! I dare not tell you
what I saw! … Some power from heaven, coming to my aid, obliterated both sights and sounds
in such a crash as may be heard when two universes collide in space. Chaos supervened, and I
knew the peace of oblivion. I hardly know how to continue, since conditions so singular are
involved; but I will do my best, not even trying to differentiate betwixt the real and the apparent’
(Lovecraft, 2024)Juan goes into the abyss and disappears in the fire. The ring that guided with
its light announces the death of Juan Romero when its shine faded. Even though the narrator
narrates the incidents that happen at the Norton Mine, later he explains that these happenings
are experienced only by him. All the other people are not aware of what he has undergone. Thus
it is obvious that there is a supernatural event has occurred. The narrator at the end of the story
thinks that everything was a dream.‘When I awakened, I was safe in my bunk and the red glow
of dawn was visible at the window. Some distance away the lifeless body of Juan Romero lay
upon a table, surrounded by a group of men, including the camp doctor. The men were
discussing the strange death of the Mexican as he lay asleep; a death seemingly connected in
some way with the terrible bolt of lightning which had struck and shaken the mountain. No
direct cause was evident, and an autopsy failed to show any reason why Romero should not be
living. Snatches of conversation indicated beyond a doubt that neither Romero nor I had left
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the bunk-house during the night; that neither of us had been awake during the frightful storm
which had passed over the Cactus range’ (Lovecraft, 2024)
It is seen that all the events, all the screams, and all the fear are not perceived by the others. It
is like a nightmare. All these events are inexplicable by mere reason.Through this tale of cosmic
horror, and the use of the ring as a gothic object, Lovecraft explores the limits of human
understanding and the fragility of the human psyche in the face of the unknown. The characters
of Cheever’s short story, Jim and Irene Wescott live in an apartment building with their two
children in New York. It is an upper-middle class family. At the beginning of “The Enormous
Radio,” there is an old radio appearing as a gothic element in the way Cheveer describes it: ‘old
instrument, sensitive, unpredictable, and beyond repair’ (Cheever, 2024). Neither Jim nor Irene
understands the mechanics of the old radio, and when it falters, the only thing Jim can do is to
strike the side of the cabinet with his hand. Sometimes this works out, sometimes not. That is
why, in order to make his wife happy, after the old radio breaks down, Jim buys a new one
because they are fond of listening to classical music as a couple and the radio is essential for
Irene.The newly purchased radio is not as functional as expected. Jim purchases it to entertain
his wife but at the end of the story, it is seen that it overthrows Irene. As soon as the radio enters
the scene, there is a gradual change in mood and atmosphere. The scene suggests the presence
of sinister influences disturbing the reader and exposing the feeling of discomfort. That is why,
the new one is a gothic object. When the radio takes its place in the living room, Irene is
disturbed by the presence of “the physical ugliness of the large gumwood cabinet” (Cheever,
2024) spoiling the harmony of the furniture since it does not blend with the living room's
colours, which is crucial for Irene. Irene even chooses her clothes colour according to the
furniture’s colour because she desires to be in harmony with her house. She is an obsessive
woman. She hides radio behind the armchair. That is why, it is perceived as “an aggressive
intruder” by her. Besides, when she switches it, an ornament falls from the table into the floor
due to the “noise” that it produces. It creates noise, it is not a radio for listening to classical
music or even any type of music. The sounds are an unpredictable producing a gothic
atmosphere. The radio fails to give Irene a good first impression.On the second try, Irene listens
to Mozart's quintet. Despite initially enjoying the quintet, she soon encounters interference,
including crackling sounds in addition to other noises. Despite her attempts, she could not fix
the problem, and the instrument is depicted as “powerful and ugly” (Cheever, 2024). It is like
Irene feels the uncomfortable side of the radio even when she sees it for the first time. When
Jim comes and tries to switch the radio, he has the same experience as Irene. "A man was
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speaking on the station Jim had chosen, and his voice swung instantly from the distance into a
force so powerful that it shook the apartment" (Cheever, 2024). It is not desirable to listen to
music via the radio. It appears unbearable not only for Irene but also for Jim. They find it out
of order, abnormal and uncanny; thus, they try to make it repaired. Furthermore, the radio is a
supernatural element, representing the uncanny technology. It is “a radio whose ‘enormous’
power is its ability to broadcast not the standard range of programs available at normal
frequencies, but instead, the private dramas enacted in each of the apartments in the Wescotts'
building.” (Gerlach, 2024, p. 146-147) While Irene listens to Chopin, she hears a man's voice
speaking to a woman. While the man and the woman are speaking obscenely, the couple
continues to listen to them. Irene continues to listen to the conversations of the neighbours
whenever she has time. They are afraid of the possibility of being heard by the others. Although
listening to their neighbours’ conversations is not a problem for the couple, being heard by them
is a problem. They do not have the feeling of guilt. They do not have moral dilemmas but they
act amorally by listening to these private conversations. They wonder about the other people’s
personal lives. Irene spends all of her spare time in front of the radio. She only listens to the
radio. The radio represents uncanny technology by violating the privacies of the neighbours and
revealing their secrets and troubles. It transmits the neighbours’ conversations to the Wescotts
leading to an unpleasant atmosphere later. It becomes a supernatural intrusion, a common trope
in gothic literature.After making sure no one heard them, they continue listening to the radio.
Irene becomes curious about the lives of the other people’s, and so obsessed with the radio that
at the end her husband points out that listening to the radio is like voyeurism and she should
give it up. The radio isolates Irene from her environment because she does not desire to meet
her friends and relatives. It causes obsession and isolation which are common themes in gothic
literature. Through the conversations on the radio, the moral decay of the urban people is
perceived because there is infidelity, addiction, mental illness, and lies. As Irene continues to
listen to these conversations, she begins to experience psychological turmoil. She wants Jim to
interfere because Mr. Osborn is beating his wife. She wants her husband to interfere in the lives
of the people she is eavesdropping on. After that point the couple starts to argue; Irene asks Jim
not to argue with her because she desires to be different from their unethical and unhappy
neighbours. Irene differentiates his relationship with Jim by stating:“Don’t, don’t, don’t, don’t
quarrel with me, ... All the others have been quarreling all day. Everybody’s been quarreling.
They’re all worried about money. Mrs. Hutchinson’s mother is dying of cancer in Florida and
they don’t have enough money to send her to the Mayo Clinic. At least, Mr. Hutchinson says
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they don’t have enough money. And some woman in this building is having an affair with the
handyman- with that hideous handyman. It’s too disgusting. And Mrs. Melville has heart
trouble, and Mr. Hendricks is going to lose his job in April and Mrs. Hendricks is horrid about
the whole thing and that girl that plays the ‘Missouri Waltz’ is a whore, a common whore, and
the elevator man has tuberculosis and Mr. Osborn has been beating his wife. ... Life is too
terrible, too sordid and awful. But we’ve never been like that, have we, darling? Have we? I
mean, we’ve always been good and decent and loving to one another, haven’t we? And we have
two children, two beautiful children. Our lives aren’t sordid, are they, darling? Are they? ...
We’re happy, aren’t we, darling? We are happy, aren’t we?” (Cheever, 2024)She is aware of
the fact that their neighbours are not proper people, yet according to Irene, she and Jim are
normal because they are not cheating on each other, they do not quarrel, and the only thing that
is important for them is not money, they are ethical people. As Gerlach states: “’Normal’ is
compartmentalizing suffering or corruption so that we can consider ourselves above them;
‘normal’ is our desire to seek out the worst in others, to know the worst that can happen to them,
while maintaining that we ourselves are different, untouched by what we are most curious to
learn” (Gerlach, 2024, p. 148). In the story, Irene closes her eyes to their problems, she only
talks about the problems of their neighbours. This is how she normalizes her relationship with
her husband. Nonetheless, Jim is aware of their situation and does not place them above the
others. He states that she is not an ethical person as well since she spends the money entitled to
her sister. On the other hand, Jim is concerned about the money and he complains about the
expenses of both the old radio and the new one. In fact, the couple is also concerned about the
money like their neighbours. That is why, it is obvious that there is a lack of communication
between Irene and Jim: “You’ve got to learn to handle the money I give you a little more
intelligently, Irene ... You’ve got to understand that we don’t have as much money this year as
we had last. I had a very sobering talk with Mitchell today. No one is buying anything. We’re
spending all of our time promoting new issues, and you know how long that takes. I’m not
getting any younger you know. I’m thirty-seven. My hair will be gray next year. I haven’t done
as well as I hoped to do. And I don’t suppose things will get any better.” (Cheever, 2024)
Jim emphasizes the fact that he is not young anymore and he will not be productive as he was
before. There are also some economic problems. He pours out his heart, tells things he hasn't
told his wife before and paints a pessimistic picture, and complains about Irene's spending too
much. That is why, the radio serves as a turning point in their marriage, causing the man to
reveal the things he keeps inside. She sees that her family has the same problems like the
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neighbours. And her innocence is lost. It's as if Irene wakes up from a dream and encounters
reality. And she undergoes an awareness; financial and family problems. Thus, the radio's
ugliness symbolizes people's ugly lives.However, instead of taking into account what her
husband says, becomes afraid of the fact that the other people will hear their conversation
because this is how the radio works. If you do not hear others’ conversations, most probably
the others hear your conversations. She has anxiety due to the radio, and even in her own house
she does not feel safe and she has suspicions that she is being eavesdropped because this is what
she does. It can be said that the radio as a gothic object creates a displeasing atmosphere,
violates the privacy of the neighbours and leads Jim and Irene to quarrel.
Conclusion
From the Middle Ages, gothic has been associated with depressing, scary themes. Besides, the
representation of dark, abandoned, and decaying places often takes place and there is a heavy
reliance on symbolism. The characters, settings, and objects are closely related to symbolic
meanings. Supernatural characters/beings such as vampires, monsters, demons, ghosts, witches,
and supernatural objects are employed to highlight the dark atmosphere. H. P. Lovecraft in his
“The Transition of Juan Romero” (2024) renders some strange occurrences at an intense mine,
including the rhythmic throbbing from the depths and the inexplicable sealing of the abyss. All
these hint at the supernatural forces at work. Romero who has an uncanny interest in the
narrator’s Hindoo ring succumbs to the abyss, while the narrator experiences a moment of
oblivion. The ring is a gothic object in the story.On the other hand, in John Cheever’s “The
Enormous Radio” (2024) a newly bought, enormous, and expensive radio, representing
uncanny technology, violating the happiness and privacy of the family by broadcasting the
private conversations of the neighbours is a supernatural intrusion, a common trope in gothic
literature, and it isolates its owners from their environment. In the two American short stories,
the gothic clichés are used both to create a gothic atmosphere and to convey symbolic meanings.
The stories reflect the anxiety about and the fear of the unknown, including the developing
technology and old lore.
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References
Blackmore, L. (2009). Some Notes on Lovecraft’s “The Transition of Juan Romero.” Lovecraft
Annual, 3, 147–168. Accessed 9 March. 2024. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26868395
Cheever, John. (1947-2024). The Stories of John Cheever. New York: Ballatine Books.
Accessed 1 March. 2024.
Gerlach, J. (1982). Closure in Modern Short Fiction: Cheever’s “The Emormous Radio” and
“Artemis, The Honest Well Digger.” Modern Fiction Studies, 28(1), 145–152. Accessed
9 March. 2024. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26281284
Hogle, Jerrold E., ed. (2002-2024). The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. Accessed 18 March. 2024.
Holman, Clarence Hugh. (1936-2024). A Handbook to Literature. New York: The Odyssey
Press. Accessed 18 March. 2024.
Lovecraft, H. P. (1927-2024). “Supernatural Horror in Literature”. New York: The Recluse.
Accessed 1 March. 2024.
Reeve, M. M. (2012). Gothic. Studies in Iconography, 33, 233–246. Accessed 10 March. 2024.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/23924286
Spooner, Catherine ve McEvoy, Emma ed.ler. (2007-2024). “Gothic Locations” The Routledge
Companion to Gothic. New York: Routledge. Accessed 12 March. 2024.
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KIRSAL YERLEŞİMLERDE YÖRESEL KONUTLARIN TURİZM İLE
KORUNMASI: KUZEY KIBRIS ÖRNEĞİ
Prof. Dr. Kağan GÜNÇE (ORCID: 0000-0003-1557-2987)
Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Int. Architecture,
Mağusa-TRNC, Mersin 10 Türkiye
Email: kagan.gunce@emu.edu.tr
Özet
Yerel (vernaküler) konut mimarisi coğrafi konum, iklim, aile yapısı, kültür, üretim-tüketim
biçimleriyle şekillenen ve deneyimle inşa edilmiş yapılardır. Yerel konutlar, bulunduğu
bölgenin özgünlüğünü, önceki yapı ve yaşam deneyimlerini günümüze taşıyan; aynı zamanda
çevre, kültür ve ekonomik koşullara uygun çözümleri ile ekolojik ve sürdürülebilir yapılardır.
Konut mimarisinde yerel kavramı, konutun mekana ve forma ait şekillenişini ortaya koymaya
yarayan, tipolojik yaklaşımların temelini oluşturmaktadır. Yerel konut olgusu, kentler dışındaki
belirli bir yerdeki geleneksel konutu tanımlarken, o yerdeki yapıların benzer yaklaşımlarla
kurgulanıp örgütlendiği savını ortaya çıkarmaktadır.Kültürel miras niteliği taşıyan yerel konut
mimarisi, bir toplumun geçmişi ile bugünü arasında bağ kurmasını sağlayan; toplumu
kimliklendiren; yerel ve evrensel ‘değer’ niteliği taşıyan korunması amaçlanan değerdir.
Kültürel mirasla ilgili odağın sadece kentsel ölçekte geleneksel ve anıtsal mimari miras için
değil, aynı zamanda benzer bir hassasiyetin Yerel mimari için de gösterilmesi gerekmektedir.
Kıbrıs adasına yerleşimin ne zamandan beri oluştuğu kestirmek oldukça zordur. Ancak bulunan
ilk insan kalıntıları, adada ilk yerleşmelerin Yeni Taş devrine ait olduğu bilinmektedir. O
günden bugüne pek çok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmış olan Kıbrıs adasının hem kentlerde
hem de kırsal alanlarında zengin bir kültürel mirası vardır. Yerel konut mirası da bu değerli
mirasın en önemlilerindendir.Yerel konut mirası, kültür turizm potansiyeli yüksek yapılardır.
Bu çalışmada, adada bu mirasın korunması için, “ICOMOS’un 2003 yılında yapılan 14. Genel
Kurulu’nda Mimari Mirasın Analizi, Korunması ve Strüktürel Restorasyonu için İlkeler
sözleşmesi” ve “Kültür turizminin sağlıklı bir şekilde sürdürülmesi için ICOMOS’un 1999
yılında belirlenen Kültürel Turizm Tüzüğü İlkeleri” ışığında çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Çalışmada
ayrıca, literatür çalışmasına dayandırılarak Kıbrıs yerel konut yapılarının korunması gerekliliği
ve yöntemleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta kırsal yerleşimler çalışma alanı olarak
seçilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kültürel miras, koruma, kültür turizmi, kırsal yerleşimler, yerel
(verneküler) konut.
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CONSERVATION OF VERNACULAR HOUSING IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS
WITH TOURISM: NORTHERN CYPRUS CASE
Abstract
Vernacular housing architecture refers to buildings that are shaped by geographical location,
climate, family structure, culture, and production-consumption patterns, and are built through
experience. Vernacular houses are unique to the region they are located in, carrying forward
past construction and living experiences to the present day. They are also ecological and
sustainable structures with solutions that are appropriate to environmental, cultural, and
economic conditions.In vernacular housing architecture concept is fundamental to typological
approaches, revealing the spatial and formal configuration of the dwelling. The vernacular
housing phenomenon defines traditional housing in a specific location outside of cities, arguing
that the structures in that location are designed and organized with similar
approaches.Vernacular housing architecture, which has the character of cultural heritage,
establishes a link between the past and present of a society; it identifies the society; it is a value
that is local and universal and it is a value that is worth conserving. The focus on cultural
heritage should not only be on traditional and monumental architectural heritage at the urban
scale, but also on vernacular architecture in rural settlement with a similar sensitivity.It is
difficult to determine when settlement on the island of Cyprus first occurred. However, the
earliest human remains found indicate that the first settlements on the island date back to the
Neolithic period. Having hosted many civilizations since then, the island of Cyprus has a rich
cultural heritage in both its cities and rural areas. The vernacular housing heritage is one of the
most important of these valuable heritages.Vernacular housing heritage is highly valuable for
cultural tourism. This study focuses on the conservation of this heritage on the island of Cyprus,
based on the “ICOMOS Principles for the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration of
Architectural Heritage” adopted at the 14th ICOMOS General Assembly in 2003 and the
“ICOMOS Charter for Cultural Tourism” adopted in 1999. The study also discuss the necessity
and methods of protecting vernacular housing structures in Cyprus based on a literature review.
Rural settlements in Northern Cyprus have been selected as the study area.
Keywords: Cultural heritage, conservation, cultural tourism, rural settlements, vernacular
housing.
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Introduction
The concept of locality can be said to encompass both the tangible and intangible aspects of a
place, including its physical attributes and characteristics as well as its abstract and concrete
values. Understanding and evaluating the concept of locality requires consideration of its
historical, social, and cultural dimensions, as well as its political and psychological
implications.The changing world order driven by rapid production and consumption
relationships Post-Industrial Revolution has directly impacted the local / vernacular.
Particularly, the concept of locality has been increasingly questioned and examined with the
onset of the modernist movement, especially Post-Industrial Revolution. As the presentation of
the 'modern' in place of traditional and local spread, every aspect of the local became subject to
debate. Especially since the latter half of the 20th century, evaluations, activities, and action
plans have been put forth to ensure that locality under the pressure of modernization is not lost.
Vernacular housing architecture is shaped by geographical location, climate, family structure,
culture, and production-consumption patterns (Günçe &at al., 2008). At the same time, these
houses are developed and built through experience. Local housing carries the uniqueness of the
region, bringing forward past building and living experiences to the present. These houses are
referred to as ecological and sustainable structures due to their solutions suitable for
environmental, cultural, and economic conditions.Vernacular housing, which carries the
characteristic of cultural heritage, is significant in bridging a society's past and present. These
houses, possessing both local and universal 'value' that identifies the community, are structures
that need preservation. Just as awareness, care, importance, and sensitivity are required for
traditional and monumental architectural heritage structures at the urban scale, the same should
be extended to local architectural heritage.The island of Cyprus, with its rich cultural history,
has hosted many civilizations (Günçe & Mısırlısoy, 2019). Therefore, the island has a rich
cultural heritage in both its cities and rural settlements. Vernacular housing heritage is one of
the most important components of this valuable heritage and should be preserved and sustained.
Materials and Methods
The transmission of vernacular housing heritage to future generations is necessary for the
cultural continuity on the island. Conservation and perpetuation of this heritage are inevitable
for it to be passed on to future generations. Alongside necessary restoration efforts, it is essential
to revitalize these aging structures with new functions. Vernacular housing heritage represents
structures with high potential for cultural tourism. Repurposing rural settlements and vernacular
structures with cultural tourism functions is an important approach to sustain them.
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Vernacular houses, one of the most important components of architectural heritage in rural
settlements, have significant potential for tourism purposes, especially for accommodation.
Proper analysis of these houses is necessary to utilize this potential. Preserving authentic
structures without compromising their integrity and repurposing them for cultural tourism is
one way forward. Thus, tourists will not only experience rural settlements in various dimensions
but also have the opportunity to stay in the authentic vernacular houses.A comprehensive
literature review was conducted on locality, rural life, vernacular architecture, vernacular
housing, cultural heritage preservation, and cultural tourism. Additionally, visits were made to
rural settlements in Northern Cyprus. These visits involved detailed examinations of both the
region and vernacular architectural heritage. Photographs of these heritages, sketches, and
historical information were gathered, especially focusing on the houses.In-depth research was
conducted to preserve this heritage, guided by the principles established in the ‘ICOMOS
Principles for the Analysis, Conservation, and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage’
from the 14th General Assembly in 2003 (URL 01), and the ‘ICOMOS Charter on Cultural
Tourism Principles’ defined in 1999 (URL 02) for the sustainable management of cultural
tourism. In this study, rural settlements in Northern Cyprus were chosen as the research area,
and the necessity and methods of preserving Cyprus' vernacular housing were discussed based
on ICOMOS guidelines.
Vernacular Housing Phenomenon
From the very existence of humans until today, there has been a tendency to shape living
environments according to needs, in other words, to create organized environments. The most
straightforward observation of this can be made in local built environments. Described by
various terms such as civil architecture, folk architecture, traditional architecture, architecture
without architects, spontaneous, indigenous, primitive, ethnic, folkloric, anonymous, and
regional architecture, "vernacular architecture" conveys the unique architectural language of a
region (Paköz, 2017), reflecting its socio-cultural structure and natural-physical environment
(Figure 1).One of the most important building blocks of vernacular architecture is undoubtedly
the house, which is the spiral of human life. Originally arising from the need for shelter, this
construct later became an indispensable part of life. The concept of vernacular housing has
matured over the years through continuous and diverse experiences, adapting to local conditions
and evolving through integration with the past. Concerning vernacular housing, the integration
of ‘meeting human needs with simple solutions’, ‘utilizing existing local resources’ and
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‘considering environmentally respectful design principles’ together contribute to the
sustainable identity of such structures.
Factors Determining Housing Form
Environmental Factors
Climate,
Topography,
Materials and technology available in nearest
surroundings.
Socio-Cultural Factors
Working area and welfare level of the
society,
Familial
structure
(kinship)
and
neighbourliness,
Religion,
Way of living and behaviours.
Figure 1. Factors Determining Housing Form - Developed based on Rapoport (Rapoport,
1969)
Vernacular housing architecture is shaped by geographical location, climate, family structure,
culture, and production-consumption patterns, and constructed through experiential knowledge.
Vernacular housing not only carry the uniqueness of the region they are located in, preserving
previous building and living experiences to the present day, but also provide ecological and
sustainable solutions tailored to environmental, cultural, and economic conditions. The concept
of locality in housing architecture forms the basis of typological approaches, revealing the
shaping of the dwelling's space and form. While defining the vernacular housing dwelling in a
specific location outside urban areas, local housing also suggests that structures in that area are
similarly organized and constructed with comparable approaches.Vernacular housing, often
situated in rural settlements and also referred to as vernacular homes, is characterized by being
produced not by trained architect designers, but by experienced human hands, and organized in
a natural manner. The significant role of local masters in the formation of vernacular housing,
also described as architecture without architects, is emphasized (Rudofsky, 1964; Aran, 2000;
Bektaş, 2001; Kozak, Evren, Çakır, 2013). The structure language (shape grammar) utilized by
these masters and the norms they conceptualize are among the most critical elements of local
housing. Besides being based on traditions, vernacular housing architecture in rural settlement
is shaped by Environmental Factors and Socio-Cultural Factors (Figure 1).
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Assessment of Vernacular Housing as Cultural Heritage
Culture encompasses the tangible and intangible elements shared by a society, including beliefs,
values, and objects passed down to future generations, serving as a bridge between the past,
present, and future. Cultural values tend to persist more strongly in rural life compared to urban
areas, making rural settlements valuable sources of traditional values and significant cultural
heritage.Not everything left by past generations constitutes 'heritage'. Objects reflecting
tangible culture (such as structures, monuments, architectural works, archival materials, books,
artworks, among others) and intangible culture (folklore, oral history, traditions, customs,
cuisine, depictions, ceremonies, language, and knowledge) and believed to possess universal
values are considered cultural heritage (URL 03).In the dynamic and advancing global
landscape, dynamism and evolution persist as enduring characteristics. Urban areas undergo
rapid changes, whereas rural communities undergo slower transformations, largely owing to
their inherently conservative disposition. Rural settlements, along with their rich socio-cultural
structure, undergo changes in demographic, economic, environmental, and spatial diversity
over time, leading to the evolution of locality. Consequently, the definitions of 'rural
settlements' and 'locality' change and evolve. This evolution inevitably affects the phenomenon
of vernacular housing in rural settlements.Examining vernacular housing architecture within
the historical and cultural context, the significance of the culture-space relationship and heritage
values in the formation and organization of these structures is highlighted (Turgut 1989,
Çahantimur 1997, Muşkara 2017). Vernacular housing architecture, with its documentary,
historical, architectural, aesthetic, economic, and utilitarian values, constitutes an essential
building block of our cultural heritage. However, this cultural heritage is at risk due to the
changes in the life cycle of rural settlements in which they are located.The cultural heritage
values outlined above underscore the importance of preserving this heritage. Cultural heritage
possesses documentary value due to the information it contains and transmits to contemporary
society. Through vernacular housing, it is possible to interpret and learn about various aspects
of society, including its social, cultural, political, and economic characteristics, technical levels,
trends, aesthetic approaches, lifestyles, rituals, and social norms (Ahunbay 1994, Kuban 1995).
In a rapidly globalizing world increasingly tending towards uniformity, preserving the
sustainability of societal identities and environmental characteristics is crucial. Vernacular
housing architecture, as a significant cultural heritage transmitting values to future generations,
encompasses both sustainability aspects.
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Especially in rural settlements, traditional housing heritage, when preserved alongside the
geography and history, culture, and traditions of the local population, can maintain its original
value holistically.
Addressing the Relationship between Cultural Heritage and Tourism
The acceleration of social and economic, or class-based, disparities among people, alongside
changes, transformations, and developments in human rights; the widespread expansion of
transportation, communication, and production; the emergence of tourism as a humanitarian
need; have led to the emergence of 'Modern Tourism Paradigms' (Urry, 2002; Goeldner, Ritchie
& McIntosh, 2000). The importance of tourism-related activities has rapidly increased in
today's world, making tourism one of the prominent sectors.As a result of globalization,
people's needs related to tourism have diversified, and new quests have gained momentum.
These developments have led to a diversification and intensification of research on tourism
(Urry, 2002; Stylianou-Lambert, 2011). It is observed that alongside the classical tourism
known as sun, sand, and sea tourism, there is an increasing demand for alternative forms of
tourism among individuals or groups participating in tourism activities. Among these types,
'Cultural Heritage Tourism' stands out. With the prominence of cultural tourism, the concept of
'culture' has become more debated. Thus, the value of 'Cultural Heritage Tourism' has increased,
depending on both tangible and intangible values (Turok, 2009).Especially from the late 20th
century to the beginning of the 21st century, tourism has evolved into a multi-dimensional
phenomenon of significant ecological, economic, political, social, and cultural importance
worldwide. The World Tourism Organization defines cultural tourism as the movement of
individuals motivated by cultural factors such as participating in education, art, festivals, and
events; visiting monuments and sites; exploring nature or folklore; and engaging in religious
visits. The most significant difference that sets cultural tourism apart from other forms of
tourism is its educational function. Culture encompasses what people think (attitudes, beliefs,
ideas, and values), what they do (behaviours and ways of life), and what they create
(architecture, artworks, handicrafts, and other cultural products). From this perspective, cultural
tourism is not just about visiting places and monuments but also about learning about the way
of life in the visited area.The Charter on the Management of Tourism in Cultural Heritage
Areas, endorsed by ICOMOS in October 1999 during the 12th General Assembly in Mexico,
highlights that heritage, encompassing both natural and cultural environments, belongs to all
humanity, and understanding, appreciating, and protecting its universal values is the right and
responsibility of every individual. It emphasizes: “Heritage is a broad concept that includes
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landscapes, historic areas, sites, and built environments, as well as biological diversity,
collections, ongoing and past cultural practices, knowledge, and life experiences. It narrates and
records long historical development processes that form the basis of various national, regional,
indigenous, and local identities and is an integral part of contemporary life. It is a dynamic
reference point for growth and change, a positive tool. Cultural heritage and collective memory
of every place and community are invaluable treasures, forming an essential basis for current
and future developments."Especially towards the end of the 20th century, developments in
world tourism have turned cultural heritage into a revenue-generating phenomenon. With an
awareness of the necessity of preserving cultural heritage, indirect economic contributions
should be made through tourism without commodifying cultural heritage. In this regard,
principles have been established by ICOMOS (1999) for the healthy sustainability of cultural
tourism. ‘The Principles of the Charter on Cultural Tourism' are listed as follows (URL 01):
Principles of the Cultural Tourism Charter (URL 01)
•
Principle 1 - Since domestic and international tourism is among the foremost
vehicles for cultural exchange, conservation should provide responsible and well
managed opportunities for members of the host community and visitors to
experience and understand that community's heritage and culture at first hand.
•
Principle 2 - The relationship between Heritage Places and Tourism is dynamic and
may involve conflicting values. It should be managed in a sustainable way for
present and future generations.
•
Principle 3 - Conservation and Tourism Planning for Heritage Places should ensure
that the Visitor Experience will be worthwhile, satisfying and enjoyable.
•
Principle 4 - Host communities and indigenous peoples should be involved in
planning for conservation and tourism.
•
Principle 5 - Tourism and conservation activities should benefit the host community.
•
Principle 6 - Tourism promotion programmes should protect and enhance Natural
and Cultural Heritage characteristics.
The Objectives of the International Cultural Tourism Charter are (URL 01):
•
To facilitate and encourage those involved with heritage conservation and
management to make the significance of that heritage accessible to the host
community and visitors.
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•
To facilitate and encourage the tourism industry to promote and manage tourism in
ways that respect and enhance the heritage and living cultures of host communities.
•
To facilitate and encourage a dialogue between conservation interests and the
tourism industry about the importance and fragile nature of heritage places,
collections and living cultures, including the need to achieve a sustainable future
for them.
•
To encourage those formulating plans and policies to develop detailed, measurable
goals and strategies relating to the presentation and interpretation of heritage
places and cultural activities, in the context of their preservation and conservation.
In addition,
•
The Charter supports wider initiatives by ICOMOS, other international bodies and
the tourism industry in maintaining the integrity of heritage management and
conservation.
•
The Charter encourages the involvement of all those with relevant or at times
conflicting interests, responsibilities and obligations to join in achieving its
objectives.
•
The Charter encourages the formulation of detailed guidelines by interested parties,
facilitating the implementation of the Principles to their specific circumstances or
the requirements of particular organisations and communities.
In light of these principles and ‘ICOMOS Principles for the Analysis, Conservation and
Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage’ adopted at the 14th ICOMOS General
Assembly in 2003 (URL 02), must be conserved and kept alive. Only in the light of these
approaches is it possible to convey this cultural heritage to future generations.
Cultural assets attract the interest of people from different communities due to the values they
carry. These works, which contain many experiences within their historical context, are
important as objects of value for tourism. Despite their unique values and aging physical
conditions, cultural heritage structures strive to stand upright and attract people from different
parts of the world for various purposes. Therefore, these assets make significant contributions
to tourism.Rural tourism can be defined as the totality of tourist activities conducted in a
geography other than sea and mountain areas. Rural tourism is a type of tourism that is
integrated with rural culture, natural environment, and agriculture, and can also be easily
integrated with other types of tourism. Therefore, rural tourism, enriched with various local,
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national, and international initiatives, can attract both local and foreign people to rural
settlements for holidays (Soykan, 1999). In rural tourism, the rural world is presented to the
tourist in all its aspects. During the tourist's stay, besides resting, it is possible to watch,
participate, learn, and engage in various activities. The applicability of rural tourism in all four
seasons increases the variety of activities. Moreover, the rural geographical environment is a
unique place where many recreational activities based on outdoor activities can be carried out.
Rural culture, on the other hand, encompasses different activities, all of which are specific to
the region, and even if similarities are found, it is difficult to encounter the same elsewhere
(Stojanović, & Denadić, 2020). Since tourists of sea tourism are tired of the same architecture
and animations in all coastal facilities, they look for locality at least in food and music in the
countries they visit. Rural tourism is the one that will provide them with authenticity (Soykan,
2003).
An overview of the Vernacular Housing Phenomenon in Cyprus
Due to its significant historical background, the island of Cyprus has hosted many communities
with differences in religion, language, race, and thus their civilizations. Therefore, the island of
Cyprus possesses a rich cultural heritage. A mobilization should be declared to preserve our
country's rich cultural heritage.
Period
Duration
Late Paleolithic Period
9000–7000 BC
Neolithic Period
7000–3800 BC
Chalcolithic Period
3900–2500 BC
Early Bronze Age
2500–1900 BC
Middle Bronze Age
1900–1650 BC
Late Bronze Age
1650–1050 BC
Geometric Period
1050–750 BC
Archaic Period
750–475 BC
Classical Period
475–325 BC
Hellenistic Period
325–50 BC
Roman Period
50 BC–395 AD
Byzantine Period
395–1185
Frankish Rule
1191–1489
Venetian Rule
1489–1571
Ottoman Rule
1571–1878
British Colonial Rule
1878–1960
Cyprus, an Independent Republic
1960-?
Division of the island and separation of Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot
1974
administration
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Figure 2. Historical periods in Cyprus before 1960 (Karageorgis, 1969).
On the island, traces of the Lusignan, Venetian, Ottoman, and British periods are still frequently
encountered today. The richness of this multiculturalism has increased with each new period,
akin to a ‘palimpsest’.
1- Room, 2-Depot, 3- Porch, 4-Kitchen, 5- Courtyard, 6- Animal Shelter, 7WC, 8- Oven
Figure 3. An important example of the typology illustrating the vernacular housing scheme
(Christou & et al., 1995).
Figure 4. Vernacular Housing Examples from Rural Northern Cyprus. (Photo by K. Günçe)
Based on the findings of numerous studies conducted on traditional Cypriot housing, it is
evident that the ‘courtyard’, where many activities take place and where a significant portion
of daily life unfolds, holds an important place in this typology. Thus, the courtyard, as a large
open space, has emerged as a result of the subdivision into smaller enclosed spaces such as
residential units. There are two main enclosed spaces: one is the living room, carefully
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constructed to accommodate various functions and designed to protect against the short but
harsh winters and scorching summers, and the other is the storage room, where seasonal food
needs essential for life can be stored. Positioned between the open and enclosed spaces is a
semi-open area, known as the canopy, which serves as a sun control element (Günçe, K. & at
al., 2008). Rural settlements in Cyprus and the vernacular architectural examples produced here
can be classified geographically into three categories: ‘Seaside - Coastal settlements’,
‘Mountain slopes - Hillside settlements’ and ‘Plains - Plain settlements’.In light of the research
conducted by UNHCR, as depicted in Figure 3. (Christou & et al., 1995), the identified
vernacular Cypriot housing layout constitutes a holistic structure from south to north,
comprising open, semi-open, and enclosed spaces. The semi-open canopy space, referred to as
the ‘canopy’, is situated between the open space termed the ‘courtyard’ and the enclosed space
referred to as the ‘multi-purpose room’, ‘storage’ and ‘kitchen’. Consistent with the principles
advocated by Altman, Sommer, and Zeisel, the concept of multifunctionality, implying the
ability of designs to serve multiple purposes within the same space, has been effectively applied
in traditional Cypriot housing (Altman, 1975; Sommer, 1969; Zeısel, 1984). The multi-purpose
room accommodates various activities such as sitting, receiving guests, cooking, dining, and
sleeping. One of the significant rooms in the east-west oriented house is the ‘storage’ room,
where seasonal food and agricultural tools are stored. Adjacent to the storage is a small room
called the ‘kitchen’, where food preparation and dishwashing tasks are performed, and utensils
are stored. Additionally, in many houses, this room also serves as a ‘bathroom’ where water is
heated for bathing. All these rooms open onto the south-facing canopy, establishing an indirect
relationship between the rooms and the street. The courtyard, where a significant part of life
unfolds, hosts various activities such as vegetable cultivation, food preparation for winter
storage, annual cheese (halloumi) production, relaxation, cooking, dining, laundry, and other
daily household chores. Furthermore, the courtyard houses shelters for pets, a toilet (also used
as a bathroom), and an oven used for baking bread. When examining the typological
characteristics of vernacular Cypriot housing, we encounter striking features that underscore
the determining role of ‘Environmental Factors’ and ‘Socio-Cultural Factors’ (Günçe, K. & at
al., 2008).
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Figure 5. Vernacular Housing Examples from Rural Northern Cyprus. (Photo by K. Günçe)
Strategies for Conserving Vernacular Architecture in Rural Northern Cyprus through
Tourism
Preservation of cultural heritage is a multidimensional issue that requires knowledge and
experience. The question of "what, why, and how should we preserve?" is the starting point of
a nuanced debate with no single answer. These discussions, which remain relevant in many
countries worldwide, lead to different outcomes in practice. However, the preservation of
cultural heritage should not be about merely 'concealing' it but rather ensuring its continued
existence and sustainability by allowing it to thrive and be passed down. Especially, the reuse
and revitalization of many architectural heritage structures should be pursued.One of the most
crucial components of cultural heritage is undoubtedly vernacular cultural heritage. Integrating
vernacular cultural heritage with contemporary life is a significant factor in ensuring the cultural
continuity of societies.
The significant destruction experienced by many European cities after World War II was a
crucial factor in the development of the concept of conservation. The "Conference on the
Conservation of the Identity and Attractiveness of Settlements and Natural Environment
Settings," organized by UNESCO in 1962, was an early measure concerning the preservation
of rural and associated natural environments (Eres, 2013; Muşkara, 2017). The Venice Charter,
published in 1964, established principles that are still accepted today, particularly regarding
architectural reconstruction, restoration, and repair (ICOMOS, 1964). In the 1980s, with the
expansion of the concept of conservation, approaches to the preservation of vernacular
architectural heritage also broadened. By the 1990s, rural architectural heritage began to be
evaluated as a whole with its surrounding natural environment, shaping the concept of cultural
heritage (Eres, 2013; Muşkara, 2017). In 2003, during the 14th General Assembly of ICOMOS,
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the Principles for the Analysis, Conservation, and Structural Restoration of Architectural
Heritage were adopted (URL 04). This document holds significant importance in the realm of
architectural heritage and addresses the challenges posed by structures with historical and
material significance.In order to ensure the conservation of the unique values of rural
settlements in Northern Cyprus and their transfer to the future, the planning process of
protection must be carried out with the participatory approaches of all stakeholders. In this
context, rapid steps need to be taken to establish a sustainable relationship between cultural
tourism and conservation. It is emphasized that the areas to be protected are different for each
conservation area, as stated in the European Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas
by the EUROPARC Federation. Therefore, it is emphasized that this should be addressed at the
local level (URL 05).In line with these conclusions, the general principles for the conservation
of rural vernacular dwellings and other cultural heritage in rural settlements are (URL 05):
‘preservation and enhancement of natural and cultural heritage’, ‘improvement of the quality
of the tourism experience’, ‘increasing community awareness’, ‘development of area-specific
tourism activities’, ‘organization of information and education programs for all stakeholders’,
‘support and preservation of the quality of life of the local population’, ‘promotion of social
and economic development at the local level’ and ‘control of tourist numbers’.In addition to
these principles, the conservation process for vernacular housing heritage in rural North Cyprus
should encompass research, documentation, diagnosis, analysis, interpretation, determination
of conservation approaches, definition of intervention measures, implementation, and
monitoring activities. These activities should be based on the principles outlined in the
ICOMOS (1999) ‘The Principles of the Charter on Cultural Tourism’ (URL 01). Therefore,
conservation efforts for vernacular housing heritage in North Cyprus should be redeveloped to
serve cultural tourism.ICOMOS conduct numerous studies on the preservation, sustainability,
and development of vernacular structures in rural settlements for tourism purposes. Within the
framework of the ‘World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Program’, ICOMOS has
introduced a new approach that integrates tourism and heritage management planning at the
destination level, values and protects natural and cultural assets, develops sustainable tourism,
and represents a new approach based on dialogue and stakeholder collaboration.
Studies demonstrate that 'cultural tourism' is one of the suitable models for rural settlements in
Cyprus, given the richness of cultural heritage. In this context, within the framework established
by ICOMOS, determining the shape and implementation methods of 'cultural tourism' is
inevitable, but it should be done without forgetting local values.
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Conclusion
The concept of cultural tourism transcends merely socio-economic value, representing a
national asset capable of facilitating socio-cultural interaction with the people constituting rural
culture, while also serving as a prime means for representing a nation's inherent values. These
values, coupled with a serene ambiance, attract the interest of not only urban populations but
also foreigners desiring to acquaint themselves with authentic and unique cultural values and
local livelihoods. Cultural heritage and tourism are intricately intertwined, necessitating the
preservation and enhancement of both natural and architectural assets for the continuity of
tourism (Kiper & et al., 2006; Kalaycı & Özçatalbaş, 2021). Consequently, sustainability,
creativity, locality, and authenticity emerge as indispensable concepts to be concurrently upheld
in rural tourism.While globalization endeavors to foster a ubiquitous popular culture across all
spheres, there exist domains where its influence has yet to reach, preserving original values.
Among these, rural settlements that uphold societal values and coexist with these values assume
paramount importance. Vernacular housing architectural spaces, reflecting rural life, serve as
vital reservoirs for the preservation of traditional values and their transmission to future
generations.Vernacular housing, as manifestations of rural life, symbolize a period and way of
life with their local and regional architectures. Concurrently, the vernacular architectural
heritage in rural areas symbolizes various cultural, social, economic, and political phenomena.
Thus, the preservation and perpetuation of cultural values and vernacular architectural heritage
are pivotal for sustaining the memory of Cyprus.To safeguard the vernacular architectural
heritage in rural Cyprus, ‘cultural tourism’ should increasingly be perceived as a positive force.
In alignment with the principles and approaches delineated by ICOMOS, the primary objective
should entail the preservation, sustenance, and transmission of the unique values of every
settlement in rural Cyprus to the future. In this regard, the evaluation of 'Cultural Tourism' as a
tool necessitates the implementation of participatory approaches in the conservation planning
process. Urgent steps must be taken to establish the nexus between sustainable tourism, cultural
heritage, and conservation. Accordingly, traditional structures constructed using conventional
methods to fulfill spatial needs should cease their physical deterioration and be imbued with
new functions to foster continued vitality. TOMORROW MAY BE TOO LATE.
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access: 02.04.2024)
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URL 02 (date of access: 02.04.2024)
http://www.icomos.org.tr/Dosyalar/ICOMOSTR_en0301114001536913522.pdf
URL 03 (date of access: 12.03.2024)
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https://www.icomos.org/en/about-the-centre/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-andstandards/165-icomos-charter-principles-for-the-analysis-conservation-and-structuralrestoration-of-architectural-heritage
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https://www.newforestnpa.gov.uk/app/uploads/2018/03/nfnpa_235_08_annex_3_full_c
harter_text-1.pdf
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ÇOCUK EĞİTİM MEKÂNLARI MOBİLYALARI ERGONOMİ AÇISINDAN
İNCELENMESİ
Hümeyra AKBAYIR (ORCID:0009-0001-7630-6634)
İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi Mimarlık
Bölümü, İstanbul-Türkiye
Email:humeyra.akbayir@sdt.izu.edu.tr
Dr. Mahsa HAKKI (ORCID: 0000-00033-3172-3757)
İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Mühendislik ve Doğa Bilimleri Fakültesi Mimarlık
Bölümü, İstanbul-Türkiye
Email:masha.kordhaghi@izu.edu.tr
Özet
Kurumsal eğitimin ilk basamağı olan okul öncesi eğitim kurumları, çocukların zamanlarının
önemli bir kısmını geçirdikleri mekânlardır. Bu anlamda okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında
çocukların motivasyonu, verimliliği, fiziksel ve bilişsel gelişimi açısından fiziksel koşullar
önem arz etmektedir. Okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarındaki sınıflar ve eğlence alanları, çocukların
etkinlik, grup çalışmaları, sunu, gösteri gibi birçok faklı eylem alanlarını oluşturmalıdır. Bu
sebeple okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarındaki ders ve etkinlik alanlarındaki kullanılan
mobilyaların kullanım açısından esneklik arz etmektedir. Ayrıca mekanın fiziksel ortam öğeleri
olan mobilyaların, öğrencilerin verimliliği, konsantrasyonu ve sağlığı açısından optimum
konfor koşullarında olması önemlidir.Okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarındaki eğitim ve eğlence
mekânları ergonomik tasarım prensiplerine uygun olarak tasarlanması gerekmektedir. Okul
öncesi eğitim kurumlarındaki kullanılan mobilyaların ergonomik tasarım prensiplerine
uygunluğunu analiz etmeyi ve bulgulara bağlı olarak iç mekân tasarımından dikkat edilmesi
gereken tasarım prensiplerine ilişkin öneriler sunmayı amaçlayan bu çalışma kapsamında
İstanbul ilinde bulunan iki okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında inceleme çalışması yapılmıştır.
Çalışma neticesinde İstanbul ilinde mevcut biri özel biri kurumsal olmak üzere iki farklı okul
öncesi eğitim kurumlarında kullanılan mobilyaların ergonomik açıdan çok önemli farklılar
olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özel kurumda kullanılan malzemeler ile kurumsal olan mekândaki
boyutsal anlamda farklılar bulunmaktadır. Kurumsal olan eğitim kurumunda kullanılan
mobilyalar ve malzemeler okul öncesi eğitim kurumunda eğitim gören çocuklar için uygun
standartlarda olmadığı, bu sebeple kurumdaki çocukların eğitim ve eğlence açısından
olumsuzluklar barındırdığı görülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Mobilya Ergonomisi, Okul Öncesi Eğitim Mekânları, Mobilya
Standartları, Çocuk Mobilyaları.
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INVESTIGATION OF CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL PLACE FURNITURE IN
TERMS OF ERGONOMICS
Abstract
Preschool education institutions, which are the first step of institutional education, are places
where children spend a significant part of their time. In this sense, physical conditions are
important in terms of children's motivation, efficiency, physical and cognitive development in
pre-school education institutions. Classrooms and entertainment areas in pre-school education
institutions should create many different action areas for children, such as activities, group
work, presentations and demonstrations. For this reason, the furniture used in lesson and activity
areas in pre-school education institutions is flexible in terms of usage. In addition, it is important
that furniture, which is the physical environment elements of the space, be in optimum comfort
conditions for students' productivity, concentration and health.Education and entertainment
spaces in pre-school education institutions should be designed in accordance with ergonomic
design principles. Within the scope of this study, which aims to analyze the compliance of the
furniture used in pre-school education institutions with ergonomic design principles and to offer
suggestions regarding the design principles that should be taken into consideration in interior
design, depending on the findings, an examination study was carried out in two pre-school
education institutions in Istanbul.As a result of the study, it was determined that the furniture
used in two different pre-school education institutions in Istanbul, one private and one
institutional, had significant differences in terms of ergonomics. There are dimensional
differences between the materials used in private institutions and corporate spaces. It has been
observed that the furniture and materials used in the institutional educational institution are not
of appropriate standards for children studying in the pre-school education institution, and
therefore have negative effects on the education and entertainment of the children in the
institution.
Keywords: Furniture Ergonomics, Preschool Education Spaces, Furniture Standards,
Children's Furniture.
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GİRİŞ
Hayatın vazgeçilmez bir parçası olan eğitim, bireyin ilk eğitimi bebeklik döneminde ailesi ile
başlar, daha sonra eğitmenler vasıtasıyla eğitim kurumlarında devam eder. Çocuklar
toplumların geleceğe uzanan merdiven basamaklarıdır. Geleceğin teminatı olan çocuklarımızın
iyi bir eğitim alması için gerekli şartların oluşturulması tüm toplumun sorumluluğundadır.
Eğitim-öğretim hayatı belirli yaş grubuna gelindiğinde devlet tarafından verilmektedir.
Türkiye’de ilk eğitim devlet tarafından zorunlu bir şekilde verilmektedir. Devlet kontrolünde
gerçekleşen eğitimin sağlanması ve silsile şeklinde teşkilatlanması adına eğitim-öğretim,
devletin Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’nca ilgili kanun ve yönetmelikler çerçevesinde sağlanmaktadır.
Türkiye’de Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından belirlenen zorunlu eğitim belirli kriterlerle yaş
gruplarının belirlenmesi, öğrencilerin yaş grubuna göre sınıflandırılması ve aynı ortamda eşit
eğitim alabilmesi standartlar belirlenmiştir. Türkiye’de MEB tarafından eğitimin başlama tarihi
olarak eylül ayı referans alınırken, yaş olarak 57 haftalık olan çocuklar anaokulu veya okul
öncesi eğitim kurumlarında eğitim-öğretime başlamaktadır. Ancak gerekli şartların sağlanması
ve ailenin isteği doğrultusunda 36 haftalık iken de okul öncesi eğitim-öğretime
başlanabilmektedir (Resmi Gazete 2019. Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2024 18.00).Çocuğun güven
içerisinde olduğu ev ortamından ayrılıp günün önemli bir kısmını geçirdiği mekânların başında
okul öncesi eğitim kurumları gelmektedir. Okul öncesi eğitim kurumları genellikle 3-6 yaş
aralığındaki yaş grubuna yönelik eğitim-öğretim sunmak amacıyla hizmet vermektedir. Burada
önemli olan mesele çocukların 0-6 yaş dönemin diğer yaş dönemlerine göre ayrıcalık
göstermesidir. Erken çocukluk dönemi olarak tanımlanan bu dönemde bilişsel, fiziksel,
duygusal ve sosyal gelişim kişinin sonraki hayatındaki gelişimi için temel teşkil etmektedir
(Kepekçi Yetkin, 2021).Birey karakter, ilgi ve isteklerin gelişmesi de bu dönemde
gerçekleşmektedir. Birey için hayatının şekillendiği bu dönemde verilmesi gereken eğitimin
niteliği ve önemini daha da arttırmaktadır. Bireyin gelişiminde eğitimin kalitesi, kurgulanan
eğitim sistemine bağlı olduğu kadar bu kurgunun doğru ve etkili bir şekilde hayata geçirilmesini
sağlayacak ortamların, mekânların tasarlanması ve ortaya konulmasına bağlıdır. Bir eylem
gerçekleştirilirken eylemin gerçekleştiği mekan, mekanın kullanıcı ile ilişkisi ve kullanıcıya
verdiği destek ve sağladığı konfor koşulları eylemin kalitesini, elde edilen sonuç ürünü,
dolayısıyla da kullanıcı memnuniyetini doğrudan etkilemektedir (Bilgiç ve Surur, 2016).Okul
öncesi eğitim kurumları; ilgili bakanlıkların belirlediği tip projeler kapsamında il
müdürlüklerince uygun görülen alanlara inşa edilmektedir. Okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarının
fizyolojik ve psikolojik yeterlilikleri, ergonomik özellikleri, bulunması gereken mekanlar,
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kullanıcıların tercihlerine göre nasıl şekillenmesi gerektiği, mekanlardaki alan yeterlilikleri,
kullanıcı ve mekan ilişkisi, kullanıcının talepleri ve bu taleplerin mekanlara nasıl
uygulanabileceği gibi konuların araştırılması ve incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu
çalışmada da çocuk eğitim mekanları mobilyalarının ergonomik açıdan incelenmesi üzerine
gerçekleşmiştir.
Ergonomi Tanımı
Ergonomi kavramı anlam olarak en temel haliyle uygunluk anlamında gelmektedir. Kavram
köken olarak Yunanca olup “ergo” ve “nomos” kelimelerin birleşmesiyle oluşan ergonomi
sözcüğünde; “ergo” kelimesi iş kavramı, “nomos” kelimesi ise yasa kavramını karşılamaktadır
(Tokat, 2018). Temel anlamda iş yasası olarak kelime karşılığı bulunan ergonomi kavramının
Türkiye’deki karşılığı ise iş bilimidir (İsmailoğlu, 2016). Bunların yanında Türkçede
ergonomik kavramının karşılığı kullanışlı ve elverişli olarak geçmektedir (Türk Dil Kurumu
TDK, Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2024).Çeşitli bilim dallarından edinilen veriler doğrultusunda insan
yapısının ergonomisi belirlenmiş, bu kurallar çerçevesinde belirli kategorilere ayrılmıştır.
Ergonominin al dalları anatomi, fizyolojik, psikolojik, antropoloji, nöroloji ve davranış
bilimleri olarak sınıflandırılır (Doğan, 2007).
fizyoloji
nöroloji
psikoloji
anatomi
davranış
bilimi
antropoloji
Ergonomi
Çizim 1. Ergonomi ve diğer bilim dallarıyla ilişkileri (Doğan, 2007).
Her şeyden önce ergonomi, incelemelerden elde edilen verileri derleyip sonuç elde eden bir
yöntemdir. Teknolojik ve yaşambilimsel verileri içermektedir. İş metotlarının, araç gereçlerin
ve geniş anlamda çevrenin, insanın yapısına, işlev ve yetilerine göre tasarlanmasına yardımcı
olmaktadır. İnsan değiş çevreyi değiştirir (Doğan, 2007).Ergonomik veriler doğrultusunda
belirlenen tasarım ilkeleri, yapılacak olan tasarımın “insan için tasarım” ilkesinden hareketle
benimsendiğini göstermektedir. Tasarımlarda, evrensel ergonomik faktörlerin dışında, bireysel
özellikler de yer almaktadır. Kişiden kişiye farklılık gösteren bu özellikler, mekan
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kullanıcılarının kendilerine yönelik tasarımlarla mekanı şekillendirmesine sebep olmaktadır.
Burada önemli olan her kullanıcının kendi mekanında kendi kurallarının yer almasıdır. Bu da
evrensellik genellemesinde bizi yeni boyutlar, estetik kaygılar çıkmaktadır (Albayrak, 2012).
Ergonomide temel yaklaşım, insanın fizyolojik ve psikolojik özelliklerine ilişkin veri ve
bilgilerin, toplanmasıdır. Bu bilgilerin toplanmasındaki amaç, daha sonra çeşitli eşya, araç,
gereç, donanım ve fiziki çevre tasarımında, kişilerin rahatını, sağlığını ve üretkenliklerini
arttıracak şekilde kullanılmasıdır (Aykal ve Günyel 2010).Ergonomi araştırmaları
gerçekleştirilirken gerekli parametreler incelenmektedir. Bunlar antropometri, çalışma ortamı
ve fiziksel çevre, iş ve işyeri düzenleme, ergonomik tasarım ve ergonomik yaklaşım olarak
sıralanabilir (Eryılmaz, 2015). Tasarlanan mekanların ölçüleri, aydınlatması, havalandırılması,
tefrişleri, konumları gibi özelliklerin tasarlanması ve ergonomide erişebilirlik ve
kullanılabilirlik açısından değerlendirilmesi yapılırken, insan ölçeği referans alınmaktadır.
İnsan ölçeğinden kasıt mekanların ve tasarımların kullanıcıları olan bireylerin antropometrik
değerleridir (Kepekçi Yetkin, 2021).
Ergonominin Amacı
Bireylerin erkek-kadın, çocuk-yaşlı, üretici-tüketici, sakat-sağlam olmalarına göre farklı
özellikleri bulunmaktadır. İnsanlar doğumları ile birlikte Çevre koşulları ve dış dünyadaki
birçok durum ve araçla etkileşim ve ilişki içerisine girmektedirler. Ergonomi tasarımda insan
merkeze alan bir bilim dalıdır. Temelde hayatın insana uygun hale getirilmesini amaçlamıştır
(Shapanis, 1983). Ergonominin iki temel amacı bulunmaktadır:
Tablo 1. Ergonominin Temel Amaçları
1. Yürütülen işin etkililiğini ve etkinliğini artırmaktır: Kişi ile makineler
arasındaki temel fark insanların hata yapmasıdır. Kişilerin hata nedenleri
incelenecek olursa hatalar azaltılabilir. Bu yolla sistemin verim ve
etkinliği yükselmektedir.
2. Çalışanların refahının artırılmasıdır: Güvenliğin ve teknoloji kullanım
rahatlığının artırılması, operatörün yorgunluğunu azaltmakta ve kişilerin
yaşam kalitesini yükseltici etki yapmaktadır.
Kaynak: Güler, 2012.
Ergonomi Biliminin Gelişimi
İnsanın araç-gereç ve donanımların kullanımını daha kolay ve faydalı hale dönüştürmek üzere
asırlardır değişiklikler ve yeni eklemeler yapılmaktadır. Örneğin taş devrinde taştan daha sonra
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
hayvan kemiklerinden yapılan ara-gereçler ele tutulur bir şekilde biçimlendirilmiştir. Yine
endüstri devriminde işlerin daha verimli ve kolay yapılabilmesi için birçok yeni icatlar, araç ve
makinalar geliştirilmiştir. Lakin tüm bunlar “ergonomi denilebilecek bir bilimsel disiplin
yaklaşımı içinde gerçeklememiştir (Bridger, 1995)İş sağlığı konusunda işçilerin yanı sıra işyeri
ve çevresinin de değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini ileri süren ilk kişi Ramazanni’dir. Ramazanni
işçi sağlığı ile ilgili hastalıkları ve olası zararları araştırırken günümüzde ergonominin yaptığı
benzer yöntem ve yaklaşımlar kullanmıştır. Kullandığı sistematik yaklaşımlar arasında her işin
teknik analizinin yapılması, hastalık patolojisinin klinik yönlerinin değerlendirilmesi, kaynak
taramsı, iş yeri ile ilgili düzenlemeler ve iyileştirmeler yer almaktadır (Tunçez, 2017).Ergonomi
kavramı ilk olarak Polonyalı Profesör W. B. Jastrezebowski tarafından 1857’de yayımlanan bir
makale ile bilim dünyasına tanıtılmıştır. Frederick Taylor 1900’lü yılların başında “Taylorism”
olarak bilinen yaklaşımıyla endüstri işçilerinin seçimine yoğunlaşırken aynı zamanda insan
kaynakları ve yöneylem yöneticilerince günümüzde de kullanılan çalışma yöntem ve
standartlarına da ağırlık vermiştir. İşin talebine göre insan kısıtlılıklarını ve yeteneklerini de
değerlendirmiştir. 1939-1945 yılları arasında ergonomi bir disiplin ve meslek haline gelme
sürecini tamamlamıştır (Güler 2012).1952 yılında İngiltere’de “Ergonomic Society”, 1957
yılında ise ABD’de “Human Factor Society” kurulmuştur. Daha sonra çeşitli ülkelerde
ergonomi dernekleri kurulmaya devam etmiştir. 1990’lı yıllara gelindiğinde İngiltere’de “elle
yük kaldırılmasına yönelik minimum güvenlik ve sağlık gereksinimleri” ile “ekranlı araçlarda
çalışmanın minimum güvenlik ve sağlık gereksinimleri” direktifleri yayınlanmıştır (Tekbaş
2004). Ülkemizde ise 4857 sayılı iş yasası 2003 yılında yürürlüğe girmiştir. Yine “Ekranlı
araçlarla çalışmalarda sağlık ve güvenlik önlemleri hakkında yönetmelik”, “Elle taşıma işleri
yönetmeliği” ve “İş sağlığı ve güvenliği yönetmeliği” gibi yönetmeliklerle ergonomi sözcüğü
ilk kez yasada yer almış ve bu alanda çeşitli düzenlemeler yapılmıştır (Esmaeılzadeh 2008).
Ergonominin Sınıflandırılması
Ergonomi, geniş bir perspektife sahip olan ve çalışma ortamlarındaki etkileşimleri inceleyen
bir disiplindir. Bu disiplin, genellikle fiziksel, bilişsel ve örgütsel olmak üzere 3 ana kategoriye
ayrılır (Saygı, 2019):
1. Fiziksel ergonomi: Fiziksel ergonomi, çalışanların fiziksel çevreleriyle etkileşimlerini
inceleyen bir alt dal olarak kabul edilir (Saygı, 2019). Bu kategori, işyerindeki
ekipmanlar, araçlar ve çalışma ortamının tasarımını kapsar (Doğan vd., 2022). Bu
şekilde, ergonomik mobilyalar, doğru yükseklikte masa ve sandalyeler gibi fiziksel
unsurların optimal düzenlemesi sağlanarak çalışanların konforu ve performansı artırılır.
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2. Bilişsel ergonomi: Bilişsel ergonomi, çalışanların zihinsel süreçleri, bilişsel işlevleri ve
bilgi işleme kapasitelerini inceleyen bir alanı temsil eder. Bu kategori, görev
karmaşıklığı, bilgi işleme hızı, öğrenme süreçleri gibi zihinsel faktörleri ele alır. Bu
bağlamda, kullanıcı arayüzlerinin anlaşılır ve kullanıcı dostu olması, bilgi akışının
düzenli ve etkili olması bilişsel ergonominin odak noktalarındandır (Doğan vd., 2022).
3. Örgütsel (Organizasyonel) ergonomi: Örgütsel ergonomi, işyerindeki örgüt yapısını,
liderlik tarzlarını, iletişim ve iş düzenlemelerini inceleyen bir alanı ifade eder (Saygı,
2019).
Bu kategori, çalışanların işyerindeki ilişkilerini, iş bölümünü, motivasyonu ve örgüt kültürünü
değerlendirir. Bu şekilde, bir organizasyonun verimliliği, çalışan memnuniyeti ve iş
süreçlerinin düzenliliği üzerinde etki sağlanır (Saygı, 2019). Bu üç ana kategori, ergonominin
geniş kapsamını anlamamıza yardımcı olarak, çalışma ortamlarının daha etkili, güvenli ve
verimli olması için çeşitli faktörleri ele almaktadır.
Ergonomi İç Mimarlık İlişkisi
Mekan, algıya bağlı bir deneyimdir; sayısız farklı biçimde algılanabilir. Her deneyim ise farklı
olsa da temelde ortak bir noktası bulunur. Bu nokta da “ilişkisel varoluş”tur. Denetim sürekli
oluşmaktadır. Çünkü canlı varlık ile çevresel koşulların etkileşimi “denetim” sürecinde var
olmaktadır. Mekanın algılanmasında kişisel denetim ve beceriler ile gözlem yapma, algılama,
ayrıntıyı fark etme ve hayal gücünü kullanma gibi temel gereksinimler bulunmaktadır. bu
gereksinimler ile mekana dair bilgiler, algılayan bireyin biriktirdiği her türlü deneyim ile
bilişsel bir süreçte işlenerek anlamlandırılır (Nayeb ve Ark., 2021.; Asar, 2013).Ergonomi,
insanlar arasındaki etkileşim ve sistemin diğer ögelerini anlama ile ilişkili bilimsel disiplin,
kişilerin mutluluğunu ve tüm sistemin performansını en iyi hale getirmek için teori, ilke, veri
ve metotlar uygulayan bir meslektir (Dul ve Weerdmeester, 2003).Bir mekânın ergonomik
olması, kullanıcıların o mekanı sağlıklı bir şekilde kullanmasını sağlamaktadır. İç mekanı
şekillendiren donatı ve mobilyaların ergonomik tassarımda kullanıcının antropometrik
boyutları önem taşımaktadır. Bu da antropometrik ölçüleri, en çok kullanılan ergonomik verilen
haline getirmektedir. (Kayış ve Özok, 1991). Mimari tasarım kullanıcısı “insandır.” Bir
mekanın boyutu; içinde bulunacak insan sayısına, eşyalra, kullanış amacına ve içinde yapılacak
eylem türüne göre, eylemin gerçekleştirilmesi için gerekli eşya, donatı ve makinalar gibi sabit
ya da hareketli eşyanın boyutlarına, bunların bakım ve işletilmesi için gerekli alanlara, çalışma
koşullarının gerektirdiği cihaz ve tesisat için gerekli olan ve hacimlere ve benzer
gereksinimlerin gerektirdiği genişlik, uzunluk ve yüksekliklere bağlı olarak saptanır. Tüm bu
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
unsurlar saptanmasındaki temel kaynak ortalama insan ölçüleridir (Nayeb ve Ark., 2021). Bu
bilgiler ışığında iç mimarlık ve ergonomi tasarımın tam anlamıyla insan için olması için önemli
kriterlerdir.
Eğitim Mekanlarında Ergonomi
Ergonomi kavramı uyumu, uygunluğu simgelediği gibi okul öncesi eğitim mekanlarında da
ergonomi okul ve kullanıcılar arasındaki uyumu ifade etmektedir. Okulda verilen eğitim
öğretim faaliyetleri öğrencilerin özelliklerine uygun şekilde tasarlanan yapılarda verilmesi
gerekmektedir. Yani yapının ergonomik olması verilen eğitimin kalitesini artırmakta ve
öğrencinin eğitim-öğretim sürecine önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Yine okul öncesi eğitim
kurumlarındaki öğrencilerin, yapıdaki mekanlarda geçirdiği zamanın kalitesi ve memnuniyeti,
yapıdaki ergonomik tasarımlarla doğru orantılıdır. Okul öncesi verilen eğitim ve öğretimde,
gerçek hayatın taşıdığı önemi ve yaklaşımın temel ilkelerinin, çocuk ergonomisine uygun
olarak eğitim mekanlarına nasıl
yansıtılacağı konusu, mimari disiplini
yakından
ilgilendirmektedir. Sınıf ortamında ortak kullanım alanlarına, hatta okulun bir bütün olarak
tasarlanmasında iç-dış mekan iletişimin oluşturulmasında, mekanlardaki öğrenci-öğretmen
iletişimini destekleyici donatıların tasarlanmasında mimari disiplininin varlığı gerekmektedir
(Kelpekçi Yetkin, 2021).Okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarında ergonomi bilimi, kullanıcılarının
fiziksel ve ruhsal açıdan problemlerini belirlemek ve çözüm getirmek amacıyla da
kullanılmaktadır. Bir öğrenme ortamı planlandığında fiziksel çevre koşullarının göz önünde
bulundurulması ergonominin bir gerekliliğidir. Öğrencilerin başarısına doğrudan etki eden
fiziki ortamları; mekanın büyüklüğü, öğrenci sayısı, mekandaki donatıların örgütlenme biçimi,
esnek kullanım imkanın olup olmaması, öğrencilerin kullandıkları mobilyaların onların
antropometrik boyutlarına uygunlu, görsel, işitsel ve ısısal konfor koşulları, renk ve doku
özellikleri, ortamın temizliği gibi birçok faktör göz önüne alınarak okul öncesi eğitim
kurumlarında ergonomi kapsamında değerlendirilmektedir (İsmailoğlu, 2016.; Kepekçi Yetkin,
2021).
Materyal ve Metot
Çalışmanın bu bölümünde materyal ve metot hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Materyal kısmında
çalışma alanının genel tanıtımı verilmiştir. Metot kısmında ise çalışmada uygulanan bilimsel
araştırma teknikleri anlatılmıştır.
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Materyal
Çalışmada değerlendirmelerin yapıldığı mekanlarda bulunan mobilyaların tanıtımı yapılmıştır.
Çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilen mekanlar, İstanbul ilinde bulunmaktadır. İstanbul
Türkiye’nin Marmara bölgesinde bulunan önemli bir şehirdir. İstanbul ilinde kamu ve özel
yüzlerce okul öncesi eğitim kurumu bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda İstanbul ilinde bulunan
okul öncesi eğitim mekanlarından iki tanesi örnek seçilmiştir.Bunlardan ilki Özel Başakşehir
Final Okulları Anaokulu Hakkında okuludur.Özel Başakşehir Final Okulları Anaokulu
Özel Başakşehir Final Okulları Anaokulu, çağdaş ve modern eğitim imkanlarının sağlandığı
bir kurum olarak İstanbul’da hizmet vermektedir. Öğrencilerin keşfedilmeyi bekleyen ayrı
bireyler olduğunu benimseyen, toplumsal ve duyusal gelişimleri destekleyen, keşfetmeye
dayalı bir eğitim modeli yürütülmektedir. Öğrencilerin ilkokula adaptasyonunu hızlandıracak
okul öncesi etkinlikler yapılmaktadır. Öğrenciler; beden eğitimi, görsel sanatlar, drama, müzik,
satranç, dans, seramik gibi uygulamalı dersler sayesinde ilgi ve yetenekleri dahilinde
kendilerini geliştirme imkanı bulmaktadır. Uygulamalı dersler sayesinde öğrencilerin
dayanıklılık, koordinasyon, iletişim, yaratıcılık, takım çalışması ve gözlem yeteneği
gelişmektedir.
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Özel Başakşehir Final Okulları Anaokulu, “FinaLingual” adı verilen çift dilli eğitim
programı ile İngilizce yabancı dil eğitimi vermektedir. İngilizce derslerini, yabancı ve Türk
öğretmenler beraber yürütmektedir. Bu program sayesinde öğrenciler; oyunlar oynayarak,
yaparak, yaşayarak, sürekli tekrar ederek ve maruz kalarak erken yaşta yabancı dil
edinmektedir. Kurumda; sanat, sosyal bilimler, fen, tasarım, matematik gibi derslere ait kavram
ve terimler de İngilizce dilinde öğretilmektedir. İngilizce okuma, dinleme, yazma ve konuşma
becerilerinin ana dil düzeyinde olması hedeflenmektedir.
Özel Başakşehir Final Okulları Anaokulu; “FinalMaker” programı dahilinde, öğrencilerin
gereksinim duyduğu becerileri oyun temelli bir modelleme ile sunmaktadır. Öğrenciler; adım
adım problem çözme ve algoritmik düşünme yetenekleri edinmektedir. Öğrenciler küçük yaşta
kodlama dünyası ile tanışmakta, küçük yaştan itibaren dijital dünyaya hazırlanmaktadır.
Bunlardan ikincisi İvat Turhan Anaokulu okuludur.
İvat Turhan Anaokulu
İvat Turhan Anaokulu İstanbul İli Sultangazi İlçesinde bulunan İvat Turhan İlkokulu ile aynı
binada yer almaktadır. Çocukların gelişim düzeyleri, ilgi alanları ve ihtiyaçlarına göre
hazırlanan eğitim programı, bilimsel bilgiyi ön plana çıkaran, sanatsal ve kültürel etkinliklere
önem veren, yaratıcılığı destekleyen eğitim anlayışı ve aile katılımına olan desteği ile ulusal ve
uluslararası düzeyde bilinen ve tercih edilen bir kurum olmaktır.
İvat Turhan Anaokulu’nda, öğrenciler, bilgiyi ezbere dayalı olarak değil, araştırarak,
sorgulayarak, yaparak ve yaşayarak edinirler. Çocuklar, özdisiplini ve benlik saygısı gelişmiş,
toplumda birey olarak yer aldığının farkında olan, paylaşımcı, kendini ifade edebilen,
sorumluluk sahibi, kendi haklarını korurken başkalarının haklarına saygı gösteren, gelenek ve
göreneklerimize karşı duyarlı, doğayı koruyan ve Atatürk ilke ve devrimlerine bağlı bireyler
olmak üzere eğitim alırlar.
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Metot
Çalışma kapsamında öncelikle konuyla alakalı literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Yapılan
araştırmada elde edilen bilgilere göre belirlenen; ergonomi, iç mimarlık ergonomi ilişkisi,
eğitim mekanlarında bulunan mobilyaların ergonomik açıdan incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışma alanı olarak belirlenen İstanbul İlinde bulunan okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarda yapılan
gözlemler sonucunda Okullarda uygulanan plan şemalarının benzerlikleri göz önüne alınarak
iki farklı plan şemasına sahip biri özel diğeri kamuya bağlı okul seçilmiştir. Belirlenen
okulların, mekan tasarımında kullanılan mobilyaların ergonomik tasarımları incelenmiş ve
analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmalar, gözlemler, incelemeler ve ölçümler sonucunda elde
edilen veriler sistematik bir şekilde çalışmada yer almıştır. Çalışma kapsamında ortaya konulan
sonuçlar doğrultusunda değerlendirmeler yapılarak, seçilen okul öncesi eğitim mekanlarındaki
mobilyalarda belirlenen olumlu ve olumsuz uygulamalar ifade edilmiş, olması gereken
kriterlerin yürürlükteki mevcut tasarım kriterlerine nasıl entegre edileceği konusunda
değerlendirilmelerde bulunulmuştur.
Bulgular ve Tartışma
Sınıflar
Araştırma kapsamında incelediğimiz Özel Başakşehir Final Okulları Anaokulu bünyesinde bir
İngilizce sınıfı, bir ilkokul hazırlık sınıfı ve iki anasınıf olmak üzere toplam dört sınıf
bulunmaktadır. Sınıflar ana giriş kapısının karşısına zeminin sağ ve sol taraflarına
konumlandırılmıştır. Zemin katta konumlandırılmış alanda bir yemekhane, oyun alanı, ingilizce
ve ilkokula hazırlık derslikleri, Psikolojik danışmanlık ve rehberlik bölümü, öğretmenler odası,
kız erkek öğrenci lavaboları, malzeme odası, çamaşır odası ve bir adet depo bulunmaktadır.
Ayrıca bahçeye açılan bir kapıda bulunmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında incelediğimiz İvat
Turhan Anaokulu bünyesinde üç adet ana sınıfı bulunmaktadır. Sınıflar ana giriş kapısının sol
tarafındaki bölüme karşılıklı yerleştirilmiştir. Sınıfların bulunduğu alanda mutfaz, hizmetli
odası, revir, 2 adet lavabo, yangın çıkısı ve bina yan girişi bulunmaktadır.
Mobilyaların Ergonomik Açıdan İncelenmesi
Masalar ve Sandalyeler
Her iki okul içerisinde farklı modellerde ve farklı sayılarda masa ve sandalyeler bulunmaktadır.
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Şekil 1. Özel Başakşehir Final Okulları Anaokulu masa (Akbayır, arşiv 2024).
Şekil 2. Sultangazi İvat Turhan Anaokulu masa.
Yapılan ölçümler ve incelemeler doğrultusunda Final anaokulundaki sıra/masanın boyutları
yuvarlak olarak dizayn edilmiş yapı itibari ile masanın çapı 78 cm’dir. Ayrıca 52 cm yüksekliğe
sahiptir (Şekil 1). Ergonomik açıdan bakıldığında 4-5 yaş grubu öğrencilerinin oturma göğüs
hizası olan 41-9-54.3 cm aralığı ölçülerine uygun olduğu görülmektedir. Ahşap malzemeden
yapılmış olan yuvarlak masa çeşitli etkilerde öğrencilerin ortak çalışma yapmaları için elverişli
olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan ölçümler ve incelemeler neticesinde İvat Turhan anaokulundaki
sıra/masanın boyutları 4 kişilik olarak dizayn edilmiş, yapı itibari ile kullanım alanı 0,72
cm2’dir. Ayrıca yerden yüksekliği 58 cm yüksekliğe sahiptir (Şekil 2). Ergonomik açıdan
bakıldığında 4-5 yaş grubu öğrencilerinin oturma göğüs hizası olan 41,9-54,3 cm aralığı
ölçülerine uygun olmadığı görülmektedir. Ancak mevcut sıra/masa öğrencinin kullanımına
yeterlidir. Bunun yanında sıra/masanın 4 kişilik olduğu göz önünde bulundurulduğunda 0,18
cm2 alan düşmektedir. Bu da her etkinlik için uygun bir alan olmadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca
sıra/masının yerden yüksekliği de ergonomik açıdan gerekli üst sınır olan 54,3 cm’nin
üzerindedir. Bu da öğrencinin masa kullanımı açısından antropetrik ölçümler açısından uygun
değildir (Tablo 1).
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Tablo 2. Yaşlarına göre çocukların ortalama antropometrik ölçüleri
4 Yaş
5 Yaş
h (Boy Ölçüsü)
92 cm ≤ h ≤ 114 cm
97 ≤ h ≤ 121
9/10 h (Göz Hizası)
82.8 cm ≤ 9/10 h ≤ 102.6 cm
87.3 cm ≤ 9/10 h ≤ 108.9 cm
4/5 h (Omuz Hizası)
73.6 cm ≤ 4/5 h ≤ 91.2 cm
77.6 cm ≤ 4/5 h ≤ 96.8 cm
1/3 h (Bacak Boyu)
30.6 cm ≤ 1/3 h ≤ 38 cm
32.3 cm- ≤ 1/3 h ≤ 40.3 cm
h (Kollar Açık Genişlik)
92 cm ≤ h ≤ 114 cm
97 cm ≤ h ≤ 121 cm
1/4 h (Omuz Genişlik)
23 cm ≤ 1/4 h ≤ 28.5 cm
24.2 cm ≤ 1/4 h ≤ 30.2 cm
2/7 h (Oturma Bacak Boyu)
26.2 cm ≤ 2/7 h ≤ 32.5 cm
27.7 cm ≤ 2/7 h ≤ 34.5 cm
3/7 h+1’(1 inch= 2.54 cm) (Oturma
41.9 cm ≤ 3/7 h+1’ ≤ 51.3 cm
44.1 cm ≤ 3/7 h+1’ h ≤ 54.3 cm
1/3 h (Ayakta El Hizası)
30.6 cm ≤ 1/3 h ≤ 38 cm
32.3 cm ≤ 1/3 h ≤ 40.3 cm
6/5 h (Ayakta El UzanmaMesafesi)
110.4 cm ≤ 6/5 h ≤ 136.8 cm
116.4 cm ≤ 6/5 h ≤ 145.2 cm
Göğüs Hizası)
Kaynak: Kepekçi Yetkin, 2021.
Şekil 3. İvat Turhan Anaokulu sandalye
Yapılan ölçümler ve incelemeler doğrultusunda Final anaokulundaki sandalyelerin ölçüleri
oturma alanı 0,0841 m2’dir. Ahşap malzemeden yapılmış sandalyeler antropometrik açıdan
standart oturma bacak boyu ölçüsü26,2-32,5 cm ölçülerine uygun olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan
ölçümler ve incelemeler doğrultusunda İvat Turhan anaokulundaki sandalyelerin ölçüleri
oturma yüksekliği 30 cm, oturma alanı ise 25*25 cm/ 0,0625 m2’dir. Plastik malzemeden
yapılmış sandalye antropometrik açıdan standart oturma bacak boyu ölçüsü 26,2-32,5 cm
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ölçülerine uygun olduğu görülmüştür. Her iki okulda da kullanılan sandalyeler ergonomik
açıdan birbirine yakın olup, Final okullarındaki ahşap sandalyelerin oturma alanları daha
geniştir. Buna karşın İvat Turhan anaokulundaki plastik sandalyelerin tasarımı daha vücut
yapısına göre daha rahat bir oturma sağlamaktadır.
Dolaplar
Sınıf içerisinde bulunan dolaplar öğrencilerin eğitim sürecinde farklı zaman dilimlerinde
kullanabilecekleri malzemelerin saklandığı, kişisel eşyalarının konulduğu genel olarak sınıfın
duvarlarının olduğu bölümlere yerleştirilmiş mobilyalardır. Ergonomik açıdan antropometrik
ölçüler göz önüne alındığında bu dolapların tasarımları çocuklara özel hazırlanmalıdır.
Her iki okulda da farklı boyutlarda birçok dolaplar bulunmaktadır. Bu dolapların bazıları
kapaklı bazıları ise kapaksız şekilde dizayn edilmiştir. Her bir öğrencinin kendisine ait bir dolap
kullanım alanı mevcuttur.
Şekil 4. Final Anaokulu Öğrenci Dolapları
Şekil 5. İvat Turhan Anaokulu
Yapılan inceleme ve ölçümler sonucunda Final Anaokullarında bulunan sınıf içerisindeki
dolaplar 62 cm yüksekliğe 122 cm genişliğe ve 37 cm derinliğe sahiptir. Dolaplar genel olarak
24 yüksekliğinde ve 48 cm en genişliğine sahiptir. Her öğrenciye ait dolap fotoğraf ve isimlik
ile belirlenmiştir. Dolaplar kapaksız şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Dolaplar ergonomik açıdan
incelendiğinde 4-6 yaş grubundaki çocukların boy ölçüsü olan 92-114 cm’nin biraz altında
olduğu görülmektedir. Nitekim bu boy aralığında olan çocuklarındaki eşyalarını alacakları
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zaman dolabın içerisini görmeleri için eğilerek bakmaları gerekmektedir. Bunun yanında
dolapların ahşap malzemeden yapılmıştır. Her dolap bulunduğu duvara sabitlenerek
gerçekleşebilecek kazaların önüne geçilmiştir. Yapılan inceleme ve ölçümler neticesinde İvar
Turhan Anaokulu’ndaki dolapların yüksekliği 120 cm, 30 cm genişliğe ve 35 cm derinliğe
sahiptir. Dolaplar genel olarak 30*30 cm kullanım alanına sahiptir. Her öğrenciye ait dolaplar
kapakların üzerine resim ve isimlik şeklinde etiketlenmiştir. Dolaplar ergonomik açıdan
incelendiğinde 4-6 yaş grubundaki çocukların boy ölçüsü olan 92-114 cm uygun bir tasarım
olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda 4-6 yaş grubundaki çocukların ayakta el uzama mesafesi
110,4-136,8 cm ölçülerine göre kullanımı uygundur. Her iki okuldaki dolap tasarımları
birbirinden farklı olarak tasarlanmıştır. İncelenen dolaplardan Final Anaokulunda bulunan
ahşap dolaplar, İvat Turan Anaokulu’daki MDF malzemeden yapılan dolaplara göre daha az
kullanışlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Sınıflar
Her iki anaokulu mevcut ilkokul binasının giriş katında yer almaktadır. Final Ana Okulu’nda 4
adet ana sınıfı, İvat Turhan Ana Okulu’nda 3 adet sınıf bulunmaktadır. Her iki okulda da sınıflar
çok amaçlı salon olarak kullanım özelliğine sahiptir. Her iki okulunda bulunan sınıflar doğal
havalandırma ve aydınlatma sağlayan pencerelere sahiptir.
Şekil 6. Final Anaokulu Sınıf Ölçüleri
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Şekil 7. İvat Turhan Anakulu sınıf ölçüleri
Yapılan inceleme ve ölçümler neticesinde Final Anaokulu’nda sınıf ölçüleri ortalama 10 m2
ölçülerindedir (Şekil 6). MEB tarafından belirlenen standartlar incelendiğinde anaokullarında
sınıflar ortalama 15 m2 ve kişi başına 1,5 m2 düşecek şekilde tasarlanması uygun görülmüştür.
Final okullarındaki mevcut sınıflar 10 m2 olup sınıflar 20 kişiliktir. Bu da standartların aşıldığını
göstermektedir. Sınıfların mevcut yükseklikleri ise 3.8 m’dir. Standartlara uygundur. Ayrıca
sınıfta doğal aydınlatma ve havalandırmayı sağlayan 2.163 cm x 1.852 cm ölçülere sahip iki
tane pencere bulunmaktadır (Şekil, 8).
Şekil 8. Final Anaokulu sınıf pencereleri
Yapılan inceleme ve ölçümler neticesinde İvat Turab Anaokulu sınıf ölçüleri ortalama 13 m2
ölçülerindedir (Şekil 7). MEB tarafından belirlenen standartlar incelendiğinde anaokullarında
sınıflar ortalama 15 m2 ve kişi başına 1,5 m2 düşecek şekilde tasarlanması uygun görülmüştür.
Sınıfın tacan yüksekliği 3.7 m olup standartlara uygundur. İvat Turhan Anaokulundaki mevcut
sınıflar ortalama 13 m2 olup sınıflar 12 kişiliktir. Bu da standartların uygun olduğunu
göstermektedir. Ayrıca sınıfta doğal aydınlatma ve havalandırmayı sağlayan 100 cm x 200 cm
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ölçülere sahip dört tane pencere bulunmaktadır (Şekil, 9).Yapılan incelemeler doğrultusunda
Final anaokulunun sınıfları öğrenci sayısına göre uygun değilken, İvat Turhan anaokulunda bu
oran öğrenci sayısına göre daha uygundur. Ayrıca her iki kurumdaki sınıfların tavan
yükseklikleri 3 m’nin üzerindedir.
SONUÇ
Çocuklar, insanlığın geleceğinin teminatıdır. Onların yetişmesinde ve eğitilmesinde tüm
insanlık için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Eğitim hayatlarının bir kısmını okul kurumlarında
geçiren çocukların, en uygun şartlarda eğitim almasını sağlamak yetişkinlerin temel görevleri
arasındadır. Uygun koşulların sağlanması çocukların aldığı, alacağı eğitim kalitesi ve verimi
açısından çok değerlidir. Çalışma kapsamında İstanbul ilinde bulunan Bahçeşehir Final
Anakolu ve Sultangazi Avit Turhan Anaokulu sınıfları ve mobilyaları ergonomik açıdan
incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sınırlılığı kapsamında biri özel diğeri devlet olmak üzere farklı
özelliklere sahip iki anaokulu yapısı incelenmesinde; çocukların kullandıkları sınıflar, masa,
sandalye ve dolaplar ergonomik açıdan ele alınmıştır.Çalışma kapsamında iki anaokulu sınıfları
ve mobilyaları incelenerek ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler verilere ve literatür
taraması sonucunda ulaşılan; olması gereken standartlara, çalışmanın içerisinde sistematik bir
şekilde yer verilmiştir.Her iki okulda yapılan incelemeler sonucu sınıfların boyutları
standartlara uygun olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ancak İvat Turhan Anaokulunda bu denge
öğrenci sayısının az tutulması ile ideal kullanım sağlanmıştır. Final anaokulunda ise
standartlara göre daha küçük olan sınıf öğrenci sayısının 20 olması ile daha az kullanım alanı
sunmaktadır.Her iki okulda da kullanılan masa, sandalye ve dolaplar antropometrik açıdan
incelendiğinde 4-6 yaş grubundaki çocuklara uygun tasarlandığı, ancak Final Anaokulunda
kullanılan dolapların standartların altında bir yüksekliğe sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu
bağlamda, yapılan araştırmalar ve çalışmalar sonucunda, anaokulu yapılarının tasarımında;
çocukların ergonomik konforunun önemsenerek yapılmasının bir zorunluluk olduğu tespit
edilmiştir. Ancak çocuklara yönelik ergonomik konforun önemsenerek tasarım yapılmasının
yetkili merciler tarafından zorunlu tutulmadığı tespit edilmiştir.Çalışma sonucunda; yapılan
araştırmalar ve incelemeler ışığında, anaokulu yapıları için kullanıcı memnuniyeti ve
ergonomik kriterler gözetilerek yapılan tasarımlarda olması gereken, eksikliğinin ise yaptırım
sonucunu beraberinde getirmesi gereken tasarım kriterleri önerilmiştir.
*Plan tasarımlarında tek katlı yapılar tercih edilmeli, çok katlı yapıların çözümünde kullanılan
merdivenler çocukların antropometrik özelliklerine göre tasarlanmalıdır.
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*Mekânların büyüklükleri okulun en üst düzey öğrenci kapasitesine hizmet verecek şekilde
planlanmalıdır.
*Plan şemaları doğal aydınlatmadan en üst seviyede yararlanacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.
*Yapıların tefriş elemanları çocukların antropometrik özelliklerine uygun seçilmedir.
*Tasarımlar bölgenin coğrafi ve kültürel şartları gözetilerek yapılmalıdır.
*Yapıların tasarım aşamasından önce o bölgede bulunan örnek okullar incelenmeli,
kullanıcılarla görüşmeler yapılarak mevcut durumlarda meydana gelen sıkıntılar saptanmalı ve
tekrarlanmamasına önem verilmelidir.
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Kaynakça
Aykal, F.D. ve Günyel, B. 2010. Diyarbakır Çocuk Ve Gençlik Merkezinin Ergonomik Açıdan
Değerlendirilmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9 (2): 254-268.
Bilgiç, D. ve Surur, A. 2016. Okul Öncesi Eğitim Kurumlarında Uygulanan Eğitim
Sistemlerinin Mekân Biçimlenişine Etkisi ve Reggio Emilia Eğitim Sisteminin Mekân
Tasarımı Üzerine Denemeler. Megaron,11(1): 162-176.
Eryılmaz, H. 2015. Biyomimikri Ve Ergonomi: Tasarımda Doğadan Yenilikçi İlham. Süleyman
Demirel Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 3 (3): 469-474
İsmailoğlu, S. 2016. İlk Kademe Eğitim Yapılarındaki Derslikler Üzerine Ergonomik Bir
Değerlendirme. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Enstütüsü, Trabzon
Kepekçi Yetkin, M. (2021). Anaokullarının Ergonomik Açıdan Kullanıcı Memnuniyeti Analizi,
Kilis İli Örneği, Dicle Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Yüksek lisans tezi mimarlık
anabilim dalı.
Resmi Gazete 2019. Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2024 18.00.
Saygı, B. (2019). “Büro Ortamında Çalışma Koşullarının Ergonomik Analizi: Adıyaman
Belediyesi Örneği” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Enstitüsü İSG.
Tokat, Z. 2018. Türkiye’de Otel Kültürü Ve İstanbul’daki 5 Yıldızlı Otel Odalarının Ergonomik
Kriterler Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi. Yüksek lisans Tezi, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar
Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul. (Doğan, 2007).
Türk Dil Kurumu TDK, Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2024.
Doğan, b. Y., Arslan, k., kılıç, s., arpacı, G. S. (2022). “Ofis Tasarımında Ergonomik Koşulların
Sağlanmasının Önemi”, Ergonomi, 5(2), 84 – 97, e-ISSN: 2651 – 4877.Nayeb ve Ark.,
2021.; Asar, 2013.
881
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ÖĞRETMEN ADAYLARININ KAVRAM KARİKATÜR GELİŞTİRME
SÜRECİ
Doç. Dr. Zeynep TATLI (ORCID: 0000-0001-9503-3048)
Trabzon University, Fatih Faculty of Education, Department of Computer Education and
Instructional Technologies, Trabzon-Türkiye
Email: ztatli@trabzon.edu.tr
Öğr. Gör. Emine TİMUÇİN (ORCID: 0000-0003-0425-8140)
Trabzon University, Fatih Faculty of Education, Department of Computer Education and
Instructional Technologies, Trabzon-Türkiye
Email: et.timucin@trabzon.edu.tr
Özet
Kavram karikatürleri, günlük yaşamdan alınan bilimsel olayların farklı bakış açıları ve görsel
desteğiyle ifade eden araçlardır. Kavram karikatürleri, öğrencilerin bir kavram hakkındaki
düşüncelerini ortaya çıkarmak, tartışmaya teşvik etmek, zihinsel belirsizlikleri ve yanlış
anlamaları tespit etmek, farklı görüş ve düşünceleri ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla
kullanılabilmektedir. Kavram karikatürleri, kâğıt kalem gibi klasik yöntemlerle
geliştirilebileceği gibi, bilgisayar ortamında ya da kavram karikatürü oluşturmaya yardımcı web
2.0 araçlarıyla da hazırlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Fen Bilgisi öğretmen adaylarına
Tübitak 2237 eğitimi kapsamında verilen bilgisayar destekli kavram karikatürü geliştirme
eğitim programı sonunda ortaya çıkan ürünlerin değerlendirilmesidir. Çevrimiçi toplamda 24
saat süreli bu eğitime Türkiye’deki 13 farklı üniversiteden 24 öğretmen adayı aktif katılım
sağlamıştır. Eğitim kapsamında Storyboardthat, Pixton ve Cartoon Animator olmak üzere iki
farklı web 2.0 aracı ve bir masaüstü uygulama kullanılarak fen bilgisi eğitimi alanında
bilgisayar destekli kavram karikatürleri oluşturulmuştur. Geliştirilmesi sürecinde fen bilgisi ve
eğitim teknolojileri alan uzmanları tarafından rehberlik sağlanan ürünler süreç sonunda yine
alan uzmanları tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak “Kavram
Karikatürü Değerlendirme Formu” kullanılmıştır. Form “yeterli”, “kısmen yeterli” ya da
“yetersiz” düzey göstergelerinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçları, hazırlanan kavram
karikatürlerinin geliştirildikleri alanlar ve yeterlilikleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bu
değerlendirme temelinde, gelecek eğitimlere yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Araştırma,
bilgisayar destekli kavram karikatürleri geliştirme sürecinin etkili bir öğretim aracı olarak
kullanılabilirliği konusunda önemli bilgiler sunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bilgisayar Destekli Kavram Karikatürü, web 2.0, Öğretmen Eğitimi
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CONCEPT CARTOON DEVELOPMENT PROCESS of TEACHER CANDIDATES
Abstract
Concept cartoons are instruments that articulate scientific events derived from daily life through
different perspectives and visual support. They serve the purpose of eliciting students’ thoughts
on a given concept, fostering discussions, identifying cognitive uncertainties, detecting
misconceptions, and revealing diverse perspectives and ideas. Concept cartoons can be
developed through conventional methods such as pen and paper, as well as with the aid of web
2.0 tools designed to assist in creating concept cartoons in a digital environment. The aim of
this study is to evaluate the outcomes of a computer-supported concept cartoon development
training program provided to prospective science teachers as part of the Tübitak 2237 Training
Project. A total of 24 prospective teachers from 13 different universities in Türkiye actively
participated in this online training, which lasted a total of 24 hours. In the scope of the training,
computer-supported concept cartoons in the field of science education were created using two
different web 2.0 tools and an application: storyboardthat, pixton, and cartoon animator.
Throughout the development process, guidance was provided by experts in science education
and educational technologies, and the products were subsequently evaluated by these field
experts at the end of the process. The data collection tool employed in the research was the
“Concept Cartoon Evaluation Form,” comprising indicators for “adequate,” “partially
adequate,” or “inadequate” levels. Research results were scrutinized in terms of the areas and
competencies in which concept cartoons were developed. Based on this evaluation,
recommendations were formulated for future training programs. The study contributes
significant insights into the effectiveness of computer-supported concept cartoon development
as an instructional tool.
Keywords: Computer-supported Concept Cartoon, Web 2.0, Teacher Training
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Introduction
During primary school, students are introduced to concepts related to science and technology
for the first time in science classes. This period is important for the attitude that students will
develop towards science, the profession they will choose in the future, their interest in science,
self-confidence and motivation. Accordingly, one of the teaching materials that will make
science and technology lessons more fun and interesting are concept cartoons (Eroğlu, 2010,
Şenocak, 2018). Concept cartoons are tools that can convey a scientific event taken from daily
life, from different perspectives, with various visuals (Atasoy, 2017; Kara, 2017).These tools
can be used to reveal students’ thoughts about a concept, to encourage discussion, to detect
ambiguities and misunderstandings in their minds, and to enable different views and thoughts
to emerge (Balım et al., 2015; Erdoğan and Özsevgeç, 2012). Visuals in concept cartoons
increase students’ interest in the course and helps create a comfortable learning environment
for them to express themselves more easily. Concept cartoons related to science teaching can
be prepared in three ways: with pen and paper in hand, by rearranging ready-made images and
with computer aid. The fact that hand drawings require skill and the ethical issues in the use of
ready-made images are difficulties in creating such concept cartoons. On the other hand, it is
said that computer-aided cartoons offer richer content (Pınarkaya,2017). While preparing
computer-aided concept cartoons, web 2.0 technologies and animation creation applications are
frequently used (Aydın, 2015; Can and Usta, 2021; Kruit and Bredeweg, 2020; Tatlı et al.,
2016). It is known that the use of Web 2.0 and its tools increases students’ interest and
motivation in the course, positively affects course achievement, and contributes to the
development of 21st century skills and the elimination of misconceptions (Akbaba and Ertaş
Kılıç, 2022, Arslan and Yıldırım, 2021; Can, 2021; Gürleroğlu and Yıldırm, 2022; Karakuzu,
B., Saraçoğlu and Bektas, 2023; Urooj, and Farooq, 2023). For this reason, web 2.0 tools appear
as an effective alternative in the development of concept cartoons. These tools, which do not
require much technical infrastructure in the computer environment, can be used for educational
purposes and have a user-friendly interface (Arıcı, 2023). Content prepared with these tools,
which help to easily create concept cartoons online without drawing skills, can be easily turned
into a material and shared (Lornsen, 2010; Gürsoy and Göksun, 2019).Science teacher
candidates will be able to prepare concept cartoons of their choice whenever needed, using web
2.0 tools. This will contribute to the development of their professional competence and selfconfidence (Timur et al., 2021).
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In this study, the process of developing computer-aided concept cartoons using web 2.0 tools
is explained. The purpose of the study is to share the computer-aided concept cartoon
development process given to science teacher candidates within the scope of Tübitak 2237
training and to evaluate the products that emerged as the results of the training program.
Method
In this study, the concept cartoon development process of science teacher candidates is
presented in detail. Additionally, the data collection tool and data analysis process used to
evaluate the products resulting from the training are explained.
Process
The “Computer-aided concept cartoon development course for science teacher candidates”,
which was offered within the scope of the research and supported within the scope of Tübitak
2237 activities, was held online. During the event, which lasted a total of three days, a total of
24 hours of training was provided, eight hours each day. Operation of the training program is
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Operation of the training program
As seen in Figure 1, the training was carried out online via a videoconference application.
Education was carried out in a single room for group events where all participants were in the
same environment, and in lower rooms for events to be held in groups. The planned activity
consists of 4 basic stages. The aim of the first stage was to create a theoretical infrastructure on
information technologies basic competencies, misconceptions in science education and concept
cartoons. In the second stage, web 2.0 tools for assessment purposes determined within the
scope of the project will be introduced by CEIT field experts in the environment where all
participants are present simultaneously. At this stage, CEIT field experts will provide
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introductions to the relevant tools through interfaces, purpose of use and sample applications.
In the third stage, using web 2.0 tools introduced by CEIT field experts, participants will be
asked to develop content that can be used in assessment specific to their fields. At this stage,
participants will be sent to four sub-rooms on the Zoom platform. Each subroom will include
two science education experts and two CEIT field experts. In this process, a total of 4 experts
working in 4 sub-rooms will carry out the process. In the fourth and final stage, the contents
produced will be evaluated by relevant field experts and the contents will be improved by
providing feedback to the participants.On the first day of the event, after the opening ceremony
and project introduction, the teacher candidates were introduced to the program accompanied
by creative drama. Then, prospective teachers were instructed about digital competence and
finally, sessions were held on concepts, misconceptions and concept cartoons in science. At the
end of the first day, the participants were divided into groups and each group was given
misconceptions to work on by experts in the field.On the second day of the event,
StoryboardThat and Pixton, web 2.0 tools used to create two-dimensional concept cartoons,
were introduced, respectively. First, the StoryboardThat tool was introduced by CEIT field
expert. After the interface, elements, and product creation features were explained, the
participants were sent to the previously determined sub-rooms with their groups. Each subroom can be considered as independent virtual workspaces. In these subrooms, groups
developed concept cartoons using StoryboardThat on the identified misconceptions. During this
process, the participants were accompanied by both IT field experts and science field experts.
Afterwards, the same process was completed for the Padlet tool. At the end of the day, a free
time activity was created for the participants to complete their work, and the completed concept
cartoons were shared with the whole group at the end of the day and evaluated by field experts.
On the third day of the event, Cartoon Animator software, which can be used to prepare concept
cartoons based on animation, was introduced to the participants, followed by sound editing
software for voice-over. The process of developing concept cartoons took longer with this
software, which is more complex than Web 2.0 tools. Participants working in the sub-rooms
completed their concept cartoons during free time activities and the products were shared with
the whole group. As on the second day, the developed products were evaluated by field experts.
At the end of the training, each group developed concept cartoons with StoryboardThat, Pixton
and Cartoon Animator. A total of eighteen concept cartoons were created.
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Participants
In this study, where six Computer and Instructional Technologies (CEIT) field experts and five
Science (FB) field experts participated as instructors, 24 volunteer teacher candidates received
training. The university where the participants studied is given in Table 1.
Table 1. Universities where the participants studied
Universities
Participant (f)
Akdeniz University
4
Aksaray University
1
Amasya University
1
Dokuz Eylül University
1
Ege University
1
Gazi University
4
Giresun University
3
Kahramam Maraş Sütçü İmam University
1
Mersin University
1
Middle East Technical University
1
Muş Alparslan Akdeniz University
1
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University
3
Trabzon University
1
The teacher candidates participating in the study were enrolled in the Science Education
programs of 13 different universities. The characteristics of the participants are given in Table
2.
Table 2. Characteristics of the participants
Gender
Year
Female
Male
19
5
Second
Third
Fourth
5
10
9
As seen in Table 2, nineteen of the participants are women and five are men. It is seen that the
participants who participated in the Online Training were mostly third (n = 10) and fourth (n =
9) year teacher candidates.
Data collection tools
The Concept Cartoon Evaluation Form developed by Atasoy et al. (2022) was used in the study.
This tool, prepared as a graded form, includes five dimensions (Presentation of the problem,
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Language use, Attractiveness, Layout, and Visual Design). Any size; It is rated as 3 (adequate),
2 (partially adequate) and 1 (inadequate). Problem presentation dimension and indicators
included in the data collection tool are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Example of concept cartoon evaluation form dimensions and indicators
Dimension
Adequate: 3 points
Partially Adequate Level: 2
Inadequate
Explanation
points
Presentation
The problem situation is
The problem situation in the
The problem situation in the
of
clearly understood from
concept cartoon is partially
concept
the conversations in the
understood
understood from the mutual
concept
All
conversations. But not all
conversations.
dialogues are related to the
dialogues are related to the
are
problem situation.
problem situation. ( )
problem situation. ( )
the
Problem
cartoon.
from
the
not
cartoon
related
is
not
Dialogues
to
the
Data Analysis
Eighteen cartoons created at the end of the training were evaluated by 4 Science and 3 other
field experts through the Concept Cartoon Evaluation Form. The evaluator is coded as FEx, and
the field experts are coded as BTx. Table 3 shows FE2’s evaluation of the cartoon made by
Group 1 with the Pixton tool.
Table 4. Sample evaluation
Dimensions
FE2’nin
(Pİxton)
puanları
Presentation
of the Problem
2
Language Use
Attractiveness
Layout
Visual Design
Average
2
3
2
2
2,2
As seen in Table 4, each cartoon was scored by field experts on the five dimensions included
in the form. If the relevant dimension is adequate, 3 (three) points are given, if it is partially
adequate, 2 (two) points are given, and if it is inadequate, 1 (one) score is given. At the end of
the evaluations in all dimensions, the average score of that cartoon was calculated. In this
regard, cartoons with scores in the range of 1.0-1.6 were considered inadequate, cartoons with
scores in the range of 1.7-2.3 were considered partially adequate, and cartoons with scores in
the range of 2.4-3.0 were considered adequate.
Findings and Discussion
The evaluation findings regarding the 18 concept cartoons that emerged at the end of the online
Tübitak 2237 training are presented in Table 5.
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Table 5. Average scores of the concept cartoons
Web.2.0
tool/
Groups
FB1
FB2
FB3
FB4
BT1
BT2
BT3
Average
1.Group
2,2
2,2
2,0
1,6
2,6
2,2
2,6
2,2
2.Group
2,6
2,0
1,8
1,8
2,4
2,4
2,8
2,3
3.Group
2,4
1,8
1,8
1,8
2,8
2,2
2,6
2,2
4.Group
2,0
2,0
2,4
2,4
3,0
2,2
3,0
2,4
5.Group
2,4
2,2
2,4
2,2
2,8
2,4
3,0
2,5
6.Group
2,0
2,0
2,4
2,0
2,6
2,4
3,0
2,3
1.Group
2,0
2,8
2,2
1,6
2,6
2,6
2,8
2,4
2.Group
3,0
2,8
2,4
2,8
3,0
3,0
2,8
2,8
3.Group
2,8
2,0
2,0
2,2
2,8
2,6
2,8
2,5
4.Group
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,2
2,6
2,2
2,2
2,2
5.Group
2,4
2,6
2,0
2,2
2,8
2,4
2,6
2,4
6.Group
2,2
1,6
2,0
2,0
2,6
2,2
2,8
2,2
1.Group
2,2
2,6
2,0
2,3
2,8
2,4
2,6
2,4
2.Group
3,0
3,0
2,4
2,8
3,0
3,0
3,0
2,9
Cartoon
3.Group
3,0
2,8
1,8
2,5
2,6
2,4
2,5
2,5
Animator
4.Group
2,4
2,8
2,6
2,6
2,6
2,6
2,6
2,5
5.Group
2,0
2,0
1,8
1,9
2,8
2,0
2,4
2,3
6.Group
2,0
1,2
2,0
1,7
3,0
2,2
2,6
2,2
applicaiton
Pixton
StoryboardThat
All of the prepared cartoons received adequate (n=10) or partially adequate (n=8) scores. It is
noteworthy that the cartoon scores, which are partially adequate, are 2.2 or 2.3.When evaluated
in terms of web 2.0 tools and application used four of the concept cartoons prepared with the
Cartoon Animator application were in the “adequate” category, two in the “partially adequate”
category, four of the concept cartoons prepared with the StoryboardThat tool are in the
“adequate” category, two in the “partially adequate” category, and two of the concept cartoons
prepared with the Pixton tool are in the “partially adequate” category.When examined in terms
of the scores received, it is seen that the concept cartoons prepared with the Cartoon Animator
application received the highest scores. The second group, in particular, received a full score of
3.0 from five field experts. This group is followed by the third (x=2.5), fourth (x=2.5) and first
(x=2.4) groups, respectively, with sufficient scores. The screenshot of the concept cartoon
prepared by the second group is presented in Figure 2.
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Figure 2. Screenshot of the concept cartoon prepared with the Cartooon Animator application
In this research, it is seen that animated concept cartoons received higher scores. This may be
because the participants enjoyed preparing a material containing animation more. In their study
with pre-service teachers (2019), Gürsoy and Göksun stated that web 2.0 tools with animations
are more liked by pre-service teachers. Tatlı et al. (2016) also found similar findings.
The fifth group (x = 2.5) received the highest score in concept cartoons prepared with the Pixton
tool. This group is followed by the fourth group (x=2.4). Figure 3 shows the concept cartoon
prepared by the fifth group with this tool.
Figure 3. Concept cartoon made with Pixton tool Concept cartoons made by the participants
with the Pixton tool were the cartoons that received the lowest scores.
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During the development of these cartoons, it was observed that the participants had difficulty
in placing the characters and speech bubbles. This may have caused them to reflect the problem
situation and experience negativities in the visual design. Research in the literature indicates
that the process of concept cartoons developed using the Pixton tool is entertaining and
motivational (Yağcı, 2019; Bay&Bademci, 2022). The second group received the highest score
in the concept cartoons prepared by the participants using the StoryboardThat tool (x = 2.8).
This group was followed by the third group (x=2.5), the first and fifth groups (x=2.4),
respectively. The concept cartoon prepared by the second group is presented in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Concept cartoon made with StoryboardThat tool
In general, it can be considered as an important success that the concept cartoons prepared
received scores in the "sufficient" and "partially sufficient" categories. Because the participants
developed all the cartoons in a few hours on an online platform with group friends they had
never met before. In cartoons with low scores, participants may not have been able to create the
backgrounds or characters they wanted in this short time. Additionally, they may have had
difficulty reflecting the problem situation presented in the concept cartoon.It is known that
computer-aided concept cartoons attract students’ attention and motivate them (Göksu, 2014;
Yamık, 2015; Yürekli, 2020). Preparing computer-aided concept cartoons was a new
experience for the participants. It is possible that teacher candidates with this experience will
benefit from these materials in their professional lives.
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Conclusion and Recommendations
This study was carried out within the scope of Tübitak 2237 Training. A total of 24 science
teacher candidates working in the groups of four took part in the training. Trainings were given
online by science field experts and other field experts. While the introduction of theoretical
sections and applications in educational planning was carried out in a single virtual classroom,
the concept cartoon development process took place in six sub-rooms under the guidance of
field experts. Concept cartoons were made on the second and third days of the training. Using
the tools introduced in this process, each group developed a concept cartoon. At the end of the
training, a total of 18 concept cartoons were prepared for science achievements.These
developed concept cartoons were evaluated by four science and three field experts. It was
observed that the computer-aided concept cartoons developed by the participants in a short time
were at an "adequate" level.The training is limited to 3 days. Concept cartoons were prepared
during the training. By preparing with a longer-term training, the time for participants to
develop computer-aided concept cartoons can also be increased. These concept cartoons can be
evaluated. Trainings can be restructured by taking participants’ opinions and suggestions
regarding the process. It was observed that the prepared computer-aided concept cartoons
received low scores in the problem presentation dimension. This issue can be emphasized more
in theoretical presentations.It has been observed that the Cartoon Animator application has a
complex structure. In the trainings animated concept cartoons can be created with another
easier-to-use tool and evaluated.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Timur, S., Yılmaz, Ş., & Küçük, D. (2021). Web 2.0 Uygulamalarının Fen Bilgisi Öğretmen
Adaylarının Öz-Yeterlik İnançları Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. İstanbul Aydın
Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 291-311.
Urooj, S., & Farooq, M. S. (2023). Impact of students’ ubiquitous learning through web 2.0 tool
on students’ 21st century skills: creativity and communication. Research Journal of
Social Sciences and Economics Review, 4(1), 125-140.
Yağıcı, G. (2019). İlkokul 3. sınıf öğrencilerinde kavram karikatürlerinin matematik dersindeki
akademik başarıya etkileri [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Afyon Kocatepe
Üniversitesi.
Yamık, G. (2015). Fen eğitiminde kavram karikatürü uygulamasının ilköğretim 5. sınıf
öğrencilerinin motivasyonları üzerindeki etkisi [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi].
Ege Üniversitesi.
Yürekli, A. (2020). Ortaokul 7. sınıf öğrencilerinin tam sayılar konusundaki işlemlere ait
kavram
yanılgılarının
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[Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi
895
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giderilmesi
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BİREYSEL VE TAKIM SPORLARINDA KUVVET ÖLÇÜM TESTLERİ
Zeynep ŞİMŞEK (ORCID: 0000-0001-8036-5568)
Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor ABD,
Kırşehir-Türkiye
Email: zynps400@gmail.com.tr
Doç. Dr. İrfan MARANGOZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-7090-529X)
Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Spor Yöneticiliği Bölümü,
Kırşehir-Türkiye
Email: imarangoz@ahievran.edu.tr
Özet
Bu araştırmanın amacı bireysel ve takım sporlarında kuvvet ölçüm testlerini incelemektir. Bu
kapsamda ulusal düzeyde son 10 yılda yapılmış çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Araştırmamız derleme
bir çalışma olup, google akademik, pubmed ve web of science veri tabanlarında yayınlanmış
tam metnine ulaşılabilen çalışmalar dahil edilmiştir. Bireysel spor davranışı çağdaş tarihsel bir
perspektiften inceleyerek, sporda öne sürülen gelişmelerin sporla uğraşanların mikro düzeyinde
ne ölçüde gözlemlenebileceğini incelemektedir. Takım sporları karmaşık spor disiplinlerine
aittir ve karmaşıklıkları, hareketlerin ve durumların zorlu yapısında, antrenman ve müsabaka
sırasında başarılı olabilmek için oyuncuların sahip olması gereken birçok özellikte kendini
göstermektedir. Bireysel ve takım sporlarında kuvvet antrenmanının yetişkinler için güvenli ve
etkili bir kondisyon yöntemi olduğu kanıtlanmıştır ve artık giderek daha fazla sayıda çocuk ve
ergenin de sağlıklarını, kondisyonlarını ve spor performanslarını geliştirmek için antrenman
yaptıkları görülmektedir. Kuvvet antrenmanı vücut kütlesini arttırmak, yumuşak doku
yaralanma riskini azaltmak ve core stabilitesini geliştirmek amacıyla potansiyel olarak
faydalıdır. Kuvvet antrenmanı, koşmaya dayalı aktivitelere göre atlama hareketlerinde daha
fazla performans artışı sağlar ve bu başarılar motor göreve göre değişiklik gösterir. Uygun
antrenman kuralları takip edilirse, gençlere yönelik kuvvet antrenmanı programına düzenli
katılım, kemik mineral yoğunluğunu artırma, motor performans becerilerini geliştirme, spor
performansını geliştirme ve genç sporcularımızı antrenman ve rekabet taleplerine daha iyi
hazırlama potansiyeline sahiptir. Literatüre bakıldığında bireysel ve takım sporlarında kuvvet
ölçüm testleri en fazla el pençe kuvveti, dikey sıçrama, mekik, şınav, sırt kuvveti, bacak
kuvveti, durarak uzun atlama gibi ölçümler yapılarak ölçülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bireysel sporlar, takım sporları, kuvvet, kuvvet ölçüm yöntemleri
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STRENGTH MEASUREMENT TESTS IN INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to examine strength measurement tests in individual and team
sports. In this context, studies conducted at the national level in the last 10 years were examined.
Our research is a compilation study, and studies with full text published in Google Scholar,
Pubmed and Web of Science databases are included. By examining individual sports behavior
from a contemporary historical perspective, it examines to what extent the proposed
developments in sports can be observed at the micro level of those involved in sports. Team
sports belong to complex sports disciplines, and their complexity is reflected in the challenging
nature of movements and situations, as well as in the many characteristics that players must
possess in order to be successful during training and competition. Strength training in individual
and team sports has proven to be a safe and effective form of conditioning for adults, and more
and more children and adolescents are now also training to improve their health, fitness and
sports performance. Strength training is potentially beneficial for increasing body mass,
reducing the risk of soft tissue injury, and improving core stability. Strength training provides
greater performance improvements in jumping movements than in running-based activities, and
these achievements vary by motor task. If proper training guidelines are followed, regular
participation in a youth strength training program has the potential to increase bone mineral
density, improve motor performance skills, enhance sports performance and better prepare our
young athletes for the demands of training and competition. When we look at the literature,
strength measurement tests in individual and team sports are mostly measured by measuring
hand claw strength, vertical jump, sit-ups, push-ups, back strength, leg strength, standing long
jump.
Keywords: Individual sports, team sports, strength, strength measurement methods
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Giriş
Çoğu spor dalında başarı, kuvvet ve güç dahil olmak üzere fiziksel uygunluk özelliklerine
büyük ölçüde bağlıdır. Antrenman programlarını tasarlarken, uygularken ve izlerken hangi
mekanik değişkenlerin performansı belirlediğini tespit etmek de önemlidir. Gençleri fiziksel
olarak aktif olmaya teşvik etmek önemlidir. Yaşamın erken dönemlerinde hareketsiz bir yaşam
tarzının yetişkinliğe kadar uzandığı görülmekle birlikte, çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde
fiziksel olarak aktif bir yaşam tarzı, yaşamın ilerleyen dönemlerinde bazı kronik hastalıkların
önlenmesine de yardımcı olabilir. Çocuk ve ergenlerin oyun, spor, iş, ulaşım, rekreasyon, beden
eğitimi veya planlı egzersizin bir parçası olarak haftanın tüm günlerinde veya çoğu günlerinde
fiziksel olarak aktif olmaları önerilmektedir (1, 2). Bireysel spor müsabakalarında fizyolojik
izlemenin uygulanmasına büyük değer verilmektedir. Fizyolojik izleme, egzersiz dozu-yanıt,
egzersiz yoğunluğu ve egzersiz performansı hakkında geri bildirim sağlar. Sporcular genellikle
uygun antrenman yükünü tahmin etmek, aşırı antrenmanı taramak ve antrenörlerin antrenmanı
sporun fizyolojik talepleriyle eşleştirmesini sağlamak için çeşitli fizyolojik ve performans
izleme yöntemleri kullanılarak değerlendirilir (3-5). Yaş, ırk, cinsiyet ve kondisyon
düzeyindeki benzerliklere rağmen, bireyler aynı antrenman veya müsabakaya farklı tepkiler
verebilir. Bu nedenle, antrenman ve müsabakaların bireysel olarak izlenmesi çok önemlidir (6).
Takım sporları karmaşık spor disiplinleri arasında yer alır ve karmaşıklığı, hareketlerin ve
durumların zorlu doğasına ve oyuncuların antrenman ve müsabaka sırasında başarılı olmak için
sahip olması gereken birçok özelliğe yansır. Dahası, tüm bu özellikler oyuncuların rekabetçi
verimliliklerinden sorumlu olan bütünsel hazırlıklarının bir parçası olmalıdır. Takımın sahada
daha etkili olabilmesi ve olumlu sportif sonuçlar elde edebilmesi için takımdaki tüm bireylerin
birbiriyle uyum içinde olması gerekir. Bu temel nedenlerden dolayı takım sporlarında spora
hazırlık sistemi son derece karmaşık ve zahmetlidir (7). Literatürü değerlendirdiğimizde birçok
bilim insanının kuvvet kavramını aynı anlama gelen farklı ifadelerle tanımladığı görülmektedir.
Fizyolojik yaklaşım açısından kuvvet, kas kasılması sırasında meydana gelen gerilimi ifade
etmektedir. Kuvvet kavramı fizikte cisimlerin konumunu, hareketini ve şeklini değiştiren etki
olarak tanımlanırken, biyomekanikte hareket ve dengeyi sağlayan etkiler olarak
tanımlanmaktadır (8, 9).
2. Materyal Yöntem
Derleme çalışmamızda; Google akademik veri tabanından 2014-2024 yılları arasında yapılan
çalışmalar, el pençe kuvveti, bacak kuvveti testi, mekik, şınav, dikey sıçrama, durarak uzun
atlama, sırt kuvveti, relatif kol kuvveti, relatif bacak kuvveti, takım sporları, bireysel sporlar,
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spor, fizyolojik ve motorik özellikler anahtar kelimeleri ile ulaşılan ulusal çalışmalar
incelenerek gerçekleştirilmiştir.
3. Bireysel ve Takım Sporlarında Kuvvet Ölçüm Yöntemleri
Literatür incelendiğinde, el pençe kuvveti, dikey sıçrama, mekik, şınav, sırt kuvveti, bacak
kuvveti, durarak uzun atlama, 1RM metodu, sırt kuvveti, relatif kuvvet gibi birçok testin sıklıkla
kullanıldığı görülmektedir.
3.1. Kuvvet Ölçüm Yöntemlerinde Sık Kullanılan Yöntemler
3.1.1. El Pençe Kuvveti
El kavrama kuvveti olarakta bilinen el pençe kuvveti hem ayakta hem de oturarak yapılabilen
bir testtir. El dinomametresi kullanılarak yapılan bu ölçüm de dinamometre deneğin el ölçüsüne
göre ayarlanır. Deneğin kolu düz ve omuzdan 10-15 derecelik bir açı yaparak yan tarafta
öncelikle sağ elden maksimum pençe kuvveti ölçümü yapılır. Test, çalışma grubunda
dönüşümlü olarak her iki el ile 4 tekrar yapılacak şekilde tekrarlanır. Her denemeden sonra ibre
sıfırlanır. Deneme sonuçları kaydedilir ve en iyi dereceleri karşılaştırma yapmak için sonuçlar
kısmına dahil edilir (10-26).
3.1.2. Dikey Sıçrama Testi
Dikey sıçrama testleri kalça, diz ve kalça ekstansör kaslarının gücünü veya patlayıcı kuvvetini
ölçmek için kullanılır. Seçilen düz bir duvar üzerinde santimetre cinsinden bir işaretleme
yapılır. Ayaklar omuz genişliğinde açılır ve gövde işaretli duvara yan olacak şekilde durarak
uzanabildikleri mesafe işaretlenir. Ardından deneğe aynı pozisyonda üç deneme hakkı verilerek
bunların en iyisi değerlendirmeye alınır. Deneğin ayakta uzanabildiği mesafe ile zıplayıp
dokunduğu mesafe arası metre cinsinden belirlenir (11-13, 15, 27-35).
3.1.3. Mekik Hareketi Testi (Curl Up)
Karın kaslarının kuvvet gelişimini sağlamak için abdominal bölgede bulunan kasları çalıştıran
en iyi egzersiz şekli mekik hareketidir. Bu hareket sırt üstü yatar pozisyonda gerçekleştirilir.
Mindere uzanan sporcu ellerini arkada birleştirir ve dizleri bükülü ayağını yerden kaldırmadan
egzersize başlar. Karın fleksiyonu yaparken dirsekleri dizlere kadar gelir ve tekrar sırt üstü
uzanır. Egzersiz sırasında ayakların yerle temasının kesilmesi hata olarak değerlendirilir.
Kontrol amaçlı egzersizin üç defa yapılmasına izin verilir. Sporcuların tükenme noktasına
ulaşana kadar yapabildikleri mekik sayısı kaydedilir (11, 12, 14, 27, 36-41).
3.1.4. Şınav Testi
Bu testin amacı sporcuların üst ekstremite kas grubunun dayanıklılığını belirlemektir. Düz bir
yüzeye bir mat yerleştirilir. Eller omuz genişliğinde açık ve gergin olacak şekilde matın üzerine
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yüz üstü uzanılır. Dirsekler 90 derece açıda olacak şekilde vücut yere yaklaştırılır. Kollar gergin
bir şekilde başlangıç pozisyonuna geri dönülür. Şınav hareketine dinlenmeden devam edilir ve
1 dk da kaç tekrar yapıldığı kaydedilir (11, 24, 27, 36, 41, 42).
3.1.5. Bacak Kuvveti Testi
Bu testin amacı sporcularda elastik bacak kuvvetinin gelişimini takip etmektir. Bir çizgi
üzerinde 2 koni ile 25 metrelik bir alan belirlenir. Sporcu başlama çizgisinin 10-15 m gerisinde
başlar. Uyarı sesiyle birlikte sporcu koşmaya başlar, sporcu ilk koniden dominant bacağı
üzerinde sıçrayarak başlar. İki koni arasındaki sıçramada geçen süre kaydedilir. Bu test daha
sonra diğer bacak ile tekrar edilir. Sonuçlar önceki testlerin sonuçları ile karşılaştırılarak analiz
edilir. Her iki test arasındaki uygun antrenman analizin iyileştiğini göstermesi beklenir (20, 21,
33, 43, 44).İzokinetik Kuvvet: İzokinetik kuvvetin belirlenmesinde, dinamometre, deneğin
ayak uzunluğuna göre ayarlanır, ardından denekler dizleri bükülü, kolları gergin, sırtı düz ve
gövdesi hafifçe öne eğik olarak ayaklarını dinamometre sehpasına yerleştirir ve elleriyle
kavradıkları dinamometre çubuğunu bacaklarını kullanarak maksimum hızda dikey olarak
yukarı çekerler. Denekler tarafından iki deneme sonucunda elde edilen en iyi sonuç en yüksek
değer olarak kabul edilir (12, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 30, 31, 33, 40, 44-47).
3.1.6. Durarak Uzun Atlama
Bu testin amacı, atletlerin elastik bacak kuvvetinin gelişimini göstermektedir. Herhangi bir
ekipman gerektirmeyen basit ve zaman kazandıran bir uygulama olması nedeniyle birçok spor
dalının antrenörleri tarafından yetenek seçimi ve potansiyel tahmini için rutin olarak
kullanılmaktadır. Bu testte sporcu sporcu yere çizilen bir çizginin arkasında hazır pozisyonda
durur. Bacaklarının omuz genişliğinde açık olması istenir. Kollarının yardımı ile sallanarak
sıçramayı gerçekleştirir. Yere yapıştırılan metre ile sporcunun ilk düştüğü yer topuk kısmından
ölçülmek şartıyla ölçüm alınır (29, 30, 35-39, 48).
3.2. Kuvvet Ölçüm Yöntemlerinde Az Kullanılan Yöntemler
3.2.1. 1RM (1 Maksimal Tekrar)
Dinamik yöntemle kas gücünü ölçmek için 1-maksimum tekrar yöntemi kullanılır. Tek tekrarlı
maksimum (1RM) testi, laboratuvar dışı durumlarda kas kuvvetinin değerlendirilmesinde altın
standart olarak kabul edilir. Bu yöntem ağırlık kaldırma egzersiz sırasında, bir seferde kaldırılan
maksimum ağırlık performansıdır. Herhangi bir kas grubunda (ön el fleksörü, ayak
ekstansörleri ya da omuz gibi) deneğin maksimum kaldırma kapasitesine yakın, ancak altında
olan uygun bir başlangıç ağırlığı seçilerek yapılır. İlk tekrar yapıldıktan sonra maksimum
kaldırma kuvvetine erişene kadar ağırlık eklenir. Ağırlık artırılması genellikle 5.2 ve 1 kg’dır.
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1 RM tekniği genellikle barbell ya da dambıl kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir (14, 15, 34, 40, 4951).
3.2.2. Sırt Kuvveti
Sırt kuvveti bir sırt dinamometresi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilir. Sporcular dizleri gergin olacak
şekilde ayaklarını dinamometre sehpasına yerleştirir. Kollar gergin, sırt düz ve gövde hafifçe
öne eğikken, elleri ile kavradıkları dinamometre çubuğunu dikey olarak yukarı doğru
maksimum ölçüde çekerler. Çekme işlemi üç kez tekrarlanır ve en iyi sonuç kaydedilir (15, 30,
44, 52).
3.2.3. Relatif Kuvvet
"Relatif kuvvet" terimi, bir kişinin vücut ağırlığına göre kuvvetinin ölçüldüğü bir kavramı ifade
eder. Bu terim, bir sporcu veya bireyin, vücut ağırlığına göre ne kadar kuvvetli olduğunu
belirlemek için kullanılır. Örneğin, bir kişinin kendi vücut ağırlığını kaldırma yeteneği, relatif
kuvvetinin bir ölçüsü olabilir. Bu, sporcunun veya bireyin vücut kütlesi göz önüne alındığında
ne kadar güçlü olduğunu gösterir (22, 53).
3.3. Son Yıllarda Kullanılmaya Başlayan Yeni Yöntemler
3.3.1. Relatif Kol Kuvvetinin Belirlenmesi
Kol (üst kol, alt kol ve el) ölçülür. Kol kütle hesaplama programında kol kütle toplamı
hesaplanır. El pençe kuvveti ölçülür. El pençe kuvveti (kg) hesaplanan kolun toplam kütlesine
(kg) bölünerek kolun relatif kuvveti tespit edilir (23).
3.3.2. Relatif Bacak Kuvvetinin Belirlenmesi
Bacak hacim ve kütlesi uyluk, baldır ve ayaktan ölçümler alınarak yapılır. Uyluk hacim
belirlemesinde inguinal nokta ile tibial nokta arası ölçülür. Deneğin baldır hacmi için, tibial
nokta ile medial malleolus noktası arasındaki mesafe belirlenir. Bu mesafeler %10 aralıklarla
belirlendikten sonra önce %10 aralıklarla alınan parçaların hacimleri daha sonra tüm parçaların
hacimleri Frustum işaret modeli yöntemine göre mesura ile ölçülerek kaydedilir (54).
4. Sonuç
Literatür incelendiğinde, el pençe kuvveti, dikey sıçrama, mekik, şınav, sırt kuvveti, bacak
kuvveti, durarak uzun atlama, 1RM metodu, sırt kuvveti, relatif kuvvet gibi birçok testin sıklıkla
kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda literatüre yeni eklenen ölçüm
yöntemleri olan relatif kol kuvveti ölçümü, relatif bacak kuvveti ölçümü gibi yöntemlerin son
yıllarda kullanılmaya başlandığı görülmüştür.
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incelenmesi: İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2019.
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Özkan A, Sarol H. Dağcılarda Vücut Kompozisyonu, Bacak Hacmi, Bacak Kütlesi,
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2021;15(3):440.53
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SPORCULARIN AEROBİK KAPASİTELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİNDE SIK
KULLANILAN YÖNTEMLER
Tuğçe BULUT DEMİR (ORCID: 0000-0003-2458-0911)
Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim
Dalı, Kırşehir-Türkiye
Email: Tugce.bulut40@gmail.com
İrfan MARANGOZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-7090-529X)
Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Spor Yöneticiliği Bölümü,
Kırşehir-Türkiye
Email: imarangoz@ahievran.edu.tr
Özet
Bu araştırmanın amacı sporcuların aerobik kapasitelerinin belirlenmesinde sık kullanılan
yöntemlerinin incelenmesidir. Bu kapsamda son on yılda yapılmış ulusal ve uluslararası
çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Araştırmamız derleme bir çalışma olup Google Akademik veri
tabanında yayınlanmış tam metnine ulaşılabilen çalışmalar dahil edilmiştir. Maksimal oksijen
tüketimi (MaxVO2), vücut ağırlığının kilogramı başına dakikada tükettiği maksimum oksijen
miktarını ifade eder. Maksimum oksijen tüketimi kardiyorespiratuar gelişimin bir kriteri olan
maksimal aerobik kapasitenin tayini için kullanılan en güvenilir testtir. Kişinin birim zamanda
kullanabildiği oksijen miktarı ne kadar fazla ise kişinin aerobik kapasitesi de o oranda yüksek
demektir. Aerobik güç dayanıklılık sporlarında performansa etkili en önemli faktördür.
Maksimum oksijen tüketimi aerobik kapasitenin en iyi, kolay uygulanabilir ve güvenilir bir
göstergesidir. Aerobik kapasite sadece antrenman için değil, toparlanmayı kolaylaştırmak ve
hızlandırmak için de önem taşır. MaxVO2, hala kardiyovasküler direnç azalmasını ölçen en
önemli test olarak kabul edilmektedir. MaxVO2, aerobik kapasite ölçümü için altın standart
olarak kabul edilmektedir. Literatür incelendiğinde aerobik kapasitenin belirlenmesinde direkt
ve indirekt olmak üzere birçok yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Aerobik kapasitenin direkt ölçülmesi
oldukça güvenilir sonuçlar verir fakat pahalı, ulaşımı kolay olmayan ekipmanların kullanımı ve
bu yöntemlerin tecrübeli kişilerce uygulanması gerektiğinden uygulanması sınırlı yöntemlerdir.
Bu nedenle indirekt yöntemler olan; bisiklet testleri, koşu bandı testleri, basamak testleri ve
saha testleri daha sık kullanılmaktadır. Bu indirekt yöntemler kendi içerisinde incelendiğinde
ise Astrand Ryhming Bisiklet Testi, Bruce Protokolü, Balke Testi, Cooper Testi, 20m. Mekik
Testi, Yo-Yo Testi gibi testlerin sık kullanıldığı göze çarpmaktadır. Ayrıca sporcuların aerobik
kapasitelerinin belirlenmesinde saha testlerinin, bisiklet testleri, koşu bandı testleri ve basamak
testlerine göre daha sık kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dayanıklılık, Aerobik Kapasite, MaksVO2, Aerobik Kapasite Ölçüm
Testleri
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FREQUENTLY USED METHODS IN DETERMINING THE AEROBIC
CAPACITIES OF ATHLETES
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the commonly used methods in determining the aerobic
capacity of athletes. In this context, national and international studies conducted in the last
decade were analyzed. Our research is a review study and the studies published in the Google
Scholar database, the full text of which can be accessed, were included. Maximal oxygen
consumption (MaxVO2) refers to the maximum amount of oxygen consumed per minute per
kilogram of body weight. Maximal oxygen consumption is the most reliable test used to
determine maximal aerobic capacity, a criterion of cardiorespiratory development. The more
oxygen a person can use per unit time, the higher the aerobic capacity of the person. Aerobic
power is the most important factor affecting performance in endurance sports. Maximum
oxygen consumption is the best, easily applicable and reliable indicator of aerobic capacity.
Aerobic capacity is important not only for training but also for facilitating and accelerating
recovery. MaxVO2 is still recognized as the most important test to measure cardiovascular
resistance reduction. MaxVO2 is considered the gold standard for measuring aerobic capacity.
In the literature, many direct and indirect methods are used to determine aerobic capacity. Direct
measurement of aerobic capacity gives very reliable results, but they are limited methods
because they require the use of expensive, inaccessible equipment and these methods should be
applied by experienced people. For this reason, indirect methods such as bicycle tests, treadmill
tests, step tests and field tests are used more frequently. When these indirect methods are
examined within themselves, Astrand Ryhming Bicycle Test, Bruce Protocol, Balke Test,
Cooper Test, 20m. Shuttle Test, Yo-yo Test are used frequently. In addition, it was detected
more frequently in the field than in field tests, bicycle tests, treadmill tests and step tests in
determining the aerobic capacities of athletes.
Keywords: Endurance, Aerobic Capacity, MaxVO2, Aerobic Capacity Measurement Tests
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Giriş
Kuvvet, dayanıklılık, sürat, hareketlilik ve beceri gibi kavramlar insan yaşamını işlevsel hale
getiren temel motorik özelliklerdir (1). Kişinin özellikle yoğun tempolu sportif faaliyetlere uzun
süre karşı koyabilme yeteneği ve bu faaliyetlerde yorgunluğa karşı gösterdiği direnç
dayanıklılık olarak adlandırılmaktadır (2). Dayanıklılığın en önemli fizyolojik ölçütü Maksimal
Oksijen Tüketimi (MaxVO2) yani aerobik kapasitedir. Maksimal oksijen tüketimi (MaxVO2),
vücut ağırlığının kilogramı başına dakikada tükettiği maksimum oksijen miktarını ifade eder.
Maksimum oksijen tüketimi kardiyorespiratuar gelişimin bir kriteri olan maksimal aerobik
kapasitenin tayini için kullanılan en güvenilir testtir. Kişinin birim zamanda kullanabildiği
oksijen miktarı ne kadar fazla ise kişinin aerobik kapasitesi de o oranda yüksek demektir.
Aerobik kapasite, dayanıklılık sporlarında bireyin performansına etki eden en önemli faktördür.
Maksimum oksijen tüketimi aerobik kapasitenin en iyi, kolay uygulanabilir ve güvenilir bir
göstergesidir. Aerobik kapasite sadece antrenman için değil aynı zamanda toparlanmayı
kolaylaştırmak ve hızlandırmak için de önem taşır. MaxVO2, hala kardiyovasküler direnç
azalmasını ölçen en önemli test olarak kabul edilmektedir. MaxVO2, aerobik kapasite ölçümü
için altın standart olarak kabul edilmektedir (44). Aerobik kapasite, egzersiz test protokolüne
bağlı kalarak gerçekleştirilen birtakım egzersizler ile kişinin oksijen tüketiminin en yüksek
değeri olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Bu egzersiz testleri kademeli bir şekilde artırılarak
uygulanmaktadır. Egzersiz testleri sırasında yapılan kademeli yükleme, kişi adına maksimum
noktaya ulaştığında kişinin aerobik kapasitesi (MaxVO2) değeri elde edilmektedir (4). MaxVO2
değerinin yüksek olması kişinin iş yapabilme kapasitesinin daha fazla olması ya da yapılan
egzersizin uzun soluklu ve yorgunluk hissiyatına daha geç ulaşması anlamına gelir (3). Aerobik
kapasitenin belirlenmesinde direkt ve indirekt olmak üzere maksimal veya submaksimal
yöntemler kullanılarak tespit edilebilir. Aerobik kapasitenin direkt ölçülmesi oldukça güvenilir
sonuçlar verir fakat pahalı, ulaşımı kolay olmayan ekipmanların kullanımı ve bu yöntemlerin
tecrübeli kişilerce uygulanması gerektiğinden kesin sonuçlar vermese de indirekt yöntemlerin
kullanıldığını daha sık görürüz (8). Aerobik kapasitenin belirlenmesinde kullanılan egzersiz
şiddeti kademeli olarak artarken ortaya çıkan sonuçlara göre kişinin oksijen kullanım eğilimi
lineer bir grafik çizmektedir. Oksijen kullanımındaki bu lineer artış belirli bir noktadan sonra
stady state olarak adlandırılan ve oksijen seviyesinin sabit noktada devam ettiği bölgeye
ulaşmaktadır. Bu nokta maksimum oksijen tüketiminin gerçekleştiği değerdir ve iş yükü
artmaya devam ederken oksijen kullanımı sabit bir şekilde devam etmektedir (7). Elit
sporcularda MaxVO2 değerinin, 70-85 ml/kg/dk olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Bu MaxVO2
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değerinin kadın sporcularda yaklaşık %10 daha az olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bunun nedeni ise
kadınların vücut yağ yüzdelerinin erkeklere göre daha yüksek olması ve kadınların hemoglobin
yoğunluklarının yine erkeklere göre daha düşük düzeylerde olmasından kaynaklandığı ifade
edilmektedir (5). Genellikle yüksek düzeydeki MaxVO2 değeri yaş, maksimum kalp hacmi,
solunum sisteminin katkısı, oksijeni taşıma kapasitesi ve iskelet kası ile ilişkilidir (6).
2. Materyal ve Yöntem
Çalışmamız derleme bir çalışmadır. Bu çalışma; Google akademik veri tabanından
(dayanıklılık, aerobik, aerobik kapasite, VO2max, Aerobik kapasite ölçüm testleri) anahtar
kelimeler kullanılarak son on yıl içerisinde yayınlanmış ulusal ve uluslararası çalışmalar
incelenerek yapılmıştır.
3. Aerobik Kapasitenin Belirlenme Yöntemleri
MaxVO2, Egzersiz Test Protokolleri kapsamında kademeleri yoğunluk artışları ile
gerçekleştirilen direkt ve indirekt yöntemlerle ölçülmektedir. (4).
3.1. Direkt Yöntem
Laboratuvar şartlarında maksimal yüklenme sırasında ekspirasyondaki O 2 ve CO2 miktarının
gaz analizörleriyle tespit edildiği yöntemdir. Douglas torbaları ve Breath by Breath yöntemleri
direkt yöntemlere örnek olarak gösterilebilmektedir (9). MaxVO2’nin direkt ölçüm yöntemi
son derece geçerli ve güvenilir bir yöntemdir fakat pahalı, ulaşımı kolay olmayan ekipmanların
kullanımı ve bu yöntemlerin tecrübeli kişilerce uygulanması gerektiğinden kullanımı sınırlıdır
(8).
3.1.1.Breath by Breath
Her nefes alışverişteki gaz miktarının ölçümüdür. Ölçümlerde tüm gazların yoğunluğunu
belirlemek amacıyla kullanılan kütle spektrometreler ve gazların ayrı ayrı belirlenmesini
sağlayan analizörlerin bulunduğu sistemler olarak iki farklı sistem kullanılmaktadır.
Maksimum egzersiz testi esnasında açık devre spirometri kullanımı, anaerobik eşiğin
belirlenmesinde daha doğru sonuçlar elde edilmesini sağlamaktadır MaxVO2 ve VO2 zirve
değerinin direkt ölçümünü sağlar.
3.1.2.Douglas Torbaları
Ekspirasyondaki solunum gazlarının belirli süre torbada toplanmasıyla ölçüm yapılır.
Ölçümdeki hata payının yüksek olması nedeniyle günümüzde pek kullanılmamaktadır (19).
3.2. İndirekt Yöntem
İndirekt yöntemlerde ekspirasyondaki O2 ve CO2 miktarının gaz analizörleriyle belirlenmesi
yerine kalp atım hızı kullanılmaktadır. Kalp atım hızı ile oksijen tüketimi arasında doğrusal bir
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ilişki vardır ilkesinden yola çıkılarak maksimal veya submaksimal egzersiz protokolleriyle
aerobik kapasite tahmin edilebilir (42). Aerobik Kapasite Ölçüm Testleri incelendiğinde
bisiklet ergometresi testleri, koşu bandı testleri, saha ve basamak testleri olarak
gruplandırıldığını görmekteyiz (Tablo 1) (43,11). Bu testlerin içinden de en sık kullanılan testler
aşağıda açıklanmıştır.
Tablo 3. Aerobik Kapasite Ölçüm Testleri
Bisiklet
Ergometresi
Koşu Bandı Testleri
Saha Testleri
Basamak Testleri
Bruce Yöntemi
20m Mekik Testi
Hardvard Basamak Testi
Balke Protokolü
Yo-Yo Test
Queens Kolej Basamak
Testleri
Astrand
Rhyming
Bisiklet Testi
Ex-10 Test
Testi
Fox Denklemi
Bonen Koşu Bandı Testi
Cooper Test
Astrand Basamak Testi
3 Basamak Test
Submaksimal
Balke Testi
McArdle Basamak Testi
Koşu
Bandı Testi
PWC170 Test
1 mil Koş/Yürü Test
Giessen Test
Rockport Yürüyüş Testi
YMCA
3.2.1. Bisiklet Metotları
Bisiklet testleri, genellikle tanı testi olarak kullanılan, özellikle Avrupa’da kullanılan bir test
yöntemidir. Submaksimal veya maksimal testler şeklinde uygulanması mümkündür (31).
3.2.1.1. Astrand Rhyming Bisiklet Testi
Astrand Test uygun klinik ortamlarda en yaygın olarak kullanılan submaksimal bisiklet
ergometri testlerinden biridir (22, 24). Yaygın olarak kullanılan tek etaplı bu test Astrand ve
Rhyming tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Astrand-Rhyming test sporcuların submaksimal
performansıyla MaxVO2 değerlerinin tahmin edilmesi için geliştirilmiştir. Bu testin
uygulanışında öncelikle oturma yüksekliği her bir sporcu için ayarlanır. Sporcuların ısınması
için iş yükü olmaksızın pedalı 50rpm hızla çevirmesi istenir. Testin başlangıcında aktif bireyler
için iş yükü 100-150 watt sedanterler için ise iş yükü 75 watt olarak belirlenmiştir. İş yükü 6
dakika boyunca devam ettirilir. Testin 5. ve 6. dakikalarının sonunda sporcuların kalp atım
sayıları not edilir. Eğer 5. Ve 6. Dakikanın sonunda oluşan kalp atım sayısı farkı 5 veya daha
fazla değilse ve ortalama 130-170 KAS arasında ise test sonlandırılır. Eğer kalp atım sayısı
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130’un altındaysa iş yükü 50-100watt artırılarak devam edilir. Eğer 5.ve 6. Dakikalar arasındaki
kalp atım sayısı farkı 5 ten fazla ise test birbirini izleyen iki dakika arasında kalp atım sayısı 5
ten az oluncaya kadar devam ettirilir. Test sonlandığında ise direnç azaltılarak venöz birikimi
önlemek amacıyla pedalın 3-5 dakika çevirilmesi istenir (10). Astrand-Ryhming Test (26):
VO2max = (0.00212 × W + 0.299) / (0.769 × HRmax - 48.5) × 100 Bisiklet ergometresi testleri
incelendiğinde Astrand Rhyming Bisiklet Testi’nin diğerlerine göre daha sık kullanıldığı
görülmektedir (45-57,33,34)
3.2.2. Koşu Bandı Metotları
3.2.2.1. Bruce Yöntemi
Koroner kalp rahatsızlığının tanısında sık kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Aynı zamanda maksimal
performanstan MaxVO2’nin belirlenmesinde, diğer yöntemlerle karşılaştırıldığında geçerliliği
en yüksek yöntem olarak kabul edilmektedir (58-70, 21, 33, 36). Bruce yöntemi başlangıçta
düşük seviyelerde ve kişinin ısınması için zaman tanınarak uygulanmaktadır. Bu yöntemde iş
yükü artışı diğer yöntemlere göre fazladır bu yüzden test çabucak tamamlanır (10).
Test, 2.7 km/s hızla ve %10 eğim ile başlamaktadır. Koşu bandı hızı ve eğimi her üç dakikada
bir arttırılır. Kişi tükenene kadar teste devam eder (11).
Aktif ve sedanter erkeklerde hesaplama; (13)
MaxVO2 = 14,8- (1,379 x T) + (0,451 x T2) – (0,012 x T3)
Aktif ve sedanter kadınlarda hesaplama; (12)
MaxVO2 = 4,38 x T – 3,9
“T”: Testin toplam zamanıdır (11).
3.2.2.2.Balke Protokolü
Bu test tıp ve fizyoloji laboratuvarında yapılan işin kapasitesini belirlemede veya maksimum
oksijen tüketiminin belirlenmesinde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır ve geçerliliği kabul
görmektedir (71-76, 33,). Koşu bandında eğim %0, hız ise erkeklerde 5,5km hızda kadınlarda
ise 4,8km hızda yürümeye başlarlar. Test boyunca hız sabit kalır. Koşu bandı ilk dakikadan
sonra %2 seviyesine getirilir ve ondan sonra geçen her bir dakikada %1 artırılır. Her dakikanın
son 15 saniyesinde kalp atım sayısı kontrol edilir kalp dakikada 180 atıma ulaşıncaya kadar test
devam ettirilir (11).
Aktif ve sedanter erkeklerde hesaplama; (14)
MaxVO2 = 1,444 x T+14,99
R= 0,92, SEE=2,50ml/kg/dk
Aktif ve sedanter kadınlarda hesaplama; (12)
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MaxVO2 = 1,38xT+5,22
R=0,94, SEE=2,20 ml/kg/dk
3.2.3. Basamak Testleri
Basamak testleri zamanın kısıtlı olduğu, laboratuvar ekipmanı olmadığı veya yoğunluğu yüksek
olan egzersizlerin güvenliği olmadığı durumlarda uygulanan submaksimal testlerdir.
MaxVO2’nin tahmin edilmesinde kullanılan bu testlerin uygulanması kolay, ucuz,
taşınabilirdir. Aynı zamanda yaygın olarak da kullanılır (77-88, 27).
3.2.3.1.Queens College Steps Test
McArddle ve arkadaşları aerobik kapasiteyi belirlemek için 3 dakikalık adım testini
geliştirdiler. Deneğe platforma nasıl inip çıkacağı gösterilir. Daha sonra denek eğer kadınsa
platforma dakikada 22, eğer denek erkekse platforma 24 inme ve çıkma yapacak şekilde testi 3
dakika boyunca sürdürür. Test sonlandığında denek ayaktayken 5. ve 20. saniyeler arasında 15
saniye boyunca sayılan kalp atım sayısı ölçülüp not edilir. Not edilen değer dakika değerine
çevrilir (4xKAS) (10).
Kadınlarda;
MaxVO2 = 65,81- (0,1847 x KAS)
Erkeklerde;
MaxVO2 = 111,3- (0,42 x KAS) (10).
3.2.3.2.Harvard Basamak Testi
Bu teste deneklerin maksimal performansını tahmin edebilmek için egzersizden sonraki
toparlanma kalp atım sayısı kullanılmaktadır (28). Denekler belirli yükseklikteki platforma iniş
ve çıkış yaparlar. Bu platformun yüksekliği erkek denekler için 50 cm kadın denekler için 40
cmdir. Denekler dakikada 30 iniş çıkış yaparlar (29). Bu iniş çıkışlar 5 dakika süreyle veya
tükeninceye kadar devam eder. İniş çıkışların düzenli yapılması için metronom kullanılabilir ve
120 vuruşa ayarlanabilir. Test sırasında düzenli inip çıkmanın yapılabilmesi için dakikada 120
vuruşa ayarlanmış bir metronom kullanılabilir. Deneğin dinlenme sırasındaki kalp atım sayısı
1-1.5, 2-2.5 ve 3-3.5 dakikalar arası baz alınarak sayılır. Baz alınan süreler 30 saniyedir ve bu
süreler içerisinde nabız değerleri not edilir (30).
MaxVO2 = (100 x test süresi (sn)) / 2 x (toparlanmadaki sayılan toplam kalp atımların toplamı)
(11).
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3.2.4. Saha Testleri
3.2.4.1. 20 metre mekik testi (Shuttle Run)
Leger ve Lambert tarafından (1982) geliştirilen bu test ortaya çıkmasından bu yana yaygın
olarak kullanılmaktadır. Shuttle Run testi 20 metre uzunluğunda bir parkur içerisinde
gerçekleştirilir. Kişi hızını her dakika 0,5 km/saat olacak şekilde düzenli olarak artırır. 23
bölümden oluşan bu testin uygulamasında dinlenme zamanı bulunmamaktadır. Testin
uygulamasında sporcular 20 metre uzunluğundaki parkuru uçtan uca gidip gelmektedirler. Hız
kontrolü ortama verilen sinyal sesi ile kontrol edilmektedir. Bu sinyal sesi 20 metrelik parkurun
başında ve sonunda bulunmayı hedefler. Sporcular sinyal sesi her çalındığında 20 metrelik
mesafeyi tamamlamalıdır. Eğer sporcu sinyal sesinden önce 20 metrelik koşusunu
tamamlamışsa bir sonraki sinyal sesini beklemeli ve sinyalden sonra koşuya devam etmelidir.
Sporcu, çalınan sinyal sesi ile 20m mesafeyi üst üste üç sefer tamamlayamazsa sporcunun testi
sonlandırılır ve sporcu diskalifiye edilir. Testin sonucu, sporcunun geldiği seviye kullanılarak
aşağıdaki
bağıntılar
yardımıyla
hesaplanmaktadır.
(16).MaxVo2(ml.kg-1.dk-1)
=
31.025+3.238X-3.248A+0.1536AX X= koşu hızı (km.sa-1), A= yaş (yıl) (15).Saha testi olan
20 metre mekik testi “Shuttle Run” aerobik kapasitenin belirlenmesinde sıkça kullanıldığı
görülmektedir (89-108).
3.2.4.2. Yo-Yo Aralıklı Toparlanma Testi IRT1
MaxVO2’nin belirlenmesinde Bangsbo tarafından geliştirilmiş en sık kullanılan saha testidir
(9). Bu testin iki farklı biçimi vardır ve her ikisinin uygulanışı da shuttle run testine
benzemektedir. Yoyo testi 20 metrelik (20m x 2) başlama, dönüş ve bitirme çizgilerinin
bulunduğu toplamda 40 metrelik bir alanda uygulanmaktadır. Test sinyal sesiyle ve belirtilen
çizgiler arasında sporcuların 10 km/s hızda koşmasıyla başlar. Koşu hızının aşamalı olarak
artırıldığı bu test birbirini takip eden tekrarlı testlerden oluşur. Bu testte her bir tur yani 40
metrelik koşu tamamlandığında sporcular 2x5 metreden oluşan 10 saniyelik aktif toparlanma
yaparlar. Test 10-13km/s’de 4 koşu, 13,5-14 km/s’de 7 koşu ve sonrasında her 8 turdan sonra
hız 0,5 km/s artırılarak devam eder. 12 ve13 km/s’ hızla birer tur, 13.5 km/s hızla 3 tur, 14 km/s
hızla 4 tur, 14.5 km/s hızla 8 tur ve ardından 0.5 km/s hız artışları ile 19.5 km/s hıza kadar
sekizer tur şeklinde uygulanmaktadır. Sporcu bitkin düştüğünde veya art arda üç sinyal sesini
kaçırdığında Yo-Yo testi sonlandırılır (18).Yo-Yo Aralıklı Toparlanma Testi Seviye 1:
MaxVO2 (ml/kg/dk) = IR1 mesafe (m) × 0,0084 + 36,4 şeklinde formüle edilmiştir. (18).
Saha testlerinden Yo-YoIR1 testi aerobik kapasitenin belirlenmesinde sıkça kullanıldığı
görülmektedir (109-124).
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3.2.4.3. Cooper Test
Cooper testi, Kenneth Cooper tarafından geliştirilen ve aerobik kapasitenin belirlenmesinde
kullanılan testler arasında en yaygın kullanılan testlerden biridir. Cooper testi Amerika Birleşik
Devletleri’ne bağlı askeri faaliyetlerinde, askerlerin aerobik kapasitesinin belirlemek amacıyla
düzenli olarak uygulanmaktadır. Cooper testi iki farklı versiyon olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
Bunlardan biri 1.5 mil mesafe baz alınarak gerçekleştirilen ölçümdür. Bir diğer versiyonu ise
12 dakikalık koşudan oluşmaktadır. Testin popülaritesi ölçümün pratik ve maliyetinin düşük
olmasına dayanmaktadır. Cooper’ın koşu testi 12 dakika sürmektedir. Kat edilen mesafenin
belirlenmesi
için
bir
belirlenirken;VO2maks:
ölçüm
bandı
(Katedilen
gerekmektedir.
mesafe
(m)
Cooper
-504,9)
testi
/
ile
VO2max
44,73
bağıntısı
kullanılmaktadır.Aerobik kapasitenin Cooper’ın koşu testi ile arasındaki korelasyon ilişkisi
r=0,9 olarak belirtilmiştir (20, 21).Saha testlerinden Cooper testinin aerobik kapasiteyi
belirlemede sıkça kullanıldığı görülmektedir (125-133, 23,47).
3.2.4.4. Bir Mil Koşma/Yürüme Testi
Bir mil koşma/yürüme testi uygulanabilirliği kolay, araç, gereci ucuz ve çok sayıda çocuğun
aynı anda ölçülmesine olanak sağlayan bir yöntemdir. Bu nedenle bu test birçok okulun
bataryasında yer almaktadır (10).Bir mil koşma/yürüme testi çocuğa uygulanırken ilk olarak
gerekli açıklamalar yapılır. Çocuktan tüm mesafe yani 1mil (1,609 km) koşması istenir. Eğer
çocuk bu mesafeyi koşarak tamamlayamıyorsa yürümesi istenir. Testin sonunda koşulan süre
kayıt altına alınır. Test bitirildiğinde çocukların soğuması için 3-5 dakika yavaş tempoda
yürümesi unutulmamalıdır. Bu test için literatürde yer alan fitnesgram ve AAHPERD
(American Alliance For Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance) standartları tavsiye
edilmektedir (10).
3.2.5. Maksimal Kol Ergometresi
Hareket etme yeteneği olmayan ve bacaklarını egzersizde kullanamayan kişilerin MaxVO2
lerinin belirlenmesi için çok uygun bir yöntemdir. Bu ergometrede denek bacaklarını uzatarak
oturtulmalı ve krankın orta noktası omuz genişliğine göre ayarlanmalıdır. Denek kollarını bu
ergometrede maksimal şekilde germelidir. Başlangıç yükü 75-150 kgm ve artışta 75-150 kgm
olacak şekilde bacak ergometresindeki yöntem devam ettirilir. Denek bu artışlara
yetişemediğinde test sonlandırılır (10, 41).MaxVO2 = kgm/dk x 3ml/kgm + (3,5ml/kg.dk x
ağırlık)
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4.Sonuç
Sonuç olarak literatür incelendiğinde aerobik kapasitenin belirlenmesinde direkt ve indirekt
olmak üzere birçok yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Aerobik kapasitenin direkt ölçülmesi oldukça
güvenilir sonuçlar verir fakat pahalı, ulaşımı kolay olmayan ekipmanların kullanımı ve bu
yöntemlerin tecrübeli kişilerce uygulanması gerektiğinden uygulanması sınırlı yöntemlerdir.
Bu nedenle indirekt yöntemler olan; bisiklet testleri, koşu bandı testleri, basamak testleri ve
saha testleri daha sık kullanılmaktadır. Bu indirekt yöntemler kendi içerisinde incelendiğinde
ise Astrand Ryhming Bisiklet Testi, Bruce Protokolü, Balke Testi, Cooper Testi, 20 metre
Mekik Testi, Yo-Yo Testi gibi testlerin sık kullanıldığı göze çarpmaktadır. Ayrıca sporcuların
aerobik kapasitelerinin belirlenmesinde saha testlerinin, bisiklet testleri, koşu bandı testleri ve
basamak testlerine göre daha sık kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir.
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917
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at high altitude]. RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte 2021; 17.65:
221-233.
128.Rodriguez, JLR (2023). Valoración de la capacidad aeróbica de estudiantes de Educación
Física a través del Test de Cooper. Revista EDUCARE-UPEL-IPB-Segunda Nueva Etapa
2.0. 2023; (4)111-28.
129.Sánchez-Rojas, IA, Castro-Jiménez, LE, Triana-Reina, HR. ve ark. Validation of two field
tests to determine maximum oxygen consumption in university students at high
altitude. Medicas UIS, 2021; 34.1: 19-26
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130.Rana, A., Ghosh, K. ve Chaterjee, K. A study on relationship between two different
methods of endurance test. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health
2015; 1(5): 64-65
131.Mohammed, Z., Zohar, B. F., Gourar, B. ve ark. VOmax levels as a pointer of physiological
training status among soccer players. Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis
Comenianae 2018; 58(2), 112-121.
132.Wulandari, R. Hubungan Usia Dan Indeks Massa Tubuh Dengan Vo2Max Pada Pemain
Basket Di Mataram Basketball School Dan Bima Perkasa Academy. Jurnal Ilmiah
Fisioterapi 2023; 6(01), 1-5.
133.Meltem, K. O. Ç., Dongaz, Ö. İ., Bayar, B. ve ark. Üniversite öğrencilerinden oluşan kadın
ve erkek voleybol oyuncularının bazı fiziksel uygunluk özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve
birbiriyle karşılaştırılması. Karya Journal of Health Science, 1(1), 15-18.
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KURUMSAL KİMLİK TAŞIYICISI OLARAK ÜRETİLEN KİBRİT KUTUSU
AMBALAJ TASARIMLARINDA 20. YÜZYIL SANAT AKIMLARININ
YANSIMALARI
Elif SARIGÜZMEN* (ORCID: 0009-0003-2001-643X)
Yaşar University, Open and Distance Learning Center, Visual Designer Specialist,
Katip Çelebi University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Basic Art Education, Art
and Design Studies Thesis Master's Program, İzmir-Türkiye
Email: elif.sariguzmen@yasar.edu.tr
ÖZET
Kurumsal kimlik tasarımı, bir markanın piyasada nasıl var olmak istediğini, nasıl algılanmak
istendiğini ve hangi özelliklerini, değerlerini tanıtmak istediğini belirlemek için oluşturulan bir
grafik ve görsel kimlik sistemidir. Bu görsel kimlik sistemi, markanın birliğini ve zamansal
süreçteki profesyonel olarak ilerlemesini sağlar. Tüketici ve rakip markalar arasında marka
algısının yapılandırılmasına katkıda bulunur. Kurumun benliğini, vizyon ve misyonunu,
hedeflerini, özgün kişiliğini yansıtan bir marka kimliği ve görsel çözümlemesini oluşturmak
için tasarlanır. Tıpkı her bireyin farklı benliğinin olması gibi, her markanın da kurumsal kimlik
tasarımının görsel betimlemesi karakteristik olarak marka hakkında bilgi verir.Kurumsal kimlik
tasarımı; logo tasarımı, ambalaj tasarımı, web sitesi tasarımı, tipografi, görsel iletişim, kurumsal
dokümanlar, renk paleti unsurlarını içerebilir. Kurumsal kimliğin ana üretim kanallarının
dışında birçok tanıtıcı malzemeler vardır ve bu kanallardan biri de promosyon ürünleridir.
Promosyon ürünleri, markanın kurumsal kimliğinin bir taşıyıcısı olarak; markanın bilinirliğini
artırma, itibar ve güven inşası, pazarlama ve tanıtım, rekabet üstünlüğünü sağlama açısından
büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Promosyon ürünü olarak tasarlanan, tarihsel süreçte geçmişten
günümüze kadar uygulama alanlarından biri de kibrit kutusu tasarımlarıdır. Bu araştırmanın
amacı; kurumsal kimlik tasarımlarının önemli bir taşıyıcısı olarak var olan kibrit kutusu
tasarımlarındaki 20. yüzyıl sanat akımlarının yansımalarını açığa çıkarmaktır. Araştırmada
kibrit kutularının içinde bulunduğu dönemin popüler kültürünün hafızalara kazınan imgesel
izleğinden yansımaları nasıl taşıdığı incelenecektir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel
tarama modelinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada; kibrit kutusu ambalaj tasarımlarının zaman
içerisindeki biçimsel ve tasarımsal gelişimi, değişimi irdelenecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Grafik Tasarım, Kurumsal Kimlik Tasarımı, İllüstrasyon, Promosyon
Ürünü, Kibrit Kutusu Tasarımı
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MATCH BOX PACKAGING DESIGNS PRODUCED AS CORPORATE IDENTITY
CARRIER REFLECTIONS OF 20TH CENTURY ART MOVEMENTS
Abstract
Corporate identity design is a graphic and visual identity system created to determine how a
brand wants to exist in the market, how it wants to be perceived and what features and values
it wants to promote. This visual identity system ensures the unity of the brand and its
professional progress in the temporal process. It contributes to the structuring of brand
perception among consumers and competing brands. It is designed to create a brand identity
and visual analysis that reflects the organization's identity, vision and mission, goals and unique
personality. Just as each individual has a different self, the visual description of the corporate
identity design of each brand characteristically provides information about the brand. Corporate
identity design can include logo design, packaging design, website design, typography, visual
communication, corporate documents, color palette. There are many promotional materials
outside the main production channels of corporate identity and one of these channels is
promotional products. Promotional products, as a carrier of the brand's corporate identity, have
a great importance in terms of increasing brand awareness, building reputation and trust,
marketing and promotion, and ensuring competitive advantage. Matchbox designs are one of
the application areas that have been designed as promotional products from the past to the
present. The aim of this research is to reveal the reflections of 20th century art movements in
matchbox designs that exist as a carrier of corporate identity designs. In the research, it will be
examined how matchboxes carry reflections from the imaginary trace of the popular culture of
the period in which they are located. In this study, in which the descriptive survey model, one
of the qualitative research methods, is used; the formal and design development and change of
matchbox packaging designs over time will be examined.
Keywords: Graphic Design, Corporate Identity Design, Illustration, Promotional Product,
Matchbox Design;
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Benlik kavramı, var olmanın başlıca konularından biridir. Bu kavram ile birlikte, insanların
yaşam biçimlerinin şekillenmesi gibi kurumların da görsel kimliği şekillenmektedir. Bu
nitelikle insanlar benliklerini kimlik algısıyla tarif edebilirler. “Değerlerin oluşumunun kaynağı
nedir?”, “Temsil edilen ve yansıtılan özellikler nelerdir?” gibi sorular kimlik algısının
oluşumuna katkı sağlar. Kimlik algısı, kurumlarda vizyon-misyonu, değer, anlam ve hedeflerini
yansıtmaktadır. Kimlik kavramı kendi içinde bireysel, kolektif ve kurumsal kimlik olmak üzere
üç şekilde oluşabilir.Literatürde gelmiş geçmiş ilk ve en büyük endüstriyel tasarımcı ve
kurumsal kimlik olgusunun duayeni sayılan Peter Behrens, “Tasarım, işlevsel formları dekore
etmek değildir; nesnenin karakterine uygun ve yeni teknolojileri avantajlı gösteren formlar
yaratmaktır” diyerek kimlik kavramının, kurumsal kimlik çerçevesinde markalar için
tasarlanırken, tıpkı bireylerde gelişen benlik kavramında olduğu gibi, spesifik olarak
tasarlanması gerektiğine atıfta bulunmuştur (Georgia Cheirchanteri, 2016). Behrens’in, endüstri
alanında bütünleştirici düzeyde yaptığı; markanın algı standartlarını yükseltmenin ancak
tasarımla sağlanabileceğine dair olan çalışmaları geçmişten günümüze, kimlik kavramının
gelişmesine ve ilerlemesine ışık tutmuştur.Her marka, kendi benliğini ifade etmek ve rekabet
avantajı elde etmek için özel bir kurumsal kimlik tasarımına ihtiyaç duyar. Kurumsal kimlik
tasarımı, genellikle logo tasarımı, ambalaj tasarımı, web sitesi tasarımı, tipografi, renk paleti,
görsel iletişim ve kurumsal dokümanlar gibi farklı öğeleri içerir. Bunlar, markanın tutarlı bir
şekilde tanıtılmasını ve tüketiciye güçlü bir marka izlenimi sunmasını sağlar. Ayrıca,
promosyon ürünleri gibi farklı kanallarda da markanın kimliğini taşır. Promosyon ürünleri,
markanın bilinirliğini artırma, itibar oluşturma, pazarlama ve rekabet üstünlüğü sağlama
amacıyla kullanılır. Kibrit kutusu tasarımları da bu promosyon ürünlerinin örneklerindendir.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, 20. yüzyıl sanat akımlarının kibrit kutusu tasarımlarına nasıl yansıdığını
incelemektir. Promosyon ürünlerinden biri olan kibrit kutusu tasarımlarının; süslemeden
oldukça uzakta, yalın bir görsel üslupta illüstre edilerek tasarlanmasının nedeni; işlevin güzellik
kavramı ile kolektif çalışmasıdır. Kibrit kutuları, içerdikleri dönemin popüler kültürünü ve
görsel unsurlarını yansıtarak tarihsel bir iz bırakır. Bu çalışma, kibrit kutusu ambalajlarının
biçimsel ve tasarımsal evrimini ve dönemsel değişimlerini detaylı bir şekilde ele alarak bu
yansımaları analiz edecektir.
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1.
KURUMSAL KİMLİK TASARIMI
“Kimlik” kelimesi, “bir ‘kişi’ ya da ‘şey’i tanıtan tekil karakteristikler” şeklinde bütünsel olarak
tanımlanmıştır. Bu çerçeveden bakılınca kimlik olgusu, diğerinden farklılaştıran özellikler ile
bireyselliğe atıfta bulunur. Kurumsal kimlik için tanımlanmış evrensel bir tanım bulunmamakla
birlikte literatürde kurumsal kimlik kavramının geniş ve dar yelpazede tanımları vardır.
Kurumsal kimliğin temasta bulunduğu multidisipliner yapı sebebiyle tanımı ile ilgili tarihsel
süreçte değişkenlik göstermiştir (Collins English Dictionary, 2002, s.482). Tüm bu süreçteki en
nihai bulgu; bir markanın tanımında ifade biçimi olarak tercih edilen üslup, iletişim yöntemi
olarak kurgulanan ifade öbekleridir. Kimlik olgusu, genel olarak bir bireyin benzersiz
özelliklerini, karakterini ve tanımlayıcı unsurlarını ifade eder (Erikson, 1959, s.18-26). Bu
kavram, bir kişinin kendini tanımlama, aidiyet duygusu, kim olduğunu anlama ve diğer
insanlarla ilişkiler kurma sürecini içerir. Kimlik, sosyal, kültürel, cinsel, etnik, dini ve kişisel
faktörlerin bir kombinasyonu olarak ortaya çıkabilir (Keyman, 2007, s.217-230).
“Guichaoua’ya göre (1998); “Bütün diğer toplumsal olgular gibi etnik, dini, kültürel vd.
kimlikler de mevcut ve kabul gören değil, kurulan, inşa edilen olgulardır.”” (Günay, 2010,
s.144) Kimlik, bireyin sahip olduğu özelliklerle şekillenir ve genellikle şu unsurları içerir:
kişisel kimlik, sosyal kimlik, kültürel kimlik, cinsel kimlik ve etik kimlik. Aynı zamanda kimlik
olgusunda, bireyin içsel algısıyla dış dünyadaki algılar arasında farklılıklar olabilir. Bu açıdan
bakılınca kimlik, kişinin kendisini ve başkalarını anlaması, kabul etmesi ve iletişimde denge
yaratması açısından önemlidir. Markanın görsel kimliğinde öncelikle kimlik olgusunun inşası
kurulur; hangi duyguyu vereceği ve eylem ayağının nasıl ön planda oluşacağı gibi sorular
çerçevesinde şekillenir. 19. Yüzyılın başlarında sadece logo tasarımı ile kurulmaya başlanan
kimlik inşası, 1970’lerden itibaren kimlik üzerine markayı kurgulamak daha bilinçli bir şekilde
ele alınmıştır (Karsak, 2008).Kurumsal kimlik, iletişim kanalında markanın benzersiz ve
tanınabilir bir karaktere sahip olmasını sağlayan görsel ve sözlü unsurların bütünüdür. Bu
unsurlar arasında logo, renk paleti, tipografi, dil ve iletişim tarzı, kurumsal misyon ve vizyon
gibi öğeler bulunur. Kurumsal kimlik, bir şirketin hedef kitlesi ile iletişim kurmasını, güvenilir
bir imaj oluşturmasını ve marka değerini artırmasını amaçlar. Bu durumda kurumsal iletişim,
kurumsal dil, mesajlar, ton ve tarz gibi unsurların bir bütünüdür ve böylece kurumun hedef
kitlesiyle nasıl iletişim kuracağını belirler. Alman sanatçı, mimar ve endüstriyel tasarımcı Peter
Behrens; endüstri alanında, Alman Jugendstil ve Alman Ekspresyonist akımlarında önemli ve
öncü bir figürdür. Behrens; 19. Yüzyılın başında, Alman sanayi devi olarak görülen AEG
(Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft) isimli firmada genel sanat yönetmeni olarak aktif rol
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
aldığı periyotta, mimarlık ve tasarım dünyasında büyük izler bırakmıştır. Behrens, kurumsal
kimlik tasarımı sürecinde; toplum ve sanatın birleşimi, kurumsal kimliğin bütünselliği, özgün
ve tanınabilir tasarımlar gibi özellikleri prensip olarak ele almıştır. Bu sebeple, AEG markası
için tasarlamak için giriştiği logo ve ürün tasarımları, markanın güçlü bir kimlik oluşturmasını
sağlamıştır. (Anderson, 2002). Peter Behrens'in tasarımları ve kurumsal kimlik anlayışı,
modern endüstriyel tasarım ve kurumsal kimlik oluşturma süreçlerine önemli adımlar olmuştur.
Bu dönemde; Walter Gropius gibi, Behrens ile birlikte çalışan bazı genç yetenekler, Bauhaus’un
öğrenci ve öğretmenleri olacak isimlerdir. En nihai sonuç olarak; Gropius’un disiplininde
Behrens’in etkisi olarak, sanat ve endüstriyi birleştirme vizyonu görülmektedir. Bauhaus'un en
baş prensiplerinden biri, sanatı ve zanaatı bir bütün olarak ele alıp, endüstriyel tasarımı öne
çıkarmaktır (Droste,1994, s.22-34). Bu prensipler, Behrens'in öncüsü olduğu endüstriyel
tasarım ekolünün etkisi altında kalmış olabilir. Bu açıdan bakılınca, Behrens ile Bauhaus
disiplini arasındaki köklü bağ, tasarım tarihindeki önemli bir geçiş dönemine ve modern
tasarımın evrimine ışık tutan bir etkileşim örneği olarak görülebilir.19. Yüzyılın birinci
yarısının erken döneminde, kurumsal kimliği tasarlanmak üzere profesyonel süreçten geçen ilk
marka, Bass Ale olmuştur. 1876'da İngiltere merkezli bir bira üreticisi olan Bass & Company,
firmanın birası olan Bass Ale için dünyada tanınan bir marka oluşturma amacıyla, kırmızı üçgen
şeklindeki logo ve diğer marka öğelerini kullanmaya başlamıştır (Bass&Company, 2001). Bu,
marka ve ürün arasında bir bağlantı yaratmak ve tüketicilerin zihinlerinde markanın kalıcı bir
imajını oluşturmak amacıyla yapılan erken bir girişimdir. Ancak, kurumsal kimliğin tam
anlamıyla tasarlanması ve yönetilmesi konsepti daha sonraki yıllarda gelişmiştir. Modern
anlamda kurumsal kimlik tasarımı, markanın görsel öğeleri, mesajları ve diğer unsurlarıyla
bütünlüğünü sürdürme çabalarından gelmektedir. 19.Yüzyıl sonlarında, birinci sanayi devrimi
ile birlikte; tüketim toplumu oluşmuş, seri üretim ve markalaşmada rekabetin artması nedeniyle
kurumsal kimlik yapılaşmaya başlamıştır. Bu çağda endüstrileşme ve ticaretin artmasıyla
birlikte şirketlerin rekabeti artmış, bu da kurumsal kimliğin önemini ortaya çıkarmıştır. İlk
başlarda, kurumsal kimlik unsurları sadece logoları içermiş, ancak zamanla bu unsurlar da
gelişmiştir. 1920’ler ve 1930’lar, marka kimliği ve tasarım alanında önemli gelişmelerin
yaşandığı dönemlerdir. Bu aralıkta, şirketler alıcı ile bağ kurmak ve ürünlerini diğerlerinden
ayırmak için markalaşma ve kurumsal kimlik unsurlarını kullanma eğilimine girmiştir. 1950'ler
ve 1960'lar, kurumsal kimlik alanında daha fazla standardizasyon ve bilinçli strateji
dönemleridir. Öyle ki bu dönemde, renk seçimi, tipografi ve logoların kullanımı daha bilinçli
bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. 1970'lerde kurumsal kimlik alanında; tasarım ve tasarlamak bilincinin
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
gelişmesiyle birlikte, kurumsal düzeydeki bir tasarım sorunu olarak yoğunlaşmıştır (Meral,
2011). Bu var olma durumu, kurumsal kimliğin sistematik düzende stratejik bir kazanım ve
rakip markalar arasında avantaj niteliğinde bir adım olarak görülmesidir. Kurumsal kimlik
tasarımı markaların, itibarının artırması ile birlikte kurumsal paydaşlarının yatırım planlarını ve
marka ürünlerinin tercih edilmesini önemli ölçüde etkilediği izlenilmektedir. Bununla birlikte,
çalışanların kurumsal aidiyetinde kimlik olgusunun gelişmesi, vizyon ve misyonunu
benimsemesi; yaratılan kimlik olgusuna daha duyarlı olmalarını sağlamış ve entegrasyonunu
pratik hale getirmiştir. Geçmişten günümüze etkileri çığ gibi büyüyen markalaşma hali, marka
yönetimi stratejilerinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olmuştur ve markaların başarı adımlarında önemli
bir rol oynamıştır.David Aaker, kurumsal kimlik konusunda önemli katkılarda bulunan
akademisyen ve yazarlardan biridir. Aaker, “Building Strong Brands” (Güçlü Markalar İnşa
Etmek) adlı kitabında, marka yönetimi ve kurumsal kimlik konularına değinerek bu alanda öncü
bir figür olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu alandaki diğer önemli figürler arasında Wally Olins, Paul
Rand, Saul Bass gibi isimler de bulunmaktadır. Ancak, kurumsal kimlik kavramının evrimi
birçok farklı faktör ve etkenle şekillendiği için, tek bir öncü belirlemek oldukça güçtür. Bu
sebeple öncü isimleri dönemsel olarak, gelişen ve genişleyen unsurlar çerçevesinde incelemekte
fayda vardır. (Aaker, 1996 s.41).Kurumsal kimlik tasarımı, bir şirketin veya kurumun görsel
olarak temsil edildiği ve tanındığı bir dizi grafik öğeyi içerir. Bu öğeler, kurumsal kimlik
tasarımının yapısal ve biçimsel özelliklerini oluşturur. Bu sebeple kurumsal kimlik tasarımı;
kurumun değerlerini, kültürünü ve kimliğini yansıtarak genel bir birlik ve tanıma sağlar.
Tarihsel süreç içindeki bu olgunun gelişimi, hem kimlik algısının tam olarak oturması hem de
tasarım çözümlemesi açısından çeşitlenmesi ile farklı üsluplar ve yeniliklerle evrimleşmiştir.
Bu evrim, kurumsal kimlik tasarımının yapısında biçimsel değişikliklere yol açmıştır. Bu
noktada, yapısal ve biçimsel özelliklerin neler olduğunu açıklığa kavuşturmadan önce; bu
değişimin, araştırmanın doğru bir şekilde iletilmesi ve anlaşılabilirliğinin artması açısından
önemini vurgulamak gerekmektedir.
2. KURUMSAL KİMLİK TASARIMININ YAPISAL VE BİÇİMSEL ÖZELLİKLERİ
Görsel kimlik tasarımının inşasında; kurumsal kimliğin iletişimsel, işlevsel ve etken yönlerinin
belirlenmesi, paydaşlar ve alıcılar arasında algı gücünü arttırmaktadır. Bu sebeple; kurumsal
kimlik tasarımının yapısal ve biçimsel özellikleri belirlenirken; markanın karakter oluşumunu,
vizyon-misyonunu ve tanımlayıcı unsurlarını kapsar. Bu unsurlar sayesinde kurumsal kimlik
tasarımının en temel oluşum özellikleri şekillenir. Logo, renk paleti, tipografi, illüstrasyon,
fotoğraf, görsel iletişim kuralları, kurumsal belge şablonları, kurumsal iletişim stili; slogan ve
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
iletişim tonu, ambalaj tasarımı ile promosyon ürünleri bu unsurları oluşturur ve görsel kimliği
belirler (Olins, 1989, s.464-467). Bir markanın kaliteli ve prestijli duruş sergileyebilmesi için
kimlik olgusu üzerine bir görsel çözümleme oluşturması gerekmektedir. Bu görsel çözümleme
de yapısal ve biçimsel özelliklerinin tespit edilip, bu üslupta inşa edilmesi ile mümkün
olmaktadır. Biçimsel özellikler, kurumsal kimliği oluşturan öğelerin formunu, ergonomik
biçimini kapsar. Yapısal özellikler ise antetli kağıt, kartvizit, afiş, flyer, zarf ve dosya çeşitleri,
bigilendirme grafikleri, isimlikler vb. ürünleri kapsamaktadır. Bu ürünlerin yanında da
promosyon ürünleri olarak belirlenen kurumsal kimliğin en belirgin taşıyıcı ürünleri vardır.
Kurumsal kimlik ürünlerinin aynı üsluba ait bir şekilde mutabık kalarak tasarlanması; markanın
akılda kalıcılığını ve bu sayede bilinirliliğini arttırır. Tercih edilen renk skalası, markanın
karakteristik olarak oluşturulan kimlik inşasının duygu ve atmosferini yansıtarak tüketiciyle
duygusal bağ kurmasını elverişli kılar. Renk paletinin tutarlı kullanımı da marka algısının
güçlenmesine fayda sağlar. Bununla birlikte, markanın kimlik olgusuyla bütünleşen yazı
karakterleri ve tipografi tercihleri; markanın yazılı iletişiminin bütününü oluşturur. Tasarlanan
tipografik görselleştirme, markanın profesyonel ve güvenilir bir imaj sergilemesini destekler.
Tipografi unsurunun güçlü ifadesi; fotoğraf ve imgelere senkronize bir şekilde, görsel kimliğin
genel estetiğini belirler. Bir diğer unsurlardan biri de markanın reklam sloganı ve iletişim
kanalını oluşturan iletişim tonudur. İletişim tonu; markanın kişiliği ile birlikte sesini ifade eder.
Bu sebeple; bir üslubu biçimsel olarak marka ile eşleştirmek, markanın tutarlı bir duruşa sahip
olmasına katkı sağlar. Bunun yanında, kurumsal kimlik oluşumu için tasarlanan promosyon
ürünleri ve diğer iletişim araçları üzerinde kullanılan kurumsal belirteçler, markanın yekpare
bir üslupta algılanmasına katkıda bulunur. Promosyon ürünleri: Kimliğin taşıyıcı rolünü
üstlenmesi ile birlikte tüketiciyle en yaygın ve pratik şekilde etkileşim kuran grafik ürünlerdir.
Promosyon ürünlerine kimlik algısını aktaran tipografi, imge, renk, fotoğraf, illüstrasyon gibi
unsurlar; logo ile birlikte nokta, çizgi, renk, biçim, yön, ölçü, aralık ve doku gibi tasarım
prensiplerinin çerçevesinde kurgulanır. Kurumsal kimlik tasarımının, tasarım prensiplerinin
kullanım kolaylığının ve birliğinin sağlanması açısından kılavuzları oluşturulur. Oluşturulan
kılavuzlarda; grafik ürünlerin kullanım kuralları ve standartları mevcuttur. Bu standartlar,
materyallerin ve iletişim araçlarının bir bütünlük içinde olmasını, iletinin net ve etkili bir şekilde
aktarılmasını sağlar.Başarılı bir tasarım ortaya çıkabilmesi için kurumun kimliğini yansıtan
yapısal ve biçimsel özelliklerin ön planda olması gerekmektedir. Örneğin; kullanılan kırmızı
renginin tonu, fontun sans veya serifli tercih edilmesi, minimal çizgilerin görsel öğelere eşlikçi
olması, imgenin güçlü ifadesi ve kimlik olgusuyla şekillenen illüstratif çözümleme gibi
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yapıların spesifik oluşu; tarihte birçok markanın ikonik hale gelmesine katkı sağlayan unsurlara
örnektir. Bu yapısal ve biçimsel özelliklerin şekillenmesi ilk olarak Bauhaus öğretisi ile
başlamıştır.1920’li yıllarda Almanya'da kurulan Bauhaus okulu, estetik olgusu ile tasarımın
işlevselliğini birleştiren bir ekol ile eğitim vermiştir. Kurumsal kimliğin babası olarak anılan
Behrens’in öğretilerinin etkisinde olan Bauhaus disiplini, modern kurumsal kimlik tasarımının
temellerine katkıda bulunan minimalist ve fonksiyonel tasarım prensiplerini benimsemiştir
(Chakraborty and Forgas, 1997, s.15-30). Kurumsal kimlik tasarımının yapısal ve biçimsel
özellikleri tarihsel süreçte, birçok markanın gelişimi ve pazar lideri oluşumu nedeniyle evrilerek
günümüze kadar aktarılmıştır. IBM (International Business Machines) markası, bu süreç
içerisindeki önemli bir örnektir. IBM, 1950’li yıllardan beri kurumsal kimlik tasarımı alanında
öncü markalardan biri olmuştur. 1956'da Paul Rand, 1956 yılında ünlü “IBM” logosunu
tasarlamıştır (Rand, 1993, s.113). Bu logonun tasarım tercihi olarak, sade ve modern oluşu ile
döneme damga vurmuş, dikkat çekmiştir. Minimal yapısıyla öncü olan bu logo, mavi renk
kullanımı ile markanın güvenilirliliğine atıfta bulunarak profesyonelliğine vurgu yapmış ve
ikonik hale gelmiştir. Geniş ürün yelpazesi ile karmaşık bir teknoloji markası olmasına tezat,
yalın ve açıklayıcı bir dil ile inşa edilmiş kurumsal kimlik tasarımı onu döneminde spesifik
kılmıştır.Bu kronolojik düzende aktarılan ve döneminde elde ettiği başarı ile kalıcı olan
örnekler, kurumsal kimlik tasarımının zaman kavramı ile nasıl evrildiğini ve tasarımsal
prensipleri nasıl benimsediğini göstermektedir. Her örnek, döneminin sosyo-kültürel ve tasarım
trendlerine uygun bir şekilde, markanın kimlik inşasına göre nasıl oluştuğunu; yapısal ve
biçimsel özelliklerinin belirleyici unsurlarını yansıtmaktadır. Kurumsal kimlik tasarımının;
marka logosu, renk paleti, tipografi, ambalaj tasarımı gibi unsurları, promosyon ürünlerinde
kimliğin taşıyıcısı olarak rol üstlenmektedir. Promosyon ürünleri; bir markanın değerlerini,
kalitesini yansıtarak hedef kitlesine tutarlı ve bütünsel bir izlenim sunar. Günümüzde, dijital
pazarlama ve sosyal medya gibi faktörlerin etkisiyle kurumsal kimlik tasarımı daha da önemli
hale gelmiş ve bu sayede markaların sektörlerinde rekabet avantajı kazanmalarını sağlamıştır.
Böylece kurumsal kimlik tasarımı sadece bir estetik tercih değil, aynı zamanda stratejik bir
iletişim aracı haline gelmiştir.
3. KURUMSAL KİMLİK TAŞIYISI OLARAK PROMOSYON ÜRÜNLERİ
Kurumsal kimlik taşıyıcısı olarak tasarlanan promosyon ürünleri, bir markanın veya kurumun
pazarda pozitif algısını desteklemek için kullanılan etkili bir stratejik araçtır. Promosyon
ürünleri; fiziksel olarak temsil edilen, markanın kimlik olgusunu doğrudan aktaran ve bir
taşıyıcı olarak genellikle logonun öne çıktığı tasarımlarla şekillenmektedir. Tanınabilirlik ve
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
marka imajı, müşteri sadakati ve memnuniyeti, reklam ve pazarlama etkisi, çeşitlilik ve
kişiselleştirme, etkileşim ve iletişim promosyon ürünlerinin etki alanlarıdır (Mullin, 2010, s.3543).Promosyon ürünleri, kurumun kimliğini oluşturan görsel elemanlardan; logo, renk paleti,
illüstrasyon, fotoğraf, tipografi, gibi özgün unsurlarını içerdiği için markanın bilinirliğini
arttıran en önemli taşıyıcılardır. Promosyon ürünlerinin aktarımı ile paydaşlar, alıcılar ve marka
çalışanları aidiyet duygusu ile güçlü bir bağ kurar ve bu marka imajına olumlu şekilde yansır
(Airey, 2019, s. 14-19). Ücretsiz olarak verilen veya uygun fiyatlı satılan promosyon ürünleri,
alıcılar için değerli bir hediyeyi temsil eder. Bu durum, paydaşlara kıyasla memnuniyet yaratır
ve marka sadakatini kazandırır. Promosyon ürünleri, taşıyıcısı olduğu marka üslubunu farklı
kategorilerdeki küçük ürünler ile alıcılara sürekli bir hatırlatma sağlar. Özellikle günlük
kullanımda bu ürünler, rutinlerinde markanın varlığını sürekli kılar, böylece çok etkili bir
reklam ve organik kanallarla iletilen bir pazarlama aracı haline gelir. Promosyon ürünlerinin
geniş bir yelpazesi vardır. Bu çeşitlilik, markanın hedef kitlesine uygun olarak seçilebilir.
Ürünlerin çeşitliliği arttırılabilir ve potansiyel taşıyan alıcılara veya hedef gruplara istinaden
özeleştirilmesi mümkündür. Promosyon ürünleri, marka ile potansiyel alıcılar arasında
doğrudan bir etkileşim kanalıdır. Etkin bir promosyon stratejisi planlanırsa, alıcı ile marka
arasında iletişim doğru bir şekilde kurulabilir, güçlendirilebilir ve böylece markanın geniş
kitlelere ulaşmasını sağlanabilir.Kurumsal kimliğin taşıyıcısı olarak kullanılan promosyon
ürünleri: kalem, defter, ajanda, bardak, termos anahtarlık, rozet; şapka, tişört, çorap, havlu,
önlük ve kanvas çanta gibi tekstil ürünleri; usb bellek ve teknoloji ürünleri, fuar stand ürünleri
ile kristal ürünler gibi geniş bir ürün yelpazesine sahiptir. Markanın sektörüne göre de spesifik
olarak çeşitlilik gösterebilir (Airey, 2019, s.235-240). Markayı taşıyan etkili iletişim araçları,
promosyon ürünleri, fiziksel nesneler aracılığıyla marka mesajını iletmek ve alıcı ile doğrudan
etkileşim kurmak amacıyla kullanılan güçlü bir aracıdır. İyi planlanmış bir promosyon ürün
stratejisi, markanın tanınabilirliğini arttırıp, hedef kitleyle güçlü bir bağ kurabilir. Bu nedenle,
işletmelerin promosyon ürünlerini etkili bir şekilde kullanmaları, marka yönetimi ve pazarlama
stratejilerini destekleyerek prestij sağlar ve başarıya giden yolda önemli bir adımdır. Kibrit
kutusu tasarımı da promosyon ürünleri içerisinde görsel üslubu ve işlevselliği bir arada
yansıtarak marka imajını güçlendirebilecek önemli bir üründür.Markanın kimliğini yansıtan bir
tasarım, kibrit kutusunu sadece bir tasarım çözümü olarak değil, aynı zamanda markanın özünü
yansıtan bir taşıyıcı haline getirir. Örneğin, kibrit kutusunun ambalaj tasarımında; yumuşak
tonlarda bir yüzey üzerine yerleştirilmiş marka logosu, markanın öne çıkan renklerini ve
sembollerini vurgular. Aynı zamanda, kutunun üzerindeki minimalist tasarım veya çizim ile
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
tercih edilen yazı karakterleri, modern ve sofistike bir imaj yaratır. Kibrit kutusunun tasarımı
kadar formu da markanın bir taşıyıcısı olarak kabul edilir. Genellikle dikdörtgen formda
kullanılan biçim, markanın tasarım üslubuna göre; kare, iki kanatlı, çekmeceli, diyagonal açılı
sağ-sol bitişli gibi farklı fonksiyonellikte tasarlanabilir. Böylece, kullanıcılar günlük hayatta
kibritleri kullanırken markayı hatırlayacak ve marka sadakati oluşturacaktır. Kibrit kutusu
tasarımı, küçük boyutuna rağmen marka etkileşimini ve tanıtımını maksimum seviyeye
çıkarmak için güçlü bir araçtır.
4. KİBRİT KUTUSU TASARIMI
Kibrit kutusu tasarımı, kibritin icadından başlayarak zaman içindeki evrimi ve tasarımındaki
değişiklikleri içerir. Kibritin İcadı, Kimyager John Walker tarafından 1826'da tesadüfen kibritin
ilk formülünü keşfedilmiştir (Stone, 2014). Ancak, bu kibritler zamanla güvenlik sorunlarına
neden olduğu için pek popüler olmamıştır. 1830 yılında ise fosforlu kibrit icat edilmiştir. İsveçli
kimyager Jöns Jakob Berzelius ve İngiliz mucit Charles Sauria, güvenli ve kullanışlı bir kibrit
formülü olarak bu kibriti geliştirmişlerdir. Bu yeni kibrit türü, sülfür ve fosfor içeren başlığı
sayesinde sürtüşmeyle ateşlenmektedir. 1836 yılında üretilen kibritlerin kullanımının
fonksiyonel olması açısından İngiliz kâğıt üreticisi olan Joshua Pusey, ilk pratik kibrit kutusunu
tasarlamıştır (Jones, 2004, s.7-12.) Bu tasarım, günümüzdeki en yaygın kullanımı olan;
kibritleri içeren bir kutunun yan tarafındaki sürtüşme yüzeyi ile kibritleri ateşleme prensibine
dayanmaktadır. 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru gelişen ve değişen kibrit kutusu tasarımları;
materyal ve yüzey kullanımı açısından da zenginleşmiştir. O dönemlerde metal, karton, tahta
dokularında üretilen kutular, çeşitli konulardaki illüstratif anlatımlarla oluşturulmuştur. 20.
yüzyılda kibrit kutusu tasarımları, marka tanıtımı ve pazarlaması amacıyla promosyon ürünü
olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Reklam ve marka bilincini kazandırmak amacıyla 20. yüzyıl
sanat akımlarının izleriyle renkli baskı teknolojisinin de gelişimi ile birlikte dikkat çekici
illüstrasyon ve tipografi kullanımları kibrit kutularına entegre edilmiştir.20. yüzyıl ortalarında,
1930-1960’lı yıllar arasında; ikinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında, Amerika ve Avrupa’da
Midcentury tasarım öne çıkan bir stil olmuştur. Bu dönemde tasarımcılar, modernlik ve
işlevselliği ön planda tutmuşlardır. Savaş sonras döneminin adaptasyonunu kolaylaştırmak için
modern tasarımcılar, yeni bir kimlik oluşturma yolunda ilerlerken; güzellik kavramına basitlik,
rahatlık ve konfor katmak için tamamen yenilikçiliğe yönelmiştir. 1980’ler sonrası post
modernizmin hakimiyeti ile birlikte karmaşıklığı, ironiyi, parodi ve referansları içeren bir renkli
bir estetik ile bilinir. Nonkonformist yaklaşımlar ve sembolizm ile öne çıkan Postmodernizm
dönemi; grafik tasarımın ve reklam stratejilerinin yükselişte olması sebebiyle, kibrit kutusu
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
tasarımlarının da daha çeşitli ve çarpıcı olmasına olanak tanımıştır (Antmen, 2003, s.30-33s.112) 2000’ler ve daha sonrası: Diğer ambalaj tasarımlarında olduğu gibi, kibrit kutusu ambalaj
tasarımlarında da çevre dostu materyaller ile yenilikçi tasarımlar daha çok ön planda
tutulmuştur. Son yıllarda, geri dönüşüm bilincinin de artmasıyla birlikte; çevre dostu
malzemelerin ve sıfır atık ambalajlarının önem kazanması, kibrit kutusu tasarımlarında da
çevreci tasarımsal tercihler odak haline gelmiştir. Bu doğa dostu tasarımlar ve geri
dönüştürülebilir materyaller, tüketicilerin dikkatini çekmeye başladı. Bugün, kibrit kutusu
ambalaj tasarımları, markanın kimlik olgusu, hedef kitle beklentileri ve çevresel farkındalık
gibi faktörlerle paralel olarak çeşitli ve özgün tasarlanabilmektedir. Estetik, ergonomik tasarım
ve popüler tüketim kaygılarıyla kurumsal kimliğin bir taşıyıcısı olarak tasarlanan kibrit kutusu
tasarımlarının her biri, kendi içinde benzersiz özelliklere sahip ve farklı hedef kitleler üzerine
etki etmektedir. Kurumsal kimlik tasarımının yapısal ve biçimsel özellikleri bölümünde
bahsedilen, marka sloganı ve ileti tonu da tasarımların dönemsel olarak etkisindeki önemli bir
unsur olmuştur.
5. 20.YÜZYIL
SANAT
AKIMLARI
ÇERÇEVESİNDE
KİBRİT
KUTUSU
TASARIMLARININ İLLÜSTRATİF ÇÖZÜMLEMESİ
20. yüzyıl sanat akımlarının geniş yelpazesinde; promosyon ürünlerinden biri olan, kurumsal
kimlik taşıyıcısı kibrit kutusu tasarımları, dönemine ait birçok farklı estetik üslubun ve tasarım
anlayışının izlerini taşımaktadır. 20. Yüzyıl sanat akımlarının etkisiyle kibrit kutusu ambalaj
tasarımlarında görülen illüstratif betimlemelerin, etkisinin görüldüğü bazı sanat akımları
arasında; Bauhaus, Art Deco, Pop Art, Minimalizm ve Postmodernizm vardır (Denvir, 1992).
Bu akımların kibrit kutusu tasarımlarındaki kurumsal kimliğin olası etkilerini kronolojik olarak
dönemine göre incelenmesi araştırmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır.
Naftagas Promet isimli petrol markası Sırbistan'ın Voyvodina yerleşkesini mesken tutmuş, 19.
Yüzyılın erken döneminin ilk yarısında kurulmuştur. Kibrit kutusu tasarımında, diagonal
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kompozisyon ve dengeli dağılmış unsurlar kullanılmıştır. Bu özellikler, Bauhaus tarzının genel
kurumsal kimlik özelliklerini yansıtmaktadır. 1933’te sanat okulu kapanmasına rağmen etkisini
çok uzun yıllar farklı disiplinler üzerinde de gösteren Bauhaus ekolü; kibrit kutusu tasarımında
da kullanılan display ve stencil fontun, Bauhaus dönemindeki Joost yazı biçimine atıfta
bulunmaktadır. “Joost type adını, Bauhaus’ta eğitmen olan tipografi tasarımcısı Joost
Schmidt’ten almıştır” (Akitera, 2019). José Manuel Urós, 1995’teki ilk tasarımlarında
Schmidt’in “bauhaus im gewerbemuseum basel” posteri ve Bauhaus’un farklı stilleri üzerinden
yazı biçimini geliştirmiştir. Bauhaus, 20. yüzyılın ilk döneminde, Almanya'da bir sanat okulu
ve tasarım akımı olarak, fonksiyonelliği ve estetiği birleştiren bir tasarım anlayışını
benimsemiştir (Grapius, 1997, s.231-237). Kibrit kutusu tasarımında bu etki; linear espaslar,
geometrik formlar ve kullanım öncelikleriyle kendini göstermektedir. Bauhaus'un minimalizmi,
kurumsal kimlik tasarımında sade ve işlevsel unsurların önemini vurgular. Bu dönemde
kullanılan; kırmızı, mavi, sarı gibi canlı renkler yalın ve dengeli kullanımı ile öne çıkaran bir
estetik, birçok kurumsal markanın kimlik tasarımında etkili olmuştur.
Jupiter Markası: 1960’lı yıllarda etkisinin görüldüğü Minimalizm akımının etkisinde, kibrit
kutusu tasarımlarında dönemini yansıtan kutu üzerinde basit geometrik desenler ve düz hatlar
kullanmıştır. Renk paleti nötr tonlara ve belirgin kontrastlara odaklanmıştır. Logo ve marka adı,
Bauhaus tarzında minimalist bir yazı tipiyle tasarlanmıştır. Minimalizm akımı (ABC sanatı),
gereksiz detaylardan kaçınarak sadeliği vurgulamaktadır Kibrit kutusu tasarımında da bu
yaklaşım; karmaşıklıktan uzak, yalın anlatım ve dengeli espas kullanımı ile işlevselliği ön plana
çıkarmaktadır. Bu anlatım, sadelik, temizlik ve azaltılma prensibine dayanmaktadır. Bu marka,
kutunun yüzeyinde tek bir renk tonu kullanarak bu anlatım dilini pekiştirmektedir. Marka
logosu, display yazı karakteri ile light kullanımda tercih edimiş, küçük ve zarif bir şekilde
boyutlandırılarak kutunun alt kısmında yer almış böylece illüstratif form ile bütünleşmiştir.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Minimalizm’in en önemli belirleyici tasarım ilkesi; negatif-pozitif alan kullanımı ve dengesidir.
Tasarlanan boşluklar, tasarımın odaklanılmasını ve anlaşılmasını kolaylaştırır. Aktarılan
Kurumsal kimlik olgusu imge ile birlikte en yalın haliyle tasarımda yerini almıştır. Minimalist
tasarımın bir diğer temel prensiplerinden biri de fonksiyonelliktir. Bu sebeple kibrit kutusu
tasarımı, kullanıcıya pratik ve ergonomik bir kullanım sunacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır.
Minimalist tasarım, tasarımın özüne odaklanmayı ve detaylardan kaçınmayı amaçlayan bir
yaklaşım olduğu için kurumsal kimlikte de sadelik, şıklık ve anlaşılabilirlik öne çıkar. Bu
prensipler ile tasarlanan kibrit kutusu tasarımı marka kimliğini güçlendirmiş ve tüketicilerle
etkileşimini arttırmıştır.
Mann Mobilia, Art Deco akımının etkisinde Alman asıllı bir endüstriyel ürün tasarımı
markasıdır. 1920'lerin sonlarına doğru ortaya çıkan Art Deco akımı; kontrastı yüksek parlak
renkler, geometrik desen ve formlar, lüks detaylar ve modernizmin etkilerini içermektedir. Bu
akım, lüks ve süslemenin önemli olduğu bir stil olarak bilinir (Benton, 2015). Bu sebeple
döneminde, özellikle de lüks markaların kimlik tasarımında etkili olmuştur. Kibrit kutusu
tasarımında bu etki, detaylı desenler, parlak renkler ve simetrik düzenlemelerle ifade bulmuştur.
Şık ve lüks bir üslup ile kullanılan geometrik desenler ve zarif süslemeler ve organik formların
geometrik çözümlemesi ile kullanılmıştır. Art Deco'nun belirgin özelliklerinden biri, jeoformik
(geometrik) desenlerin ve çizgilerin kullanımıdır. Kare, dikdörtgen, üçgenler gibi şekiller ile
kullanılan tasarım unsurları akımın belirleyici özelliklerindendir. Kibrit kutusu tasarımlarında
bu tarz öğeler, düzenli ve estetik bir görünüm sağlayabilir. Art Deco, simetriye ve dengeye
önem veren bir tarzdır. Kibrit kutusu tasarımlarında simetrik düzenlemeler ve dengeli
kompozisyonlar, kurumsal kimliğin düzenli ve profesyonel bir izlenim bırakmasına katkı
sağlamaktadır. Art Deco, dekoratif unsurları vurgular; kibrit kutusu tasarımlarında
zenginleştirilmiş detaylar, markanın dikkat çekici ve özgün bir görsel kimliği aktarmada rol
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
oynamıştır. Art Deco’nun, 1930'ların orta dönemlerine kadar uzanan dönemde, sandalye ve
mobilya tasarımına belirgin bir yansıması görülmektedir. Bu akımın; geometrik desenler,
simetrik hatlar ve lüks malzemelerin öne çıktığı bir estetikle özdeşleşmesi sebebiyle, sandalye
tasarımlarında da sıklıkla görülen dikdörtgen hatlar, zarif süslemeler ve cilalı ahşap gibi öğeler
Art Deco'nun imzası niteliğindedir (VAM, 2015). Canlı renk kontrastları, sürrealist motifler ve
egzotik detaylar da bu tarzın mobilya tasarımına kattığı karakteristik özellikler arasındadır. Art
Deco'nun mobilya tasarımına getirdiği modern ve çağının ötesindeki hatları, günümüzde bile
popülerliğini koruyan şık ve çağdaş tasarımların ilham kaynağını oluşturmuştur. Bu akım,
işlevsellik ve konforu kollektif bir şekilde kullanarak, mobilya dünyasında da estetik açıdan
çarpıcı ve zamansız eserlere imza atmıştır. Mann Mobilia isimli marka, Art Deco tazrı mobilya
tasarımlarını, kibrit kutusunun içinde konumlandırırken, canlı, kontrastı yüksek ve simetrik
logo tasarımını kurumsal kimlik rengi olan “fire engine red” ile kibrit kutusunun ambalaj
tasarımını kurgulamıştır.
Pop Art, günlük tüketilen nesneleri ve tüketim kültürünü sanat ile yorumlayan bir akımdır.
Kibrit kutusu tasarımında, kullanılan canlı renkler, büyük grafikler ve popüler kültürü referans
eden unsurlar ile bu etki net bir şekilde görülmektedir. 1950'lerin sonlarından itibaren ortaya
çıkan Pop Art, popüler kültürden beslenir ve sıkça solid parlak renkleri, grafik desenleri ve
büyük ölçekli imgeler içerir. Pop Art'ın enerjik ve canlı görsel inşası, döneminde bazı
markaların dinamik kurumsal kimlik tasarımlarına ilham olmuştur (Restany, 1997, s. 344-349).
Bu sanat hareketi; basitletirilmiş, net, vurgulu ve kontürlü şekiller, desenler ve tekrarlanan
öğeleri görselleştirir. Kibrit kutusu tasarımlarında, ikonik pop art öğeleri; şeritler, yıldızlar,
noktalar kullanılmıştır. Pop art, mizah ve esprili unsurlarını görselletirmede kullanırken,
dönemindeki tasarım ve sanatçılara esneklik kazandırmıştır. İllüstratif anlatımda, sıklıkla ünlü
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kişilikleri, markaları ve simgeleri içermektedir. Pop art, enerji, dinamizm ve hareketi yansıtan
bir stildir. Alman asıllı marka, Knalleinlagen; “Knalleinlagen für Zigaretten” isimli kampanyası
için tasarladığı kibrit kutularını satışı olmadan, ücretsiz promosyon ürünü olarak ortaya
çıkarmıştır. “Sigara dolu patlayan havaifişekler” mottosuyla pop art sanat hareketinin anlatım
dilini benimsemişlerdir. Genellikle görselleştirilen kadın imgesi, ikonik olan patlangaç formu
ile sigaraya vurgu yapar nitelikte illüstre edilmiştir. Tercih edilen parlak pembe tonu ile siyahbeyaz kontrastı nötr dengesini sağlamak için tasarlanmıştır.
De Stijl hareketi, 20. yüzyılın erken döneminde Hollandalı sanatçı ve tasarımcıların bir araya
gelerek oluşturduğu kollektif bir sanat ve tasarım akımıdır. Bu akım, soyut geometrik biçimleri
ve temel renkleri, onların üst üste gelişinden oluşan katmanlı bir anlatımı vurgulayan estetik
anlayışa sahiptir. De Stijl'in öncülerinden biri olan Theo Van Doesburg'un görselleştirdiği
geometrik grid imgelemi, bu akımın en önemli temsillerini taşımaktadır. De Stijl prensipleri,
geometrik yapılanmaya ve simetrik düzenlemeye büyük önem vermektedir (Doesburg, 1992, s.
270-281).Kibrit kutusu tasarımında da düzenli ve geometrik desenler, simetrik düzenlemeler ve
net hatlar kullanılmıştır. De Stijl akımının temel temsil renkleri: kırmızı, sarı ve mavi
vurgulardır. Genellikle düz beyaz veya kontrastı düşük zemin tercih edilir. Bu sayede tasarım,
sade ve modern bir görünüme kavuşur. Kibrit kutusu tasarımında da sade ve minimalist bir
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yaklaşım izlenerek, fazla detaydan kaçınılmıştır. Die Einrichtung isimli marka; tasarladığı renk
blokları ile tasarımın görsel ihtişamını arttırmış, tasarladığı modüler yapılar ile birimleri
kullanılarak, bütünsel bir uyum ve denge sağlamıştır. Kibrit kutusu tasarımları alternatifli
olarak üretilmiş fakat aynı üsluba mutabık kalınmıştır. Marka, kibrit kutularının formları farklı
olsa bile kedni içerisinde De stijl akımının tasarım prensiplerini sürdürmüştür. Birinci kibrit
kutusu tasarımında, gri solid bir yüzey üzerine beyaz lekeleri ve siyah yarım çerçevesi ile
dinamik bir anlatıya sahip olan bir görselleştirme tercih edilmiştir. Logo, dönemin tipografik
diline atıfta bulunan serifli ve kapalı espas yazı karakteri ile tasarlanmıştır. Kibrit kutusunun
kurumsal kimlik tasarımı ile bütünsel olarak ele alındığı birinci kibritte; kutunun iç bölümünün
arka yüzeyi daha parlak bir materyalden seçilirken, kibritlerin de kimlik inşasının bir parçası
olarak o renklerde çeşitlenmesi promosyon ürünlerinin kurumsal kimliğin en başarılı ve işlevsel
taşıyıcısı olduğuna örnek niteliğindedir. İkinci kibrit kutusu tasarımında, biçimsel olarak daha
ergonomik bir form tercih edilmiştir. Katlanır yapısı ve inceliği sayesinde 20. Yüzyılın ikinci
yarısında en çok tercih edilen kibrit kutusu formlarından biridir. Beyaz alanların denge kurduğu,
logo kullanımı ve kimlik bilgilerinin büyük bir titizlikte; minimal bir estetikle tasarlandığı kibrit
kutusunda da kibritlerin renk seçimi ve kırmızı fosfor, cam tozu ve bağlayıcı maddeden oluşan
ateşleme yüzeyi tasarıma uygun, linear çizgiyi takip etmektedir.
Sürrealizm; “rüya” kavramının uçsuz bucaksızlığı gibi soyut ve düşsel öğeler ile imgelerin
oluştuğu bir sanat akımıdır. Bu akımın etkileri, dönemindeki bazı markaların kimlik olgularında
yaratıcı ve çağrışımsal inşaların kurulumuna şekil vermiştir. Sürrealizm, temsili olan soyut
desenler ve renklerle birlikte gerçeküstü duygusal bir anlatımda, rasyonel bir hayal gücünü
vurgular. Tasarıma gerçeküstü öğelerin, hayali figürlerin, fantastik unsurların eklenmesi, canlı,
kontrastlı ve sıra dışı renklerin kullanılması; gerçeküstü atmosferini vurgulamaktadır (Chirico,
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
1992, s.59-63). Sürrealist tarza uygun olarak, dışbükey ve içbükey formların kullanılması;
şekillerin normalde beklenmeyen biçimlerde metamorfoz ve deforme oluşu ile birlikte absürd
bir anlatım dili, kompozisyonlarda rüya gibi bir atmosfer yaratmak için soyut ve akışkan
formların kullanılması ile ilintilidir. Sürrealist bakış açısı; sanatın “rüya” kavramındaki
izdüşümüne, dünyanın yansıyan unsurlarına entegrasyonudur. Mekansal ilizyonlar, hava
perspektifiyle oluşan derinlik algısını için kullanılan görsel teknikleri ve duygusal etkileri
vurgular. Hereinspaziert isimli marka, tarihi1907 yıllarına dayanan köklü bir restaurant
işletmesi ve bira üreticisir. “Gasthaus zum fischmeister” (balık ustasının misafirhanesi)
mottosuyla, kurumsal kimliğinin bir taşıyıcısı olarak sürrealist tarzda illüstre edilmiş kibrit
kutusunu tasarlamıştır. Balık formu, anlam bulanıklaştırmaya yönelik ele alındığı gerçeküstü
bir anlatım ile görselleştirilmiştir. Döneminde, olağanüstü imgelemi ile kurumsal kimliği ilgi
çekici hale getirmiş, alıcıya mesajı ve marka kimliğini pratik bir şekilde taşımıştır.
Fütürizm, 20. yüzyılın erken dönenimde etkili olan bir sanat ve tasarım akımıdır. Bu akım,
endüstrileşme dalgasının yaygınlaştığı ve teknolojinin hızlı bir ivmeyle yükselişe geçtiği
dönemde varlığını sürdürmüştür. Fütürist tarzda üretilen tasarımlar; hareket, enerji, hız ve
dinamizmi vurgular (Carra, 1997, s.97-100). Kimlik taşıyıcısı promosyon ürünlerinden biri olan
kibrit kutusu tasarımında; akıcı çizgiler, hareket izlenimi veren desenler ve enerjiyi yansıtan
grafik öğelerle bu akımın yansımaları görülmektedir. Fütürist tasarımlar genellikle keskin hatlar
ile geometrik şekillerden oluşur. Bu oluşum, Fütürizm’in yapıtaşları olan dinamizm ve hareket
kavramları ile birlikte görülmektedir. Kibrit kutusu tasarımında da bu özellikler, modern ve
teknolojik bir üslupta ele alınmıştır. Kullanılan canlı ve kontrastlı renkler, Fütürizm tarzında
üretilen tasarımların vazgeçilmez özelliklerindendir. Fütürist tarz, teknoloji ve endüstriyel
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
gelişmelere olan ilgiyi yansıtarak metalik yüzeyler, dişli çarklar, dijital öğeler gibi unsurları
içerirerek akımın spesifik görsel inşasını kapsamaktadır. Bu unsurlar, Kroplın Schnelltaster
markasının inovasyon ve moderniteye vurgu yapmasına yardımcı olmuştur. Kroplın
Schnelltaster, “Pur schnelles messen” mottosu ile saf hızlı ölçüm vaadi veren bir ölçü
ekipmanları markasıdır. Ölçüm cihazı, horoz figürünün başı ve gagası ile dijital ve soyut öğeler
kullanılarakillüstre edilmiştir. Kullanılan renkler ve geometrik parçalanmaklar; soyut imgenin
teknolojik ve dinamik üslup ile fütüristik bir algıda tasarlanması ile akımın temel prensiplerine
gönderme yapmaktadır. Kullanılan tipografinin görsel öğe olarak diyagonal kompoze edilmesi,
illüstrasyonun ölçüm cihazına atıfta bulunan formu ile paralellik göstermektedir. Tüm bu
tasarım çözümlemesi ile marka, geleceğe yönelik bir bakış açısını yansıtarak inovasyonu
vurgulamıştır (Marinetti, 1997, s.75-81).
Dadaizm, diğer adıyla başkaldırı. 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında, Edebiyat ve sanatta etkisini
göstermiştir. Dadaizm akımı, folklorik sanat ve kültür normlarına karşı bir duruş sergileyerek;
rasyonalite, mantık ve anlamın geleneksel nizama tezatlık olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu akımın
etkisi altında tasarlanan Ostmann kibrit kutusu tasarımı; absürd, ironik ve çelişki uyandıran
imgelere sahiptir. Dadaizm, kaotik düzende rasgelelik nosyonuyla varolmuştur. Tasarımlar
anlamın dışında, beklenmedik şekilde düzenlenmiş, rastgele öğeler içermektedir. Dadaist
tasarımlar, geleneksel tasarım prensiplerine başkaldırı niteliğindedir. Bu sebeple; simetri, düzen
ve diğer geleneksel tasarım ilkelerini bilinçli bir şekilde ihlal eder. Böylece Dadaizm,
anlamsızlığa ve çelişkiye vurgu yapmaktadır. Bunun sonucunda Tasarımlar, birbiriyle çelişen
öğelerin kombinasyonu ve zaman-mekan uyuşmazlığı çerçevesinde, anlamsız bağlantılar
kurarak izleyiciyi düşündürmeyi amaçlar. Bu tasarımlar, toplumsal normlara, siyasi yapıya
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
veya sanatsal konvansiyonlara karşı bir eleştiri içerir (Dempsey, 2007). Dadaizm, yaratıcılığı
teşvik eder ve geleneksel kalıplardan çıkarak yenilikçi ve özgün tasarımları destekler. Ostmann
markası, çelişkisi ile ilgi çeken imgesel anlatımına eşlikçi olarak tasarladığı; diyagonal ve el
yazısı ile özensizce oluşturulmuş, harf anatomisi ve üslup olmaksızın kurgulanan tipografisi ile
“Vergessen sie nicht das gehackte dazu” (Doğranmış malzemeleri unutmayın) yazarak, imge
ile tipografinin absürd algısına destek vermiştir. Kutunun arka yüzeyi, illüstratif imgenin
lekesel değerine uygun; logoyu öne çıkaran nitelikte, daha solid yüzeylerle tasarlanmıştır.
"Post izlenimcilik", 19. yüzyıl sonu, 20. yüzyıl ilk yıllarına doğru etkisini sürdüren bir sanat
akımıdır. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Post-İzlenimcilik akımının en önemli temsilcisidir.
Paris'in gece hayatını konu alan eserlerinde; canlı ve cesur renkleri, dans sahnelerini, tiyatro ve
kafe kültürünü kullanmıştır. Afiş tasarımlarını üstlendiği Moulin Rouge pavyonunun renkli
sahnelerini büyük bir ihtişamla çalışmalarına yansıtmıştır. Bu tasarımlardaki tipografi
kullanımı; büyük, dikkat çekici başlıklar ve elle yazılmış tarzda harf anatomileri ToulouseLautrec'in stili ile özdeşleşmiştir. Tasarımlardaki karakteristik duruşlar ve kompozisyonlar,
dinamizm ve özgünlük döneminde üretilen bazı tasarımlara esneklik kazandırmıştır. Kibrit
kutusu tasarımı, markanın kimliğini ve değerlerini yansıtmak için önemli bir araçtır. Paris
merkezli, Stardust isimli Hotel ve Gasino markası; döneminde etkisini gösteren Post izlenimci
akımın öncüsü, H. Toulouse -Lautrec’in kullanıdığı tipografi ile kontrastı yüksek, parlak
renkler ve kadın imgesinin dans figürü olarak illüstre edilmesine atıfta bulunmaktadır. Kibrit
kutusu tasarımı; ergonomik olarak kolay açılan ve inceliği yapısı ile taşınabilirliği pratik
biçimde tercih edilmiş, kibritlerin renk seçimi logoya atıfta bulunan beyaz tonda
oluşturulmuştur (Kolektif, 2005).
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Art Neuveau
6. SONUÇ
Bu araştırma, kimlik olgusunun gelişimi ile birlikte kurumsal kimlik tasarımının taşıyıcısı kibrit
kutusu tasarımlarının, 20. yüzyıl sanat akımlarının etkisiyle nasıl şekillendiği ve evrildiğini;
bununla beraber markanın kimlik inşasını oluşturan unsurlarının da irdelenerek incelemesini
amaçlamıştır. Markaların kimlik olgusunu güçlendirmek, algı oluşturmak ve hedef kitleye
güçlü bir mesaj vermek amacıyla kullanılan kibrit kutusu tasarımları; sade ve işlevsel
yapılarıyla birlikte dönemin sanat ve kültür akımlarını başarıyla yansıtırken estetik anlamda da
birer zaman kapsülü gibidir. Her bir tasarımın içerdiği sanatsal öğeler ve dönemin estetik
zevkleri, o döneme ait bir görsel dilin izlerini taşımaktadır. Kibrit kutusu tasarımlarının sadece
günlük kullanım ürünleri olmanın ötesinde, aynı zamanda sanatsal ve kültürel birer ifade aracı
olarak işlev gördüğü açığa kavuşturulmuştur. Araştırma aynı zamanda, kibrit kutusu
tasarımlarının zaman içerisindeki değişimiyle beraber; teknolojik, toplumsal, sosyo-kültürel
değişimleri ve sanatsal hareketlenmelerin tasarımları nasıl etkilediğini incelemiştir.
Tasarımların evriminde, kurumsal kimlik tasarımındaki kimlik olgusunun adaptasyon
kabiliyetini ve zamanla değişen kültürel etkileşimlere olan duyarlılığını vurgulamaktadır.
Sonuç olarak, kibrit kutusu tasarımları üzerinden yapılan bu kapsamlı analiz, kurumsal kimlik
tasarımının sadece marka tanıtımı değil, aynı zamanda kültürel ve sanatsal birer belge olarak
nasıl değerlendirilebileceğini göstermektedir. Tasarımcılar, pazarlamacılar ve araştırmacılar
için bu çalışma, kurumsal kimlik tasarımının geçmişten günümüze olan evrimini anlamak ve
gelecekteki tasarım stratejilerini biçimlendirmek adına derinlemesine bir kaynak niteliği
taşımaktadır.
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KAYNAKÇA
Ahu Antmen, (2003). “Paris’te Yeni Sanatın Siyaseti”, s.30-33, Toplumsal Tarih, s. 112,
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https://www.arkitera.com/haber/bauhaus-tipografisinin-yasadigini-
kanitlayan-yazi-tipleri/
Amy Dempsey, (2007). Modern Çağda Sanat- üsluplar, Ekoller, Hareketler, çev. Osman
Akınhay, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
Andre Guichaou, (1998). “Burundi ve Rvanda-İcat Edilen Etniler mi?”, Uluslar ve
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Anna C. Chave, (1992). “Minimalism and the Rhetoric of Power”, Art in Modern Culture-An
Anthology of Critical Texts, s. 264-28 1 , Londra: Phaidon, 1992.
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Ben Jones, (2004). Matchbox Cover Design, s.7-12, London: University of Reading.
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Charlotte Benton, Tim Benton and Ghislaine Wood, (2015). “Art Deco 1910 – 1939”, Londra:
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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Yayıncılık.
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Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi.
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Yayıncılık.
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Pierre Restany, (1997). Pop Art, s. 344-349, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
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“Celebrating the life of Wally Olins: Leading corporate identity exponent and prominent
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Walter Grapius, (1997). Bauhaus Programı, s.231-237, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
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Schuster.
950
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GÜNCEL BİR PROTEZ KAİDE MATERYALİ: POLİETERETERKETON (PEEK)
Assoc. Prof. Fatma GÜR (ORCID: 0000-0001-5983-1472)
Dentistry Services, Vocational School of Health Services Atatürk University, ErzurumTürkiye
Email: fatmagur@atauni.edu.tr
Abstract
With the development of technology and the increasing interest in esthetic restorations, a high
level of esthetics is sought in dentistry today. This situation is bringing new metal-free
restorative materials to the fore every day in place of dentures with metal substructures.
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is preferred in dentistry as a denture base material, particularly
because of its esthetic similarity to the natural tooth structure, its biocompatibility and its good
physical and mechanical properties. PEEK belongs to the polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family
and is widely used in dentistry due to its mechanical and thermal resistance, ease of sterilization,
resistance to radiation, fatigue resistance and strong bond strength in restorations where it is
used. PEEK is widely used as implant material, orthodontic wires, CAD/CAM (Computer
Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) material, substructure in fixed prostheses,
precision fittings in removable prostheses, hook and obturator prostheses. Due to their
biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties, these materials are ideal for rapid 3D
design and prototyping of patient-specific implants and other specialty devices. Studies show
that these materials are important in many clinical and biomedical applications such as
orthopedics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, cardiovascular and cardiothoracic applications,
dental applications and tissue engineering. However, there are important aspects to consider
when working with these materials. First of all, exposure of PEEK to concentrated nitric acid
and some halogen elements (such as chlorine and bromine) compromises its resistance to
ionizing radiation and other important properties. Despite their desirable properties as an
alternative to conventional metal compounds for use in drug delivery, clinical and surgical
medicine, dentistry, etc., the use of materials such as PEEK in their pure form in surgical
applications poses a challenge due to their suboptimal strength and stiffness or slight deviations
from the elastic modulus of bone. This review describes how such observed drawbacks can be
overcome with materials that are/can be doped into polymers (carbon fibers, other
biocompatible polymers and nanotechnology products), thereby improving their mechanical
and chemical properties and ultimately reducing the patient's immune response.
Keywords: Biocompatible polymers, dental prosthesis, restoration material, biomedical
application
951
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A CURRENT DENTURE BASE MATERIALS: POLYETHERETHERKETONE
(PEEK)
Özet
Gelişen teknoloji ile beraber günümüzde estetik restorasyonlara artan ilgi ile diş hekimliğinde
yüksek seviyede estetik arayışına gidilmektedir. Bu durum gün geçtikçe metal alt yapılı
protezlerin yerine metal içermeyen yeni restorasyon malzemelerini ön plana çıkarmaktadır.
Özellikle estetik açıdan doğal diş yapısına benzerliği, biyouyumlu olması, fiziksel ve mekanik
özelliklerinin iyi olması nedenleri ile polietereterketon (PEEK) protez kaide materyali olarak
diş hekimliğinde tercih sebebi olmaktadır. PEEK materyali poliarileterketon (PAEK) ailesinin
bir üyesidir ve bu özelliklerinin yanı sıra mekanik ve termal dayanıklılığı, sterilizasyon
kolaylığı, ışınlara karşı dayanıklılığı, yorulma direnci, kullanıldığı restorasyonlarda bağlantı
dayanıklılığının güçlü olması gibi özelliklerinden dolayı diş hekimliğinde geniş bir alanda
kullanılmaktadır. İmplant materyali, ortodontik teller, CAD/CAM (Bilgisayar Destekli
Tasarım/Bilgisayar Destekli Üretim) materyali, sabit protezlerde alt yapı, hareketli protezlerde
hassas bağlantı parçası, kroşe ve obtüratör protez yapımında PEEK kullanımı yaygındır. Bu
materyallerin biyouyumlu olması ve üstün mekanik özellikler göstermesi hasta özelinde
implantların ve diğer özel cihazların hızlı 3D tasarımında prototiplenmesi için bu malzemeleri
ideal hale getirmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar bu malzemelerin ortopedi, ağız-çene-yüz ve
kraniofasiyal cerrahi, kardiyovasküler ve kardiyotorasik uygulamalar, diş uygulamaları ve doku
mühendisliği gibi daha birçok klinik ve biyomedikal uygulamalar için önemli uygulamaları
olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak bu malzemelerle çalışmalarda dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli
başlıklar bulunmaktadır. Öncelikle PEEK’in konsantre nitrik asite ek olarak bazı halojen
elementlere (klor ve brom gibi) maruziyeti iyonlaştırıcı radyasyon direncini ve diğer önemli
özelliklerini bozmaktadır. İlaç dağıtımı, klinik ve cerrahi tıpta, diş hekimliğinde kullanım için
geleneksel metalik bileşiklere alternatif istenen özelliklere rağmen PEEK gibi malzemelerin saf
halde kullanımı optimal olmayan güç ve sertlik veya kemiğin elastik modülünden hafif
sapmalar gibi özellikler gösterdiği için cerrahi uygulamalarda zorluklara neden olmaktadır. Bu
derlemede gözlenen bu tür dezavantajların polimerlere katkılanan/katkılanabilecek
materyallerle (karbon fiberler, diğer biyouyumlu polimerler ve nanoteknolojik ürünler) nasıl
aşıldığı, mekanik özelliklerin ve kimyasal özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi ve son olarak hasta
bağışıklık sistemi tepkisinin nasıl azaltılabileceği açıklanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyouyumlu polimerler, diş protez, restorasyon malzemesi, biyomedikal
uygulama
952
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Gelişen teknoloji ve endüstrideki hızlı değişim diş hekimliğinde kullanılan materyallerin de
değişimine sebep olmuştur. Günümüzde tercih edilen protez materyaller için estetik özelliğinin
yanı sıra kullanımda yüksek sıcaklık dayanımı (300 °C’yi aşan) ve kimyasal ve mekanik
direncinin yüksek olması bakımından Poliarileterketon (PAEK) polimer ailesinin bir üyesi olan
polietereterketon (PEEK) tercih edilmektedir (Chen et al., 2016).Mükemmel fiziksel özelliklere
sahip bu organik polimerler üzerine yapılan araştırmalar 1960’lı yıllara dayanmaktadır (Hearle,
2001). Tarihçesi 1962 yılında Amerikalı bilim insanı Robert Bonner Polimer tarafından
tanıtımının yapılması ile başlamış olan PEEK, ilk olarak 1978 yılında İngiliz bilim insanı
tarafından polimer olarak geliştirilmiştir (Najeeb et al., 2016). 1980’li yıllardan itibaren ticari
olarak endüstri, mühendislik ve askeri alanlarda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır (Mark et al., 1987).
Elastikiyet modülünün kemiğe yakın olması, aşınma ve kırılma direncinin yüksek olması,
cilalanabilir özelliği, şok absorbsiyonu ve metal restorasyonlara göre daha hafif bir materyal
olması özellikleri sayesinde tıpta kullanımı özellikle travma ve ortopedi vakalarında son derece
yaygın bir hal almış ve titanyum materyaliyle rekabet sürecine dahil olmuştur (Kurtz & Devine,
2007). Diş hekimliğinde metal altyapıyı gizlemek amacı ile metal alaşımlı kuronlar, köprüler
ve hareketli protezlerde birçok katman içeren restorasyonlar yapılmaktaydı ancak metal
alaşımların açık gri rengi tam olarak kompanse edilememekteydi (Najeeb et al., 2016). Bu
nedenle metal altyapılı restorasyonlar zamanla yerini alternatif materyallere bırakmıştır.
Özellikle
estetik
restorasyonlarda
krom
kobalt
altyapılı
protetik
restorasyonlarla
kıyaslandığında zirkonyumun yüksek maliyetli oluşu bilim insanlarını polimerler üstünde
çalışmalar yapmaya itmiştir (Sereno et al., 2015).Teknolojik gelişmelerle konvansiyonel
yöntem ile yapılan uygulamaların yerini PEEK ve PEKK materyalleri ile yapılan uygulamalar
almaya başlamıştır. Firmaların da bu alandaki gelişimleriyle kuron ve köprü restorasyonların
üretimi için freze makineleri geliştirilmiş ve yüksek performans polimer blokları üretilmiştir
(Kewekordes et al., 2018).İnsan kemiğiyle benzer mekanik mukavemete ve elastik modüle
sahip olması PEEK materyallere ilgiyi artırmaktadır. PAEK ailesinden olan PEEK’lerin bu
özelliği metal bazlı implantlara uygun bir alternatif olmasını sağlamıştır. Üç boyutlu baskı
yoluyla özel ve hızlı bir şekilde üretilebilme özellikleri dikkate alındığında biyomedikal ve
malzeme mühendisliği alanlarına ek olarak medikal uygulamalarda PEEK ürünlerinin önemi
artmakta ve bu alanda yapılacak olan çalışmalar önem arz edecektir (Sacks et al., 2024). Bu
çalışma PEEK’in mekanik, fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinin yanı sıra modern tıptaki çeşitli
uygulamalarını özetlemektedir. Ayrıca PEEK uygulamalrında gözlenen dezavantajların
953
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
polimerlere katkılanan/katkılanabilecek materyallerle (karbon fiberler, diğer biyouyumlu
polimerler ve nanoteknolojik ürünler) aşılabileceği, mekanik özelliklerin ve kimyasal
özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi de vurgulanmıştır.
PEEK’in Genel Özellikleri
Yüksek performanslı bir termoplastik polimer ailesinin üyesi olan polietereterketon (PEEK);
yüksek mukavemet, aşınma ve yorulma direnci gibi özelliklerinden dolayı biyomedikal
uygulamalar için ilgi görmektedir. Biyouyumluluğu ve üstün mekanik özellikleriyle son
yıllarda dental uygulamalarda da kullanılmaktadır (Henriques et al., 2018).
Şekil 1. PEEK’in kimyasal yapısı (Staniland et al., 1992)
PEEK materyali birçok dental uygulamada abutmentler, implantlar, kroşeler, hareketli
protezlerin alt yapıları ve sabit protezler dâhil alternatif materyal olarak kullanımı gün geçtikçe
artmaktadır (Tekin et al., 2018).
Şekil 2. Diş Hekimliğinde PEEK (Sarot et al., 2010)
PEEK materyali yüksek ısıya karşı dirençlidir ve erime sıcaklığı 334 °C’dir. Ayrıca kendine
özgü aromatik kimyasal yapısı nedeniyle tıbbi cihazları sterilize etmek için kullanılan gama ve
elektron ışınları gibi bir çok sterilizasyon yöntemine uygundur. Termal özelliklerinden dolayı
insan vücudunda stabil kalmaktadır (Tekin et al., 2018). Kimyasal olarak inert özelliktedir ve
diğer
materyallerle
düşük
reaksiyon
gösterir
ve
birçok
geleneksel
çözeltilerde
çözünmemektedir (Simsiriwong et al., 2015). Bu özelliklerinden dolayı metal içermeyen diş
restorasyonlarında tercih edilmiştir ve metal alerjisine karşı da iyi bir alternatif olmaktadır
954
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
(Zoidis & Papathanasiou, 2016).PEEK çoğu dental uygulama için yeterli olan düşük bir yarı
saydamlığa sahip olmasına rağmen diş hekimliğinde estetik gereklilikler için rezin materyaller
ile kombine kullanılması önerilmektedir (Rosentritt et al., 2015). Bununla birlikte, opaklığı ve
grimsi beyaz rengi, monolitik ve anatomik kontürlü restorasyonların üretiminde PEEK’in
kullanımını sınırlandırmaktadır (Stawarczyk et al., 2013). Estetik görüntünün sağlanabilmesi
için veneer kompozit rezinler kullanılmaktadır. Ancak PEEK’in mekanik ve kimyasal işlemlere
olan direnci ve hidrofobik yapısından dolayı diş hekimliğindeki kullanımı kısıtlanmıştır (Adem
et al., 2022). PEEK’in dental uygulamalarda etkin ve başarılı kullanımı için PEEK ve veneer
kompozit rezinler arasındaki bağlantı dayanıklılığının sağlanmasına yönelik yöntemler
geliştirilmelidir. PEEK ile beraber hem rezin simanların hem de kompozit rezinlerin diş
hekimliğinde kullanılması için aralarındaki bağlanmanın biyomekanik kuvvetlere karşı
dayanıklı olması gerekmektedir (Henriques et al., 2018). Bağlantı tipi kimyasal, (mikro)
mekanik tutunma veya bunların bir birleşimi ile oluşturulabilir. Bu durum kullanılan
malzemelerin bileşimine ve etkileşimine göre değişmektedir (Piwowarczyk et al.,
2004).PEEK’in yüzey enerjisini değiştirmek ve hem rezin simanlar hem de kompozit rezinler
ile olan bağlantısını geliştirmek için birçok teknik ve yüzey işlemleri üzerinde çalışmalar
yapılmıştır. Araştırmalar herhangi bir yüzey işlemi yapılmayan inert PEEK yüzeyi ile rezin
materyaller arasında bağlanmanın gerçekleşmediğini ortaya koymuştur. Bağlantının
geliştirilmesi için ıslanabilirliğin ve yüzey alanının pürüzlendirilerek arttırılması kullanılan
yöntemlerdendir. Asitle aşındırma, lazer, plazma teknikleri bunlardan bazılarıdır (Henriques et
al., 2018). PEEK’in yüzey alanını modifiye etmek için %98 sülfürik asit (H2SO4) kullanımının
gözenekli ve geçirgen bir yüzey oluşturduğu sonucuna varmıştır (Hallmann et al., 2012; Keul
et al., 2014; Rosentritt et al., 2015). Bununla birlikte alüminyum oksit (Al2O3) ile kumlama,
silika kaplama ve bunların kombine uygulanması PEEK yüzeyindeki pürüzlülükte artış
sağlamıştır (Ates et al., 2018).Ultraviyole ışık (UV ) lazer uygulaması, polimer yüzeylerin
temizlenmesi ve fonksiyonellik kazanması için kullanılan başka bir yöntemdir (Sham et al.,
2009). Literatürde, %98 sülfürik asit ile pürüzlendirme (Hallmann et al., 2012; Keul et al., 2014;
Rosentritt et al., 2015) Al2O3 ile kumlama (Fokas et al., 2019), adhesive uygulaması (Schmidlin
et al., 2010), UV ışığa maruz bırakma (Shi et al., 2017) gibi işlemlerin PEEK’in bağlantı
dayanımını artırdığı ile ilgili çalışmalar yer almaktadır. Ancak bu yöntemlerin birbirleriyle
kombinasyonlu şekilde uygulandığı sınırlı sayıda çalışma vardır. Literatürde, UV ışık
uygulamasından sonra bağlantı dayanımının ölçüldüğü sadece bir araştırma bulunmaktadır
(Okawa et al., 2020).
955
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PEEK’in Üretim Yöntemleri
Laboratuvarlarda yüksek performans polimerleri kullanılarak protetik altyapı ve restorasyonlar
üretmek için enjeksiyon kalıplama, bilgisayar destekli tasarım ve bilgisayar destekli üretim
(CAD/CAM) ve 3 boyutlu yazıcı olmak üzere üç yöntem mevcuttur (Han et al., 2019).
CAD/CAM ile Üretim Yöntemi
CAD-CAM, bilgisayar destekli üretim/tasarım manasına gelmektedir (Palin & Burke, 2005).
Üretim yolu CAD/CAM teknolojisidir. CAD/CAM sistemleri daha kısa sürede daha yüksek
kalitede üretim yapılmasına olanak tanımaktadır. CAD/CAM sistemleri üç bileşenden
oluşmaktadır:1. Dijital tarayıcı: Dental CAD/CAM sistemlerinin en önemli komponentlerinden
biridir. Ağız içinde veya ağız dışında modellerden, prepare edilen dişlerin yapıların ve karşıt
dişlerin üç boyutlu bilgisini toplayarak elde ettiği geometriyi bilgisayar tarafından işlenebilecek
dijital verilere dönüştüren bir dijitalleştirme aracı/tarayıcı sistemidir. Elde edilen görüntülerin
verileri, restorasyonların hasta başında üretiminde veya laboratuvara transferinde kullanılır
(Beuer et al., 2009). Bu işlem esnasında ağız içi tarama kalitesini arttırmak için oksit tozu
püskürtülmektedir. (Sakaguchi & Powers, 2011).2. Tasarım yazılımı: Verileri işleyen ve
uygulamaya bağlı olarak, üretilecek ürün için bir veri seti üreten yazılım sistemidir. Tarama
yöntemiyle elde edilen verinin görselleştirilmesi, dental restorasyonun üç boyutlu tasarımının
ve planlamasının yapılabilmesi için yazılım programlarını kullanan bir bilgisayar birimidir
(Fasbinder, 2012). Hareketli ve sabit protezler, veneer tasarımları ve implant cerrahisinde
kullanılan stentler gibi çeşitli dental restorasyonların tasarımı yapılabilir (Beuer et al., 2009;
Strub et al., 2006).3. Verileri istenilen restorasyona dönüştüren bir üretim teknolojisi CAD
yazılımıyla elde edilen veriler, CAM süreci için freze cihazına aktarılır (Beuer et al., 2009).
Seramik, kompozit ve metal gibi çeşitli prefabrike bloklar farklı eksenlerde freze edilerek
istenilen restorasyon elde edilir (Sakaguchi & Powers, 2011).Bu üretim yolu, polimerin yeniden
eritilmesi için enjeksiyon kalıplama yöntemindeki tüm riskleri ortadan kaldırır. Malzeme
özellikleri stabil kalır ve altyapı üretimi, dijital bir iş akışı içerisinde gerçekleşeceği için
kesinliğin artmasıyla beraber tekrarlanabilirlikten de yararlanılır. PAEK malzemeleri, frezlerde
daha az aşınmaya neden olmalarıyla birlikte daha hızlı frezeleme süreleri olduğundan ve
frezelemek için gerekli olan ekipmanının metal altyapıları frezelemek için kullanılan makineler
kadar
pahalı
olmadığından,
metal
altyapıların
verimliliklerini daha da artırır (Han et al., 2019).
956
frezelenmesine
kıyasla
CAD/CAM
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 3. CAD/CAM ile PEEK üretimi (Tipton, 2015)
Enjeksiyon Kalıplama Yöntemi
Endüstriyel enjeksiyon kalıplama makineleri; polimeri, diş laboratuvarlarında bulunan örneğin
10 bar basınç ile çalışan klasik tezgah üstü presleme makineleriyle kıyaslandığında çok daha
yüksek basınç (1000 bar) ve hız altında işler. PAEK'in küçük ölçekli enjeksiyon kalıplaması,
tasarım sınırlamaları nedeniyle zor bir işlemdir. Ayrıca PAEK'lerin yeniden eritilmesi, altyapı
doğru bir şekilde soğutulmamış ve yeniden kristalleştirilmemişse, öngörülebilir olmayan; renk,
kırılganlık ve esneklik gibi mekanik ve fiziksel özelliklerin bozulmasına sebep olabilir.
Ayrıca, ekipmanın hatalı kullanıldığı ya da çok iyi kontrol edilemediği durumlarda, PAEK
malzemelerinin yeniden eritilmesi de fenol oluşumuyla beraber polimerin bozulmasına yol
açabilir. Bu nedenle, bu malzemelerin eritilerek işlemesi yalnızca yetkili bir laboratuvar
tarafından ve tedarikçi tarafından önerilen ekipman kullanılarak yapılmalıdır (Tipton, 2015).
Şekil 4. Enjeksiyon kalıplama yöntemiyle PEEK üretimi (Türkkal)
Üç Boyutlu (3D) Yazıcı ile Üretim Yöntemi
Düşük maliyet, kullanım kolaylığı, malzeme bozulması ve kontaminasyonunun minimuma
indiği bir yöntem olan 3 boyutlu yazıcılar ile üretim son yıllarda PEEK polimer için de sıklıkla
kullanılmaya başlanmıştır (Han et al., 2019).
PEEK’in Kullanım Alanları
Mekanik özelliklerinden dolayı PEEK, ortodontik teller, implant materyali, CAD/CAM
materyali, dayanak materyali olarak ve protetik alanlarda kullanılmaktadır (Kaleli et al., 2018).
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İmplant Materyali
PEEK implant materyali olarak, bruksizm veya metallere karşı alerjik reaksiyonları olan
hastalar için bir alternatif olarak ortaya çıkmıştır (Elawadly et al., 2017). Üstün mekanik
özellikleri, biyouyumluluğu ve kemik benzeri sertliğe sahip yapısı ile ortopedik implant
uygulamaları için umut verici bir biyomateryal haline gelmiştir (Mishra & Chowdhary, 2019).
Bununla birlikte, PEEK tarafından üretilen dental implantlar, ortopedik implantlarla
karşılaştırıldığında klinik kullanımda henüz yaygın değildir (Najeeb et al., 2016; Wang et al.,
2019). Anguiano-Sanchez ve arkadaşlarının yaptığı bir çalışmada, PEEK malzemesinin düşük
stres koruyucu etkilerinin implant ömrünü uzatmak için faydalı olduğunu gösterilmiştir
(Anguiano-Sanchez et al., 2016).PEEK, son zamanlarda implant dayanak materyali olarak da
kullanılmaya başlanmıştır (Sacks et al., 2024). Hahnel ve arkadaşlarının (2015), titanyum,
zirkonyum ve PEEK implant dayanak materyallerinde biyofilm oluşumunu analiz ettikleri
çalışmalarında; PEEK’in, titanyum ve zirkonyumdan üretilen geleneksel dayanak
materyallerine göre yüzeyinde daha düşük biyofilm oluşumuna ve olumlu özelliklere sahip bir
dayanak materyali olduğu bulunmuştur (Hahnel et al., 2015). Geçmiş çalışmalarda,
termomekanik yaşlandırmanın ardından, güçlendirilmiş PEEK dayanaklar, zirkonya
dayanaklara benzer kırılma direnci sergilemiştir (Atsü et al., 2019).Titanyumla güçlendirilmiş
PEEK, mükemmel biyouyumluluğu göz önüne alındığında geleneksel dayanaklara etkili bir
alternatif olmakla birlikte kemik yüksekliğini koruyabilir.
PEEK Ortodontik Teller
Hastaların estetik taleplerinin gün geçtikçe artması nedeniyle metalik olmayan ortodontik teller
daha popüler hale gelmektedir. PEEK, metal alaşımlarına mükemmel bir alternatif olarak
karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Dental uygulamalar için PEEK, ağız ortamında korozyon, metal
iyonlarının salınması, metal alerjileri ve estetik olmayan görünüm gibi metal alaşımlarının bazı
temel eksikliklerini giderir (Shirakawa et al., 2018).PEEK tellerin yük-eğilme ve sürtünme
özelliklerini değerlendirdiği bir çalışmada, PEEK tellerin ortodontik apareyler olarak kullanıma
uygun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır (Tada et al., 2017). Yük-eğilme eğrileri, test edilen teller
arasında benzerlikler göstermiş bununla beraber, tüm malzemelerin kalıcı deformasyonu ve
statik sürtünmesi arasındaki farklar önemsiz bulunmuştur.PEEK, nikel-titanyum (Ni-Ti) teller
üzerinde korozyon direncini arttırmak ve mekanik özellikleri iyileştirmek için kaplama
materyali olarak kullanılabilir (Rokaya et al., 2018). Bununla birlikte, uzun süreli oral kullanım,
PEEK kaplamanın stabilitesinde bozulmaya neden olabilir (da Silva et al., 2013).
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PEEK’in Protetik Kullanımı
PEEK polimerinin, hareketli ve sabit protezlerde kullanımının yanı sıra implant destekli sabit
ve hareketli bölümlü protezlerde kullanımı da giderek artmaktadır. Bu durum, elastik
modülünün kemik ve dişe yakın olması, şok absorbe etme özelliği, üstün biyouyumluluğu,
yüksek termal ve kimyasal direnci ve mekanik özelliklerinin iyi olması gibi avantajlarından
kaynaklanmaktadır (Türksayar & Atsü, 2021).
PEEK’in Hareketli Bölümlü Protezlerde Kullanımı
Günümüzde diş eksikliği olan hastalar, implant restorasyonlarını seçme eğilimindedir. Bununla
birlikte, sistemik durum, mevcut anatomik yapı, psikolojik veya finansal nedenlerle implant
için uygun aday olmayan birçok hasta hala vardır. Bu hastalar, kaybedilen dişlerin restorasyonu
için konservatif ve ucuz bir yaklaşım olan hareketli bölümlü protezleri (HBP) tercih ederler
(Saeed et al., 2020). Harb ve arkadaşları (2019), Kennedy Sınıf I bölümlü protezin PEEK
altyapısının CAD/CAM frezeleme teknolojisiyle üretilmesi ile ilgili klinik bir rapor
yayınlamıştır (Harb et al., 2019). CAD/CAM veya geleneksel kayıp mum tekniği kullanılarak,
PEEK ile üretilen protez altyapısı, geleneksel malzemelere alerjisi olan veya tat duyusu daha
hassas olan hastalar için Co-Cr altyapının yerini alabilir (Zoidis & Papathanasiou, 2016). PEEK
gibi elastik bir materyal, dayanak dişlerde devrilme kuvveti ve gerilimi azaltabileceğinden,
dayanak dişlerin periodontal sağlığına faydalı olduğu gösterilmiştir (Negm et al., 2019). Bir
başka klinik çalışma, PEEK altyapılar için ağız sağlığı ile ilgili yaşam kalitesi, hasta
memnuniyeti ve periodontal sağlık gibi durumlar Co-Cr altyapılar ile karşılaştırıldığında benzer
sonuçlar bulmuştur (Ali et al., 2020).Tannous ve arkadaşları (2012), PEEK ile üretilen
kroşelerinin Co-Cr kroşelerden daha düşük retansiyon sergilediğini bulmuştur (Tannous et al.,
2012). Ayrıca çıkarma esnasında undercut bölgesinde oluşan stresin PEEK’in dayanımından
daha yüksek olması, kroşeler için uygun bir materyal olmadığı sonucunu ortaya koymuştur
(Tribst et al., 2020).
PEEK’in Sınırlılığı
PEEK üstünde uzun dönem klinik takiplerin yetersiz olması ile birlikte yapılan araştırma ve
geliştirme çalışmalarının sunduğu bazı bilgiler şu şekildedir:
•
PEEK artan klinik ilgisine rağmen, zayıf entegrasyonu ve biyolojik inertliğinden dolayı
çevre kemik dokulara girmesi sorun olmaktadır. Bu özellikle bakteri enfeksiyonlu operasyon
bölgelerinde yapılan PEEK implantlar uygulamaları için geçerlidir. Dolayısı ile enfeksiyon
direncini ve osseintegrasyonu artırmak için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.
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•
PEEK implantların alternatif olarak kullanılması için klinik öncesi ve klinik vakalarda
tatmin edici osseintegrasyon sonuçları göstermesi gereklidir
•
Düşük su emme kapasitesi, iyi sürtünme direnci ve kemiğe yakın mukavemet gücünden
dolayı tercih edilen PEEK ‘e uzun vadeli oral maruz kalma sonucu zamanla PEEK kaplamaların
stabilitesinde bozulmalar meydana geldiği gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle PEEK kaplama
stabilitesini değerlendirmek için yeterli klinik çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Özellikle PEEK
ortodontik telleri ile ilgili pral kavitedeki uzun vadeli maruz kalımı, yük dayanımı, statikkarakteristik sürtünmesi gibi kullanıma bağlı durum değerlendirici ve diş fırçalamadan, gıda
renklenmeleri ve bu renklenmenin çıkarımı, yemek yeme alışkanlıklarından etkilenmesi ile
ilgili yeterli klinik çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
•
Tannous ve arkadaşları PEEK kroşeler ile kobalt-krom kroşeleri karşılaştırmış ve PEEK
kroşelerin yeterli retansiyonu göstermediğini öne sürmüştür. Bu nedenle klinik kullanımda
PEEK kroşelerin retansiyon kuvvetinin değerlendirilmesi ile ilgili vaka analizlerine ihtiyaç
vardır.
İleri PEEK Çalışmalarına Yönelik Öneriler
PEEK, diş hekimliğinde metal alaşımlara alternatif yüksek performans polimer materyal olarak
görülmektedir. Dayanıklılığı, kırılma direnci, dentine ve kemiğe yakın elastikiyet modülü, şok
absorbsiyon yeteneği ve biyouyumluluğu, korozyon direnci sayesinde diş hekimliğinde yaygın
kullanım alanına sahip olmuştur. Ayrıca düşük ağırlığı ve estetiği kabul edilebilir oranda
sağlayabildiği için kullanımı metallere oranla giderek artmaktadır. Özellikle protetik tedavide
alt yapı materyali olarak kullanılmakla birlikte implanttoloji, ortodonti, endodonti, restoratif
restorasyonlar gibi çeşitli diş hekimliği alanlarında da kullanılmaktadır. CAD-CAM teknoloji
ile kullanılması sayesinde hızlı, kolay ve daha az hatalı restorasyonlar üretilebilmektedir. PEEK
üstünde uzun dönem klinik çalışmaların yetersiz olmasından dolayı polimerlerin, diş
hekimliğinde kullanımını kısıtlamaktadır.. Bu nedenle daha fazla vaka çalışmasına, randomize
klinik çalışmalara ve in vitro çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu görülmektedir. PEEK polimeri gelecek
vadetse de polimer esaslı materyallerin diş hekimliği ve protetik tedavide kullanımı için zamana
ihtiyaç olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Sonuç
PEEK mekanik, fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerinin yanı sıra modern tıptaki çeşitli uygulamaları
yönüyle büyük umut vaat etmektedir. Ortopedi uygulamalarında omurga füzyonu, disk
artroplastisi, laminektomi, travma ve onkolojik cerrahi, eklem artroplastisi ve artroskopik
cerrahi alanlarında popüler bir seçimdir. Ayrıca ağız-çene-yüz ve kraniyofasiyal cerrahide
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yörünge ve mandibular rekonstrüksiyonları, temporomandibular eklem değişimi ve
kraniyoplasti uygulamalarında komplikasyon ve hasta memnuniyeti açısından olumlu rapor
edilmiştir. Kardiyovasküler ve kardiyotorasik uygulamalar açısından değerlendirildiğinde ise
kalp damar cerrahisine yönelik implantlar, kalp kapak protezleri ve yaprakçık kalp kapakçıkları
oluşturmada, kemik fiksasyon etkinliği ve uygulama kolaylığı yönüyle PEEK uygulamaları
önerilmektedir. Ameliyat sonrası antibiyotik verilmesi, antimikrobiyal uygulamalar ve kansere
karşı ilaç dağıtımı sistemlerinde etkili bir şekilde kullanılmak üzere ilaç yüklü nanakapsül,
nanopartikül veya misel sistemleri ile katkılanacak PEEK materyalleri geliştirilebilir.
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mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 51, 388-397.
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Staniland, P., Wilde, C., Bottino, F., Di Pasquale, G., Pollicino, A., & Recca, A. (1992).
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Stawarczyk, B., Beuer, F., Wimmer, T., Jahn, D., Sener, B., Roos, M., & Schmidlin, P. R.
(2013). Polyetheretherketone—a suitable material for fixed dental prostheses? Journal of
Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 101(7), 1209-1216.
Strub, J. R., Rekow, E. D., & Witkowski, S. (2006). Computer-aided design and fabrication of
dental restorations: current systems and future possibilities. The Journal of the American
Dental Association, 137(9), 1289-1296.
Tada, Y., Hayakawa, T., & Nakamura, Y. (2017). Load-Deflection and Friction Properties of
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as
Alternative
Orthodontic
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thermoplastic
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Türkkal, F. Farklı yüzey modifikasyon yöntemlerinin; polieter eter keton (PEKK) materyalinin
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Zoidis, P., & Papathanasiou, I. (2016). Modified PEEK resin-bonded fixed dental prosthesis as
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SAF DEMİR ÜZERİNE NI-HARD 4 ALAŞIMIN SICAK PRES KAPLAMASI
Onur MURATAL (ORCID: 0000-0002-5419-9196)
Kocaeli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Material
Engineering, Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email:onurmuratal@gmail.com
Arş. Gör. Hasan İsmail YAVUZ* (ORCID: 0000-0001-6198-2560)
Kocaeli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Material
Engineering, Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email:hasanismail.yavuz@kocaeli.edu.tr
Can DURAN (ORCID: 0000-0003-2097-0154)
Kocaeli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Material
Engineering, Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email:candurankou@gmail.com
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Funda GÜL KOÇ (ORCID: 0000-0001-6517-1239)
Kocaeli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Material
Engineering, Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email:funda.demircan@kocaeli.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Rıdvan YAMANOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0002-4661-8215)
Kocaeli University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Material
Engineering, Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email:ryamanoglu@kocaeli.edu.tr
Özet
Ni-Hard alaşımları arasında Ni-Hard 4, yüksek Cr ve Ni içeriği sebebiyle mekanik ve
elektrokimyasal açıdan en iyi performansa sahip alaşım olarak bilinmektedir. Diğer bir adı
yüksek Cr içeren beyaz dökme demir olan Ni-Hard 4 alaşımı aşınma ve korozyona maruz kalan
parçaların kaplanması gibi çeşitli uygulama alanlarında yaygın bir şekilde tercih edilmektedir.
Bu çalışmada konvansiyonel kaplama yöntemlerinden farklı olarak basınç destekli sinterleme
ile saf demir üzerine Ni-Hard 4 kaplama yapılmış ve yüzey özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır.
Sinterleme ile kaplama işlemleri eş zamanlı olarak 950 °C’de 30 dakika süre boyunca
uygulanmıştır. Karakterizasyon işlemlerine yoğunluk ölçümü ile başlanmıştır. Üretim
yönteminin de etkisiyle %97 değerinde yüksek bir relatif yoğunluk elde edilmiştir.
Mikroyapısal inceleme sonucunda altık ve kaplama arasında kuvvetli bir bağlantı oluşumu
gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca Ni-Hard 4 kaplama, altlık malzemenin sertlik ve aşınma özelliklerinin
gelişmesine yol açmıştır. Dolayısıyla Ni-Hard 4 kaplamanın yenilikçi bir yaklaşım olan sıcak
pres ile uygulanması sonucunda altlık malzemeye üstün yüzey özellikleri kazandırılmıştır. Bu
açıdan değerlendirildiğinde Ni-Hard 4 kaplama, saf demirin yüzey özelliklerini geliştirmiş ve
yüksek performansa sahip kaplama elde edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Beyaz dökme demir, Ni-Hard 4 alaşımı, toz metalurjisi, yüzey özellikleri,
mikroyapısal karakterizasyon
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HOT-PRESS COATING OF NI-HARD 4 ALLOY ON PURE IRON
Abstract
Ni-Hard 4 is well-known among the Ni-Hard alloys for its superior mechanical and
electrochemical properties, mostly attributed to its higher chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni)
composition. Ni-Hard 4 alloy, also known as high-Cr white cast iron, is widely selected in many
application areas, such as the coating of parts subject to wear and corrosion. In this work, unlike
conventional coating methods, Ni-Hard 4 coating was applied on pure iron by pressure assisted
sintering and its influence on surface features was examined. Sintering and coating processes
were carried out simultaneously at 950 °C for 30 minutes. Characterization processes started
with density measurement. With the influence of the production method, a high relative density
of 97% was obtained in the Ni-Hard 4 alloy. Furthermore, the microstructural investigation
showed strong bond formation between the substrate and the coating. In addition, Ni-Hard 4
coating led to an increase in hardness and wear properties of substrate. As a consequence of the
production of Ni-Hard 4 coatings by hot pressing, improved surface properties were obtained.
In this regard, the surface properties of pure iron were improved by Ni-Hard 4 coating and high
performance coating was improved.
Keywords: White cast iron, Ni-Hard 4 alloy, powder metallurgy, surface properties,
microstructural characterisation
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Introduction
Developing new methods and heat treatments for cast iron alloys allows new materials to show
better mechanical properties and greater resistance to corrosion in various aggressive industrial
environments (Abd El-Aziz et al., 2015; Banadkouki et al., 2018). High-alloyed cast irons are
an important group of materials with an alloy content above 4%. High alloyed cast irons (450850 HB) have superior wear, heat and corrosion resistance properties compared to other
unalloyed or low alloyed cast irons. The main alloying elements used in high-alloy cast irons
are nickel, chromium, molybdenum, copper and vanadium (Wei & Xu, 2019; Barutcuoglu et
al., 2024). These materials are called Ni-Hard, Cr-Hard, etc. according to their alloy content.
Ni-Hard is the name of highly alloyed white cast iron with very high wear resistance (Yücel &
Günay, 2013). Among the Ni-hard alloys, Ni-Hard 4 is known as the hardest and most corrosion
resistant alloy due to its high Cr and Ni content. Ni-Hard 4 alloy, also known as high Cr white
cast iron, is frequently preferred in various application areas, such as mechanical parts exposed
to wear and parts that will work in corrosive environments. In this alloy, depending on their
chemical composition, M23C6, M7C3, M6C, and M3C type carbides can be seen in the
microstructure (Çöl et al., 2016; Ruangchai et al., 2021). These carbides increase the hardness
and wear resistance of the structure, enabling the material to be used as coatings in industry to
improve the performance and life of cutting and drilling tools. Current coating technologies
include thin film PVD and CVD coating techniques and thick coating types such as thermal
spray and laser coating techniques (Sathish et al., 2023). Although the coating thickness to be
applied varies according to the need, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Research for the development of coating methods continues. At this point in pressure-assisted
sintering methods, applying pressure simultaneously with temperature to the powder compound
during sintering creates the driving force for high density and leads to an increase in density
kinetics. The external pressure increases the densification rate, allowing material production at
lower sintering temperatures and times (Yamanoglu, 2019). However, coatings of Ni-hard
alloys can be used as final parts after sintering. Such advantages make the application of
industrial coatings by hot pressing attractive. In light of all this information, in this study, NiHard 4 alloy was coated on pure Fe by pressure-assisted sintering technique. The surface
properties of the coating and substrate materials were measured, and the applicability of the
coating technique was evaluated.
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Materials and Methods
In the study, pure Fe (10 µm) powder produced by chemical methods was used as the substrate,
and Ni-Hard 4 alloy powder produced by gas atomization was used as the coating. The chemical
composition of Ni-Hard 4 powder is also given in Table 1. The coating powders were produced
using the gas atomization device in the Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department of
Kocaeli University. In our previous study (Muratal et al., 2024), we detailed the production and
powder characterization of Ni-Hard 4 alloy powders.
Table 1. Chemical composition of Ni-Hard 4 alloys
Elements
C
Si
Mn
S
Amounts
3.0-
0.3-
0.3-
≤
(wt. %)
3.6
0.5
0.7
0.15
P
Ni
Cr
Mo
Fe
7-11
≤ 1.5
Rest
3.3≤ 0.3
4.8
First, the base powder was laid in the graphite die, and then the coating powders were added to
the die. The prepared die was placed in a DIEX VS50 brand hot press device. The coating
process was carried out at 950 °C for 30 minutes under a constant pressure of 50 MPa. In
addition, the production chamber was kept under vacuum with a pressure of 10-4 mbar to avoid
particle oxidation. Metallographic processing steps were performed before microstructural
characterization. Firstly, the sample was sectioned using a METKON brand Microcut 150
precision cutting device. Then the cross-section surface was prepared by sanding and polishing.
Finally, the samples were etched in 40 ml HCl and 20 ml HNO3 solution at 40°C. Optical
microscope images were taken using an OLYMPUS BX41M-LED microscope. A JEOL JSM
6060 scanning electron microscope was used for SEM images. Hardness measurements were
performed using a Zwick brand Roell ZHV model Vickers hardness tester with a 0.5 kgf loading
for 10 s. A ball disc type TURKYUS POD/HT/WT brand abrasion device was used for the dry
sliding wear test performed to evaluate the tribological properties of the samples. The wear tests
were carried out at a 500 m distance, 20 N load, and 300 rpm rotational speed at room
temperature using Si3N4 balls.
Results and Discussion
Microstructural Characterization
Figure 1(a) shows the presence of tiny holes in both the Ni-Hard coating and the pure iron
substrate. The pores were mostly localized at the interfaces between particles and exhibited a
spherical morphology. Thus, these factors are not anticipated to provide significant drawbacks
in terms of the material's strength. In Figure 1(b), the etched interfacial picture shows the
production of pearlite in the interfacial area due to carbon diffusion. As it moved away from
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the coating area, the ferrite phase became the dominant component in the microstructure. The
optical images showed the presence of martensitic phase and the production of hard coarse
M7C3 type carbide in the coating area. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image shown
in Figure 1(c) reveals the presence of diffusion in the interfacial area between the substrate and
the Ni-Hard coating. Consequently, carbon diffusion led to forming a pearlitic structure in the
interfacial area, which was distinct from the matrix. carbon diffusion unlike the matrix.
Figure 1. Microstructure images of the sample: (a) polished, (b) etched, (c) SEM image
Hardness Results
The interface Vickers hardness result of the sample obtained in the study is given in Figure 2.
As can be observed, hardness testing was carried out in 3 separate regions: the substrate, the
interfacial area and the coating. When results are evaluated, it is discovered that the hardness
value of Ni-Hard 4 coating is higher than pure iron. The hardness increase is related to the
unique microstructure of high-alloy cast iron. The microstructure is generally formed of three
parts and two supporting elements. The three ingredients are Fe, C and a significant amount of
Cr. Fe is the matrix element and forms the martensite phase with C, strengthening the material.
The Cr and C presence increases the hardness and wear resistance of the structure by producing
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M7C3 carbides. However, the size of these carbides should be kept under control in case of
coarsening. Coarse-grained carbides adversely affect the impact strength of the structure. For
this reason, Ni and Mo reinforcements in the alloy developed fine-grained carbides, resulting
in high hardness and high impact strength. Therefore, the formation of M7C3 carbide in Ni-Hard
4 coating and its uniform distribution in the structure led to a substantial hardness increase
compared to the base material.
Figure 2. Vickers hardness test results from surface to centre
Wear Results
The dry wear test results applied to the pure iron substrate and Ni-Hard 4 coating are given in
Figure 3 in terms of wear rate. As can be observed, the Ni-Hard 4 alloy showed better wear
resistance than pure iron. The increased wear performance was due to the significant hardness
differences between the substrate and the coating. As a result of the improved hardness, the
coating experienced a lower wear rate. The wear rate of Ni-Hard coating was measured at 0.185
mm3m-1.10-3 and that of pure iron at 0.803 mm3m-1.10-3. On the other hand, microstructural
differences in the substrate and coating caused the two regions to show different wear
mechanisms. The Ni-Hard 4 alloy exhibited high abrasive wear with carbides, which increase
hardness.
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Figure 3. Wear rate values of materials
High plastic deformation zones were identified on the worn surface of pure iron. Furthermore,
the wear of pure iron began with adhesive signs, followed by severe oxide growth due to friction
and temperature. The oxide layers produced under load fractured and left abrasive markings in
the system. This situation resulted in massive material losses. On the other hand, Figure 4 shows
the friction coefficient values obtained as a result of the wear test. As can be observed, the
coefficient of friction of the Ni-Hard 4 alloy was lower than that of pure iron. The low
coefficient of friction could be shown as one of several factors leading to reduced material loss
in the coating.The strong carbide structure prevented the abrasive tip from being embedded in
the matrix, and reducing the contact area led to a reduction in the friction coefficient.
Figure 4. Friction coefficient graph of the materials
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Conclusion
Powder metallurgical coatings are a solution against system responses like abrasion and
corrosion, which negatively influence industry sustainability and raise company expenses. They
are increasingly preferred because of their easy adaptability, wide range of materials, and
application regions. This work aims to coat Ni-Hard 4 alloy, which stands out with its strong
wear resistance and excellent corrosion resistance in its own material family, on iron using
pressure-assisted sintering. This study was motivated by the limited research on the application
of the hot press technique to a coating strategy. When the results were examined, superior wear
performance was noticed with the Ni-Hard 4 alloy coating due to the enhanced hardness
compared to pure iron. Furthermore, it was determined that there was a strong connection
between the coating and the basic material. As a result, the findings obtained with pressureassisted sintering demonstrated that this method can be an alternative to common coating
procedures used in industry.
Thanks and Information Note
The production of the powders used in this study and the coating of these powders on the
substrates by powder metallurgy were realized with the support of the Kocaeli University
Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project No: FBA-2021-2629).
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References
Abd El-Aziz, K., Zohdy, K., Saber, D., & Sallam, H. E. M. (2015). Wear and corrosion behavior
of high-Cr white cast iron alloys in different corrosive media. Journal of Bio-and TriboCorrosion, 1, p.1-12.
Banadkouki, S. G., Mehranfar, S., & Zarchi, H. K. (2018). Effect of Cu addition on hardness
and microstructural features of low alloy white cast iron. Materials Research Express,
6(2), 026547.
Barutçuoğlu, B., Koç, F. G., Erişir, E., & Karaarslan, G. (2024). The Effect of Tempering
Temperature on Microstructure and Wear Behavior of Tungsten and Boron Alloyed NiHard 4 White Cast Irons. International Journal of Metalcasting, p.1-16.
Çöl, M., Koç, F. G., Öktem, H., & Kır, D. (2016). The role of boron content in high alloy white
cast iron (Ni-Hard 4) on microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance. Wear,
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p.158-165.
Muratal, O., Yamanoğlu, R., Duran, C., Gönülalan, Y., et al. (2024). PRODUCTION OF
Ni-HARD ALLOY POWDERS BY GAS ATOMIZATION. International Journal of 3D
Printing
Technologies
and
Digital
Industry,
8(1),
p.124-129.
https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.140276
Ruangchai, K., Tongsri, R., Pearce, J. T. H., Chairuangsri, T., & Wiengmoon, A. (2021). Effects
of annealing treatment on microstructure and hardness in the 28 wt% Cr cast iron with
Mo/W addition. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, 31(2), p. 89-95.
Sathish, M., Radhika, N., & Saleh, B. (2023). Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects
of Thin Film Coating Techniques and Coating Structures. Journal of Bio-and TriboCorrosion, 9(2), p.35.
Wei, S., & Xu, L. (2019). Review on research progress of steel and iron wear-resistant
materials. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 56(4), p.523-538.
Yamanoglu, R. (2019). Pressureless spark plasma sintering: A perspective from conventional
sintering to accelerated sintering without pressure. Powder Metallurgy and Metal
Ceramics, 57, p.513-525.
Yücel, E. & Günay, M. (2013). Modelling and optimization of the cutting conditions in hard
turning of high-alloy white cast iron (Ni-Hard). Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 227(10),
p.2280-2290.
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GELENEKTEN AKILLIYA: ŞEHİRLERDE DEĞİŞİMİ YÖNETMEK
Nurullah TAS (ORCID: 0000-0001-6221-0204)
Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Business, Department of Business, Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email:nurullahtas@gtu.edu.tr
Özet
Akıllı şehirler, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin entegrasyonuyla sürdürülebilirlik, verimlilik ve
yaşam kalitesi açısından önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bunu; altyapı ve ulaşım, enerji yönetimi,
bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri, kamu hizmetleri, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, toplumsal katılım ile
veri analitiği ve yönetiminin bütün olarak gelişimi ve dönüşümüyle sağlamaktadır. Bu dönüşüm
süreci karmaşık ve çok boyutlu olduğundan, etkili bir değişim yönetimi gerekmektedir. Bu
çalışmada, geleneksel şehirlerden akıllı şehirlere geçişin zorlukları, fırsatları ve değişim
yönetimi stratejileri incelenmektedir. İlk olarak, akıllı şehirlerin tanımı, temel özellikleri ve
bileşenleri açıklanmaktadır. Bu bileşenler arasında altyapı ve ulaşım, enerji yönetimi, kamu
hizmetleri, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri, toplumsal katılım ve veri
analitiği yer almaktadır. Daha sonra, şehirlerin dijital dönüşümü için önemli olan teknolojik
altyapı, veri yönetimi ve güvenlik gibi konular ele alınmaktadır. Akıllı şehirlerin
sürdürülebilirlik, enerji yönetimi, vatandaş katılımı ve kamu hizmetleri gibi alanlardaki etkileri
ve fırsatları da tartışılmaktadır. Bu değişim sürecinde, yerel yönetimler, paydaşlar ve
vatandaşlar arasında etkili iletişim, işbirliği ve liderlik önemli rol oynamaktadır. Değişim
yönetimi stratejileri, kaynakların etkili kullanımını ve sürdürülebilirlik ilkesine dayanan bir
yaklaşımı gerektirir. Akıllı şehirlerin geleceği için etkili bir değişim yönetimi stratejisi,
teknolojik, sosyal ve kurumsal boyutları dikkate alan ve sürdürülebilirlik ilkesine dayanan bir
yaklaşım gerektirmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, şehirlerin gelenekselden akıllıya
dönüşümünde karşılaşılan zorlukları ve başarı faktörlerini anlamak için bir çerçeve
sunmaktadır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Akıllı şehirler, değişim yönetimi, sürdürülebilirlik, teknoloji
entegrasyonu, veri yönetimi
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FROM TRADITIONAL TO SMART: MANAGING CHANGE IN CITIES
Abstract
Smart cities offer significant opportunities for sustainability, efficiency and quality of life
through the integration of information and communication technologies. This is achieved
through the development and transformation of infrastructure and transportation, energy
management, information and communication technologies, public services, environmental
sustainability, social participation and data analytics and management. As this transformation
process is complex and multidimensional, effective change management is required. This study
examines the challenges, opportunities and change management strategies for the transition
from traditional cities to smart cities. First, the definition, main characteristics and components
of smart cities are explained. These components include infrastructure and transportation,
energy management, public services, environmental sustainability, ICT, civic engagement and
data analytics. Then, issues such as technological infrastructure, data management and security,
which are important for the digital transformation of cities, are discussed. The impacts and
opportunities of smart cities in areas such as sustainability, energy management, citizen
engagement and public services are also discussed. Effective communication, cooperation and
leadership between local governments, stakeholders and citizens play an important role in this
change process. Change management strategies require effective use of resources and an
approach based on the principle of sustainability. An effective change management strategy for
the future of smart cities requires an approach that takes into account technological, social and
institutional dimensions and is based on the principle of sustainability. In conclusion, this study
provides a framework for understanding the challenges and success factors in the
transformation of cities from traditional to smart.
Keywords: Smart Cities, Change Management, Sustainability, Technology Integration, Data
Management
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Introduction
According to various definitions, change is a process that refers to the transition from one
structure to another structure, which has no orientation and can take place in different directions.
This process can occur suddenly or be initiated by people in a planned or unplanned manner.
While the results of change can have positive effects when it occurs in the desired direction,
negative results may occur when it occurs in an undesired way. In other words, change refers
to a process of activities carried out to ensure that a situation is transformed into a new structure
by differentiating over time. This process can take place in a planned or unplanned manner and
can have positive or negative consequences (Helvacı, 2015).Today, organizations and
formations are faced with the necessity of taking into account the changes that occur in order
to achieve their goals. Because any change in environmental conditions directly affects the
activities of organizations and forces them to change. For this reason, three main problems
affecting change are emphasized meticulously: problems arising from the competitive market
structure, problems arising from the workforce and problems arising from the social
environment (Güçlü & Şehitoğlu, 2006).Smart cities are another structure affected by changes
in the social and social environment. Smart cities are formations created mainly for data
collection using various electronic methods and sensors in urban areas. This data collection
process aims to utilize resources more efficiently and continuously improve the quality of
services and operations. Data is collected from sources such as city dwellers, buildings,
infrastructure and other amenities, and through the analysis of the collected data, it is used for
purposes such as traffic and transportation systems, energy generation and distribution systems,
public services, water supply, treatment and distribution systems, waste management, recycling
and disposal, security and crime detection, monitoring and management of public spaces.Smart
cities connect information technologies and various physical devices connected to the Internet
of Things to improve the efficiency of services and operations and to interact with city residents.
In this way, smart cities are able to dynamically monitor the state of the city by interacting with
both city infrastructure and residents. The information obtained improves service quality,
performance and interactivity, while at the same time reducing costs and resource consumption.
In the following sections of the study, the concept of change and types of change, the aims and
benefits of change, change management and strategies are examined, followed by information
on smart cities, their characteristics and framework. Finally, the challenges faced with smart
cities from a change management perspective are examined.
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The Concept and Types of Change
Change is a concept in which the economic, social, cultural and political factors interacted with
in existential processes are constantly changing along with the external environment,
competitors and customer base. Capturing change is therefore a difficult challenge.
Organizations have to change continuously to compete with the external environment, time and
competitors (Tokat, 2012). Change refers to the process of moving an entity or situation from
one level to another. The change process of organizations takes place through differentiation at
individual and organizational level, production and implementation of innovative ideas (Koçel,
2015; Erdoğan, 2015). Change involves changes in the internal dynamics of the organization,
business processes, structural values, authorities and responsibilities, production techniques,
environmental regulations, competition policies and managerial strategies (Sabuncuoğlu &
Tüz, 2016).Organizations evaluate over time and space to decide whether change is necessary.
External causes include political factors, technology, competitors, customers, financial
conditions, economic conditions, social conditions, natural conditions, public opinion and
suppliers. Internal causes, on the other hand, are factors internal to the organization and include
factors that force the organization to change, such as organizational inefficiencies, downsizing
policy, change in organizational values, alternative working methods, change of senior
managers, growth policy and mergers (Sabuncuoğlu & Tüz, 2016). Identifying and analyzing
these factors helps organizations develop strategies to implement change and ensures successful
management of change.With the increasing demand for change, organizations have started to
implement various types of change. These types of change are divided into various categories
such as continuous-root, planned-unplanned, pre-emptive-reactive, large-scale-small-scale,
active-passive, individual, group and organizational change. Continuous change is a process of
adaptation, restructuring and experimentation that organizations use to adapt to environmental
conditions. Fundamental change is a type in which fundamental and in-depth changes take place
in the structure or objectives of the organization. Individual change refers to changes in an
individual's thinking and behavior, while group change refers to changes in the structure and
relationships within a group. Institutional change refers to changes in behaviors, structures,
procedures or outputs of certain units within an organization (Helvacı, 2015). Planned change
is a type of change in which the change process is planned and implemented in advance, while
in unplanned change, the purpose and stages of change are not determined in advance. While
pre-emptive change enables the organization to anticipate and prepare for environmental
changes, reactive change is a type of change that occurs by reacting to environmental conditions
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when they occur. While large-scale change affects the overall structure of the organization,
small-scale change refers to changes related to a specific issue. In active change, the
organization actively changes, while in passive change, it accepts change within itself to adapt
to the environment (Koçel, 2015).
Aims and Benefits of Change
The main objective of change is to increase efficiency by combining the requirements of the
work and the qualifications of the people doing the work, and to achieve more output using
fewer resources. Thus, increasing efficiency is also an important goal of change. In addition,
change also has goals such as increasing motivation, preparing for the future, developing trust
and cooperation, finding solutions to problems, and improving communication (Sabuncuoğlu
& Tüz, 2016). The rapid development and change in technology reveals the necessity for
organizations to keep pace with change and follow technological innovations. In this context,
change is directed towards the goal of organizations to provide innovation, and in certain cases,
organizations may have goals that are compatible with their long-term plans and programs. In
such cases, the purpose of change is to create a structure that makes it easier for organizations
to enter new areas to achieve these goals (Tokat, 2012).While it is known that change is
generally aimed at achieving these goals, there are also goals that prioritize human resources.
Objectives such as developing the ability to establish empathy and humanistic relationships,
increasing organizational knowledge and work performance, building mutual trust and support,
developing behaviors that will ensure open communication, cooperation and independence, and
gaining the ability to understand group work and group behavior reflect the human-oriented
dimension of change (Tokat, 2012). These objectives focus on the development and effective
use of human resources in organizations, thus aiming to improve the performance of employees
by increasing their motivation.For organizations, change is both a necessity and an effective
process that ensures the continuity and development of the organization. Beyond being a
technical process, change also requires a change in mindset. New approaches should be adopted
to solve problems instead of acting with old mindsets. In addition, change not only brings
solutions to current problems, but also requires being prepared for potential problems that may
be encountered in the future. Change supports the growth and development of organizations as
well as ensuring the continuation of their activities. In addition, change shapes the future by
creating a vision for the organization and provides many positive results and benefits (Güçlü &
Şehitoğlu, 2006).
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Positive outcomes of change include creating excitement and vitality in the organization,
enabling employees to focus, providing new opportunities, developing and satisfying
employees. Groups formed with change add dynamism to the organization and ensure that
routine activities are reviewed and organized (Erdoğan, 2015). However, if change is handled
incorrectly, it can lead to negative consequences such as the risk of not achieving goals,
increased costs, lost benefits, decreased motivation and negative attitudes of employees
(Helvacı, 2015). Therefore, the change process should be managed carefully and strategies
should be determined in accordance with the needs and priorities of the organization.
Change Management and Strategies
The fact that the environment is in a continuous process of change obliges organizations to
change, whether they want to or not. Organizations that cannot adapt to change may lose their
ability to compete and may even cease to exist. Therefore, organizations should be able to
successfully manage change and exhibit a flexible attitude towards change.In order to manage
change successfully, it is important to pay attention to the following factors. Creating a sense
of urgency, building a strong guiding coalition, creating a vision, sharing the vision,
empowering others to bring the vision to life, planning and creating short-term gains,
consolidating progress and creating further change, institutionalizing new approaches play an
important role in change management (Kotter, 1995).Change management involves a five-stage
process. These stages are examining the factors that require change, diagnosing the change,
creating a change program, implementation, and monitoring and evaluating the change.
Effective use of factors such as leadership, communication, participation and training ensures
the success of the change management process. In addition, dealing with resistance to change,
increasing employee motivation and continuous improvement of the process are also important
elements (Erdoğan, 2015).Different strategies are used for change management (Sabuncuoğlu
& Tüz, 2016): Among these strategies are empirical-logical strategies. According to this
strategy, people can be directed to change by persuading them with objective information. It is
important for those who want to implement change to first convince the people who will be
affected and benefit from the change about the advantages of change. By providing unbiased
and solid information, people are made to understand the opportunities and improvements that
change will bring. Use of force-coercion strategies are also an effective approach to change
management. In this strategy, change is enforced through the use of political or economic
sanctions and rules. While power strategies require people to be coerced if they do not dare to
change, coercion strategies guide people to change through the incentives of power, law, reward
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and punishment. These strategies aim to get individuals to respond to change out of fear of
punishment or desire for reward rather than consent to change. Prescriptive-retraining strategies
aim to support change by observing whether change occurs in behaviors, norms, relationships
and skills. In this strategy, values and assumptions are clarified and based on participation.
Power sharing is important to build consensus for change and foster collaboration. Prescriptiveretraining strategies take more time but allow for more internalization. In these strategies,
individuals are encouraged to understand, accept and personally embrace change. In this way,
different strategies for change management are used, aiming at effective management and
acceptance of change. The choice of strategies may vary depending on the nature of the change,
its objectives and the characteristics of the organization or community. What is important is
that the strategies are carefully planned and implemented so that the change is successful and
lasting.
Smart Cities
There are many different definitions of smart cities in the literature (Partigöç, 2023). Factors
used to define smart cities include the application of various electronic and digital technologies,
transforming life and work environments within the city through the use of ICTs, integrating
ICT applications into government and public systems, and developing innovations and
knowledge regionally through applications that bring ICTs and people together (Deakin, 2013).
Different researchers have defined smart cities as a process of researching and identifying smart
solutions to improve the quality of services provided to citizens, a city that provides economic
growth and high quality of life in a sustainable way, and systems that support city development
and improve urban services using communication technologies (Caragliu et al., 2011; Law &
Lynch, 2019).For a better understanding of the smart city concept, it is important to identify its
basic components. Technology factors consist of physical infrastructure, smart, mobile and
virtual technologies and virtual networks. Human factors are related to human infrastructure
and social capital, while institutional factors consist of governance, policy, regulation and
directives (Nam & Pardo, 2011). Smart city technologies are especially manifested in
applications in areas such as transportation, environmental sustainability, energy and natural
resource conservation, health and education. These applications contribute to making cities
more efficient, sustainable and people-oriented.The journey of smart cities started in the 1970s
with the Los Angeles Cluster Analysis project. The first smart city concept emerged in
Amsterdam in 1994. Smart city studies gained momentum in the 2000s with the initiatives of
IBM and Cisco. Later, many countries supported the development of smart cities by
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implementing similar projects (Verdict, 2020). In the last two decades, rapid developments in
information technologies, advances in sensor technologies, and exponential growth in
computing power have led to an increase and expansion of technology applications in cities.
Smart cities utilize IoT networked devices, various software, user interfaces and
communication networks to make life easier. IoT is a network of connected devices such as
vehicles, household appliances, traffic lights, street lights, etc. that communicate with each
other and exchange data. The data from these devices is stored in the cloud or on servers,
enabling efficiency gains in both the public and private sectors and helping citizens realize
economic benefits and improvements in quality of life.Smart cities have many features. First of
all, smart cities are a concept based on the idea of utilizing technology and digital tools to
increase the smartness of a city (Hollands, 2008). In this concept, information technologies are
used to increase economic and political efficiency and to ensure social, cultural and urban
development. Key components of smart cities include informed, educated and engaged citizens,
as they play an important role in creating a high quality of life and civic space (Deakin, 2013).
Moreover, supporting sustainable business initiatives is of great importance for strategic
planning (Angelidou & Psaltoglou, 2017). Therefore, it is important to monitor and cooperate
with neighboring cities (Angelidou, 2017). Privacy and security are considered critical issues
in smart cities and relate to how data is used (Kitchin, 2015). Smart city strategies are also
characterized by their ability to take into account local challenges, needs and opportunities
(Paskaleva, 2011). Stakeholder involvement is also an important feature in the planning and
implementation of smart city initiatives (Angelidou & Psaltoglou, 2017). They are large and
costly projects that require ethical and political considerations and should be carried out with a
planning approach that takes into account long-term community interests (Watson, 2014). For
these initiatives to succeed, a clear strategic framework and an architecture that pays attention
to complementarities are needed (Angelidou, 2014). Moreover, the development of smart cities
should be a product of interdisciplinary planning, as it covers a broad spectrum of development
and tackles pressing urban challenges (Burger et al., 2013). This development aims to integrate
different dimensions of intelligence, such as information systems, human intelligence,
collective intelligence and artificial intelligence (Deakin, 2013). The intelligence of smart cities
is realized through the effective combination of communication lines, sensors and software
(Manshanden & Lambooy, 2007).
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Smart City Framework
Several frameworks should be used for the creation, consolidation and adoption of smart city
capabilities (Govada et al., 2017). These frameworks can be divided into five key dimensions
that include different categories related to smart city development (Sharifi, 2019):The
technology framework includes the technological infrastructure and solutions used in smart
cities. The effective use of technologies such as sensors, communication networks, artificial
intelligence and automation are important elements of this framework. The people framework
encompasses the residents, communities and users of smart cities. Factors such as humancentered design, participation, education and awareness form the basis of this framework. It is
of great importance that smart cities are in line with the needs and expectations of people. The
institutional structure dimension includes the institutions that manage and operate smart cities.
The cooperation and coordination of public institutions, private sector companies, civil society
organizations and other stakeholders form the basis of this framework. A good governance and
policy framework ensures that smart cities operate in a sustainable and effective manner. The
energy framework includes elements such as energy efficiency, renewable energy sources and
smart energy management. Optimizing energy consumption and using sustainable energy
sources is of utmost importance in smart cities. The data management framework includes the
effective management and utilization of large amounts of data collected in smart cities. Issues
such as data security, privacy, analysis and sharing are important components of this
framework.These five key dimensions serve as guiding frameworks for the successful
development and implementation of smart cities. Consideration of each dimension is crucial for
smart cities to realize their full potential.
Assessing the Challenges of Smart Cities from a Change Management Perspective
In smart city initiatives, creating a roadmap is the first step. The key elements of this roadmap
are community analysis, smart city policy development and community engagement with egovernment services and a strong city-wide Wi-Fi infrastructure. Research has identified
common challenges of smart city initiatives. While budget constraints pose a key challenge to
sustainability, social media and mobile communication technologies offer new opportunities
for community engagement (Alawadhi et al., 2012). In addition, it has been stated that smart
city applications change the organizational culture and increase the level of transparency and
accountability through data-driven management.Integrating different technologies and existing
infrastructure, ensuring data privacy and cybersecurity, promoting citizen participation and
inclusion in decision-making, addressing the digital divide, managing sustainable and energy-
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efficient practices, dealing with complex regulatory frameworks, securing adequate funding
and investment, and developing flexible strategies to deal with potential disasters and
emergencies are some of the challenges that need to be overcome in the process of
implementing smart city initiatives. These challenges require collaborative efforts and
innovative solutions and are important to achieve the goal of creating efficient, inclusive and
sustainable urban environments in the future (Gupta, 2023).Organizations have to adapt to
change in order to survive and adapt to environmental conditions. However, elements of
resistance may emerge in the change process. Resistance is defined as forces that oppose change
and prevent transformation. These elements of resistance may differ from organization to
organization and may make it difficult for change to be successful. Therefore, it is important
for organizations to remain robust, consistent and willing to change when faced with resistance
to change. There are different reasons why people resist change. Work-related reasons include
fear of technological unemployment, fear of increased workload, fear of lack of technical
knowledge, fear of changes in the wage/reward relationship and high costs. Personal reasons
include fear of the unknown, the need for security, the difficulty of giving up habits and the fear
of failure, while social reasons include group norms and goals versus the goals of change,
negative attitudes and mistrust towards change, unwillingness to give up existing social
relationships and the perception that change is only in the interest of a particular
group.Organizations use a variety of strategies to reduce or eliminate resistance to change.
These strategies include participation, communication and education, negotiation, explicit or
implicit coercion, manipulation and cooptation. Participation helps to reduce resistance by
ensuring that those who are subject to or affected by the change are actively involved in the
process. Communication and training are important for explaining the necessity of change,
adopting new approaches and enabling individuals to adapt to change. Negotiation aims to gain
the approval and support of those who will be affected by the change, while explicit or implicit
coercion methods can be used to overcome resistance. Manipulation and cooptation can help
reduce resistance by influencing those who are against change. However, if it is considered that
the basic principles for change management can be applied to smart cities:Communication and
Persuasion: Effective communication between stakeholders is crucial in the smart city
transformation process. In this process, city residents need to be regularly and clearly informed
about the reasons, benefits and process of change. In addition, transparent and participatory
communication strategies should be used to gain public support.
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Leadership and Sponsorship: The role of leaders and influential sponsors is crucial in smart city
transformation. Leaders should define and support the smart city vision and guide the process.
Sponsors should assume responsibilities such as providing financial resources, participating in
decision-making processes and removing barriers.Participation and Stakeholder Management:
In smart city transformation, local communities, businesses, civil society organizations and
other stakeholders should be actively involved in the process. This means understanding the
expectations of the community, ensuring participation and taking into account the views of
different stakeholders. Collaboration and partnership should be built to ensure stakeholder
ownership and support.Vision and Goals of Change: A clear vision and goals should be set for
smart city transformation. This vision should include smart city goals such as sustainability,
quality of life, efficiency and innovation. The vision should provide a roadmap to bring all
stakeholders together and guide the process.Planning and Resource Management: Smart city
transformation requires comprehensive planning and resource management. This planning
should meet the needs of technological infrastructure, data management, energy, transportation
and other areas. Resources must be properly allocated to effectively meet the requirements,
such as human, financial and technological resources.Dealing with Resistance: The smart city
transformation process may encounter resistance. It is important to understand resistance,
identify its source and deal with it with effective strategies. At this point, resistance should be
reduced and public trust should be gained through methods such as education, information and
transparency.Improvement and Learning: During the smart city transformation process,
feedback should be continuously received and the process should be monitored. The
experiences and learnings obtained in this way should be used to improve the process. In
addition, the impacts and results of the change should be evaluated and lessons should be
learned for future projects and initiatives.
Conclusion
These principles provide a basic framework for effectively managing change in smart cities.
However, as each city has different needs and circumstances, change management strategies
should be customized to local conditions. Key principles such as communication and
persuasion, leadership and sponsorship, participation and stakeholder management, vision and
goals of change, planning and resource management, dealing with resistance, improvement and
learning are crucial for smart city transformation. These principles provide a framework for
effectively managing change in smart cities and ensuring the active participation of society. The
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more cities that want to change can comply with these principles, the more they will be able to
realize change and transformation.
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AKILLI ŞEHİR OLMA YÖNÜNDE YEREL YÖNETİM ÇALIŞMALARI:
İSTANBUL ÖRNEĞİ
Nurullah TAS (ORCID: 0000-0001-6221-0204)
Gebze Technical University, Faculty of Business, Department of Business, Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email: nurullahtas@gtu.edu.tr
Özet
Akıllı şehirlerin bileşenleri teknoloji, veri ve sürdürülebilirlik ilkelerini bir araya getirerek
şehirleri daha yaşanabilir, sürdürülebilir ve etkin hale getirmektedir. Akıllı şehirlerde altyapı ve
ulaşım, enerji yönetimi, bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri, kamu hizmetleri, çevresel
sürdürülebilirlik, toplumsal katılım, veri analitiği ve yönetim bileşenlerinin bir bütün olarak
geliştirilmesi önemlidir. Bu çalışma, yerel yönetimlerin akıllı şehir olma yolunda attıkları
adımları ve şehirlerin dönüşüm sürecindeki ana adımları ele almaktadır. Büyük bir küresel
metropol olan İstanbul, artan bir nüfus, karmaşık bir ulaşım ağı ve çeşitli altyapı ihtiyaçları ile
karşı karşıyadır. Akıllı şehir konsepti, bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmek için teknolojik
yenilikleri ve sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerini bir araya getirerek İstanbul'un gelecekteki gelişimini
şekillendirmektedir. Çalışma, İstanbul'un akıllı şehir olma yolunda attığı adımları inceleyerek
teknolojik altyapı, veri yönetimi, ulaşım, enerji ve sürdürülebilirlik gibi konulara dikkat
çekmeye çalışmaktadır. İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi'nin yönetiminde akıllı ulaşım
sistemleri, dijital altyapı projeleri ve enerji yönetimi gibi alanlarda birçok girişim
yürütülmektedir. Bunlar arasında şehir sakinlerinin yaşam kalitesini artıran, çevresel
sürdürülebilirliği destekleyen ve ekonomik kalkınmayı teşvik eden çözümler de yer almaktadır.
Yerel toplum katılımı, liderlik ve yönetim desteği, kaynak yönetimi ve teknoloji entegrasyonu
gibi temel ilkeler ise İstanbul'un akıllı şehir hedeflerine ulaşmasında kritik öneme sahiptir.
İstanbul'un akıllı şehir vizyonu sürdürülebilirlik, yenilikçilik ve yaşam kalitesi gibi önemli
hedefler içermektedir. Ancak başarı için sürekli çaba, işbirliği ve toplum desteği gerekmektedir.
Sonuç olarak bu çalışma, İstanbul'un akıllı şehir olma yolunda attığı adımları ve bu dönüşümün
getirdiği fırsatları tartışmaktadır. Akıllı şehir dönüşümü ile İstanbul'un gelecekte daha
yaşanabilir, bağlantılı ve sürdürülebilir bir şehir olma yolunda önemli ilerlemeler kaydetmesi
beklenmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Akıllı şehirler, Yerel Yönetimler, Sürdürülebilirlik, Teknolojik yenilikler
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LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES TOWARDS BECOMING A SMART CITY:
THE CASE OF ISTANBUL
Abstract
The components of smart cities combine technology, data and sustainability principles to make
cities more livable, sustainable and efficient. In smart cities, it is important to develop
infrastructure and transportation, energy management, information and communication
technologies, public services, environmental sustainability, social participation, data analytics
and management components as a whole. This study examines the steps taken by local
governments to become smart cities and the main steps in the transformation process of cities.
As a major global metropolis, Istanbul faces a growing population, a complex transportation
network and diverse infrastructure needs. The smart city concept is shaping Istanbul's future
development by combining technological innovations and sustainability goals to address these
challenges. The study examines Istanbul's steps towards becoming a smart city, highlighting
issues such as technological infrastructure, data management, transportation, energy and
sustainability. Under the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, many initiatives are underway in
areas such as smart transportation systems, digital infrastructure projects and energy
management. These include solutions that improve the quality of life of city residents, support
environmental sustainability and promote economic development. Key principles such as local
community engagement, leadership and management support, resource management and
technology integration are critical to achieving Istanbul's smart city goals. Istanbul's smart city
vision includes important goals such as sustainability, innovation and quality of life. However,
success requires sustained effort, collaboration and community support. In conclusion, this
study discusses the steps Istanbul has taken towards becoming a smart city and the opportunities
that this transformation brings. With the smart city transformation, Istanbul is expected to make
significant progress towards becoming a more livable, connected and sustainable city in the
future.
Keywords: Smart cities, Local Goverment, Sustainability, Technological innovations
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Introduction
The world's population has increased at an extraordinary rate throughout history, and much of
this increase has taken place in cities. In the 21st century, the majority of the world's population
now lives in urban areas and this trend is expected to continue. Rapid urbanization brings many
opportunities as well as serious challenges. While cities offer attractive opportunities for
economic growth, innovation, cultural diversity and social development, they also pose
problems such as infrastructure deficiencies, environmental problems, traffic congestion and
social inequalities. The solution to these problems and the future of urban areas are shaped
around the concepts of urban transformation and smart cities (Komninos, 2008).Smart cities
aim to make cities more efficient, sustainable and livable through the use of technology. Smart
cities enable better management of cities through the use of various sensors, data analytics,
internet connectivity and other digital technologies. These technologies support the
development of cities in a range of areas, from optimizing transportation and reducing energy
consumption to emergency management and environmental protection. Smart cities have the
potential to transform not only physical infrastructure, but also community engagement and
urban planning (Örselli & Can, 2019).Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey and is recognized
worldwide for its historical and cultural heritage. As a bridge between the Anatolian and
European continents, Istanbul is located at the junction of the Bosphorus and the Sea of
Marmara. Thanks to this strategic location, Istanbul has been the center of many civilizations
throughout history and has had a great influence in terms of trade, economy, culture and politics.
In recent years, Istanbul has been undergoing a process of rapid urban development and change.
The city is undergoing a major transformation due to factors such as population growth,
economic growth and migration. High-rise housing, infrastructure projects, urban planning and
social transformation efforts are changing the physical fabric and lifestyle of Istanbul. The steps
taken and projects carried out by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB) within the scope
of smart cities are among the determinants of this change and transformation.In the following
sections of the study, information on smart cities is given first. Subsequently, IBB, as a local
government, has provided information on the implementation of the Istanbul Smart City
Strategic Plan and the activities carried out within the scope of the smart city perspective.
Smart Cities
The smart cities journey started in the 1970s with the Los Angeles Cluster Analysis project.
Later, many countries supported the development of smart cities by implementing similar
projects (Verdict, 2020). Factors used to define smart cities include the application of various
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electronic and digital technologies, the use of ICTs to transform life and work environments
within cities, the integration of ICT applications into government and public systems, and the
regional development of innovation and knowledge through applications that bring ICTs and
people together (Deakin, 2013).For a better understanding of the smart city concept, it is
important to identify its basic components. Technology factors consist of physical
infrastructure, smart, mobile and virtual technologies and virtual networks. Human factors are
related to human infrastructure and social capital, while institutional factors consist of
governance, policy, regulation and directives (Nam & Pardo, 2011).Smart cities are a concept
based on the idea of utilizing technology and digital tools to increase the smartness of a city
(Hollands, 2008). In this concept, information technologies are used to increase economic and
political efficiency and to ensure social, cultural and urban development. Moreover, supporting
sustainable business initiatives is of great importance for strategic planning (Angelidou &
Psaltoglou, 2017). Therefore, it is important to observe and cooperate with neighboring cities
(Angelidou, 2017). Moreover, for these initiatives to be successful, a clear strategic framework
and an architecture that pays attention to complementarities are needed (Angelidou, 2014).
Moreover, the development of smart cities should be a product of interdisciplinary planning, as
it covers a broad spectrum of development and tackles pressing urban challenges (Burger et al.,
2013). A variety of frameworks should be used for the creation, combination and adoption of
smart city capabilities. Technology, people, organizational structure, energy and data
management serve as guiding frameworks for the successful development and implementation
of smart cities. Consideration of each dimension is crucial for smart cities to realize their full
potential (Sharifi, 2019).
Istanbul as a Smart City
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB) has prepared the Smart City Strategic Plan, a strategy
that aims to improve the quality of life of its residents and use resources effectively and
efficiently by taking advantage of the opportunities brought by the information age. This plan
aims to utilize data and technology-based solutions to meet the needs and expectations of all
Istanbulites. The Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan (2021-2030) summarizes the process of the
project, explains the project management principles, presents the findings obtained during the
progress of the project, and includes smart city strategies, strategic objectives, initiatives and
projects specific to Istanbul. This is the first Smart City Strategic Plan prepared at the local
government level in Turkey and has been developed in line with Turkey's National Smart Cities
Strategy and Action Plan (İstanbul Akıllı Şehir Stratejik Planı, 2021).
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A basic vision, main strategies, thematic area strategies, initiatives and approximately 180
project plans to develop the city have been identified to ensure that Istanbul achieves its Smart
City goals. These project plans, which are in line with IBB's strategy, are born out of real needs,
can be realized by stakeholders in harmony, are in line with global trends, can be developed
with a sustainable vision, and have a clear and understandable quality that can add "smart"
elements to other projects. With the Roadmap, which is the final stage for planning Istanbul's
Smart City journey, all the data obtained from the previous stages were combined and the
priorities, resource requirements, governance principles, communication plan and performance
indicators of the projects gradually targeting the years 2023, 2025 and 2030 were clarified. The
whole process brought together different expertise, with the project being implemented within
IBB (İstanbul Akıllı Şehir Stratejik Planı, 2021).On the other hand, there are many studies on
smart cities. According to the IESE 2024 study, the top 10 smart cities are London, New York,
Paris, Tokyo, Berlin, Singapore, Oslo, Amsterdam, San Francisco and Chicago, while Istanbul
ranks 93rd among 183 cities (IESE, 2024). Many studies are being carried out within the scope
of smart smart cities in Istanbul.
Studies carried out in Istanbul within the scope of Smart City Studies
This section provides information on the activities carried out by the Istanbul Metropolitan
Municipality within the scope of the Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan, the field strategies of
these activities, the strategic goals and objectives in this direction, and the completed and not
yet completed projects (Smart City Istanbul, 2024):
Smart Mobility
The Area Strategy envisages the use of dynamic and intelligent systems to ensure the most
efficient use of available resources. Through these systems, the needs and demands of
passengers will be identified and more comfortable, safe and environmentally friendly
transportation services will continue to be provided. Istanbul stands out with its strengths in
mobility. Factors such as the importance given to transportation by central and local
governments and their openness to innovations, the implementation of many smart
transportation systems in the city and the use of various modes of transportation support
Istanbul's strengths in mobility. In addition, master plan studies and qualified human resources
in the city also ensure that Istanbul has a strong position in terms of mobility.However,
transportation demand has increased rapidly in recent years due to rapidly growing population
and migration. However, despite accelerated transport investments after the 2000s, there are
still infrastructure gaps and challenging expropriation processes for transport infrastructure in
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urban planning. Moreover, the availability of different modes of transportation offers room for
improvement in the integrated planning and operation of these modes.In the process of
implementing the Area Strategy, a comfortable, safe, environmentally friendly, people-oriented
and integrated transportation is targeted. An important step in this direction is to improve
coordination and public transport, support sustainable modes of transport and make use of
emerging information and communication technologies in the field of smart mobility to reduce
traffic congestion. This strategy provides an important roadmap to find solutions to Istanbul's
mobility problems and create a more sustainable transportation system in the future.Within the
scope of Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan, projects completed in the field of Smart Mobility
include Public Transportation Control and Management Center Software, Dynamic Passenger
Routing in Public Transportation, Real-Time Driver Analysis in Public Transportation and
Real-Time Driver Analysis in IETT Vehicles. In addition, projects such as Artificial
Intelligence Based Driver Behavior Analysis, Dynamic Asset Planning in Public Transport,
Continuous Air Quality and Temperature Monitoring in Public Transport, Bicification, 34
Minutes Istanbul and Walk Be Istanbul have also been completed. However, projects such as
Istanbul Transportation Management Control Center (IUYKM), Public Transportation for All,
Smart Transportation Mobile Application (Transportation Assistant), Use of Istanbulkart in
Minibuses, E-TUHİM Mobile Application, Dynamic Monitoring System in Public
Transportation Vehicles, Electric Bicycle Sharing System, Smart Pedestrian Crossing System,
Mobility Map, Urban Warehouse and Logistics Management System and many other projects
have not yet been completed.
Smart Environment
In order to protect Istanbul's environmental resources, ensure sustainability and combat climate
change, technological and environmental investments need to be realized in a timely and
effective manner. In this direction, it is aimed to ensure that all organs and citizens of Istanbul
are involved in the process so that the investments can be fully paid off. In addition, increasing
environmental investments in public planning and the potential to cooperate with national and
international organizations put Istanbul in a strong position in the field of environment. With
the accumulation of knowledge in developed countries, the contribution of domestic
researchers, financial support and increased environmental awareness, there are opportunities
for progress in environmental issues. However, factors such as population growth, global
economic contraction and consumption habits need to be taken into account.
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Strategic objectives have been identified to realize Istanbul's environmental goals. The first
strategic objective is to use environmental resources consciously. To this end, initiatives such
as water management, wastewater management, smart waste management and zero waste
program aim to ensure efficient use of environmental resources. The second strategic objective
is to increase the use of technology in agriculture. Environmentally sensitive agricultural
activities are encouraged through sustainable agricultural practices. The third strategic objective
is to manage sustainability and climate change. To this end, sustainability and climate change
are combated through initiatives such as combating environmental pollution, public awareness
and climate-friendly green space management. These strategic objectives aim to advance
Istanbul's environmental progress and create a sustainable future.In the field of Smart
Environment, projects completed within the scope of the Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan
include Smart Water Spring and Electric Energy and Compost Production from Waste from the
Market and Market Place. In addition, projects such as IoT Systems in Agriculture and Air-Cep
Mobile Application have also been completed. However, Smart Water Network System, LossLeakage Management with Smart Sensors, Smart Irrigation Systems, Gray Water Recovery
Systems in IBB Buildings, Zero Waste Project, Istanbul Environmental Protection and
Pollution Management Center and many other projects have not yet been completed. In
addition, Silent Istanbul, Istanbul Noise Maps and Noise Action Plan, Horizon 2020 EU Funded
Pop Machina Project, Events to Raise Awareness on Environment and Develop Environmental
Awareness, Information Training for Excavation Transporters, Renewal of Green Areas with
Natural Plant Species, Green Roofs, Projects such as Development of Sustainable Energy and
Climate Change Action Plan (SECAP), Artificial Intelligence Based Park, Garden and Green
Areas Utilization Analysis, "Green and Carbon Neutral Building Transition Guide- Istanbul
Model (Build4GreenIST)" and Istanbul Green City Action Plan are awaiting completion.
Smart Energy
Efforts are underway in line with Istanbul's strategic goals in the field of energy. In this context,
it is aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency by supporting
smart grids and renewable energy generation. Istanbul is advancing in the use of technological
services such as air pollution monitoring systems, and projects fuel cell and Internet of Things
technologies in cooperation with TÜBİTAK. It also stands out as a city with a high awareness
of smart and renewable energy. While formulating energy strategies, practices in nearby
geographies and the country's high energy potential were taken into account. However,
challenges such as dependence on fossil fuels, inadequate renewable energy investment
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strategy, lack of coordination and communication, weak electric vehicle incentives and
infrastructure, and excessive external dependence were also taken into account. In this
framework, Istanbul's energy strategy has been formulated taking into account factors such as
climate change, depletion of natural resources, regional political uncertainties and population
growth forcing infrastructure development.The strategic goals and objectives of Istanbul's
energy strategy have also been identified. The first strategic objective is to use energy
efficiently. For this purpose, it aims to achieve energy efficiency through initiatives such as
energy efficiency in buildings, energy efficiency in lighting and raising awareness on energy
efficiency. The second strategic objective is to use renewable energy. For this purpose, it is
aimed to expand the use of renewable energy sources. The third strategic objective is to improve
and develop energy infrastructure. This aims to strengthen energy infrastructure through
initiatives such as electric vehicles and improving energy management infrastructure. These
strategic objectives represent steps towards building a sustainable energy future for Istanbul.
In the field of Smart Energy, projects completed under the Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan
include Smart Energy Management in IBB Buildings and Monitoring and Management of
Smart Lighting Systems. In addition, a project to convert one bus in the IETT fleet into an
electric vehicle has also been completed. However, projects such as Incentives for Renewable
Energy Use, Dissemination of Electric Vehicle Use in Public Sector, Establishment of Istanbul
Smart Energy Management Platform and Creation of Smart Natural Gas Meter Infrastructure
have not yet been completed.
Smart Governance
Istanbul's spatial strategy aims to effectively manage the data collected from the city in order
to adopt a holistic management approach and to include the urban ecosystem in the decisionmaking process. This will maximize the effectiveness of decision-making processes. Istanbul
Metropolitan Municipality's establishment of the Smart City Branch Directorate and Smart City
Governance structure, the existence of high awareness, the implementation of successful smart
city initiatives, the current situation analysis, the existence of an e-Government initiative, a
young population prone to technology, the support of competent universities, the existence of
a technology startup ecosystem and the increase in the use of social media stand out as the
points where Istanbul is advanced in governance. However, the lack of harmonization of
legislation with the smart city, lack of a single e-service stop point, inadequate digital process
management, difficulties in e-Government and smart city integration, institutional sensitivities
regarding open data, lack of competent staff, management of smart city culture change,
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immature smart city-oriented finance models, and low coordination and sharing in data
collection and management represent the issues that Istanbul needs to improve in governance.
Istanbul's strategic goals and objectives include increasing data-driven decision support
mechanisms in city management and improving the effectiveness of city management through
city governance modeling. The data-driven foresight initiative targets the use of data analytics
and foresight models in city governance. The smart city management initiative aims to
effectively manage and coordinate smart city applications. Improving citizen service quality
initiative aims to provide more effective and faster solutions to citizens' needs. The initiative to
bring participatory solutions to city needs aims to ensure the participation of city residents so
that the city government can produce more democratic and diverse solutions. These strategic
objectives reflect Istanbul's vision to create a smart city that is more advanced in governance.
In the area of Smart Governance, projects completed under the Istanbul Smart City Strategic
Plan include the Data Analytics Unit, Next Generation Data Driven Municipalism and IBB IT
Enterprise Asset Management. In addition, projects such as Istanbul's Youth, Muhtardan Al
Haberi and Söz Senin have also been completed. However, the Urban Management Center, eMahallem and many other projects are still pending.
Smart Economy
In the context of the spatial strategy, Istanbul's economic development potential is strengthened
as a new commodity, "data", becomes available for every economic activity. This enables
Istanbul to chart a new development scenario with a supported entrepreneurial spirit, a culture
of collaboration, opportunities to attract investment and the productivity enabled by digitalized
business processes. Istanbul's economic diversity, Turkey's largest urban economy, the
presence of global companies' offices in Turkey, regional ICT R&D centers and technoparks in
Istanbul, high municipal budget, entrepreneurial culture, dynamic workforce and young
population represent Istanbul's economic strengths. However, the lack of open data, increasing
demands for transparency, the negative impact of uncertainties in existing regulations on new
initiatives, low per capita income compared to other competitive cities, exaggerated perception
of risk and ecopolitical predictability represent areas where Istanbul's economy needs to
improve.In the implementation of the strategies, Istanbul's young, competitive workforce,
strategic location and logistics advantage should be utilized, brain drain should be taken into
consideration and measures should be taken against the rapid development of rival cities. In
line with the current situation analysis and the analyses conducted, it has been determined that
creating a smart economy based on data and information, supported by open data and public-
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private sector cooperation, is the most important development area for Istanbul. Accordingly,
strategic goals and targets were identified. Supporting the public-private sector-academia
cluster culture, developing public-private sector-academia collaborations and facilitating public
procurement represent the first strategic objective. The second strategic objective focuses on
increasing entrepreneurship and attractiveness. In order to achieve this objective, it is aimed to
improve the business and investment environment and strengthen the entrepreneurship,
productivity and innovation ecosystem. The third strategic objective is to increase employment
and competence. In order to realize this objective, the initiative to increase human resources
and competencies in the city stands out.In the field of Smart Economy, projects completed
under the Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan include the Internship Program in Public Sector
(IstanbulSenin StajSenin), Istanbul Smart City Test Site and Take Action with IBB. In addition,
the Vocational Competence School has also been completed. However, projects such as
Istanbul Innovative City Platform Portal, Istanbul Business Clusters (Creative Industries
Platform), IBB Public Market Project (E-Commerce Sales Project) and System Graduation
have not yet been completed.
Smart Living
The area strategy aims to improve the quality of life through coordinated provision of
technology-supported services and equal access for all. This strategy is supported by factors
such as local governments taking life-oriented initiatives, integrating and coordinating the city's
rich cultural and historical heritage with technology, and having a strong health and education
infrastructure. In order to have a strong position in the living space, Istanbul aims to take
advantage of opportunities such as increasing feedback mechanisms, conducting detailed
feedback analyses, taking advantage of the conveniences provided by digital accessibility and
evaluating active urban transformation projects. Strengthening the organizational structure,
ensuring coordination and integration between units, improving emergency planning,
improving data access infrastructure and focusing on innovation incentives are also among the
strategic objectives.Within this framework, strategic goals and targets have been set. In order
to ensure a high quality of life, various initiatives are planned to improve the urban experience,
increase accessibility to services, provide integrated living spaces and ensure a healthy and
barrier-free living environment. In order to expand smart applications in urban space
management, initiatives to develop living spaces with smart technologies and to expand datadriven planning stand out. These strategic goals and targets support efforts to improve Istanbul's
quality of life and urban space management.In the area of Smart Living, projects completed
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under the Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan include Tourism Information Bureaus, Istanbul is
Yours, Insufficient Balance, Semtpati and Bayrampaşa Region City Digital Twin Pilot Project.
In addition, the Istanbul is Renewing (Urban Transformation Support System) project has also
been completed. However, projects such as Suspended Invoice Kiosk, Wet Area Button, Project
Design of Mobile Sales Units throughout Istanbul, Smart City Boards (DOOH), Creation of
Digital Neighborhood Marketplace and City Digital Twin have not yet been completed.
Smart Human
The area strategy aims to achieve greater equality of opportunity in access to quality and modern
educational opportunities and participation in urban life in Istanbul. Factors such as the
widespread use of smart devices, the wide coverage of IBB Wi-Fi service, 12 years of
compulsory education, government policies supporting asylum-seeking migrants and
investments in knowledge-intensive sectors play an important role in achieving this goal.
However, there is potential for improvement in areas such as increasing gender equality in
education and business life, improving foreign language skills in the service sector, becoming
a city preferred by foreign students, and increasing the number of university graduates in line
with the young population. Factors such as the young population's openness to new
technologies and the utilization of features such as mobile payments offered by smart devices,
the presence of a migrant population, the persistence of economic difficulties, differences in
digital literacy levels, and the low rate of university graduates should be taken into account
when formulating a strategy.Within the framework of strategic goals and targets, it is aimed to
develop individual competencies. In this regard, initiatives such as providing trainings tailored
to the needs and aspirations of all segments and raising smart city awareness are among the
prioritized targets. In addition, initiatives such as supporting participatory innovation to
increase social inclusion and encouraging citizens' participation in urban life are also among
the strategic objectives. These strategic goals and targets aim to identify the steps to be taken
to increase the competencies of individuals and strengthen social inclusion in Istanbul. In the
area of Smart People, projects completed under the Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan include
IBB Tech Future, Information Technologies School, Tech Istanbul and Barrier-Free Living
Center. In addition, Safe and Accessible Schools, Women's Labour Shop-Production
Workshop, Organizing Istanbul Smart City Awareness Trainings: "What's Happening in
Istanbul Smart City?" Project, Barrier-Free 1 Istanbul and Age-Friendly Centers are not yet
completed.
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Smart Security
The area strategy aims to use smart solutions to quickly assess potential security risks and make
communication and coordination more effective. In determining this strategy, the opportunity
to make maximum use of advances in connectivity, sensors, data storage, image processing
technologies and IoT security standards was considered. The areas where Istanbul needs to
improve in the area of security include the lack of coordination between different law
enforcement agencies, the operation of the electricity grid under high load, and improvements
in data analysis and forecasting processes. Accordingly, it is important to focus on strengths
such as establishing comprehensive monitoring systems, increasing security know-how,
adopting people-oriented management approaches and improving earthquake studies.Improved
coordination and integration between law enforcement agencies, along with increased data
sharing, and the effective use of this data through advanced analysis and forecasting systems
will contribute to a safer city life. Factors such as Istanbul's location on an active fault line, the
increase in global terrorist incidents and threats of cyber-attacks pose significant security risks.
In addition, population growth and political fluctuations in neighboring countries can also affect
Istanbul's ability to defend itself. Within the framework of the strategic goals and objectives,
important targets have been identified as increasing the effectiveness of security activities,
strengthening security, enhancing cyber security and ensuring the maintenance of quality of life
in emergencies. In order to achieve these goals, initiatives such as increasing security
coordination, rapidly detecting security incidents, establishing warning and deterrent systems,
increasing the safety of life and property, strengthening cyber security coordination, and
effectively carrying out emergency and disaster management are important.Projects completed
within the scope of the Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan in the field of Smart Security include
Artificial Intelligence Based Parking Management System, Security Pole, Fire Smoke
Detection with Image Processing, Modernization of Disaster Coordination Center (AKOM),
Flood / Flood Detection and Early Warning System with Image Processing, Earthquake Risk
Detection of Buildings with Rapid Scanning Methods and Building Inspection with Building
Health Systems. In addition, projects such as Common Camera Platform, Smart Fire Alarm
System, Emergency Response Planning and Routing System, Cyber Attack Warning and
Prediction Systems, Fiber Optic Distributed Acoustic Detection System Based Early Warning
and Monitoring System (FOTDES), Disaster and Earthquake Base - Mobile Earthquake
Communication Centers and Inspection of IBB Owned Buildings have not yet been completed.
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Smart Organization and Human Resources
One of the basic principles of the area strategy is that all stakeholders in the smart city
ecosystem contribute to increasing the capacities of relevant institutions by cooperating in line
with the common goals of Istanbul. Factors such as the realization of smart city investments in
Istanbul with state support, the ownership of smart city projects by the Istanbul Metropolitan
Municipality and the establishment of the Smart City Branch Directorate show that Istanbul is
strong in terms of organization and human resources. At this point, it is of utmost importance
that all institutions adopt data sharing in line with the strategic goals, ensure coordination
between units and increase interaction between the public-private sector and academia.Within
the framework of strategic goals and targets, one of the primary objectives is to increase databased decision support mechanisms in city management. In this direction, initiatives to
efficiently manage smart city projects and to train and acquire qualified human resources for
smart city applications in Istanbul stand out. In order for Istanbul to be successful in the smart
city field, the effective management and supervision of projects, the training of qualified human
resources, and the presence of experts who are familiar with smart city technologies are of great
importance. In this way, data-based decision support mechanisms will be strengthened and
Istanbul's goal of becoming a sustainable and smart city will be supported.Within the scope of
the Smart City Strategic Plan, no project has been completed in the field of Organization and
Human Resources, while the Smart City Project Tracking Dashboard (My Project Smart City
Project), Competent Human Resources for Innovative Istanbul and Smart City Employer
Branding projects have not yet been completed.
Smart Information and Communication Technologies
For ICT applications to provide added value to services and for smart city solutions to be
successfully implemented, it is important to adopt a holistic approach. This approach builds a
structure that works together and enables integrated solutions by integrating the ICT perspective
into investments and projects. Istanbul's strengths in the field of ICT include prioritization of
ICT in the public sector, increased R&D support, increasing demand for ICT-based solutions
from the young population, widespread ICT training, availability of cost-effective ICT human
resources, strong mobile communication infrastructure and high public demand for ICT-based
services.In line with the strategic goals and targets, the primary objectives are to anticipate and
disseminate the benefits of emerging next generation technologies. In this context, the
application of emerging next generation technologies to city services in Istanbul stands out as
an initiative. In addition, in order to increase the level of smart city technology maturity and
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ensure the sustainability of the city, initiatives such as the establishment of a smart city
superstructure, the enrichment of smart city infrastructure and the establishment of a common
communication backbone have been identified. By focusing on these strategic goals, Istanbul
aims to progress towards becoming a smart city where next generation technologies are used
effectively.Among the projects completed within the scope of the Istanbul Smart City Strategic
Plan in the field of Information and Communication Technologies are RPA (Robotic Process
Automation), 3D Mobile Robotic Concrete Printer, Digital Twin of Greek Orphanage and
School building produced by Hybrid Methods, Architectural Design and Adaptation of Smart
City Platform, Enrichment of Big Data Platform and IBB Wi-Fi. However, projects such as
Blockchain - Digital Identity Management, ID Istanbul and API Istanbul have not yet been
completed.
Smart Finance
In addition to public financing, smart city investments in Istanbul should focus on creative PPP
models, private financing solutions and EU funds. Istanbul is in a strong financial position due
to factors such as having a well-developed banking sector, being open to foreign direct
investments, the central government's target to increase the R&D budget, the PPP model for
large infrastructure projects, hosting the head offices of global and local companies, and the eGovernment system.In formulating the strategies, it was aimed to capitalize on EU funds, the
increase in liquidity around the world, and the global flow of funds for technologies supporting
smart cities. However, challenges such as slow and inflexible bureaucratic processes,
insufficient support for innovative work, the informal economy, low levels of EU funding and
limited venture capital are emerging as areas for improvement. In order for Istanbul to attract
more FDI, it is important to change the perception of risk, to ensure macroeconomic stability,
and to realize events and innovative practices in the city that will continuously raise the image
of the city.In line with the strategic goals and targets, one of the primary objectives is to make
smart city projects investable and manage them. In this context, making smart city projects
eligible for alternative project financing and managing them effectively stands out as an
initiative. By focusing on these strategic objectives, Istanbul aims to develop sustainable and
profitable financing models for smart city projects. While there are no completed projects in
the field of finance within the scope of the Istanbul Smart City Strategic Plan, projects such as
Smart Fund Platform, Istanbul Our Fund and Smart City Project Finance are among the projects
that have not yet been completed.
1004
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Conclusion
Istanbul is recognized as an important metropolis with a large population and a dynamic
economy. These characteristics of Istanbul have necessitated the launch of a series of projects
within the scope of smart cities in order to find solutions to the city's various problems and
ensure sustainable development. These projects aim to improve the city's physical
infrastructure, services and quality of life. Smart cities aim to make cities more efficient,
sustainable and livable through the use of technology and information systems. In this context,
many smart city projects have been implemented in Istanbul. These projects include efforts to
optimize transportation, reduce energy consumption, increase environmental sustainability and
improve service quality. However, in addition to the projects that have been completed, there
are many projects that have not yet been completed and are planned to take Istanbul further in
the context of smart cities. These projects aim to further improve the city's infrastructure, utilize
digital technologies more effectively and enhance quality of life. It is important to monitor the
success of these projects during the implementation process and to conduct relevant audits and
follow-ups. In this way, the effectiveness and efficiency of projects can be assessed and
corrective measures can be taken where necessary. Further planning for Istanbul's smart city
projects is also important. Areas that can be taken forward through the use of advanced
technologies and innovative solutions should be identified and new projects should be
developed accordingly. In addition, factors such as project financing, stakeholder collaboration
and community involvement need to be considered. Istanbul's size, population and economic
potential create a suitable ground for many projects within the scope of smart cities. Monitoring
the success of these projects and conducting relevant audits and follow-ups are important steps
for Istanbul to achieve maximum efficiency and transform into a sustainable smart city model.
In addition, further planning and development of new projects in the future will enable Istanbul
to move forward in the field of smart cities.
1005
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
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References
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Urban Technol., 24(4), 3–28. doi: 10.1080/10630732.2017.1348880.
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Nijkamp, and F. Snickars, Eds. Berlin: Springer, 375–391.
Deakin, M. (2013). Smart cities: Governing, modelling and analysing the transition,” in Smart
Cities: Governing, Modelling and Analysing the Transition, M. Deakin, Ed. Taylor and
Francis, 1–235.
Hollands, R. G. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or
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(01.04.2024):
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f?v=3
Komninos, N. (2008). Intelligent Cities and Globalisation of Inovation Networks. London and
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Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 2(1), 228-241.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Verdict, 2020. History of smart cities: Timeline. Access Address (05.04.2024):
https://www.verdict.co.uk/smart-cities-timeline/?cf-view
Sharifi, A. (2019). A critical review of selected smart city assessment tools and indicator sets.
J. Clean. Prod., 233, 1269–1283. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.172.
1007
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GÜNCEL İNDÜKSİYON YÖNTEMLERİNİN İNTRAPARTUM SÜRECE ETKİSİ
Merve KILIÇ (ORCID: 0009-0006-4820-3837)
Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery,
Aydın-Türkiye
Email: klcmrve35@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Ayden ÇOBAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-2189-2488)
Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery,
Aydın-Türkiye
Email: ayden.coban@adu.edu.tr
Özet
Doğum indüksiyonu, gebelik ve doğum sürecinde hayati öneme sahip bir müdahale olup anne
ile bebeğin sağlığını etkileyen pek çok faktörü içerir. Bu müdahalenin doğru zamanda, uygun
endikasyon varlığında ve bireyselleştirilmiş yaklaşımlarla gerçekleştirilmesi son derece
önemlidir. İndüksiyon yönteminin mevcut risk ve fayda dengesi göz önünde bulundurularak,
ilerleyen teknoloji ve protokollerin rehberliğinde planlanması ve uygulanması, anne-bebek
sağlığı açısından hayati öneme sahiptir. Günümüzde, doğum indüksiyonunda; farmakolojik,
mekanik ve non-farmakolojik yöntemler olmak üzere çeşitli yaklaşımlar mevcuttur.
Farmakolojik yöntemler arasında Prostaglandin E1 Analoğu- Misoprostol ve Prostaglandin E2Analoğu Dinoproston gibi ilaçlar bulunmaktadır. Mekanik yöntemler ise amniyotomi,
transservikal foley kataterler ve higroskopik dilatörleri içerir. Non-farmakolojik yöntemler ise
meme ucu stimülasyonu, uterus stimülasyonu, membranların sıyrılması ve cinsel etkileşim gibi
doğal yöntemleri içerir. Hangi yöntemin tercih edileceği, hastanın ve hekimin tercihine bağlı
olarak bütüncül bir yaklaşımla, gebe kadın ve ailesiyle iş birliği içinde planlanmalıdır. Gebe
için en güvenli doğum sürecini; uygun tedavi basamakları ve kaliteli bakım hizmetleri ile
sağlamak ebe ve doğum ekibi için temel sorumluluklar arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma,
güncel literatür incelenerek uygulanan indüksiyon yöntemlerinin intrapartum sürece etkisi
konusunda sağlık profesyonellerini bilgilendirmek amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ebelik, intrapartum, doğum, indüksiyon
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE EFFECT OF CURRENT INDUCTION METHODS ON THE INTRAPARTUM
PROCESS
Abstract
Inductions of labor are crucial interventions in pregnancy and childbirth, encompassing many
factors that affect the health of both the mother and the baby. It is crucial that this intervention
be performed at the right time, with appropriate indications, and through personalized
approaches. Planning and implementing induction models in line with the existing balance of
risks and benefits, guided by advancing technology and protocols, is one of the most critical
steps for maternal and neonatal health. Today, the prevalence of labor inductions has increased,
with various approaches available, including pharmacological, mechanical, and nonpharmacological methods. Among pharmacological methods are drugs such as Prostaglandin
E1 Analog- Misoprostol and Prostaglandin E2 Analog- Dinoprostone. Mechanical methods
include procedures like amniotomy, trans-cervical Foley catheters, and hygroscopic dilators.
Non-pharmacological methods encompass natural techniques such as nipple stimulation,
uterine stimulation, membrane stripping, and sexual intercourse. The choice of method should
be based on the preferences of the patient and the physician, with a comprehensive approach
involving collaboration with the pregnant woman and her family. Ensuring the safest childbirth
process for the pregnant woman involves fundamental responsibilities for midwives and
obstetric teams, including appropriate treatment steps and quality care services. This study
evaluates the impact of current induction methods on the intrapartum process.
Keywords: Midwifery, intrapartum, labour, induction
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Tarihin her evresinde, kadın yaşamının doğal ve fizyolojik bir süreci olarak tanımlanan gebelik;
son menstrual periyottan yaklaşık 38- 40 hafta sonra doğum eyleminin gerçekleşmesi ile
tamamlanmaktadır. Bu süreç bireysel farklılıkların yanı sıra var olan risk katmanlarına göre
çeşitli değişikliklere zemin hazırlamaktadır. Hedeflenen vajinal doğum eylemi; termde (38-42
hafta), tek ve canlı bir fetüs varlığıyla, kendiliğinden başlayan, verteks pozisyonda, baş- pelvis
uyuşmazlığı olmadan sağlıklı bir fetüs ve annenin varlığı ile gerçekleşme sürecidir (Yılmaz ve
Kaya, 2023). Bu sürecin kendiliğinden başlaması ve gereksiz müdahalelerden kaçınılarak
gerçekleştirilmesi, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından önerilen ve benimsenen kritik bir
dönüşüm basamadığıdır (Baran ve ark, 2023). Dolayısıyla doğum eylemini başlatan temel
mekanizmaların değerlendirilmesi, gebede meydana gelen değişikliklerin tespit edilmesi sağlık
profesyonelleri tarafından birincil veri kaynağını oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda; kemik pelvis
uygunluğu, fetüsün pozisyon, prezantasyon ve duruşu, fetal baş çapları, serviks uygunluğu,
uterin aktivasyon, myometrial bağlantılarda artış gibi birçok nesnel ölçüt bütüncül yaklaşımlar
doğrultusunda değerlendirilmelidir (Yeşiltaş, 2023).
1. DOĞUM İNDÜKSİYON YÖNTEMLERİ
Doğum indüksiyonu; eyleminin spontan başlamadığı veya ilerlemediği durumlarda
farmakolojik, non- farmakolojik ve mekanik ajanlar yardımıyla servikal olgunlaşmanın ve
düzenli uterin kasılmaların desteklenmesi için kullanılan indüksiyon yöntemleridir (Yorulmaz,
2022).
Günümüzde
kullanım
sıklığının
giderek
arttığı
düşünülse
de
indüksiyon
uygulamalarının, hasta bazında bireyselleştirilmesi ve uygun tedavi protokollerinin
uygulanması, maternal- fetal mortalite ve morbidite açısından kritik önem taşımaktadır.
Doğum indüksiyon başarısını etkilen faktörler arasında birincil parametre; servikal
olgunlaşmanın değerlendirildiği Bishop Skorlama Sistemidir. İndüksiyon uygulamaya
başlamadan önce bu değerlendirmenin gerçekleştirilmesi uygulanacak indüksiyon yönteminin
seçiminde ve başarı oranında uygulayıcıya yol göstermektedir (Yeşiltaş, 2023).
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Tablo 1: Bishop Skoru, 1964
Yeşiltaş tarafından 2023 yılında yayınlanan bir çalışmada; Bishop Skorlama sisteminin
uygulayan bireylere göre değişkenlik göstermesi, sonografik ve demografik özelliklerden
yoksun olması ve çok az değişken içermesi nedeniyle nesnel bir ölçüm aracı olmadığı
dolayısıyla güncel bir skorlama sistemine ihtiyaç duyulduğu belirtilmiştir. Çalışmacının
tasarladığı Yeni Skorlama Sisteminde, Bishop Skorlama Sistemine ek olarak; yaş, vücut kitle
indeksi, gravida, funneling varlığı ve genişliği, serviksin pozisyonu, servikal uzunluk, oksiput
pozisyonu, fetal başın external osa uzaklığı, uteroservikal açı, servikal dilatasyon, tahmini fetal
ağırlık gibi ölçüm ve sonografik bulgular yer almıştır (Yeşiltaş, 2023).
Günümüzde kullanılan farmakolojik, mekanik ve non- farmakolojik doğum indüksiyon
yöntemleri aşağıda yer almaktadır.
Prostaglandin E1 Analoğu- Misoprostol: Misoprotol 1988’li yıllardan bu yana peptik ülser
tedavisinde kullanılmakla birlikte günümüzde obstetrik ve jinekoloji alanında; Postpartum
kanama tedavi ve cerrahisinde, abortusların tıbbi tahliyesinde, servikal olgunlaşma ve doğum
indüksiyonu yöntemlerinde aktif olarak kullanılmaktadır (Karaca, 2020). Etkin maaliyet, kolay
ulaşılabilir ve özel saklama koşulları gerektirmemesi avantajları arasında yer almaktadır
(Yorulmaz, 2020). Misoprotol’un 100 ve 200 mikrogram tablet formları bulunmaktadır, Wing
ve ark. tarafından hazırlanan çalışmada 25 mcg doz aralığının güvenilir doz aralığında olduğu
ileri sürülmüştür (Wing ve ark, 1992).
Prostaglandin E2- Analoğu Dinoproston: Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi (FDA) tarafından kullanılması
önerilen ve 3 temel formda bulunan Dinoprostol; servikal olgunlaşma ve fundusta myometrial
kontraksiyonların oluşumuna etki eden çeşitli mekanizmalara sahiptir. Jel, yavaş salınımlı
vajinal ovül ve 10 mg’lık suppozatuar formları bulunmakla birlikte yan etkileri arasında; uterin
hiperstimülasyon, fetal distres ve gastrointestinal etkiler arasında ise bulantı, kusma ve ateş yer
almaktadır. Dolayısıyla uygulamanın sık gözlem ve takip altında gerçekleştirilmesi
önerilmektedir (Yılmaz, 2020).
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Benalcazar-Parra ve ark. tarafından 2019 yılında yayınlanan çalışmada Bishop Skoru 6 ve üzeri
olan travay sürecindeki gebelere Misoprostol ve Dinoprostol indüksiyon uygulaması
uygulanmıştır. Misoprostol uygulanan grupta uterin aktivite değişimlerinin 60. dakikadan sonra
bazal değerden anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu, Dinoprostol grubunda ise uterin kasılma süre
ve sayısının 120. dakikadan sonra artış gösterdiği sonucu elde edilmiştir. Uygulanan iki doğum
indüksiyon ajanının farklı farmakokinetik etkiye sahip olduğu ve farklı salınım süresine sahip
olduğu düşünülebilmektedir (Benalcazar- Parra ve ark, 2019).
Oksitosin: Doğum indüksiyon yöntemleri arasında en sık kullanılan farmakolojik bir ajan
olarak yer almaktadır. Birçok alanda etkinliği kanıtlanan oksitosin; doğumun başlatılması ve
sürdürülmesinde, postpartum dönemde, terapötik ve missed abortus tahliyesinde, laktasyonun
arttırılmasında ve daha birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır (Yeşiltaş, 2023). 2-5-10 ünitelik
ampüller şeklinde yer alır, yarılanma ömrü 3 ila 5 dakika arasında değişmektedir, etkinliği
arasında myometrial aktivite ve hücreler arası bağlantının arttırılması, kontraksiyon
oluşumunun desteklenmesi, şiddet, frekans, süre ve yoğunluğunun arttırılması yer almaktadır
(Yeşiltaş, 2023).
Tablo 2: Oksitosin Protokolleri
Amniyotomi: Amniyon zarının ucu kancalı amnioper aracılığı ile rüptüre edilme işlemidir
(Ekin, 2021). Her ne kadar doğum eylemini hızlandırdığı düşünülse de Dünya Sağlık
Örgütü’nün 2018 yılında yayınladığı Pozitif Doğum Deneyim Rehberinde Amniyotominin tek
başına indüksiyon yöntemi olarak kullanılmaması önerilmemektedir (WHO, 2018).
Transservikal Foley ve Balon Kataterler: Her iki indüksiyon yöntemi de mekanik bir etki
göstererek servikal olgunlaşma üzerine etki etmektedir. Foley Kataterler internal os üzerinde,
Çift Balonlu Katater ise vajen ve serviks üzerinde gerginlik ve basınç etkisi oluşturarak endojen
prostoglandin artışını arttırmaktadır (Yorulmaz, 2020).
Higroskopik Dilatörler: Endoservikal alana yerleştirilen Higroskopik Dilatörler endoservikal
alandaki sıvıyı absorbe ederek mekanik bir basınç ve gerginlik etkisi yaratmaktadır. Foley ve
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Balon Kateterden farklı olarak bu indüksiyon yönteminde dışarıdan bir şişirilme işlemi
uygulanmamaktadır (Yeşiltaş, 2023).
Membranların Sıyrılması: Koryoamniyotik zarların alt uterin segmentten ayırılması işlemi
olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İşaret ve orta parmağın internal ostan içeriye geçirilmesi ile sıyırılan
memran miktarına paralel prostoglandin miktarında artış gözlemlenmektedir (Yorulmaz, 2022).
Meme Ucu Stimülasyonu: Tüm yöntemler arasında uygulanması en basit, kolay ve hiçbir ek
araca ihtiyaç duyulmadan gerçekleştirilebilecek olan meme ucu stimülasyonu; baş, işaret ve
orta parmak kullanılarak meme ucu etrafında dairesel hareketlerle ve uca doğru nazikçe çekme
eylemiyle uygulanabilmektedir (İbrahim ve ark, 2021). Uygulama esnasında hint yağı, ylan
yağı gibi aromatik bileşenler kullanılabilmektedir.2021 yılında Mısırda benzer demografik
özelliklere sahip 150 primipar gebe ile yürütülen çalışmada; meme ucu stimülasyonu, uterus
stimülasyonu ve kontrol grubu ile uygulanan yöntemlerin etkinliği değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma
sonucunda müdahale gruplarında daha kısa aralıklı, daha uzun süren ve yüksek yoğunluktaki
uterus kasılmaları ile ilişkili olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Kontrol grubunda yer alan gebelerin
yüksek oranda oksitosiklere ihtiyaç duyulduğu, C/S doğum oranını yükselttiği ve doğumun ilk
evresinin müdahale grubuna kıyasla daha uzun sürdüğü kayıt altına alınmıştır. 2018 yılında
Takahata ve ark. tarafından yayınlanan çalışmada bir ebe eşliğinde 16 gebeye meme ucu
stimülasyonu uygulanmıştır. Müdahaleden 15 dakika öne ve müdahaleden 15-30-60-75-90
dakika sonra tükürük oksitosin seviyeleri 3 gün süresince immünsorbent tahlili ile ölçülmüştür.
Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen verilerde meme ucu stimülasyonu ile 1. günde tükürük oksitosin
düzeyinin artmadığı, 2. günde 15. dakikada artış göstermeye başladığı 3. Günde ise en yüksek
tükürük oksitosin seviyesine meme ucu stimülasyonundan 30 dakika sonra ulaşıldığı bulgusu
ortaya çıkmıştır (Takahata ve ark, 2018).
2.
SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER
İndüksiyon uygulamaları, gebelik ve doğum sürecinde gebe ve fetüs için hayati öneme sahip
uygulamalar arasındadır. Tedavinin bireyselleştirilmesi, sık gözlem ve takibin tedavinin her
basamağında uygun önlem ve protokoller doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmesi, gebenin
psikososyal durumu ve tedaviye uyumu ile oryante edilmelidir. Her kadın, eşsiz bir gebelik ve
doğum deneyimi için desteklenmeli, eşit koşullar ve hizmet kalitesi ile korunmalıdır.
İndüksiyon uygulamalarının gerekliliği hekim ve sağlık profesyonelleri ile değerlendirilmeli,
gebenin onamı alınmalı ve holikistik yaklaşımlar göz ardı edilmemelidir.
1013
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKÇA
Baran, G. K., Kızıltepe, K., Karadeniz, S., & Caner, K. O. S. E. (2023). Dünya Sağlık
Örgütü’nün Olumlu Doğum Deneyimi Önerilerinin Sağlık Profesyonelleri Tarafından
Çalıştıkları Birimde Uygulanma Durumu. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 62(4), 486-499.
Benalcazar-Parra, C., Monfort-Orti, R., Ye-Lin, Y., Prats-Boluda, G., Alberola-Rubio, J.,
Perales, A., & Garcia-Casado, J. (2019). Comparison Of Labour İnduction With
Misoprostol And Dinoprostone And Characterization Of Uterine Response Based On
Electrohysterogram. The Journal Of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 32(10), 15861594.
Bishop, E. H. (1964). Pelvic Scoring For Elective İnduction. Obstet Gynecol, 24, 266-268.
Boukydis, C.F.Z., Treadwell, M.C., Delaney-Black, V., Boyes, K., King, M., Ve
Robinson, T. (2006). Women’s Responses To Ultrasound Examinations During Routine
Screens İn Anobstetric Clinic. Journal Of Ultrasound İn Medicine, 25, 721–728.
Haas, D. M., Daggy, J., Flannery, K. M., Dorr, M. L., Bonsack, C., Bhamidipalli, S. S., ... &
Quinney, S. K. (2019). A Comparison Of Vaginal Versus Buccal Misoprostol For
Cervical Ripening İn Women For Labor İnduction At Term (The IMPROVE Trial): A
Triple-Masked Randomized Controlled Trial. American Journal Of Obstetrics And
Gynecology, 221(3), 259-E1.
Ibrahim, H., Ghattas, V., & El-Shabory, N. (2021). Effect Of Nipple And Uterine Stimulation
On The Progress Of Labor Among Primiparous Women. International Journal Of Novel
Research İn Healthcare And Nursing, 8(2), 169-180.
Karaca D. (2020). Postterm Gebelikte Doğum İndüksiyonunda Oral Misoprostol (PGE1
CYTOTEC®)
ve
Vajinal
Dinoproston
(PGE2-PROPESS®)
Kullanımının
Karşılatırılması. Uzmanlık Tezi, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Gaziosmanpaşa Taksim
Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, İstanbul
NICE Guideline Induction Of Labour, Methods That Are Not Recommended For İnduction Of
Labour. Published: 04 November 2021
Takahata, K., Horiuchi, S., Tadokoro, Y., Shuo, T., Sawano, E., & Shinohara, K. (2018). Effects
Of Breast Stimulation For Spontaneous Onset Of Labor On Salivary Oxytocin Levels İn
Low-Risk Pregnant Women: A Feasibility Study. Plos One, 13(2), E0192757.
Yeşiltaş B. Doğum İndüksiyonunun Başarısını Öngörmede Bishop Skorlamasına Alternatif
Yeni Bir Skorlama Sistemi, Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Anabilim Dalı, Tıpta Uzmanlık
Tezi, Bursa, 2023.
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Yılmaz, T. & Dinç Kaya, H. (Ed). (2023). Ebeler için doğum ve doğum sonu dönem. Bölüm 1,
Syf 1, İstanbul: İÜC Yayınevi
Yorulmaz, B.Ç. Doğum İndüksiyon Krizinin Doğum Sonrası Özgül Anksiyete Üzerine Etkisi,
Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aydın, 2022.
Yorulmaz, A. İkinci Trimester (12-22. Gebelik Haftası) Gebelik Terminasyonu Olgularında
Misoprostol ve Servikal Olgunlaştırıcı Çift Balon Kateter Birlikte Kullanımı ile Tek
Başına Misoprostol Kullanımının Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirilmesi ESOGÜ Tıp
Fakültesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Anabilim Dalı Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Eskişehir,
2020.
Wing, D.A., D. Ham, And R.H. Paul, A Comparison Of Orally Administered Misoprostol With
Vaginally Administered Misoprostol For Cervical Ripening And Labor İnduction.
American Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology, 1999. 180(5): P. 1155-1160.
World Health Organization, 2011, WHO Recommendations For İnduction Of Labour
Https://Www.Who.İnt/Publications/İ/İtem/9789241501156 Adresinden Erişim Sağlandı.
World Health Organization. (2018). WHO Recommendations On İntrapartum Care For A
Positive Childbirth Experience. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550215
adresinden erişim sağlandı.
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VİTAMİNLERİN ORTODONTİK DİŞ HAREKETİNE ETKİLERİ
Müslim BAYRAK (ORCID: 0000-0002-0400-3984)
İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, İzmirTürkiye
Email: muslimbayrak@pm.me
Prof. Dr. Dr. Mehmet İrfan KARADEDE* (ORCID: 0000-0002-4749-2167)
İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, İzmirTürkiye
Email: mikaradede@gmail.com
Özet
Ortodontik tedavi, sadece estetik, fonasyon ve fonksiyonu iyileştirmeyi değil, aynı zamanda
ağız sağlığını da iyileştirmeyi hedefler. Ortodontik tedavilerin mekanik yönleri yoğun bir
şekilde araştırılmış ve geliştirilmiş olmasına rağmen, özellikle vitaminler gibi beslenme
faktörlerinin ortodontik tedavi sonuçları üzerinde olası çok yönlü etkileri yeterince
araştırılmamıştır. Bu sistematik derlemede, vitaminlerin ortodontik diş hareketleri, kök
rezorbsiyonu, remodelling ve kemik turnover'ı üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır.
Mevcut literatür vitaminler ve ortodontik tedavi arasındaki önemli ilişkiye ışık tutmaktadır. C
vitamini, periodontal bağlar ve alveolar kemik bütünlüğünü destekleyerek, periodontal sağlığın
korunmasına ve kök rezorbsiyonu riskinin azaltılmasına katkıda bulunabilir. Yeterli A vitamini
seviyeleri, diş eti ve mukoza sağlığını iyileştirir ve periodontal dokuların ortodontik kuvvetlere
yanıtını etkileyebilir. K vitamini, kemik metabolizmasına ve turnover'ına katkıda bulunur ve
ortodontik tedavi sırasında diş hareketinin hızını ve alveolar kemiklerin yeniden şekillenmesini
etkileyebilir. B6 (piridoksin), B12 (kobalamin) ve Folat (B9) gibi çeşitli B vitaminleri, enerji
metabolizması, hücre çoğalması ve DNA sentezinde rol oynar. Ortodontiye özgü araştırmalar
sınırlı olsa da, E vitamini, periodontal dokulardaki iltihabı ve oksidatif stresi azaltmada rol
oynar ve böylece ortodontik tedaviye yanıtı etkileyebilir. Vitaminlerin ortodontik tedavi
protokolleri üzerindeki etkisinin anlaşılması, hasta bakımını optimize etmek ve başarılı tedavi
sonuçları elde etmek için önemlidir. Vitaminler ve metabolizma ilişkisiyle ilgili mevcut
kanıtları sentezleyerek ve potansiyel etki mekanizmalarını keşfederek, vitaminlerin ortodontik
tedavi açısından önemini açıklamayı ve bireysel beslenme ihtiyaçlarına uygun kişiselleştirilmiş
ortodontik yaklaşımlara yönelik daha fazla araştırma teşvik edilmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Vitaminler, Ortodontik diş hareketi, Kök rezorbsiyonu, Kemik
remodeling, Kemik turnover
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EFFECTS OF VITAMINS ON ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment aims not only to improve aesthetics, phonetics, and function but also to
enhance oral health. Although the mechanical aspects of orthodontic treatments have been
extensively researched and developed, the potential multifaceted effects of nutritional factors
such as vitamins on orthodontic treatment outcomes have not been adequately investigated. The
purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of vitamins on orthodontic tooth
movements, root resorption, remodeling, and bone turnover.The literature illuminates the
effects of vitamins on orthodontic treatment. Vitamin C may contribute to the maintaining
periodontal health and potentially reducing the root resorption risk by supporting the integrity
of periodontal ligaments and alveolar bones. Adequate levels of vitamin A improve gum and
mucosal health and may affect the reaction of periodontal structures to orthodontic forces.
Vitamin K contributes to bone metabolism and remodeling, and it might influence speed of
tooth movement and reshaping of alveolar bones during orthodontic treatment. Various B
vitamins, such as B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cobalamin), and Folate (B9), are involved in energy
metabolism, cell proliferation, and DNA synthesis. Although research specific to orthodontics
is limited, vitamin E plays a role in reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in periodontal
tissues, thus potentially influencing the response to orthodontic treatment.Understanding the
effect of vitamins on orthodontic treatment protocols is important for optimizing patient care
and achieving successful treatment outcomes. By synthesizing the existing evidence on the
relationship between vitamins and metabolism and exploring potential mechanisms of action,
elucidating the importance of vitamins in orthodontic treatment and encouraging further
research towards personalized orthodontic approaches tailored to individual nutritional needs
should be promoted.
Keywords: Vitamins, Orthodontic tooth movement, Root resorption, Bone remodeling, Bone
turnover
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Introduction
Orthodontic treatment involves a multifaceted and detailed procedure necessitating a deep
comprehension of teeth migration within the alveolar bone and adjacent periodontal tissues.
(Ong et al., 2002).The efficacy of this procedure hinges significantly on the integrity and
quantity of the underlying bone support, which undergoes a complex remodeling process
reacting to the exerted pressure (Becker et al., 2003; Topouzeliset al., 2012; Lopatieneet al.,
2012). The bone remodeling process is governed by an array of factors, including genetics, age,
and nutrition, which can capable of significantly impacting the outcome of orthodontic
procedures. (Terao et al., 2012; Hartsfield et al., 2012).This literature review aims to explore
the current literature evidence concerning the influence of vitamins on teeth repositioning
during orthodontic treatment. By synthesizing findings from relevant studies, we aim to explore
the potential mechanisms through which vitamins may influence orthodontic treatment
outcomes and discuss their clinical implications for optimizing patient care.There are some
hypotheses that certain vitamins might affect the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment such
as vitamin C, vitamin A and vitamin D(Krishnan et al., 2021). Research has examined how
vitamin A affects bone metabolism and tooth movement, but the findings are inconclusive.
Further investigation is necessary to understand the potential mechanisms through which
vitamin A influences movement of teeth (Shi et al., 2023).Through a comprehensive analysis in
existing researches, this review seeks to elucidate the role of vitamins as modulators of
orthodontic tooth movement, paving the way for future investigations and informing clinical
practices aimed at enhancing treatment effectiveness and patient satisfaction.
Materials and Methods
Understanding the impact of vitamins on tooth movement in orthodontic treatment requires a
systematic approach to reviewing the available literatures and synthesizing the findings. In this
section, we outline the materials and methods employed in conducting this literature review.
The materials utilized in this literature review include peer-reviewed articles, clinical trials, and
observational studies retrieved from electronic databases such as Web of Science, Google
Scholar
and
PubMed.
The search strategy aimed to locate studies examining the effects of vitamins on movement of
teeth, with a specific focus on their roles.
The criteria for selecting studies varied but generally encompassed randomized controlled trials,
peer-reviewed quantitative studies, non-randomized controlled trials, cross-sectional studies,
comparative cohort studies, and case-control studies published in English.
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The outcome measures also varied across the studies and assessed different aspects of
orthodontic treatment and movement of teeth such as bone metabolism, root resorbtion and
tooth movement acceleration.
Findings and Discussion
In this section, we outline the discoveries from the literature review, organized by specific
vitamins that have been studied in relation to movement of teeth.By systematically reviewing
the literature on various vitamins and their impact on orthodontic movement, we aim to provide
insights into potential strategies for optimizing treatment outcomes and enhancing patient care
in orthodontic practice.While the existing body of literature provides valuable insights into the
potential effects of vitamins on orthodontic tooth movement, several limitations and knowledge
gaps remain.By addressing these gaps in knowledge, future research endeavors have the
potential to advance our comprehension of the intricate interaction among vitamins and
orthodontic tooth movement, ultimately contributing to the optimization of orthodontic
treatment outcomes and patient care.
Vitamin D:
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in calcium regulation and skeletal growth, impacting bone
restructuring. Its active form, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, enhances tooth movement by
promoting bone resorption and modulating osteoclast activity. However, further research is
needed to assess the safety and efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in promoting movement
of teeth , particularly in orthodontic patients. (Krishnan et al., 2021; Khalaf et al., 2021).
Additionally, a study by Kale et al. (2004) found that locally administered 1,25dihydroxycholecalciferol and prostaglandin E2 both increased movement of teeth significantly
compared to a control group, with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol showing superior
effectiveness in regulating bone turnover during tooth movement due to its balanced effects on
bone formation and resorption.The study by Kawakami and Takano-Yamamoto et al. (2004)
explored how 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol affects alveolar bone formation during
orthodontic tooth movement in rats. They found that repeated injections of this substance led
to increased mineral apposition and osteoblast activity on the tension side of the periodontal
ligament, suggesting that localized administration of calcitriol could promote the regeneration
of dental supporting tissues, particularly the alveolar bone, after orthodontic tooth movement.
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Vitamin C:
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, plays a vital role in collagen synthesis by aiding in the
hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues within collagen molecules. This process enhances
the stability and tensile strength of collagen fibers, which are major components of both the
periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone. These structures are crucial for orthodontic tooth
movement. One suggested mechanism is that Vitamin C's involvement in collagen synthesis is
essential for the remodeling of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone required during
orthodontic tooth movement (Krishnan et al., 2021; Miresmaeili et al., 2015).Numerous studies
involving both animals and humans have explored how Vitamin C affects movement of teeth. One
randomized controlled trial conducted on humans found that daily administration of 500 mg of Vitamin
C during orthodontic treatment caused significantly less root resorption than the group who taking a
placebo (Miresmaeili et al., 2015). Another investigation carried out on male Wistar rats revealed that
Vitamin C supplementation enhanced orthodontic tooth movement by promoting bone formation on
the tension side and bone resorption on the pressure side during movement of teeth (Bolat et al.,
2020). However, a review concluded that the evidence regarding the effects of Vitamin C on tooth
movement is inconclusive, leaving uncertainty about whether Vitamin C supplementation effectively
accelerates movement of teeth (Krishnan et al., 2021). Further research is necessary to determine the
potential effects of Vitamin C supplementation on movement of teeth in humans.
Vitamin K:
Scarce studies have explored the correlation between vitamin K and orthodontic teeth
repositioning. One study delved into the impacts of Vitamin K2 on bone reaction surrounding
orthodontic mini-screw implants. The findings suggested that Vitamin K2 might activate
various Vitamin K-dependent proteins and enhance bone formation around the implants that
facilitate orthodontic tooth movement (Khazaal & Alzubaidi , 2019). Furthermore, further
studies are needed to evaluate the possible impacts of Vitamin K supplementation or
administration on the speed and effectiveness of orthodontic tooth movement.
Vitamin A:
Vitamin A is a crucial micronutrient that holds significance in numerous physiological
processes, such as bone remodeling and growth.(Henning et al., 2015; Ribaya-Mercado et al.,
2007). Research indicates that a deficiency in vitamin A can result in compromised bone
formation, reduced bone density, and increased resorption of bone(Jackson et al., 2005;
Crandall et al ., 2004).
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Conversely, excessive intake of vitamin A can also detrimentally impact bone health and
metabolism.Shi and colleagues (2023) conducted an experimental investigation to examine how
vitamin A affects movement of teeth in male rats. The results showed that movement of teeth
increased in a manner dependent on the dosage of vitamin A. However, the observed variances
did not achieve statistical significance. There was also no significant difference in osteoclast
numbers,
lacunae
presence,
and
root
resorption
between
the
study
groups.
The examination of serum alkaline phosphatase levels revealed no notable distinction among
the groups receiving varying doses of vitamin A. In light of these results, it can be interferred
that
although
vitamin
A
has
a
reported
effect
on
bone
metabolism
and
in this specific study, there was no elevation observed in alveolar bone restructuring and
movement of teeth.
Vitamin B:
Research on the effects of Vitamin B on movement of teeth is still relatively limited. Vitamin
B is a crucial nutrient involved in various bodily functions. Vogiatzoglou et al. (2009) found
that consuming vitamin B-12 from dairy products led to the greatest rise in plasma vitamin B12 levels in the general population, highlighting the importance of sufficient intake of this
vitamin.Vitamin B complex is essential for maintaining healthy bone metabolism and can
indirectly impact orthodontic tooth movement. It is involved in various physiological processes,
including the metabolism of important nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus
necessary for bone balance. Additionally, it may contribute to preserving the health and
robustness of the bones, which are integral to orthodontic tooth movements.Hence, ensuring
adequate levels of Vitamin B complex may be crucial for promoting optimal bone health and
facilitating orthodontic tooth movements.In summary, Vitamin B complex may contribute to
maintaining proper bone metabolism, which is essential for optimal tooth movement during
orthodontic treatment.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The findings of this study add to the expanding body of knowledge in the literature investigating
the relationship between vitamins and orthodontic tooth movements. However, the findings are
not conclusive and further research, particularly through human experiments, is needed to
elucidate the exact mechanisms that determine the effects of vitamins on movement of teeth.
However, additional research is needed to determine the specific effects of Vitamins B and A
on orthodontic tooth movements and their impact on orthodontic treatment outcomes.
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Future studies could investigate the potential benefits of combining different vitamin
supplements to enhance tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. Clinicians may need to
consider alternative methods for accelerating tooth movement to improve treatment outcomes.
In conclusion, the existing literature presents inconclusive findings regarding the effects of
vitamins on movement of teeth, underscoring the necessity for additional research to delve
deeper into the relationship between vitamins and movement of teeth. Maintaining a healthy,
balanced diet, including sufficient vitamin and mineral intake, may be beneficial for optimal
orthodontic outcomes.
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References
Ong, M.M.A.; Wang, H.L. Periodontic and orthodontic treatment in adults. Am. J. Orthod.
Dentofacial Orthop., 2002, 122(4), 420-428.
Becker, A.; Chaushu, S. Success rate and duration of orthodontic treatment for adult patients
with palatally impacted maxillary canines. Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop., 2003,
124(5), 509-514.
Topouzelis, N.; Tsaousoglou, P. Clinical factors correlated with the success rate of miniscrews
in orthodontic treatment. Int. J. Oral Sci., 2012, 4(1), 38-44.
Lopatiene, K.; Dumbravaite, A. Risk factors of root resorption after orthodontic treatment.
Stomatologija, 2008, 10(3), 89-95.
Terao, A.; Tanne, K. Association between root resorption incident to orthodontic treatment and
treatment factors. Eur. J. Orthod., 2012, 34(3), 350-356.
Hartsfield, J.K., Jr; Everett, E.T.; Al-Qawasmi, R.A. Genetic factors in external apical root
resorption and orthodontic treatment. . Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med., 2004, 15(2), 115-122.
Botelho J, Machado V, Proença L, Delgado AS, Mendes JJ. Vitamin D Deficiency and Oral
Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients. 2020; 12(5):1471.
Krishnan, V., Zahrowski, J.J. and Davidovitch, Z. (2021). The Effect of Drugs, Hormones, and
Diet on Orthodontic Tooth Movement. In Biological Mechanisms of Tooth Movement
(eds V. Krishnan, A.M. Kuijpers-Jagtman and Z. Davidovitch).
Shi P, Zhao J, Wang F. Investigating the Effect of Vitamin a on Orthodontic Tooth Movement:
An Experimental Study. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 2024 Jan 30.
Rawan M. Khalaf, Abdullazez A. Almudhi, Effects of vitamin D deficiency on the rate of
orthodontic tooth movement: An animal study, The Saudi Dental Journal, Volume 34,
Issue 2, 2022, Pages 129-135
Kale, S., Kocadereli, I., Atilla, P. and Asan, E. (2004) Comparison of the effects of 1,25
dihydroxycholecalciferol and prostaglandin E2 on orthodontic tooth movement.
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 125, 607–614.
Kawakami, M. and Takano‐Yamamoto, T. (2004) Local injection of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3
enhanced bone formation for tooth stabilization after experimental tooth movement in
rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 22, 541–546
Iosub Ciur, M.D., Zetu, I.N., Haba, D. et al. (2016) Evaluation of the influence of local
administration of vitamin D on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Revista Medico‐
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Chirurgicala
A
Societatii
De
Medici
Si
Naturalisti
Din
Iasi
20(3),
694–699.
Miresmaeili A, Mollaei N, Azar R, Farhadian N, Mani Kashani K. Effect of Dietary Vitamin C
on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Rats. J Dent (Tehran). 2015 Jun;12(6):409-13.
Bolat E, Esenlik E, Öncü M, Özgöçmen M, Avunduk MC, Yüksel Ö. Evaluation of the effects
of vitamins C and E on experimental orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res Dent Clin
Dent Prospects. 2020 Spring;14(2):131-137.
Iosub
Ciur
et
al.
(2016)
showed
local
administration
of
vitamin
D3
seemed to increase the rate of OTM of cuspids in a split‐mouth controlled study.
Khazaal, Banan & Alzubaidi, Saba. (2019). The Biomechanical Evaluation of the Vitamin K 2
Effect on Bone Response around Orthodontic Mini-Screw Implants. 2349-1590.
Henning, P.; Conaway, H.H.; Lerner, U.H. Retinoid receptors in bone and their role in bone
remodeling. Front. Endocrinol., 2015, 6, 31.
Ribaya-Mercado, J.D.; Blumberg, J.B.; Vitamin, A. Vitamin A: Is it a risk factor for
osteoporosis and bone fracture? Nutr. Rev., 2007, 65(10), 425-438.
Jackson, H.A.; Sheehan, A.H. Effect of vitamin A on fracture risk. Ann. Pharmacother., 2005,
39(12), 2086-2090.
Crandall, C. Vitamin A intake and osteoporosis: A clinical review. J. Womens Health, 2004,
13(8), 939-953.
Anna Vogiatzoglou; A David Smith; Eha Nurk; Paula Berstad; Christian A Drevon; Per M
Ueland; Stein E Vollset; Grethe S Tell; Helga Refsum; "Dietary Sources of Vitamin B12 and Their Association with Plasma Vitamin B-12 Concentrations in The General
Population: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study", The American Journal Of Clinical
Nutrition, 2009.
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ARITMA ÇAMURUNDAN AKTİF KARBON ÜRETİMİ VE BOYAR MADDE
GİDERİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Filiz Büyüker TAN
Yalova Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği, Yalova-Türkiye
Email: filiz.buyukertan@ogrenci.yalova.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Şeyda KORKMAZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-8691-0712)
Yalova Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği, Yalova-Türkiye
Email: seyda.karadirek@yalova.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Özlem TUNA ( ORCID: 0000-0003-1641-4155)
Yalova Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği, Yalova-Türkiye
Email: ozlem.tuna@yalova.edu.tr
Özet
Günümüzde endüstrinin hızla gelişimi çevre kirliliği başta olmak üzere bir çok sorunu daha
beraberinde getirmiştir. Doğal kaynakların tükenmesi ve ekosistemlerin zarar görmesi gibi
sorunlar büyük bir endişe kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, boyar maddelerin çevre
kirliliği üzerindeki etkileri göz ardı edilmemelidir. Boyar maddeler çeşitli endüstriyel alanlarda
kullanılan kimyasal bileşiklerdir. Tüketime sunulan tüm madde ve malzemelerin
renklendirilmesinde, boyar maddeler yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Boyar maddeler
üretimleri ve tüketimleri sürecinde toprak ve su kirliliği oluşturmaktadır. Boyar maddeler atık
oluşturması dolayısıyla doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak ekolojik dengenin bozulmasına yol
açmaktadır. Boyar maddelerin gideriminde adsorpsiyon, koagülasyon-flokülasyon, oksidasyon,
ozonlama, filtrasyon, elektrokimyasal işlemler gibi çeşitli fiziksel ve kimyasal yöntemler
kullanılmaktadır. Adsorpsiyon atık sudan boyar madde gideriminde yaygın olarak kullanılan
bir prosestir. Bu çalışmada atık su arıtma tesisinden çıkan arıtma çamuru çeşitli kimyasal
ajanlarla aktive edilerek aktif karbon üretilmiştir. Arıtma çamurundan aktif karbon üretimi
atıkların geri dönüşümünde verimli, uygun maliyetli, sürdürülebilir çözüm sunmaktadır. Arıtma
çamurunun kimyasal aktivasyonunda potasyum hidroksit (KOH), çinko klorür (ZnCl2 ) ve
fosforik asit (H3 PO4 ) aktivasyon ajanı olarak kullanılmıştır. Arıtma çamuru kütlece 1:1
oranında (biyokütle/impregnant) aktivasyon ajanı ile aktive edilmiştir. Aktive edilen arıtma
çamuru 6000 C’ de 1 saat süre ile azot gazı eşliğinde karbonizasyona tabii tutulmuştur. Farklı
kimyasallarla aktive edilerek üretilen aktif karbon numunelerinin metilen mavi adsorpsiyon
performansı incelenmiştir. Adsorpsiyon sonucunda 30 mL 20 mg L−1konsantrasyondaki
metilen mavi çözeltileri 0.01 g aktif karbon ile 24 saat, 140 rpm çalkalanmışlardır. Potasyum
hidroksit (KOH), çinko klorür (ZnCl2 ) ve fosforik asit (H3 PO4 ) ile aktifleştirilmiş numunelerin
metilen mavi giderim oranları sırası ile %97,43, %33,43 ve %55,74 olarak elde edilmiştir. En
yüksek giderim performansını potasyum hidroksit (KOH) ile hazırlanan aktif karbon
göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada hazırlanan aktif karbonlar başarı ile sentezlenmiş ve metilen mavi
adsorpsiyonunda yüksek performans göstermiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Arıtma çamuru, Aktif karbon, Adsorpsiyon
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INVESTIGATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCTION AND DYESTATE
REMOVAL FROM SURGERY SLUDGE
Abstract
Nowadays, the rapid development of industry has brought many problems, especially
environmental pollution. The problems such as depletion of natural resources and ecosystem
damage are of great concern. In this context, the effects of organic dyes on environmental
pollution should not be ignored. The organic dyes are widely used chemical compounds used
in various industrial fields coloring of materials. The organic dyes results environmental
pollution in production and consumption processes. As a result of organic dye contamination
in the environment, it leads to the disruption of the ecological balance, directly or indirectly.
Various physical and chemical methods such as adsorption, coagulation-flocculation,
oxidation, ozonation, filtration and electrochemical method are utilized in waste water
treatment. Adsorption is a widely used process for the removal of dyes from wastewater. In this
study, activated carbon was produced by chemical activation of sewage sludge, resulted from
wastewater treatment process. Activated carbon production from sewage sludge offers an
efficient, cost-effective and sustainable solution for recovery of wastes. Potassium hydroxide
(KOH), zinc chloride (ZnCl2 ) and phosphoric acid (H3 PO4 ) were used for chemical activation
of sewage sludge. The sewage sludge was activated with chemicals at a ratio of 1:1
(biomass/impregnant). The activated sewage sludge was carbonized at 6000 C for 1 hour in the
presence of nitrogen gas. The methylene blue adsorption performance of as-obtained activated
carbon samples was investigated. 30 mL of methylene blue solutions with a concentration of
20 mg L−1 were shaken with 0.01 g activated carbon at 140 rpm for 24 hours. The methylene
blue removal rates of the activated carbons activated with potassium hydroxide (KOH), zinc
chloride (ZnCl2 ) and phosphoric acid (H3 PO4 ) were obtained as 97.43%, 33.43% and 55.74%,
respectively. Activated carbon prepared with potassium hydroxide (KOH) presented the highest
removal performance. The activated carbons prepared in this study were synthesized
successfully and shown high potential in methylene blue adsorption.
Keywords: Sewage sludge, Actived carbon, Adsorption
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Boyalar genellikle sentetik kökenlidir ve karmaşık aromatik moleküler yapılara sahiptir, bu da
onları daha kararlı hale getirir ve biyolojik olarak parçalanmalarını daha zor hale getirir.
Günümüzde ticari olarak 10.000'den fazla boya mevcuttur. (Gong vd., 2005) Boyama
teknolojisi keşfedildiğinden beri, kauçuk, plastik, tekstil, kağıt, deri ve gıda gibi endüstriler için
boya uygulamalarının sayısındaki artış, su ortamında bulunmalarına yol açmıştır. Bu atık su,
bozunmaya karşı inatçı olan azo, metan, nitro ve karbonil dahil olmak üzere doğal ve sentetik
boya karışımı içerir. Sadece estetik değeri etkilemez, aynı zamanda ışık nüfuzunu ve fotosentezi
de azaltır. Ayrıca bazı boyalar ya toksik ya da mutajenik ve kanserojendir. (Gong vd., 2005)
Metilen mavisi, renklendirici maddelerde, geçici saç renklendiricilerde, pamukluların, yünlerin
boyanmasında, kağıt stoğu için kaplamada vb. yaygın olarak kullanılan yüksek hacimli üretim
ticari boyasıdır. (Krı̇ stantı̇ ve Hadı̇ barata, 2016) Metilen mavinin toksisitesi ve düşük biyolojik
olarak parçalanabilirliği yüksektir ve kusma, ishal, gastrit, göz yanıkları, baş ağrısı ve göğüs
ağrısı gibi birçok olumsuz sağlık etkisi vardır. (Krı̇ stantı̇ ve Hadı̇ barata, 2016)Atık su içeren
boyaların arıtılması için geleneksel yöntemler, flokülasyon, oksidasyon veya ozonlama,
membran ayırma ve aktif karbon adsorpsiyonudur. (Gong vd., 2005) Ancak bu teknolojiler
önemli bir etkinlik veya ekonomik avantaj göstermemektedir. (Gong vd., 2005) Çok sayıda
araştırma, atıksudan adsorpsiyon prosesi ile boya giderimi işlemini ortaya koymuştur.
Adsorpsiyon işlemi sırasında polimerik adsorbanlar, aktif karbon ve karbonlu adsorbanlar gibi
üç yan ürün vardır. (Krı̇ stantı̇ ve Hadı̇ barata, 2016) Tüm alternatif adsorbanlardan, boyayı
çıkarmak için yaygın olarak kullanılan uygulanabilir yöntem aktif karbondur. Bu nedenle, aktif
karbon alternatifi olarak yeni adsorbanın taranmasına ihtiyaç vardır.Arıtma çamuru, yüksek
organik içeriği ve tehlikeli maddeler salma kabiliyeti nedeniyle çevresel bir sorundur. (Gı̇ wa
vd., 2023) Ayrıca atıksularda fiziksel ve kimyasal arıtma yöntemlerinin kullanılması önemli
miktarda geri dönüştürülebilir organik maddelerin oluşmasına neden olmaktadır. Arıtma
yöntemleri arasında depolama, ıslak oksidasyon, kompostlama, kurutma, stabilizasyon, yakma,
piroliz, karbonizasyon, sıvılaştırma ve gazlaştırma yer alır. (Gı̇ wa vd., 2023) Bu arıtma çamuru
arıtma yöntemlerinden bazıları ekosisteme zarar verir ve arıtma çamurunun potansiyel kaynak
değerinin gereğinden az kullanılmasına neden olur. Bu çalışma arıtma çamurundan aktif karbon
üreterek geri kazanılması ve metilen mavi giderimindeki rolünü araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Metod
Arıtma çamuru ilk olarak 110 0C etüvde kurutularak nemi giderilmiştir. Arıtma çamurunun
kimyasal aktivasyonunda potasyum hidroksit (KOH), çinko klorür (ZnCl2 ) ve fosforik asit
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
(H3 PO4 ) aktivasyon ajanı olarak kullanılmıştır. Arıtma çamuru kütlece 1:1 oranında
(biyokütle/impregnant) aktivasyon ajanı ile aktive edilmiştir. Aktive edilen arıtma çamuru
6000 C’ de 1 saat süre ile azot gazı eşliğinde karbonizasyona tabii tutulmuştur. Aktif karbon
numunesi sırası ile 1 M HCl , kaynar su ve saf su ile yıkanmıştır. Yıkanan aktif karbon numunesi
110 0C etüvde kurutulmuştur. Adsroban miktarının etkisini incelemek üzere 0,01 g aktif karbon
numunelerinin üzerine 30 mL 20 mg L-1 konsantrasyonundaki metilen mavi çözeltisi
eklenmiştir, 140 rpm’de 24 saat çalkalanmıştır. Adsorpsiyon sonrasındaki metilen mavi
çözeltisi konsantrasyonları 665 nm’de UV-Vis spektrofotometre kullanılarak tayin edilmiştir.
Şekil 1. Kurutulmuş arıtma çamuru
Bulgular
Arıtma çamuru kütlece 1:1 oranında (biyokütle/impregnant) aktivasyon ajanı ile aktive
edilmiştir. Aktive edilen arıtma çamurundan üretilen aktif karbon numunelerinin adsropsiyon
yüzdesi etkisine bakılmıştır. Sonuçlar Şekil 2 (a)’da sunulmuştur. En yüksek adsropsiyon
giderim yüzdesi potasyum hidroksit (KOH) aktivasyon ajanı ile elde edilmiştir. Aktivasyon
ajanı olarak potasyum hidroksit (KOH) belirlenmiştir. Deneysel izoterm sonuçları Şekil 1 (b)’
de verilmiştir. Deneysel olarak ulaşılabilen en yüksek adsorpsiyon kapasitesi 70,39 mg g-1
olarak elde edilmiştir. Deneysel izoterm sonuçlarına lineer Langmuir ve Freundlich izoterm
denklemleri uygulanmış ve sonuçlar Şekil 1(c) ve Şekil 1(d)’ de verilmiştir. Langmuir
denkleminden elde edilen R2 değeri 0,99, Freundlich denkleminden elde edilen R2 değeri 0,88
olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuçlardan gözlemlendiği üzere tek tabakalı adsorpsiyon profili olan
Langmuir modeline uyumlu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Langmuir model denkleminden hesaplanan
maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasitesi 72,46 mg g-1 olarak bulunmuştur.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 2. (a) aktivasyon ajanının adsropsiyon yüzdesine etkisi (b) izoterm eğrisi, (c) lineer
Langmuir izoterm modeli eğrisi ve (d) lineer Freundlich izoterm modeli eğrisi
Tartışma ve Sonuç
Boyarmaddelerin sulu çözeltilerden giderimi için çeşitli teknikler vardır. Adsropsiyon atık su
içerisindeki yabancı maddelerin gideriminde düşük maliyet ve yüksek performans özellikleriyle
en etkili yöntem olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında arıtma çamurunun aktivasyon
ajanları ile aktive edilerek üretilen aktif karbonun metilen mavi adsorpsiyonundaki giderimi
incelenmiştir. En uygun aktivasyon ajanı %97,43 adsorpsiyon giderim yüzdesi ile potasyum
hidroksit(KOH) olarak belirlenmiştir. Metilen mavi adsorpsiyon izoterm modeli incelenmiştir.
En uygun adsorban miktarının 72,46 mg g-1 olduğu ve tek tabakalı Langmuir izoterm modeline
uyum sağladığı görülmüştür. Atık olarak değerlendirilen arıtma çamurundan aktive edilerek
aktif karbon üretilmesi atık yönetimi ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından verimli bir
alternatif olarak görülmüştür.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Kaynak
Gı̇ wa, A. S., Maurı̇ ce, N. J., Luoyan, A., Lı̇ u, X., Yunlong, Y. ve Hong, Z. (2023). Advances
in sewage sludge application and treatment: process integration of plasma pyrolysis and
anaerobic
digestion
with
the
resource
recovery. Helı̇ yon.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19765
Gong, R., Lı̇ , M., Yang, C., Sun, Y. ve Chen, J. (2005). Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous
solution by adsorption on peanut hull. Journal Of Hazardous Materı̇ als, Pages 247250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.01.029
Krı̇ stantı̇ , R. A. ve Hadı̇ barata, M. K. A. K. &. T. (2016). Treatability of methylene blue solution
by adsorption process using neobalanocarpus hepmii and capsicum annuum. Water, Aı̇ r,
& Soı̇ l Pollutı̇ on, 227(134), 227:134 . DOI 10.1007/s11270-016-2834-y
1030
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
HİDROTERMAL KARBONİZASYON YÖNTEMİ İLE AKTİFLEŞTİRİLMİŞ
HİDROÇAR ÜRETİMİ VE KRİSTAL VİOLE ADSORPSYONUNDA
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Filiz BÜYÜKER TAN
Yalova Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği, Yalova-Türkiye
Email: filiz.buyukertan@ogrenci.yalova.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Şeyda KORKMAZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-8691-0712)
Yalova Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği, Yalova-Türkiye
Email: seyda.karadirek@yalova.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Özlem TUNA (ORCID: 0000-0003-1641-4155)
Yalova Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Kimya Mühendisliği, Yalova-Türkiye
Email: ozlem.tuna@yalova.edu.tr
Özet
Biyokütle günümüzde çeşitli endüstriyel süreçlerde ve enerji üretiminde yaygın bir şekilde
kullanılmaktadır. Biyokütle, hayvansal ve bitkisel kaynaklı organik veya inorganik bileşiklerin
doğal veya işlenmiş bir kompleksidir. Biyokütle rüzgar, güneş, su, jeotermal enerji kaynakları
gibi yenilebilir ve alternatif bir enerji kaynağıdır. Tarım atıkları, orman endüstrisi atıkları, enerji
tarımı ürünleri, her türlü bitki atıkları, evsel atıklar, hayvansal atıklar, endüstriyel atıklar ve
ormansal atıklar, biyokütle atıklarını oluşturmaktadır. Biyokütle kaynakları, aktif karbon gibi
değerli malzemelerin üretimi için de kullanılabilirler. Bu çalışmada biyokütle kaynağı olarak
gilaburu ve hidrotermal karbonizasyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Hidrotermal karbonizasyon,
sulu ortamda, düşük sıcaklıklarda ve kendiliğinden oluşan basınç altında gerçekleşen
termokimyasal bir prosestir. Gilaburu, Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde yetişen bir bitki olarak
bilinir ve geleneksel tıpta çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Hidrotermal karbonizasyon
deneylerinde 3 g gilaburu posası, 50 mL H2 O ile paslanmaz çelik hidrotermal reaktör içerinde
karıştırılmış ve 2100 C’ ye ayarlanmış etüv içerisinde 24 saat süreyle ısıtılmıştır. Reaksiyon
sonunda elde edilen hidroçar kurutulduktan sonra kütlece 1:2 oranında fosforik asit (H3 PO4 )
ile impregne edilmiştir ve ardından 8000 C’ de 1 saat süre ile azot gazı eşliğinde karbonizasyona
tabii tutulmuştur. Fosforik asit ile aktive edilerek üretilen aktifleştirilmiş hidroçar numunesinin
kristal viole adsorpsiyon performansı incelenmiştir. Adsorpsiyon işleminde 30 mL 20 mg L−1
konsantrasyondaki, kristal viole çözeltileri 0.01 g aktifleştirilmiş hidroçar ile 24 saat, 140 rpm’
de çalkalanmıştır. Kütlece 2:1 oranında fosforik asit (H3 PO4 ) ile aktifleştirilmiş numunenin
kristal viole giderim oranı yaklaşık %98 olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada hazırlanan
aktifleştirilmiş hidroçar başarı ile sentezlenmiş ve kristal viole adsorpsiyonunda yüksek
performans göstermiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Hidrotermal karbonizasyon, Aktif karbon, Adsorpsiyon
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PRODUCTION OF ACTIVATED HYDROCHAR BY HYDROTHERMAL
CARBONIZATION METHOD AND ITS EVALUATION IN CRYSTAL VIOLET
ADSORPTION
Abstract
Biomass is a natural or processed complex of organic or inorganic compounds derived from
animal and plant source and widely used in various industrial processes and energy production.
It is a renewable and alternative energy source such as wind, solar, water, and geothermal
energy sources. Agricultural residues, forest industry residues, energy crops, all kinds of plant
residues, household waste, animal waste, industrial waste, and forestry residues constitute
biomass waste. Biomass resources can also be used for the production of valuable materials
such as activated carbon. In this study, gilaburu pulp was hydrothermally activated
Hydrothermal carbonization is a thermochemical process that occurs in water as carbonization
media at low temperature and under spontaneous pressure. The gilaburu pulp is known as a
plant grown in the Southeast Anatolia region and is used for various purposes in traditional
medicine. In hydrothermal carbonization experiments, 3 g of gilaburu pulp was placed in a
stainless steel autoclave reactor with 50 mL of H2O, mixed in the hydrothermal reactor, and
hydrothermally treated for 24 hours at 210°C in an oven. The hydrochar obtained at the end of
the reaction was filtered and dried at 105°C for 24 hours. The as-obtained hydrochar was
impregnated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) at a mass ratio of 1:2 (biomass/impregnant). The
impregnated hydrochar was carbonized at 800°C for 1 hour under nitrogen gas flow. The crystal
violet removal performance of the activated hydrochar sample produced by activation with
phosphoric acid was investigated in a batch adsorption system. In the adsorption process, 30
mL of crystal violet solutions with a concentration of 20 mg L-1 were shaken with 0.01 g of
activated hydrochar at 140 rpm for 24 hours. The removal efficiency of crystal violet obtained
for the sample activated with phosphoric acid at a mass ratio of 1:2 was approximately 98%.
The activated hydrochar prepared in this study was successfully synthesized and exhibited high
performance in crystal violet adsorption.
Keywords: Hydrothermal carbonization, Actived carbon, Adsorption
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Hidrotermal karbonizasyon yöntemi, son yıllarda çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve alternatif enerji
kaynakları arayışında önemli bir yer edinmiştir. Hidrotermal karbonizasyon süreci 20. Yüzyılın
başlarında karbon açısından zengin katı yakıt üretmek için geliştirilen bir yöntemdir. (Evcı̇ l vd.,
2020) Bu süreçte biyokütle, yüksek sıcaklık ve basınç altında birkaç saat boyunca karbon
açısından zengin ürünlere dönüştürülür. (Evcı̇ l vd., 2020) Hidrotermal karbonizasyon
prosesinde hidroliz, dehidrasyon, dekarboksilasyon, yoğunlaşma ve polimerizasyonu içeren bir
dizi reaksiyon meydana gelir. (Salaudeen vd., 2021) Hidroçar olarak adlandırılan katı ürün, atık
su kirliliğinin iyileştirilmesinde, kataliz, enerji depolama, adsorpsiyon gibi çok çeşitli
uygulamalarda kullanılabilir. (Wang vd., 2018) Biyokütlelerin hidrotermal karbonizasyonu,
çeşitli avantajlar içermektedir. Biyokütle olarak genellikle tarımsal atıklar, odun artıkları,
selülozik materyaller ve diğer organik kaynakların kullanımını içermektedir. Bu çalışmada
biyokütle kaynağı olarak kullanılan gilaburu Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde yetişen bir bitki
olarak bilinir ve geleneksel tıpta çeşitli amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır.Kristal viole boyası suda
çözünebilen, toksik, dirençli, ciddi sağlık sorunlarına ve çevre kirliliğine neden olan organik
bir boyadır. (Cheruı̇ yot vd., 2019) Genellikle mor renkli bir toz veya sıvı halde bulunurlar.
Kristal viole bir tri-fenilmetan boyasıdır. (Cheruı̇ yot vd., 2019) Kanserojen, mutajenik olarak
bilinse de ticari tekstil proseslerinde, biyolojik boyamada ve dermatolojik ajan olarak hala
yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Azo boyaların atık sularda arıtılması büyük bir zorluktur
çünkü bu boyalar bozunmaya karşı dirençli karmaşık bir yapıya sahiptirler. (Cheruı̇ yot vd.,
2019) Biyolojik bozunma, fotokatalitik, çökelme, adsorpsiyon, kimyasal oksidasyon,
flokülasyon, çökeltme, ozonlama, iyon değişimi ve solvent ekstraksiyonu gibi geleneksel
arıtma yöntemleri boya gideriminde kullanılmaktadır. (Cheruı̇ yot vd., 2019) Adsorpsiyon
düşük maliyetli oluşu ve etkinliği nedeniyle en yaygın arıtma yöntemlerinden biri olmaya
devam etmektedir. (Cheruı̇ yot vd., 2019) Bu çalışmada biyokütle olarak kullanılan gilaburu
posasından hidrotermal karbonizasyon yöntemi ile hidroçar üretimi ve kristal viole
adsorpsiyonunda incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Metod
Hidrotermal karbonizasyon deneylerinde 3 g gilaburu posası, 50 ml saf su ile paslanmaz çelik
hidrotermal reaktör içerisinde karıştırılmıştır. Etüv içerisinde 210°C’ de 24 saat süreyle
ısıtılmıştır. Reaksiyon sonunda elde edilen hidroçar kurutulduktan sonra kütlece 1:2 oranında
fosforik asit ile impregne edilmiştir ve ardından 800°C’ de 1 saat süre ile azot gazı eşliğinde
karbonizasyona tabii tutulmuştur. Hidroçar numunesi sırası ile HCl , kaynar su ve saf su ile
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yıkanmıştır. Yıkanan hidroçar numunesi 110°C etüvde kurutulmuştur. Fosforik asit ile aktive
edilerek üretilen aktifleştirilmiş hidroçar numunesinin kristal viole adsorpsiyon performansı
incelenmiştir. Adsorpsiyon işleminde 30 mL 20 mg/L
konsantrasyondaki, kristal viole
çözeltileri 0.01 g aktifleştirilmiş hidroçar ile 24 saat, 140 rpm’ de çalkalanmıştır. Süre sonunda
çözeltiler şırınga filtrelerden süzülüp, gerekli seyreltmeler yapılıp 590 nm’de UV cihazında
okunmuştur.
Şekil 1. Öğütülmüş gilaburu posası
Bulgular
Gilaburu posasından hidrotermal karbonizasyonla hidroçar üretilmiştir. Elde edilen hidroçar
kütlece 1:2 oranında (biyokütle/impregnant) aktivasyon ajanı ile aktive edilmiştir. Aktive edilen
hidroçar ile üretilen aktif karbon numunelerinin adsorpsiyon yüzdesi etkisine bakılmıştır.
Deneysel izoterm sonuçları Şekil 2 (a)’ de verilmiştir. Deneysel olarak ulaşılabilen en yüksek
adsorpsiyon kapasitesi 39,61 mg g-1 olarak elde edilmiştir. Deneysel izoterm sonuçlarına lineer
Langmuir ve Freundlich izoterm denklemleri uygulanmış ve sonuçlar Şekil 2(b) ve Şekil 2(c)’
de verilmiştir. Langmuir denkleminden elde edilen R2 değeri 0,9837, Freundlich denkleminden
elde edilen R2 değeri 0,8395 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuçlardan gözlemlendiği üzere tek tabakalı
adsorpsiyon profili olan Langmuir modeline uyumlu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Langmuir model
denkleminden hesaplanan maksimum adsorpsiyon kapasitesi 38,61 mg g-1 olarak bulunmuştur.
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Şekil 2. (a) izoterm eğrisi, (b) lineer Langmuir izoterm modeli eğrisi ve (c) lineer Freundlich
izoterm modeli eğrisi
Tartışma ve Sonuç
Çalışma kapsamında hidroçar aktivasyon ajanları ile aktive edilerek üretilen aktif karbonun
kristal viole adsorpsiyonundaki giderimi incelenmiştir. Hidrotermal karbonizasyon yöntemi ile
aktifleştirilmiş hidroçar üretimi ve kristal viole adsorpsiyonu başarılı bir şekilde
gerçekleşmiştir. Kristal viole adsorpsiyon izoterm modeli incelenmiştir. En uygun adsorban
miktarının 38,61 mg g-1 olduğu ve tek tabakalı Langmuir izoterm modeline uyum sağladığı
görülmüştür. Hidroçar üretiminde etkili bir yöntem olan hidrotermal karbonizasyonun,
aktifleştirme işlemi ile birlikte adsorpsiyon uygulamalarında kullanılabileceği görülmektedir.
Bu çalışma hem hidroçar üretimi hem de adsorpsiyon alanında yeni uygulama alanları
sunmaktadır.
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Kaynak
Cheruı̇ yot, G. K., Wanyonyı̇ , W. C., Kı̇ plı̇ mo, J. J. ve , E. N. M. (2019). Adsorption of toxic
crystal violet dye using coffee husks: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics
study. Scı̇ entı̇ fı̇ c Afrı̇ can, (Volume 5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00116
Evcı̇ l, T., Sı̇ msı̇ r, H., Ucar, S., Tekı̇ n, K. ve Karagoz, S. (2020). Hydrothermal carbonization of
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118-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118458
Salaudeen, S. A., Acharya, B. ve Dutta, A. (2021). Steam gasification of hydrochar derived
from hydrothermal carbonization of fruit wastes. Renewable Energy , Pages 582591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.02.115
Wang, T., Zhaı̇ , Y., Zhu, Y., Lı̇ , C. ve Zeng, G. (2018). A review of the hydrothermal
carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: process conditions,
fundamentals, and physicochemical properties. Renewable And Sustaı̇ nable Energy
Revı̇ ews, Pages 223-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.071
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HAM PETROLÜN ADSORPTİF KÜKÜRT GİDERMESİ İÇİN KLINOPTİLOLİNİN
MODİFİKASYONU VE KARAKTERİZASYONU
Eldam Shams Aldeen MUSTAFA (ORCID: 0009-0002-1051-0592)
Ondokuz Mayıs University Institute of Graduate Studies Department of Chemical
Engineering Samsun-Türkiye
Email: 21281816@sdu.omu.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Gediz UĞUZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-6796-6067)
Ondokuz Mayıs University Institute of Graduate Studies Department of Chemical
Engineering Samsun-Türkiye
Email: gediz.uguz@omu.edu.tr
Özet
Günümüzde dünya nüfusunun artması ve artan nüfus ile birlikte enerji ihtiyacının artması ile
Tükenen enerji kaynaklarının da arındırılması ve temizlenmesi büyük önem kazanmıştır. Ham
petrol, günümüzde enerji ihtiyacının büyük bir kısmını karşılayan ve önemli bir enerji
kaynağıdır. Ham petroldeki kükürt giderimi (desülfürizasyon) geçmişte olduğu gibi günümüzde
yapılmaya devam edilmektedir. Çünkü sülfür bileşikleri, yanma sırasında egzoz gazlarında
kükürt dioksit oluşturarak hava kirliliğine ve asit yağmurlarına yol açabilir. Ayrıca, sülfür
bileşikleri, motorların ve katalizörlerin ömrünü kısaltabilir. Bu nedenle, ham petroldeki sülfür
bileşiklerinin çıkarılması ve ürünlerin daha temiz hale getirilmesi önemlidir. Desülfürizasyon
işlemi genellikle rafinasyon aşamasında gerçekleştirilir ve farklı yöntemler kullanılabilir.
Kükürt gideriminin farklı yöntemleri bulunmakla birlikte bu çalışmada Adsorptif
desülfürizasyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntem için adsorbent olarak klinoptilolit kullanımı
tercih edilmiştir. Volkanik kökenli bir alüminosilikat minerali olan klinoptilolitin seçiciliğini
iyileştirmek ve adsorpsiyon süreçlerini daha verimli hale getirmek amacıyla NaCl ile modifiye
edilerek kullanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada partikül boyutu, süre, hız ve dozlama olarak 4 farklı
parametre ile işlem yapılmıştır. Daha sonra petrol bazlı ürünlerin yapısal analizi, fraksiyon
tanıma, yanma özellikleri ve yakıt verimliliği ile kalite denetimleri hakkında bilgi edinmek için
Fourier Dönüşümlü Kızılötesi Spektroskopisi (FTIR) ile önce ham petrolün desülfürizasyon
işlemi yapılmadan önceki hali daha sonra desülfürizasyon işleminden sonraki hali analiz
edilerek çalışmadan verimli sonuç alınmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Klinoptilolit, Modifikasyon, Ham petrol, Desülfürizasyon,
Karakterizasyon, Kükürt giderimi
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MODIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CLINOPTHYLLOLINE FOR
ADSORPTIVE DESULFURIZATION OF CRUDE OIL
Abstract
In today's world, the increasing global population and the rising energy demand have made it
crucial to deplete and purify energy resources. Crude oil, a significant energy source that
currently meets a large portion of the energy demand, requires sulfur removal (desulfurization)
as it has been historically practiced and continues to be done so today. Sulfur compounds in
crude oil can produce sulfur dioxide in exhaust gases during combustion, leading to air pollution
and acid rain. Additionally, these sulfur compounds can shorten the lifespan of engines and
catalysts. Therefore, it is important to remove sulfur compounds from crude oil and clean up
the resulting products. Desulfurization is usually carried out during the refining stage and
various methods can be used. While there are different methods for sulfur removal, this study
utilizes the Adsorptive desulfurization technique. clinoptilolite has been chosen as the preferred
adsorbent for this method. To enhance the selectivity of klinoptilolite, a volcanic
aluminosilicate mineral, and to optimize adsorption processes, it has been modified with NaCl.
The study involved processes with four different parameters: particle size, duration, rate, and
dosing. Subsequently, through the analysis of crude oil states pre and post-desulfurization
process using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), efficient results were obtained.
Keywords: Clinoptilolite, Modification, Crude oil, Desulfurization, Characterization
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Introduction
Access to energy is crucial for a society's well-being, economic development and quality of
life. Therefore, removing barriers to access to available energy can only be possible by
increasing available energy. For this reason, researchers have increased their studies on energy
in recent years and have made efforts to ensure that available energy resources do not harm the
environment and human health (Kavak & Haspolat, 2022) Throughout history, energy systems
have relied on fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas). The use of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases, which are considered to be the main cause of global climate change.
The combustion of fossil fuels produces large amounts of carbon monoxide; oxides of sulphur,
SO2 and SO3 (represented as SOx); oxides of nitrogen, NO and NO2 (represented as NOx) and
particulates, which have been proven to be harmful to human health and the environment (Sonel
Aü Fen Fakültesi, 1997). Sulfur content in gasoline and diesel fuels has been limited, especially
due to the harmful effects of SOx gases released as a result of combustion. Governments try to
reduce the concentration of petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel below 15 ppm in
accordance with existing rules.Adsorption desulfurization studies have recently gained
importance due to their potential applications in desulfurization of various materials (Gupta et
al., 2021; Salehi et al., 2020; Tuna et al., 2020). In this method, the sulfur and sulfur-containing
compounds of the hydrocarbon adhere to the solid adsorbent surface. The effectiveness of the
method is proportional to the effectiveness of the adsorbent (Blanco Brieva et al., 2010).History
and formation of crude oil Petroleum is known as crude oil or crude oil. It is a dark liquid and
has a color close to black. It has a pronounced viscosity and has an acceptable odor if it contains
a low proportion of sulfur compounds. If it has high proportions of nitrogen compounds, or
both, it has an unpleasant odor. Petroleum liquid is lighter than water and different types have
different densities. It is also a flammable liquid. The most important sulfur compounds found
in petroleum are (methylthio and thiophene compounds, as well as hydrogen sulfide gas H2S)
and some sulfur compounds (Younis Muhammad Al-Hassan, 2019).
Figure 1 (a) Tiyofen, (b)Mercaptan (Younis Muhammad Al-Hassan, 2019)
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Production of Crude Oil
Oil and gas production is the process of extracting hydrocarbons and separating the mixture of
liquid hydrocarbons, gas, water and solids (Bahadori et al., 2013). Production facilities usually
process crude oil from multiple wells. Oil is almost always processed at a refinery; natural gas
may be processed to remove contaminants in the field or at a natural gas processing plant. Crude
oil and natural gas are usually removed from the fields where they are produced and transported
to refineries and gas processing plants, where they are either made into feedstock for another
production process or processed into final products.
Desulphurization
Given regulatory limits, the sulfur compounds or sulfur content in liquid fuels must be
controlled. These controls require the application of various methods for the effective removal
of sulfur from liquid fuels. (Crandall et al., 2019) These methods are used in a wide range of
applications, from industrial applications to laboratory research. Figure 1.1 shows a schematic
representation of various desulfurization techniques. (Khodadadi Dizaji et al., 2019; Nath
Prajapati & Verma, 2018; Prajapati & Verma, 2017)
Figure 2 Desulfurization Methods
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Adsorptive desulfurization (ADS)
It is a relatively new technology for sulfur removal from fuel. It is quite popular among
researchers due to its inexpensive nature and ease of adaptation to different fuel processors. It
involves the process of contacting an activated/functionalized adsorbent to remove sulfur from
fuel. The fact that it does not require hydrogen, operates under moderate temperature conditions
(from room temperature to about 100°C) and adsorbent renewability make it an economical
desulfurization method. To date, many different adsorbents have been focused and the process
technology adapted for ultra-low desulfurization. Many of the reported materials and processes
together with various mechanisms and process conditions will be extensively investigated. In
the adsorption desulfurization technique, the active adsorbent is placed on a rough, non-reacting
substrate providing a high surface area. Adsorption occurs when sulfur molecules adhere to the
adsorbent and remain separated from the fuel. Different researchers have used this technique to
remove sulfur from different types of fuel oils and model oils using various types of adsorbents
(Hernández-Maldonado & Yang, 2004; Lee et al., 2002; Li et al., 2007; Ma, Sun, et al., 2002;
Sano et al., 2005; Weitkamp et al., 1991; Yu et al., 2005).
Effects of Process Parameters on Adsorptive Desulfurization
Contact time
Contact time has a great influence on the adsorption efficiency of any adsorbent. In general,
with the increase in contact time, the adsorption capacity of an adsorbent increases until it
reaches equilibrium.
Adsorbent dosage
In general, the percentage of adsorption or desulfurization increases with increasing adsorbent
dosage due to the increased number of accessible active sites (Ganiyu et al., 2016; Saleh et al.,
2017).
Adsorption temperature
Temperature is a critical process parameter in adsorption. It affects both the adsorption rate and
the absorption capacity. With increasing temperature, the adsorption rate is expected to increase
as sulfur compounds move faster through the pores of the adsorbents and overcome the
activation energy barrier. The effect of temperature on adsorption capacity depends on whether
the particular adsorption process is exothermic or endothermic.
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Initial sulfur content of the feedstock
The Langmuir (1) and Freundlich (2) isotherms describe monolayer adsorption and
heterogeneous adsorption, respectively. These isotherms relate the sulfur uptake per unit weight
of adsorbent (qe) to the equilibrium sulfur concentration (Ce) in the bulk liquid as shown below.
Ce/qe=1/KQm+C/Qm (1)logqe = logKF +1/n logCe (2)Where Ce, K, Qm, KF and n stand for
the sulfur concentration in the fuel at equilibrium, Langmuir isotherm constant, Freundlich
isotherm constants related to maximum monolayer coverage capacities, adsorption capacity and
adsorption intensity, respectively.
Some Adsorbents Used in Adsorptive Desulfurization
The selection of a suitable adsorbent is important for all adsorption processes including ADS.
An efficient adsorbent should be porous, physically and chemically stable, environmentally
friendly and suitable for recovery. ADS adsorbents are substances such as microporous EC,
zeolites, alumina, mesoporous silica and recently MOFs, which are widely discussed in the
literature. In this chapter, detailed descriptions of these adsorbents and various sulfur removal
studies using these adsorbents are presented. Furthermore, (adsorptive) sulfur removal tests and
the experimental conditions used in the tests are briefly presented. In the desulfurization process
of sulfur-containing liquid fuels, conditions such as S exposure times of adsorbents, S
concentrations, temperatures and durations are important factors to be taken into account when
establishing recovery strategies.
Zeolite-based adsorbents
Zeolites are microporous crystalline aluminosilicates with high external surface area (150-500
m2/g) and three-dimensional structure. Due to their stable skeletal structure and ability to cation
exchange, zeolites are more widely studied materials for ADS treatment. The adsorption
capacity and selectivity of metal cation-exchanged zeolites towards sulfur compounds were
found to be very high due to the presence of metal-based active sites on the surface (Dehghan
& Anbia, 2017). Among different types of zeolites, Y-type zeolites such as Ag/Y, Cu/Y, Ce/Y,
Na/Y, Ni/Y, La/Y are the most studied materials for ADS due to tunable porosity for sizeselective adsorption, high ion exchange capacity and good thermal stability. Like metal oxidetype adsorbents, adsorptive desulfidation with zeolites involves π complexation, sulfur-metal
and Lewis acid-base interactions. Selective adsorption of sulfur compounds in the presence of
aromatic and nitrogenous compounds is a challenging process as they have similar structures
and adsorption energies (Song et al., 2013),(Zu et al., 2020),(Ma, Song, et al., 2002).
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Scanning
electron
microscope
(SEM)
X-ray
fluorescence
(XRF)
Characterization
Methods of
Clinoptilolite
Transmission
electron
microscopy
(TEM)
Fourier
Transform
Infrared
Spectroscopy
(FTIR)
Figure 2 Characterization Methods of Clinoptilolite
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
It is an extremely useful technique for confirming the identity of pure compounds, but of limited
value when used for mixtures of compounds. The technique is based on the identification of
functional groups within molecules, where these groups vibrate (stretch or bend in various
ways) when irradiated with light of specific wavelengths (NicDaéid, 2019) Infrared
spectroscopy is a field in which the electromagnetic field of matter interacts in the infrared
radiation (IR) region as a function of photon frequency. First, a glowing blackbody light source
emits a beam of infrared energy. Then, the infrared beam enters the interferometer, where it
generates an interferogram signal. Next, the beam enters and passes through the sample
chamber or reflects off the sample surface. When materials are exposed to infrared radiation,
the sample molecules absorb certain wavelengths of radiation, causing a change in the dipole
moment of the molecules. Some of the infrared radiation is transmitted by the sample, while
some is absorbed. As a result, the vibrational energy levels of the sample molecules change
from the ground state to the excited state. The resulting spectrum shows the transmission and
absorption of the sample molecules and forms the molecular fingerprint of the sample. The
absorption peak frequency determines the vibrational energy gap of the sample molecules and
the absorption peak number corresponds to the vibrational freedom of the molecule. The
absorption peak magnitude is a result of the probability of transition of energy levels and the
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variation of the dipole moment. Finally, the infrared beam enters the detector for the final
measurement. The measured signal is digitized and sent to the computer for Fourier
transformation. The final infrared spectrum is then presented to the user for interpretation and
further manipulation (McNaught & Wilkinson, 1997).
Materials and Methods
The types of chemicals used in the thesis study and the purposes for which these chemicals
were used are detailed in Table 3.1 of the study.
Table 1 Chemicals used in the thesis study and their intended use
Name
Formula
Purpose of usage
Zeolite (Clinoptilolite)
(Na2, Ca, K2)2-3Al3(Al, Si)2Si13O36•12H2O
Adsorbent
Crude oil
CnH2n+2
Desulphurization
Sodium chloride
NaCl
Modification
Pure water
H2O
Washing process
Modification Method of Clinoptilolite
Chemically or physically changing clinoptilolite, a natural zeolite mineral, is done in order to
increase the reactivity of the mineral, increase surface insulation or determine specific
properties.
Figure 3 NaCl solution and two different sized clinoptilolite samples
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Modification of clinoptilolite further enhances the properties of naturally occurring
clinoptilolite, allowing it to be used more effectively in various applications. In this thesis, NaCl
solution is first prepared by following the steps below.
Desulphurization of Crude Oil
The desulphurization process of crude oil was carried out using NaCl modified clinoptilolite
with different particle sizes. 50µ and 200 µ sized modified clinoptilolite was used at room
temperature for two different times (20, 60), two different speeds (300, 500) and two different
dosages. As a result of the processes, sulfur measurement and characterization analysis of a
total of 16 samples were carried out.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Structural analysis of petroleum-based products is carried out to obtain information on fraction
identification, combustion characteristics and fuel efficiency as well as quality controls. It also
affects the quality of marketable products derived from crude oil products. Fourier transform
infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has the advantage of being able to record spectra for solid and
liquid samples without any pre-treatment. This makes FT-IR/ATR particularly attractive for
easy and rapid characterization of natural and synthetic products (Griffiths & De Haseth, 2007).
In the thesis study, FTIR spectroscopic analysis of the crude oil sample was performed using a
Perkin Elmer Spectrum 2 FTIR Spectrophotometer. Each spectrum was taken at wavenumbers
of 4000-650 cmˉ¹ at a scan rate of 4 cmˉ¹ and the data were evaluated using the software.
Conclusion and Recommendation
This thesis study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, it was aimed to increase the
adsorption capacity by modifying clinoptilolite. In the second stage, desulfurization of
untreated crude oil was carried out with the modified clinoptilolite. FT-IR device was used as
a characterization method to analyze the samples before and after the desulfurization process.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Crude oil samples were firstly identified before desulphurization and then 16 samples after
desulphurization were identified in the instrument. As shown in Figure 4.1, alkanes and
carbonyl groups were found in the sample at certain frequency ranges and various intensities.
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105
Permeability (%T)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
650
1150
1650
2150
2650
Wave number (cmˉ¹)
3150
3650
Figure 4 FT-IR imaging of crude oil
According to the information given in the identification, as shown in Table 4.1, it shows strong
bands around 2955 cmˉ¹, 2923 cmˉ¹ and 2854 cmˉ¹, which correspond to aromatic C-H, methyl
C-H and methylene C-H. The weak absorption band at 1611 cmˉ¹ corresponds to aromatic C=C.
A strong band located around 1458 cmˉ¹ represents methylene C-C, while an intense band
appears at 1377 cmˉ¹, which corresponds to the S=O of sulfones. The S-C of sulfides is also
indicated by a weak absorption band around 1267 cmˉ¹ and 1166 cmˉ¹. At 1066 cmˉ¹, the S=O
bond of sulfoxides is observed with moderate intensity. In the 873 cmˉ¹ and 725 cmˉ¹ bands,
alkanes were again observed with medium intensity. Results of FT-IR analysis of crude oil
before desulfurization and sulfur peaks and intensity levels
Table 2 Results of FT-IR analysis of crude oil before desulfurization and sulfur peaks and
intensity levels
Observed wave number cmˉ¹
Bond
Compound type
Frequency range cmˉ¹
Intensity
2955
C-H
Alkanes
2850-2970
Strong
2923
C-H
Alkanes
2850-2970
Strong
2854
C-H
Alkanes
2850-2970
Strong
1611
C=C
Alkenes
1610-1680
Weak
1458
C-H
Alkanes
1350-1470
Strong
1377
C-H
Alkanes
1370-1390
Middle
1250
S=O
Carbonyls
1290-1415
Middle
S-C
Carbonyls
1290-1415
Weak
1053
C=S
Carbonyls
1050-1080
Middle
873
C-H
Alkanes
690-900
Middle
725
CH2
Alkanes
720-725
Middle
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When we consider one sample out of 16 samples (Sample 3), when we compare the FT-IR
analysis of the crude oil and modified zeolite with a particle size of 50µ with 0.5 g of the
modified zeolite at a speed of 500rpm for 60 minutes by increasing the time this time and the
desulfurization treated sample and the untreated sample, it was seen that the amount of sulfur
decreased more than the first sample in FT-IR imaging. At 1290 cmˉ¹ and 1377 cmˉ¹, decreases
in the amount of sulfur occurred as seen. It is seen in Figure 4.4 that a great decrease occurred
around 1066 cmˉ¹.
100
0 Sample
99
3. Sample
Permeability %
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
650
750
850
950
1050
1150
1250
1350
Wave number cm-1
Figure 5 3. Sample FT-IR imaging of crude oil after desulfurization
Conclusion and Recommendations
The desulfurization process has gained importance since the removal of sulfur from crude oil
allows the use of crude oil in various applications.
In this study, positive results were obtained for desulphurization of crude oil. Adsorptive
desulphurization method was used to remove sulfur. Clinoptilolite was selected as adsorbent
for adsorptive desulphurization method. After the modification of clinoptilolite, adsorptive
desulfurization process was carried out and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
characterization method was used in this study and the decrease in the amount of sulfur in the
characterized samples, especially around the 1066 cm-1 spectrum, indicates that the study has
resulted positively.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my dear advisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gediz UĞUZ, my family and all my
other professors who helped me in this study.
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VİTAMİNİ B-12 VE İNSAN BAĞIRSAK MİKROBİYOMU İLİŞKİSİ
Dyt. Mena AZİMİ
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Lisanüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Beslenme Bilimleri,
Samsun,Türkiye.
Email:azimi.mena@gmail.com
Doç. Dr. Mehtap ÜNLÜ SÖĞÜT
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Lisanüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Beslenme Bilimleri,
Samsun,Türkiye.
Email:mehtap.sogut@omu.edu.tr
Özet
Vitamin B12, bazı besinlerde doğal olarak bulunan suda çözünebilen bir vitamindir. Kobalt
minerali içeriğinden dolayı Vitamin B12 aktivitesine sahip bileşiklere topluca kobalamin adı
verilmektedir. Vitamin B12 eksikliği insanları yaşam boyu etkileyen, hematolojik, nörolojik ve
obstetrik sonuçları olan önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Yeni kanıtlar, Vitamin B12’nin
bağırsak mikrobiyomunun bileşimi ve işlevi de dahil olmak üzere insan sağlığının diğer
yönlerinde de önemli bir rol oynayabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Vitamin B12 bağırsakta pasif
difüzyon ve reseptör aracılı endositoz yoluyla emilebilmektedir. Diyette hayvansal kaynaklı
gıdaların tüketilmesiyle elde edilen Vitamin B12; yalnızca bakteriler tarafından sentezlemekte
ve bağırsak emilimi bağırsak mikrobiyotasından etkilenebilmektedir. L.reuteri ve Enterococcus
faecium gibi birçok bakterinin Vitamin B12 ürettiği rapor edilmiştir. Vitamin B12 üreten
bakterilerin takviyesinin, gastrointestinal kanalda Vitamin B12’nin kullanımını artırabileceği
varsayılmaktadır. Böyle bir hipotez, Vitamin B12 eksikliği olan diyetlerle beslenen farelerde
kanıtlanmıştır. Vitamin B12 üreten bir suş olan L. reuteri CRL1098'in diyete eklenmesi ile
Vitamin B12 eksikliği semptomlarının önlendiği ve bağırsak bakterilerinin Vitamin B12
eksikliğinde tedavi edici etkisi olduğu gösterilmiştir. Gastrointestinal sistem mikrobiyotasının
yaklaşık %80'inin Vitamin B12 tüketicileri olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle bakteriyel aşırı
büyüme, eksojen Vitamin B12 için konakçıyla rekabet edebilir ve ardından biyoyararlanımı
azaltabilir. İnce bağırsakta anaerobik bakteri çoğalmasının artması nedeniyle Vitamin B12
eksikliğinin ve buna bağlı semptomların ana nedenlerinden biri olduğu bilinmektedir. Bazı
bağırsak bakterileri, bağırsak geçirgenliğini normalleştirerek Vitamin B12 emilimini arttırıcı ve
inflamatuar bağırsak hastalığı üzerinde iyileştirici bir etki göstermiştir. Bazı çalışmalarda
Vitamin B12; intestinal mikrobiyomun beta çeşitliliğindeki değişikliklerle ilişkilendirilmiş olup
intestinal mikrobiyomunun bileşimini modüle edebileceğini öne sürmektedir. Bir veya daha
fazla besin eksikliği nedeniyle tek karbon metabolizmasındaki değişiklikler, Vitamin B12 ile
etkileşime girebilir ve intestinal mikrobiyomun kompozisyonunu ve işlevini etkileyebilir. İnsan
intestinal mikrobiyomunun önerilen günlük Vitamin B12 alımının yaklaşık üçte birini
üretebildiği tahmin edilmektedir. Vitamin B12 takviyesi, bağırsak mikrobiyomu ile etkileşimler
yoluyla malabsorbsiyonun neden olduğu Vitamin B12 eksikliğini tedavi etmenin ötesinde
gastrointestinal koşullar için faydalı olabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Vitamin B12, Gut mikrobiyotası, mikrobiyom
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN B-12 AND THE HUMAN GUT
MICROBIOME
ABSTRACT
Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin found naturally in some foods. Compounds with
vitamin B12 activity due to their cobalt mineral content are collectively called cobalamin.
Vitamin B12 deficiency is an important public health problem that affects people throughout
life and has hematological, neurological, and obstetric consequences. New evidence suggests
that vitamin B12 may also play an important role in other aspects of human health, including
the composition and function of the gut microbiome. Vitamin B12 can be absorbed in the
intestine by passive diffusion and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Vitamin B12 is obtained by
consuming foods of animal origin in the diet. It is synthesized only by bacteria, and intestinal
absorption can be affected by the intestinal microbiota. Many bacteria, such as L. reuteri and
Enterococcus faecium, have been reported to produce vitamin B12. It is hypothesized that
supplementation with vitamin B12-producing bacteria may increase the utilization of vitamin
B12 in the gastrointestinal tract. Such a hypothesis has been proven in mice fed vitamin B12deficient diets. It has been shown that adding L. reuteri CRL1098, a vitamin B12-producing
strain, to the diet prevents the symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency and that intestinal bacteria
have a therapeutic effect on vitamin B12 deficiency.Approximately 80% of the gastrointestinal
tract microbiota is thought to be a consumer of vitamin B12. Therefore, bacterial overgrowth
may compete with the host for exogenous vitamin B12 and subsequently reduce bioavailability.
It is known to be one of the main causes of vitamin B12 deficiency and its associated symptoms
due to increased anaerobic bacterial proliferation in the small intestine. Some intestinal bacteria
have shown an ameliorating effect on vitamin B12 absorption and inflammatory bowel disease
by normalizing intestinal permeability.In some studies, vitamin B12 has been associated with
changes in the beta diversity of the intestinal microbiome, suggesting that it may modulate the
composition of the intestinal microbiome. Changes in one-carbon metabolism due to one or
more nutrient deficiencies may interact with vitamin B12 and affect the composition and
function of the intestinal microbiome. It is estimated that the human intestinal microbiome can
produce approximately one-third of the recommended daily intake of vitamin B12. Vitamin
B12 supplementation may be beneficial for gastrointestinal conditions beyond treating vitamin
B12 deficiency caused by malabsorption through interactions with the gut microbiome.
Keywords: Vitamin B-12, Gut Microbiome, Microbiota
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GİRİŞ
Vitaminler, vücudun fizyolojik işlevleri için gerekli olan, ancak vücut tarafından endojen olarak
sentezlenmeyen ve bu nedenle diyetten alınması gereken bir grup organik bileşiklerdir.
Toplamda insan vücudunun ihtiyaç duyduğu 13 adet vitamin bulunmaktadır. Bunların 4’ü
yağda çözünen A,D,E ve K vitaminleriyken; 9’u suda çözünen C vitamini ve sekiz adet B
vitamini grubunu içermektedir. B grubu vitaminleri arasında tiamin (B1) , riboflavin (B2),
niasin (B3) , pantotenik asit (B5) , piridoksin (B6) , folat (B9) ve kobalamin (B12) vitaminleri
yer almaktadır (1). B vitaminleri, çok sayıda enzim için vazgeçilmez kofaktörler olarak görev
yapan veya konakçı metabolizmasına doğrudan katılan, hayati bir mikro besin grubunu temsil
eder. Genel olarak, B vitaminleri tarafından üstlenilen çok sayıda fonksiyon genellikle enerji
üretimine yol açan katabolik metabolizmadaki ve biyoaktif moleküllerin yapımı ve
dönüşümüyle sonuçlanan anabolik metabolizmadaki rollerine bölünebilir (2).
B 12 VİTAMİNİ
B 12 vitamini vücuttaki tüm hücrelerin ihtiyaç duyduğu suda çözünebilen temel bir mikro
besindir. Kobalamin, kırmızı kan hücrelerinin gelişimi, büyümesi ve sinir sistemleri için
gereklidir. Günlük gereksinimler yaşa bağlıdır: yetişkinler ve bebekler için önerilen diyet
miktarları sırasıyla 1,5 µg ve 0,4 µg'dır (3). B 12 vitamini terminal ileum da emilir. Bu emilim
neredeyse tamamen mide mukozasında yer alan paryetal hücreler tarafından salgılanan bir
glikoprotein olan intrinsik faktöre bağlıdır. İçsel faktör B 12 vitaminine bağlanır ve kompleks,
transkobalamin adı verilen başka bir glikoproteine bağlı olarak hücre zarı boyunca taşınır.
B 12 vitamini eksikliğinin en yaygın nedeni, mide kanseri riskini artıran bir durum olan
otoimmün pernisiyöz anemidir. Pernisiyöz anemide parietal hücrelerin otoimmün yıkımından
kaynaklanan intrinsik faktör eksikliği nedeniyle emilim bozulur. B 12 vitamini eksikliğinin
diğer yaygın nedenleri arasında gastrektomi, ileal rezeksiyon, pankreas yetmezliği, Crohn
hastalığı ve çölyak hastalığı dahil malabsorbsiyon sendromları yer alır. B 12 vitamini
eksikliğinin daha az yaygın nedenleri arasında biguanidler (metformin), antiasitler (proton
pompa
inhibitörleri
ve H2 reseptör
antagonistleri),
aminoglikozid,
antibiyotikler
ve
kolşisinler gibi ilaçların kullanımı yer alır. Saf beslenme eksikliği nadirdir ve genellikle katı
vegan beslenme şeklini benimsemiş kişilerde görülür (4). B 12 vitamini eksikliği
kardiyovasküler hastalık için de bir risk faktörü olabilir (5). B 12 vitamini eksikliğinin tanısı
temel olarak serum B 12 vitamini düzeyinin 200 pg/mL'den (148 pmol/L) düşük olduğu kan
ölçümlerine dayanır ve metabolik göstergeler olan toplam homosistein ve metilmalonik asit
düzeylerini içeren ikinci basamak testlerle tamamlanır (6). Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'ne (WHO)
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göre, yetişkinlerde B 12 vitamini durumu, mikro besin öğelerinin serum seviyeleri ile aşağıdaki
kesme ve tanımlamalarla belirlenir: >221 pmol/L, “B 12 vitamini yeterliliğidir”; 148 ile 221
pmol/L arası "düşük B 12 vitamini seviyesi ", 148 pmol/L'den düşük ise "B 12 vitamini
eksikliği"dir (7). B 12 vitamini yalnızca mikroorganizmalar tarafından sentezlenir ve et ve süt
ürünleri de dahil olmak üzere hayvansal kaynaklı gıdaların tüketilmesi yoluyla diyetle elde
edilir. Birçok çalışmada, kaynakların sınırlı olduğu ortamlarda, özellikle de diyette hayvansal
ürün alımının düşük olduğu popülasyonlarda, B 12 vitamini seviyesinin düşük olduğunu
belirtilmiştir (8).
B 12 VİTAMİNİ METABOLİZMASI
B 12 vitamini et, yumurta ve süt ürünleri gibi besin kaynaklarından elde edilir. Günlük yaklaşık
2,4 μg B 12 vitamini tüketiminde yalnızca %50-60'ı emilir. İnsan gastrointestinal (bağırsak)
mikrobiyomunda bulunan bakteriler, B 12 vitaminini sentezler ve konakçıdan emilmemiş
B 12 vitaminini kullanır ancak B 12 vitamininin bağırsak mikrobiyomu üzerindeki etkisi büyük
ölçüde keşfedilmemiş durumdadır. İleumda 1 µg oral dozda B 12 vitamininin yaklaşık %50'si
emilir ve artan dozla birlikte emilim oranı azalır. İleumda emilmeyen B 12 vitamini kalın
bağırsağa ulaşabilir; burada bağırsak bakterileri metabolize olur ve B 12 vitamininin ~%80'ini
B 12 vitamini analoglarına (yani bilinen B 12 vitamini aktivitesi olmayan kobamidlere)
dönüştürürler. B 12 vitaminini (ve B 12 vitamini analoglarını) kullanma yeteneği, bazı bakteriler
için rekabet avantajı olabilir. Ayrıca, bağırsak mikrobiyotasının bileşimi ve işlevi, B 12 vitamini
açısından zengin olan ortamlarda, B 12 vitamininin yetersiz olduğu ortamlara göre farklılık
gösterebilir (9). Diyetteki B 12 vitamini, gıda proteinleriyle birlikte bulunur ve ince bağırsakta
emilimi kolaylaştırmak için mide lümeni içindeki düşük pH'a maruz kaldığında salınması
gerekir. B 12 vitamini serbest kaldıktan sonra haptokorrin (transkobalamin I) ile bağlanır ve
duodenumdaki kompleksin proteolitik bölünmesine kadar bağlı kalır. Burada mide
mukozasının paryetal hücreleri tarafından sentezlenen ikinci bir taşıyıcı protein olan intrinsik
faktörün (IF) bağlanması gerçekleşir. Terminal ileumda B 12 vitamininin alımı için IF
gereklidir. Fırça kenarını geçerken B 12 vitamini IF'den ayrışır ve transkobalamin II veya
haptokorrin'i bağlayacağı dolaşıma girer. Transkobalamin II ve haptokorrin, kobalaminin
sırasıyla periferik dokulara ve karaciğere verilmesinden sorumludur. Emilimi takiben büyük
miktarda B 12 vitamini karaciğerde depolanır; sonuç olarak B 12 vitamini alımındaki herhangi
bir azalmanın klinik olarak kendini göstermesi 5-10 yılı bulabilir. Serbest B 12 vitamininin
küçük bir kısmı (%1-5) bağırsaktan intrinsik faktörden (IF) bağımsız bir süreçte pasif
difüzyonla emilir (10).
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BAĞIRSAK MİKROBİYOTASI
Mikrobiyom, genellikle insan/hayvan vücudunda veya derisinde yaşayan/yaşayan çeşitli
mikroorganizmaların topluluğunu ifade eden bir terimdir. Trilyonlarca komensal, simbiyotik
ve hatta patojen mikroorganizmayı içeren karmaşık bir ekosistemi oluşturur. Mikrobiyom
çeşitli bakterilerden, arkelerden, mantarlardan, protozoalardan ve hatta virüslerden meydana
gelir. Sağlıklı insanların bağırsağından en az 800 farklı bakteri türü izole edilebilmiştir. Dış
çevre, beslenme ve yaşam tarzı, mikrobiyomun kompozisyonunu ve canlılığını etkileyen
başlıca belirleyicilerdir. Son araştırmalar mikrobiyomun sağlık ve hastalık üzerindeki muazzam
etkisini göstermiştir. Sayıları, yapıları, çeşitleri ve yaşayabilirlikleri dinamiktir. Tüm bu
unsurlar birçok sağlık bozukluğunun ortaya çıkmasından, gelişmesinden ve tedavisinden
sorumludur. Kanser, metabolik bozukluklar, kalp-damar hastalıkları gibi ciddi hastalıklar ve
hatta şizofreni gibi psikolojik bozukluklar da mikrobiyotadan doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak
etkilenmektedir. Sağlığımıza etkileri ancak insan kaynaklı hücrelerin insan vücudundaki
toplam
canlı
hücre
sayısının
yalnızca
%10'unu
oluşturduğunu
bildiğimizde
anlaşılabilir. Karşılaştırıldığında, mikrobiyota hücrelerin kalan %90'ını temsil eder. Benzer
şekilde, vücudumuzdaki toplam benzersiz genlerin yalnızca %1'i insan kökenlidir ve geri kalan
%99'u bağırsak ve ağız boşluğu mikrobiyotasına aittir. Bu nedenle insan mikrobiyomu ikinci
genomumuz olarak kabul edilir. Mikrobiyota bağırsağın yanı sıra ağız boşluğu, burun delikleri,
vajina, göğüs ve deride de kolonize olabilir. Bebeklerin GİS kanalının mikrobiyal içeriği,
bifidobakterilerin hakim olduğu basit yapılı bir bileşime sahiptir. Çeşitli bakteri türlerinin
bileşimi ve yaygınlığı, hamilelik sırasında annenin beslenmesi, doğum şekli (normal doğum vs.
sezaryen) ve beslenme şekli (emzirme vs. süt ikameleri) gibi birçok faktörden etkilenir. Ancak
mikrobiyomun bileşimi yaşla birlikte sürekli olarak değişmektedir. Mikrobiyal yapı, yaş, diyet,
yaşam tarzı, obezite gibi metabolik hastalıklar ve çevresel etkileyici faktörlere bağlı olarak
değişmektedir (11).
BAĞIRSAK MİKROİYOTASI VE B 12 VİTAMİNİ
Mikro besinler olarak adlandırılan vitaminler ve mineraller insan sağlığı için çok önemlidir.
Mikro besinler, bağışıklık ve enerji fonksiyonlarının yanı sıra büyüme, kemik sağlığı, sıvı
dengesi ve diğer biyolojik süreçler gibi temel biyosentetik hücresel reaksiyonların
düzenleyicileridir. Mikro besin eksikliği, özellikle çocuklarda zayıf fiziksel veya zihinsel
gelişime aynı zamanda patojen enfeksiyonlara, inflamatuar hastalıklara karşı duyarlılığın
artmasına neden olan ciddi sağlık sorunlarıyla ilişkili olduğundan küresel bir sağlık sorunu
olarak kabul edilmektedir (12). İnsanlar gerekli tüm mikro besinleri sentezleyemez; bu nedenle
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bunların (i) diyet bileşenleri, (ii) oral takviyeler veya (iii) ortak bağırsak bakterileri tarafından
sentezi olmak üzere üç ana kaynaktan ekzojen olarak elde edilmesi gerekir. Nüfusun büyük bir
yüzdesi önerilen mikro besin alımlarını karşılayamadığından, mikro besinlerin ağızdan
takviyesi ve gıda takviye programları dünya çapında uygulanmıştır. Etkinliğine ve olumlu
etkilerine rağmen, son zamanlarda önemli sayıda çalışma, bazı mikro besin takviyelerinin
sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz sonuçlarına ilişkin ciddi kaygıları gündeme getirmiştir (13).
Örneğin
folik
asit (B9
vitamini)
takviyesi,
bağırsakta
emilimin
bozulmasından
kaynaklanan çinko eksikliği , B 12 (kobalamin) eksikliğinin belirtilerini maskelemedeki rolü
nedeniyle nörolojik hasar ve kolorektal kanser riskinin artması gibi olumsuz sağlık sonuçlarıyla
ilişkilendirilmiştir (14). Mikro besin biyoyararlılığı, vücutta kullanım ve depolama için mevcut
olan bir mikro besin maddesinin fraksiyonudur. Mikro besinler çeşitli ve bazı durumlarda hem
pasif hem de aktif olabilen spesifik emilim yolları ve mekanizmalarını kullanır. Örneğin, hem C
vitamininin hem de B7 vitamininin (biyotin) emilimine Na+'ya bağımlı taşıyıcılar aracılık eder
ve B9 vitamini (folat) folata özgü üç taşıyıcı kullanır (15). Kommensal bağırsak bakterileri,
konakçılarına gerekli besin maddelerini sağlar ve mikro besin maddelerini elde etmek için en
az araştırılan kaynaktır. Bağırsak mikrobiyotası, çeşitli bileşikleri faydalı veya zararlı
metabolitlere dönüştüren, dolayısıyla bunların biyoyararlılığında önemli bir role sahip olan,
insan
bağırsak
sisteminde
etkili
bir biyoreaktör olarak
kabul
edilir. Mikrobiyom araştırmalarındaki birçok çaba, mikrobiyomu sağlığı iyileştirmek amacıyla
modüle etmek için etkili araçlar keşfetmeye yönelik olmasına rağmen, bağırsak
mikroorganizmalarının mikro besinlerin biyosentezi , alımı, emilimi ve biyoyararlanımına
katkısı daha az araştırılmıştır (16). Mikro besin-mikrobiyom ekseni çift yönlüdür. Bir yandan
bağırsaktaki mikroorganizmalar, büyümeleri ve işleyişleri için mikro besinlerin tüketicileridir.
Konakçının beslenmesi ve mikro besin takviyesi, bağırsak mikrobiyotasının kompozisyonunu
ve fonksiyonunu büyük ölçüde etkiler. Özellikle A vitamini, C vitamini, B 12 vitamini ve D
vitamini takviyesi Bifidobacterium'dan çeşitli faydalı türlerin kolonizasyonunu teşvik ederek
bağırsak mikrobiyotasının bileşimindeki Lactobacillus ve Roseburia cinslerinde değişikliklere
katkıda bulunur. Mineral eksikliğinin veya takviyesinin bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerindeki
etkisinin değerlendirilmesi yeni ortaya çıkan bir alandır (17). Öte yandan bağırsak
mikrobiyotası, başta K vitamini ve B grubu vitaminleri olmak üzere çok çeşitli vitaminleri
önemli miktarlarda üreterek demir, kalsiyum gibi minerallerin alımını ve emilimini kolaylaştırır
(18).
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Magnusdottir ve ark., sekiz B vitamini (biyotin, kobalamin, folat, niasin, pantotenat, piridoksin,
riboflavin ve tiamin) için biyosentetik yolların varlığı açısından 256 yaygın bağırsak
bakterisinin genomlarını sistematik olarak araştırmışlardır. Her bir vitaminin potansiyel
üreticilerini içeren her filumun oranını tahmin etmeye olanak sağlayan bu çalışma sonucunda
bazı genomların bu vitaminlerin tüm biyosentetik yollarını içerdiği, bazılarının ise hiçbirini
içermediği belirlenmiştir. En yaygın olarak sentezlenen vitaminlerin riboflavin (166 potansiyel
üretici) ve niasin (162 üretici) olduğu saptanmıştır. Riboflavin ve biyotin için, Bacteroidetes,
Fusobacteria ve Proteobacteria filumlarındaki mikroorganizmaların neredeyse tamamı gerekli
yolaklara sahipken Firmicutes ve Actinobacteria'ların ise çok daha küçük bir kısmının B
vitamini biyosentezi potansiyeline sahip olduğu görülmüştür. B 12 vitamini örneğinde, tüm
Fusobakterilerin, diğer dört filumun %10-50'sinin üretici olduğu tahmin edilmiştir. Genel
olarak Bacteroidetes'in, en fazla B vitamini üreticisine sahip şube olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır (19).
Bacteroides , Enterococcus ve Bifidobacterium türleri, K vitamini ve suda çözünen B
vitaminlerinin çoğunu de novo olarak sentezleyebilir. İntestinal mikrobiyota bakterilerinin B
vitamini üretimi için in silico biyosentetik kapasitesinin değerlendirildiği çalışmada bu
vitaminlerin %40-65'inin incelenen intestinal mikroorganizmalar tarafından üretildiği
gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, konakçıya ulaşabilmek için, mikro besinlerin bakteriyel de
novo sentezinin, kendilerine ayrılmış bağırsak emilim bölgesinin yukarısında gerçekleşmesi
gerekmektedir. Örneğin, kobalamin yalnızca ileumda emildiğinden, B 12
üreten kolonik
bakterilerin , kemirgenlerde ve insan olmayan primatlarda görülen koprofaji durumu dışında,
bu vitaminin konakçı için biyoyararlanımını artırmaya katkıda bulunmaları olası değildir (20).
Son in vivo çalışmalar ve klinik deneyler, mikrobiyotanın konakçının vitamin dengesindeki
rolüne ışık tutmaktadır (Tablo 1). C. elegans kullanılarak Escherichia coli'nin, parçalanma
ürününün
(PABA-glu)
alımı
yoluyla
ve tetrahidrofolatın de
novo sentezi yoluyla
biyoyararlılığını artırarak B9 vitamininin (folik asit) metabolizmasına yardımcı olduğu
gösterilmiştir. Ek olarak E. coli, tonB siderofor yoluyla eksojen B 12 vitaminini (kobalamin)
temizleyerek konakçı için vazgeçilmez bir B 12 vitamini kanalı görevi görebilir (21).
1057
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Tablo1: Bağırsak mikrobiyotası ile konak mikrobesinleri arasındaki ilişkiyi gösteren in
vivo ve klinik çalışmalar
Vitaminler
Okuduğu
yer
B9 Vitamini C. elegans
ve
B12 Vitamini
Kommensal bakteriler
Referanslar
Escherichia coli
C. Maynard ve ark. (2020)
İnsanlar
Ruminococcacus cinsi Coprococcus cinsi RL Thomas ve ark. (2020)
Mogibacterium
cinsi
Blautia cinsi
İnsanlar
Lactobacillus reuteri
ML Jones ve ark. (2013)
Fareler
Kolon bütirat üreticileri
S. Wu ve diğerleri. (2015)
E vitamini
Fareler
Antibiyotik aracılı mikrobiyota tükenmesi L. Ran ve ark. (2019)
C vitamini
Fareler
Gram negatif bakterilerin aşırı büyümesi
D vitamini
VS
Subramanian
diğerleri. (2018)
ve
B 12 TAKVİYESİ İLE ALFA – BETA ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİ VE BAKTERİ BOLLUĞU
B 12 vitamin takviyesinin alfa ve beta çeşitliliğine etkisini araştıran in vitro çalışmalar Tablo 2
de gösterilmiştir. In vitro çalışmalardan elde edilen bulgular, B 12 vitamini takviyesinin alfa
çeşitliliğini artırabileceğini ve sonuçların uygulanan kobalaminin formuna, dozuna ve ortak
müdahalelere göre değiştiğini göstermektedir. Adenosilkobalaminin, siyanokobalamin ile
karşılaştırıldığında alfa çeşitliliğinin artmasına neden olduğu, ancak her ikisi de alfalaktalbumin ile birleştirildiğinde çeşitliliğin daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda
kolon modelinde kobalamin takviyesinin Firmicutes ve Bacteroidetes'in göreceli bolluğunu
artırdığı, Proteobakteriler ve Pseudomonasi azalttığı belirtilmiştir (22). Peynir altı suyu
proteinleri ile kombinasyon halinde siyanokobalamin veya adenosilkobalamin, tek başına betalaktoglobulin ile karşılaştırıldığında alfa çeşitliliğinin artmasına neden olmuş, ancak tek başına
alfa-laktalbümin ile sonuçlanmamıştır. 7 günlük metilkobalamin takviyesinden sonra,
Acinetobacter oranında artış ve Bacteroides, Enterobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae oranında
azalma gözlemlenmiştir (23). Farklı bir çalışmada, metilkobalamin, siyanokobalamin ve
kontrol gruplarıyla karşılaştırıldığında, Chao1'e (zenginliğin ölçümü) dayalı olarak daha düşük
alfa çeşitliliğe, ancak Shannon indeksine (zenginlik ve düzgünlüğün ölçümü) dayalı olarak daha
yüksek çeşitliliğe neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Siyanokobalamin grubu, kontrol grubuyla
karşılaştırıldığında ise benzer bir Chao1 indeksine ancak kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında
Shannon indeksine göre daha yüksek çeşitliliğe sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir (24). Üç in vitro
çalışmada beta çeşitliliğinde değişiklikler bildirilmiştir: bulgular B 12 vitamininin mikrobiyom
1058
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kompozisyonunu değiştirdiği yönündedir. Peynir altı suyu proteini çalışmasında, temel bileşen
analizleri (PCA) hiyerarşik kümelemeye dayalı olarak bu inceleme için ilgili verileri sağlamasa
da, tek başına alfa-laktalbumin ve beta-laktoglobulin ile kombinasyon halinde siyanokobalamin
alan grupların bir arada kümelendiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Başka bir çalışmada, düşük dozda
siyanokobalamin takviyesi ve yüksek dozda siyanokobalaminle zenginleştirilmiş ıspanak alan
grupların, PCA grafiklerine göre başlangıçtan ve diğer gruplardan daha uzakta kümelendiği
görülmüştür (24). Aynı çalışmalarda B 12 vitamini takviyesi ile göreceli bakteri bolluğu
arasındaki ilişkiler bildirilmiştir. Filum düzeyinde, tek başına adenosilkobalamin veya
siyanokobalamin takviyesi, tek başına peynir altı suyu proteini veya B 12 vitamini ile
kombinasyon halinde peynir altı suyu proteini alan çoğu grupla karşılaştırıldığında daha yüksek
Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes oranlarıyla sonuçlanmış, ancak B 12 vitamininin 2 formu birinden
önemli ölçüde farklı olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Peynir altı suyu proteini ile kombinasyon halinde
siyanokobalamin veya adenosilkobalamin alan gruplardaki Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes oranının
birbirinden veya tek başına peynir altı suyu proteininden farklı olmadığı bildirilmiştir. Başka
bir çalışma, 3 ana şubenin göreceli bolluğunda grup içi değişiklikler olduğu; çoğu grupta
siyanokobalamin
takviyesi
veya
siyanokobalaminle
zenginleştirilmiş
ıspanağın
Proteobakterileri artırdığı ve Firmicutes ve Bacteroidetes'i azalttığı belirtilmiştir. Ancak düşük
doz siyanokobalamin ile zenginleştirilmiş ıspanak grubunda Proteobakterilerin azaldığı,
Firmicutesin değişmediği ve yüksek doz siyanokobalamin ile zenginleştirilmiş ıspanak
grubunda Bacteroidetesin değişmediği tespit edilmiştir (22, 23, 24).Hayvanlarda yapılan
çalışmalarda alfa çeşitlilik açısından heterojen sonuçlar bildirilmiştir. Farelerde kontrol
grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında siyanokobalamin alan grupta alfa çeşitliliğin (Chao1, Shannon
indeksi, Simpson indeksi) önemli ölçüde farklı olmadığı bildirilmiştir (25). Farelerde yapılan
başka bir çalışmada, Chao1 ve Shannon endekslerine dayalı alfa çeşitlilik, siyanokobalamin
dozuna (yem peletlerinde 0 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg veya 200 mg/kg) göre önemli ölçüde farklılık
göstermemiştir (26). Diğer bir çalışmada, istatistiksel anlamlılık bildirilmemesine rağmen,
kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında siyanokobalamin ve metilkobalamin gruplarında alfa
çeşitliliğinin (Chao1, Shannon indeksi) daha düşük olduğu rapor edilmiştir (27). Kazlar
üzerinde yapılan çalışmada yüksek, orta ve düşük dozda B 12 takviyesine ek olarak yüksek ve
düşük dozda folik asit takviyesi verilen iki grup karşılaştırılmıştır. B 12 vitamininin 0,018
mg/kg dozu ile kıyaslandığında, düşük (0,009 mg/kg) ila yüksek (0,036 mg/kg) B 12 vitamini
dozları arasında Simpson ve Shannon endekslerine göre çeşitliliğin arttığı belirlenmiştir (28).
Aynı çalışmalarda farelerdeki beta çeşitliliği de değerlendirilmiştir. Siyanokobalamin takviyesi
1059
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öncesinde ve sonrasında cins düzeyinde ve siyanokobalamin ile kontrol grupları arasında
önemli ölçüde fark saptanmıştır (25). Bunun tersine, farelerde yapılan diğer çalışmada beta
çeşitliliğinde B 12 vitamini müdahalesiyle farklılık gözlenmemiştir (26).
B 12 vitamini ve
folik asit alan kazlar arasında, beta çeşitlilikte temel koordinat analizinde (PCoA) ve aritmetik
ortalamalı ağırlıksız çift grup yönteminde (UPGMA), orta dozda B 12 vitamini alan grupların,
gruplardan daha uzakta kümelendiği görülmüştür (28). Filum düzeyinde bakteri bolluğu
değerlendirildiğinde, metilkobalamin ile karşılaştırıldığında siyanokobalamin alan farelerde
Bacteroidetes ve Proteobacteria'nın göreceli bolluğunun daha yüksek, Firmicutesin ise daha
düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Her iki kobalamin takviyesi alan grupta kontrol grubuyla
karşılaştırıldığında daha düşük Bacteroidetes ve daha yüksek Firmicutes bolluğu gözlenmiştir
(27).
1060
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Tablo 2. B 12 vitamini ile ikincil sonuçlar arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendiren çalışmalar
İlk yazar, Karşılaştırmak
Alfa çeşitliliği
Beta çeşitliliği
Bakteri bolluğu
yıl
veya
AC AC + BL ve CC AL ve
CC
+
BL Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes
Wang,
CC
2019
içeren peynir altı + BL, tek başına diğerlerinden kümelenmiş
değilAile 2 :
suyu
CC
+
oranı:
BL
anlamlı
vs.
BL
daha
daha
yüksek Christensenellaceae , Prevotellaceae , Cari
(AC + BL, CC + yüksekAC + AL
obacteriacese , Clostridiaceae , Chloroplast , Lact
BL, AC + AL, ve CC + AL, tek
obacillaceae , Enterococcaceae , Staphylococcaea
CC + AL) ile tek başına
e ; alt Bacteroidaceae , Eubacteriaceae , Rikenella
proteini BL'den
başına
AL'dan
peynir farklı değildi
ceae , Porphyromonadaceae , Verrucomicrobiacea
altı suyu proteini
e Aile 2 :
(AL, BL)
yüksek Enterococcaceae , Anearoplasmataceae , B
CC
+
AL
vs.
AL
acteroidaceae ; alt Peptostreptococcaceae , Prevot
ellaceae , Coriobacteriaceae , Clostridiaceae , Str
eptococcaceae , Mogibacteriaceae , Enterobacteri
aceae Ailesi 2 :
AC
+
BL
ve
BL
yüksek Erysipelotrichaceae , Enterobacteriaceae ;
alt Lachnospiraceae , Bacteroidaceae , Eubacteri
aceae , Rikensellaceae , Porphyromonadaceae , Ve
rrucomibrobiaceae Aile 2 : AC + AL ve AL
yüksek Leuconostocaceae ; alt Peptostreptococcac
eae , Christensenellaceae , Prevotellaceae , Corio
bacteriaceae , Clostridiaceae , Streptococcaceae ,
Mogibacteriaceae , Enterobacteriaceae
CC ve AC
CC,
Bacteroidetes: Firmicutes oranı: anlamlı değil
AC'ye
kıyasla
daha
Aile 2 :
düşük çeşitliliğe
Yüksek Bacteroidiaceae , Eubacteriaceae ; alt Bifi
sahipti
dobacteriaceae , Flavinobacteriaceae , Peptostrep
tococcaceae , Lactobacillaceae , Ruminococcacea
e
Bacteroidetes: Firmicutes oranı: anlamlı değil
CC + AL ve AC CC + AL, AC +
+ AL
CC
+
AL'ye
kıyasla
Aile 2 :
daha
yüksek
Yüksek Christensenellaceae , Enterococcaceae , L
çeşitliliğe
achnospiraceae , Anaeroplasmataceae , Bacteroidi
sahipti
aceae ; alt Leuconostocaceae
BL'ye Önemli değil
Bacteroidetes: Firmicutes oranı: anlamlı değil
karşı AC + BL
Aile 2 :
Yüksek Prevotellaceae , Cariobacteriacese , Clost
ridiaceae , Chloroplast , Staphylococcaeae , Lacto
bacillaceae , Enterococcaceae , Lachnospiraceae ;
daha düşük Enterobacteriaceae
1061
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İlk yazar, Karşılaştırmak
Alfa çeşitliliği
Beta çeşitliliği
Bakteri bolluğu
yıl
Xu, 2018
CC vs. MC vs. CC'ye
karşı Kontrol ve CC grupları Cins: MC ve CC, zamanla Acinetobacter'i artırdı
kontrol
daha kümelendi Tedaviye
kontrol:
düşük Shannon güne
göre
ve ve Bacteroides , Enterobacteriaceae unc
kümelenme, ve Ruminococcaceae unc'yi azalttı Cins: MC ,
(yani ancak 7. gündeki MC kanonik uyum analizinde Pseudomonas bakterileri
indeksi
daha
yüksek örnekleri daha değişkendi
ile pozitif korelasyon gösterdi Kontrol grubu
çeşitlilik),
aşağıdakilerle diferansiyel olarak zenginleştirildi: -
Chao1
Sıra:
anlamlı
değil
karşı
MC'ye
CC
kontrol:
düşük
(yani
Bifidobacteriales,
Bacteroidales,
Clostridiales-
ve
Aile: Bifidobacteriaceae , Bacteroidaceae , Rikene
daha
llaceae , Lachnospiraceae , Ruminococcaceae , Su
Chao1
tterellaceae -
daha
Cins: Bifidobacterium , Bacteroides , Alistipes , D
düşük çeşitlilik)
orea , Eisenbergiella , Lachnospiraceae_unclassifi
ve daha düşük
ed , Ruminococcus2 , Ruminococaccaceae
Shannon indeksi
sınıflandırılmamış CC aşağıdakilerle diferansiyel
(yani
olarak
daha
zenginleştirilmiştir:
yüksek
Fusobacteriales,
çeşitlilik)
Aile: Fusobacteriace
-Sipariş:
Caulobacterales-
ia , Caulobacteraceae -
Cins: Clostridium kümesi XIVb , Fusobacterium ,
Ruminococcus , Brevundimonas MC aşağıdakilerle
diferansiyel olarak zenginleştirilmiştir: -Ordu:
PseudomonadalesAile: Clostridiacaeae1 , Clostridiales ailesi XI
incertae
sedis , Comamonadaceae , Moraxellaceae Cins: Escherichia , Rhizobacter , Clostridium , Sed
imentibacter ve Flavonifractor , Clostridium , Eub
acteriaceae
sınıflandırılmamış , Aceinetobacter , Moraxellacea
e sınıflandırılmamış
Zheng,
Yüksek
2021
düşük
ve
CC
takviyesi
(CC-
yüksek,
CC-
CC-düşük ve CCıspanak- Cins: CC-düşük ve kontrol: daha yüksek Klebsiella,
yüksek,
başlangıç
seviyesinden
ve
gruplardan
Acinetobaacter;
düşük Comamonas,
diğer Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella CC-yüksek vs.
uzakta kontrol:
düşük) ve CC ile
kümelenmiş (kontrol, CC- düşük
zenginleştirilmiş
yüksek
ıspanak
düşük)
ve
daha
daha
yüksek Klebsiella;
Bacteroides,
daha
Escherichia-Shigella CC-
CCıspanak- yüksek vs. CC-düşük: daha yüksek Comamonas,
daha düşük Acinetobacter CCspinach-düşük vs.
(CCspinach-
kontrol: daha yüksek Klebsiella ve Bacteroides;
high,
kontrole
kıyasla daha
düşük.
Comamonas
CCspinach-low)
CCıspanak-yüksek: daha yüksek Acinetobacter;
ile
daha düşük Comamonas, Klebsiella, Escherichia-
kontrol
karşılaştırması
Shigella,
Bacteroides CCspinach-high
CCspinach-low:
daha
alt Klebsiella, Escheria-Shigella, Bacteroides
1062
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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İlk yazar, Karşılaştırmak
Alfa çeşitliliği
Beta çeşitliliği
Bakteri bolluğu
yıl
Grup
değişiklikler
içi Alfa
çeşitliliği
Filum:Kontrol:
Proteobakteriler,
Firmicutes,
Bacteroidetes'te değişiklik yokCC-düşük: Daha
(Shannon,
Simpson)
CC-
yüksek Proteobakteriler, daha düşük Firmicutes ve
düşük,
CC-
BacteroidetesCC-yüksek:
yüksek
ve
Proteobakteriler,
daha
Daha
düşük
CCıspanak-
BacteroidetesCCspinach-low:
yüksek
Proteobacteria
grupta
Daha
ve
BacteroidetesCCspinach-high:
aklı düşük grup
Proteobakteriler,
için
Genus :Kontrol:
arttı; kontrol
yüksek Comamonas , Klebsiella ; daha
grubunda
düşük Escherichia-Shigella CC-düşük:
değişiklik
yüksek Acinetobacter ; daha
olmadı
Shigella CC-yüksek:
yüksek
Daha
düşük
ve
düşük
daha
azaldı; CCıspan
daha
yüksek
Firmicutes
yüksek
Firmicutes
daha
daha
düşük Escherichiadaha
yüksek Comamonas , Klebsiella ; alt EscherichiaShigella , Bacteroides CCıspanak-düşük:
alt Escherichia-Shigella ; daha
yüksek Bacteroides CCıspanak-yüksek:
yüksek Acinetobacter ; alt EscherichiaShigella , Bacteroides
1063
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Bağırsak mikrobiyotası bakterileri B 12 vitamininin ya üreticisi ya da tüketicisidir. Üstelik B 12
vitamininin
bağırsaktan
emilimi
bağırsak
mikrobiyotasından
etkilenebilir. L.
reuteri ve Enterococcus faecium gibi birçok bakterinin B 12 vitamini üreticisi olduğu rapor
edilmiştir (29). B 12 vitamini üreten bakteri takviyesinin gastrointestinal kanalda B 12 vitamini
kullanımını artırabileceği varsayılmaktadır. Böyle bir varsayım, B 12 vitamini eksikliği olan
diyetlerle
beslenen
farelerde
kanıtlanmıştır. B 12 vitamini
üreten
bir
suş
olan
L.
reuteri CRL1098'in takviyesinin, B 12 vitamini eksikliği belirtilerini önlediği, bu da bağırsak
bakterilerinin B 12 vitamini eksikliğinde terapötik etkisini olabileceğini ortaya koymuştur
(30). Bununla birlikte, bakteriler gerekli taşıyıcıların bulunmadığı kolonda kolonileşirse bu
faydalı etkiler sınırlı olabilir. B 12 vitamini eksikliğine yönelik probiyotik tedavisi geliştirmek
için bakteri kolonizasyonunun konumu dikkate alınmalıdır. Gastrointestinal sistemdeki
mikrobiyotanın yaklaşık %80'inin B 12 vitamini tüketicileri olduğu düşünülmektedir (31). Bu
nedenle, bakterilerin aşırı çoğalması, konakçıları ile eksojen B 12 vitamini ile rekabete girebilir
ve ardından biyoyararlanımı azaltabilir. İnce bağırsakta bakteriyel aşırı çoğalmada, artan
anaerobez nedeniyle B 12 vitamini tüketimi, B 12 vitamini eksikliği semptomlarının önemli bir
nedeni olarak kabul edilmektedir. B 12 vitamini tüketen bakterilerin bolluğunun azaltılması,
B 12 vitamini eksikliğine fayda sağlar. Örneğin, Lactobacillus'un günlük probiyotik
tedavisi, hem bakteriyel aşırı çoğalma hem de B 12 vitamini emilimi üzerinde faydalı bir etki
göstermiştir. Dolayısıyla bu probiyotik tedavisinin, B 12 vitamini tüketen bakterilerin aşırı
çoğalmasını engelleyerek B 12 vitamini eksikliğini iyileştirebileceği düşünülmektedir (32). B 12
vitamininin üretimi veya tüketiminin yanı sıra bağırsak mikrobiyotası, emilimle ilişkili
fizyolojik faktörler üzerinde etki yaparak B 12 vitamininin biyoyararlanımını dolaylı olarak
değiştirebilir. Asit salgısının veya enzim içeriğinin azalmasıyla ilişkili gastrointestinal
hastalıklar, B 12 vitamininin gıdalardan salınmasını veya B 12 vitamininin içsel faktörlere
çevrilmesini engelleyebilir. Anormal bağırsak geçirgenliği ile karakterize edilen İnflamatuar
bağırsak hastalığında (IBD) B 12 vitamini emiliminde azalma da gözlenir (33). Bir probiyotik
olarak Lacidofil tedavisi, H. pylori ile enfekte olmuş Moğol gerbillerinde mide asidi salgısını
önemli ölçüde iyileştirmiş ve bu da gıdalardan B 12 vitamininin salınmasına yol açmıştır
(34). Bazı bağırsak bakterileri ayrıca bağırsak geçirgenliğini normalleştirerek B 12 vitamininin
emilimini artırarak IBD üzerinde remisyon etkisi de göstermiştir. Ayrıca bağırsak
mikrobiyotası ile konakçı arasındaki aşırı rekabet, B 12 vitamininin biyoyararlılığına müdahale
edebilir. Örneğin Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , BtuG adı verilen, B 12 vitamini taşınması için
yüzeye maruz kalan temel bir lipoproteini eksprese eder. BtuG'nin daha yüksek bağlanma
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afinitesi, B 12 vitaminini içsel faktörlerden uzaklaştırabilir ve B 12 vitamini emilimini azaltabilir
(35). B 12 vitamini, nükleotid sentezi, amino asit metabolizması, karbon ve nitrojen
metabolizması ve ikincil metabolit sentezi için insan bağırsak mikroorganizmalarındaki çeşitli
enzimlerin kritik bir kofaktörü olarak görev yapar. B 12 vitamininin biyosentezi yaklaşık 30
enzim aracılı adımı içerir ve bakterilerin yalnızca küçük bir kısmı bu vitamini
üretebilir. Bağırsak bakterilerinin çoğu, ileumdaki emilimden kaçan ve kalın bağırsağa ulaşan
B 12 vitaminini kullanır. B 12 vitamininin bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki rekabeti bunların
büyümesini, kolonizasyonunu ve metabolik süreçlerini etkileyebilir (36). Kolon modeli
üzerinde yapılan in vitro çalışma, B 12 vitamini takviyesinin α çeşitliliği artırabileceğini, ancak
sonuçların uygulanan kobalaminin formuna ve dozuna bağlı olduğunu öne sürülmüştür. Başka
bir in vitro çalışmada, metilkobalamin takviyesi sonrasında α çeşitliliği azalırken,
siyanokobalamin
tedavi
grubunda bu azalma gözlenmemiştir (37). Bir
çalışmada,
siyanokobalamin takviyesinin α çeşitliliğinde bir artışa neden olduğunu ve cins düzeyinde β
çeşitliliğinde önemli bir farklılık ortaya çıkardığı öne sürülmüştür (38). Ancak bu sonucu
desteklemeyen çalışmalarda mevcuttur (39). Farelerde yapılan çalışmalarda, B 12 vitamini
takviyesi ile göreceli bakteri bolluğu arasındaki ilişkiler de rapor edilmiştir (40).
Metilkobalamin ile karşılaştırıldığında, siyanokobalamin tedavisinin farelerde daha yüksek
Bacteroidetes ve Proteobakteri seviyeleri ve daha düşük Firmicutes seviyelerine yolaçtığı
gözlenmiştir. İnsanlarda B 12 vitamini alımı Proteobakterilerin ve Verrucomicrobia'nın oranını
artırabilir ve Bacteroidetes'in bolluğunu azaltabilir. Ancak bazı klinik çalışmalarda, B 12
vitamini alımının bakteri bolluğu üzerinde hiçbir etkisinin olmadığı da ileri sürülmektedir (41).
SONUÇ
B 12 vitamini insanlar için gerekli mikro besin maddeleri olarak işlev görür. Çoklu diyet B 12
vitamininin emilim süreci, genellikle ince bağırsakta meydana gelen birçok taşıyıcının
yardımını gerektirir. Aynı zamanda bağırsak mikrobiyotası, bağırsaktaki B 12 vitamini
takviyesini değiştirmek için yalnızca üretici ve/veya tüketici olarak hareket etmez fakat aynı
zamanda gastrointestinal sistemin fizyolojik veya patolojik faktörlerini değiştirerek B 12
vitamininin emilimini de etkiler. Çoklu enzimlerin kofaktörleri olan B 12 vitamini takviyesi,
bağırsak mikrobiyotasının çeşitliliğini, bolluğunu ve fonksiyonlarını değiştirebilir. B 12
vitamini ile bağırsak mikrobiyotası arasındaki etkileşimi anlamak, B 12 vitamini eksikliğini
önlememize yardımcı olabilir ve daha da önemlisi probiyotiklerin insan sağlığı üzerindeki
faydalı potansiyelini fark etmemizi sağlayabilir.
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Kaynak
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impairment in Helicobacter pylori‐infected Mongolian gerbils. Helicobacter, 11(1), 1020.
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Kelly, C. J., Alexeev, E. E., Farb, L., Vickery, T. W., Zheng, L., Eric L, C., ... & Colgan,
S. P. (2019). Oral vitamin B12 supplement is delivered to the distal gut, altering the
corrinoid profile and selectively depleting Bacteroides in C57BL/6 mice. Gut
Microbes, 10(6), 654-662.
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pediatrics, 179, 385-393.
1069
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TERMO-REAKTİF DİFÜZYON YÖNTEMİ İLE ALUMİNİD KAPLANMIŞ
INCONEL 625 ALAŞIMINDA METALURJİK VE MEKANİK KARAKTERİZASYON
H. Hazar CAMCI
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü,
Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email: h.hazar.camci@gmail.com
Arş. Gör. Yük. Müh. F. Betül YILMAZ GÜLER
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü,
Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email: betul.yilmaz@kocaeli.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gülşah AKTAŞ ÇELİK
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü,
Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email: gulsah.aktas@kocaeli.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Ş. Hakan ATAPEK*
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü,
Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email: hatapek@kocaeli.edu.tr
Özet
Nikel esaslı süperalaşımlar, mükemmel korozyon direnci ve yüksek sıcaklıklarda gösterdiği
mukavemetten dolayı birçok motor komponentinin imalatında tercihen kullanılmaktadır.
Yüksek sıcaklıkta uzun sürede alaşımın yüzeyinde kimyasal bozunumun ve oksidasyonun
ortaya çıkması alaşımın yapısal bütünlüğünü yitirerek erken ömürde hasarlanmasına neden
olmaktadır. Geçmişten günümüze süperalaşımlara uygulanan yüzey işlemleri ile malzemenin
oksidasyon direncinin arttırılması ve böylece malzemelerin daha uzun ömürde çalıştırılması
mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, Inconel 625 alaşım yüzeyine 700°C sıcaklıkta farklı sürelerde (2,
4 ve 6 saat) termo-reaktif difüzyon kaplamalar yapılarak farklı kalınlıkta aluminid tabakalar
elde edilmiştir. Proses sonrası aluminid kaplanmış süperalaşım yüzey ve kesitinde meydana
gelen metalurjik oluşumlar taramalı elektron mikroskobu, enerji dağılım spektrometresi ve xışını difraktometresi ile karakterize edilmiştir. Metalurjik karakterizasyon çalışmaları; (i)
proseslenen alaşım yüzeyinde çeşitli Ni-Al fazlarının (NiAl, Ni2Al3, NiAl3) oluşabildiğini, (ii)
artan proses süresi ile yüzeyde bu fazların daha yoğun bir dağılım gösterdiğini ve (iii) aluminid
tabaka kalınlığını artan proses süresine bağlı olarak arttığını göstermiştir. Aluminid tabakası ile
nikel esaslı alaşımına kıyasla yüzeyde daha yüksek bir sertlik değerine ulaşılmıştır. Yüzeyde
sürekli, homojen kalınlıkta ve sert aluminid tabakasının başarılı bir şekilde oluşturulması
alaşımın yüksek sıcaklık oksidasyonuna yönelik çalışmalara öncül data eldesini mümkün
kılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Inconel 625, termo-reaktif difüzyon kaplama, karakterizasyon.
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METALLURGICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ALUMINIDE
COATED INCONEL 625 ALLOY BY THERMO-REACTIVE DIFFUSION METHOD
Abstract
Nickel-based superalloys are preferably used in the manufacturing of many engine components
due to their excellent corrosion resistance and strength at high temperatures. The occurrence of
chemical decomposition and oxidation on the surface of the alloy at high temperatures over a
long period of time causes the alloy to lose its structural integrity and be failed in early life.
With the surface treatments applied to superalloys from past to present, it is possible to increase
the oxidation resistance of the material and thus make the materials last longer. In this study,
aluminide layers of different thicknesses are obtained by applying thermo-reactive diffusion
coatings to the Inconel 625 alloy surface at 700°C for different periods of time (2, 4 and 6 h).
The metallurgical formations occurring on the aluminide-coated superalloy surface and crosssection after the process are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion
spectrometer and x-ray diffractometer. Metallurgical characterization studies show that (i)
various Ni-Al phases (NiAl, Ni2Al3, NiAl3) can form on the processed alloy surface, (ii) these
phases show a denser distribution on the surface with increasing process time, and (iii) the
aluminide layer thickness increases depending on the increasing process time. With the
aluminide layer, a higher hardness value is reached on the surface compared to the nickel-based
alloy. The successful formation of a continuous, homogeneous thick and hard aluminide layer
on the surface made it possible to obtain preliminary data for studies on high temperature
oxidation of the alloy.
Keywords: Inconel 625, thermo-reactive coating, characterization.
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Giriş
Geçmişten günümüze teknolojinin gelişimi ile yüksek sıcaklık malzemelerine ihtiyacın ortaya
çıkması ile süperalaşımlar geliştirilmiştir. Türbin motorları, petro-kimya, ısı aktarım elemanları
ve reaktörler söz konusu iken yüksek sıcaklık malzemeleri çoğunlukla kullanılmaktadır (Liu
vd., 2023; De Oliveira vd., 2019). Kompozisyonel bir yaklaşımla süperalaşımları kobalt (Co),
nikel (Ni) ve nikel-demir (Ni-Fe) esaslı olmak üzere üç ana gruba ayırmak mümkündür. Nikel
esaslı süperalaşımların yapısı birçok alaşıma göre daha karmaşık olup, mikroyapısında gama
prime (γ′), gama double prime (γ′′), eta (η), sigma (σ), mü (μ), R, Laves, TSP (topolojik sıkı
paket) fazları ve çeşitli alaşım karbürleri bulunabilmektedir (Gencay, 2021; Campbell, 2006;
Selvaraj vd., 2021).Çalışma koşullarında yüksek sıcaklığa maruz kalan malzemelerde zamanla
oksidasyon, sülfürizasyon, sıcak korozyon, erozyonlu korozyon ve benzeri hasar
mekanizmaları görülmektedir (Selvaraj vd., 2021, Jamnapara vd., 2016). Bu sebeple
malzemelerin yüzey ve kimyasal özelliklerini geliştirmek için birçok konvansiyonel ve ileri
yüzey modifikasyon yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemler arasında termo-reaktif difüzyon
kaplama prosesi düşük maliyetle karmaşık geometrili parçaların kaplanmasına olanak
sağlanmaktadır. Ayrıca bu yöntem ile kuvvetli adhezif kaplamalar elde edilebilmektedir
(Adamniak vd., 2016; Tong vd., 2010). Termo-reaktif difüzyon kaplama yönteminde altlık
malzemenin yüzeyine aluminid kaplanabilmekte ve özellikle nikel esaslı süperalaşımların
yüzeylerinde aluminyumca zengin Ni-Al fazları (NiAl, Ni2Al3, NiAl3) oluşmaktadır (Tong vd.,
2010; Goward vd., 1988; Zielińska vd., 2011). Yapılan çalışmalar, nikel esaslı malzeme
yüzeyinde oluşturulan aluminid tabakanın altlık malzemeye kıyasla yüksek sıcaklık oksidasyon
direncini, aşınma direncini ve sertlik değerini arttırdığını göstermiştir (Atapek vd., 2023; Khalid
vd., 2002; Bölükbaşı vd., 2023). Döleker ve arkadaşları, kutu sementasyon yöntemi ile 600°C
ve 700°C sıcaklıkta, 3 ve 5 saat süre boyunca Inconel 718 altlık malzeme üzerine aluminid
kaplama yaparak 700 °C sıcaklıkta ve 5 saat süre boyunca yapılan kaplama prosesi sonucunda
altlık malzemenin sertlik değerini (260 HV) yüzeyde 900 HV seviyesine kadar arttırabilmiştir.
Ayrıca aluminid kaplanmış numunenin işlem görmemiş numuneye kıyasla oksidasyon ve
aşınma direncinin de eş zamanlı arttırılabildiği raporlanmıştır (Döleker vd., 2021).Bu çalışmada
kutu sementasyon yöntemi ile nikel esaslı Inconel 625 alaşımı üzerine 700°C sıcaklıkta 2, 4 ve
6 saat boyunca termo-reaktif difüzyon kaplama gerçekleştirilmiştir. Proseslenen numunelerin
kesit ve yüzeylerinde metalurjik analizler yapılarak yüzey sertliğinde prosese özgü değişimler
izlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular homojen kaplamalar ile altlık malzemeye kıyasla daha sert
tabakaların başarılı bir şekilde oluşabildiğini ortaya koymuştur.
1072
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Materyal ve Metod
Bu çalışmada, normalize edilmiş Inconel 625 alaşımına (21.24 Cr, 9.38 Mo, 3.56 Nb+Ta, ağ.%) farklı sürelerde termo-reaktif difüzyon koşullarının sağlanması ile aluminid kaplama işlemi
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu işlem için öncelikle, plaka halinde bulunan Inconel 625 alaşımından
hassas kesme (Mikrotest Multicut Sense) ile 10x10x2 mm boyutlarında numuneler elde
edilmiştir. Numuneler 320, 600, 1000 ve 2500, 4000 mesh’lik zımparalar ile kaba
zımparalanmıştır. Sonrasında 3 μm ve 1 μm elmas solüsyon ile parlatma işlemi yapılarak yüzey
pürüzlülüğü indirgenmiştir. Metalografik işlem sonrası numunelerin ağırlıkları hassas terazi ile
tartılıp kaplama öncesi ve sonrası ağırlıklar takip edilmiştir. Aluminid kaplanma işleminde,
aluminyum kaynağı olarak saf Al (40-45 μm), inert malzeme olarak alumina (< 1 μm) ve
aktivatör olarak NH4Cl tozları kullanılmıştır. Kaplama işleminde öncelikle toz karışımı (40 Al
+ 10 NH4Cl + 50 Al2O3 ağ.-%) hazırlanmış olup mini rotor ile 2 saat mekanik olarak
karıştırılmıştır. Toz karışımı hazırlandıktan sonra numuneler karışımın içine gömülerek 700°C
sıcaklıkta 2, 4 ve 6 saat sürelerde proseslenmiştir. Yüzeyleri aluminid kaplanmış numunelerin
yüzeyleri ve kesitleri, ışık mikroskobu (IM, Olympus BX41M-LED), taramaları elektron
mikroskobu (SEM, Jeol JSM 6060), enerji dağılımlı x-ışın spektrometresi (EDS, IXRF) ve xışını difraktometresi (XRD, Rigaku Ultima+) ile karakterize edilmiştir. XRD analizi için CuKα radyasyonu kullanılmış ve tarama hızı 1.0 °/dak. olarak seçilmiştir. Kaplamalar sonrasında
yüzey sertliğinde oluşan değişim ise Vickers sertlik cihazı (EmcoTest Durascan-70 G5)
kullanılarak 10 g yüklenme koşulunda takip edilmiştir.
Bulgular ve Tartışma
Inconel 625 alaşımına 700°C sıcaklıkta 2, 4 ve 6 saat süreyle uygulanmış olan aluminid
kaplama prosesi sonrası kaplama kesitleri IM ile incelenmiş ve tabaka kalınlıkları ölçülerek
Şekil 1’de verilmiştir. Kaplama süresinin artışına bağlı olarak tabaka kalınlıkları artış
göstermiş, 2 saat süreyle yapılan proses sonrası 52.26±2.56 µm kalınlık elde edilirken, 4 saat
proseslenmiş numunede 72.74±3.4 µm kalınlık değerine ulaşılmıştır. 4 saat ve 6 saat süreyle
yapılan prosesler karşılaştırıldığında sürenin artması ile kaplama kalınlığı 1.2 kat artarak
88.42±4.2 µm kalınlığa ulaşmıştır. Artan proses süresi ile aluminyumun yüzeyden içeri doğru
sürekli difüzyonu tabaka kalınlığında izlenebilir bir artışa neden olmuştur. Numunelerin
kesitleri incelendiğinde, termo-reaktif difüzyon sonrası yüzeyde elde edilen aluminid tabakanın
homojen, sürekli olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca numune yüzeyinden içeriye doğru herhangi bir
oksit varlığı da tespit edilmemiştir. Bu durumda iç oksidasyon olmaksızın prosesin
gerçekleştiği kabul edilmektedir.
1073
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 1. Aluminid kaplama sonrası alaşımların kesitlerine ait IM görüntüleri.
Kaplama sonrası alaşım yüzeylerinde SEM-EDS analizleri yapılmıştır ve elde edilen bulgular
Şekil 2’de verilmiştir. EDS analizleri yüzeyde aluminyum ve nikel elementlerince zengin bir
tabaka varlığına işaret etmektedir. Proses süresinin 2 saatten 4 saate arttırılması ile
aluminyumun sürekli içeri difüzyonunda yeralan boşyerlerin doldurulduğu ve böylece
yüzeydeki aluminyum miktarının ağırlıkça % 78.6 seviyesinden % 65.42 seviyesine azalarak
içeri difüzyonun süreçle azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu azalma trendi 6 saatlik işlem sonrası
yüzey karakterizasyonunda da izlenmiştir.
Şekil 2. Aluminid kaplama sonrası alaşımın kesitine ait SEM görüntüleri.
Kaplama prosesi sonrası yüzeyde oluşan fazlar XRD ile analiz edilerek elde edilen spektralar
Şekil 3’te verilmiştir. Proses öncesi inceleme yapılan altlık malzemede sadece nikel katı
ergiyine ait belirgin pikler görülmüştür. 700°C sıcaklıkta yapılan aluminid kaplama sonrası
yapılan XRD incelemelerinde ise yüzeyde literatürle uyumlu Ni-Al (NiAl, NiAl3, Ni2Al3,
Ni5Al3) fazlarının oluştuğu ve sürenin artmasıyla beraber oluşan fazlara ait pik şiddetlerinin
artış gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir (Atapek vd., 2023; Döleker vd., 2021). Ayrıca yüzeyde
reaksiyona giremeyen Al2O3 toz varlığı da tespit edilmiştir.
1074
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 3. Aluminid kaplama sonrası alaşımın yüzeyine ait XRD datası.
Altık malzeme ve farklı sürelerde aluminid kaplanmış yüzeylerin sertlikleri ölçülerek elde
edilen bulgular Şekil 4’te verilmiştir. Kaplama öncesi altlık malzemeye ait sertlik değeri
355±22 HV iken 6 saat sürelik kaplama sonrası sertlik değeri 1315±30 HV değerine ulaşmıştır.
Atapek ve arkadaşları kaba ve ince taneli aluminyum partikülleri kullanarak kutu sementasyon
yöntemi ile Inconel 625 altlık malzeme yüzeyinde aluminid tabaka elde etmiş ve kaplama
sonrası numune yüzey sertliğini 1369 ± 13.81 HV0.5 ölçmüştür (Atapek vd., 2023). Bu
çalışmada da özellikle ince toz formu ile elde edilmiş kaplama sertlik değerine 6 saatlik bir
prosesleme ile ulaşılabilmiştir.
Şekil 4. Kaplanmış yüzeylere ait sertlik değerleri.
Sonuç
Aluminid kaplama çalışmaları sonrasında yapılan karakterizasyon çalışmalarda; (i) yüzeyde
aluminyumca zengin NiAl, NiAl3, Ni2Al3 ve Ni5Al3 fazlarının oluştuğu, (ii) artan proses süresi
ile kaplama kalınlığının arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Proses süresinin artması ile sertlik değerleri de
artarak özellikle altık malzeme yüzey sertliğine kıyasla 6 saatlik bir prosesleme sonrasında
1075
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yüzey sertliği yaklaşık 4 kat arttırılarak 1315 HV sertlik değerine ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen tüm
bu bulgular yüzey modifikasyonu sonrası nikel esaslı Inconel 625 alaşımının kullanım alanına
özgü bazı özelliklerinin izlenmesine katkı vermiştir.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Kaynakça
Adamiak, S., Bochnowski, W., Dziedzic, A., Filip, R., & Szeregij, E. (2016). Structure and
properties of the aluminide coatings on the Inconel 625 superalloy. High Temperature
Materials and Processes, 35(1), 103-112.
Atapek Ş.H., Gencay C.K., Yener T., Kahrıman F., Aktaş Çelik G. (2023). Effect of pack
characteristics and process parametersonthe properties of aluminide-coated Inconel 625
alloy. Materials Testing, 65 (11), 1657-1667.
Bölükbaşı Ö.S., Serindağ T., Gürol U., Günen A., Çam G.(2023). Improving oxidation
resistance of wire arc additive manufactured Inconel 625 Ni-based superalloy by pack
aluminizing, CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 46, 89-97.
De Oliveira, M. M., Couto, A. A., Almeida, G. F., Reis, D. A., De Lima, N. B., Baldan, R.
(2019). Mechanical behavior of inconel 625 at elevated temperatures. Metals, 9(3), 301.
Döleker, K. M., Erdogan, A., Yener, T., Karaoglanlı, A. C., Uzun, O., Gök, M. S., & Zeytin, S.
(2021). Enhancing the wear and oxidation behaviors of the Inconel 718 by low
temperature aluminizing. Surface and Coatings Technology, 412, 127069.
F.C. Campbell (2006). Manufacturing technology for aerospace structural materials. Elsevier
Science. 211-272.
Gencay, C. K. (2021). Inconel 625 alaşımının aluminid kaplanması ve özelliklerinin
incelenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
Goward, G. W., & Cannon, L. W. (1988). Pack cementation coatings for superalloys: A review
of history, theory, and practice. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 110(1): 150-154.
Jamnapara, N. I., Mukherjee, S. (2016). Coatings for High Temperature Applications. High
Temperature Corrosion. 161-200.
Khalid, F. A., Hussain, N., & Qureshi, A. H. (2002). Microstructural study on oxidation of
aluminized coating on inconel 625. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,
11, 211-214.
Liu X., Fan J., Zhang P., Cao K., Wang Z., Chen F., Liu D., Tang B., Kou H., Li J. (2023).
Influence of heat treatment on Inconel 625 superalloy sheet: carbides, γ'', δ phase
precipitation and tensile deformation behavior. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 930,
167522.
Selvaraj, S. K., Sundaramali, G., Jithin Dev, S., Srii Swathish, R., Karthikeyan, R., Vijay
Vishaal, K. E., & Paramasivam, V. (2021). Recent advancements in the field of Ni-based
superalloys. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2021, 1-60.
1077
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tong, L., Dengzun, Y., & Chungen, Z. (2010). Low-temperature formation of aluminide
coatings on Ni-base superalloys by pack cementation process. Chinese Journal of
Aeronautics, 23(3), 381-385.
Zielińska, M., Sieniawski, J., Yavorska, M., & Motyka, M. (2011). Influence of Chemical
Composition of Nickel Based Superalloy on the Formation of Aluminide Coatings.
Archives of metallurgy and materials, 56(1), 193-197.
1078
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Ti6Al4V ALAŞIMININ TERMO-REAKTİF DİFÜZYON KAPLAMALARI İLE
YÜZEY MODİFİKASYONU
Abdulaziz ALKAN
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü,
Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email: aziz.alkan1126@gmail.com
Arş. Gör. Yük. Müh. F. Betül YILMAZ GÜLER
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü,
Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email: betul.yilmaz@kocaeli.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gülşah AKTAŞ ÇELİK
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü,
Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email: gulsah.aktas@kocaeli.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Ş. Hakan ATAPEK*
Kocaeli Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği Bölümü,
Kocaeli-Türkiye
Email: hatapek@kocaeli.edu.tr
Özet
Düşük yoğunluğa, üstün korozyon direncine ve yüksek sıcaklık mekanik kararlılığına sahip
Ti6Al4V alaşımı havacılık ve uzay endüstrisinde kullanılan bir alaşımdır. Ancak alaşımın
yüksek sıcaklıkta uzun sürede oksidasyona maruz kalması ve yapısal bütünlüğünü kaybetmesi
alaşımın uzun ömürde kullanımını sınırlamaktadır. Alaşım üzerine yüzey mühendisliği
uygulamaları ile çalışma koşullarına karşılık uzun ömür kazanımı sağlanabilmektedir. Bu
çalışmada, 700 °C sıcaklıkta termo-reaktif difüzyon kaplama ile Ti6Al4V alaşım yüzeyinde bir
aluminid tabakasının oluşumu sağlanmış ve özellikle proses süresine bağlı olarak
yüzey/yüzeyaltı metalurjik oluşumlar karakterize edilmiştir. Metalurjik karakterizasyon
çalışmaları kaplama yapısında çeşitli Ti-Al fazlarının (TiAl, TiAl2 ve TiAl3) oluşabildiğine ve
özellikle artan proses süresine bağlı olarak aluminid kaplama tabaka kalınlığında sürekli bir
artışın meydana geldiğini ortaya koymuştur. Alaşım yüzeyinde yapılan sertlik taramaları ise
çift faz (α+β) yapılı titanyum alaşımına kıyasla daha yüksek sertlik değerlerine ulaşılabildiğini
göstermiştir. Yüzeyde sürekli, homojen kalınlıkta ve sert aluminid tabakasının başarılı bir
şekilde oluşturulması alaşımın yüksek sıcaklık oksidasyonuna yönelik çalışmalara öncül data
eldesini mümkün kılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ti6Al4V, aluminid kaplama, mikroyapı, karakterizasyon.
1079
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF Ti6Al4V ALLOY BY THERMO-REACTIVE
DIFFUSION COATINGS
Abstract
Ti6Al4V alloy, which has low density, superior corrosion resistance and high temperature
mechanical stability, is an alloy used in the aviation and space industry. However, the alloy's
exposure to oxidation at high temperatures over a long period of time and its loss of structural
integrity limits the long-life use of the alloy. With surface engineering applications on the alloy,
long life can be achieved in response to operating conditions. In this study, the formation of an
aluminide layer on the Ti6Al4V alloy surface is achieved by thermo-reactive diffusion coating
at 700 °C and the surface/subsurface metallurgical formations are characterized, especially
depending on the process time. Metallurgical characterization studies have revealed that various
Ti-Al phases (TiAl, TiAl2 and TiAl3) can be formed in the coating structure and there is a
continuous increase in the aluminide coating layer thickness, especially due to increasing
process time. Hardness scans performed on the alloy surface show that higher hardness values
could be achieved compared to the dual phase (α+β) titanium alloy. The successful formation
of a continuous, homogeneous thick and hard aluminide layer on the surface made it possible
to obtain preliminary data for studies on high temperature oxidation of the alloy.
Keywords: Ti6Al4V, aluminide coating, microstructure, characterization.
1080
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Yüksek sürünme direnci, üstün korozyon dayanımı ve düşük yoğunluk özelliklerinden dolayı
titanyum alaşımları havacılık ve uzay uygulamalarında tercih edilmektedir. Titanyum
alaşımlarının kullanımının %50’sini oluşturan Ti6Al4V alaşımı metalurjik olarak bir α+β
alaşımıdır (Liu vd., 2021). Sahip olduğu fazlar sebebiyle yüksek mukavemet, tokluk, üstün
korozyon direnci, şekillendirilebilme ve iyi sürünme direnci sergilemektedir (Donachie vd.,
2000). Bütün bu kombinasyonlara rağmen Ti6Al4V alaşımı 420°C çalışma sıcaklığına kadar
kullanılabilmektedir. Yüksek sıcaklık uygulamalarında titanyumun oksijene karşı yüksek
afinitesinden dolayı yüzeyde koruyucu olmayan gevrek oksit tabakası oluşmaktadır (Zhang vd.,
2012; McKee vd., 1993; Wang vd., 2021). Bu da uzun vadede yapısal bütünlüğün bozulup
alaşımın erken ömürde hasarlanmasına neden olmaktadır. Alaşımın yüzey işlemleri ile yüksek
sıcaklık oksidasyon direncini geliştirerek servis ömrünün artırılması sağlanabilmektedir
(McKee vd., 1993). Titanyum esaslı altlık malzeme yüzeyinde Al2O3, Cr2O3 ve SiO2 gibi
oksijen geçirgenliği düşük ince tabakaların oluşturulması ile malzemenin oksidasyon direncinin
arttırılması mümkündür (McKee vd., 1993; Wang vd., 2021; Shafiri vd., 2019). Termal sprey,
plazma sprey, sıcak daldırma, lazer kaplama ve kutu sementasyon yöntemleriyle yapılan yüzey
modifikasyonları ile yüzeyde Ti-Al tabakası elde edilebilmektedir (Wang vd., 2021). Yüzey
işlemleri arasında termo-reaktif difüzyon kaplama metodu pahalı ekipmanlara ihtiyaç
duymadan kaplama ile altlık malzeme arayüzey bütünlüğünü sağlamasından dolayı tercih
edilmektedir (Bianco vd., 1996). Bu tür bir yöntemin kullanımı ile özellikle titanyum alaşımı
yüzeyine aluminid kaplamalarının yapılması ile alaşımın oksidasyon direncini önemli ölçüde
arttırılabilmektedir (Ohnuma vd., 2000; Alam vd., 2009). Aluminyumun içeri difüzyonu sonrası
numune yüzeyinde oluşan aluminid tabakada TiAl, TiAl2, TiAl3 ve Ti3Al esaslı fazlar
oluşmaktadır (Deinq vd., 2005). Termo-reaktif difüzyon kaplamada kullanılan toz karışımının
içeriğine ve proses sıcaklığına/zamanına bağlı olarak yüzeyde değişken metalurjik yapıda ve
kalınlıkta difüzyon tabakası elde edilmektedir. Xiang ve arkadaşları tarafından yapılan bir
çalışmada, yüzeyde oluşturulan aluminyumca zengin γ-TiAl aluminid tabakasının yüzeyde
oksidasyon koşullarında koruyucu bir tabaka olarak görev alan Al2O3 tabakası oluşturabildiği
izlenmiştir (Xiang vd., 2002). Yener ve arkadaşları, Ti6Al4V alaşımı yüzeyine kutu
sementasyon yöntemi ile aluminid kaplayarak homojen, yoğun, porozite içermeyen ve yüzeye
iyi tutunmuş γ-TiAl tabakasının alaşım yüzeyinde kristallenmesini sağlayarak yüzeyde altlık
malzemeye göre sertliğin (~650 HV) artabildiğini ortaya koymuştur (Yener vd., 2023). Bu
çalışmada, Ti6Al4V alaşımının kutu sementasyon metodu kullanılarak termo-reaktif difüzyon
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
koşulları iletilerek yüzeyler aluminyum ile kaplanmıştır. Seçilen proseste sabit sıcaklıkta
(700°C) değişken sürelere (2-6 saat) bağlı olarak elde edilen kaplanmanın metalurjik ve
mekanik karakterizasyonu yapılmıştır.
Malzeme ve Yöntem
Döküm konumunda bulunan Ti6Al4V alaşımından (89.9Ti- 6.14Al-3.96 V, ağ.-%), hassas
kesme cihazı (Mikrotest Multicut Sense) ile 10x10x10 mm boyutlarında numuneler alınmış ve
yüzeyler metalografik olarak hazırlanmıştır. Metalografik hazırlık sürecinde numuneler 320,
600, 1000, 2500 ve 4000 mesh’lik SiC esaslı zımpara kağıtları ile zımparalanmış, 3µm ve 1µm
elmas solüsyon ile parlatılmıştır. Metalografik işlem sonrası numunelerin ağırlıkları hassas
terazi ile tartılarak kaplama öncesi ve sonrası ağırlıkları kayıt altına alınmıştır. Yüzeylerin
aluminid kaplanmasında, aluminyum kaynağı olarak saf aluminyum tozu (40-45 µm), inert
malzeme olarak alumina (< 1 µm) ve aktivatör olarak NH4Cl tozları kullanılmıştır. Kaplama
işleminde 40 Al + 10 NH4Cl + 50 Al2O3 (ağ.-%) bileşimine sahip toz karışımı hazırlanarak
tozların mini rotor ile 2 saat karıştırılması sağlanmıştır. Numuneler hazırlanan toz karışımı
içerisine gömülerek 700°C sıcaklıkta, 2, 4 ve 6 saat süreyle aluminid kaplanmıştır. Kaplama
işleminin ardından numunelerin yüzeylerinin karakterize edilmesi için ışık mikroskobu (IM,
Olympus BX41M-LED), taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM, Jeol JSM 6060) ve enerji
dağılımlı x-ışın spektrometresi (EDS, IXRF) kullanılmıştır. IM çalışmalarında, aydınlık alan
kontrastı ile kaplama kalınlıkları çoklu olarak ölçülmüş olup, ortalama bir değer belirlenmiştir.
Aluminid kaplamada oluşan fazların tayini X-ışın difraktometresi (XRD, Rigaku Ultima+)
kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. XRD çalışmalarında Cu-Kα radyasyonu kullanılmış ve tarama
hızı 1.0 °/dak. olarak seçilmiştir. Kaplama işlemleri sonrası numune yüzeylerine ait sertlik
değerleri Vickers sertlik cihazı ile 10 g yük altında çoklu kez ölçülmüş ve ortalama değer
hesaplanmıştır.
Bulgular ve Tartışma
700℃ sıcaklıkta farklı sürelerde (2, 4 ve 6 saat) aluminid kaplanmış Ti6Al4V altlık
malzemesinde birim alan başına birikim miktarı hesaplanmış ve elde edilen data Şekil 1’de
verilmiştir. Aluminid kaplama süresi 2 saatten 4 saate çıkarıldığında yüzeydeki birikim
miktarının 59x10-4 g/cm2 değerinden ~1.5 kat artarak 86x10-4 g/cm2 değerine yükseldiği ve
kaplama süresinin 4 saatten 6 saate çıktığı proseste kaplama miktarının ~1.2 kat artarak 103x104
g/cm2 değerine ulaştığı görülmüştür. Artan süre ile birlikte yüzeyden içeri doğru aluminyum
difüzyonu artmakta ve böylece daha fazla birikim sağlanabilmiştir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 1. Kaplama süresine bağlı olarak yüzeydeki birikim miktarının değişimi.
Farklı sürelerde termo-reaktif difüzyon kaplama uygulanmış atlık malzeme yüzeyinde
oluşturulan aluminid tabaka kalınlığının zamana bağlı değişimini gösteren IM ve SEM kesit
görüntüleri Şekil 2’de verilmiştir. Kaplama süresi 2 saatten 4 saate arttırılması ile aluminid
tabaka kalınlığı 27.1±2.1 μm’den 42.6±3.2 μm değerine artarak 6 saatlik bir işlem ile tabaka
kalınlığının 50.9±4.7 μm değerine ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Proses süresi arttıkça birikim
miktarındaki artışa benzer bir trend ile kaplama kalınlığında zamanla artış izlenmiştir. SEMEDS çalışmaları ile elde edilen kesit görüntüleri tüm prosesler ile alaşım yüzeylerinde
alüminyumca zengin homojen ve sürekli bir kaplama tabakasının oluştuğunu göstermiştir
(Şekil 2).
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 2. Kaplama sonrası alaşımın kesitine ait IM ve SEM görüntüleri.
Aluminid kaplama sonrası alaşımın yüzeyinde oluşan fazlar XRD analizleri ile tespit edilmiştir.
Şekil 3’te işlem görmemiş Ti6Al4V altlık malzemeye ait XRD spektraları incelendiğinde
sadece α ve β fazlarının varlığı tespit edilmiştir. 700°C sıcaklıkta 2, 4 ve 6 saat boyunca termoreaktif difüzyon kaplamalar sonrasında altlık malzeme yüzeylerinde TiAl, TiAl2 ve TiAl3 ve
fazlarının oluşabildiği gözlenmiştir. Yüzeyde aynı zamanda karışım tozunun bir bileşeni olan
ve reaksiyona giremeyen Al2O3 toz varlığı da izlenmiştir. kaplama süresinin artmasına bağlı
olarak Ti-Al fazlarına ait pik şiddeti daha da artmıştır.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 3. Aluminid kaplama sonrası alaşımın yüzeyine ait XRD datası.
Aluminid kaplama işlemi uygulanmamış alaşımın ve farklı sürelerde kaplama işlemi
uygulanmış alaşımların yüzeylerine ait sertlik değerleri Şekil 4’te verilmiştir. İşlem görmemiş
alaşım 300±20 HV sertliğe sahipken yüzey işlemleri sonrasında proses süresinin fonksiyonu
olarak alaşıma ait yüzey sertliğinde önemli bir artış tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar
aluminid kaplama ile alaşım yüzeyinde oluşan TiAl, TiAl2 ve TiAl3 fazlarının yüzey sertlik
artışında önemli bir etken olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (Yılmaz vd., 2022; Patel vd., 2020).
Şekil 4. Kaplanmış alaşımların yüzey sertlik datası.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Sonuç
Kaplamalar üzerine yapılan metalurjik ve mekanik karakterizasyon çalışmalar; (i) termo-reaktif
difüzyon ile titanyum esaslı malzeme yüzeyinde alüminyumun içeri difüzyonu sağlanarak
sürekli, homojen Ti-Al içerikli fazlarının (TiAl, TiAl2 ve TiAl3) başarılı bir şekilde
oluşturulabildiğini, (ii) proses süresine bağlı olarak Ti-Al tabakasında sürekli bir artışın
sağlanabildiği ve 6 saat prosesleme ile yüzeyde ~ 50 µm tabaka kalınlığına ulaşılabildiğini, (iii)
kaplama ile birlikte altlık malzeme yüzeyinde 660 HV gibi bir yüksek sertlik değerine
ulaşılabileceğini ve altlık malzemeye (300±20 HV) kıyasla yaklaşık 2 kat sertliğin
arttırılabildiğini göstermiştir.
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Kaynakça
Alam, M. Z., & Das, D. K. (2009). Effect of cracking in diffusion aluminide coatings on their
cyclic oxidation performance on Ti-based IMI-834 alloy. Corrosion Science, 51(6), 14051412.
Bianco, R., & Rapp, R. A. (1996). Pack cementation diffusion coatings. Metallurgical and
ceramic protective coatings, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 236-260.
Deqing, W., Ziyuan, S., & Yingli, T. (2005). Microstructure and oxidation of hot-dip
aluminized titanium at high temperature. Applied Surface Science, 250(1-4), 238-246.
Donachie M. J., Understanding the Metallurgy of Titanium, Editor: Dragolich K., Titanium: A
Technical Guide, 2nd ed., ASM International, USA, 13-25, 2000.
Liu, Z., He, B., Lyu, T., & Zou, Y. (2021). A review on additive manufacturing of titanium
alloys for aerospace applications: directed energy deposition and beyond Ti-6Al-4V.
JOM, 73, 1804-1818.
McKee, D. W., & Luthra, K. L. (1993). Plasma-sprayed coatings for titanium alloy oxidation
protection. Surface and Coatings Technology, 56(2), 109-117.
Ohnuma, I., Fujita, Y., Mitsui, H., Ishikawa, K., Kainuma, R., & Ishida, K. (2000). Phase
equilibria in the Ti–Al binary system. Acta Materialia, 48(12), 3113-3123.
Patel, P., Jamnapara, N. I., Zala, A., & Kahar, S. D. (2020). Investigation of hot-dip aluminized
Ti6Al4V alloy processed by different thermal treatments in an oxidizing atmosphere.
Surface and Coatings Technology, 385, 125323.
Sharifi, F., Abouei, V., Alizadeh, A., Shajari, Y., Porhonar, M., Ghanbari, M., & Ravari, B. K.
(2019). The effect of different heat treatment cycle on hot corrosion and oxidation
behavior of Ti–6Al–4V. Materials Research Express, 6(11), 116599.
Wang, X., Li, C., Li, M., & Cao, J. (2021). Enhancing high-temperature oxidation resistance of
Ti6Al4V alloy by simple surface aluminization. Corrosion Science, 192, 109810.
Xiang, Z. D., Rose, S., & Datta, P. K. (2002). Pack deposition of coherent aluminide coatings
on γ-TiAl for enhancing its high temperature oxidation resistance. Surface and Coatings
Technology, 161(2-3), 286-292.
Yener, T., Yılmaz, F., & Efe, G. C. (2023). Low Temperature Pack Aluminising Process Effect
on Ti6Al4V Alloy: Formation, Characterization and Oxidation Performances.
Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 76(7), 1731-1740.
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Yılmaz, F., Efe, G. Ç., & Yener, T. (2022). Kutu sementasyonu yöntemi ile Ti6Al4V alaşımı
üzerine aluminid esaslı kaplama üretimi. Journal of Smart Systems Research, 3(2), 4960.
Zhang, Z. G., Peng, Y. P., Mao, Y. L., Pang, C. J., & Lu, L. Y. (2012). Effect of hot-dip
aluminizing on the oxidation resistance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy at high temperatures.
Corrosion Science, 55, 187-193.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PEYNİR ÜRETİMİNDE STARTER KÜLTÜR OLARAK KULLANILAN LAKTİK
ASİT BAKTERİLERİ ÜZERİNE Spirulina platensis'in ETKİSİ
Prof. Dr. Işıl VAR* (ORCID: 0000-0002-0421-6330)
Cukurova University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering,
Adana-Türkiye
Email: ivar@cu.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Nuray GÜZELER (ORCID: 0000-0001-5246-2491)
Cukurova University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering,
Adana-Türkiye
Email: nsahan@cu.edu.tr
YL. Öğr. Büşra ALOMAR (ORCID: 0000-0002-1299-5207)
Cukurova University, Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology,
Adana-Türkiye
Email: alomarbushra1994@gmail.com
DR. Öğr. Berfin SUCU (ORCID: 0000-0002-7500-903X)
Cukurova University, Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology,
Adana-Türkiye
Email: berfnsucu@gmail.com
Özet
Süt, düşük asitli ve yüksek su aktivitesine sahip bir gıda ürünüdür. Sütün raf ömrünü uzatmanın
birçok yolu olup bunlardan birisi de peynir üretimidir. Peynir üretimi ısıtma (pastörizasyon),
kültürleme, doğrudan asitleştirme, dehidrasyon, soğutma ve paketleme gibi çeşitli teknikler
yardımıyla yapılmaktadır. Doğal peynirler, sütün pıhtılaşmasıyla, genellikle kimozinin
pıhtılaştırıcı bir çözelti içindeki enzimatik etkisiyle veya bazı durumlarda laktik asit bakteri
kültürlerinin etkisiyle veya doğrudan asit ilavesiyle kazeinlerin izoelektrik çökelmesi yoluyla
üretilir. Peynirlerde genellikle Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus ve
Leuconostoc cinslerine ait Laktik asit bakterilerine (LAB) rastlanmaktadır. Son dönemlerde bir
mikro alg olan Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) diyet takviyesi olarak yaygın bir şekilde
kullanılmaktadır. Alglerin özellikle S. platensis’in gıda endüstrisindeki uygulamalarından biri
biyoaktif bileşikler sağlamak için fermente süt ürünlerine eklenmesidir. Bu nedenle peynir gibi
fermente ürünlerin zenginleştirilmesinde S. platensis kullanılması durumunda starter kültürlere
herhangi bir antimikrobiyal etkisinin olup olmadığı sorgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, laktik asit
bakterilerinin büyümesini teşvik edici yanını gösteren çalışmaların aksine S. platensis’in kuru
ve metanol ekstraktlarının farklı konsantrasyonlarının (2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml ve 10
mg/ml) peynir üretiminde starter kültür olarak kullanılan laktik asit bakterileri (Lactococcus
lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis -R-704) üzerine herhangi bir
antimikrobiyal etkisinin olup olmadığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan
S. platensis Çukurova Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri fakültesinden kuru olarak sağlanırken, starter
kültür suşları Ch. Hansen’s firmasından temin edilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal etkinin
incelenmesinde Agar Difüzyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. In vitro koşullarda 5 tekrarlı
gerçekleştirilmiş bu çalışmada, peynir starter bakterileri üzerine S. platensis’in tüm çalışılan
konsantrasyonlarında herhangi bir antibakteriyel etki tespit edilememiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Laktik asit bakterileri, Spirulina platensis, peynir, antimikrobiyal etki
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EFFECT OF Spırulina platensis ON LACTIC ACID BACTERIA USED AS STARTER
CULTURE IN CHEESE PRODUCTION
Abstract
Milk is a food product with low acidity and high water activity. There are many ways to extend
the shelf life of milk, and one of them is cheese production. Cheese production is done with the
help of various techniques such as heating (pasteurization), culturing, direct acidification,
dehydration, cooling and packaging. Natural cheeses are produced by coagulation of milk,
usually by the enzymatic action of chymosin in a coagulant solution, or in some cases by
isoelectric precipitation of caseins by the action of lactic acid bacterial cultures or by direct
addition of acid. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonging to the genera Lactococcus,
Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Leuconostoc are generally found in cheese.
Recently, Spirulina platensis (S. platensis), a microalgae, has been widely used as a dietary
supplement. One of the applications of algae, especially S. platensis, in the food industry is the
addition to fermented dairy products to provide bioactive compounds. Therefore, it is
questioned whether S. platensis has any antimicrobial effect on starter cultures when used in
the enrichment of fermented products such as cheese. In this study, it was aimed to investigate
whether different concentrations (2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml ve 10 mg/ml) of dry and
methanol extracts of S. platensis have any antimicrobial effects on lactic acid bacteria used as
starter culture (Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis -R-704) in
cheese production, contrary to studies showing its ability to promote the growth of lactic acid
bacteria. While S. platensis used in this study was provided dry from Çukurova University
Faculty of Fisheries, these strains used as starter cultures were obtained from Ch. Hansen's
company. Agar Diffusion method was used to examine the antimicrobial effect. In this study,
which was carried out with 5 replicates under in vitro conditions, no antibacterial effect was
detected on cheese starter bacteria at all studied concentrations of S. platensis.
Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, Spirulina platensis, cheese, antimicrobial effect
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Milyonlarca insanın beslenme gereksinimlerini karşılamak için dünya çapında yaygın olarak
tüketilen bir gıda olan süt, sağladığı önemli makro ve mikro besinler dolayısıyla oldukça
önemlidir. Ayrıca, süt ve süt ürünleri, çeşitli gıda ürünlerinin üretiminde önemli bir bileşen
olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Süt, protein, kalsiyum, fosfor, B vitaminleri ve diğer önemli besin
öğelerini içermektedir (Park, 2009). Sütün raf ömrünü uzatmak için üretilen yoğurt, kefir ve
peynir gibi fermente süt ürünleri binlerce yıldır tüketilmektedir. Fermente süt ürünleri, sütte
bulunan doğal bakterilerin ve mayaların fermantasyon süreciyle oluşur (Zamfira vd., 2006;
Visioli ve Strata, 2014). Bu süreç, sütteki karbonhidratların (genellikle laktoz) bakteriler veya
mayalar tarafından fermantasyonu ve bunun sonucunda laktik asit gibi organik asitlerin
oluşmasıyla gerçekleşir. Oluşan laktik asit, sütün pH'ını düşürerek asidik bir ortam yaratır
(Zamfira vd., 2006). Asidik ortam, zararlı mikroorganizmaların büyümesini engellerken,
üretilen laktik asit ve düşük pH, sütün dayanıklılığını artırır ve bozulmasını önler. Fermente
sütlerde bulunan laktik asit bakterileri (LAB) çeşitli türlerden oluşur ve genellikle
Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Streptococcus ve Bifidobacterium
cinslerine ait bakterileri içerir. Bu bakterilerin her biri fermente süt ürünlerinin oluşumunda
farklı roller üstlenir ve ürünlerin besleyici değerini artırırken, tat, koku ve doku özelliklerini
belirleyebilirler. Fermentasyon sürecinde, laktik asit bakterilerinin metabolizması çeşitli aroma
bileşenleri ve organik asitlerin oluşumuna yol açabilir. Bu bileşenler, fermente süt ürünlerinin
karakteristik tat, koku ve dokusunu belirler. Bazı laktik asit bakterileri B vitaminleri gibi önemli
besleyici bileşenleri de sentezleyebilir (Panesar, 2011).Süt, düşük asitli ve yüksek su
aktivitesine sahip bir gıda ürünüdür. Sütün raf ömrünü uzatmanın birçok yolu olup bunlardan
birisi de peynir üretimidir. Bir fermente süt ürünü olan peynir; Türk Gıda Kodeksi’nde
"Hammaddenin uygun bir pıhtılaştırıcı kullanılarak pıhtılaştırılması ve pıhtıdan peyniraltı
suyunun ayrılmasıyla ya da sütün permeatının ayrılmasından sonra pıhtılaştırılmasıyla elde
edilen, farklı sertliklerde ve yağ içeriklerinde, salamura ile ya da kuru tuzlama ile tuzlanarak ya
da tuzlanmadan, starter kültür kullanarak ya da kullanmadan, telemesi haşlanarak ya da
haşlanmadan, çeşnili ya da çeşnisiz olarak, tekniğine uygun olarak üretilen, olgunlaştırılmadan
ya da olgunlaştırıldıktan sonra tüketilen, çeşidine özgü karakteristik özellikleri gösteren süt
ürünleri” şeklinde tanımlanmaktadır (Anonymous, 2015). Peynir birçok çeşidi olan ve en fazla
tanınan süt ürünüdür. Dünyada 4000’den fazla, Türkiye’de 200’den fazla peynir çeşidi
bulunmaktadır. Bu peynirlerin yapımında ortak işlemler olarak, süt temini, standardizasyon,
pastörizasyon, starter kültür ilavesi, mayalama, oluşan pıhtının işlenmesi aşamalarını içerir.
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Peynirler, sütün pıhtılaşmasıyla, genellikle kimozinin pıhtılaştırıcı bir çözelti içindeki
enzimatik etkisiyle veya bazı durumlarda LAB kültürlerinin etkisiyle veya doğrudan asit
ilavesiyle kazeinlerin izoelektrik çökelmesi yoluyla üretilir (Park, 2009). Peynirlerde genellikle
Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus ve Leuconostoc cinslerine ait
LAB’lere rastlanır. Laktik asit bakterilerinin (LAB) mikrobiyal metabolizması, süt
bileşenlerini, özellikle karbonhidratları ve proteinleri, diğer mikroorganizmaların büyümesi ve
metabolizması için bir substrat olarak kullanılabilecek ikincil ürünlere dönüştürür (Tilocca vd,
2020). Peynir üretimi süt, peynir mayası ve bakteriler arasında karmaşık bir etkileşim içerir.
Sütün bakteriyolojik kalitesi önemli ölçüde değiştiğinden, çoğu peynir pastörize süt
kullanılarak yapılır. Bu pastörizasyon işlemi, spontan asitlenme sağlayabilen LAB dahil olmak
üzere sütte bulunan patojen ve saprofit bakterilerin %99'undan fazlasını ortadan kaldırır. Bu
nedenle istenilen özelliklere sahip bir peynir yapmak için süte starter kültürler eklenmektedir.
Starter kültürü, peynir yapımının tüm aşamalarında ve olgunlaşma sürecinde çok önemli bir rol
oynar (Høier vd, 2010). Fermantasyon süreçlerinde merkezi bir rol oynayan LAB’lar, fermente
yiyecek ve içeceklerin üretiminde uzun ve güvenli üretim ve tüketim geçmişine sahiptir. Peynir
üretimi sırasında starter kültür olarak kullanılan laktik asit bakterileri laktozu laktik aside
metabolize edebilmekte, olgunlaşma sırasında peynir lezzetinin gelişmesine katkıda
bulunmakta ve oluşturdukları metabolitleri ile istenmeyen mikroorganizmaların inhibisyonunu
sağlamaktadır. Başta laktik asit olmak üzere organik asitlerin üretimi yoluyla hammaddenin
hızla asitlenmesine neden olurlar. Ayrıca, asetik asit, etanol, aroma bileşikleri, bakteriyosinler,
ekzopolisakkaritler ve çeşitli enzimlerin LAB tarafından üretimi önemlidir. Bu şekilde fermente
ürünün raf ömrünü ve mikrobiyal güvenliğini arttırır, dokuyu iyileştirir ve son ürünün hoş
duyusal profiline katkıda bulunurlar (Leroy ve Vuyst, 2004). Peynir yapımı için başlangıç
kültürünün iki ana işlevi vardır: Peynir yapımı sırasında asit üretmek ve peynirin
olgunlaşmasına yardımcı olmaktır. Kültürlerin ürettiği asit, peynir yapımında önemli bir adım
olan asitle pıhtılaşmış peynirlerde süt pıhtılaşmasına yol açar. Peynir mayası ise pıhtılaşmış
peynirlerde asit gelişimi ile pıhtılaşmayı hızlandırır. Birçok peynirin üretimi, asitlik gelişimi
Lactococcus lactis alt türleri lactis ve cremoris'e bağlıdır.Ticari starter kültürlerinde esas olarak
Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus ve Bifidobacterium suşları kullanılmaktadır. İyi asit
üretici oldukları için en yaygın kullanılan mezofilik starter kültür lactis ve cremoris alt türlerini
içeren Lactococcus lactis'tir. Karışık mezofilik kültürler genellikle %90 asit üreticisi ve %10
aroma üreticisidir. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ve L. lactis subsp. cremoris süt endüstrisinde
büyük öneme sahiptir (Başaran vd, 2001).
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Lactococcus cinsinin üyeleri Gram pozitif koklar, büyüme koşullarına bağlı olarak oval
görünebilen ve tipik olarak 0.5-1.5 μm boyutlarındadır. Spor oluşturmayan, hareketli olmayan
ve fakültatif anaerob bakterilerdir. Laktokok türleri çiftler veya kısa zincirler halinde
büyümektedir ve streptokok cinsinin birçok üyesinden farklı olarak bu organizmalar uzun
zincirler halinde gelişmezler. Laktokoklar, pH 6.3-6.9 değerleri arasında ve optimum sıcaklık
genellikle 30 °C'ye yakın olsa da 12 ila 40 °C arasında büyüyebilmektedir. L. lactis subsp.
cremoris lezzet bileşiği olarak taze peynir üretiminde esastır. L. lactis subsp. lactis ve L. lactis
subsp. cremoris kombinasyonunun, beyaz salamura peynirdeki lezzet ve aroma söz konusu
olduğunda en iyi kombinasyon olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Yumuşak, olgunlaşmış, kaşar ve
taze peynirler gibi peynir çeşitlerinde kullanılmaktadır. Karışık laktokok kültürü (L. lactis
subsp. lactis ve L. lactis subsp. cremoris) kullanılarak yapılan pıhtısı haşlanmamış beyaz
salamura peynirlerde (Türk beyaz peyniri, feta, teleme vb.) olgunlaşma, mezofilik ve termofilik
karışımı kültürlerle (L. lactis subsp. lactis ve Streptococcus thermophilus) yapılan peynirlerden
daha hızlı gelişmektedir. L. lactis subsp. lactis ve L. lactis subsp. cremoris yüksek tuz
konsantrasyonlarına
tolerans
göstermemekte
ve
genellikle
%6.5
'in
üzerinde
büyüyememektedir (Ivy ve Wiedmann, 2014; Büyükyörük, 2007). Laktik aside ilaveten,
termofilik starter kültürler karakteristik olarak asetaldehit üretir. Peynir yapımında zaman
zaman peynirin türüne göre özel işlevi olan ikincil kültürler kullanılır. Örneğin,
Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii İsviçre peyniri çeşitlerinde peynirin
(gözlerin) iç kısmında büyük delikler oluşturarak CO2 üretir. Diğer kültürler olgunlaşmaya
yardımcı olarak kullanılır. Başlangıç kültürlerine ilave olarak eklenirler. Bu bağlamda, peynir
olgunlaşması sırasında büyüyen ve olgunlaşma enzimleri üreten bazı Lactobacilli
ve
Pediococci bakterileri de kullanılır. Sonuç olarak, bir peynirin temel karakteri starter türü,
bileşimi, büyümesi ve metabolik özelliklerine göre yönetilir (Ivy ve Wiedmann,
2014).Fermente süt ürünlerine mikroalglerin eklenmesi, biyoaktif bileşiklerin sağlanmasını
hedefleyen daha sağlıklı süt ürünleri oluşturmanın bir aracı olarak benimsenmektedir. Bu
amaçla, Arthrospira (Spirullina) spp. ve Chlorella vulgaris gibi mikroalg türleri, fermente gıda
takviyesi için yaygın olarak kullanılan iki ana türdür. Mikroalgler, mikroskobik canlılar olup
çapı 2 µm’den küçük, siyanobakteriler (Chloroxybacteria) gibi prokaryot veya yeşil algler
(Chlorophyta) gibi ökaryotik olabilmektedir (Sasa vd, 2020). Yaklaşık 50.000 türe sahip
fotosentez yapabilen, tatlı ve tuzlu su ortamlarında yaşayabilen canlılar olup, hücre yapılarına,
pigmentlerine
ve
yaşam
döngülerine
göre
farklılık
göstermektedir.
Yeşil
algler
(Chlorophyceae), mavi-yeşil algler (cyanopyta), diatomlar (Bacillariophyceae) en önemli
1093
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
mikroalglerdendir (Suna, 2020). Mikroalg zengin bir karbon kaynağıdır ve bu biyoyakıtlarda,
sağlık takviyelerinde, ilaçlarda ve kozmetiklerde kullanılabilmektedir (Alam vd, 2020).
Mikroalgler, protein, karbonhidrat (özellikle β glukan), lipit, esansiyel amino asit, çoklu
doymamış yağ asitleri, vitamin, mineral ve kalorisiz diyet lifi gibi yüksek besin değerli
bileşenleri sentezleme yetenekleri ile bilinmektedir (Sasa vd, 2020). Bunların nispi bileşimi
türlere ve büyüme koşullarına bağlıdır. Kuru biyokütle ağırlıklarına göre ise %9-50 protein ve
%7-50 karbonhidrat, %7-50 yağ içerebilmektedir. En önemli mikroalg türleri Isochrysis,
Dunaliella, Chaetoceros, Chlorella ve Spirulina’dır (Nale, 2021). Chlorella vulgaris,
Arthrospira platensis, Haematococcus pluvialis ve Dunaliella salina gibi bazı mikroalgler esas
olarak gıda, yem ve nutrasötik sektörlerinde pazarlanmaktadır. Protein, karotenoidler, özellikle
omega-6 ve omega-3 lipitleri üretme potansiyellerine dayanarak, hayvan yemi ve su ürünleri
yetiştiriciliği, protein ve kozmetik gibi birçok pazarda yer alabilirler (Molino vd, 2018). C.
vulgaris ve A. platensis gibi türler, US FDA (Food and Drug Administration) ve EFSA
(European Food Safety Authority) tarafından güvenli olarak kabul edilmiştir. C. vulgaris ve A.
platensis, vitamin, esansiyel amino asit ve çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri içeriği nedeniyle
nutrasötik sektörde en yaygın olarak bilinen ve kullanılan mikroalglerdir. Ayrıca sakız, şeker
ve bazı ürünlerde boya maddesi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Spiruluna piyasada hap, tablet, kapsül,
toz ve jel formlarında bulunduğu gibi Spiruluna sirkesi, sandoloz sakızı olarak da ticari olarak
satışa sunulmaktadır. Aynı zamanda S. platensis’in unlu mamuller, süt ürünleri, emülsiyon et
ürünleri ve tatlılar gibi gıda sanayinin birçok dalında kullanılma potansiyeli de mevcuttur
(Güler vd, 2021). Bunların yanı sıra Kozmetik sektöründe yaygın olarak kullanılan
mikroalgler’den C. vulgaris, yaşlanma karşıtı özelliklere sahip bir ajan olarak kolajen sentezi
için kullanılırken, karotenoid içerikleri nedeniyle renklendirici maddeler olarak ve UV
koruması için D. salina ve H. pluvialis tercih edilmektedir (Molino vd, 2018).Uzun yıllardır bir
mikro alg olan Spirulina platensis (S. platensis) diyet takviyesi olarak yaygın bir şekilde
kullanılmaktadır (Kapoor ve Mehta, 1993). S. platensis, filamentli bir siyanobakteridir ve çok
hücreli ipliksi yapısı ile bilinmektedir. Bu organizmanın özelliklerinden biri de art arda
sıralanmış silindirik trikomların heliks şeklinde dizilmesidir. S. platensis, yüksek oranda
vitamin, mineral ve diğer besin bileşenlerini sağlamaktadır. Bu organizma, insanlarda
metabolik aktiviteyi artırıcı etkilerinin yanı sıra, yüksek oranda protein içeriğine sahiptir ve
yapısındaki proteinlerin %95'i sindirilebilir özelliktedir ve özellikle lizin, valin ve izolösin gibi
esansiyel amino asitleri içerir (Suna, 2020; Akça, 2020). Spirulina, toksisite riski taşımayan ve
anemi, tümör büyümesi ve yetersiz beslenme gibi durumlarda mükemmel bir gıda kaynağı
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
olarak da değerlendirilmektedir (Saranraj ve Sivasakthi, 2014). Son zamanlarda, Spirulina'nın
terapötik etkileri daha fazla önem kazanmıştır. Özellikle ağır metallerin neden olduğu kolesterol
ve nefrotoksisitenin azaltılması, antikanser özellikleri, radyasyona karşı koruma sağlama ve
bağışıklık sisteminin güçlendirilmesi gibi yönleri üzerinde araştırmalar yoğunlaşmıştır.
Bununla birlikte, Spirulina'nın antiviral, antibakteriyel, antifungal ve antiparaziter aktiviteler
gibi çeşitli biyolojik fonksiyonlara da sahip olduğu belirtilmektedir (El-Baz vd., 2013). Tüm bu
yararlı etkilerinden dolayı gıda endüstrisinde de değerlendirilmesi mümkün olabilmekte ve
farklı ürün gruplarına yönelik çalışmalar sürdürülmektedir.S. platensis'in gıda endüstrisindeki
uygulamalarından biri olarak, biyoaktif bileşikler sağlamak amacıyla peynir gibi fermente
ürünlerin zenginleştirilmesinde kullanılması söz konusu olabilmektedir. Bu durumda starter
kültürlerin S. platensis’in antimikrobiyal etkisine karşın nasıl bir tavır gösterdikleri
sorgulanması gereken bir husus olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır.Bu çalışmada, laktik asit
bakterilerinin (LAB) büyümesini teşvik eden etkilerinin aksine, Spirulina platensis'in kuru ve
metanol ekstraktlarının farklı konsantrasyonlarının (2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml ve 10
mg/ml) peynir üretiminde kullanılan starter kültürler (Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris,
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis -R-704) üzerindeki antimikrobiyal etkisinin araştırılması
amaçlanmıştır.
1. ARAŞTIRMA ve BULGULAR
1.1. MATERYAL
Bu çalışmada kullanılan Spirulina platensis, Çukurova Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi'nden
kuru olarak sağlanırken, starter kültür olarak kullanılan Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris,
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis -R-704 suşları Ch. Hansen’s firmasından temin edilmiştir.
Ayrıca, çalışmada pozitif kontrol olarak kullanılan antibakteriyel kanamisin Çukurova
Üniversitesi Gıda Mühendisliği bölümü mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarından temin edilmiştir.
1.2. YÖNTEM
Spirulina platensis'in kuru formu ve metanol ekstraktının 4 farklı konsantrasyonu (2.5 mg/ml,
5 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml ve 10 mg/ml) L. lactis subsp. cremoris ve L. lactis subsp. lactis üzerindeki
antimikrobiyal etkisinin araştırılmasında kullanılmış ve kuyucuk agar difüzyon yöntemi ile
çalışılmıştır.
1.2.1. Starter Kültürün Laktik Asit Bakterilerinin Aktive Edilmesi
Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris ve Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (R-704) suşları 121oC’de
15 dakika sterilize edilen Tryptic Soy Broth besiyerine steril koşullarda ilave edilmiş ve 48 saat
30ºC’de inkübe edilmiştir.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
1.2.2. Spirulina platensis Preparatlarının ve Ekstraklarının Hazırlanması
Spirulina platensis’in farklı konsantrasyonları (2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml ve 10 mg/ml)
%75 metanol içinde çözülmüş ve oda sıcaklığında karanlık ortamda 24 saat bekletilmiştir. Elde
edilen preparatların (metanol + S. platensis) pH değerleri saptanmıştır. 7 g kurutulmuş S.
platensis 105 ml çözücü (%85 metanol) içinde karıştırılarak oda sıcaklığında 5 saat bekletilmiş
ve 15 dakika sonikasyon işlemi uygulanarak hazırlanmıştır. Daha sonra Whatman filtre
kağıdından süzülmüştür. Solüsyon içerisindeki çözücü, basınç altında Rotary Evaporatör ile
buharlaştırılmış ve elde edilen kalıntı (ham ekstrakt) hava geçirmez şişelerde -20° C'de
saklanmıştır. Elde edilen ekstraktlar (2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml, 7.5 mg/ml ve 10 mg/ml) farklı
konsantrasyonlarda metanol içinde çözülmüştür ve pH değerleri ölçülerek kullanılmıştır.
Agar Difüzyon Yöntemi ile Spirulina platensis’in Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis ve
Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris Üzerine Etkinliğinin İncelenmesi
M17 Agar besiyeri kalınlığı 4mm olacak şekilde 90 mm çaplı plastik petrilerde hazırlanmıştır.
Daha sonra canlandırılan starter kültürlerden 0.5 McFarland‘a (yaklaşık 108 süspansiyon/ml)
ayarlanmış bakteri süspansiyonlarından 100 µL petriye eklenmiş ve yayma ekim yöntemi ile
ekimleri yapılmıştır. Agar yüzeyi kuruduktan sonra hazırlanmış petrilere 3 kuyucuk olacak
şekilde agar delici (corkborer) ile 6 mm çaplı standart kuyucuklar açılmıştır. Her bir kuyucuğa
50 μl steril su (Negatif kontrol), antibakteriyel (0/015mg/ml kanamycin;Pozitif kontrol) ve S.
platensis’in hem metanol solüsyonu hem de kuru formundaki farklı konsantrasyonda
hazırlanmış preparatları koyulmuştur. Daha sonra ekim yapılan petriler aerobik koşullar altında
48 saat boyunca 37 ° C'de inkübe edilmiştir.
BULGULAR
Araştırmada kullanılan S. platensis kuru ve metanol ekstrakt çözeltilerinin dört farklı
konsantrasyonda, test mikroorganizması olarak kullanılan laktik asit bakterileri (L. lactis subsp.
cremoris ve L. lactis subsp. lactis) üzerine antimikrobiyal etkisinin 5 tekerrürlü çalışmasının
ortalama sonuçları Çizelge 1 ve 2’de verilmiştir.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 1. S. platensis’in kuru formunun L. lactis subsp. cremoris ve L. lactis subsp. lactis
üzerine etkisinin 5 tekerrürlü çalışmasının ortalama sonuçları
S. platensis Konsantrasyonu
Test
2.5mg/ml
5mg/ml 7.5mg/ml 10mg/ml Kanamisin Steril
mikroorganizması
(15 mg/ml) Su
olarak kullanılan Zon çapları (mm)
LAB
L.
lactis
subsp. --
--
--
--
23.00 mm
--
cremoris ve
L.
lactis
subsp.
lactis
Çizelge 2. S. platensis’in metanol ekstraktının L. Lactis subsp. cremoris ve L. Lactis
subsp. lactis üzerine etkisinin 5 tekerrürlü çalışmasının ortalama sonuçları
1
S. platensis Konsantrasyonu
Test
2.5mg/ml
5mg/ml 7.5mg/ml 10mg/ml Kanamisin Steril
mikroorganizması
(15 mg/ml) Su
olarak kullanılan Zon çapları (mm)
LAB
L.
lactis
subsp. --
--
--
--
22.20 mm
--
cremoris ve
L.
lactis
subsp.
lactis
Çalışmanın in vitro koşullarda gerçekleştirilen 5 tekrarı sonucunda, S. platensis'in kuru formu
ve metanol ekstraktının incelenen tüm konsantrasyonlarında peynir starter bakterileri üzerinde
herhangi bir antibakteriyel etkisi görülmemiştir.Danielsen ve Wind (2003) Lactobacillus spp.
türlerinin çeşitli antimikrobiyal ajanlara karşı duyarlılık düzeylerini belirlemek için yaptıkları
çalışmada, bazı Lactobacillus suşlarının basitrasin, sefoksitin, siprofloksasin, fusidik asit,
kanamisin, gentamisin, metronidazol, nitrofurantoin, norfloksasin, streptomisin, sülfadiazin,
teikoplanin, trimetoprim/sülfametoksazol ve vankomisine karşı yüksek doğal dirence sahip
olduğunu göstermişlerdir.
Kumar vd. (2011) tarafından yapılan çalışmada, S. platensis'in metanol ve aseton ekstraktlarının
Staphylococcus aureus ve Salmonella Typhimurium’a karşı antibakteriyel etkisi incelenmiştir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çalışma sonunda, farklı konsantrasyonlarda (250 ppm'den 7000 ppm'e kadar) çalışılan
ekstraktların bakterilerin üremesini inhibe ettiğini göstermişler. Ayrıca, S. platensis
ekstraktlarının antibakteriyel ajan olarak kullanılabilecek aktif maddeleri ve kimyasal
bileşimini belirlemek amacıyla gaz kromatografi kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) kullanarak
yaptıkları analizlerde, mevcut maksimum bileşik miktarının %42.11'lik oranda Eikosan adlı bir
yağ asidi olduğu belirlenmiş ve bu yağ asidinin de antibakteriyel aktiviteden sorumlu olduğu
tespit edilmiştir. Mazinani vd. (2015) tarafından yapılan çalışmada, soğutulmuş depolama
sırasında Lactobacillus acidophilus içeren peynir üzerinde toz halindeki S. platensis’in etkisi
incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda, peynirlerin depolanması sırasında S. platensis'in L.
acidophilus'un gelişimini stimüle ettiği gösterilmiştir.Abd El-Monem vd. (2018) tarafında
yapılan çalışmada, S. platensis'in antimikrobiyal aktivitesi %70'lik metanol, etanol ve aseton
içerisinde farklı pH değerlerinde (8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0 ve 12.0) hazırlanarak bazı patojen
bakterilere karşı test edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC7447'nin maksimum inhibisyonu aseton ekstraktında pH 8 ve 10'da gözlenirken, E. coli NCTC10418 için pH 8'de olduğu gösterilmiştir. Metanol ekstresi S. aureus NCTC-7447 üzerine pH
8’de maksimum 20.0 mm inhibisyon gösterirken, pH 8'de etanol ekstresi ile 17.00 mm olarak
rapor edilmiştir.
SONUÇ
Yapılan çalışmalara bakıldığında; Spirulina platensis'in farklı miktarlarda çeşitli alkol
ekstraktları ve pH’larda patojen bazı bakteriler üzerine antibakteriyel etkileri gösterilmiş fakat
starter kültür üzerine etkileri ya kültür bakterilerini stimüle ettiği ya da herhangi bir pozitif ve
negatif etkiyle karşılaşılmadıkları şeklinde sonuçlarla karşılaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, kuru
formda S. platensis ile metanol ekstraktlarının çalışılan tüm konsantrasyonlarında test edilen
peynir starterleri üzerinde etkili bir antibakteriyel aktivite göstermediği belirlenmiştir.
Dolayısıyla, özellikle mikroalglerden biri olan S. platensis'in, fermente süt ürünlerinde
biyoaktif bileşikler sağlamak amacıyla kullanılabileceği görülmüştür.
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KAYNAKLAR
Abd El-Monem, A. M., Gharieb, M. M., Hussian, A. M., Doman, K. M. (2018). Effect of pH
on phytochemical and antibacterial activities of Spirulina platensis. Int. J. Appl. Environ.
Sci, 13(4)ː 339-351.
Akça, S. (2020). Probiyotik Yoğurtların Kalite Özellikleri Üzerine Spirulina Platensis’in etkisi.
(Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri
Enstitüsü, Hayvansal Ürünler Hijyen ve Teknolojisi Anabilim Dalı, Burdur, 132.
Anonymous (2015). Türk Gıda Kodeksi. Peynir Tebliği (2015/6). Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık
Bakanlığı. 8 Şubat 2015 tarih ve 29261 sayılı Resmî Gazete, Ankara.
Başaran, P., Başaran, N., Cakır, I. (2001). Molecular Differentiation of Lactococcus lactis
subspecies lactis and cremoris Strains by Ribotyping and Site Specific-pcr. Current
Microbiology. 42, 45–48.
Büyükyörük, S. (2007). Geleneksel Olarak Hazırlanmış İzmir Tulum Peynirinden Lactococcus
lactis (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ve subsp. cremoris ) Suşlarının İzolasyonu,
Fenotipik ve Moleküler Teknikler ile İdentifikasyonu. (Doktora Tezi), Uludağ
Üniversitesi, Bursa, 59 s.
Danielsen, M., Wind, A. (2003). Susceptibility of Lactobacillus spp. to antimicrobial
agents. International journal of food microbiology, 82(1), 1-11.
El-Baz, F. K., El-Senousy, W. M., El-Sayed, A. B., Kamel, M. M. (2013). In vitro antiviral and
antimicrobial activities of Spirulina platensis extract. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci, 3(12), 52-56.
Güler, Ç., Türkoğlu, Z., Salık, M.A., Türkmen, Ö., Arslaner, A. (2021). Fonksiyonel Bir Gıda
Katkısı Olarak Spirulina platensis. Atatürk Univ. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 52 (3): 351-360. doi:
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Høier, E., Janzen, T., Rattray, F., Sørensen, K., Børsting, M. W., Brockmann, E., Johansen, E.
(2010). The production, application and action of lactic cheese starter cultures.
Technology of cheesemaking, 166-192.
Ivy, R. A., & Wiedmann, M. (2014). CLOSTRIDIUM | Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Carl A.
Batt and Mary Lou Tortorello (Der.), Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (ss. 468–473).
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Kapoor R, Mehta U. (1993). Effect of supplementation of blue green alga (Spirulina) on
outcome of pregnancy in rats. Plant Food Hum. Nutr., 43(1), 29-35.
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Kumar, V., Bhatnagar, A., Srivastava, J. (2011). Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of
Spirulina platensis and its structural elucidation of bioactive compound. Journal of
Medicinal Plants Research, 5(32), 7043-7048.
Leroy, F., De Vuyst, L. (2004). Lactic acid bacteria as functional starter cultures for the food
fermentation industry. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 15(2), 67-78.
Mazinani, S., Fadaei, V., Khosravi‐Darani, K. (2016). Impact of Spirulina platensis on
physicochemical properties and viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus of probiotic UF
feta cheese. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 40(6), 1318-1324.
Molino, A., Iovine, A., Casella, P., Mehariya, S., Chianese, S., Cerbone, A., Musmarra, D.
(2018). Microalgae characterization for consolidated and new application in human food,
animal feed and nutraceuticals. International Journal Of Environmental Research And
Public Health, 15(11), 2436.
Panesar, P. S. (2011). Fermented dairy products: starter cultures and potential nutritional
benefits. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 2(1): 47-51.
Park, Y. W. (Ed.). 2009. Bioactive components in milk and dairy products. Wiley-Blackwell,
Ltd., USA, (s. 440).
Saranraj, P., Sivasakthi, S. (2014). Spirulina platensis – food for future: a review. Asian Journal
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 4(1): 26-33.
Sasa, A., Şentürk, F., Üstündağ, Y. Erem, F. 2020. Alglerin Gıda veya Gıda Bileşeni Olarak
Kullanımı ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri. Uluslararası Mühendislik Tasarım ve Teknoloji
Dergisi, 2(2), 97-110.
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Enstitüsü Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Bursa, 203.
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applied microbiology, 29(6): 487-495.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BİR CATERİNG FİRMASINDAKİ ÇALIŞANLARIN EL HİJYENİ AÇISINDAN
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Prof. Dr. Işıl VAR* (ORCID: 0000-0002-0421-6330)
Cukurova University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering,
Adana-Türkiye
Email:ivar@cu.edu.tr
Berfin SUCU (ORCID: 0000-0002-7500-903X)
Cukurova University, Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology,
Adana-Türkiye
Email:berfnsucu@gmail.com
Dr. Çağrı ÇELİK (ORCID: 0009-0009-7088-4888)
Cukurova University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering,
Adana-Türkiye
Email:cagri.celik.cagri@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Nuray GÜZELER (ORCID: 0000-0001-5246-2491)
Cukurova University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering,
Adana-Türkiye
Email:nsahan@cu.edu.tr
Özet
El hijyeni, özellikle gıda sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmalar için hayati bir öneme sahiptir.
Bu sektörde çalışanların el hijyeninin yetersiz olması, potansiyel gıda kaynaklı hastalıkların
yayılmasına ve müşteri güveninin zedelenmesine neden olabilir. Günümüzde gelişmiş
endüstrilerden biri olan catering sektörü ve bu firmaların sunduğu yemek hizmetinin geniş
kitlelere ulaşması, gıda hijyeninin özenle ele alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Ancak, tüketici
sayısının arttığı ve servis süresinin kısıtlı olduğu durumlarda, catering firmaları gıda hijyenini
göz ardı edebilmektedir. Her ne kadar catering çalışanları, gıda hijyeni konusunda uzmanlardan
eğitim almış olsalar da catering sektöründeki gıda zehirlenmesi vakalarının çoğu personelin el
hijyeni hataları ile ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Adana'da faaliyet gösteren bir catering
firmasının çalışanlarının el hijyeni uygulamaları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmede,
catering çalışanlarının eldivenli ve çıplak ellerinden alınan örneklerin mikrobiyal florası
incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, çalışmada, rastgele seçilen 2 catering çalışanının eldivenli ve çıplak
ellerinden sürüntü yöntemiyle örnekler alınmıştır. Bu örnekler, toplam aerobik mezofilik
bakteri yükü, koliform ve E. coli ile Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus ve Listeria spp.
açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, eldivenli elin aerobik mezofilik bakteri yükü
(82x104 kob/cm2), çıplak elin aerobik mezofilik bakteri yükünden (50x103 kob/cm2) daha
yüksek bulunmuştur. Koliform ve E. coli açısından incelendiğinde, eldivenli elin yüksek
kontaminasyon gösterdiği (>1100 EMS/cm2), çıplak elin ise düşük kontaminasyonda olduğu
(<3 EMS/cm2) belirlenmiştir. Örneklerin hiçbirinde Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus ve
Listeria spp. izole edilememiştir. Catering sektöründe çalışanların el hijyeninin
değerlendirildiği bu çalışmada el hijyenindeki yetersizliğin, beklenenin aksine özellikle
eldivenli ellerde daha belirgin olduğu görülmüş, bu da hijyen açısından eldiven kullanımının
daha dikkat edilmesi gereken bir husus olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, eldiven kullanımı
1101
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kontrol edilmediği takdirde potansiyel mikrobiyal kontaminasyon riskinin daha da artması
muhtemel görünmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: El hijyeni, Catering sektörü, Gıda güvenliği, Mikrobiyal kontaminasyon,
E. coli
1102
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EVALUATION OF EMPLOYEES IN A CATERING COMPANY IN TERMS OF
HAND HYGIENE
Abstract
Hand hygiene is of vital importance, especially for companies operating in the food industry.
Inadequate hand hygiene of employees in this sector can lead to the spread of potential
foodborne diseases and damage customer confidence. The catering industry, which is one of
the developed industries today, and the fact that the food services offered by these industries
reach large masses requires that food hygiene be handled carefully. However, in cases where
the number of consumers increases and service time is limited, catering industries could ignore
food hygiene. Even though catering employees receive training in food hygiene from hygiene
experts, most cases of food poisoning in the catering sector are associated with personal hand
hygiene errors. In this study, hand hygiene practices of employees of a catering company
operating in Adana were evaluated. In this evaluation, the microbial flora of samples taken from
the gloved and bare hands of catering employees were examined. For this purpose, in the study,
samples were taken by swab method from the gloved and bare hands of 2 randomly selected
catering employees. These samples were evaluated for total aerobic mesophilic bacterial load,
coliform and E. coli, as well as Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria spp. As a
result, the microbial load of gloved hands (82x104 cfu/cm2) was found to be higher than that of
bare hands (50x103 cfu/cm2). When examined for coliforms and E. coli, it was determined that
gloved hands showed high contamination (>1100 MPN/cm2), while bare hands had low
contamination (<3 MPN/cm2). Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria spp could
not be isolated in any of the samples. In this study evaluating hand hygiene among personnel
in the catering industry, it was observed that inadequacies in hand hygiene were more
pronounced, contrary to expectations, particularly in gloved hands. This indicates that the use
of gloves requires more attention in terms of hygiene. Consequently, in the absence of
controlled glove usage, the potential risk of microbial contamination is likely to increase
further.
Keywords: Hand hygiene, Catering industry, Food safety, Microbial contamination, E. coli
1103
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Sanayileşme ile beraber ev dışında yemek yeme zorunluluğu son yıllarda artış göstermektedir.
Artan taleple birlikte, toplu yiyecek hizmeti veren “catering” işletmelerinin sayısı ve verdikleri
hizmet alanı da genişlemektedir (Bilgin ve Erkan, 2008). Köken itibari ile yabancı bir sözcük
olan “catering”, yiyecek içecek hazırlama ve sunumu anlamına gelmektedir. Türk Dil Kurumu
Yabancı Kelimeler Kurulu’nun “catering” sözcüğüne önerdiği Türkçe karşılık ise “yemek
hizmeti’dir. Catering işletmeleri, sosyal amaçlı (evlilik törenleri, yıl dönümleri, doğum günleri,
mezuniyet partileri gibi), iş amaçlı (toplantı ve kongreler, açılış törenleri ve kokteyller gibi)
organizasyonları, endüstriyel tesisler, okul, hastane ve ulaşım birimlerinde talebe bağlı olarak
toplu yemek hizmeti sunan ve ziyafet organizasyonlarını düzenleyen işletmelerdir (Altun
Karadeniz ve Çetin, 2007). Dünyada catering sisteminin kökü milattan 4 bin yıl öncesine, Çin’e
kadar uzanmaktadır. Catering sisteminin, Çin’in yanı sıra Antik Roma, Yunanistan ve Mısır’da
da askerler için ve ticaret yollarında kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Orta Çağ’da catering sadece
askerler ve ticaretle uğraşanlar için değil ayrıca maddi yönden varlıklı insanlar için eğlence
sektöründe de kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Almanya’nın belirli kurallar koyarak oluşturduğu
catering sistemi 14. ve 15. Yüzyıllarda tüm Avrupa’da popülerleşmeye başlamıştır (Burgess,
2013). Ülkemizde ise hazır yemek sektörü ilk kez Osmanlı saray mutfaklarından yeniçeri
ocağına devşirilmiştir. Son 20 yılda önce fabrika ve işyerlerine, sonra yemek sektörüne geçiş
yapmıştır. 1960’lı yıllarda büyük şehirlerdeki fabrikaların yemekhane kurması, 1970-80’lerde
tabldot firmalarının açılması ve 1990’larda yabancı sermaye yatırımlarıyla büyüyen hazır
yemek sektörü, ülke ekonomisi ve turizmi açısından büyük bir öneme sahip olmuştur (Öndoğan,
2010). Tüketicinin sağlığının korunması açısından, çok sayıda insanın beslenme ihtiyacının
karşılandığı toplu beslenme sistemleri hijyenik olmak zorundadır (Dündar vd., 2000). Gıda
hijyeninin amacı gıdaların kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyecek faktörlerin ortadan kaldırılması
ya da en aza indirilmesidir (Elverir ve Gönülalan, 2010). Gıda, üretimden tüketiciye ulaşana
kadar olan süreçte, çeşitli kaynaklardan bulaşan mikroorganizmalarla kirlenebilmekte ve uygun
koşullarda bu mikroorganizmalar hızla çoğalarak duyusal kalitenin bozulmasına, ekonomik
kayıplara ve gıda kaynaklı hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bulaşma
kaynakları arasında, gıdaların işlenmesinde kullanılan kesme tahtaları, dilimleyici, karıştırıcı
ve öğütücüler, işletme suyu, ortam havası, uygun olmayan koşullarda bekletilen çöpler,
haşereler, kemiriciler ve hayvanların yer aldığı birçok faktör yer almaktadır (Bilici, 2008).
Mikroorganizmaların gıdalara bulaşma yolları Şekil 1’de gösterilmiştir.
1104
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 9. Mikroorganizmaların Gıdalara Bulaşma Yolları (Van Schothorst, 1999).
Bulaşı kaynaklarının en tehlikeli olanları patojen mikroorganizmalardır. Patojenler, gıdalara
bulaştıktan sonraki uygun koşul ve sürelerde üreyerek ya da gıdada çoğalmadan bulunmaları
halinde bile hastalık yapmaktadırlar (Bilici, 2008). Salmonella, E. coli, L. monocytogenes ve
Staphylococcus aureus gibi bakteriler en sık karşılaşılan gıda zehirlenmesine neden olan
bakteriler arasında yer alırlar (Anonymous, 2011-a). Mikroorganizmaların kontaminasyonu ve
yayılması ile bunların olumsuz etkilerinin önlenmesinde temizlik ve dezenfeksiyonun büyük
bir rolü bulunmaktadır (Şener ve Temiz, 2004). Temizlik, bir yüzey üzerinde mekanik ya da
kimyasal etki gösteren ve estetik yönden görünümü bozan her türlü kirin ortadan
uzaklaştırılmasıdır (Bilici, 2008). Dezenfeksiyon ise; temizlik aşamasından sonra ortamdaki
ürüne kontaminasyon kaynağı olabilecek mikroorganizmaların tümünün öldürülmesi ya da en
düşük düzeye indirilmesidir. Bu işlemde kullanılan maddelere dezenfektan denilmektedir
(Anonymous, 2011-b). Mutfak, araç-gereç ve çalışma yüzeyleri yeterli derecede temiz
olmadığında, gıdalar patojenlerle tekrar kontamine olabilmektedir. Riski minimuma indirmek
için yüksek riskli gruplardaki araç-gereç (yiyeceklerle direk teması olan araç-gereç ve yüzeyler)
ve çalışma yüzeylerinin temizliğinde sıcak su, deterjan ve dezenfektanların kullanılması
gerekirken, düşük riskli gruplardaki (yiyeceklerle direk temas etmeyen duvar, raf vb. yüzeyler)
araç-gereç ve yüzey temizliğinde ise sıcak su ve deterjan kullanılması yeterli olabilmektedir
(Göbel, 2008). Ama bazı işletmelerde gıda ile temas eden yüksek riskli araç-gereç ve yüksek
riskli yüzey temizliğinde genellikle düşük riskli gruplardaki araç-gereç ve yüzey temizliğinde
kullanılan sıvı deterjanların kullanıldığı saptanmıştır (Çalışkan, 2006, Çelik ve Var, 2017).
1105
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Hatalı dezenfeksiyonun ve birçok gıda zehirlenmesinin ana nedeni, personelin dikkatsizliği ve
bu konuda bilgi yetersizliğidir (Demirel, 2009). Hijyen uygulamaları konusundaki eğitimler;
gıda bulaşmalarının önlenmesi için personelin gıda işletmelerindeki rolünün önemini
anlamaları ve sorumluluklarının farkına varmaları açısından son derece önemlidir (Akbulut,
2010). İnsanın boğaz, burun, el, deri, bağırsak ve dışkısı bakterilerle yüklüdür (Bilici vd. 2006).
Bu kaynağın bulaşma aracı olan en önemli organı ellerdir. El temizliği kişisel hijyenin en
önemli adımlarından birisi olup, bulaşmış ellerle gıdaların ve servis malzemesinin kirletilmesi,
gıda zehirlenmelerinin en önemli nedenini oluşturmaktadır (Demirel, 2009).Gıda kaynaklı
hastalıkların bulaşmasında en fazla katkıda bulunan faktörler; çıplak elle temas, işleme ve
hazırlama ekipmanlarının yetersiz temizlenmesi, enfekte veya asemptomatik kişiler tarafından
gıdaların işlenmesidir. Gıdaların ellerle kontaminasyonu, salgın araştırmalarında belirlenen en
önemli faktördür (CDC, 2006). Ellerde çok sayıda bulunabilen düşük enfektif dozlara sahip
gıda kaynaklı
patojenler gıdalara ve
gıda
dışındaki
temas
yüzeylerine kolayca
aktarılabilmektedir (Todd vd., 2008a; Todd vd., 2008b, Todd vd., 2010). Eller kontamine veya
kirli olduğunda, geçici patojenlerin elden tüketime hazır gıdalara bulaşmasını önlemek için
etkili el hijyeni uygulamalarının yeterli olmayacağı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Gıda ve İlaç
Dairesi tarafından bildirilmektedir (FDA, 2017). Özellikle tüketime hazır gıdalara çıplak elle
temasın önlenmesi ve bu gıda maddelerini kullanırken uygun mutfak eşyaları, bezler, tek
kullanımlık eldivenler veya maşa gibi ekipmanların kullanılması gerektiği önerilmektedir
(FDA, 2017). Gıda işletmelerinde eldiven kullanılmasının amacı, gıdanın fiziksel, kimyasal ve
mikrobiyolojik kontaminasyonunu en aza indirmektir (Green vd., 2007). Çalışanlar
eğitilmediğinde ve eldiven kullanımı uygun şekilde denetlenmediğinde hem gıda çalışanları
hem de gıda güvenliği yöneticileri için yanlış bir güvenlik hissi sunmakta ve çapraz
kontaminasyona yol açarak daha yüksek riskli durumlara neden olmaktadır (Todd vd., 2010;
Valero vd., 2016). Gıda işletmelerinde el yıkama ve eldiven kullanımının yaygınlığı üzerine
yapılan araştırmalarda, el hijyeni uygulamalarının gerektiği kadar sık gerçekleşmediği
bildirilmektedir.
Örneğin,
personellerin
gerektiğinde
ellerini
yıkamadıkları
ve/veya
gerektiğinde eldiven giymedikleri, çiğ ete dokunduktan sonra her zaman ellerini yıkamadıkları
ve çiğ ete dokunduktan sonra her zaman eldivenlerini değiştirmedikleri saptanmıştır (Clayton
vd. 2002; Green ve Selman, 2005). Uygun eldiven kullanımı, patojenlerin elden gıdaya
transferini azalttığı, ancak eldiven kullanımının yanlış bir hijyen hissi yaratarak daha az el
yıkama uygulamalarına yol açabildiği de bildirilmiştir (Green vd., 2007).
1106
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Bu çalışma; Adana'da catering hizmeti veren bir firmanın, halk sağlığını tehdit eden gıda
kaynaklı mikroorganizmalara karşı, çalışan personelin el hijyeni uygulamalarını incelemek
amacıyla kurgulanmıştır.
2. ARAŞTIRMA ve BULGULAR
2.1. MATERYAL
Bu çalışmada, Adana'da faaliyet gösteren bir catering firmasının çalışanlarının el hijyeni
uygulamalarını değerlendirmek amacıyla, rastgele seçilen 2 catering çalışanının eldivenli ve
çıplak ellerinden sürüntü yöntemiyle alınan örnekler materyali oluşturmuştur.
2.2. YÖNTEM
2.2.1. Çalışanların Ellerinden Sürüntü Yöntemiyle Numune Alınması
Bu çalışmada catering firmasından rastgele seçilen 2 personelin eldivenli ve çıplak elinden
örnek almak için sürüntü yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntemde, steril eküvyon çubuğu aseptik
koşullarda tüpünden çıkarılarak uçtaki pamuk kısma değişik eğimler verdirilerek çalışanların
eldivenli
ve
eldivensiz
ellerine
kuvvetlice
bastırılmıştır.
Bu
sayede
ellerdeki
mikroorganizmaların pamuk ucunun tamamına geçmesi sağlanmıştır. Eküvyon çubuğu daha
sonra hiçbir yere temas ettirilmeden içinde 5 ml dilüsyon sıvısı içeren tüpe yerleştirilerek tüp
hızla laboratuvara ekim için götürülmüştür. Daha sonra aranan toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri
için Nutrient Agar, E. coli ve Koliform için Fluorocult® Lauryl Sulfate Broth, Salmonella spp.
için Selenite Cystine Broth, Rappaport Vassiliadis Broth, Hektoen Enteric Agar, Xylose Lysine
Deoxycholate Agar, Staphylococcus aureus için Egg Yolk Tellurite Emulsion içeren Baird
Parker Agar, Listeria spp. için Buffered Listeria Enrichment Broth ve Palcam Agar besiyerleri
kullanılarak ekim işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiştir (Anonymous, 2011-c).
2.3. BULGULAR
Rastgele seçilen 2 çalışanın eldivenli ve çıplak ellerinden sürüntü yöntemiyle alınan örnekler,
toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri yükü, koliform ve E. coli ile Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus
aureus ve Listeria spp. açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, örneklerin hiçbirinde
Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus ve Listeria spp. izole edilememiştir.Aerobik mezofilik
bakteri yükü açısından değerlendirildiğinde, iki çalışanın eldivenli elinin aerobik mezofilik
bakteri yükünün ortalaması (82x104 kob/cm2), çıplak elin aerobik mezofilik bakteri yükünün
ortalamasından (50x103 kob/cm2) daha yüksek bulunmuştur (Çizelge 1).Koliform ve E. coli
açısından incelendiğinde, eldivenli ellerin yüksek kontaminasyon gösterdiği (>1100 EMS/cm2),
çıplak ellerin ise düşük kontaminasyonda olduğu (<3 EMS/cm2) belirlenmiştir (Çizelge 1).
1107
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 1. Sürüntü yöntemiyle iki çalışanın elinden alınan örneklerin sonuçlarının ortalamaları
Alınan Örnekler
Çalışılan Mikroorganizmalar
Eldivenli
ellerden
örneklerdeki sonuçlar
Toplam Aerobik Mezofilik Bakteri
82x10
4
alınan
Çıplak
ellerden
alınan
örneklerdeki sonuçlar
50x103
(kob/cm2)
Koliform
>1100
<3
>1100
<3
Salmonella spp.
*TE
*TE
Staphylococcus aureus
*TE
*TE
*TE
*TE
(EMS/cm2)
E. coli
2
(EMS /cm )
(kob/cm2)
Listeria spp.
* TE: Tespit Edilemedi
Gıda güvenliği, tüketicilerin sağlığına zarar verebilecek tehlikelerin gıdalardan uzaklaştırılması
ve çapraz bulaşmanın önlenmesi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu nedenle işletmelerde
uygulanan hijyen gerekliliklerinin sorgulanması olası riskleri ortaya koyabilecektir. Hijyen
gerekliliklerinden en önemlilerden birisi de personel ve daha da önemlisi el hijyenidir. El
hijyeninde dikkat edilmesi gereken koşullardan biri ellerin uygun yöntemle yıkanmasıysa diğeri
de yıkamanın yetersiz kalabileceği durumlarda eldiven kullanımıdır. Ancak yapılan çalışmalar
eldiven kullanımındaki hataların gıda güvenliğini daha çok tehdit edebildiğini göstermektedir.
Valero vd. (2016), bu konuyla ilgili yaptıkları çalışmada eldiven kullanmamanın, eldivenlerin
düzensiz değişimi ve yanlış kullanımının çapraz kontaminasyonu artırabileceğini ve gıda
zehirlenmesinin ana nedenlerinden biri olabileceğini bildirmişlerdir.Erdoğan ve Pamuk (2020)
tarafından yapılan bir çalışmada, gıda endüstrisinde çalışanların eldivensiz elleri ve yüzeylerde
yapılan mikrobiyolojik analizler, Staphylococcus spp. ve Enterobacteriaceae bakterileri ile
kontaminasyonun yaygın olduğunu göstermektedir. İzolat sayıları dikkate alındığında, %52
oranda en yüksek kontaminasyonun gıda çalışanlarının ellerine ait olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Eldiven kullanımının etkinliğini artırmak için eldiven değişiminden önce ve sonra ellerin
yıkanmasının önemi de vurgulanmaktadır (Michaels vd., 2004). Yapılan bir çalışmada, Paulson
(1996), eldiven takmadan önce eller yıkanmadığında E. coli sayısının arttığını (1 ve 3 saat sonra
belirlendiğinde), ancak eller eldiven giymeden önce yıkandığında ise, 3 saatlik devamlı eldiven
kullanımından sonra, mikroorganizma sayısında anlamlı bir artış olmadığını gözlemlemiştir.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Bu nedenle eldiven kullanımında, eldivenleri çıkardıktan sonra ve her eldiven değişiminde
eldiven giymeden önce el yıkama işleminin gerçekleştirilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır.
Eldiven kullanımında eldivenlerin bütünlüğünün korunması gerekliliği de oldukça önemlidir.
Yapay tırnaklar ve takılar gibi faktörlerin eldivenlerin bütünlüğünü bozabileceği eldivenlerin
yırtılmasına veya delinmesine yol açabileceği ve kontaminasyon kaynağı olabileceği
belirtilmektedir (Gürel ve Taşçı, 2020). Tırnaklar ile ilgili yapılan bir çalışmada Dagnew vd.
(2013), tırnaklarda antibiyotiklere dirençli S. aureus (%16) ve koagülaz negatif stafilokoklar
(%33) tespit etmişler. Valero vd. (2016) yaptıkları çalışmada, eldivenlerin düzenli olarak
değiştirilmesi gerektiğini ve kirli veya deforme olmuş eldivenlerin çıplak ellerden daha fazla
kontaminasyon riski taşıdığını belirtmişlerdir.Perez-Rodriguez vd. (2006) yaptığı bir
çalışmada, farklı gıdaların işlenmesi sırasında uzun süreli aynı eldiveni kullanmanın
patojenlerin transfer riskini artırdığı bulunmuştur. Özellikle, L. monocytogenes gibi
patojenlerin çiğ tavuktan pişmiş ete aktarılma riskinin bu şekilde arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Ancak,
eldivenlerin düzenli olarak değiştirilmesinin ve kullanımının doğru şekilde yapılmasının bu
riski azaltabileceği vurgulanmıştır.Birçok eldiven materyali aşırı nem birikmesine yol
açmaktadır ve uzun süreli eldiven kullanımı da deride nem ve sıcaklık artışına neden
olmaktadır. Bunun sonucu olarak da tırnakların içerisinde mikroorganizmaların birikmesine yol
açarak mikrobiyal çoğalmayı teşvik edebileceği ve bu durumun çapraz kontaminasyon riskini
artırabileceği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu durum aynı zamanda eldiven değiştirme işlemi sırasında
da sorun yaratabilecek ve yine çapraz kontaminasyon riski söz konusu olabilecektir (Gürel ve
Taşçı, 2020). Aynı zamanda eldiven kullanımının yanlış bir güvenlik duygusu yaratması ve
çalışanların yeterince eğitilmemesi çapraz kontaminasyona sebep olabilecek daha yüksek riskli
durumlara da yol açabilecektir (Todd vd., 2010).Bizim çalışmamızda da iki çalışanın elleri
aerobik mezofilik bakteri, E. coli ve koliform bakteri açısından değerlendirildiğinde eldivenli
ellerin yüksek kontaminasyon gösterdiği, çıplak ellerin ise düşük kontaminasyonda olduğu
belirlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda, eldiven kullanımının gıda güvenliği üzerindeki etkilerini artırmak
için çalışanların eldiven kullanımı konusunda yeterince eğitilmeleri ve bu önlemlerin doğru
şekilde uygulanması, çapraz kontaminasyon riskini en aza indirmek için kritik öneme sahiptir.
3. SONUÇ
Catering sektöründe çalışanların el hijyeninin değerlendirildiği bu çalışmada el hijyenindeki
yetersizliğin, beklenenin aksine özellikle eldivenli ellerde daha belirgin olduğu görülmüş, bu
da eldiven kullanımına daha dikkat edilmesi gereken bir husus olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç
olarak, eldiven kullanımı kontrol edilmediği takdirde potansiyel mikrobiyal kontaminasyon
1109
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
riskinin artmasına neden olabilecektir. Bir üretim yerinde her türlü hijyen gereklilikleri yerine
getirilse bile bir personeldeki hijyen eksikliği üretimi riske sokabilecektir. Bu açıdan araştırma
yapılan catering firmasında gıda kaynaklı halk sağlığını tehdit eden mikrobiyal kontaminasyon
riski değerlendirildiğinde, özellikle el hijyeni açısından işletmenin yetersiz olduğu
gözlenmiştir.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKLAR
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Arasındaki İlişkinin Belirlenmesi. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
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Mutfak Planlamasının ve Kullanılan Araç-Gereçlerin Standartlara Göre Uygunluk
Durumunun İncelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda
Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Adana, 161s.
Çelik, Ç., Var, I. (2017). "Determination of hygiene conditions and antimicrobial efficacy of
disinfectant used in a catering company in Adana, Turkey". 6 th International Conference
on Food Safety & Regulatory Measures June 5-7, Milan, Italy. 2(2): 52s.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Dagnew M., Tiruneh M., Moges F., Gizachew M. (2013). Bacterial profile and antimicrobial
susceptibility pattern among food handlers at Gondar University Cafeteria, Northwest
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Demirel, S. (2009). Hazır Yemek Üretimi Yapan İşletmelerde Çalışanların Hijyen Bilgi
Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi. Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Gıda
Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tekirdağ, 63s.
Elverir, B., Gönülalan, Z. (2010). Toplu Yemek Üretimi Yapan Bir Tesisin HACCP Planının
Mikrobiyolojik İndikatörler Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi,
19(1): 42-50.
Erdoğan M., Pamuk Ş. (2020). Microbial contamination in food, food- handlers’ hands and
surfaces and evaluation of contamination sources by the similarity between isolates.
Ankara Üniv. Vet. Fak. Derg. 67: 73-79.
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Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences. 10(1): 43-51.
Michaels, B., Keller, C., Blevins, M., Paoli, G., Ruthman, T., Todd, E., Griffith, C.J. (2004).
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Öndoğan, E. N. (2010). Restoran Pazarlamasında Kullanılan Temel Pazarlama Karma
Elemanları “P”. ESAM Dergisi, 1(1); 1-25.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Özer, D. (2010). İstanbul İlinde Satışa Sunulan Kıyma Örneklerinde Salmonella Cinsi
Bakterilerin Tespiti. İstanbul Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Biyoloji Anabilim Dalı
Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, 80s.
Paulson D.S. (1996). To glove or to wash: a current controversy. Food Qual. 2: 60–64.
Perez-Rodriguez F., Todd E.C.D., Valero A., Carrasco E., García R.M., Zurera G. (2006).
Linking quantitative exposure assessment and risk management using the food safety
objective concept: an example with Listeria monocytogenes in different cross
contamination scenarios. J. Food. Prot. 69(10): 2384–2394.
Şener, A., Temiz, A. (2004). Tavuk Kesimhane ve İşletmelerinde Kullanılan Ticari
Dezenfektanlar ve Etkinlikleri. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 10(2):1-28.
Todd E.C.D., Greig J.D., Bartleson C.A., Michaels B.S. (2008a). Outbreaks where food
workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 4. Infective doses
and pathogen carriage. J. Food Prot. 71(11): 2339-2373.
Todd E.C.D., Greig J.D., Bartleson C.A., Michaels B.S. (2008b). Outbreaks where food
workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 5. Sources of
contamination and pathogen excretion from infected persons. J. Food Prot. 71(12): 25822595.
Todd E.C.D., Michaels B.S., Greig J.D., Smith D., Bartleson C. (2010). Outbreaks where food
workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 8. Gloves as
barriers to prevent contamination of food by workers. J. Food Prot. 73(9): 1762–1773.
Valero A., Rodriguez M.Y., Posada-Izquierdo G.D., Perez-Rodriguez F., Carrasco E., GarciaGimeno R.M. (2016). Risk Factors Influencing Microbial Contamination in Food Service
Centers.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/significance-prevention-and-control-of-
food-related diseases/risk-factors-influencing-microbial-contamination-in-food-servicecenters (Erişim tarihi: 21 Haziran, 2019).
Van Schothorst, M. (1999). Microbiological and hygienic aspects of food safety. “International
Food Safety Handbook” (Ed. van der K. Hijden, M. Younes, L. Fishbein, and S. Miller),
s.27-46. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.
1113
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DİJİTAL İNSAN KAYNAKLARI YÖNETİMİ VE DİJİTAL PAZARLAMA
YÖNETİMİ; YENİLİKÇİ İŞ BİRLİĞİ
Öğr. Gör. Dr. Kübra ÖZTÜRK* (ORCID: 0000-0003-2169-4489)
İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, Myo, İşletme Yönetimi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Email:k.mertel@iku.edu.tr
Öğr. Gör. Dr. Emine ANIK (ORCID: 0000-0002-2920-319X)
İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi, Myo, İşletme Yönetimi, İstanbul, Türkiye
Email:e.anik@iku.edu.tr
Özet
İşletmeler, dijitalleşmeden oldukça fazla etkilenmektedir ve bu etkiler bir işletmedeki iç ve dış
paydaşların dahil olduğu tüm süreçler ile doğrudan ilişkilidir (Bajer vd., 2017). Dijitalleşmenin,
müşterilerin satın alma davranışları (Kaya ve Okur, 2021), işletmelerin müşteri tercihleri, iş
performansları üzerindeki etkileri (Uzkurt vd. 2022) ve işletmelerin iç süreçleri ve davranışları
özellikle finansal açıdan nasıl etkilediği araştırılırken, insan kaynakları ile ilgili süreçlerin
dijitalleşmesi ve bunun dijital pazarlama yönetimi ile olan ilişkisi çok fazla incelenmemiştir.
İşletmelerin, dijitalleşmenin tüm kazanımlarından en iyi biçimde faydalanabilmeleri için tüm
fonksiyonlarının bütünsel olarak dijitalleşmesi gerekmektedir. Pazarlamanın tarihsel
gelişiminde müşteri odaklılığın modern dönemde oluşmaya başladığı görülmektedir. Modern
pazarlama döneminde dijitalleşme ekonomik yapı üzerinde doğrudan etkiliyken, pazarlama
üzerinde dolaylı olarak etkili olmuştur. Fakat internet teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle günümüz
dünyasında dijitalleşmenin doğrudan pazarlama üzerinde de etkili olduğu görülmektedir
(Şengül, 2019). Dijital pazarlama literatürü incelendiğinde dijital pazarlama kanallarının
müşteri ilişkileri, halkla ilişkiler ve insan kaynakları gibi departmanlarda kullanımının
işletmeye sağlanacak toplam faydayı arttıracağı yönünde yaklaşımlar göze çarpmaktadır
(Rocha vd., 2013). Dijital pazarlama tekniklerinin insan kaynakları alanında kullanımı, işe alım
fonksiyonunda eylem alanının genişlemesine ve farklı kanalların kullanılmasına, dış müşteri ve
iç müşteri etkileşiminin dijital kanallar aracılığıyla artmasına, çalışan performans ölçümünde
daha etkin ve objektif dijital teknolojilerin kullanılmasına, marka yönetimi teknikleriyle işveren
markası kavramının oluşturulmasına olanak tanımıştır (Mihalcea, 2017). Müşteri odaklı
yaklaşımın içsel pazarlama anlayışı ile örgüt içinde benimsenmesi örgütsel bağlılık üzerinde
olumlu katkılar sağlamıştır (Collins ve Payne, 1991). Bu bağlamda bu araştırmanın amacı
dijitalleşmenin pazarlama yönetimi ve insan kaynakları yönetimi üzerindeki etkisini yenilikçi
ve bütünsel bir yaklaşımla ele alarak literature teorik bir katkı sağlamaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: dijital pazarlama yönetimi, dijital insan kaynakları yönetimi, dijital
dönüşüm
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DIGITAL HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND DIGITAL MARKETING
MANAGEMENT; INNOVATIVE COOPERATION
Abstract
Businesses are highly affected by digitalization, and these effects are directly related to all
processes involving internal and external stakeholders in a business (Bajer, 2017). While
investigating how digitalization affects customers' purchasing behavior (Kaya and Okur, 2021),
businesses' customer preferences, its effects on business performance (Uzkurt vd., 2022), and
how it affects an organization's internal processes and behaviors, especially financially, human
resources The digitalization of processes related to digital marketing and its relationship with
digital marketing management have not been examined much. To make the most of all the gains
of digitalization, businesses must start dealing with the holistic digitalization of the entire
business. It is seen that customer focus, one of the most important issues in the historical
development of marketing, began to emerge in the modern period. In the modern marketing
era, while digitalization has a direct impact on the economic structure, it has an indirect impact
on marketing. However, with the development of internet technologies, it is seen that
digitalization is also effective on direct marketing in today's world (Şengül, 2019). When the
digital marketing literature is examined, approaches stand out that the use of digital marketing
channels in departments such as customer relations, public relations and human resources will
increase the total benefit to the business (Rocha et al., 2013). The use of digital marketing
techniques in the field of human resources has enabled the expansion of the field of action and
the use of different channels in the recruitment function, the increase of external and internal
customer interaction through digital channels, the use of more effective and objective digital
technologies in employee performance measurement, and the creation of the employer brand
concept with brand management techniques. (Mihalcea, 2017). Adoption of the customeroriented approach within the organization with the internal marketing approach has made
positive contributions to organizational commitment (Collins and Payne, 1991). In this context,
the aim of this research is to make a theoretical contribution to the literature by addressing the
impact of digitalization on marketing management and human resources management with an
innovative and holistic approach.
Keywords: digital marketing management, digital human resources management, digital
transformation
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
İşletmelerin dijitalleşmesi, günümüz rekabetçi iş ortamında avantaj sağlamak ve başarılı
olabilmeleri için kaçınılmaz bir gerekliliktir. Başka bir deyişle, günümüz işletmeleri için
dijitalleşme bir seçenekten ziyade hayati bir gereklilik haline gelmiştir. Dijitalleşme,
işletmelerin geleneksel iş modellerini, süreçlerini ve yönetim yaklaşımlarını dijital
teknolojilerle dönüştürerek daha verimli, esnek ve müşteri odaklı bir yapıya geçiş yapmalarını
ifade etmektedir. Özellikle günümüzde hızla değişen iş ortamlarında, dijitalleşme sayesinde
işletmeler daha hızlı kararlar alabilir, müşteri taleplerine daha çabuk yanıt verebilir ve pazardaki
trendlere daha çabuk adapte olabilirler. Ayrıca dijitalleşme, işletmelerin veri analitiği ve yapay
zekâ gibi alanlardan da faydalanarak daha stratejik alanlarda bilgiye dayalı kararlar almasını
sağlar. Bu nedenle, işletmelerin dijitalleşme sürecine yatırım yapmaları ve bu alanda sürekli
olarak kendilerini güncellemeleri başarılı olabilmeleri için kritik önem kazanmaktadır.
Dijitalleşme sürecinde işletmelerin önemli fonksiyonlarından olan pazarlama yönetimi ve insan
kaynakları yönetimini bütünsel olarak ele alması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada bu iki
fonksiyonunun dijitalleşmeden nasıl etkilendikleri ve yenilikçi, işbirlikçi yaklaşımları teorik
olarak ele alınmıştır.
1. DİJİTAL İNSAN KAYNAKLARI YÖNETİMİ
İnsan kaynakları yönetimi, işletmelerin hedeflerine ulaşabilmesi için gerekli olan faaliyetleri
gerçekleştirecek yeterli sayıda, kalifiye elemanın işe alımı, eğitimi, geliştirilmesi, motivasyonu
ve değerlendirilmesi sürecidir (Aytaç, 1997). Başka bir tanıma göre, işletmeye çalışan tedariği
sağlamasının
(Bingöl,
2003)
yanında
işe
alınan
çalışanın
eğitimi,
geliştirilmesi,
değerlendirilmesi ve işletmenin hedeflerine ulaşma doğrultusunda çalışanların yasalara da
uyularak, etkin yönetilmesini sağlayan işlev ve çalışmaların tümüdür. Bu tanımlamalardan da
anlaşılacağı üzere insan kaynakları yönetiminin başlıca fonksiyonu olarak işe alım
gösterilirken, çalışanların değişen dünyaya uyum sağlayabilmeleri adına gerçekleştirilen diğer
faaliyetler de insan kaynakları yönetiminin altında ele alınmaktadır. Dolayısıyla sürekli
dijitalleşen ve teknolojinin önem kazandığı günümüz iş ortamında insan kaynaklarının
dijitalleşmesi ve bu alana yatırım yapılması bir zorunluluk haline gelmiştir. İnsan kaynakları
yönetiminin dijitalleşmesi süreci, adayın başvuru sürecinden başlamakta ve işletmedeki diğer
çalışanların elde tutulmasına kadar giden birçok farklı alanda karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle
de başvuran aday sayısının oldukça yüksek olduğu işletmelerde bu tür yeniliklerin kullanılması
süreçlerin etkin ve verimli bir şekilde ilerlemesine katkı sağlamaktadır (Nivlouei, 2014). İnsan
kaynakları yönetim süreçlerinin dijitalleştirilmesi, işletmelerin daha rekabetçi olmaları, çalışan
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
deneyimlerinin iyileştirilmesi ve işletme performansını artması beklenmektedir. Ancak bu
süreçte güvenliğin ve gizliliğin korunması da önemlidir, bu yüzden dijitalleşme adımları
dikkatlice planlanmalı ve uygulanmalıdır.
-
Alım ve İşe Yerleştirme: Dijitalleşme, işe alım süreçlerini hızlandırır ve daha etkin hale
getirir. Online başvuru formları, dijital CV değerlendirme sistemleri, video mülakatları
gibi araçlar kullanılarak adaylar daha hızlı ve verimli bir şekilde değerlendirilebilir.
-
Eğitim ve Gelişim: Dijital platformlar aracılığıyla çalışanlara çevrimiçi eğitimler
sunulabilir. Bu eğitimler, çalışanların kariyerlerini geliştirmelerine ve yeni beceriler
kazanmalarına olanak tanır.
-
Performans
Değerlendirme:
Dijitalleşme,
performans
yönetimi
süreçlerini
otomatikleştirerek geri bildirimleri ve performans değerlendirmelerini daha objektif ve
etkili hale getirir. Performans verileri, dijital platformlarda tutularak daha kolay
erişilebilir hale gelir.
-
Çalışan İlişkileri ve İletişim: İç iletişim araçları ve dijital platformlar, çalışanların
birbirleriyle etkileşimini artırır ve şirket kültürünü güçlendirir. Ayrıca, uzaktan çalışma
gibi esnek çalışma modellerini destekleyerek çalışan memnuniyetini artırabilir.
-
İş Süreçlerinde Verimlilik: Otomatikleştirilmiş işlemler ve dijital platformlar, iş
süreçlerinin daha verimli ve hatasız yürütülmesini sağlar. Bu da insan kaynakları
departmanının daha stratejik görevlere odaklanmasına olanak tanır.
Elbette ki rekabet avantajı elde etmek isteyen işletmeler için yalnızca insan kaynakları yönetim
alanının dijitalleşmesi yeterli olmayacaktır. İnsan kaynakları yönetimine ek olarak, işletmenin
diğer fonksiyonlarının da özellikle pazarlama alanının bu değişime uyum sağlaması ve bu
yönde stratejiler oluşturulması çok daha doğru olacaktır.
2. DİJİTAL PAZARLAMA YÖNETİMİ
Dijitalleşme, bilgi, belge ve dokümanların tümünün bilgi işlem teknolojileri kullanılarak dijital
ortamlara aktarılması sürecini ifade eder. Bu yeni ortamlar, dijital olarak adlandırılır ve
bilgilerin daha kolay erişilebilir ve işlenebilir hale gelmesini sağlar (Erkan, 2020). Teknolojinin
hızla ilerlemesiyle birlikte dijitalleşme sürekli olarak artmaktadır. Bu dijital dönüşüm,
işletmelerin pazarlama faaliyetleri aracılığıyla hedef kitlelerini etkileme ve onlara daha hızlı
erişim sağlama kapasitesini artırmaktadır. Dijital pazarlama, işletmelerin belirledikleri
hedeflerine internet, sosyal medya, web siteleri, e-postalar gibi iletişim araçlarını kullanarak
ulaşmalarını sağlayan bir pazarlama stratejisidir (Karahasan, 2012). Çevrimiçi platformlarda
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
uygulanan dijital pazarlama işletmenin diğer fonksiyonlarıyla bütünsel olarak ele alındığında
ilişki pazarlaması, işletme yönetimi ve insan kaynakları yönetimine katkı sağlamaktadır. Dijital
pazarlama işletmelerle tüketicilerin etkileşimlerine de önemli katkılar sağlamıştır. Bunların en
önemlileri şöyle sıralanabilir (Bala, 2018):
•
İşletme ve müşteriler arası artık çift yönlü ilişki kurulabilmektedir.
•
Müşterilerin 7/24 hizmet alabilme ve pek çok ürünü karşılaştırabilme imkanı
bulunmaktadır.
•
Tüketicilerin ürünlerle ilgili kendi aralarında çevrimiçi bilgi paylaşma imkanı
bulunmaktadır.
•
Tüketiciler ürünlere daha kolay ulaşmakta ve daha hızlı satın alabilmektedirler.
Pazarlamanın dijitalleşmeden yoğun şekilde etkilenmesi işletmelerde yeni çalışan rollerinin de
ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. İçerik sorumlusu, veri bilimcisi, çok kanallı pazarlama
sorumlusu bu rollerden sadece bir kaçıdır. Oluşan yeni roller, insan kaynakları yönetiminin işe
alım, eğitim ve performans ölçümü gibi fonksiyonlarıyla da yakından ilgili olduğundan, insan
kaynakları yönetiminin de dijitalleşmeye uyum sağlaması beklenmektedir. Dolayısıyla
işletmelerin dijitalleşme fırsatlarından faydalanmak için tüm fonksiyonlarının özellikle
pazarlama ve insan kaynakları fonksiyonlarının bütünsel olarak ele alınması bir zorunluluk
haline gelmiştir (Çetin, 2018).
3. DİJİTAL İNSAN KAYNAKLARI YÖNETİMİ VE DİJİTAL PAZARLAMA
YÖNETİMİ
Eskiden işletmeler rekabet avantajı sağlamak için belirli bir alanı dijitalleştirmeye
odaklanabilirlerken, günümüzde bu durum değişmiştir. Artık işletmelerin sadece bir
fonksiyonunun
dijitalleştirilmesi
yeterli
değildir;
tüm
işletme
fonksiyonlarının
dijitalleştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bunun başlıca sebepleri (Collins ve Payne, 1991).
-
İşletme fonksiyonları arasında entegrasyon, verimlilik açısından kritiktir. Bir fonksiyon
dijitalleştirilirken, diğerleriyle uyumlu olmalıdır. Tüm fonksiyonların dijitalleştirilmesi,
süreçlerin daha iyi entegre edilmesine ve verimliliğin artmasına yardımcı olur.
-
Veri Akışı ve Analitik Yetenekler: İşletmelerin başarısı giderek daha fazla veriye
dayanmaktadır. Tüm fonksiyonların dijitalleştirilmesi, veri akışını sağlamakta ve
işletmeye kritik kararlar için gerekli olan analitik yetenekleri sağlamaktadır.
-
Operasyonel Esneklik ve Kriz Yönetimi: Dijitalleşmiş işletmeler, operasyonel
esneklikleri sayesinde kriz zamanlarında daha iyi adapte olabilmektedirler. Uzaktan
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
çalışma, çevrimiçi satış ve diğer dijital süreçler, işletmelerin iş sürekliliğini
sağlamalarına yardımcı olmaktadır.
-
Müşteri Deneyimi ve Rekabet Gücü: Tüketici beklentileri hızla değişmekte ve müşteri
deneyimi rekabet avantajı sağlamanın anahtarı haline gelmektedir. Sadece pazarlama
veya satış değil, tüm işletme fonksiyonlarının dijitalleştirilmesi iç ve dış müşteri
deneyimini geliştirmeye ve rekabet gücünü artırmaya yardımcı olmaktadır.
Dijital pazarlama stratejileri ve kanalları insan kaynakları yönetimi alanında da etkin araçlar
olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Dijital pazarlama uygulamalarının insan kaynakları
yönetiminde de kullanılabilmesi işe alım konusunda alanların genişlemesine, iç müşteri
uygulamalarıyla çalışan bağlılıklarının ve performanslarının artmasına, iç ve dış müşteri
etkileşiminin artmasına olanak sağlamıştır.
4. SONUÇ
İnternet teknolojilerinin gelişmesi ve kullanımının yaygınlaşması pek çok alanda etkili olduğu
gibi pazarlama yönetimi ve insan kaynakları yönetimi alanında da etkili olmuştur. İşletmelerin
sürdürülebilir rekabet avantajı sağlayabilmeleri için dijitalleşme stratejilerini pazarlama
yönetimi ve insan kaynakları yönetimi alanında bütünsel olarak yürütmeleri gerekmektedir.
Dijital pazarlama stratejilerinin insan kaynakları alanında da kullanılabilmesi, işe alım
performans yönetimi, çalışan etkileşimi, dış müşteri etkileşimi ve iş veren markası yaratma gibi
konularda etkinliğin ve verimliliğin artmasına olanak tanımıştır. Özellikle iç müşteri tarafından
çalışılmak istenen bir işletme olmak, yüksek çalışan aidiyetlerinin yaratılması konusunda
personel adaylarına doğru mesajı vermek konusunda da doğru dijital pazarlama stratejilerinin
oluşturulması önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı dijitalleşmenin pazarlama yönetimi ve
insan kaynakları yönetimine etkisinde işbirlikçi bir yaklaşım olduğunu teorik olarak ortaya
koymak ve bu alanda kısıtlı çalışma olduğundan literatüre katkı sağlayabilmektir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKÇA
Aytaç, Serpil (1997), Çalışma Yaşamında Kariyer Planlaması, Geliştirilmesi ve Sorunları, 1.
Baskı, Epsilon Yayınları, İstanbul.
Bala, M. (2018). Bir Eleştirmen İnceleme Dijital Pazarlama, Uluslararası günlük. Yönetim, BT
ve Mühendislik, Cilt: 8(10), 321-33
Bajer, L., Kverka, M., Kostovcik, M., Macinga, P., Dvorak, J., Stehlikova, Z., ... & Drastich, P.
(2017). Distinct gut microbiota profiles in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis
and ulcerative colitis. World journal of gastroenterology, 23(25), 4548.
Bingöl, D. (2003), İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi, İstanbul: Beta.
Collins, B., & Payne, A. (1991). Internal marketing: a new perspective for HRM. European
Management Journal, 9(3), 261-270.
Çetin, Ö. Ü. F. A. (2018). Pazarlama 4.0: Teknolojiler Pazarlama Organizasyonunu Nasıl
Dönüştürüyor.
Erkan, İ. (2020). Dijital Pazarlamanın Dünü, Bugünü, Geleceği: Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz.
Akademik Hassasiyetler, 7(13), 149-168.
Karaca, M. (2024). Dergi Park Veri Tabanında Yer Alan Dijital Pazarlama Konulu Makalelerin
Bibliyometrik Analizi. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 74-96.
Karahasan, F. (2012). Taşlar Yerinden Oynarken Dijital Pazarlamanın Kuralları, İstanbul:
Doğan Kitap.
Kaya, H., & Okur, A. (2021). Sigortacılık Sektöründe Dijitalleşmenin Poliçe Bilinirliğine Etkisi
ve Müşterilerin Satın Alma Tercihleri Ankara Ölçeğinde Değerlendirilmesi1. Third
Sector Social Economic Review, 56(4), 2589-2606.
Mihalcea, A. (2017). Employer branding and talent management in the digital age. Management
Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 5(2), 289-306.
Nivlouei, F. B. (2014). Electronic human resource management system: The main element in
capacitating globalization paradigm. International Journal of Business and Social
Science, 5(2).
Rocha, E. S. S., Rodrigues, R. M., & Rodrigues, V. (2013). Marketing digital em bibliotecas
digitais: um estudo sobre a aplicabilidade de ferramentas da Web 2.0. In Anais do 28°
Congresso Brasileiro de Biblioteconomia, Documentação e Ciência da InformaçãoFEBAB (Vol. 25, pp. 942-946).
Şengül, O. (2019). 2 Satte A’dan Z’ye Dijital Pazarlama. İstanbul: Ceres Yayınları.
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Uzkurt, B. K., Atan, M., & Develi, A. (2022). Dijitalleşmenin İş Performansı, İş Tatmini ve
Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerine Etkileri 1. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 57(3), 16821700.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CNC PLAZMA HAVA İLE KESİM İŞLEMLERİNDE HIZ VE AMPER
PARAMAETRELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Yüksek Mühendis Ersin ORAK (ORCID: 0009-0004-8929-1920)
Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Mechanical
Engineering Department, Tokat-Türkiye
Email: orakersin12@gmail.com
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mithat ŞİMŞEK (ORCID: 0000-0002-0534-1133)
Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Mechanical
Engineering Department, Tokat-Türkiye
Email: mithat.simsek@gop.edu.tr
Özet
Günümüz teknolojisinde imalatta düşük maliyet, hızlı üretim ve hassasiyet gibi faktörler göz
önüne alınarak rekabet artmıştır. Bu teknolojiye ayak uydurmak için insan gücü ve üniversal
tezgâhlardan uzaklaşılarak yerine bilgisayar kontrollü sistemler zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Cnc
plazma tezgahları da bu teknolojide yer edinmiştir. Plazma kesim teknolojisi ile kesme işlemi
yaparken kesim kalitesini maksimum seviyeye ulaştırmak için malzemenin kalınlığına göre
uygun hız ve amper verilmesi gerekmektedir. Uygun amper ve hız verilmediğinde malzemenin
arka yüzeyinde çapaklar meydana gelmekte ve istenilen ölçüde kesim elde edilememektedir.
Bu çalışmada 1500x3000 mm kesme alanıne sahip 120 Amper güç kanağı kullanılarak hava ile
1-15 mm arasındaki malzemelerin istenilen ölçüde kesme işlemi için hız ve amper parametreleri
oluşturulmuştur. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda malzemenin kalınlığı arttıkça kesme hızı
azalırken kesme amperinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Cnc Plazma Kesim, Kesme Amperi, Kesme Hızı
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DETERMINATION OF SPEED AND AMPERAGE PARAMETERS IN CNC
PLASMA AIR CUTTING PROCESSES
Abstract
In today's technology, competition in manufacturing has increased considering factors such as
low cost, fast production and precision. In order to keep up with this technology, manpower
and universal machines have been moved away from computer-controlled systems instead. Cnc
plasma machines have also gained a place in this technology. When cutting with plasma cutting
technology, the appropriate speed and amperage must be given according to the thickness of
the material in order to maximize the cutting quality. When the appropriate amperage and speed
are not given, burrs appear on the back surface of the material and the desired cut cannot be
achieved. In this study, speed and amperage parameters were created for cutting materials
between 1-15 mm with air to the desired size by using a 120 Ampere power supply with a
cutting area of 1500x3000 mm. As a result of experimental studies, it was determined that as
the thickness of the material increases, the cutting speed decreases and the cutting amperage
increases.
Keywords: Cnc Plasma Cutting, Cutting Amperage, Cutting Speed
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Giriş
Computer Numerical Control (CNC), basit Numerical Control (NC) fonksiyonlarını sağlayarak
bünyesinde bilgisayar sistemi bulunduran, parça programlarının tanımlanarak malzemelerin
işlenmesinde kullanılan mekanik bir sistemdir. CNC plazma teknolojisi ise üç eksende
malzemeye temas etmeden belli bir yükseklikte gerçekleşen metal kesme işlemidir.CNC
işleme; otomotiv, havacılık, inşaat ve tarım da dâhil olmak üzere çok çeşitli endüstrilere uygun
olan otomobil çerçeveleri, cerrahi ekipmanlar, uçak motorları, dişliler, el ve bahçe gibi çeşitli
ürünler üretebilen bir üretim sürecidir. Süreç, özel olarak tasarlanmış bir parça veya ürün
üretmek için iş parçasından gerekli malzemeyi çıkaran, mekanik, kimyasal, elektrik ve termal
süreçler de dâhil olmak üzere, birkaç farklı bilgisayar kontrollü işleme operasyonunu kapsar
(Mamadjanov vd, 2021) Elektriksel olarak iletken hale gelen plazma, arkla ısıtılmış en azından
kısmen iyonize olan bir gazdır. Plazma herhangi bir elektrik arkında oluşurken, plazma arkı bir
torc sayesinde daraltılan bir yoğunlaşma etkisiyle oluşan patlamadır. Genel olarak
malzemelerin kesiminde kullanılan geleneksel plazma sistemleri, yaygın olarak 20-150 mm
kalınlık mesafesinde kesimi gerçekleştirmektedir. Günümüz hassas plazma sistemleri ise
Hassas olarak kesim işlemini yerine getiren lazer kesim sistemleri, 1-12 mm kalınlığı
mesafesindeki malzemeleri keserken; günümüzde kullanılan hassas plazma sistemleri lazer
sistemlerine yaklaşık hassasiyette kesim yapabilme konusunda geliştirilmektedirler (Apay ve
Egelioğlu, 2018).İmalat ve sanayide yaygın olarak kullanım alanına sahip olan plazma ile
kesim, otomasyon uygunluğu ile üretim hattı sahasına, düşük maliyet ile verimli yatırım
oranlarına, kesim hızının yüksek oluşu ve kesim kalitesinin sürekli olarak iyileştirilmesi ile
olanaklar sunmaktadır. İş makineleri, gemi inşası, basınçlı kapların üretimi, vagon yapımı gibi
imalat sektöründe yoğun olarak plazma kesim metodu ile karşılaşılmaktadır (Kutlu vd,
2005).Kesim işlemi yapılacak iş parçası üzerinde lokal bir bölgenin eritilerek yok edilmesi,
daraltılarak yoğunlaştırılan bir ark sayesinde gerçekleştirilir. Buna plazma arkı ile kesim işlemi
adı verilir. Torc ağzından yüksek hızlarda çıkan iyonize gazlar tarafından yüksek sıcaklığa
maruz kalmış ve hal değiştiren metal, kesim bölgesinden uzaklaştırılır. 10000 ve 14000 °C
sıcaklıkta çalışan plazma arkı, iyonize hale gelen gazın dönüşümüdür (Karkın, 2006; Akşahin,
2009).Plazma ile kesmede önemli parametreler gaz, güç kaynağı ve kesme hızıdır. Şekil 1’de
görüldüğü gibi torcun yüksekliği de önemlidir. Parametreler arasındaki ilişkiler kesmede elde
edilecek kaliteyi tanımlar.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Gaz parametreleri; Plazma ile kesme işleminde 6-8 bar basıncında gaz kullanılmaktadır. Kesme
işleminde kullanılan gazlar hava, karbon, hidrojen gibi gazlardır. Bu gazlara bağlı olarak kesme
kalitesi değişim göstermektedir. (Kutlu, 2005)
Şekil 1. Plazma ile kesim parametreleri (Kutlu vd,2005)
Materyal ve Metot
Tokat Niksar sanayi bölgesinde 1500x3000 mm kesim alanına sahip üç eksenli CNC plazma
kesim tezgâhı kullanılarak farklı kalınlıktaki metal malzemelerin kesim işleminde minimum
deformeler ile yüksek kalitede işlenmesi için uygun hız ve amper parametreleri belirlenmeye
çalışılmıştır. 1500x3000 mm işleme alanına sahip tezgâhlarda hava ile 15 mm kalınlığına kadar
metal malzeme kesebilmesi için 120 amper güç kaynağı kullanmak gerekmektedir. Hız ve
amper parametrelerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan Şekil 2’deki CNC plazma kesim tezgâhı 120
amper güç kaynağına sahiptir.
Şekil 2. St37 malzemesinin kesim işleminde kullanılan CNC plazma tezgâhı
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Hız ve amper ayarı kesimin kalitesini belirleyen en önemli parametrelerdir. CNC plazma kesim
tezgâhlarının en zor kestiği form daire şeklindeki çizimlerdir. Farklı çaplarda daireler keserek
uygun kesme hızı-amper ayarı parametresi elde edilmiştir. Şekil 3’te görüldüğü gibi
malzemenin kalınlığına göre düzgün amper ve hız belirlenmemesinden dolayı hatalı kesim
işlemi olmuştur. Şekil 4’teki uygulamada hız 750 mm/dk, amper ayarı 85 amper olarak
verilmiştir.
Şekil 3. Hız ve amper ayarının hatalı belirlenmesi
CNC plazma kesim tezgâhının imalatından sonra farklı kalınlıklarda malzemeler kesilerek en
düzgün kesim kalitesini elde edilebilecek parametreler Tablo 1’de verilmiştir. Kesim işlemi
malzeme türüne göre örneğin çelik, alüminyum ve St37 gibi malzemeler de hız-amper ayarı
değişkenlik göstermektedir. Endüstriyel uygulamalarda yaygın olarak St37 malzemesi
kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle deneysel çalışmada St37 malzemesi kullanılarak kesme
parametresi oluşturulmuştur.
Tablo 1 CNC Plazma kesim tezgâhının kesme parametresi
Malzeme Kalınlığı (mm) Amper (A)
Kesme Hızı (mm/dk)
1-2
65
2700
2,5-3-4
75
2200
5-6-7
80
1600
8-9-10
90
1000
11-12-13
95
750
14-15
100
500
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Kesimin kalitesi sadece malzeme türüne, ampere ve kesme hızına bağlı değildir. Kesim
esnasında oluşan titreşimler de kesim kalitesini etkilemektedir. Bu titreşimleri en aza indirmek
için kutu profil yerine alüminyum ağır sigma profil kullanılmıştır. 15 mm kalınlığındaki
parametre kullanılarak Şekil 4’teki kesim elde edilmiştir. Kesim işlemi tamamlandıktan sonra
kesilen malzemenin ön ve arka yüzeyi kumpas ile ölçülmüştür. Ön yüzeyinde kesim istenilen
ölçüdedir ancak arka yüzeyin ölçülerinin 1,5 mm az olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Şekil 4. Hız ve amper ayarının doğru belirlenmesi
Bulgular ve Tartışma
CNC plazma kesim tezgâhında farklı kalınlığa sahip ve kullanım alanları farklı olan malzemeler
kesilerek sonuçları gözlemlenmiştir. CNC plazma kesim tezgâhlarında görülen en büyük
hatalardan biri de kesilen malzemenin arka yüzeyinde çapak oluşmasıdır. Kesim işlemi
sonrasında 2-15 mm kalınlığa sahip malzemelerin arka yüzeylerinde çapak oluşumu olmadığı
tespit edilmiştir.Kesilen malzemeler 65 amper ve 2700 mm/dk’da kesilmiştir. Malzemelerin
kesme işlemini yaparken, kesim kalitesini ölçmek için basınç ayarları değiştirilmiştir. Şekil 5’te
görüldüğü gibi lazer kesime yakın çapaksız temiz bir kesim elde edilmiştir.
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Şekil 5. 2 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemenin kesim işlemi
4 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemesinden kesilen iş parçası Şekil 6’da verilmiştir. Kesilen iş
parçası, 75 amper ve 2200 mm/dk’da kesilmiştir. Kesim esnasında malzemenin ısınmasından
dolayı sacda esnemeler meydana gelmiştir. Bu esnemelerden kaynaklı, malzemenin arka
yüzeyinde az miktarda çapak kaldığı gözlemlenmiştir.
Şekil 6. 4 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemenin kesim işlemi
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5 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemesinden kesilen iş parçası Şekil 7’de verilmiştir. Seçilen iş
parçası, 80 amper ve 1600 mm/dk’da kesilmiştir. Kesim herhangi bir hata olmadan başarılı bir
şekilde tamamlanmıştır.
Şekil 7. 5 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemenin kesim işlemi
6 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemesinden kesilen iş parçası Şekil 8’de verilmiştir. Şekil 8’de
verilen iş parçası, 80 amper ve 1600 mm/dk’da kesilmiştir. Kesme işlemi sonucunda, malzeme
kumpas ile ölçüldüğünde arka yüzeyinde istenilen ölçüden 0,5 mm az olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Şekil 8. 6 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemenin kesim işlemi
8 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemesinden kesilen iş parçası Şekil 9’da verilmiştir. Şekil 9’da
verilen iş parçası, 90 amper ve 1000 mm/dk’da kesilmiştir. Kesme işlemi sonucunda, malzeme
kumpas ile ölçüldüğünde arka yüzeyinde istenilen ölçüden 1 mm az olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
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Şekil 9. 8 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemenin kesim işlemi
10 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemesinden kesilen iş parçası Şekil 10’da verilmiştir. Şekil
10’da verilen iş parçası, 90 amper ve 1000 mm/dk’da kesilmiştir. Torcun kesime başladığı
yerde iz kaldığı tespit edilmiştir.
Şekil 10. 10 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemenin kesim işlemi
Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda malzemenin kalınlığı arttıkça plazmadaki güç kaynağı amperin
arttığı elde edilmiştir. Şekil 11’de görüldüğü gibi amper değerleri 60-100 amper arasında
değişim göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla malzeme kalınlığı ile amper arasında doğru orantılı bir
ilişki vardır.
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Şekil 11. Malzeme kalınlığı-amper ilişkisi Elde edilen diğer bir deneysel sonuçta ise malzeme
kalınlığı arttıkça kesme hızının azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Şekil 12’de görüldüğü gibi hız
değerleri 500-2700 mm/dk arasında değişim göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak malzeme kalınlığı
ile hız arasında ters orantılı bir ilişki vardır.
Şekil 12. Malzeme kalınlığı-hız ilişkisi
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Sonuç olarak malzeme kalınlığına bağlı olarak amper miktarı arttıkça kesme hızının azaldığı
gözlemlenmiştir.1-5 mm kalınlık arasında kesilen St37 malzemelerde kesimler istenilen ölçü
ve kalitede gerçekleştirilmiştir. 6 mm kalınlığındaki St37 malzemenin kesme işlemi sonucunda,
kumpas ile gerçekleştirilen ölçümler neticesinde arka yüzeyinde istenilen ölçüden yaklaşık
olarak 0,5 mm daha az olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Aynı şekilde 8 mm, 10 mm ve 15 mm
kalınlığındaki St37 malzemelerin kesme işlemi sonucunda, tekrar ölçümler yapıldığında
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malzeme arka yüzeylerindeki ölçümlerin istenilen ölçüden sırasıyla 1 mm, 1,2 mm ve 1,5 mm
daha olduğu gözlemlenmiştir Bulunan kesme hızı ve amper parametreleri, literatürde yapılan
benzer çalışmalar ile uyumlu olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan kesme işlemlerinde gaz olarak
kuru hava kullanılmıştır. Hidrojen-argon veya Azot-Hava gibi karışım gazlar kullanılarak farklı
değerler gözlemlenebilir. Belirlenen kesme hızı ve amper parametrelerinde kesilen farklı
kalınlıktaki malzemelerin başka çalışmalarda yüzey pürüzlülük değerleri de çalışılabilir.
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Kaynakça
Akşahin, V. (2009). “Fe37 (St 37) ile 316 paslanmaz çeliğin oksi-gaz ve modern kesme
yöntemleriyle kesilmesinde işlem parametrelerinin etkileri”. Yüksek lisans Tezi, Fen
Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Apay, S., & Egelioğlu, Ö. (2018). İnce Yapısal Çeliklerin CNC Plazma İle Kesim İşlem
Parametrelerinin Yüzey Kalitesine Etkisi. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi,
6(3), 565-573.
Karkın, S., (2006), “Plazma Arkı ile Kesme Prensipleri”, Oerlikon Kaynak Elektrodları ve San.
A.Ş., İstanbul.
Kutlu, A. E., Monno, M., & Bını, R. (2005). Plazma İle Kesme Metoduna Genel Bir Bakış.
Mühendis Ve Makina, 46(541), 21-29.
Kutlu, M. (2006). “Üç Eksenli Masa Tipi Cnc Freze Tezgahı Tasarım Ve İmalatı”, Yüksek
Lisans Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Afyonkarahisar Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Afyon.
Mamadjanov, A. M., Yusupov, S. M., & Sadirov, S. (2021). Advantages and the future of CNC
machines. Scientific progress, 2(1), 1638-1647.
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DOĞAYLA ÖĞRENEN ÇOCUKLARIN BİYOMİMİKRİ İLE DESTEKLENMESİ
Doç. Dr. Raziye PEKŞEN AKÇA (ORCID: 0000-0003-1989-8212)
Kayseri University, Vocational School Develi Hüseyin Şahin, Department of Child
Development, Kayseri-Türkiye
Email: rpeksenakca@kayseri.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Hatice BEKCİ* (ORCID: 0000-0003-3268-709X)
Kayseri University, Vocational School Develi Hüseyin Şahin, Department of Horticulture,
Kayseri-Türkiye
Email: haticebekci@kayseri.edu.tr (Responsible Author)
Öğr. Gör. Umay Büşra CELİLOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0001-9257-7584)
Kayseri University, Vocational School Develi Hüseyin Şahin, Department of Child
Development, Kayseri-Türkiye
Email: busraceliloglu@kayseri.edu.tr
Özet
Biyo; yaşam, doğa ya da hayat mimikri ise taklit kavramlarının birleşmesi ile elde edilen
Biyomimikri, çocukların doğa ile bağlantı kurmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Doğadan ilham alma,
esinlenme anlamına gelen Biyomimikri kavramı farklı çalışma alanlarına katkı sağlamasının
yanında çocuk ve doğa arasında köprü kurmaktadır. Dijitalleşen dünya gittikçe doğa
yoksunluğuna sebep olmakta, modern yaşamın çıktıları çocukları doğal yaşamdan
uzaklaştırmaktadır. Bu durumun bir sonucu olarak buluş yoluyla öğrenme, yaparak-yaşayarak
öğrenme süreci olumsuz yönde etkilenen çocuklar, doğayla sınırlı etkileşimle gelişimlerini
sürdürmektedirler. Rousaeau, Frobel, Dewey, Montessori’ye göre doğa çocuk için etkin bir
öğrenme ortamı sunarak onu destekler. Çocuk için en basit ve en etkin kaynakları içinde
barındıran doğa; çocukların becerilerini fark etmesini sağlayarak aktivite temelli uygulamaları
gerçekleştirerek flora ve fauna türlerine ilişkin bilgi ve beceri edinmesine katkı sağlar. Ayrıca
canlıları keşfetmesi, gözlem yapabilmesi, doğal çevre ile bağlantı kurması, doğadan ilham
alması, farklı ürünler ortaya koyması, doğayı taklit etmesi, çıkarımlar yaparak gelişimlerinin
desteklenmesi noktasında önemlidir. Çocuğun doğal öğrenme akışı içerisinde biyomimikri
stratejisinin kavranılması güç olmakla birlikte eğitimcilerin bu alandaki yetkinliği, çocukların
yaş ve gelişim düzeylerine uygun etkinliklerin hazırlanması, uygulanması kavramın
anlaşılmasını kolaylaştıracaktır. Bu gerekçeler ışığında derleme niteliğinde olan çalışmamızda
biyomimikri stratejisini konu alan etkinlik örneklerine yer verilecektir.
Anahtar Kelime: Biyomimikri, Doğa, Çocuk Gelişimi
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SUPPORTING CHILDREN LEARNING WITH NATURE WITH BIOMIMICRY
Abstract
Bio; life, nature or life mimicry, obtained by combining imitation concepts, Biomimicry
contributes to the connection of children with nature. The concept of biomimicry, which means
inspiration and inspiration from nature, contributes to different fields of study and builds a
bridge between child and nature. The digitalizing world is increasingly causing nature
deprivation, the outputs of modern life are distracting children from natural life. As a result of
this situation, children who are adversely affected by the process of learning by invention,
learning by doing and living, continue to develop with limited interaction with nature.
According to Rousaeau, Frobel, Dewey, Montessori, nature supports it by providing an
effective learning environment for the child. Nature, which contains the simplest and most
effective resources for the child; it enables children to realize their skills and contributes to the
knowledge and skills of the flora and fauna species by performing activity-based practices. In
addition, it is important to explore living things, to be able to observe, to connect with the
natural environment, to be inspired by nature, to produce different products, to imitate nature,
to support their development by making inferences. While it is difficult to understand the
biomimicry strategy in the natural learning flow of the child, the competence of educators in
this field will facilitate the understanding of the concept of preparing and implementing
activities appropriate to the age and development levels of children. In the light of these reasons,
our work, which is a compilation, will include examples of activities related to biomimicry
strategy.
Keyword: Biomimicry, Nature, Child Development
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GİRİŞ
Doğa, yüzyıllardır teknolojik gelişmelere ilham vererek hedeflenen amaçlar için taklit
edilmiştir (Avcı, 2019). Doğa ile bütüncül bir iç içelik insanların yaşamını biçimlendirmiş, yeni
ürünler, teknolojiler ortaya çıkarmasına da zemin hazırlamıştır. Böylece doğanın döngülerini
ve sistemlerini merkeze alan aynı zamanda süreçleri, formlarını dikkate alarak doğanın kendi
çözümlerini de gözlemleyen insanoğlu; doğanın sunduğu eşsiz olanaklardan beslenme fırsatı
yakalamamıştır (Pekşen Akça& Arslan, 2022). Doğadaki canlılar karşılaştıkları problemlere
ilişkin çeşitli çözümler üreterek pek çok bilim insanı ve tasarımcıya da ilham verip onları doğayı
taklit etmeye yönlendirmiştir (Yıldız, 2012). Bu durum da yaşam, doğa, hayat anlamına gelen
“ biyo” ile taklit anlamına gelen “mimikri” kelimelerinin doğmasına (Shimomura, 2010) ve
doğadan öğrenme hareketliliği olarak tanımlanan biyomimikri kavramını geliştirilmesine neden
olmuştur (Van der Hout, 2016).Doğadan öğrenme çocuk için yaşamsal deneyimler sunarak onu
biliş, duygusal gelişim olarak deneyimsel açıdan geliştirir ve öğrenmede entelektüel kökler
oluşturarak, doğayı kapsamlı şekilde açıklamasını sağlar. Çocuk için harika bir deneyim
sağlayan bu durum birkaç yineleme yoluyla daha nitelikli öğrenme deneyimlerine dönüşür.
Kendi öğrenme kapasitesi ve hızı doğrultusunda öğrenmeyi gerçekleştiren, merak ettikleri
konularda derinlemesine araştırma imkânı yakalayarak bilginin kalıcılığını arttıran çocuk
öğrenme motivasyonunu da bu sayede artırır (Bakioğlu ve Karamustafaoğlu, 2020; Arslan,
2022).Çocukları, yenilikçi çözümler yaratmada doğadan ilham alan bir yaklaşım olan
biyomimikri ile tanıştırmak, iş birliği ve problem çözmeye teşvik etmek adına önemlidir
(Williams, Dolenc, Barber ve Lai,2016). Durum ve olayları somutlaştırarak deneyimleme
fırsatı bulmasının sağlanması enek öğrenme olanakları sunulmasının yanında çocuğun çeşitli
permütasyonları sınama fırsatı bulabilmesini de sağlar (Pekşen Akça, 2022). Dahası sanatsal
açıdan da farklı bakış açıları geliştirerek görsel tasarım ürünlerine ilham vermek ve doğanın
tamamlayıcılarını inceleme fırsatı yakalamak çocuk için destekleyicidir. Doğa güzel olduğu
kadar işlevseldir, bu yönünün çocuklar tarafından keşfedilmesi, incelenmesi, yaşama dair bazı
problemlere de çözümler bulmalarını da kolaylaştırır, çocuğu soru sormaya, araştırmaya,
üretmeye, buluş yapmaya, ilgilerini ortaya koyabilme noktasında da destekler (Yıldırım, 2019).
Biyomimikri Etkinlik Örneği
Doğadan ilham alarak biyomimikri’yi eğitim stratejisi olarak kullanmak çocukların yeni
tasarımsal fikirler ortaya koymaları, doğada yer alan farklı türlere ait detaylı bilgi edinmelerini
sağlar. Okul dışı öğrenme ortamlarında saha gözlemi yapma fırsatı yakalayan çocuk doğanın
problem durumlarına ilişkin buldukları çözümleri detaylandırarak hayal gücünü de besler.
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Mevcut uygulama örnekleri okul dışı ortamlarda doğa ile bütünleşerek gerçekleştirilebileceği
gibi sınıf ortamında da biyomimikri temelli uygulamalarının yapılması mümkündür. Aşağıda
sınıf ortamında biyomimikri uygulama sürecine ilişkin bir etkinlik örneği sunulmuştur.
Süre: Zaman sınırlaması yoktur.
Etkinliğin Amacı:
✓ Çocukların doğanın kendi problem durumlarına ilişkin bulduğu çözüm yollarını
gözlemleyerek bir nesne tasarlamasını sağlamak (şemdiye, gözlük vb.)
✓ Canlı organizmaları tasarım ilhamı olarak görebilmek,
✓ Problem durumlarına ilişkin birden fazla çözüm geliştirmelerini sağlamak,
Çocuklar için;
✓ Biyomimikri’yi örneklendirerek somutlaştırın
✓ Biyomimikri çalışmalarını konu alan fotoğraf ve video görsellerinden yararlanarak
onlara örnekler gösterin
✓ Bir türün özelliklerinin, türün hayatta kalması için nasıl avantaj ve dezavantaj
sağlayabileceğini hakkında bilgi verin.
Etkinlik: Çocukları küçük gruplar haline ayırın ve kara- deniz hayvanlarının yer aldığı
afişleri sınıftaki masalar üzerinde bırakın. Bu afişlerde yer alan canlıları yakından
gözlemleyebilmeleri için sınıf ortamına bunları getirin. Örneğin solucan, tırtıl, karınca,
kelebek ya da hamsi, Japon balığı vb. gibi. Çocuklarla canlıları incelemesi ve kendi aralarında
afişlerdeki görselleri ile farklılıkların ve benzerliklerinin olup olmadığı hakkında
konuşmalarını sağlayın. Sonrasında bu canlıları konu alan bazı sorular sorarak süreci oyunla
destekleyin. Örneğin ben hem bir fanusta hem de denizde yaşarım, yüzgeçlerim ve
solungaçlarım vardır? Sizce ben bir solucan olabilir miyim?
Çocukları bu süreçte
gözlemleyin ve çocuklara ipuçları verin. Beklenmedik ifadeler olduğunda gerekli
açıklamaları yaparak başka açıdan bir ilişki varsa çocuğun yakalamasını sağlayın. Çocuklara
afişte/ortamda yer alan canlıları incelemeleri, doğaya nasıl bir katkı sağladıklarını düşünerek
ilham aldıkları yönlerini belirtmelerini isteyin. Çocukları herhangi bir canlıyı yapı ve işlev
olarak incelemesini, iki/üç boyutlu bir ürün ortaya koymaları noktasında destekleyin. Bunun
için farklı özelliklerde boyalar, artık materyaller, 3D yazıcıları kullanabilirsiniz.
Etkinlik Çıktıları:
✓ Sizi şaşırtan söylemler oldu mu?
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✓ Çocuklarla doğadan ilham almanın yararlarının neler olacağı hakkında düşünmelerini
sağlayın?
✓ Bilim insanlarının doğadan ilham alarak tasarladıkları nesneler var mı?
✓ Doğanın bir ilham kaynağı olarak görülmesi bizim için neden önemlidir?
Değerlendirme: Çocuklar yaptıkları ürünleri ilişkin paylaşım yaparak doğadan ilham alarak
hazırladıkları ürün ile organizma arasında nasıl bir bağ kurdular, tasarlamak istedikleri başka
bir ürün var mı? Bu konu hakkında paylaşım yapılacaktır.
SONUÇ
Çocukların doğa ile doğrudan etkileşim içerisinde olmalarını sağlayacak biyomimikri
etkinlikleri ile desteklenmeleri, eğlenceli bir öğrenme ortamı olmasının yanında farklı olay ve
durumları deneyimleme olasılığı taşıdığı için çocuk için oldukça destekleyicidir. Doğanın
işlevsel yönünün çocuklar tarafından keşfedilmesini, incelenmesini sağlayacak, çocuğun
yaşama ilişkin problem durumlarına yönelik çözümler bulmasını kolaylaştıracak çalışmalarının
yapılması çocuğun çeşitli konularda bilgi ve beceri edinmesi olanağı da yakalar.
Biyomimikri çocuklarda yirmi birinci yüzyıl becerilerinden; yaratıcılık, eleştirel düşünme,
problem çözme ve işbirlikçi olmayı desteklemektedir (Williams, Dolenc, Barber ve Lai,2016).
Bu nedenle biyomimikri kavramı eğitimin her aşamasına entegre edilerek çocuklara sunulabilir,
bir eğitim stratejisine dönüştürülebilir. Çocukların yaş ve gelişim düzeylerine uygun
etkinliklerin alan uzmanlarınca planlanması, bireysel ve grup olarak canlıları anlamaları
kolaylaştırır. Doğanın zarafetinden esinlenen, doğa ile güçlü bir ilişki kuran ve buluş yoluyla
öğrenme fırsatı yakalayan çocuk sunacaktır. Doğanın kendi döngüsünün gözlemlenmesi, bir
atığın başka bir canlı için kaynak olduğunun keşfedilmesi, sürdürülebilirlik, verimlilik, dengeyi
yeniden sağlayabilme gibi konularda çocukların bilgi ve becerileri geliştirmesini sağlayacaktır.
Kısacası doğaya karşı duyarlılığı gelişmiş çocukların yetişmesine zemin hazırlayacaktır.
1138
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKÇA
Avcı, F. (2019). Doğa ve İnovasyon: okullarda biyomimikri. Anadolu Öğretmen Dergisi, 3(2),
214-233.
Arslan, R. (2022). Okul Dışı Öğrenme Alanları ve Ortamlarının Geliştirilmesi. Okul Dışı Eğitim
ve Öğrenme Nedir? (Pp.7-20), İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları.
Bakioğlu, B. &Karamustafaoğlu, O.(2020). Okul Dışı Öğrenme Ortamlarına Öğretim
Sürecinde Kullanımına Yönelik Öğrenci Görüşleri. İnformal Ortamlarda Araştırma
Dergisi, 5 (1), 80-94
Pekşen Akça, R., (2022). Okul Dışı Öğrenme Alanları ve Ortamlarının Geliştirilmesi. Erken
Çocuklukta Okul Dışı Öğrenme Ortamı (Pp.115-132), İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınları.
Pekşen Akça, R. ve Arslan, R.(2022). Çocuk Gelişiminde İnovatif Tasarım Yaklaşımı:
Biyomimikri. Ege 7th Internatıonal Conference On Socıal Scıences December 24-25.
Shimomura M. (2010). New trends in next generation biomimetics material technology:
learning from biodiversity. Sci Technol Trends Q Rev, 37: 53-75.
McBride, B.B., Brewer, C. A. Berkowitz, A. R. & Borrie. W. T. 2013. “Environmental Literacy,
Ecological Literacy, Ecoliteracy: What Do We Mean and How Did We Get
Here?” Ecosphere 4 (5): 1-20.
Williams, D., Dolenc, N., Barber, A., & Lai, G. (2016). Learning From Nature. Pre-service
Teachers Use of Biomimicry as a Teaching Strategy. In G. Chamblee & L. Langub
(Eds.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education
International Conference (pp. 2670-2674).
Van der Hout, S. (2016). Organisms as Teachers? The Promise of Biomimicry. In: Bovenkerk,
B., Keulartz, J. (eds) Animal Ethics in the Age of Humans. The International Library of
Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, vol 23. Springer
Yıldırım, B. (2019). Fen bilgisi öğretmen adaylarının STEM eğitiminde biyomimikri
uygulamalarına
yönelik
görüşleri. Gazi
Dergisi, 39(1): 63-90.
1139
Üniversitesi
Gazi
Eğitim
Fakültesi
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BATMAN İLİ AÇIKTA SEBZE ÜRETİMİNİN EKONOMİK ANALİZİ
Doç. Dr. Görkem ÖZTÜRK (ORCID:0000-0003-3767-0537)
Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Siirt-Türkiye
Email:gorkem.ozturk@siirt.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Fırat BARAN (ORCID:0000-0002-7657-1227)
Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biosystem Engineering, Siirt-Türkiye
Email:firat.baran@siirt.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Belma DOĞAN ÖZ*(ORCID:0000-0003-1766-0016)
Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Siirt-Türkiye
Email:belma.doganoz@siirt.edu.tr
Özet
Bu araştırmada, Batman ilinde açıkta üretilen sebze ürünlerinin 2022-2023 üretim dönemi
ekonomik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Batman İl
Müdürlüğünün verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Ekonomik analiz kapsamında sebze üretimine
ilişkin yapılan üretim masrafları, elde edilen brüt üretim değerleri, brüt karlar, net karlar ve
nispi karlar tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlarına göre ortalama reel üretim
masrafının en yüksek sivri biber üretiminde (3646.83 TL/da), en düşük kavun üretiminde
(427.54 TL/da) yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Ortalama brüt kar dolmalık biber üretiminde 3528.17
TL/da, sivri biber üretiminde 2306.72 TL/da, domates üretiminde 1949.72 TL/da, hıyar
üretiminde 3397.62 TL/da, kabak üretiminde 2481.17 TL/da, karpuz üretiminde 2072.12
TL/da, kavun üretiminde 986.27 TL/da, beyaz lahana üretiminde 1526.65 TL/da, marul
üretiminde 1977.29 TL/da, patlıcan üretiminde 3327.68 TL/da olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama
net kar açısından en yüksek değerin patlıcan üretiminde (2813.48TL/da), en düşük değerin
kavun üretiminde (888.92 TL/da) elde edildiği saptanmıştır. Batman ili açıkta sebze üretiminde
nispi karlar incelendiğinde en yüksek nispi karın karpuz üretiminde (4.98), en düşük nispi karın
ise domates üretiminde (1.33) olduğu bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: sebze üretimi, brüt kar, net kar, nispi kar, ekonomik analiz
1140
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF OPEN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN BATMAN
PROVINCE
Abstract
In this research, an economic analysis of openly produced vegetable products in Batman
province was carried out for the 2022-2023 production period. In the research, data from
Batman Provincial Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry was used. Within
the scope of economic analysis, production costs related to vegetable production, gross
production values obtained, gross profits, net profits and relative profits were determined.
According to the results obtained from the research, it was determined that the average real
production cost was highest in green pepper production (3646.83 TL/da) and lowest in melon
production (427.54 TL/da). Average gross profit is 3528.17 TL/da in bell pepper production,
2306.72 TL/da in green pepper production, 1949.72 TL/da in tomato production, 3397.62 TL/da
in cucumber production, 2481.17 TL/da in zucchini production, 2072.12 TL/da in watermelon
production, 986.27 TL/da in melon production. TL/da is calculated as 1526.65 TL/da in white
cabbage production, 1977.29 TL/da in lettuce production, and 3327.68 TL/da in eggplant
production. It was determined that the highest value in terms of average net profit was obtained
in eggplant production (2813.48 TL/da) and the lowest value in melon production (888.92
TL/da). When the relative profits in open field vegetable production in Batman province were
examined, it was found that the highest relative profit was in watermelon production (4.98) and
the lowest relative profit was in tomato production (1.33).
Keywords: vegetable production, gross profit, net profit, relative profit, economic analysis
1141
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Tarımda bitkisel üretim içerisinde önemli konumda bulunan sebzeler, bitkinin kendisinin veya
meyvesinin pişmiş veya çiğ olarak tüketilebildiği gıda ürünleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır.
Sebzeler insan ve hayvan beslenmesinde temel besin ürünleri olarak tüketilen kalori değeri
yüksek gıdalardır. Bu nedenle Dünya çapında sebze üretimine önem verilmekte; ülkelerin
ihracatında önemli bir yer almaktadır (Pirinç ve Akalp, 2023).Dengeli bir beslenme için
vazgeçilmez bir gereklilik olan sebze üretiminde, kaynakların etkin kullanımının
sağlanabilmesi hem tüketici hem üreticiler açısından önemlidir. Tarımsal verimliliği artırmak
ve/veya girdi kullanımının optimizasyonu için kaynakların ne derece etkin kullanıldığının
belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu konuda yapılması gereken en önemli çalışmalardan biri ise,
bölgelere göre üretim maliyetlerinin ve kârlılıklarının ortaya konulmasıdır (Hayran ve Gül,
2020). İşletmelerin üretimden sağlayacakları faydaya karşı oluşacak maliyetleri göz önünde
bulundurmaları ve yönetim kararları alırken bu stratejik karşılaştırmaları hesaplamaları
gerekmektedir. İşletmelerde etkin yönetimin sağlayabilmek için maliyetlerin doğru şekilde
hesaplanmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır (Bayramoğlu ve ark., 2021).Bugüne kadar birçok
çalışmada ürünlerin maliyetleri hesaplanmıştır (Kadanalı ve ark., 2008; Bayraktar ve Saner,
2010; Engindeniz ve ark., 2010; Ağır ve Saner, 2014; Semerci ve Çelik, 2019; Örük ve
Engindeniz, 2019). Literatürde ürünlerin üretim maliyetleri sıklıkla hesaplanmış olup üretim
maliyetleri girdi maliyetleri ile ilişkili olarak sürekli değişmektedir. Bu nedenle çalışmaların
zaman içinde tekrarlanarak tarımsal
üretim
maliyetlerinin
hesaplanmasına ihtiyaç
duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Batman’da yaygın olarak üretimi yapılan biber (dolmalık), biber
(sivri), domates, hıyar, kabak, karpuz, kavun, lahana, marul, patlıcanın üretim maliyetleri
hesaplanmıştır.
2.MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM
Çalışmanın materyalini ikincil nitelikli veriler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada Batman Tarım ve
Orman İl Müdürlüğü Brifing Raporları, konu ile ilgili daha önce yapılmış tez, makale, kongre
bildirileri, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) tarafından yayınlanmış kaynaklar ve istatistiksel
kayıtlardan yararlanılmıştır.Çalışmada sebze üretim faaliyetinin karlılık durumunu ortaya
koyabilmek için brüt kar, net kar ve nispi kar analizi yapılmıştır. Brüt karın hesaplanmasında,
brüt üretim değerinden değişken masraflar çıkartılmıştır. Net karın hesaplanmasında brüt
üretim değerinden üretim masrafları (değişken masraflar + sabit masraflar) çıkartılmıştır. Nispi
kar ise brüt üretim değerinin üretim masraflarına bölünmesiyle hesaplanmıştır.
1142
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çalışmada değişken masraflar: materyal masraflarını oluşturan fide/ tohum, gübre, zirai
mücadele ilaçcı, elektrik (sulama) masrafları, işgücü masrafları ve diğer masraflar ile döner
sermaye faiz karşılığından oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada sabit masraflar ise arazi kirası ve yönetim
payından oluşmaktadır. Genel yönetim giderleri toplam değişken masrafların %3’ü olarak
hesaplanmıştır.
3.ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI
Batman ilinde üretimi yapılan sebzelerin 2013 yılı itibariyle ekilen alan miktarları
incelendiğinde, en yüksek ekilen alan büyüklüğü ve üretim miktarının karpuz ürününe ait
olduğu belirlenmiştir. Karpuzun yıllar itibariyle ekilen alan miktarında meydana gelen değişim
incelendiğinde ekilen alan miktarının 2019 yılından 2023 yılana gelindiğinde artış gösterdiği,
11690 da’dan 12224 da’a ulaştığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Ekilen alan miktarının artış gösteriyor
olmasına karşın üretim miktarının azaldığı 26184 tondan 24562 tona gerilediği belirlenmiştir.
2023 yılı itibariyle ekilen alan miktarı bakımından ikinci sırada yer alan ürün 8437 da ile kavun
olurken, onu sırasıyla 4800 da alan ile domates, 1830 da ile hıyar, 1152 da ile patlıcan, 973 da
ile biber (dolmalık), 695 da ile biber (sivri), 450 da ile marul, 400 da ile kabak, 300 da ile lahana
izlemektedir (Çizelge 1).2023 yılı itibarıyla Batman ili sebze üretim miktarı bakımından ikinci
sırada yer alan ürün 18750 ton ile domates olurken, onu sırasıyla 15726 ton ile hıyar, 8864 ton
ile kavun, 5115 ton ile patlıcan, 3259 ton ile biber (dolmalık), 1689 ton ile biber (sivri), 1600
ton ile kabak, 1350 ton ile marul, 900 ton ile lahana izlemektedir (Çizelge 1).
Türkiye genelinde 2019 yılından 2023 yılına gelindiğinde biber ve lahana ekim alanlarının
azalırken üretim miktarının arttığı, domates, hıyar, karpuz, kavun, marul, patlıcan ekim
alanlarının ve üretim miktarlarının azaldığı, kabak üretim alanlarının ve üretim miktarının
arttığı belirlenmiştir (Çizelge 1).
1143
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 1: 2023 Yılı Batman İli ve Türkiye’de Biber (Dolmalık), Biber (Sivri), Domates, Hıyar,
Kabak, Karpuz, Kavun, Lahana, Marul, Patlıcan Ekim Alanı (da) ve Üretim Miktarları (ton)
Türkiye
Batman
Ürünler
Yıl
Ekilen
İndeks
Üretim
İndeks
Ekilen
İndeks
Üretim
İndeks
Alan
(2019=100)
Miktarı
(2019=100)
Alan
(2019=100)
Miktarı
(2019=100)
2019
730
100.00
2047
100.00
122952
100.00
371918
100.00
0.55
2020
678
92.88
2096
102.39
122523
99.65
389957
104.85
0.54
2021
876
120.00
2823
137.91
123388
100.35
420918
113.17
0.67
2022
870
119.18
2832
138.35
116672
94.89
404459
108.75
0.70
2023
973
133.29
3259
159.21
114197
92.88
395441
106.32
0.82
2019
735
100.00
1701
100.00
277642
100.00
902203
100.00
0.19
2020
675
91.84
1624
95.47
265863
95.76
838890
92.98
0.19
2021
675
91.84
1625
95.53
277868
100.08
1064633
118.00
0.15
2022
668
90.88
1602
94.18
261893
94.33
979180
108.53
0.16
2023
695
94.56
1689
99.29
251672
90.65
939178
104.10
0.18
2019
4270
100.00
10570
100.00
1191772
100.00
8836055
100.00
0.12
2020
4900
114.75
17776
168.17
1116588
93.69
8656435
97.97
0.21
2021
4440
103.98
16579
156.85
1070081
89.79
8580522
97.11
0.19
2022
4570
107.03
17125
162.02
984391
82.60
7954856
90.03
0.22
2023
4800
112.41
18750
177.39
958116
80.39
7749152
87.70
0.24
2019
2780
100.00
11653
100.00
289287
100.00
1748157
100.00
0.67
2020
2230
80.22
14280
122.54
260482
90.04
1678341
96.01
0.85
2021
2050
73.74
13596
116.67
259301
89.63
1696520
97.05
0.80
2022
1870
67.27
14281
122.55
258960
89.52
1690523
96.70
0.84
2023
1830
65.83
15276
131.09
239349
82.74
1562058
89.35
0.98
2019
380
100.00
1520
100.00
96716
100.00
447830
100.00
0.34
2020
380
100.00
1576
103.68
99746
103.13
547208
122.19
0.29
2021
380
100.00
1520
100.00
104968
108.53
609622
136.13
0.25
2022
450
118.42
1800
118.42
104323
107.87
590362
131.83
0.30
2023
400
105.26
1600
105.26
98816
102.17
573617
128.09
0.28
2019
11690
100.00
26184
100.00
833657
100.00
3870515
100.00
0.68
2020
10202
87.27
24919
95.17
740345
88.81
3491554
90.21
0.71
2021
10838
92.71
19629
74.97
729485
87.50
3468717
89.62
0.57
2022
11436
97.83
25637
97.91
690207
82.79
3394783
87.71
0.76
2023
12224
104.57
24562
93.81
640700
76.85
3147921
81.33
0.78
2019
5393
100.00
7741
100.00
721758
100.00
1777059
100.00
0.44
2020
6670
123.68
8422
108.80
690904
95.73
1724856
97.06
0.49
2021
6321
117.21
5355
69.18
668753
92.66
1638638
92.21
0.33
2022
10168
188.54
12117
156.53
627243
86.90
1587230
89.32
0.76
2023
8437
156.44
8864
114.51
548123
75.94
1403214
78.96
0.63
2019
350
100.00
1400
100.00
137114
100.00
567622
100.00
0.25
Lahana
2020
350
100.00
1050
75.00
136400
99.48
594143
104.67
0.18
(Beyaz)
2021
350
100.00
1050
75.00
132115
96.35
597910
105.34
0.18
2022
300
85.71
900
64.29
125985
91.88
666959
117.50
0.13
Biber
(Dolmalık)
Biber
(Sivri)
Domates
(Sofralık)
Hıyar
(Sofralık)
Kabak
(Sakız)
Karpuz
Kavun
1144
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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Marul
(Göbekli)
Patlıcan
2023
300
85.71
900
64.29
129855
94.71
695472
122.52
0.13
2019
380
100.00
1520
100.00
91439
100.00
215728
100.00
0.70
2020
380
100.00
1140
75.00
93874
102.66
225639
104.59
0.51
2021
380
100.00
1140
75.00
83576
91.40
212091
98.31
0.54
2022
400
105.26
1200
78.95
80148
87.65
204422
94.76
0.59
2023
450
118.42
1350
88.82
83260
91.06
211660
98.11
0.64
2019
1455
100.00
4468
100.00
193067
100.00
822659
100.00
0.54
2020
1282
88.11
5319
119.05
182739
94.65
835422
101.55
0.64
2021
1292
88.80
5384
120.50
172851
89.53
832938
101.25
0.65
2022
1241
85.29
5154
115.35
166751
86.37
781242
94.97
0.66
2023
1152
79.18
5115
114.48
166619
86.30
817591
99.38
0.63
Kaynak: TÜİK,2023
İncelenen sebze ürünlerinin üretim masraflarına ilişkin bulgular Çizelge 2’de verilmiştir.
Batman ilinde üretilen sebze ürünlerinden en yüksek üretim masrafına sahip olan ürün 16621.02
TL/da ile biber (sivri) olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu ürünü sırasıyla 16494.57 TL/da ile domates,
15265.87 TL/da ile biber (dolmalık), 14336.21 TL/da ile marul, 14177.10 TL/da ile patlıcan
izlemektedir. En düşük üretim maliyetine sahip ürün ise 1948.59 TL/da ile kavun olmuştur
(Çizelge 2).Biber (dolmalık) üretim masraflarının %21.92’sini toplam sabit masrafların,
%78.08’ini değişken masrafların, biber (sivri) üretim masraflarının %20.36’sını toplam sabit
masrafların, %79.64’ünü değişken masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Domates üretim
masraflarının ise %’20.50’si toplam sabit masraflardan, %79.50’si değişken masrafların
oluşmaktadır. Hıyar üretim masraflarının %27.61’ini toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken,
%72.39’unu değişken masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Kabak üretim masraflarının
%27.23’ünü toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %72.77’sini değişken masrafların
oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Karpuz üretim masraflarının %20.03’ünü toplam sabit masraflar
oluştururken, %79.97’sini değişken masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Kavun üretim
masraflarının %22.77’sini toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %77.23’ünü değişken
masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Lahana üretim masraflarının %’19.27sini toplam sabit
masraflar oluştururken, %80.73’ünü değişken masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Marul
üretim masraflarının %16.38’ini toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %83.62’sini değişken
masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Patlıcan üretim masraflarının %16.53’ünü toplam sabit
masraflar oluştururken, %83.47’sini değişken masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir (Çizelge
2).Biber (dolmalık), biber (sivri), domates, hıyar, kabak, lahana, marul ve patlıcan ürünlerinde
değişken masrafların içinde en yüksek payı alan kalemin materyal masraflarından olan fide ve
tohum masrafı olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Karpuzda ve kavunda ise değişken masrafların içinde
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
en yüksek payı alan kalem işgücü masraflarından olan hasat masrafı olarak belirlenmiştir
(Çizelge 2).
Çizelge 2: 2023 yılı Batman İlinde Üretilen Sebzelerin (Biber, Domates, Hıyar, Kabak, Karpuz,
Kavun, Lahana, Marul, Patlıcan) Üretim Masrafları
Masraf Tutarı (TL/da)
Masraf Unsurları
Domates
Hıyar
Kabak
(Dolmalık) (Sivri)
(Sofralık)
(Sofralık)
(Sakız)
Fide/Tohum
5400.00
6750.00
6750.00
3250.00
Gübre
617.50
617.50
617.50
Elektrik (Sulama)
1250.00
1250.00
162.00
Biber
Biber
Lahana
Marul
(Beyaz)
(Göbek)
60.00
4000.00
6000.00
5750.00
203.00
203.00
637.50
637.50
745.00
625.00
-
-
780.00
780.00
780.00
162.00
138.00
40.00
40.00
72.00
48.00
48.00
8309.50
5021.75
5326.75
580.50
303.00
5489.50
7465.50
7323.00
360.00
360.00
360.00
360.00
180.00
180.00
360.00
360.00
360.00
437.50
531.25
500.00
250.00
375.00
52.00
52.00
375.00
687.50
687.50
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
52.00
52.00
68.00
68.00
68.00
Sulama
272.00
272.00
170.00
204.00
136.00
-
-
170.00
170.00
170.00
Zirai Mücadele
204.00
204.00
204.00
204.00
170.00
60.00
60.00
102.00
68.00
68.00
Çapalama
340.00
340.00
340.00
340.00
340.00
-
-
340.00
340.00
340.00
Hasat
850.00
850.00
510.00
510.00
510.00
340.00
340.00
340.00
340.00
340.00
Alt Toplamı
2531.50
2625.25
2152.00
1936.00
1959.00
684.00
684.00
1755.00
2033.50
2033.50
Çuval/Kasa
650.00
420.00
1400.00
665.00
500.00
-
-
1400.00
1400.00
1400.00
Nakliye
375.00
375.00
225.00
225.00
225.00
400.00
400.00
150.00
150.00
150.00
1025.00
795.00
1625.00
890.00
725.00
400.00
400.00
1550.00
1550.00
1550.00
1036.98
1027.35
667.06
680.91
141.48
117.90
747.53
939.17
927.05
13236.73 13113.85
8514.81
8691.66
1805.98
1504.90
9542.03
11988.17 11833.55
346.06
384.29
380.72
247.20
252.34
52.43
43.69
277.03
348.04
343.55
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
3000.00
400.00
400.00
2000.00
2000.00
2000.00
3346.06
3384.29
3380.72
3247.20
3252.34
452.43
443.69
2277.03
2348.04
2343.55
15265.87
16621.02 16494.57
11762.01
11944.0
2258.41
1948.59
11819.06 14336.21 14177.10
Karpuz
Kavun
4000.00
337.50
674.75
563.75
780.00
935.00
162.00
162.00
7429.50
8779.50
Toprak İşleme
360.00
Dikim/Ekim
Gübreleme
Patlıcan
Materyal
Masrafları
Zirai
Mücadele
İlacı
Alt Toplamı
İşgücü Masrafları
Diğer Masraflar
Alt Toplamı
Döner
Sermaye 933.81
Faizi (%8.5)
Toplam
Değişken 11919.81
Masraflar
Yönetim Karşılığı
(% 3)
Arazi kirası
Toplam
Sabit
Masraflar
Üretim Masrafları
0
Kaynak: TOB, 2023
İncelenen sebze ürünlerinin üretiminin ekonomik yönden başarısının değerlendirilmesi
amacıyla elde edilen bulgular Çizelge 3 de verilmiştir. Batman ilinde üretilen sebze ürünlerinin
üretim masrafları, brüt üretim değerleri, brüt karları, net karları ve nispi karları incelenmiştir.
1146
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlarına göre ortalama reel üretim masrafının en yüksek sivri biber
üretiminde (3646.83 TL/da), en düşük kavun üretiminde (427.54 TL/da) yapıldığı
belirlenmiştir. Ortalama brüt kar dolmalık biber üretiminde 3528.17 TL/da, sivri biber
üretiminde 2306.72 TL/da, domates üretiminde 1949.72 TL/da, hıyar üretiminde 3397.62
TL/da, kabak üretiminde 2481.17 TL/da, karpuz üretiminde 2072.12 TL/da, kavun üretiminde
986.27 TL/da, beyaz lahana üretiminde 1526.65 TL/da, marul üretiminde 1977.29 TL/da,
patlıcan üretiminde 3327.68 TL/da olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama net kar açısından en yüksek
değerin patlıcan üretiminde (2813.48TL/da), en düşük değerin kavun üretiminde (888.92
TL/da) elde edildiği saptanmıştır. Batman ili açıkta sebze üretiminde nispi karlar incelendiğinde
en yüksek nispi karın karpuz üretiminde (4.98), en düşük nispi karın ise domates üretiminde
(1.33) olduğu bulunmuştur (Çizelge 3).
Çizelge 3: 2023 yılı Biber (Dolmalık), Biber (Sivri), Domates, Hıyar, Kabak, Karpuz, Kavun,
Lahana, Marul, Patlıcan Yıllık Faaliyet Sonuçları
Yıllık
Faaliyet
sonuçları
Verim (kg/da
Ürünler
Biber
Biber
Domates
Hıyar
Kabak
(Dolmalık) (Sivri)
(Sofralık) (Sofralık) (Sakız)
3500.00
Karpuz Kavun
Lahana Marul
(Beyaz) (Göbek)
Patlıcan
2500.00
4000.00
4000.00
4000.00 2500.00 1000.00 3000.00 3000.00
4500.00
Reel Satış Fiyatı (TL/kg) 1.76
2.08
1.21
1.32
1.10
1.32
Brüt
Değeri 6143.50
5211.00
4827.03
5265.86
4388.21 2468.37 1316.46 3620.28 4607.62
5924.09
Reel Değişken Masraflar 2615.33
2904.28
2877.32
1868.24
1907.04 396.25
330.19
2093.62 2630.33
2596.41
3646.83
3619.09
2580.71
2620.64 495.52
427.54
2593.23 3145.52
3110.61
Üretim
0.99
1.32
1.21
1.54
(TL/da)
(TL/da)
Reel Üretim Masrafları 3349.49
(TL/da)
Brüt Kar (TL/da)
3528.17
2306.72
1949.72
3397.62
2481.17 2072.12 986.27
1526.65 1977.29
3327.68
Net Kar (TL/da)
2794.00
1564.17
1207.95
2685.15
1767.57 1972.85 888.92
1027.05 1462.11
2813.48
Nispi Kar
1.83
1.43
1.33
2.04
1.67
1.40
1.90
4.98
3.08
1.46
*2020 yılı Tarım Ürünleri Üretici Fiyat Endeksine göre reel hale getirilmiştir.
4.SONUÇ
Bu araştırmada, Batman ilinde açıkta üretilen sebze ürünlerinin 2022-2023 üretim dönemi
ekonomik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Batman İl
Müdürlüğünün verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. Ekonomik analiz kapsamında sebze üretimine
ilişkin yapılan üretim masrafları, elde edilen brüt üretim değerleri, brüt karlar, net karlar ve
nispi karlar tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlarına göre ortalama reel üretim
masrafının en yüksek sivri biber üretiminde (3646.83 TL/da), en düşük kavun üretiminde
(427.54 TL/da) yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Ortalama brüt kar dolmalık biber üretiminde 3528.17
1147
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
TL/da, sivri biber üretiminde 2306.72 TL/da, domates üretiminde 1949.72 TL/da, hıyar
üretiminde 3397.62 TL/da, kabak üretiminde 2481.17 TL/da, karpuz üretiminde 2072.12
TL/da, kavun üretiminde 986.27 TL/da, beyaz lahana üretiminde 1526.65 TL/da, marul
üretiminde 1977.29 TL/da, patlıcan üretiminde 3327.68 TL/da olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama
net kar açısından en yüksek değerin patlıcan üretiminde (2813.48TL/da), en düşük değerin
kavun üretiminde (888.92 TL/da) elde edildiği saptanmıştır. Batman ili açıkta sebze üretiminde
nispi karlar incelendiğinde en yüksek nispi karın karpuz üretiminde (4.98), en düşük nispi karın
ise domates üretiminde (1.33) olduğu bulunmuştur.Bölgede ve Türkiye genelinde maliyet ve
kârlılık analizlerinin uygun üretim faaliyetleri arasında seçim yapmak ve kaynakları etkin
kullanmak için yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir. Ele alınan ürünlerin üretiminin plansız
bir şekilde artması halinde ciddi fiyat dalgalanmaları yaşanabilir. Bu ürünlerin, üretim
miktarlarının artırılmasına ve bu ürünlerin yetiştiriciliğinin yaygınlaştırılmasına yönelik
alınacak önlemlerde, piyasa talebindeki olası değişiklikler, ilgili tarımsal ve gıda sanayinin
durumu ve ihracat olanakları göz önüne alınmalıdır. Enflasyon ve ithalattan kaynaklı tarımsal
girdi fiyatlarındaki değişikliklerden dolayı ürün maliyet ve kâr düzeyleri değişeceğinden
akademik açıdan benzer çalışmaların yapılmasına devam edilmesi gerekmektedir.
1148
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKLAR
Ağır, H. B., Saner, G. (2014). İzmir İli Emiralem Beldesinde Açıkta ve Örtüaltı Çilek
Yetiştiriciliğinde Üretim Maliyetlerinin Belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi
Dergisi 51(2): 145-152.
Anonim (2023). Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Batman İl Müdürlüğü kayıtları.
Engindeniz, S., Yılmaz, İ., Durmuşoğlu, E., Yağmur, B., Eltez, R.Z., Demirtaş, B., Engindeniz,
D., Tatarhan, A. H. (2010). Sera Sebzelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Girdi Analizi. Ekoloji
19(74): 122-130.
Bayraktar, Ö., Saner, G. (2010). Ege Bölgesinde Entegre Mücadele Programı Uygulanan Örtü
altı Domates Yetiştiriciliğinin Teknik ve Ekonomik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi: Muğla İli
Örnek Olayı. Türkiye IX. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi 22-24 Eylül 2010, Şanlıurfa
Bayramoğlu, Z., Karakayacı, Z., Ağızan, K., Ağızan, S., et al. (2021). Başlıca Sebze
Ürünlerinde Üretim Maliyetlerini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş
Sütçü
İmam
Üniversitesi
Tarım
Ve
Doğa
Dergisi,
24(3),
603-613.
https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.764181
Bayramoğlu, Z., Karakayacı, Z., Ağızan, K., Ağızan, S., et al. (2021). Başlıca Sebze
Ürünlerinde Üretim Maliyetlerini Etkileyen Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş
Sütçü
İmam
Üniversitesi
Tarım
Ve
Doğa
Dergisi,
24(3),
603-613.
https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.764181 Hayran, S., Gül, A. (2020). Mersin
İlinde
Bazı
Önemli
Sebzelerin
Karlılığı. Ziraat
Mühendisliği(370),
45-53.
https://doi.org/10.33724/zm.708295
Hayran, S., Gül, A. (2020). Mersin İlinde Bazı Önemli Sebzelerin Karlılığı. Ziraat
Mühendisliği(370), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.33724/zm.708295
Kadanalı, E., Saklıca, A., Dağdemir, V. (2008). Erzurum İli Uzundere İlçesinde Serada Hıyar
ve Domates Üretim Maliyeti ve Pazarlama Yapısı . VIII. Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi
(pp.474-484). Bursa, Turkey
Örük, G., Engindeniz, S. (2019). A Research on the Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Tomato
Production in Mugla Province, Ege Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 56 (3):345-358, DOI:
10.20289/zfdergi.502941
Pirinç, V., Akalp, E. (2023). Dünya ve Türkiye’deki Sebze Üretim Potansiyelinin
İncelenmesi. Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical
Sciences, 10(29), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10010050
1149
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Semerci, A., ve Çelik, A. D. (2019). Türkiye’de Pamuk Üretiminin Ekonomik Analizi: Hatay
İli Örneği. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 7, 246-252.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK), “Tarımsal İstatistikler”, http://www. tuik.gov.tr. (Erişim
Tarihi: Nisan 2024)
1150
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BATMAN İLİ TARLA BİTKİLERİ ÜRETİMİNİN KARLILIK ANALİZİ
Doç. Dr. Görkem ÖZTÜRK (ORCID:0000-0003-3767-0537)
Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Siirt-Türkiye
Email: gorkem.ozturk@siirt.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Mehmet Fırat BARAN (ORCID:0000-0002-7657-1227)
Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Biosystem Engineering, Siirt-Türkiye
Email: firat.baran@siirt.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Belma DOĞAN ÖZ* (ORCID:0000-0003-1766-0016)
Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Siirt-Türkiye
Email: belma.doganoz@siirt.edu.tr
Özet
Bu araştırmada, Batman ilinde üretilen tarla bitkileri ürünlerinin (buğday, arpa, kırmızı
mercimek, mısır ve pamuk) karlılık durumu Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Batman İl
Müdürlüğünün 2023 dönemi verileri ile analiz edilmiştir. Batman ilinde üretilen tarla bitkileri
ürünlerinin üretim masrafları, brüt üretim değerleri, brüt karları, net karları ve nispi karları
incelenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlarına göre, arpa üretiminin ortalama reel üretim
masrafı 381.17 TL/da, kuru buğday üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 421.49 TL/da, sulu
buğday üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 698.47 TL/da, kırmızı mercimek üretiminin
ortalama reel üretim masrafı 389.85 TL/da, dane mısır üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı
1516.06 TL/da, ikinci ürün silajlık mısır üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 1247.62 TL/da,
nohut üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 453.61 TL/da ve pamuk üretiminin ortalama reel
üretim masrafı 1750.12 TL/da olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama brüt kar arpa üretiminde 459.62
TL/da, kuru buğday üretiminde 552.81 TL/da, sulu buğday üretiminde 744.89 TL/da, kırmızı
mercimek üretiminde 507.51 TL/da, dane mısır üretiminde 1024.27 TL/da, ikinci ürün silajlık
mısır üretiminde 789.76 TL/da, nohut üretiminde 447.01 TL/da, pamuk üretiminde 1024.92
TL/da olarak saptanmıştır. Ortalama net kar en yüksek sulu buğday üretiminden (511.53
TL/da), ikinci olarak ise kuru buğday üretiminden (455.32 TL/da) elde edilirken, en düşük
ikinci ürün silajlık mısır üretiminden (327.38 TL/da) elde edilmiştir. Nispi kar açısından ele
alındığında ise en yüksek değer kuru buğday (2.08) üretimindedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: tarla bitkileri, brüt kar, net kar, nispi kar, karlılık
1151
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS OF FIELD CROPS PRODUCTION IN BATMAN
PROVINCE
Abstract
In this research, the profitability of field crop products (wheat, barley, red lentils, corn and
cotton) produced in Batman province was analyzed with the 2023 data of the Batman Provincial
Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Production costs, gross production
values, gross profits, net profits and relative profits of field crop products produced in Batman
province were examined. According to the results obtained from the research, the average real
production cost of barley production is 381.17 TL/da, the average real production cost of dry
wheat production is 421.49 TL/da, the average real production cost of irrigated wheat
production is 698.47 TL/da, the average real production cost of red lentil production is 389.85
TL. /da, the average real production cost of grain corn production is 1516.06 TL/da, the average
real production cost of silage corn production is 1247.62 TL/da, the average real production
cost of chickpea production is 453.61 TL/da and the average real production cost of cotton
production is 1750.12 TL/da. It was calculated as . average gross profit is 459.62 TL/da in
barley production, 552.81 TL/da in dry wheat production, 744.89 TL/da in irrigated wheat
production, 507.51 TL/da in red lentil production, 1024.27 TL/da in grain corn production,
789.76 TL/da in silage corn production, 447.01 TL/da in chickpea production and 1024.92
TL/da in cotton production. While the highest average net profit was obtained from irrigated
wheat production (511.53 TL/da), the second from dry wheat production (455.32 TL/da), the
lowest product was obtained from silage corn production (327.38 TL/da). When considered in
terms of relative profit, the highest value is in dry wheat production (2.08).
Keywords: field crops, gross profit, net profit, relative profit, profitability
1152
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Tarım insanoğlunun yaşayabilmesi için vazgeçilmez bir faaliyet alanıdır. Dünya tarımına yön
veren ve dünya tarımsal üretiminde rol alan ülkelerin ulaştıkları etkinlik tarımın profesyonel bir
sektör olduğunu göstermektedir. Tarımın temel amacı 8 milyara yaklaşan dünya nüfusunun
beslenme, barınma, giyinme ve tedavi ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaktır. Tarla bitkileri içerisinde yer
alan özellikle tahıllardan buğday, mısır ve çeltik dünya nüfusunun beslenmesi açısından
stratejik ürünlerdir. Ülkemizde kişi başına buğday tüketimi Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO, 2022)
beslenme verilerine göre gelişmiş ülkelerin ortalama 1.5-2 katına yakındır. Arpa ve mısır yem
sanayiinin temel girdilerini oluşturmakla birlikte, mısır aynı zamanda katma değeri yüksek
endüstriyel ürünlere dönüşür (Kıymaz 2023). Bahsi geçen ürünlerin hepsinde dönem dönem iç
talep ya da işlenmiş ürün ihracatına da bağlı olarak ithalat artma eğilimindedir (Bursa Ticaret
Borsası[BTB], 2021). Dünyada sürdürülebilir gıda güvenirliliğinin sağlanmasında ve açlığın
önlenmesinde bu ürünlerin talebi karşılayacak miktarda üretilmesi önemlidir (Bağcı ve ark.,
2020). Küreselleşme ve rekabet koşullarındaki değişim ile, işletmelerin üretimden
sağlayacakları faydaya karşı oluşacak maliyetleri göz önünde bulundurmaları ve maliyetlerin
doğru şekilde hesaplanmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır (Bayramoğlu ve ark., 2021).Bugüne kadar
birçok çalışmada tarla bitkilerinin üretim maliyetleri hesaplanmıştır. Özellikle buğday
(Gündoğmuş, 1998; Karadaş, 2016), silajlık mısır (Tuvanç ve Dağdemir, 2009), pamuk
(Yılmaz ve Gül, 2015), mercimek (Karadaş ve ark., 2018), nohut (Acar ve ark., 2009) gibi
ürünlerin üretim maliyetlerini hesaplayan çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Batman ilinde
tarla bitkilerinin üretimine yönelik ekonomik analizin yapılması ve maliyeti etkileyen
faktörlerin tespiti amaçlanmaktadır.
2.MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM
Çalışmanın materyalini ikincil nitelikli veriler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada Batman Tarım ve
Orman İl Müdürlüğü Brifing Raporları, konu ile ilgili daha önce yapılmış tez, makale, kongre
bildirileri, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) tarafından yayınlanmış kaynaklar ve istatistiksel
kayıtlardan yararlanılmıştır.Çalışmada tarla bitkileri üretim faaliyetinin karlılık durumunu
ortaya koyabilmek için brüt kar, net kar ve nispi kar analizi yapılmıştır. Brüt karın
hesaplanmasında, brüt üretim değerinden değişken masraflar çıkartılmıştır. Net karın
hesaplanmasında brüt üretim değerinden üretim masrafları (değişken masraflar + sabit
masraflar) çıkartılmıştır. Nispi kar ise brüt üretim değerinin üretim masraflarına bölünmesiyle
hesaplanmıştır.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çalışmada değişken masraflar: materyal masraflarını oluşturan tohum, gübre, zirai mücadele
ilaçcı, su masrafları ve işgücü masrafları ile döner sermaye faiz karşılığından oluşmaktadır.
Çalışmada sabit masraflar ise arazi kirası ve yönetim payından oluşmaktadır. Genel yönetim
giderleri toplam değişken masrafların %3’ü olarak hesaplanmıştır.
3.ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI
2023 yılı Batman ili tarla bitkileri ürünlerinin ekilen alan miktarları incelendiğinde, en yüksek
ekilen alan büyüklüğü ve üretim miktarının buğday ürününe ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buğday
ürününün yıllar itibariyle ekilen alan miktarında meydana gelen değişim incelendiğinde ekilen
alan miktarının 2019 yılından 2023 yılana gelindiğinde azalış gösterdiği, 485391 da’dan
377752 da’a gerilediği ortaya çıkmıştır. 2023 yılı itibariyle ekilen alan miktarı bakımından
ikinci sırada yer alan ürün 157830 da ile kırmızı mercimek olurken, onu sırasıyla 71212 da alan
ile arpa, 58160 da ile mısır, 11335 da ile pamuk, 6340 da ile silajlık mısır, 1973 da ile nohut
izlemektedir (Çizelge 1).2023 yılı itibarıyla Batman ili tarla bitkileri üretim miktarı bakımından
ikinci sırada yer alan ürün 65099 ton ile mısır olurken, onu sırasıyla, 29279 ton ile kırmızı
mercimek, 28530 ton ile silajlık mısır, 21154 ton ile arpa, 5212 ton ile pamuk, 338 ton ile nohut
izlemektedir (Çizelge 1).Türkiye genelinde 2019 yılından 2023 yılına gelindiğinde nohut ve
pamuğun ekim alanları ile üretim miktarının azaldığı, buğday ekim alanlarının azalırken üretim
miktarlarının arttığı, arpa, kırmızı mercimek, mısır ve silajlık mısırın üretim alanlarının artarken
üretim miktarının da arttığı, belirlenmiştir (Çizelge 1).
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 1: Batman İli ve Türkiye’de Nohut, Buğday, Arpa, Kırmızı Mercimek, Pamuk, Mısır
ve Silajlık Mısırın Ekim Alanı (da) ve Üretim Miktarları (ton)
Kaynak: TÜİK, 2023
İncelenen tarla bitkileri ürünlerinin üretim masraflarına ilişkin bulgular Çizelge 2’de
verilmiştir. Batman ilinde üretilen tarla bitkileri ürünlerinden en yüksek üretim masrafına sahip
olan ürün 7976.46 TL/da ile pamuk olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu ürünü sırasıyla 6909.70 TL/da ile
mısır, 5686.24 TL/da ile silajlık mısır, 3183.41 TL/da ile buğday (sulu) izlemektedir. En düşük
üretim maliyetine sahip ürün ise 1737.26 TL/da ile arpa olmuştur. Pamuk üretim masraflarının
%39.43’ünü toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %60.57’sini değişken masrafların
oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Değişken masrafların içinde en yüksek payı alan kalemin iş gücü
masraflarından olan hasat ve nakliye olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Mısır üretim masraflarının
%45.04’ünü toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, % 54.96’sını değişken masrafların
oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Değişken masrafların içinde en yüksek payı alan kalemin materyal
masraflarından olan gübrenin olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Silajlık mısır üretim masraflarının
%37.06’sını toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %62.94’ünü değişken masrafların
oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Değişken masrafların içinde en yüksek payı alan kalemin iş gücü
masraflarından olan hasat ve nakliye olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Buğday (sulu) üretim
masraflarının %33.41’ini toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %66.59’unu değişken
masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Değişken masrafların içinde en yüksek payı alan
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kalemin materyal masraflarından olan gübre olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Nohut üretim
masraflarının %21.70’ini toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %78.30’unu değişken
masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Değişken masrafların içinde en yüksek payı alan
kalemin materyal masraflarından olan tohumun olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Buğday (kuru) üretim
masraflarının %23.19’unu toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %76.81’ini değişken
masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Değişken masrafların içinde en yüksek payı alan
kalemin materyal masraflarından olan gübrenin olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Kırmızı mercimek
üretim masraflarının %24.77’sini toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %75.23’ünü değişken
masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Değişken masrafların içinde en yüksek payı alan
kalemin iş gücü masraflarından olan hasat ve nakliye olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Arpa üretim
masraflarının %25.27’sini toplam sabit masraflar oluştururken, %74.73’ünü değişken
masrafların oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Değişken masrafların içinde en yüksek payı alan
kalemin materyal masraflarından olan gübrenin olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır (Çizelge 2).
Çizelge 2: Nohut, Buğday, Arpa, Kırmızı Mercimek, Pamuk, Mısır ve Silajlık Mısırın Üretim
Masrafları
Masraf Tutarları (TL/da)
Masraf Unsurları
Arpa
Buğday
(Kuru)
Buğday (Sulu)
Kırmızı
Mercimek
Mısır
Mısır (Dane)
(Silajlık)
Nohut
Pamuk
(2.ürün)
Materyal Masrafları
Tohum
262.50
312.50
375.00
285.00
645.00
400.00
560.00
210.00
Gübre
449.10
473.50
613.75
207.00
776.25
722.50
207.00
515.00
Su
0.00
0.00
150.00
0.00
300.00
300.00
0.00
250.00
Zirai Mücadele İlacı
30.00
70.00
70.00
75.00
81.00
45.00
60.00
390.00
Alt Toplamı
741.60
856.00
1208.75
567.00
1802.25
1467.50
827.00
1365.00
Toprak İşleme
160.00
160.00
160.00
185.00
360.00
270.00
185.00
360.00
Ekim
55.00
55.00
55.00
55.00
60.00
60.00
55.00
60.00
Gübreleme
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
30.00
30.00
25.00
30.00
Sulama
0.00
0.00
220.00
0.00
588.00
441.00
0.00
588.00
Zirai Mücadele
25.00
75.00
75.00
50.00
60.00
60.00
50.00
150.00
Çapalama
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
120.00
120.00
0.00
500.00
Hasat ve Nakliye
190.00
190.00
210.00
350.00
480.00
850.00
350.00
1400.00
Alt Toplamı
455.00
505.00
745.00
665.00
1698.00
1831.00
665.00
3088.00
Döner Sermaye Faizi (%8.5)
101.71
115.69
166.07
104.72
297.52
280.37
126.82
378.51
Toplam Değişken Masraflar
1298.31
1476.69
2119.82
1336.72
3797.77
3578.87
1618.82
4831.51
Yönetim Karşılığı (% 3)
38.95
44.30
63.59
40.10
113.93
107.37
48.56
144.94
Arazi kirası
400.00
400.00
1000.00
400.00
3000.00
2000.00
400.00
3000.00
Toplam Sabit Masraflar
438.95
444.30
1063.59
440.10
3111.93
2107.37
448.56
3144.95
Üretim Masrafları
1737.26
1920.99
3183.41
1776.82
6909.70
5686.24
2067.38
7976.46
İşgücü Masrafları
Kaynak: TOB,2023
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
İncelenen tarla bitkileri ürünlerinin üretiminin ekonomik yönden başarısının değerlendirilmesi
amacıyla elde edilen bulgular Çizelge 3 de verilmiştir. Batman ilinde üretilen tarla bitkileri
ürünlerinin üretim masrafları, brüt üretim değerleri, brüt karları, net karları ve nispi karları
incelenmiştir. Arpa üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 381.17 TL/da, kuru buğday
üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 421.49 TL/da, sulu buğday üretiminin ortalama reel
üretim masrafı 698.47 TL/da, kırmızı mercimek üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 389.85
TL/da, dane mısır üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 1516.06 TL/da, ikinci ürün silajlık
mısır üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 1247.62 TL/da, nohut üretiminin ortalama reel
üretim masrafı 453.61 TL/da ve pamuk üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 1750.12 TL/da
olarak hesaplanmıştır.
Ortalama brüt kar arpa üretiminde 459.62 TL/da, kuru buğday
üretiminde 552.81 TL/da, sulu buğday üretiminde 744.89 TL/da, kırmızı mercimek üretiminde
507.51 TL/da, dane mısır üretiminde 1024.27 TL/da, ikinci ürün silajlık mısır üretiminde
789.76 TL/da, nohut üretiminde 447.01 TL/da, pamuk üretiminde 1024.92 TL/da olarak
saptanmıştır. Ortalama net kar en yüksek sulu buğday üretiminden (511.53 TL/da), ikinci olarak
ise kuru buğday üretiminden (455.32 TL/da) elde edilirken, en düşük ikinci ürün silajlık mısır
üretiminden (327.38 TL/da) elde edilmiştir. Nispi kar açısından ele alındığında ise en yüksek
değer kuru buğday (2.08) üretimindedir (Çizelge 3).
Çizelge 3: Nohut, Buğday, Arpa, Kırmızı Mercimek, Pamuk, Mısır ve Silajlık Mısırın Yıllık
Faaliyet Sonuçları
Ürünler
Yıllık Faaliyet sonuçları
Arpa
Buğday
Buğday
Kırmızı
Mısır
(Kuru)
(Sulu)
Mercimek
(Dane)
Mısır
(Silajlık)
Nohut
Pamuk
(2,ürün)
Verim (kg/da)
440.00
435.00
600.00
200.00
1400.00
4500.00
190.00
500.00
Reel Satış Fiyatı (TL/kg)
1.54
1.87
1.87
3.51
1.32
0.35
4.17
4.17
Yan Ürün Verimi (kg/da)
380.00
360.00
500.00
200.00
530.00
-
180.00
-
0.18
0.18
0.49
0.02
Yan Ürün Reel Satış Fiyatı 0.18
0.05
(TL/kg)
Brüt Üretim Değeri (TL/da)
744.48
876.81
1210.00
800.80
1857.54
1575.00
802.20
2085.00
Reel Değişken Masraflar (TL/da)
284.86
324.00
465.11
293.29
833.27
785.24
355.19
1060.08
Reel Üretim Masrafları (TL/da)
381.17
421.49
698.47
389.85
1516.06
1247.62
453.61
1750.12
Brüt Kar (TL/da)
459.62
552.81
744.89
507.51
1024.27
789.76
447.01
1024.92
Net Kar (TL/da)
363.31
455.32
511.53
410.95
341.48
327.38
348.59
334.88
Nispi Kar
1.95
2.08
1.73
2.05
1.23
1.26
1.77
1.19
*2020 yılı Tarım Ürünleri Üretici Fiyat Endeksine göre reel hale getirilmiştir.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
4.SONUÇ
Bu araştırmada, Batman ilinde üretilen tarla bitkileri ürünlerinin (buğday, arpa, kırmızı
mercimek, mısır ve pamuk) karlılık durumu Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Batman İl
Müdürlüğünün 2023 dönemi verileri ile analiz edilmiştir. Batman ilinde üretilen tarla bitkileri
ürünlerinin üretim masrafları, brüt üretim değerleri, brüt karları, net karları ve nispi karları
incelenmiştir.Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, arpa üretiminin ortalama reel üretim
masrafı 381.17 TL/da, kuru buğday üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 421.49 TL/da, sulu
buğday üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 698.47 TL/da, kırmızı mercimek üretiminin
ortalama reel üretim masrafı 389.85 TL/da, dane mısır üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı
1516.06 TL/da, ikinci ürün silajlık mısır üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 1247.62 TL/da,
nohut üretiminin ortalama reel üretim masrafı 453.61 TL/da ve pamuk üretiminin ortalama reel
üretim masrafı 1750.12 TL/da olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ortalama brüt kar arpa üretiminde 459.62
TL/da, kuru buğday üretiminde 552.81 TL/da, sulu buğday üretiminde 744.89 TL/da, kırmızı
mercimek üretiminde 507.51 TL/da, dane mısır üretiminde 1024.27 TL/da, ikinci ürün silajlık
mısır üretiminde 789.76 TL/da, nohut üretiminde 447.01 TL/da, pamuk üretiminde 1024.92
TL/da olarak saptanmıştır. Ortalama net kar en yüksek sulu buğday üretiminden (511.53
TL/da), ikinci olarak ise kuru buğday üretiminden (455.32 TL/da) elde edilirken, en düşük
ikinci ürün silajlık mısır üretiminden (327.38 TL/da) elde edilmiştir. Nispi kar açısından ele
alındığında ise en yüksek değer kuru buğday (2.08) üretimindedir.
Ürün kalitesinin artırılması için yetiştiricilik teknikleri ve ilaç ve gübre kullanımına yönelik
çiftçilerin bilinçlendirilmesi, girdilerin reçeteli satılarak girdi kullanım etkinliğinin artırılması
üretim maliyetlerinin azalmasını sağlamak açısından önemlidir. Bununla birlikte, üretim
maliyetlerinin takibi açısından üretimin kayıt altına alınması ve işletmelerde üretim
planlamasının yapılması gereklidir (Bayramoğlu ve ark., 2021). Sonuç olarak bu bulgular ile
nohut, buğday, arpa, kırmızı mercimek, pamuk, mısır ve silajlık mısır üretimi yapan üreticilere,
üreticileri birliklerine ve kooperatiflerine, konu ile ilgili diğer sivil toplum örgütlerine, politika
yapıcılara üretim stratejisi geliştirme aşamasında katkıda bulunulması amaçlanmaktadır.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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Anonim (2023). Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Batman İl Müdürlüğü kayıtları.
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Özel Sayısı), 61-76. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1224182
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK), (2023). “Tarımsal İstatistikler”, http://www. tuik.gov.tr.
(Erişim Tarihi: Nisan 2024).
Yılmaz, Ş., Gül, M. (2015). İşletmelerde Pamuk Üretim Maliyeti, Karlılık Düzeyinin
Değerlendirilmesi: Antalya İli Örneği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi
Dergisi 20(2): 27-41.
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KENTSEL ISI ADASI KAVRAMININ KENTSEL YARIŞ ALANLARI AÇISINDAN
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Assist. Prof. Dr. Eda KOÇAK GIYAK (ORCID: 0000-0003-2153-0636)
Siirt University, Faculty of Fine Arts and Design, Department of City and Regional Planning,
Siirt-Türkiye
Email:eda.kocak@siirt.edu.tr
Özet
Kentsel ısı adası (UHI) etkisi, hızlı kentleşme ve iklim değişikliği nedeniyle büyük bir sorun
haline gelmiştir. Son yıllarda bu olgu, ısının yüksek yoğunluklu binalar, beton yüzeyler ve bitki
örtüsü eksikliği nedeniyle hapsolduğu kentsel dokunun ve yapılaşmanın yoğun olduğu
alanlarda yoğunlaşmıştır. UHI yoğunluğundaki bu mekânsal değişkenlik, insan sağlığı, enerji
tüketimi ve kentsel çevre üzerindeki etkileri konusunda endişelere yol açmaktadır. Bu sorunu
ele almak için, kentsel dokunun yoğun olduğu alanlarda UHI'nin kapsamını ve değişkenliğini
değerlendirmek ve etkilerini azaltacak stratejileri belirlemek çok önemlidir. Bu araştırma,
uzaktan algılama, saha ölçümleri ve modelleme teknikleri aracılığıyla yapılaşma yoğunluğunun
yüksek olduğu alanlardaki UHI'nin kapsamlı bir değerlendirmesini sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.
Bu alanlarda UHI etkisine katkıda bulunan faktörleri anlamak, şehir plancılarının ve politika
yapıcıların daha sürdürülebilir ve dirençli şehirler yaratmak için etkili önlemler almalarını ve
bunları uygulamalarını sağlamaya yardımcı olacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kentsel Isı Adası, Kentsel Yutak Alanlar, İklim Değişikliği
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EVALUATION OF THE CONCEPT OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN TERMS OF
URBAN SINK AREAS
Abstract
Urban heat island (UHI) effect has become a pressing issue due to rapid urbanization and
climate change. In recent years, the phenomenon has intensified in urban sink areas, where heat
is trapped by high-density buildings, concrete surfaces, and lack of vegetation. This spatial
variation in UHI intensity has raised concerns about its impacts on human health, energy
consumption, and the urban environment. To address this issue, it is crucial to evaluate the
extent and variability of UHI in urban sink areas and identify strategies to mitigate its effects.
This research aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of UHI in urban sink areas through
remote sensing, field measurements, and modeling techniques. By understanding the factors
contributing to the UHI effect in these areas, urban planners and policymakers can implement
effective measures to create more sustainable and resilient cities.
Keywords: Urban Heat Island, Urban Sink Areas, Climate Change
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Introduction
Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a growing concern in many developed and developing countries.
The heat island is defined as a built-up area that is hotter than its rural surroundings. The annual
mean air temperature of a city with 1 million people or more can be 1.8° - 5.4°F (1° - 3°C)
warmer than its surroundings. On a clear, calm summer evening, the temperature difference can
be as much as 22°F (12°C). Heat islands can affect communities by increasing summertime
peak energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, heatrelated illness and mortality, and water quality. They also have an impact on the environment,
disrupting ecosystems and wildlife. This rise in air temperature is mainly due to the replacement
of vegetative and soil surfaces with those of concrete, asphalt, buildings, and other
infrastructure, as well as the waste heat generated by energy usage in the process. UHI is a
complex phenomenon that is not only dependent on environmental and meteorological
conditions but also influenced by land usage and management. UHI has been shown to increase
the production of secondary pollutants, ground-level ozone, and smog. In many cities, peak air
pollution due to UHI has public health implications. High air temperatures in UHI areas,
particularly during the summer, can increase the concentration of air pollutants, including
ground-level ozone, a harmful substance to people and the environment. This increased
concentration of pollutants has many implications for public health. The urban heat island and
the adverse effects associated with it may be offset through urban planning policy aimed at
reducing UHI effects and cooling the microclimate. The hydrological cycle and energy balance
of UHI areas can be mitigated by implementing 'cool' roofs and roadways, and increasing
planted vegetation and trees. In order to reduce air temperatures and the energy usage associated
with space conditioning in UHI areas, it is up to local and national government and
policymakers to institute these mitigation measures through regulation and incentive.
Understanding Urban Heat Island Phenomenon
Urbanization in rapidly growing urban areas like Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) and the
National Capital Region of India has intensified the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect,
significantly impacting local climate and sustainability. Research studies have highlighted the
crucial role of urban vegetation in mitigating UHI through shading, carbon sequestration, and
temperature regulation. The analysis of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Normalised
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dynamics using satellite imagery reveals the seasonal
relationship between green cover and temperature fluctuations. It is evident that areas with high
vegetation cover exhibit lower LST values, indicating their potential in moderating UHI in
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urban sink areas. Moreover, empirical evidence establishes a correlation between city size and
UHI intensity, suggesting that strategic urban planning and vegetation interventions can
effectively alleviate the heat island effect and enhance outdoor comfort zones in densely
populated urban environments.The importance of urban sink areas in the context of the urban
heat island cannot be understated, as they are responsible for a multitude of effects that typify
the urban heat island. Since urban sink areas are locales which have a lower temperature than
the surrounding urban area, they can take many forms and can be classified by their causative
factors. The simplest form of an urban sink area is a green space, which through shading and
evapotranspiration from vegetation can remain significantly cooler than the urban area
surrounding it. Vegetation has the potential to reduce local temperatures by 2-9°C through
shading and evapotranspiration. Other forms of urban sink areas include bodies of water, airconditioned buildings, and excavations. The latter forms, being anthropogenic in nature, are
usually the result of land use change and are widespread in the urban environment. Any form
of urban sink area is a valuable commodity in highly urbanized areas, as they provide a refuge
from the heat of the surrounding urban area and thus can have a significant effect on the health
and well-being of city residents.
Factors Contributing to Urban Heat Island in Urban Sink Areas
Urban heat island (UHI) refers to the phenomenon where cities experience higher temperatures
compared to the surrounding rural areas. It is a result of the dense concentration of buildings,
materials, and human activities that contribute to increased heat storage and limited cooling
opportunities (Oke, 1982). However, recent research has suggested that the concept of UHI can
be further evaluated by considering the role of urban sink areas.
Urban sink areas are defined as locations within cities that have a higher capacity to absorb and
store heat. These are typically areas with high levels of impervious surfaces, such as parking
lots, highways, and industrial areas. The presence of these urban sink areas can significantly
impact the formation and intensity of UHI, as they act as heat sinks during the day and release
stored heat during the night (Santamouris, 2015).
To evaluate the concept of UHI in terms of urban sink areas, several key considerations need
to be examined:
1. Spatial Distribution: Analyzing the spatial distribution of urban sink areas within a city
can provide insights into their contribution to UHI (Hebbert & Scott, 2003). Highresolution satellite imagery and thermal mapping techniques can assist in identifying
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and quantifying these areas. By understanding where and how urban sink areas are
distributed, urban planners can devise strategies to mitigate their heat-absorbing effects.
2. Microclimate Monitoring: Monitoring microclimates within urban sink areas can help
in understanding their thermal behavior (Wong et al., 2015). Installing weather stations
and sensors at different locations can provide data on temperature variations and help
assess the magnitude of UHI. This information is essential for planners to identify areas
with the highest heat absorption and plan for appropriate interventions.
3. Green Infrastructure Interventions: Incorporating green infrastructure, such as green
roofs, parks, and trees, within urban sink areas can help mitigate UHI effects
(Santamouris, 2015). Vegetation provides shade, evaporative cooling, and can reduce
the overall heat storage capacity in these areas. Evaluating the effectiveness of various
green infrastructure interventions in reducing UHI within urban sink areas is crucial for
urban planners.
4. Urban Design and Land Use Planning: Urban design and land use planning play a
significant role in the formation and intensity of UHI (Hebbert & Scott, 2003).
Evaluating the design guidelines and regulations that influence the development of
urban sink areas can help identify areas for improvement. Measures like encouraging
mixed land use, reducing impervious surfaces, and promoting sustainable materials can
help in reducing UHI.
5. Social Equity Considerations: Evaluating UHI in terms of urban sink areas necessitates
a focus on social equity (Chakraborty et al., 2014). Certain neighborhoods and
communities may be disproportionately affected by the heat island effect due to the
presence of more urban sink areas. Identifying such vulnerable communities and
implementing targeted interventions can ensure a fair and just approach in addressing
UHI.
Factors contributing to the urban heat island effect in urban sink areas are multifaceted and
dynamic, as evidenced by recent research on urbanization and its impacts on local climates.
Remote-sensing studies, as highlighted in the cited literature, have underscored the importance
of factors such as urban geometry, proximity to water bodies, and changes in land cover,
including vegetation and impervious surfaces. Urban growth patterns, particularly the rate and
form of expansion, have been linked to intensified urban heat sinks during the daytime, with
variations in albedo, specific heat capacity of materials, and urban geometry playing crucial
roles. Moreover, the interaction between urbanization and natural ecosystems, such as forests,
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has revealed significant alterations in surface energy balance and temperature gradients,
emphasizing the need for comprehensive assessments of land use changes and their implications
for urban heat islands. This insight aligns with the broader context of evaluating urban heat
islands in urban sink areas, highlighting the complex interplay between urban development,
environmental factors, and climate dynamics.
Impacts of Urban Heat Island in Urban Sink Areas
The impacts of Urban Heat Island (UHI) in urban sink areas are multifaceted and crucially
affect the thermal dynamics of urban environments. Research findings from (Amit Kumar et
al., 2023) demonstrate a significant increase in land surface temperature (LST) in urban and
peri-urban regions due to rapid urbanization and land use changes, leading to the formation of
urban heat islands. The study emphasizes the role of impervious surfaces, vegetation
degradation, and environmental factors in exacerbating UHI effects. Furthermore, insights from
(M. Kreitmair et al., 2020) highlight the underground heat island effect in densely populated
city centers, underscoring the importance of understanding subsurface heat transfer for efficient
heating and cooling of underground structures. This evidence underscores the urgent need for
holistic approaches to mitigate UHI impacts in urban sink areas through nature-based solutions,
sustainable land use practices, and enhanced geothermal assessments, ultimately contributing
to the evaluation and management of UHI in urban settings.
Mitigation Strategies for Urban Heat Island in Urban Sink Areas
Mitigation strategies for urban heat islands in urban sink areas are pivotal for sustainable urban
development. Leveraging insights from studies on landscape patterns and land surface
temperature, such as those in Haikou and Sichuan Basin, China, can inform effective
interventions. By understanding the spatial distribution of heat islands and the contributing
factors like land cover types and topographic features, tailored strategies can be devised. The
identification of "sinking heat islands" near mountainous regions underscores the need for
localized solutions. Factors like biophysical parameters, climate conditions, and human
activities play significant roles in influencing land surface temperature, highlighting the
multifaceted nature of urban heat islands. As interactions between these factors vary seasonally,
mitigation efforts must adapt accordingly. Incorporating a regional landscape systems
approach, informed by geospatial analysis and the relationship between drivers of heat islands,
can guide the formulation of targeted and sustainable mitigation strategies for urban sink areas.
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Conclusion and Recommendations
In conclusion, the evaluation of urban heat islands in urban sink areas reveals the complex
interplay between various factors that contribute to the phenomenon. Through a detailed
analysis of land use, population density, building materials, and green spaces, it is evident that
these factors play a significant role in exacerbating heat accumulation in these areas. This
research underscores the importance of implementing sustainable urban planning strategies to
mitigate the effects of urban heat islands. By incorporating green infrastructure, prioritizing the
use of reflective materials, promoting vegetation cover, and enhancing natural ventilation
systems, cities can effectively reduce the urban heat island effect and enhance the overall
quality of life for residents in urban sink areas. Moving forward, continued research and
implementation of innovative solutions will be essential in addressing this pressing
environmental and public health concern.
Considering urban sink areas when evaluating UHI provides a more comprehensive
understanding of the factors contributing to the heat island effect in cities. Analyzing the spatial
distribution, monitoring microclimates, implementing green infrastructure interventions,
reviewing urban design and land use planning regulations, and considering social equity aspects
can guide the development of effective strategies to mitigate UHI. By implementing these
strategies, cities can create more sustainable, livable urban environments that are resilient to the
adverse effects of UHI.
By considering the concept of urban sink areas when evaluating UHI, urban planners can gain
a more comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to heat island effects within
cities. This knowledge can guide the development of effective strategies and interventions to
mitigate UHI and create more sustainable, livable urban environments.
In conclusion, evaluating the concept of UHI in terms of urban sink areas provides a deeper
understanding of the factors contributing to heat island effects in cities. By analyzing the spatial
distribution, monitoring microclimates, implementing green infrastructure interventions,
reviewing urban design and land use planning regulations, and considering social equity, urban
planners can develop effective strategies to mitigate UHI and create more sustainable, livable
urban environments. By addressing UHI and its relation to urban sink areas, cities can work
towards reducing the adverse effects of heat islands and improve the well-being of their
residents.
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References
Bala, R.; Sathyanarayanan, S.; Jeyaparakash, S. T. (2023). Understanding the relationship
between Urban Heat Island and Urban Vegetation by reviewing three decades of satellite
images for the Chennai Metropolitan Area. 1210.
Chakraborty, J., Collins, T.W., Grineski, S.E., & Montgomery, M.C. (2014). Social equity
considerations in urban tree cover assessment: A case study of Miami-Dade County,
Florida. Cities and the Environment, 7(1), 1-26.
Dutta, K.; Basu, D.; Agrawal, S. (2023). Identification of Critical Urban Clusters for Placating
Urban Heat Island Effects over Fast-Growing Tropical City Regions: Estimating the
Contribution of Different City Sizes in Escalating UHI Intensity.
Kreitmair, M.; Bidarmaghz, S.; Terrington, R.; Farr, G.; Choudhary, R. (2020). A calibrated
3D thermal model of urban heat fluxes into the shallow subsurface.
Kumar, A.; Upreti M., A. Pandey, P. Saikia, M. L. Khan. (2023). Contribution of Landscape
Transformation in the Development of Heat Islands and Sinks in Urban and Peri-Urban
Regions in the Chota–Nagpur Plateau, India.
Kyusyu, M. T., N. Liang, Masahiro Takagi, J. Zeng. (2015). Quantifying warming effect due
to urbanization based on comparative measurements of the surface energy budget.
Hebbert, M., & Scott, A.J. (eds.) (2003). The Ashgate Research Companion to Planning and
Culture. Routledge.
Li Yujie, F. Hui. (2022). The Heat Island Effect Response to the Urban Landscape Pattern of
Haikou Based on the “Source-Sink” Theory. 13, p. 257-269.
Oke, T.R. (1982). The energetic basis of the urban heat island. Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Meteorological Society, 108(455), 1-24.
Nassar, A. K. (2015). Urban Growth and Its Impact on Urban Heat Sink and Island Formation
in the Desert City of Dubai.
Santamouris, M. (2015). Cooling the cities - A review of reflective and green roof mitigation
technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Solar
Energy, 103, 682-703.
Wong, N.H., Cheong, D.K.W., Yan, H., Phua, K.S., & Ang, B.W. (2015). Evaluation of green
roofs as urban heat island mitigation strategy under different climatic conditions. Building
and Environment, 86, 126-141.
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Ziyi Wang, Dongqi Sun, Chunguang Hu, Yu Wang, Jingxiang Zhang. (2022). Seasonal
Contrast and Interactive Effects of Potential Drivers on Land Surface Temperature in the
Sichuan Basin, China. 14, p. 1292.
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ÇOK KÜLTÜRLÜ EĞİTİM İLE İLGİLİ YAPILAN LİSANSÜSTÜ TEZLERİN
İÇERİK ANALİZİ
Dilan KENANOĞLU* (ORCID: 0000-0001-9635-8522 )
Trakya Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Okul Öncesi Anabilim Dalı, Edirne-Türkiye
Email: dilankenanoglu@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Yeşim Fazlıoğlu (ORCID: 0000-0002-3970-7084)
Trakya Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Okul Öncesi Anabilim Dalı, Edirne-Türkiye
Email: yfazlioglu@trakya.edu.tr
ÖZET
Bu araştırma, YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezinde yayınlanan çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yapılmış
yüksek lisans ve doktora tezlerinin farklı değişkenler çerçevesinde sistematik açıdan incelemeyi
amaçlamıştır. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman incelenmesi yöntemiyle
desenlenmiştir. Veriler araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan “İçerik Analiz Formu” aracılığıyla
toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 1998-2023 yılları arasında YÖK Ulusal Tez
Merkezinde tam metin olarak yayınlanan 144 tane yüksek lisans ve doktora tezi
oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizi yapılırken içerik analiz formunda bulunan her bir soru
çerçevesinde tezler gruplandırılmış, temalar oluşturulmuş ve veriler betimsel istatistikler ile
frekans (f) ve yüzde (%) olarak ifade edilmiştir. Veriler analiz edilirken tezlerin yıllarına,
üniversitelerine, anabilim dallarına, enstitülerine, türüne, çalışma gruplarına, araştırma
yöntemlerine ve tezlerin sonuçlarına göre bütüncül ve kapsamlı bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Elde
edilen bulgulara göre; çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yapılan çalışmalar en çok %19.81 oranıyla
2019 yılında yayınlandığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmalar en fazla Marmara Üniversite’sinde
(%9.72) yapılmıştır. Çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yazılan tezlerin büyük bir oranı Eğitim
Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı (%34.02) ve Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü (%52.08) bünyesinde yapıldığı
görülmüştür. Çalışmalara en çok danışmanlık yapan akademisyenlerin % 34.89 oranıyla doçent
unvanına sahip olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Tezlerin çalışma grubunun %48.14’ünü
öğretmenler oluştururken çalışmalarda en fazla nicel yöntem kullanılmıştır. Lisansüstü tezlerin
sonuçlarına göre en fazla öğretmen adaylarının/eğitim fakültesi lisans öğrencilerinin çok
kültürlü eğitim ile ilgili görüşleri, tutumları ve öz yeterlik algıları yüksek düzeyde bulunduğu
ve öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülük ve çok kültürlü eğitim konusunda algıları olumlu, çok kültürlü
eğitim uygulamalarından pek fazla haberdar olmadıkları ve çok kültürlü eğitim konu olunca
sorumluk bilinçlerinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çok Kültürlülük, İçerik Analizi, Lisansüstü Tez
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CONTENT ANALYSIS OF POST-GRADUATE THESES RELATED TO
MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION
ABSTRACT
This research aims to examine the master's and doctoral theses about multicultural education
published in The Council of Higher Education National Thesis Center from a systematic
perspective within the framework of different variables. The research is patterned by the
document analysis method which is one of the qualitative research methods. The data was
collected through the "Content Analysis Form" prepared by the researcher. The study group of
this research consists of 144 master's and doctoral dissertations published in full text in the
Council of Higher Education National Thesis Center between 1998-2023. While studying
contents of each question in analysis form, theses were grouped, themes were created and the
data was identified as frequency (f) and percentage (%) with descriptive statistics. Through
analyzing the data, it was handled the results of the theses holistically and comprehensively
regarding to theses’ dates, type, participants, and methods and also universities, departments
and institutes that studies were applied. According to the results obtained from this research,
the studies in the field of multicultural education were published in 2019 with a maximum rate
of 19.81%. These studies were mostly conducted at Marmara University (9.72%). It was
observed that a large proportion of the theses written in the field of multicultural education were
made within the Department of Educational Sciences (34.02%) and the Institute of Educational
Sciences (52.08%). It was concluded that the academicians who counseled the most in the
studies had the title of associate professor with 34.89%. 48.14% of the study group of theses
were teachers, and the quantitative method was mostly used in the studies. According to the
results of the post graduate theses, the opinions, attitudes, and self-efficacy perceptions of most
prospective teachers and undergraduate students of the faculty of education regarding
multicultural education are high and the perceptions of teachers about multiculturalism and
multicultural education are positive. It has been concluded that they are not very aware of
multicultural education practices and that they have responsibility consciousness when it comes
to multicultural education.
Keywords: Multiculturalism, Content Analysis, Master’s Thesis
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GİRİŞ
Çok kültürlülük; ırk, dil, din, sosyal sınıf, eğitim, yaş, etnik grup ve kültürel farklılıkların birlik
içerisinde olmasına dayanan bir kavram ve toplumlara ait farklılık ve çeşitlilikleri önyargı
olmadan kabul etmeyi ve huzur içinde yaşamayı hedefleyen bir kavramdır (American
Psychological Association (APA), 2002). Çok kültürlülük, ilk olarak farklı etnik topluluğa ait
bireylerin kendi etnik kimliklerini korumak amacıyla ortaya çıkardıkları bir kavramdır
(Vatandaş, 2002). İnsanlar, dünyada yalnızca kendi kültürlerine odaklanır ve sadece kendi bakış
açılarıyla bakarlarsa diğer insanların tecrübelerinden yoksun kalırlar. Bu bağlamda kültürel
anlamda sınırlanırlar. Birey farklı kültüre ait bireylerle iletişim halinde olduğu sürece farklı
bakış açılarına sahip olabilir (Banks, 2013). Çok kültürlülük kavramının toplum tarafından
kabulünün en önemli araçlarından biri eğitimdir. Okullar toplumun küçük bir parçası olduğu
için çok kültürlü özellik göstermektedir. Bundan dolayı çok kültürlü eğitim kavramı gelişmiştir.
Kavram olarak çok kültürlü eğitim ele alındığında özgürlük, hak, eşitlik, adalet gibi terimler
üzerine inşa edilmiştir (Grant, 1994; National Association of Multicultural Education (NAME),
2018). Çok kültürlü eğitim, öğrencilere eşit haklar sunularak bir eğitim ortamının sağlanmasını
savunur (Banks, 2015). Çok kültürlü eğitim öğrencilere farklı bakış açılarını edindirerek kendi
kültürlerini ve diğer kültürleri tanımalarına olanak sağlar. Farklı kültürden bireylerin
kültürleriyle karşılaşan çocuklar kendi kültürleriyle karşılaştırma olanağı bulur ve böylece
kendi kültürlerini daha iyi tanıma fırsatı bulurlar (Banks, 2015). Çok kültürlü eğitim, öğrenciler
arasında bulunan çeşitliliklere sahip çocukların kendilerini bulundukları eğitim ortamına ait
hissetmeleri ve eşit bir biçimde verilen eğitimden yaralanmasını sağlar (Banks, 2013). Çok
kültürlü eğitim kapsamında öğrencilerin nesnel bir biçimde kararlar alabilmek, çeşitliliği
bulunan bireylere saygı duymalarını sağlamak (Parekh, 2002), farklı kültürlerin varlığının
kabul edilip kültürlerin tanınmasına yardımcı olmak ve farklı kültürel alt yapıya sahip bireylerin
biraraya gelerek verimli çalışmayı amaçlayan bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır (UNESCO,
2006). Çok kültürlü eğitim, farklı etnik gruptan, cinsiyetten, dinden, dilden, ırktan vs. gelen
bireylerin birarada eğitim almasını sağlamak ve öğrencilerin farklı etnik çeşitliliğe sahip
bireyleri saygıyla karşılayabilmeleri için öğrenme ortamlarının çeşitlendirilmesi temeline
dayanmaktadır (Cırık, 2008). Çok kültürlü eğitim sınıflarında öğretmenlerin, farklı özelliklere
sahip öğrencilere karşı ayrımcılığı, önyargıları ortadan kaldırmalı ve eğitimde eşitliği
sağlayabilecek, farklılıkları kabul edebilecek bir sınıf ortamı sağlamalıdır (Polat, 2009). Farklı
kültürlere saygı Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından önem arz edilen konular arasında yer alırken
(Başbay ve Bektaş, 2009) Wilson (2008)’a göre çok kültürlü eğitimi sınıf iklimine dahil etmek
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amaçlanmalıdır.Çok kültürlü eğitim temel hedeflerinden bir anlamak ve anlamlandırmaktır. Bu
süreçlerden sonra ise saygı duymak gelmektedir. Bu yolla çok kültürlü eğitimin bir diğer amacı
olan iletişim kurmak gerçekleşmektedir. İletişim kuran çocuklar yerel ve evrensel açıdan bilgi,
beceri ve olumlu yaklaşımlar edinebilir. Çocukları kültürel açıdan önyargılarını önlemek,
akademik gelişimlerini sağlamak, kültürel duyarlılıklarını geliştirmek ise çok kültürlü eğitimin
diğer amaçlarından biridir (Bozkurt & Alcı, 2013). Dunn (1997) ve Gay (1994) ise çok kültürlü
eğitimin amaçlarını şu şekilde ortaya koymuştur; tutum ve değerleri görünür hale getirme, temel
olan yeteneklerin edindirilmesi, çok kültürlü okur-yazarlığın geliştirilmesi, eğitim noktasında
eşitliği sağlanmasıdır.Çok kültürlü eğitimin amaçları beraberinde çok kültürlü eğitimin
boyutlarını da getirmektedir. Çok kültürlü eğitimi uygulama, çok kültürlü eğitimi iyi hale
getirme açısından uygulayıcılar çok kültürlü eğitimin boyutlarını kendilerini yol gösterici
olarak kabul etmektedir (Banks, 2019). Parks (1999)’a göre çok kültürlü eğitimin boyutları şu
şekildedir; ahlak eğitimi, barış eğitimi, akran arası çatışmaları çözme, karakter eğitimi, hizmet
öğretimi, eleştirel düşünme, küresel eğitim ve duygusal zekâ eğitimidir. Ahlak eğitimi; herkese
saygılı olmayı savunur. Barış eğitimi; insanlar arasında oluşan ayrıştırmacılığın/ayrımcılığın
önlenmesini savunur. Akran arası çatışmaları çözme; açık veya örtük olarak yapılan ırkçılığı
önler. Karakter eğitimi; iyi insan olmayı öğütler. Hizmet öğretimi; farklılıklara sahip bireylerin
uyumunu sağlar. Eleştirel düşünme; farklı bakış açıların kabul edilmesini savunur. Küresel
eğitim; ırkçılığı sorun olarak görür. Duygusal zekâ eğitimi; farklı kültüre ait bireyin korku veya
üzüntüsünün kontrolünü sağlar. Eğitim bu boyutlarını edindirme ve farklı bakış açılarını
edindirme noktasında okullar devreye girmektedir (Toprak, 2008).
Erdem (2017) ele aldığı çalışmasında eğitim ve öğretim sürecinde en önemli sorun olarak dilin
görüldüğünü, öğretmenlerin farklı dilleri konuşan/milletten olan çocuklar için içerik
düzenlemesi yapmadığı ve öğrencileri değerlendirirken nesnel bir biçimde değerlendirme
sürecini tamamlamadıkları sonucuna ulaşmıştır.
Yıldırım & Muyo Yıldırım’ın Kosova’da 2019 yılında yapmış oldukları çalışmada
öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitim uygulamalarının farklı değişkenlere göre durumları
incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucuna göre ise seviye, anadil ve branşın öğretmenlerin
uygulamaları üzerinde etkili olduklarını ortaya koymuştur.Ng, Chai, Chan & Chung’un 2021
yılında yapmış oldukları çalışmaya göre azınlık okul öncesi kurumlarında görev yapan
öğretmenlerin kültürel olarak duyarlı bir öğretim sağlayıp sağlayamadıklarını ortaya koymayı
amaçlamıştır. Azınlık okullarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin öğretim yöntemlerini uyarlama
noktasında yeterli oldukları ancak çok kültürlü eğitim programları tasarlama ve materyalleri
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
eğitim sürecine dahil etme noktasında yetersiz kaldıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.Çok kültürlülük
bağlamında alanyazın incelendiğinde çok kültürlülüğün bireyler üzerindeki ve eğitim
üzerindeki önemi ele alınmıştır. Bu açıdan bakıldığından çok kültürlülüğün bireylerin topluma
uyum sürecinde ne denli önemli olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Bunu bireylere anlatmanın en
etkili yollarından biri olan eğitim devreye girmektedir. Eğitim yoluyla bireyler toplumda
farklılıklara ve çeşitliliklere sahip bireylere karşı nasıl davranacaklarını, ön yargısız nasıl kabul
edebileceklerini vs. öğrenirler ve farklılıklara sahip bireylerin birarada bulunduğu okullar da
bunları öğretmek için en uygun ortam olarak görülebilir. Bu doğrultuda yapılan çalışmalar
incelendiğinde; yurtdışı çalışmalarında genellikle öğretmen ve öğretmen adaylarıyla ilgili
yapılan çalışmalar yoğunluk göstermekte (Kaya & Söyleme, 2014; Taştekin, Bozkurt-Yükçü,
İzoğlu, Güngör, Işık-Uslu & Demircioğlu, 2016; Aslan, 2017; Aslan & Kozikoğlu, 2017; Sezer
& Kahraman, 2017; Kervan, 2017; Güngör, Buyruk & Özdemir; 2018; Kimzan & Arıkan, 2018;
Ateş, 2021; Çoban, Güney Karaman & Doğan, 2010; Demircioğlu & Özdemir, 2014; Engin &
Genç, 2015; Polat, 2009; Kimzan & Arıkan, 2018; Tortop, 2014; Yıldırım, 2022). Ders
kitaplarıyla/doküman incelemesi ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalara (Bektaş, 2023a; Bektaş, 2023b,
Doğan, 2019) ve öğrencilerle ilgili yapılan çalışmalara da az da olsa yer verilmiştir (Şimşek,
2022). Öte yandan çok kültürlülük bağlamında yurt dışında yapılan çalışmalar da oldukça
fazlalık göstermektedir. Bu çalışmalar uygulamaya yönelik, öğretmenlere yönelik, öğrencilere
yönelik, doküman incelemesine yönelik çalışmalardan oluşmaktadır (Samuels, 1994; JaeKyung, 2000; Walters, 2007; Yenlin Miranda, 2008; Park, 2010; Phoon, Abdullah & Abdullah,
2013; Bartelo, 2014; Park, 2014; Huh, Choi & Jun, 2015; Vittrup, 2016; Guo, 2017; Abdullah
& Abdullah, 2018; Aragona-Young & Sawyer, 2018; Pourdavood & Yan, 2020; Zain, Basir &
Mustafa, 2020; Ng, Chai, Chan & Chung, 2021). Ancak yapılan literatür taraması neticesinde
çok kültürlü eğitim ile ilgili yapılan lisansüstü tezlerin içerik analizini ortaya koyan herhangi
bir çalışmaya yer verilmediği görülmüştür. Bu açıdan çok kültürlü eğitimle ilgili çalışmaların
sınırlı sayıda olması, alana katkı sağlaması, ailelere, eğitimcilere, öğrencilere vs. katkı
sağlaması konusunda 144 lisansüstü tezin toplu bir biçimde tek bir çalışmanın çatısı altında
sunulması noktasında önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca çok kültürlü eğitim ile ilgili yapılan lisansüstü
tezlerin içerik analizi noktasında ilk çalışma olması da çalışmanın önemini ortaya koymaktadır.
AMAÇ
Bu çalışma, eğitim ve öğretim konusunda çok kültürlü/çokkültürlülüğü ele alan Yüksek
Öğretim Kurumu Ulusal Tez Merkezinde indekslenen yüksek lisans ve doktora tezlerinin farklı
değişkenler açısından sistemli bir şekilde incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
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YÖNTEM
Bu araştırmada çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitim ile ilgili yapılan lisansüstü tezler incelenirken
nitel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Nitel çalışmalar, araştırmacıya direkt olarak veri
kaynağına erişebilme imkânı sunar. Durum ve olayların ayrıntılı bir şekilde anlaşılmasını
sağlayacak betimlemeler yaparak elde edilen bilgiler ışığında genellemeler yapılmasını sağlar
(Büyüköztürk, 2023). Bu araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman incelemesi
yöntemiyle desenlenmiştir. Nitel araştırma modeli olarak verilerin elde edilerek yorumlanması
aşamasında doküman incelemesi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Doküman incelemesi yönteminde
basılı ve web tabanlı bilgilerin sistematik bir biçimde ele alınmasıdır (Bowen, 2009). Bu
araştırmada incelemesi yapılan dokümanlar çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitim kapsamında
yapılan yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleridir.
Evren ve Örneklem
Çalışmada lisansüstü tezlerin elde edilmesinde “YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi” kullanılmıştır.
Araştırma 1998-2023 tarihleri arasında çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitim konusunda eğitim
bilimleri alanında yer alan 144 tane doktora ve yüksek lisans tezlerinden oluşmaktadır. Aralık
2023 tarihinde “çok kültürlü eğitim” ve “çokkültürlü eğitim” kavramına yönelik yapılan
aramada “çok kültürlü eğitim” kelimesi taratılınca 113, “çokkültürlü eğitim” kelime taratılınca
202 tane doktora ve yüksek lisans tezine ulaşılmıştır. Konu alanı eğitim bilimleri dışında olan
ve erişime kapalı olan tezler (Hamurabi Sözen, 2005; Kahyaoğlu, 1998; Öztürk, 1998; Altaş,
2001) araştırma kapsamı dışında bırakılmıştır. Geriye kalan 144 çalışma, eğitim bilimleri
alanında ve erişime açık “çok kültürlü eğitim” ve “çokkültürlü eğitim” konularını kapsayan
yüksek lisans ve doktora tezlerinden oluşmaktadır.
Verilerin Toplanması ve Analizi
Çalışmanın örneklemi dahiline 144 doktora ve yüksek lisans tezi dahil edilmiştir. Bu
çalışmaların veri toplama sürecinde araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen “İçerik Analiz Formu”
kullanılmıştır. İçerik analiz formu toplamda dokuz sorudan oluşmaktadır. Bu soruların her biri
içerik analiz yönergesi için birer tema olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışmaların geçerlik ve
güvenirlikleri için üç hafta sonra tekrar “YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi”nden “çok kültürlü eğitim”
ve “çokkültürlü eğitim” konuları taratılmış ve uzmanların görüşleri doğrultusunda içerik analiz
formu için Miles & Huberman (1994)’nın uyuşum yüzdeliği (görüş birliği/(görüş
ayrılığı+görüş birliği)x100)) formülü kullanılmıştır. Üç hafta sonra “YÖK Ulusal Tez
Merkezi”nden “çok kültürlü eğitim” ve “çokkültürlü eğitim” konuları taratıldığında aynı
sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca içerik analiz formu için uyuşum yüzdeliğine bakıldığında %90
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olarak hesaplanmıştır. Miles & Huberman (1994) uyuşum yüzdeliğinin %70’i geçmesi
durumunda güvenilir olduğunu savunmuştur. İçerik analiz formu dahilinde hazırlanan sorular
şunlardır:
1. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin yıllara göre dağılımı nasıldır?
2. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin yazarlarının üniversitelere göre
dağılımı nasıldır?
3. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin enstitülerine göre dağılımı nasıldır?
4. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin anabilim dallarına göre dağılımı
nasıldır?
5. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin tez türüne göre dağılımı nasıldır?
6. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin danışmanlarının unvanlarına göre
dağılımı nasıldır?
7. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin çalışma grubuna göre dağılımı
nasıldır?
8. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin araştırma yöntemine göre dağılımı
nasıldır?
9. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin sonuçları nasıldır?
Verilerin Kodlanması ve Çözümlenmesi
Veriler, çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitim ile ilgili yapılan 144 yüksek lisans ve doktora
çalışmasının analiz formunda yer alan 10 soru çerçevesinde kodlanmıştır. Bu amaç
doğrultusunda sorulan sorular “tema” ve “alt temalar” şeklinde belirlenmiş ve frekans ve
yüzdelikleri hesaplanmıştır (Örneğin; 4. sorudaki “tema” için toplamda 6 “alt tema”
belirlenmiştir). Kodlanan veriler betimsel istatistikler ile frekans (f) ve yüzde (%) şeklinde ifade
edilmiştir.
ARAŞTIRMA VE BULGULAR
Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerinin Yıllara Göre Dağılımı
Tablo 1’de doküman analizi yapılan 148 lisansüstü tezin yıllara göre dağılımları verilmiştir.
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Tablo 1. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin yıllara göre dağılımı
Yayın Yılı
f
%
2023
10
6.75
2022
20
13.51
2021
16
10.81
2020
10
6.75
2019
28
18.91
2018
10
6.75
2017
8
5.4
2016
8
5.4
2015
5
3.37
2014
11
7.43
2013
9
6.08
2012
2
1.35
2011
1
.67
2010
1
.67
2009
2
1.35
2008
2
1.35
2006
1
.67
2005
1
.67
2001
1
.67
1998
2
1.35
Toplam
148
100
Tablo 1’de 148 çalışmanın yıllara göre dağılımı şu şekildedir; 1998 yılında 2 çalışma (% 1.35),
2001 yılında 1 çalışma (% 0.67), 2005 yılında 1 çalışma (% 0.67), 2006 yılında 1 çalışma (%
0.67), 2008 yılında 2 çalışma (% 1.35), 2009 yılında 2 çalışma (% 1.35), 2010 yılında 1 çalışma
(% 0.67), 2011 yılında 1 çalışma (% 0.67), 2012 yılında 2 çalışma (% 1.35), 2013 yılında 9
çalışma (% 6.08), 2014 yılında 11 çalışma (% 7.43), 2015 yılında 5 çalışma (% 3.37), 2016
yılında 8 çalışma (% 5.4), 2017 yılında 8 çalışma (% 5.4), 2018 yılında 10 çalışma (% 6.75),
2019 yılında 28 çalışma (% 18.91), 2020 yılında 10 çalışma (% 6.75), 2021 yılında 16 çalışma
(% 10.81), 2022 yılında 20 çalışma (% 13.51), 2023 yılında 10 çalışma (% 6.75) yapılmıştır.
Elde edilen bulgular dahilinde çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitim alanından en fazla 2019
(%18.91) ve 2022 (%13.51) yıllarında yüksek lisans ve doktora tezlerinin yazıldığı
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görülmektedir. Bu çalışmalarda dördü erişime kapalıdır (Kahyaoğlu, 1998; Öztürk,1998; Altaş,
2001; Hamurabi Sözen, 2005).
Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerinin Üniversitelere Göre Dağılımı
Tablo 2’de doküman analizi yapılan 144 lisansüstü tezin yazarların üniversitelerine göre
dağılımları verilmiştir.
Tablo 2. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin yazarlarının üniversitelere
göre dağılımı
Üniversitenin Adı
f
Üniversitenin Adı
f
%
Marmara Üniversitesi
14
Gaziantep Üniversitesi
3
2.08
Hacettepe Üniversitesi
8
5.55
Çağ Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi
7
4.86
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi
6
4.16
İnönü Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Çukurova Üniversitesi
5
3.47
Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Trakya Üniversitesi
4
2.77
Gazi Osman Paşa Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi
4
2.77
Balıkesir Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi
4
2.77
İstanbul
2
1.38
%
9.72
Üniversitesi-
Cerrahpaşa
Üniversitesi
Dumlupınar Üniversitesi
4
2.77
On Dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi
2
1.38
4
2.77
Gazi Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Akdeniz Üniversitesi
4
2.77
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Ege Üniversitesi
4
2.77
Fırat Üniversitesi
2
1.38
İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi
3
2.08
Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Ankara Üniversitesi
3
2.08
Kastamonu Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Uludağ Üniversitesi
3
2.08
Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Sakarya Üniversitesi
3
2.08
Erciyes Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Dicle Üniversitesi
3
2.08
Pamukkale Üniversitesi
2
1.38
Anadolu Üniversitesi
3
2.08
Diğer Üniversiteler
23
15.97
Çanakkale
On
Sekiz
Mart
Üniversitesi
Tablo 2’de verilen 144 çalışmanın üniversitelere göre dağılımı şu şekildedir; Marmara
Üniversitesi’nde
14
(%9.72),
Hacette
Üniversitesi’nde
8
(%5.5),
Yıldız
Teknik
Üniversitesi’nde 7 (%4.86), Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi’nde 6 (%4.16), Çukurova
Üniversitesi’nde 5 (%3.47), Trakya Üniversitesi’nde 4 (%2.77), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi’nde
4 (%2.77), Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi’nde 4 (%2.77), Dumlupınar Üniversitesi’nde 4
(%2.77), Çanakkale On Sekiz Mart Üniversitesi’nde 4 (%2.77), Akdeniz Üniversitesi’nde 4
(%2.77), Ege Üniversitesi’nde 4 (%2.77), İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi’nde 3 (%2.08), Ankara
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Üniversitesi’nde 3 (%2.08), Uludağ Üniversitesi’nde 3 (%2.08), Sakarya Üniversitesi’nde 3
(%2.08), Anadolu Üniversitesi’nde 3 (%2.08), Gaziantep Üniversitesi’nde 3 (%2.08), Çağ
Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), İnönü
Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), Gazi Osman Paşa
Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), Balıkesir Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), İstanbul ÜniversitesiCerrahpaşa Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), On Dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), Gazi
Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), Fırat Üniversitesi’nde 2
(%1.38), Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), Kastamonu Üniversitesi’nde 2
(%1.38), Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38), Erciyes Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38),
Pamukkale Üniversitesi’nde 2 (%1.38) ve diğer Üniversitelerde toplamda 23 (%15.97)
lisansüstü tez yazılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitim konusunda
en fazla lisansüstü tez Marmara (%9.72) ve Hacettepe (%5.5) üniversitelerinde yazılmıştır.
Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerinin Enstitülerine Göre Dağılımı
Tablo 3’te doküman analizi yapılan 144 lisansüstü tezin enstitülerine göre dağılımları
verilmiştir.
Tablo 3. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin enstitülerine göre dağılımı
Enstitüler
f
%
Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü
75
52.08
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
52
36.11
Lisansüstü Enstitüsü
15
10.41
Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü
1
.69
Yurtdışı Enstitüsü
1
.69
Toplam
144
100
Tablo 3’teki verilere göre çalışmaların enstitülere göre 75 (%52.08)’i Eğitim Bilimleri
Enstitüsü’nde, 52 (%36.11)’si Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nde, 15(%10.41)’i Lisansüstü
Enstitüsü’nde, 1(% 0.69)’i Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü’nde ve 1 (% 0.67)’i de Yurtdışı
Enstitüsü’nde yazılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre lisansüstü tezler en fazla Eğitim Bilimleri
Enstitüleri (%52.08) kapsamında yazılmıştır.
Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerinin Anabilim Dallarına Göre Dağılımı
Tablo 4’te doküman analizi yapılan 144 lisansüstü tezin anabilim dallarına göre dağılımları
verilmiştir.
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Tablo 4. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin anabilim dallarına göre
dağılımı
Anabilim Dalı
f
%
Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı
49
34.02
Türkçe ve Sosyal Bilimler Anabilim Dalı
19
13.19
İlköğretim Anabilim Dalı
17
11.8
Eğitim Programları ve Öğretimi Anabilim 8
5.55
Dalı
Temel Eğitim Anabilim Dalı
7
4.86
Diğer
44
30.55
Toplam
144
100
Tablo 4’te çalışmaların anabilim dallarına göre dağılımı şu şekildedir; Eğitim Bilimleri
Anabilim Dalı 49 (%34.02), Türkçe ve Sosyal Bilimler Anabilim Dalı 19 (%13.19), İlköğretim
Anabilim Dalı 17 (%11.8), Eğitim Programları ve Öğretimi Anabilim Dalı 8 (%5.55), Temel
Eğitim Anabilim Dalı 7 (%4.86) ve diğer anabilim dallarında 44 (%30.55) lisansüstü tez
yayınlanmıştır. Bu bulgulara göre en fazla lisansüstü tez yayınlayan anabilim dalının Eğitim
Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı (%34.02) olduğuna ulaşılmıştır.
Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerinin Türüne Göre Dağılımı
Tablo 5’te doküman analizi yapılan 144 lisansüstü tezin türüne göre dağılımları verilmiştir.
Tablo 5. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin tez türüne göre dağılımı
Tez Türü
f
%
Yüksek Lisans
114
79,16
Doktora
30
20,83
Toplam
144
100
Tablo 5’te çalışmaların tez türlerinin dağılımına göre 114 (%79,16) yüksek lisans tezi ve 30
(%20.83) doktora tezi yayınlanmıştır. Verilere göre yüksek lisans tezlerinin oranı (%79.16)
doktora tezlerinin oranından (%20.83) oldukça fazladır.
Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerinin Danışman Unvanlarına Göre Dağılımı
Tablo 6’da doküman analizi yapılan 144 lisansüstü tezin danışman unvanlarına göre dağılımları
verilmiştir.
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Tablo 6. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin danışmanlarının
unvanlarına göre dağılımı
Danışman Ünvanları
f
%
Profesör
47
31.54
Doçent
52
34.89
Doktor Öğretim Üyesi/ Yardımcı Doçent Doktor
49
32.88
Doktor
1
.67
Toplam
149
100
Tablo 6’ya göre tezlerin danışman unvanlarına göre dağılımı şu şekildedir; 47 (%31.54)
profesör, 52 (%34.89) doçent, 49 (%32.88) doktor öğretim üyesi/yardımcı doçent ve 1 (% 0.67)
doktor unvanına sahip danışmanın yer aldığı toplamda 144 tane lisansüstü tez yayınlanmıştır.
Tezlerin frekans toplamının 149 olmasının sebebi ise bazı çalışmaların iki danışmana (Toprak,
2008; Sarıkaya Serdaroğlu, 2023; Arslan, 2014; Şahin Bektaş, 2022; Kılıçoğlu, 2014) sahip
olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır.
Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerinin Çalışma Grubuna Göre Dağılımı
Tablo 7’de doküman analizi yapılan 144 lisansüstü tezin çalışma grubuna göre dağılımları
verilmiştir.
Tablo 7. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin çalışma grubuna göre
dağılımı
Çalışma Grubu
f
%
Öğretmen
78
48.14
Öğretmen Adayı
26
16.04
Öğrenci
20
12.34
Ders Kitabı/Dokümantasyon
18
11.11
Öğretim Görevlisi/Elemanı
8
4.93
Okul Yöneticisi/Personeli
7
4.32
Diğer
5
3.08
Toplam
162
100
Tablo 7’de tezlerin çalışma gruplarına göre dağılımı şu şekildedir; 78 (%48.14) çalışmada
öğretmene, 26 (%16.04) çalışmada öğretmen adayına, 20 (%12.34) çalışmada öğrenciye, 18
(%11.11)
çalışmada
ders
kitabı/dokümantasyona,
8
(%4.93)
çalışmada
öğretim
görevlisi/elemanına, 7 (%4.32) çalışmada okul yöneticisi/personeline ve 5 (%3.08) diğer
(program, ebeveyn, farklı etnik grup katılımcıları) grubuna yer verilmiştir. Araştırmalarda
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çalışma grubu olarak öğretmenlerin oran (%48.14) olarak en fazla tercih edildiği bulgular
dahilinde elde edilmiştir.
Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerinin Araştırma Yöntemine Göre Dağılımı
Tablo 8’de doküman analizi yapılan 144 lisansüstü tezin araştırma yöntemine göre dağılımları
verilmiştir.
Tablo 8. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin araştırma yöntemine göre
dağılımı
Araştırma Yöntemi
f
%
Nitel
46
31.94
Nicel
79
54.86
Karma
19
13.19
Toplam
144
100
Tablo 8’de tezlerin araştırma yöntemlerinin dağılımı incelendiğinde 46 (%31.94) nitel, 79
(%54.86) nicel ve 19 (%13.19) karma çalışmaya yer verilmiştir. Bu bulgulara göre lisansüstü
tezlerin nicel (%54.86) çalışmalara en fazla yer verdiği görülmektedir.
Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Tezlerinin Sonuçlarına Göre Dağılımı
Tablo 9’da doküman analizi yapılan 144 lisansüstü tezin sonuçlarına göre dağılımları
verilmiştir.
Tablo 9. Çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü eğitimi konu alan tezlerin sonuçları
* Öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülük ve çok kültürlü eğitim konusunda algıları olumlu, çok
kültürlü eğitim uygulamalarından pek fazla haberdar olmadıkları ve çok kültürlü eğitim konu
olunca sorumluk bilinçlerinin olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir (Karadeniz, 2019; Teymur,
2020; Sağlam, 2016; Kaya, 2013; Polat, 2013).
* Öğretmen adaylarının/eğitim fakültesi lisans öğrencilerinin çok kültürlü eğitim ile ilgili
görüşleri, tutumları ve öz yeterlik algıları yüksek düzeyde bulunmuştur (Başarır, 2012;
Moumin, 2019; Karadağ, 2019; Oğuz, 2016; Alanay, 2015).
* Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin yeterlilik algılarına bakıldığında farklı değişkenler
doğrultusunda (yaş, eğitim durumu, etnik köken, görev yaptığı okulun bulunduğu yerleşim
yeri vs.) farklılıklar gösterdiği sonucuna varılmıştır (Çapçı, 2020; Kimzan, 2016; Acar Çiftçi,
2015; Polat, 2013).
* Öğretmenlerin farklı toplum anlayışını kabul etmektedir. Öğretmenlerin farklılıklara karşı
faklı tutumları bulunmaktadır. Öğretmenler, öğretmenlik mesleğini yerine getiren bireylerin
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önyargılı olduklarını ancak kendilerinin önyargılı olmadıklarını ifade etmektedirler (Esen,
2009; Teymur, 2020).
* sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin çok kültürlülüğe ait olumlu görüşlere sahip olduğu, eğitim
sisteminde çok kültürlülüğe ait eksiklerin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Çetinkaya, 2020;
Ateş, 2017).
* Çok kültürlü yeterliliğin en önemli iki unsurunun motivasyon ve üst biliş olduğu ve çok
kültürlü eğitim tutumlarının kişilik özellikleriyle ilişkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır
(ekinci, 2019; kaba, 2019).
* Öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülüğe ilişkin tutumları görev yaptıkları okulun türüne, sahip
oldukları branşlara, cinsiyetlerine, kariyer basamaklarına göre farklılık göstermekte ayrıca
çok kültürlü sınıf ortamlarında sınıf yönetim becerileri cinsiyete göre farklılık gösterirken
mezuniyet durumu, kıdem yılı, ana dili, yaş gibi durumlara göre farklılık göstermemektedir
ayrıca öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitim ve çok kültürlülük kavramına ilişkin bilgi, tutum
ve becerilerinin yüksek derecededir (Pınarcıoğlu, 2023; Sevilmiş, 2022; Kafa, 2022).
* Sosyal bilgiler ders kitapları incelendiğinde beş, altı ve yedinci sınıfların bazı ünitelerinde
çok kültürlülük bağlamında kazanımlara yer verildiği ancak yeteri düzeyde çok kültürlüğe
yer verilmediği ve sosyal bilgiler ders kitaplarında çok kültürlülüğün yansımalarına
değinildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Bektaş, 2023a; Bektaş, 2023b, Doğan, 2019).
* Öğretmenlerin, farklı kültüre ait veliler ve çocuklarla iletişim problemi yaşaması,
verdikleri eğitimin yeterince karşılıkları alamamaları, farklı kültüre sahip çocukların
çatışmalar yaşadıkları ile ilgili problemler öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitime olan
görüşlerini olumsuz etkilemekte ve öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitim algıları ve sınıf
yönetim becerileri düşük düzeyde ve negatif yönlü bir ilişki içerisindedir (Yıldırım, 2022;
Şahin Bektaş, 2022; Tanış, 2021).
* Psikolojik danışmanların Suriyeli bireyler ile kurulan ilişkinin/temasın miktar ve düzey
olarak okul dışında düşük seviyede olduğu ve psikolojik danışanların çok kültürlülük
algılarının yüksek olmasına rağmen Suriyeli bireyler hakkında pek bilgi sahip olmadığı ya
da eksik ve yanlış bilgiye sahip oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır (Yalçın Güler, 2020; Polat,
2013).
* Göçmen çocuklarla çalışan öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülüğe ait tutumları, iş doyumları ve
yaşam doyumları yüksektir (Duygu, 2023; Kervan, 2017).
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* Sınıf öğretmenlerinin kültürel sermaye yeterlik düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu ve kültürel
sermaye yeterlik düzeylerinin anne eğitim düzeyi, yaş ve meslekte geçirilen yıla göre anlamlı
farklılık gösterdiği ve öz duyarlılıkla çok kültürlülük yeterlik algıları arasında pozitif bir
ilişki bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Güleç, 2019).
* Çok kültülrülük kavramının; zenginlik, çeşitlilik, süreklilik, hoşgörü, tahammül gibi
kavramları çağrıştırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Gholizadeh Avval, 2018).
* Çok kültürlü kişilik özelliklerinin çok kültürlü eğitime karşı olan tutumlarda herhangi bir
belirleyicilik göstermediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Özdemir, 2018).
* Farklılıklara saygı ve çok kültürlülük arasında olumlu ilişkiler bulunmaktadır. Açık
görüşlülük, empati, esnekliğin arttığı durumlarda farklılıklara saygının da arttığı görülmüştür
(Kacar, 2018).
* Öğretmen yetiştirme programlarında en fazla katıda bulunan dersin çok kültürlü eğitim
uygulaması ile birleştirilmiş olan sınıf yönetimi dersi olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir
(Akcaoğlu, 2017).
* Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin çok kültürlü kişilik özellikleri ve çok kültürlü eğitime olan
tutumları okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarına göre daha yüksek düzeydedir (Bulut, 2015).
* Okul yöneticilerin ve öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitime yönelik tutumlarının olumlu
olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir (Marangoz, 2014).
* Öğretmen ve öğrenci görüşlerinin incelendiği çalışmada vatandaşlık eğitiminin yetersiz
kaldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Arslan, 2014).
* Türk ve yabancı öğrencilerin çok kültürlü eğitim ortamına bakışı olumludur (Demirel,
2014).
* Kültürel zekanın çok kültürlü eğitim üzerinde pek bir etkiye sahip olmadığı (Özer Koçak,
2020), bir diğer çalışma da ise kültürel zekâ ve çok kültürlü eğitim tutumu ve kültürler arası
tutarlılık arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Uğur, 2019).
* Öğretmenlere göre kültürel konuların yüz yüze eğitimle iletilmesinin daha etkili olduğu
ancak
farklılıklara
saygı
ve
çok
kültürlülük
uygulamalarının
bazı
noktalarda
ilişkilendiremedikleri sonucuna varılmıştır (Ateş, 2021).
* Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin daha büyük yaş grubundaki bireylerle çalışanlar çok
kültürlü farkındalık düzeyleri diğerlerine göre daha yüksek olduğu ve ayrıca öğretmenlerin
öğrenim durumları yükseldikçe çokkültürlülük algı bilgi düzeylerinin arttığı sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır (Alçin, 2021).
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* Sosyal bilgiler öğretmenleri İngilizce öğretmenlerine göre daha yüksek çok kültürlü tutum
sergilemektedir (Dağdemir, 2021).
* Okulun bulunduğu yer, fiziki şartları, sosyo-ekonomik durum ve verilen eğitimin
kalitesinin çok kültürlü eğitimi etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Ekşi, 2020).
* Öğretmenler, çok kültürlü eğitime çok yönlü bir bakış açısı geliştirmesi ve evrensel
değerleri ön planda tutması noktasında olumlu ancak suiistimale açık olması noktasında ise
olumsuz bir bakış açısına sahiptir. Öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitimde kullandıkları
teknikler; münazara, altı şapkalı düşünme tekniği, örnek olaydır (Yıldırım, 2021).
* Öğretmenlerin kültürler arası duyarlılıklarının yüksek seviyede olduğu ve barışa yönelik
tutumları arasında orta düzey pozitif bir ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Gençtürk
Erdem, 2022).
* Yetişkinler çok kültürlü eğitimi önemli ve avantajlı, eğitimciler ise çok kültürlü eğitim
ortamını kültürel açıdan farklı insanların ve materyallerin birarada bulundurulmasıyla
ilişkilendirmişlerdir (Elçiçek, 2022).
* Çalışmaya katılan bireylerin oyunun çok kültürlü eğitim ve çok kültürlü oyunun sahip
olduğu olumlu kısımları dikkate aldıklarına ulaşılmıştır (Kurşun, 2023).
* Yabancı basım ders kitaplarını kullanan öğrencilerin yerli basım ders kitaplarını kullanan
öğrencilere göre çok kültürlülük algılarının daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır
(Çarıkçı Kula, 2023).
* Fen bilimleri öğretmenlerinin büyük bir kısmının çok kültürlülük yeterlik algısına sahip
olduğu yaş ve deneyim açısında büyük olanların ise diğer öğretmenlere oranla daha çok çok
kültürlü eğitim algı ve yeterlik algısına sahiptir (Güner, 2023).
* Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin çok kültürlü eğitim tutumlarına veya çocuk hakları hakkında
sahip oldukları bilgi düzeyi; yaş, çalışma yılı, öğrenim düzeyi, çok kültürlü eğitim
konusunda eğitim alıp almama gibi durumlara etki etmediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (kopuz
yavuz, 2019).
* Yabancı öğrencilere Türkçe öğreten öğretim görevlilerinin çok kültürü eğitime yönelik
tutumları mesleki kıdem, yaş ve eğitim düzeyine göre farklılık göstermemektedir (yılmaz,
2019).
* Tarih derslerinde katılımcılar kendi kültürlerine ait kimliklerin yeteri kadar yer
bulmadığını, yer verilen bölümlerde ise ötekileştiren söylemlerin yer aldığı belirtilmiştir
(Yazıcı, 2013).
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* Okul öncesi eğitim sınıfındaki çocukların aile ortamında okul ortamına geçiş sürecinde
kültürel etkileşimler ve unsurlar önemlidir (şimşek, 2022).
* Hizmet içi eğitim programının çok kültürlü eğitime karşı algıların ve mesleki yeterliliklerin
arttırılması hakkında iyileştirilmeye ihtiyaç duymaktadır (durmuş, 2022).
* Sosyal empati becerisi, kültürler arası iletişim kaygısı ile öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü
yeterlik algısı yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Akgül, 2022).
* Türkiye’de çok kültürlü eğitim ile ilgili çalışmalar dünyada yapılan çalışmalardan 29 yıl
sonra yapıldığı, çok kültürlülükle ilgili yapılan çalışmaların konularının ise eğitim-öğretim,
kültür, kimlik, öğretmen vb. dir (şangül, 2022).
* Öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitim ortamlarını gözlemleyerek yeterliliklerini geliştirdikleri
sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (başar, 2022).
* Öğretmenlerin sosyal adalete bağlı olarak öğretme yeterlikleri ve çok kültürlü öğretim
yeterlilikleri arasında olumlu bir ilişki vardır (can, 2021).
* Öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitime karşı tutumlarının ve empati düzeylerinin yüksek ve
aralarında pozitif yönde düşük bir ilişki bulunmaktadır (Babur, 2021).
* İkili öğretmen modelinin kalabalık ve çok kültürlü sınıflarda uygulanabileceği ancak iki
öğretmenin bir sınıfa girmesinin görüş ayrılıklarının olabileceği sonucunu da ortaya
çıkarmaktadır (Altay, 2021).
* Çok kültürlü eğitimin amacı ülke genelinde birlik ve beraberliğini, düşünce ve ifade
özgürlüğünü sağlamak, hoşgörü ve empati bilincini geliştirmek olarak öğretmen adayları
tarafından aktarılmıştır (keçesi, 2019).
* Medya okuryazarlığı dersinin sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının çok kültürlü tutum
geliştirmeye yönelik etkisine bakıldığında olumsuz yönde bir etki elde edilmiştir (Çelik,
2011). Sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin bir kısmının çok kültürlülüğü tanımlayamamıştır
(Yıldırım, 2019).
* Türkiye tarih öğretim programlarının içeriklerine bakıldığında çok kültürlülüğe yönelik
meyilli olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir (Çınar, 2010).
* Bireylerin kendi kültürel kimliklerine karşı olumlu tutumları arttıkça yabancı dil öğrenme
noktasında tutumlarının azaldığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Sökmen Ramos, 2019).
* Öğretmen adaylarının sosyal medya kullanımına göre çok kültürlü eğitime ilişkin
görüşlerine bakıldığında; sosyal medya sitelerinin kullanım amacına, zaman geçirilen sosyal
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
medya grubuna, sosyal medya sitelerinde üye olunan kişi sayısına göre farklılık gösterdiği
sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Hark Söylemez, 2017).
* Türkiye ve Yunanistan’da yayınlanmış olan resimli çocuk kitaplarının çok kültürlülük
açısından incelenmesine bakıldığında inanç boyutunun fantastik öğeler alt boyutunda benzer
olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir (Veli Amet, 2021).
* Okul ortamının sosyal ve duygusal becerilere etkisine bakıldığında yaş grubu ve kültürel
farklılıkların yordayıcılığı dikkat çekmektedir (Hayır, 2023).
* din kültürü ve ahlak bilgisi dersleri çok kültürlülüğü ele bir ortamlarda etkili olabilmesi
için öğretmenlerin dersi anlatış tarzı, tutum ve davranışları etkili olmaktadır (Doğru, 2022).
* Beden eğitimi öğretmen adaylarının çok kültürlü eğitime yönelik tutumlarının yüksek
olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (ırmak, 2022).
* Sığınmacı öğrencileri tanımak amacıyla gelişi güzel bir yol izlendiği, eğitimde en önemli
sorunun dil olduğu, öğretmenlerin bu durumlara karşı hazırlıksız olması, en çok kullanılan
yöntemlerin düz anlatım ve akıllı tahtanın kullanılması ve sonuç olarak iki öğretmen
yaklaşımına varılmıştır. Bunlardan ilki Türk öğrencilere odaklı anlatım ve tüm öğrencileri
temel alarak yapılan anlatım şeklindedir (Yılmaz, 2023).
* Ders kitapların çok kültürlülük öğelerine yer verilmesine rağmen bu öğeler arasında bir
dengenin olmayışı dikkat çekmektedir (Korkmaz, 2009).
* Kadın sınıf öğretmenlerinin erkek sınıf öğretmenlerine oranla çok kültürlü kişilik
özelliklerinin farklılaşma gösterdiği, öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü kişilik özelliklerinin on
sekiz yaşına kadar yaşadıkları yer ve baba eğitim düzeylerine bağlı olarak değişiklik
göstermediği, anne eğitim düzeyinin çok kültürlü kişilik özellikleri üzerinde anlamlı bir
farklılık olmadığı ancak çok kültürlü algıları üzerinde anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu sonucu
elde edilmiştir.
Öğretmenlerin kıdem yılları arttıkça çok kültürlü yeterlik algılarının
azaldığı, sınıf öğretmenlerinin çok kültürlü yeterlilik algıları arttıkça çok kültürlü kişilik
özelliklerinin de arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Durşen Ünal, 2018).
* Okulda görev yapmakta olan psikolojik danışmanların kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma
yeterlikleri, medeni durumları, cinsiyetleri, hayatlarının en fazla geçtiği mekan, görev
süresi,, kültüre duyarlılık ile ilgili ders alması gibi değişkenlere göre anlamlı düşeyde bir
farklılaşma görülmediği, ancak psikolojik danışma yeterlik algısı, farklı kültürlere ait
danışanların sıklığı, öğrenim düzeyi ve bildikleri dil sayısına göre anlamlı bir düzeyde
farklılaşmanın olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Demir, 2016).
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* Öğrencilerin çok kültürlü bir ortamda yapılan birebir ve ikili testlerin tercih etmesi
konusunda yapılan çalışmaya göre bireysel farklılıkların temel olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır
(Öncel, 2016).
* Vatandaşlık ve demokrasi eğitimi ders kitabı ve ders programına katılan bireylerin kültürel
farklılıkları tanıma ve tanıtma noktasında ihtiyaca cevapsız kaldıkları ve farklı kültüre ait
bireylerin en fazla şikayetçi oldukları konunun önyargı olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir (Yiğit,
2014).
* Okul yöneticileri öğretmenlere oranla kendi çok kültürlü yeterlilikleri hakkında daha
olumlu görüş bildirmişlerdir. Küçük okulda çalışan okul yöneticilerinin çok kültürlü
yeterlilik hakkında daha olumlu görüşler bildirmişleridir (Karadağ, 2015). Okul yöneticileri
çok kültürlü kişilik özelliklere sahip olduğu ve çatışmadan kaçındıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır
(Günçavdı Alabay, 2022).
* İlkokulda görev yapan öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülükle ilgili farkındalık düzeyleri genel
olarak yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca bu öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülükle ilgili
beceri, bilgi ve farkındalık alt boyutlarına göre değişkenler (cinsiyet, kıdem, öğrenim ve
çalışılan okul) arasında anlamlı herhangi bir farklılık bulunmamıştır (Cırık, 2014).
* Lise öğretmenlerinin çok kültürlü yeterlilik algıları diğer kademelerdeki (ilkokul ve
ortaokul) öğretmenlere göre daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca
öğretmenlerin demokratik tutum ve çok kültürlü yeterlilik algıları arasında pozitif bir ilişki
bulunmuştur (Bulut, 2014).
* Öğretmen adaylarının çok kültürlü bir eğitim sınıfında ders verme noktasında
hazırbulunuşluk seviyesi olarak orta düzeyde yer aldıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu
hazırbulunuşluk seviyelerinin ise çok kültürlülük konusunda dersler almak, göçmen veya
göçmen kökenli olmak ve öğretmen yetiştirme programına göre farklılıklar göstermektedir
(Subaşı, 2013).
* İlköğretim öğretmenlerinin çok kültürlü eğitim tutumları orta ve kişilik özellikleri yüksek
düzeydedir (Gürel, 2013).
Tablo 9’da tezlerin sonuçlarına yer verilmiştir. Buna göre lisansüstü tezlerin sonuçlarına göre
en çok ulaşılan sonuçlar şu şekildedir; öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülük ve çok kültürlü eğitim
konusunda algıları olumlu, çok kültürlü eğitim uygulamalarından pek fazla haberdar
olmadıkları ve çok kültürlü eğitim konu olunca sorumluluk bilinçlerinin olduğu sonucu elde
edilmiştir. Diğer sonuçlara bakıldığında öğretmen adaylarının/eğitim fakültesi lisans
öğrencilerinin çok kültürlü eğitim ile ilgili görüşleri, tutumları ve öz yeterlik algıları yüksek
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düzeyde bulunmuştur. Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin yeterlilik algılarına bakıldığında farklı
değişkenler doğrultusunda (yaş, eğitim durumu, etnik köken, görev yaptığı okulun bulunduğu
yerleşim yeri vs.) farklılıklar gösterdiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Öğretmenlerin farklı toplum
anlayışını kabul etmekte ve farklılıklara karşı faklı tutumları bulunmaktadır. Öğretmenler,
öğretmenlik mesleğini yerine getiren bireylerin önyargılı olduklarını ancak kendilerinin
önyargılı olmadıklarını ifade etmektedirler. Sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin çok kültürlülüğe
ait olumlu görüşlere sahip olduğu, eğitim sisteminde çok kültürlülüğe ait eksiklerin olduğu
sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çok kültürlü yeterliliğin en önemli iki unsurunun motivasyon ve üst biliş
olduğu ve çok kültürlü eğitim tutumlarının kişilik özellikleriyle ilişkili olduğu sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır. Öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülüğe ilişkin tutumları görev yaptıkları okulun türüne,
sahip oldukları branşlara, cinsiyetlerine, kariyer basamaklarına göre farklılık göstermekte
ayrıca çok kültürlü sınıf ortamlarında sınıf yönetim becerileri cinsiyete göre farklılık
gösterirken mezuniyet durumu, kıdem yılı, ana dili, yaş gibi durumlara göre farklılık
göstermemektedir ayrıca öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitim ve çok kültürlülük kavramına
ilişkin bilgi, tutum ve becerilerinin yüksek derecededir. Sosyal bilgiler ders kitapları
incelendiğinde beş, altı ve yedinci sınıfların bazı ünitelerinde çok kültürlülük bağlamında
kazanımlara yer verildiği ancak yeteri düzeyde çok kültürlüğe yer verilmediği ve sosyal bilgiler
ders kitaplarında çok kültürlülüğün yansımalarına değinildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Öğretmenlerin, farklı kültüre ait veliler ve çocuklarla iletişim problemi yaşaması, verdikleri
eğitimin yeterince karşılıklarını alamamaları, farklı kültüre sahip çocukların çatışmalar
yaşadıkları ile ilgili problemler öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitime olan görüşlerini olumsuz
etkilemekte ve öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü eğitim algıları ve sınıf yönetim becerileri düşük
düzeyde ve negatif yönlü bir ilişki içerisinde olduğu görülmektedir. Psikolojik danışmanların
Suriyeli bireyler ile kurulan ilişkinin/temasın miktar ve düzey olarak okul dışında düşük
seviyede olduğu ve psikolojik danışanların çok kültürlülük algılarının yüksek olmasına rağmen
Suriyeli bireyler hakkında pek bilgiye sahip olmadığı ya da eksik ve yanlış bilgiye sahip
oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır. Göçmen çocuklarla çalışan öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülüğe ait
tutumları, iş doyumları ve yaşam doyumlarının yüksek olduğu, sınıf öğretmenlerinin kültürel
sermaye yeterlik düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu ve kültürel sermaye yeterlik düzeylerinin anne
eğitim düzeyi, yaş ve meslekte geçirilen yıla göre anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği ve öz duyarlılıkla
çok kültürlülük yeterlik algıları arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çok
kültülrülük kavramının; zenginlik, çeşitlilik, süreklilik, hoşgörü, tahammül gibi kavramları
çağrıştırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çok kültürlü kişilik özelliklerinin çok kültürlü eğitime karşı
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olan tutumlarda herhangi bir belirleyicilik göstermediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Farklılıklara
saygı ve çok kültürlülük arasında olumlu ilişkiler bulunmaktadır. Açık görüşlülük, empati,
esnekliğin arttığı durumlarda farklılıklara saygının da arttığı görülmüştür. Öğretmen yetiştirme
programlarında en fazla katıda bulunan dersin çok kültürlü eğitim uygulaması ile birleştirilmiş
olan sınıf yönetimi dersi olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir. Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin çok
kültürlü kişilik özellikleri ve çok kültürlü eğitime olan tutumları okul öncesi öğretmen
adaylarına göre daha yüksek düzeydedir. Okul yöneticilerinin ve öğretmenlerin çok kültürlü
eğitime yönelik tutumlarının olumlu olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir. Öğretmen ve öğrenci
görüşlerinin incelendiği çalışmada vatandaşlık eğitiminin yetersiz kaldığı sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır. Türk ve yabancı öğrencilerin çok kültürlü eğitim ortamına bakışının olumlu olduğu
ve kültürel zekanın çok kültürlü eğitim üzerinde pek bir etkiye sahip olmadığı, bir diğer çalışma
da ise kültürel zekâ ve çok kültürlü eğitim tutumu ve kültürler arası tutarlılık arasında pozitif
bir ilişki olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öğretmenlere göre kültürel konuların yüz yüze eğitimle
iletilmesinin daha etkili olduğu ancak farklılıklara saygı ve çok kültürlülük uygulamalarının
bazı noktalarda ilişkilendiremedikleri sonucuna varılmıştır. Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin
daha büyük yaş grubundaki bireylerle çalışanlar çok kültürlü farkındalık düzeyleri diğerlerine
göre daha yüksek olduğu ve ayrıca öğretmenlerin öğrenim durumları yükseldikçe çok
kültürlülük algı bilgi düzeylerinin arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sosyal bilgiler öğretmenleri
İngilizce öğretmenlerine göre daha yüksek çok kültürlü tutum sergilemektedir. Okulun
bulunduğu yer, fiziki şartları, sosyo-ekonomik durum ve verilen eğitimin kalitesinin çok
kültürlü eğitimi etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
SONUÇ
Bu çalışmada çok kültürlü eğitim ile ilgili yapılan lisansüstü tezler incelenmiştir. Yapılan
araştırma kapsamında ele alınan sonuçlar tartışılmış ve sunulmuştur.
Çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yapılmış olan çalışmalarda yıllara göre dağılım incelendiğinde;
1998 yılında 2 tez, 2001 yılında 1 tez, 2005 yılında 1 tez, 2006 yılında 1 tez, 2008 yılında 2 tez,
2009 yılında 2 tez, 2010 yılında 1 tez, 2011 yılında 1 tez, 2012 yılında 2 tez, 2013 yılında 9
tez, 2014 yılında 11 tez, 2015 yılında 5 tez, 2016 yılında 8 tez, 2017 yılında 8 tez, 2018 yılında
10 tez, 2019 yılında 28 tez, 2020 yılında 10 tez, 2021 yılında 16 tez, 2022 yılında 20 tez ve
2023 yılında 10 tez yayınlanmıştır. Hazırlanmış olan tezlerin yıllara göre dağılımı
incelendiğinde yıllar arasında dalgalanmaların olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak son yıllarda
yazılmış olan tezlerin sayısında bir artış olduğu ve çok kültürlü eğitim konusunda son yıllarda
verilen önemin arttığı yorumu yapılabilir.
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Çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yapılmış olan çalışmaların yazarlarının üniversitelerine göre
dağılımı incelendiğinde; Marmara Üniversitesi’nde 14 tez, Hacette Üniversitesi’nde 8 tez,
Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi’nde 7 tez, Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi’nde 6 tez, Çukurova
Üniversitesi’nde 5 tez, Trakya Üniversitesi’nde 4 tez, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi’nde 4 tez, Van
Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi’nde 4 tez, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi’nde 4 tez, Çanakkale On Sekiz
Mart Üniversitesi’nde 4 tez, Akdeniz Üniversitesi’nde 4 tez, Ege Üniversitesi’nde 4 tez,
İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi’nde 3 tez, Ankara Üniversitesi’nde 3 tez, Uludağ Üniversitesi’nde
3 tez, Sakarya Üniversitesi’nde 3 tez, Anadolu Üniversitesi’nde 3 tez, Gaziantep
Üniversitesi’nde 3 tez, Çağ Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez,
İnönü Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Gazi Osman Paşa
Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Balıkesir Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa
Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, On Dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Gazi Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez,
Boğaziçi Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Fırat Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit
Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Kastamonu Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi’nde 2
tez, Erciyes Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez, Pamukkale Üniversitesi’nde 2 tez ve diğer üniversitelerde
toplamda 23 lisansüstü tez yazılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre çok kültürlü/çokkültürlü
eğitim konusunda en fazla lisansüstü tez Marmara (%9.72) ve Hacettepe (%5.5)
üniversitelerinde yazılmıştır. Öte yandan birçok üniversitenin farklı sayılarda çok kültürlü
eğitim alanında tez hazırlamış olduğunu ve birçok üniversitenin çok kültürlü eğitim konusuna
önem verdiği yorumu yapılabilir.
Çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yazılmış olan tezlerin enstitülerine göre dağılımına bakıldığında;
75 tezin Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü’nde, 52 tezin Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nde, 15 tezin
Lisansüstü Enstitüsü’nde, 1 tezin Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü’nde ve 1 tezin de Yurtdışı
Enstitüsü’nde yazıldığı sonucu elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre lisansüstü tezler en
fazla Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüleri (%52.08) kapsamında yazılmıştır. Bunun sebebi olarak konu
alanının eğitim olarak sınırlandırılmış olması yorumu yapılabilir. Çok kültürlü eğitim alanında
yazılmış olan tezlerin anabilim dallarına göre dağılımına bakıldığında; Eğitim Bilimleri
Anabilim Dalı 49 tez, Türkçe ve Sosyal Bilimler Anabilim Dalı 19 tez, İlköğretim Anabilim
Dalı 17 tez, Eğitim Programları ve Öğretimi Anabilim Dalı 8 tez, Temel Eğitim Anabilim Dalı
7 tez ve diğer anabilim dallarında 44 lisansüstü tez yayınlanmıştır. Bu bulgulara göre en fazla
lisansüstü tez yayınlayan anabilim dalının Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı (%34.02) olduğuna
ve farklı anabilim dallarına eğitimlerini tamamlamış lisansüstü öğrencilerinin çok kültürlü
eğitim konularına önem verdiği yorumu yapılabilir. Çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yazılmış olan
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tezlerin tez türlerine göre dağılımına bakıldığında; 114 yüksek lisans tezi ve 30 doktora tezi
yayınlanmıştır. Verilere göre yüksek lisans tezlerinin oranı (%79.16) doktora tezlerinin
oranından (%20.83) oldukça fazla olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. bu sonuca göre yüksek lisans
programlarının doktora programlarından sayıca fazla olması, doktora programlarının yeterli
olmayışı, yüksek lisans öğrencilerinin doktora öğrencilerine oranla çok kültürlü eğitime
ilgisinin daha yüksek olabileceği yorumları yapılabilir.Çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yazılmış
olan tezlerin danışmanlarının unvanlarına göre dağılımına bakıldığında; 47 profesör, 52 doçent,
49 doktor öğretim üyesi/yardımcı doçent ve 1 doktor unvanına sahip danışmanın yer aldığı
toplamda 144 tane lisansüstü tez yayınlanmıştır. Tezlerin frekans toplamının 149 olmasının
sebebi ise bazı çalışmaların iki danışmana (Toprak, 2008; Sarıkaya Serdaroğlu, 2023; Arslan,
2014; Şahin Bektaş, 2022; Kılıçoğlu, 2014) sahip olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Ayrıca farklı
unvanlara sahip akademisyenlerin veya bu akademisyenlerinin öğrencilerinin çok kültürlü
eğitim konusuna önem verdikleri/ilgi duydukları yorumu yapılabilir. Çok kültürlü eğitim
alanında yazılmış olan tezlerin çalışma gruplarına göre dağılımına bakıldığında; 78 çalışmada
öğretmene, 26 çalışmada öğretmen adayına, 20 çalışmada öğrenciye, 18 çalışmada ders
kitabı/dokümantasyona, 8 çalışmada öğretim görevlisi/elemanına, 7 çalışmada okul
yöneticisi/personeline ve 5 diğer (program, ebeveyn, farklı etnik grup katılımcıları) grubuna
yer verilmiştir. Araştırmalarda çalışma grubu olarak öğretmenlerin oran (%48.14) olarak en
fazla tercih edildiği sonucu elde edilmiştir. Çalışmalarda en fazla öğretmenlere yer verilmesinin
sebebinin kolay ulaşılabilir olması, çok kültürlülük konusuna olumlu algılara sahip olmaları
(Karadeniz, 2019; Teymur, 2020; Sağlam, 2016; Kaya, 2013; Polat, 2013) yorumları
yapılabilir.Çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yazılmış olan tezlerin araştırma yöntemlerine göre
dağılımına bakıldığında; 46 çalışma nitel, 79 çalışma nicel ve 19 çalışma karma yöntemle
hazırlanmıştır. Karma ve nitel çalışmaların sayılarının artması durumda çok kültürlü eğitim ile
ilgili farklı verilere ve sonuçlara ulaşılabilir.Çok kültürlü eğitim alanında yazılmış olan tezlerin
sonuçları incelendiğinde en çok ulaşılan sonuçlar şu şekildedir; öğretmenlerin çok kültürlülük
ve çok kültürlü eğitim konusunda algıları olumlu, çok kültürlü eğitim uygulamalarından pek
fazla haberdar olmadıkları ve çok kültürlü eğitim konu olunca sorumluluk bilinçlerinin olduğu,
öğretmen adaylarının/eğitim fakültesi lisans öğrencilerinin çok kültürlü eğitim ile ilgili
görüşleri, tutumları ve öz yeterlik algıları yüksek düzeyde olduğu ve okul öncesi
öğretmenlerinin yeterlilik algılarına bakıldığında farklı değişkenler doğrultusunda (yaş, eğitim
durumu, etnik köken, görev yaptığı okulun bulunduğu yerleşim yeri vs.) farklılıklar gösterdiği
sonucuna varılmıştır.
1192
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKÇA
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ı̇ lı̇ şkı̇ n algıları, Doktora Tezi, Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Ağ, İ. (2017). Psı̇ kolojı̇ k danışman adaylarının çokkültürlü kı̇ şı̇ lı̇ k özellı̇ klerı̇ ve ayrımcılık
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eğı̇ tı̇ m ı̇ le sınıf yönetı̇ mı̇ tutum ve yeterlı̇ klerı̇ ne etkı̇ sı̇ , Doktora Tezi, Abant İzzet Baysal
Üniversitesi, Bolu.
Akgül, E. (2022). çok kültürlü yeterlı̇ k algısı, sosyal empatı̇ , sınıf yönetı̇ m becerı̇ lerı̇ ve
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Üniversitesi, Ankara.
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düşüncelerı̇ nı̇ n ı̇ ncelenmesı̇ , Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
1193
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Aslan, M. & Kozikoğlu, İ. (2017). Öğretmenlerin Çokkültürlü Eğitime Yönelik Tutumları: Van
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1194
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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1195
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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1196
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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1204
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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1205
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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Antalya.
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hakkındakı̇ görüşlerı̇ nı̇ n değerlendı̇ rı̇ lmesı̇ (çanakkale ı̇ lı̇ örneğı̇ ), Yüksek Lisans Tezi,
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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üzerı̇ ne etkı̇ sı̇ ve kültürel zekânın bu ı̇ lı̇ şkı̇ üzerı̇ ndekı̇ aracı etkı̇ sı̇ nı̇ n belı̇ rlenmesı̇ , Doktora
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in diversity and multiculturalism knowledge. International Journal of Academic
Research in Progressive Education and Development 9(4), 164-175.
1207
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BUĞDAY ÜRETİMİNİN YAPISAL ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ
Research Asst. Bektaş KADAKOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0002-3810-1718)
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Isparta-Türkiye
Email: bektaskadakoglu@isparta.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Bahri KARLI (ORCID: 0000-0001-9734-1781)
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Isparta-Türkiye
Email: bahrikarli@isparta.edu.tr
Assoc. Prof. Alamettin BAYAV (ORCID: 0000-0002-8093-2988)
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Isparta-Türkiye
Email: alamettinbayav@hotmail.com
Özet
Buğday Türkiye’de birçok çiftçinin gelir kaynağı olup yoğun olarak üretilmektedir. Ayrıca
temel gıda maddesi olması buğdayın önemini daha da artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, buğdayın
dünya ve Türkiye’de ekim alanı, üretimi ve dış ticaretinin gelişiminin ortaya konulması
amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca Türkiye’de farklı illerde buğday üretiminin ekonomik analizinin
yapıldığı çalışmalardan faydalanarak buğday üreten işletmelerin bazı teknik ve ekonomik
özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ana materyalini ilgili istatistikler (Türkiye İstatistik
Kurumu, Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü) ve literatürde konuyla ilgili yapılmış olan
ulusal ve uluslararası bilimsel çalışmalar oluşturmuştur. Dünya ve Türkiye’de buğday
üretimindeki ve dış ticaretindeki gelişmeler basit ve zincirleme indeks hesabı yapılarak yıllar
itibariyle değişimleri incelenmiştir. İncelenen çalışmalarda buğday üretiminde sabit masrafların
oranı ortalama %25,80 ve değişen masrafların oranı ortalama %74,11 olarak tespit edilmiştir.
Buğday üretiminde nispi kâr ise 1,28 olarak belirlenmiştir. Yani işletmeler 1 birimlik masraf
karşılığında 1,28 birimlik gelir elde etmekte olup bunun 0,28 birimi kârdır. İşletmelerin
ortalama işletme arazisi genişlikleri 244,7 dekar, buğday ekim alanlarının ortalama genişliği
124,2 dekar, buğday verimi ise 351,76 kg/da olarak tespit edilmiştir. 2022 yılı itibariyle Türkiye
buğday üretiminde dünyada 12. sırada yer almaktadır. Buğday ihracatında dünyada 30. sırada,
buğday ithalatında ise 3. sırada yer almaktadır. Türkiye hem miktar bakımından hem değer
bakımından buğday dış ticaretinde açık vermektedir. Buğday dış ticaret açığı 8 milyon 512 bin
ton ve 3 milyar 187 milyon dolardır. Türkiye önemli bir buğday ithalatçısı ülke olmakla birlikte
ithal edilen buğdayı tarıma dayalı sanayi kollarında (un sanayi, makarna sanayi vb.) işleyerek
katma değer kazandırmakta ve ihraç etmektedir. Her ne kadar ithal edilen buğday tarıma dayalı
sanayinde kullanılsa da Türkiye’de yıllar itibariyle buğday ekim alanlarının azalması ve dış
ticaret açığının artması üzerinde durulması gereken önemli bir konudur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Buğday, Türkiye, Yapısal Analiz, Nispi kâr, Masraf
1208
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF WHEAT PRODUCTION: Türkiye EXAMPLE
Abstract
Wheat is the source of income for numerous farmers in Türkiye and is produced in large areas.
In addition, the fact that it is a staple food increases the importance of wheat even more. This
study aimed to reveal the development of wheat cultivation areas, production, and foreign trade
in the world and Türkiye. In addition, some technical and economic characteristics of wheatproducing farms were examined by utilizing the studies in which economic analysis of wheat
production in different provinces in Türkiye. The main material of the study consisted of
relevant statistics (Turkish Statistical Institute, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations) and national and international scientific studies in the literature. Wheat production and
foreign trade developments in the world and Türkiye were analyzed using simple and chain
indexes. In the analyzed studies, the ratio of fixed costs in wheat production was 25.80%, and
the ratio of variable costs was 74.11 % on average. The relative profit in wheat production was
determined as 1.28. In other words, farms earn 1.28 units of income for 1 unit of expenditure,
of which 0.28 units is profit. The average size of the farms was 244.7 decares, the average size
of the wheat cultivation area was 124.2 decares, and the wheat yield was 351.76 kg/da. As of
2022, Türkiye ranked 12th in the world in wheat production. It ranks 30th globally in wheat
exports and 3rd in wheat imports. Türkiye has a wheat foreign trade deficit in terms of quantity
and value. The wheat foreign trade deficit was 8 million 512 thousand tons and 3 billion 187
million dollars. Although Türkiye is an important wheat-importing country, it processes the
imported wheat in agriculture-based industries (flour industry, pasta industry, etc.) and exports
it. Although imported wheat is used in agriculture-based industries, the decrease in wheat
cultivation areas and the increase in the foreign trade deficit in Türkiye over the years are
important issues that should be emphasized.
Keywords: Wheat, Türkiye, Structural analysis, Relative profit, Cost
1209
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Toplumların yaşamlarının devamı için önemli bir gıda maddesi olan buğday üretimden
tüketime kadar tüm aşamalarda ekonominin önemli bir konusudur (Önkal, 1991). Öyle ki
buğday üreminin azalması tarım sektörünün büyümesini azaltacak ve ülkelerin gıda güvenliğini
etkileyecektir (Chandio vd. 2021). Üretimdeki arz ve tüketimdeki talep değişmeleri gıdada
kendine yeterlilik kavramını ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Türkiye 2000’li yılların başından beri
buğday ithalatının artmasına karşın buğday üretiminde kendine yeterlilik ortalaması 101,26’dır.
Türkiye ithal ettiği buğdayı un sanayi, makarna sanayi vb. gibi sanayi kollarında işleyerek ürüne
katma değer kazandırmakta ve ihracat geliri elde etmektedir. Bu sayede tarıma dayalı sanayi
işletmelerinin atıl durumda bekleyen kapasite kullanım oranları da artmaktadır.Türkiye’de
toplam işlenen tarım arazilerinin %28,54’ünde, toplam tahıl ekim alanlarının ise %40,89’unda
buğday üretilmektedir (TÜİK, 2024a). Bu bakımdan birçok çiftçinin temel gelir kaynağı
buğdaydır.Bu çalışmada, dünya ve Türkiye’de buğday ekim alanları ve üretimindeki
gelişmeler, dış ticaretteki durum değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Dünyada buğday üretiminin
ülkelere göre, Türkiye’de ise illere göre dağılımı incelenmiştir. Dünya buğday üretimi ve dış
ticaretinde Türkiye’nin yeri ve önemi ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde
buğday üretiminin ekonomik analizini ele alan çalışmalarından yararlanılarak buğday üreten
işletmelerin bazı özellikleri incelenmiştir.
Materyal ve Metot
Çalışmanın ana materyalini ikincil veriler oluşturmaktadır. İkincil veriler; Türkiye İstatistik
Kurumu (TÜİK), Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO), ulusal ve uluslararası
literatürdeki konuyla ilgili bilimsel yayınlardan elde edilmiştir. Dünya ve Türkiye’de buğday
üretimine ilişkin verilere basit ve zincirleme indeks hesabı yapılarak yıllar itibariyle değişim
incelenmiştir. İndeks hesabında temel amaç nispi artış veya azalışları ortaya koymaktır. Basit
indekste her yıl temel alınan yıla oranlanarak hesaplanırken, zincirleme indekste her yıl bir
önceki yıla oranlanarak hesaplanmaktadır.
Araştırma Bulguları ve Tartışma
Dünya buğday ekim alanı 2000-2022 yılları arasında 213-220 milyon hektar arasında
değişmektedir. 2000-2004 yılları ortalamasında 213 milyon 536 bin hektar olan buğday ekim
alanı 2022 yılında %2,63 artarak 219 milyon 154 bin hektara çıkmıştır. Aynı tarihler itibariyle
dünya buğday üretimi ise 590-810 milyon ton arasında değişmektedir. 2000-2004 yılları
ortalamasına göre 590 milyon 516 bin ton olan buğday üretimi %36,90 artarak 2022 yılında
808 milyon 442 bin tona yükselmiştir. Bir önceki döneme göre üretimdeki değişim
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
incelendiğinde en fazla artış %8,96 ile 2015-2019 yılları ortalamasında gerçekleşmiştir. Dünya
buğday ekim alanlarında çok fazla bir değişim olmamasına rağmen üretim miktarı her geçen
yıl artmaktadır. Dünya buğday verimi 2000-2004 yılları ortalamasında hektara 2.764 kg iken
2022 yılında %33,44 artarak hektara 3.689 kg olarak gerçekleşmiştir (Çizelge 1). Dünya buğday
verimi incelenen yıllar itibariyle artış eğilimindedir. Dünya buğday ekim alanlarının çok fazla
değişmemesine karşın üretim miktarının artmasının sebebi olarak verimdeki artışlar
gösterilebilir.
Çizelge 1. Dünya buğday üretiminin gelişimi (FAO, 2024a)
Ekim Alanı
Yıllar
Bin hektar
Üretim Miktarı
Basit
Zincirleme
indeks
indeks
2000-2004
213.536
100,00
2005-2009
219.404
102,75
2010-2014
218.327
2015-2019
Bin ton
Verim
Basit
Zincirleme
indeks
indeks
590.516
100,00
102,75
642.386
108,78
102,24
99,51
690.072
217.984
102,08
99,84
2020
217.888
102,04
2021
220.425
2022
219.154
Kg/ha
Basit
Zincirleme
indeks
indeks
2.764
100,00
108,78
2.927
105,86
105,86
116,86
107,42
3.160
114,31
107,98
751.917
127,33
108,96
3.450
124,80
109,18
99,96
757.023
128,20
100,68
3.474
125,68
100,70
103,23
101,16
772.779
130,87
102,08
3.506
126,82
100,91
102,63
99,42
808.442
136,90
104,61
3.689
133,44
105,22
Dünya buğday üretim miktarı bakımından %17,04’lük pay ile Çin ilk sırada yer almaktadır.
Çin’i sırasıyla %13,33’lük pay ile Hindistan, %12,89’luk pay ile Rusya takip etmektedir. Bu üç
ülke dünya buğday üretiminin %43,26’sını oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’nin payı ise %2,44 olup
dünya buğday üreminde 12. sırada yer almaktadır. İncelenen yıllar itibariyle Türkiye’nin dünya
buğday üretimi içerisindeki payının azaldığı tespit edilmiştir (Çizelge 2).
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 2. Dünya önde gelen buğday üreticisi ülkelerin buğday üretimlerinin gelişimi (FAO,
2024a)
Ülkeler
2000-2004
2005-2009
2010-2014
2015-2019
2020
2021
2022
Bin ton
Çin
92.448
108.558
120.350
133.038
134.250
136.946
137.720
Hindistan
71.347
74.610
90.384
96.159
107.861
109.587
107.742
Rusya
42.316
53.483
49.454
73.545
85.896
76.061
104.234
ABD
55.969
58.132
57.882
53.987
49.751
44.804
44.902
Avustralya
21.486
18.573
25.462
23.275
14.480
31.923
36.237
Fransa
35.601
36.471
37.938
37.355
30.181
36.559
34.632
Kanada
22.194
25.335
28.573
31.037
35.437
22.422
34.335
Pakistan
19.402
22.235
24.438
25.364
25.248
27.464
26.209
Almanya
21.993
23.626
24.356
23.764
22.172
21.459
22.587
Arjantin
14.832
13.704
11.418
16.324
19.777
17.644
22.150
Ukrayna
16.210
18.671
20.266
26.373
24.912
32.183
20.729
Türkiye
19.900
19.425
20.525
20.740
20.500
17.650
19.750
Diğer ülkeler
156.817
169.564
179.028
190.958
186.558
198.077
197.213
Dünya
590.516
642.386
690.072
751.917
757.023
772.779
808.442
Pay (%)
Çin
15,66
16,90
17,44
17,69
17,73
17,72
17,04
Hindistan
12,08
11,61
13,10
12,79
14,25
14,18
13,33
Rusya
7,17
8,33
7,17
9,78
11,35
9,84
12,89
ABD
9,48
9,05
8,39
7,18
6,57
5,80
5,55
Avustralya
3,64
2,89
3,69
3,10
1,91
4,13
4,48
Fransa
6,03
5,68
5,50
4,97
3,99
4,73
4,28
Kanada
3,76
3,94
4,14
4,13
4,68
2,90
4,25
Pakistan
3,29
3,46
3,54
3,37
3,34
3,55
3,24
Almanya
3,72
3,68
3,53
3,16
2,93
2,78
2,79
Arjantin
2,51
2,13
1,65
2,17
2,61
2,28
2,74
Ukrayna
2,75
2,91
2,94
3,51
3,29
4,16
2,56
Türkiye
3,37
3,02
2,97
2,76
2,71
2,28
2,44
Diğer ülkeler
26,56
26,40
25,94
25,40
24,64
25,63
24,39
Dünya
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
Dünya buğday ihracat miktarı 2000-2004 yılları ortalamasına göre 115 milyon 955 bin ton iken
yaklaşık %61 artış göstererek 2022 yılında 186 milyon 680 bin ton olarak gerçekleşmiştir. 2022
yılında dünya buğday ihracatının %15,42’sini Avustralya, %11,21’ini ABD, %10,79’unu
Fransa, %9,94’ünü Kanada ve %9,55’ini Rusya gerçekleştirmiştir. Türkiye’nin payı ise %0,21
olup dünya buğday ihracatında 30. sırada yer almaktadır (Çizelge 3).
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 3. Ülkelere göre buğday ihracatı (FAO, 2024b)
Ülkeler
2000-2004
2005-2009
2010-2014
2015-2019
2020
2021
2022
Bin ton
Avustralya
15.184
11.784
18.673
15.426
10.400
25.563
28.781
ABD
26.974
27.108
29.007
24.435
26.132
24.014
20.918
Fransa
15.718
16.031
19.587
18.457
19.793
16.091
20.152
Kanada
15.091
17.007
19.319
22.106
26.111
21.546
18.548
Rusya
4.915
12.602
15.812
31.085
37.267
27.366
17.829
Arjantin
9.401
8.733
5.631
9.989
10.197
9.485
12.938
Ukrayna
2.963
6.426
7.077
17.017
18.056
19.395
11.223
Hindistan
2.647
159
3.108
272
929
6.091
6.799
Kazakistan
3.948
4.090
4.930
4.783
5.199
5.748
6.346
Almanya
4.910
6.421
8.252
7.931
9.259
7.100
6.222
Türkiye
588
268
328
68
125
265
395
Diğer ülkeler
13.616
19.305
27.386
35.379
35.108
37.380
36.529
Dünya
115.955
129.934
159.108
186.949
198.574
200.044
186.680
Pay (%)
Avustralya
13,09
9,07
11,74
8,25
5,24
12,78
15,42
ABD
23,26
20,86
18,23
13,07
13,16
12,00
11,21
Fransa
13,56
12,34
12,31
9,87
9,97
8,04
10,79
Kanada
13,01
13,09
12,14
11,82
13,15
10,77
9,94
Rusya
4,24
9,70
9,94
16,63
18,77
13,68
9,55
Arjantin
8,11
6,72
3,54
5,34
5,14
4,74
6,93
Ukrayna
2,55
4,95
4,45
9,10
9,09
9,70
6,01
Hindistan
2,28
0,12
1,95
0,15
0,47
3,04
3,64
Kazakistan
3,40
3,15
3,10
2,56
2,62
2,87
3,40
Almanya
4,23
4,94
5,19
4,24
4,66
3,55
3,33
Türkiye
0,51
0,21
0,21
0,04
0,06
0,13
0,21
Diğer ülkeler
11,74
14,86
17,21
18,92
17,68
18,69
19,57
Dünya
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
Dünya buğday ithalat miktarı 2000-2004 yılları ortalamasına göre 115 milyon 560 bin ton iken
yaklaşık %60 artış göstererek 2022 yılında 184 milyon 800 bin ton olarak gerçekleşmiştir. 2022
yılında dünya buğday ithalatının %5,34’ünü Çin, %5,12’sini Endonezya, %4,82’sini Türkiye,
%4,33’ünü Mısır ve %3,80’ini Cezayir gerçekleştirmiştir. Türkiye’nin dünya buğday
ithalatındaki payı %0,92 ile %5,10 arasında değişmekte olup 3. sırada yer almaktadır. İncelenen
dönemler itibariyle Türkiye’nin buğday ithalatı yaklaşık 8,4 kat artmıştır (Çizelge 4).
Türkiye’de ithal edilen buğday, buğday unu olarak işlenip katma değer kazandırılarak ihraç
edilmektedir (Karlı vd. 2022). Bu sebeple Türkiye önemli bir buğday ithalatçısıdır.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 4. Ülkelere göre buğday ithalatı (FAO, 2024b)
Ülkeler
2000-2004
2005-2009
2010-2014
2015-2019
2020
2021
2022
Bin ton
Çin
1.966
1.021
2.927
3.345
8.152
9.711
9.873
Endonezya
3.732
4.563
6.167
9.901
10.300
11.481
9.459
Türkiye
1.062
1.925
4.073
5.871
9.659
8.877
8.907
Mısır
4.662
7.876
10.654
11.538
8.969
6.641
8.010
Cezayir
5.224
5.542
6.516
8.008
7.054
8.029
7.017
İtalya
7.114
6.419
6.845
7.432
7.994
7.298
6.917
Filipinler
2.711
2.275
2.595
5.471
6.150
6.029
6.251
Fas
2.984
2.923
3.778
4.171
5.522
4.669
6.008
Brezilya
6.514
5.927
6.340
6.290
6.160
6.225
5.717
Japonya
5.595
5.314
5.924
5.533
5.374
5.126
5.346
Diğer ülkeler
73.996
85.487
102.932
115.738
113.909
122.868
111.293
Dünya
115.560
129.271
158.751
183.299
189.243
196.957
184.798
Pay (%)
Çin
1,70
0,79
1,84
1,82
4,31
4,93
5,34
Endonezya
3,23
3,53
3,88
5,40
5,44
5,83
5,12
Türkiye
0,92
1,49
2,57
3,20
5,10
4,51
4,82
Mısır
4,03
6,09
6,71
6,29
4,74
3,37
4,33
Cezayir
4,52
4,29
4,10
4,37
3,73
4,08
3,80
İtalya
6,16
4,97
4,31
4,05
4,22
3,71
3,74
Filipinler
2,35
1,76
1,63
2,98
3,25
3,06
3,38
Fas
2,58
2,26
2,38
2,28
2,92
2,37
3,25
Brezilya
5,64
4,58
3,99
3,43
3,26
3,16
3,09
Japonya
4,84
4,11
3,73
3,02
2,84
2,60
2,89
Diğer ülkeler
64,03
66,13
64,84
63,14
60,19
62,38
60,22
Dünya
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
Türkiye’de 2000-2004 yılları ortalaması 9 milyon 290 bin hektar olan buğday ekim alanı
%26,45 azalarak 2023 yılında 6 milyon 833 bin hektara gerilemiştir. İncelenen yıllar itibariyle
2023 yılı hariç azalan bir seyir izlemiştir. 2023 yılında bir önceki yıla göre %3,08 artış
göstermiştir. Buğday üretim miktarı ise incelenen yıllarda 17,5 milyon ton ile 22 milyon ton
arasında değişmiştir. 2000-2004 yılları ortalamasında 19 milyon 900 bin ton olan buğday
üretimi 2023 yılında %10,55 artarak 22 milyona yükselmiştir. Aynı dönemde buğday verimi
ise %50,34 artarak 2.142 kg/ha’dan 3.220 kg/ha’a yükselmiştir (Çizelge 5). Türkiye’de buğday
ekim alanlarında azalan, üretim miktarında dalgalı artan, verimde ise mutlak artan bir seyir
olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 5. Türkiye buğday üretiminin gelişimi (TÜİK, 2024a)
Ekim Alanı
Yıllar
Bin hektar
Üretim Miktarı
Basit
Zincirleme
indeks
indeks
Bin ton
Verim
Basit
Zincirleme
indeks
indeks
Kg/ha
Basit
Zincirleme
indeks
indeks
2000-2004
9.290
100,00
-
19.900
100,00
-
2.142
100,00
-
2005-2009
8.406
90,48
90,48
19.425
97,61
97,61
2.310
107,86
107,86
2010-2014
7.884
84,87
93,80
20.525
103,14
105,66
2.605
121,64
112,77
2015-2019
7.471
80,42
94,76
20.740
104,22
101,05
2.775
129,58
106,53
2020
6.922
74,51
92,66
20.500
103,02
98,84
2.961
138,27
106,71
2021
6.745
72,60
97,43
17.650
88,69
86,10
2.617
122,18
88,36
2022
6.629
71,35
98,28
19.750
99,25
111,90
2.979
139,11
113,85
2023
6.833
73,55
103,08
22.000
110,55
111,39
3.220
150,34
108,07
Türkiye’de 2023 yılında Trabzon ve Rize hariç diğer illerin tamamında buğday üretimi
yapılmıştır. 2023 yılında buğday üretim ekim alanları bakımından Konya 5 milyon 967 bin
dekar ve %8,73’lük pay ile birinci sırada, Ankara 3 milyon 758 bin dekar ve %5,50’lik pay ile
ikinci sırada, Şanlıurfa 3 milyon 165 bin dekar ve %4,63’lük pay ile üçüncü sırada, Yozgat 2
milyon 994 bin dekar ve %4,38’lik pay ile dördüncü sırada ve Diyarbakır 1 milyon 960 bin
dekar ve %4,00’lük pay ile beşinci sırada yer almaktadır (Çizelge 6).
1215
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 6. İllere göre buğday ekim alanlarının gelişimi (TÜİK, 2024a)
İller
2005-2009
2010-2014
2015-2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Bin dekar
Konya
6.613
6.891
7.027
6.203
5.801
5.794
5.967
Ankara
4.851
4.360
4.530
3.612
3.704
3.667
3.758
Şanlıurfa
3.296
3.414
2.871
4.044
3.097
2.922
3.165
Yozgat
3.361
3.419
3.127
2.630
2.762
2.884
2.994
Diyarbakır
3.017
3.677
3.413
2.707
2.910
2.765
2.734
Sivas
3.085
2.792
2.752
2.389
2.371
2.390
2.462
Tekirdağ
1.734
1.651
1.893
1.966
1.924
1.928
1.960
Mardin
1.261
1.769
1.867
1.719
1.829
1.892
1.951
Kayseri
1.831
1.539
1.655
1.848
1.646
1.681
1.875
Çorum
2.588
2.238
2.126
1.864
1.771
1.827
1.775
Diğer iller
52.417
47.092
43.445
40.242
39.630
38.536
39.683
Türkiye
84.055
78.842
74.707
69.222
67.447
66.287
68.326
Pay (%)
Konya
7,87
8,74
9,41
8,96
8,60
8,74
8,73
Ankara
5,77
5,53
6,06
5,22
5,49
5,53
5,50
Şanlıurfa
3,92
4,33
3,84
5,84
4,59
4,41
4,63
Yozgat
4,00
4,34
4,19
3,80
4,10
4,35
4,38
Diyarbakır
3,59
4,66
4,57
3,91
4,31
4,17
4,00
Sivas
3,67
3,54
3,68
3,45
3,52
3,61
3,60
Tekirdağ
2,06
2,09
2,53
2,84
2,85
2,91
2,87
Mardin
1,50
2,24
2,50
2,48
2,71
2,85
2,86
Kayseri
2,18
1,95
2,22
2,67
2,44
2,54
2,74
Çorum
3,08
2,84
2,85
2,69
2,63
2,76
2,60
Diğer iller
62,36
59,73
58,15
58,13
58,76
58,14
58,08
Türkiye
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
2023 yılında buğday üretim miktarı bakımından Konya 2 milyon 240 bin ton ve %10,18’lik pay
ile birinci sırada, Şanlıurfa 1 milyon 718 bin ton ve %7,81’lik pay ile ikinci sırada, Ankara 1
milyon 102 bin ton ve %5,01’lik pay ile üçüncü sırada, Diyarbakır 982 bin ton ve %4,46’lık
pay ile dördüncü sırada ve Yozgat 951 bin ton ve %4,32’lik pay ile beşinci sırada yer almaktadır
(Çizelge 7).
1216
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 7. İllere göre buğday üretim miktarının gelişimi (TÜİK, 2024a)
İller
2005-2009
2010-2014
2015-2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Bin ton
Konya
1.349
1.946
2.143
1.921
1.580
1.930
2.240
Şanlıurfa
915
1.043
918
1.539
1.183
1.008
1.718
Ankara
965
1.015
1.119
975
610
896
1.102
Diyarbakır
706
1.102
1.108
1.008
578
799
982
Yozgat
700
782
698
607
437
669
951
Mardin
338
660
709
725
680
744
758
Edirne
640
574
499
478
641
523
724
Tekirdağ
699
650
789
770
1.027
812
688
Eskişehir
374
428
533
464
394
453
607
Sivas
500
588
615
586
392
586
604
Diğer iller
12.240
11.736
11.609
11.429
10.128
11.330
11.626
Toplam
19.425
20.525
20.740
20.500
17.650
19.750
22.000
Pay (%)
Konya
6,94
9,48
10,33
9,37
8,95
9,77
10,18
Şanlıurfa
4,71
5,08
4,42
7,51
6,70
5,10
7,81
Ankara
4,97
4,95
5,39
4,75
3,45
4,54
5,01
Diyarbakır
3,64
5,37
5,34
4,91
3,28
4,05
4,46
Yozgat
3,60
3,81
3,36
2,96
2,48
3,39
4,32
Mardin
1,74
3,22
3,42
3,53
3,85
3,77
3,45
Edirne
3,29
2,80
2,41
2,33
3,63
2,65
3,29
Tekirdağ
3,60
3,17
3,81
3,76
5,82
4,11
3,13
Eskişehir
1,92
2,09
2,57
2,26
2,23
2,29
2,76
Sivas
2,57
2,87
2,97
2,86
2,22
2,97
2,75
Diğer iller
63,01
57,18
55,97
55,75
57,39
57,37
52,85
Toplam
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
100,00
Türkiye’nin buğday ihracatı 2000-2004 yılları ortalamasına göre 588 bin ton ve 68 milyon dolar
olup 2022 yılında ihracat miktarı %32,78 azalarak 395 bin tona, ihracat değeri ise %148,32
artarak 169 milyon dolara yükselmiştir. Aynı tarihler itibariyle buğday ithalat miktarı 8,38 kat
artarak 1 milyon 62 bin tondan, 8 milyon 907 bin tona yükselmiştir. İthalat değeri ise 20,42 kat
artarak 164 milyon dolardan, 3 milyar 356 milyon dolara yükselmiştir. Dış ticaret dengesinde
ise Türkiye hem miktar bakımından hem değer bakımından açık vermektedir. Buğday dış ticaret
açığı miktar bakımından 17,94 kat artarak 474 bin tondan 8 milyon 512 bin tona, değer
bakımından ise 33,06 kat artarak 96 milyon dolardan 3 milyar 187 milyon dolara çıkmıştır
(Çizelge 8). İncelenen dönemler itibariyle Türkiye’nin net buğday ithalatçısı olduğu
söylenebilir.
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Çizelge 8. Türkiye’de buğday dış ticaretinin gelişimi (FAO, 2024b)
2000-2004
Dış Ticaret
2005-2009
2010-2014
2015-2019
2020
2021
2022
(Bin ton)
İhracat Miktarı (1)
588
268
328
68
125
265
395
İthalat Miktarı (2)
1.062
1.925
4.073
5.871
9.659
8.877
8.907
Denge (1-2)
-474
-1.656
-3.745
-5.802
-9.535
-8.613
-8.512
(Milyon USD)
İhracat Değeri (3)
68
41
71
26
39
98
169
İthalat Değeri (4)
164
607
1.248
1.326
2.335
2.693
3.356
Denge (3-4)
-96
-565
-1.177
-1.300
-2.295
-2.595
-3.187
Basit indeks (2000-2004=100)
İhracat Miktarı (1)
100,00
45,62
55,74
11,65
21,19
44,98
67,22
İthalat Miktarı (2)
100,00
181,14
383,37
552,54
909,12
835,53
838,36
Denge (1-2)
100,00
349,14
789,55
1.223,10
2.009,90
1.815,60
1.794,37
İhracat Değeri (3)
100,00
60,52
103,84
38,52
58,10
143,53
248,32
İthalat Değeri (4)
100,00
369,03
759,14
806,79
1.420,23
1.638,10
2.041,65
Denge (3-4)
100,00
586,53
1.221,14
1.348,43
2.380,56
2.691,80
3.305,98
Türkiye’nin buğday dış ticaret açığı yıllar itibariyle artmaktadır. Türkiye incelenen 2000-2022
yılları arasında; 2000 yılında 70 milyon dolar, 2001 yılında 87 milyon dolar, 2005 yılında 27
milyon dolar ve 2006 yılında 28 milyon dolar dış ticaret fazlası vermiştir. Diğer yıllarda ise
buğday dış ticaretinde açık vermiştir (Şekil 1).
-3500
-3000
Dış Ticaret Açığı
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
Milyon USD
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
70
87
-141 -276 -222
27
28
-564 -1478 -841 -454 -1621 -1092 -1210 -1510 -1071 -881 -1028 -1265 -2254 -2295 -2595 -3187
Şekil 1. Türkiye’nin buğday dış ticaret açığı (FAO, 2024b)
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Türkiye’de buğday üretiminde kendine yeterlilik derecesi 2000-2022 yılları arasında %87,30
ile %120,60 arasında değişmekte olup ortalama %101,26’dır. 2000 yılında buğdayda kendine
yeterlilik derecesi %106,50 iken 2022 yılında %9,95 azalarak %95,90 olarak gerçekleşmiştir
Yeterlilik Derecesi
(Şekil 2).
125,00
120,00
115,00
110,00
105,00
100,00
95,00
90,00
85,00
80,00
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
% 106 94, 96, 98, 106 120 99, 96, 94, 114 102 105 98, 101 89, 113 103 111 100 89, 102 87, 95,
Şekil 2. Türkiye’nin buğday üretiminde kendine yeterlilik derecesi (TÜİK, 2024b)
Türkiye’de farklı illerde yapılmış çalışmaların sonuçlarına göre buğday üreten işletmelerin
ortalama işletme büyüklükleri genellikle 100 dekar ve üzeridir. Ortalama işletme büyüklüğü en
fazla olan il 482,5 dekar ile Edirne olurken bunu sırasıyla 382,5 dekar ile Erzurum, 289,1 dekar
ile Adana takip etmektedir. Buğday ekim alanları ise yaklaşık 45 dekar ile 288 dekar arasında
değişmekte olup en fazla buğday ekim alanı 288,5 dekar ile Erzurum ilindedir. Buğday ekim
alanlarının toplam işletme arazileri içerisindeki payları ise Erzurum’da %75,42, Adana’da
%66,86 ve Haymana’da %58,64’tür. İncelenen 9 farklı bölgenin ortalamasına göre işletme
büyüklükleri 244,7 dekar, buğday ekim alanları 124,2 dekar, payı ise %50,78 olarak tespit
edilmiştir (Çizelge 9).
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Çizelge 9. Türkiye’de buğday işletmelerinin büyüklükleri
Yapılan çalışmalar
İşletme büyüklüğü (da) (A)
Buğday ekim alanı (da) (B)
Buğday ekiminin payı (%) (A/B)
Adana1
289,1
193,3
66,86
Burdur2
79,4
43,4
54,66
Cihanbeyli3
231,3
144,9
62,66
Edirne4
452,5
53,2
11,75
Erzurum5
382,5
288,5
75,42
Haymana6
222,9
130,7
58,64
Isparta2
108,9
46,3
42,52
Konya7
206,1
103,9
50,41
Trakya8
229,5
114,0
49,67
Ortalama
244,7
124,2
50,78
1. Alemdar vd., 2014; 2. Gül vd., 2015; 3. Güldal, 2016; 4. Aydın vd., 2022; 5. Birinci ve
Küçük, 2004; 6. Taşcı ve Oğuz, 2014; 7. Arısoy, 2004; 8. Erdem, 2012.
Araştırmaların farklı yıllarda yapılması sebebi ile buğday üretiminin maliyet ve kârlılık
göstergeleri oransal olarak incelenmiştir. İncelenen çalışmalarda buğday üretiminde sabit
masrafların oranı %11,92 ile %43,91 arasında değişmekte olup ortalama %25,80 olarak
belirlenmiştir. Değişen masraflar ise %56,09 ile %88,08 arasında değişmekte olup ortalama
%74,11 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Buğday üretiminde nispi kâr Ağrı’da 0,88, Erzurum’da
0,81’dir. Bu illerdeki
işletmeler buğday üretimi
için
yaptıkları
masrafları dahi
karşılayamamakta olup zarar etmektedirler. Kırıkkale’nin Çelebi ilçesinde yapılan çalışmada
buğday üretimi için nispi kâr 1,97 olarak hesaplanmış olup en kârlı bölge olmuştur. Genel
olarak ise buğday üretimde nispi kâr 1,28 olarak belirlenmiş ve buğday üretiminden elde edilen
gelirin masrafları karşıladığı ve işletmelerin kâr ettikleri tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmalarda
buğday verimi ise dekara 102,22 kg ile 506,29 kg arasında değişmekte olup ortalama 351,76
kg olarak belirlenmiştir (Çizelge 10).
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Çizelge 10. Buğday üretiminin masraf ve kârlılık durumu
Yapılan çalışmalar
Değişen masraf (%)
Sabit masraf (%)
Nispi kâr
Verim (kg/da)
Adana1
65,21
34,79
1,19
506,29
Ağrı2
88,08
11,92
0,88
102,22
Cihanbeyli3
78,87
21,13
1,29
404,13
Çelebi4
78.34
21.66
1.97
301.61
Erzurum5
84,11
15,18
0,81
375,54
Haymana6
69,39
30,60
1,46
351,10
Konya7
56,09
43,91
1,31
349,00
Zile8
72,78
27,22
1,29
424,22
Ortalama
74,11
25,80
1,28
351,76
1. Alemdar vd., 2014; 2. Karadaş, 2016; 3. Güldal, 2016; 4. Mercan, 2023; 5. Birinci ve Küçük,
2004; 6. Taşcı ve Oğuz, 2014; 7. Arısoy, 2004; 8. Bayramoğlu vd., 2005.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Bu çalışmada dünyada ve Türkiye’deki buğday üretimi ve dış ticaretinin seyri, Türkiye’deki
buğday üretiminin yapısal analizi üzerine bir inceleme yapılmıştır. Buğday üretimi Türkiye’nin
tarım sektöründe ve ülke ekonomisi için önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu öneme rağmen buğday
üretiminde nispi kârın düşük olması, dış ticaretteki dengesizlikler ve verim düşüklüğü gibi
faktörler işletmelerin karşılaştıkları zorluklardır. Türkiye, dünya buğday üretim sıralamasında
yüksek bir konumda olmasına rağmen, dış ticaret açığının sürekli artması ve ekim alanlarının
daralması, buğday üretiminin geleceği için endişe vericidir. Bu nedenle, buğday ekim
alanlarını, üretimini ve verimini artıracak destekleme politikalarına ve buğday üretimindeki
yapısal sorunlara çözüm bulmaya odaklanılması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca, tarıma dayalı sanayi
kollarında işlenen buğdayın
katma değerinin artırılarak ihraç edilmesi, sektörün
sürdürülebilirliği açısından önemlidir.
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Kaynaklar
Alemdar, T., Seçer, A., Demirdöğen, A., Öztornacı, B. & Aykanat, S. (2014). Çukurova
Bölgesinde Başlıca Tarla Ürünlerinin Üretim Maliyetleri ve Pazarlama Yapıları. TEPGE
Yayın No: 230.
Arısoy, H. (2004). Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüleri Tarafından Yeni Geliştirilen Buğday
Çeşitlerinin Tarım İşletmelerinde Kullanım Düzeyi ve Geleneksel Çeşitler ile
Karşılaştırmalı Ekonomik Analizi: Konya İli Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk
Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim Dalı. 176s.
Aydın, B., Özkan, E., Çobanoğlu, F., Gürbüz, M. A., Kurşun, İ. & Kayhan, İ. E. (2022). Edirne
ilinde buğday üretiminde girdi kullanımı ve karşılaştırmalı maliyet analizi. Adnan
Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 111-119.
Bayramoğlu, Z., Göktolga, Z. G. & Gündüz, O. (2005). Tokat İli Zile İlçesinde Yetiştirilen Bazı
Önemli Tarla Ürünlerinde Fiziki Üretim Girdileri ve Maliyet Analizleri. Tarım Ekonomisi
Dergisi, 11(1 ve 2), 101-109.
Birinci, A. & Küçük, N. (2011). Erzurum ili tarım işletmelerinde buğday üretim maliyetinin
hesaplanması. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(3-4), 177-181.
Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO). (2024a). Production Statistics. Erişim Adresi
(15.03.2024): http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO). (2024b). Trade Statistics. Erişim Adresi
(16.03.2024): https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/TCL.
Chandio. A. A., Gökmenoğlu. K. K. & Ahmad. F. (2021). Addressing the long and short-run
effects of climate change on major food crops production in Turkey. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, 28(37). 51657-51673.
Erdem, B. (2012). Trakya Bölgesinde Buğday, Ayçiçeği ve Çeltiğin Üretim ve Pazarlama
Sorunlarının Analizi. Doktora Tezi, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Enstitüsü, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim Dalı. 127s.
Gül, H., Gül, M., Acun, S., Aslan, S. T., Öztürk, A., Kara, B. & Akman, Z. (2015). Tarım
işletmelerinde buğday tohumu kullanımı ve sorunları: Burdur ve Isparta illeri örneği.
Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 3(9), 732-741.
Güldal, H. T. (2016). Buğday Yetiştiriciliğinde Toprak Analizi Sonucuna Göre Kullanılan
Gübrenin Maliyete Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi: Konya İli Cihanbeyli İlçesi Örneği. Yüksek
Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim
Dalı. 127s.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
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Karadaş, K. (2016). Ağrı ili tarım işletmelerinde buğday üretim maliyetinin hesaplanması.
Alınteri, 31(B), 33-41.
Karlı, B., Kadakoğlu, B., Dağ, M. M. & Bayav, A. (2022). Development of the wheat flour
industry in Türkiye and analysis of the International competitiveness. Scientific Papers
Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development,
22(4), 303-312.
Mercan, A. (2023). Tarımsal Girdi Desteklerinin Buğday Üretim Maliyetindeki Yeri ve Önemi:
Kırıkkale İli Çelebi İlçesi Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Enstitüsü, Tarım Ekonomisi Anabilim Dalı. 113s.
Önkal, Z. (1991). Türkiye’de Tarım Ekonomisi’nde Buğday ve Arpanın Önemi ve Eskişehir
Uygulaması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. 125s.
Taşcı, R. & Oğuz, C. (2014). Buğday üretim maliyetleri ve üreticilerin çeşit tercihleri; Ankara
ili Haymana ilçesi örneği. XI. Ulusal Tarım Ekonomisi Kongresi, 3-5 Eylül, Samsun. s,
606-613.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024a). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. Erişim Adresi
(28.03.2024): https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024b). Bitkisel Ürün Denge Tabloları. Erişim Adresi
(29.03.2024): https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=104&locale=tr.
1223
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HEAVY METALS POLLUTED SOIL TREATMENT BY PHYTOREMEDIATION IN
VIETNAM – A REVIEW
Nguyen Thi Kim PHUOC (ORCID:0000-0002-8714-9080)
Kien Giang University, Faculty of Natural Resources – Environment, Kien Giang Province,
Vietnam
Email: ntkphuoc@vnkgu.edu.vn
Le Tran Thanh LIEM (ORCID: 0000-0002-9395-9346)
Can Tho University, College of Rural Development, Can Tho City, Vietnam
Email: lttliem@ctu.edu.vn
Abstract
Heavy metals play an essential role in living organisms because they participate in the structure
of enzymes, proteins, biochemical processes, etc. However, many heavy metals are toxic to
human health and the environment, with different levels of impact depending on the type of
heavy metal. Four heavy metals have the most significant effect on living organisms: As (in the
form of organic As), Hg (in the form of Methylmercury), Pb (Pb2+), and Cd (Cd2+). The effects
of heavy metals on human health often manifest through the accumulation of heavy metals in
food, mainly from crop products. Plants are intermediaries that absorb, accumulate, and
transport heavy metals from soil, water, and air to human and animal bodies. Therefore, to
minimize the effects of heavy metals on human and animal health, pay attention to the existence
and absorption of heavy metals in the soil and the ability of plants to absorb heavy metals,
especially in areas at risk of heavy metal pollution. Using plants to treat pollution in general
and heavy metals, in particular, is commonly called “Phytoremediation.” Phytoremediation is
one of the methods many countries choose to treat heavy metal contamination in soil because
of its high feasibility, financial savings, and environmental landscape improvement. As a
developing country, Vietnam has limited financial resources for ecological restoration, so
phytoremediation is an entirely suitable choice. Studies in Vietnam show that Lantana
camara L., Vetiveria zizanioides, Pteris vittata, Pityrogramma calomelanos, and Eleusine
indica are lead (Pb) hyperaccumulators. Arsenic (As) can be effectively treated by Pteris
vittata, Eleusine indica, and Bidens pilosa L. Plants that have sound potential at absorbing
Cadmium
(Cd) include Solanum nigrum L.,
Helianthus annuus, Phragmıtes
Australis and Eleusine indica. Pteris vittata, Jussiaea fissendocarpa Haines, and Saccharum
Arundinaceum can accumulate high Zinc (Zn) levels in their biomass. In Vietnam, Vetiveria
zizanioides, Phragmites Australis, and other plants of the Polypodiaceae family are commonly
researched and applied to treat heavy metals in soil. In addition, some scientists also focus on
researching native plant species that grow on lands with high heavy metal content to find more
plant species that super absorb heavy metals. However, studies on treating plant biomass after
using them to absorb heavy metals have not received much attention. Therefore, scientists in
Vietnam need to focus on researching this issue in the future to support phytoremediation
technology better.
Keywords: heavy metals, hyperaccumulator, phytoremediation, polluted soil.
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INTRODUCTION
Soil is a non-renewable natural resource that plays a significant role in all human activities.
When soil is polluted, the ecosystem is damaged and causes many severe diseases in humans
and animals through the food chain. In industrialization and modernization, there are more and
more factories and areas. Concentrated industries were built and put into operation, creating a
volume of industrial products accounting for a high proportion of the entire product of the
national economy. Besides, industrial production also causes many adverse effects on the
environment, especially the soil environment. Not only Vietnam but also countries worldwide
are facing enormous challenges with the problem of soil environmental pollution because it
threatens the habitat of many types of organisms (Hoang, 2021).One of the leading agents that
pollute the soil environment that scientists are concerned about is heavy metals. Heavy metal
elements in the soil environment exist in many different forms. Existence forms of heavy metals
depend on environmental conditions in the soil and soil properties. Heavy metals play an
essential role in living organisms because they participate in the structure of enzymes, proteins,
biochemical processes, etc. However, many heavy metals are toxic to human health and the
environment, with different levels of impact depending on the type of heavy metal. Many causes
of soil heavy metal pollution include industrial waste, battery industry, mining activities,
mechanical engineering, traffic, precipitation, domestic waste, and fertilizers ( Khoa et al.,
2012). Studies conducted in Vietnam have shown that heavy metal pollution occurs in most
types of soil, such as urban soil (Binh et al., 2020), soil in craft villages (Pho et al., 2022),
agricultural land (Huong et al., 2012; Na and Bai, 2019; Na et al., 2023; Tuyen, 2024), landfill
soil (Ha, 2018; Thang and Viet, 2022), industrial park soil (Binh and Hoang, 2020), mineral
mining areas (Hoai and Khanh, 2021).Biological systems require the presence of certain metals,
including Cu and Zn, which have a specific concentration range and become hazardous at
higher levels (Garbisu and Alkorta, 2003). Four heavy metals have the most significant effect
on living organisms: As (in the form of organic As), Hg (in the form of Methylmercury), Pb
(Pb2+), and Cd (Cd2+) (Sharma and Agrawal, 2005). The effected of heavy metals to human
health is often manifest through the accumulation of heavy metals in food, mainly from crop
products. Treatment is necessary for soil concentrations of heavy metals that have surpassed
safe limits (Baker et al., 1994). Various approaches, such as chemical, physical, and biological,
accomplish soil remediation. While chemical treatments utilize powerful acids and chelators to
cleanse polluted soils, physical treatments entail removal from contaminated places (soil
excavation), deep burial (landfilling), and capping. Plants are intermediaries that absorb,
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accumulate, and transport heavy metals from soil, water, and air to human and animal bodies
(Zwolak et al., 2019). Therefore, to minimize the effects of heavy metals on human and animal
health, pay attention to the existence and absorption of heavy metals in the soil and the ability
of plants to absorb heavy metals, especially in areas at risk of heavy metal pollution. Using
plants to treat pollution in general and heavy metals, in particular, is commonly called
“Phytoremediation.” Phytoremediation is one of the methods many countries choose to treat
heavy metal contamination in soil because of its high feasibility, financial efficiency, and
environmental landscape improvement (Ansari et al., 2016). Finding suitable plant species has
been the focus of numerous research efforts in Vietnam on applying plants to treat heavy metals
on various soil types. This review article summarizes recent research and applications related
to phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils in Vietnam, including the investigation
and selection of plant species that hyperaccumulating arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb),
and zinc (Zn); introducing plant species commonly used to treat heavy metals in soil; Survey
and evaluate the ability of native plant species to treat with heavy metals-contaminated soil
increases efficiency and reduces processing costs; presenting methods for treating plant
biomass after adsorbing heavy metals.
2.
RESEARCH
RESULTS
ON
THE
ABILITY
OF
PLANTS
TO
HYPERACCUMULATE SOME HEAVY METALS IN SOIL.
Hyperaccumulation is the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of heavy metals at
concentrations higher than the surroundings in different plant parts (Maestri et al., 2010). Three
primary characteristics set hyperaccumulators apart from non-hyperaccumulating plants and
are necessary for hyperaccumulation: 1) a significantly higher capacity to absorb heavy metals
from the soil, 2) improved metal ion translocation from the root to the shoot, and 3) a
significantly higher capability to detoxify and sequester incredibly enormous levels of heavy
metals in the shoots (Rascio and Navari-Izzo, 2011). Plants that are hyperaccumulators can
accumulate heavy metals in their aboveground organs at concentrations that are 100 – 1000
times higher than those of nonhyperaccumulators, all without showing any overt signs of
cytotoxicity (Jabeen et al., 2009; Grobelak et al., 2010; Rascio and Navari-Izzo, 2011). This
review paper will discuss four typical soil metals-Cd, As, Pb, and Zn-that plants in Vietnam
hyperaccumulate.
2.1 Lead (Pb)
Hanh and Zarli (2007) conducted experimental planting of Lantana camara L. on soil samples
taken at some locations at risk of Pb pollution in Ho Chi Minh City. The results showed that,
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when growing Lantana camara L. in control soil without Pb, the Pb content in the roots was
only 0.4 mg.kg−1; But when the Pb content in the soil increases to 1 103 mg.kg−1, plants can
absorb up to 0.4 103 mg.kg−1 of Pb on a dry weight basis without harm to growth and
development. When growing plants in a soil environment that is periodically treated every two
weeks, each time with a Pb content of 1 103 mg.kg−1, after seven times of treatment, the
accumulated Pb content in the soil is up to 7 103 mg.kg−1, plants can accumulate up to 1.7
103 mg.kg−1 of Pb in roots, without significant growth differences compared to plants grown in
Pb-free environments. Lantana camara L. can increase from an initial dry weight of 7.87 g;
after 105 days of planting, the dry biomass rises about 15 times. Lantana camara L. can absorb
up to 1% of Pb, on a dry weight basis, in its root system. This physiological characteristic makes
it possible for the plant to be used as a plant to decontaminate Pb in soil.Research results of
Phuong et al. (2023) showed that Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) can grow in Pbcontaminated farmland. With a Pb content in the soil of about 2,500 mg.kg−1, after three months
from planting, the ability to accumulate Pb in the leaves and roots of Vetiver plants reaches the
highest threshold (corresponding to 908.83 mg.kg-1). At the same time, the ability of Vetiver
grass to remove Pb from the soil is also the highest (14.23 mg.kg−1). According to Son et al.
(2018), when growing Vetiver grass on soil around the lead and zinc mine with an initial Pb
content of 1,670 mg.kg-1, the accumulation in their leaves and roots reached 641.41 mg.kg−1
after three months of the experiment. However, this accumulation ability gradually decreases
after three months of planting. Studies show that the ability to accumulate in the roots of Vetiver
grass is many times higher than in its leaves and that the Pb accumulation rate in biomass
accounts for 36 − 38% of the Pb content in the soil.
Two species of Polypodiaceae family, including Pityrogramma calomelanos L. and Pteris
vittata, are also plants that can grow well on soils with high Pb content (<1,000 mg.kg−1). After
45 days of planting, Pityrogramma calomelanos L. absorbed and accumulated the highest Pb
content in the stem of 1,342 mg.kg−1 and in the roots of 1,956 mg.kg−1 (Dung et al., 2022 ),
Meanwhile, Pteris vittata, accumulates the highest Pb content of 147.34 mg.kg−1 in shoots and
3,267.86 mg.kg−1 in roots (Tua et al., 2011).Eleusine indica is also highly appreciated by
scientists for its ability to accumulate Pb. According to Phuong et al. (2018), the Pb content in
soil is about 1,500 − 3,000 mg.kg−1, and the ability to accumulate Pb in stems and leaves reaches
149.25 to 189.60 mg.kg-1 and in roots reaches 1,332.65 to 2,754.6 mg.kg−1, the ability of plants
to remove Pb from soil is high, reaching 14.01 - 14.36 mg.tree−1 after three months of
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experimental planting. During the same period of experimental planting, research by Son et al.
(2018) showed that the accumulated Pb content in roots was 121.08 mg.kg−1, the accumulated
Pb content in leaf stems was 17.97 mg.kg−1 with the initial Pb content in soil being 1,671.01
mg.kg−1. Research results show that Eleusine indica can achieve a high cumulative effect after
three months (90 days) of planting. Pb accumulation in roots is always much higher than in
stems and leaves.
Table 1. Pb concentration in soil (before the experiment) and in plant biomass (after the
experiment)
Plant
Pb Concentration (mg.kg−1)
Soil
References
Shoots
Roots
Biomass
Lantana camara
7 103
-
1.7 103
-
Vetiveria
2500
-
-
908.83
1,670
-
-
641.41
< 1,000
1,342
1,956
3,298
< 1,000
147.34
3,267.86
3,415.2
1,500−3,000
149.25−189.6
1,332.65−2,754.6
1,481.9−2,994.2
1,671.01
17.97
121.08
139.05
zizanioides
Pityrogramma
calomelanos
Pteris vittata
Eleusine indica
Hanh
et
al.,
2007
Phuong et al.,
2023
Son et al., 2018
Dung
et
al.,
2022
Tua et al., 2011
Phuong et al.,
2018
Son et al., 2018
2.2 Arsenic (As)
Studies on As accumulation in plants in Vietnam generally recognize that two fern species,
Pityrogramma calomelanos, and Pteris vittata L., are hyperaccumulators of As, in which Pteris
vittata has a higher ability to accumulate As than Pityrogramma calomelanos. In the study of
Anh (2016), Pteris vittata contains more than 0.1% in the aboveground part of the plant. After
16 weeks of growing Pteris vittata on soil with an initial As content of 1,420 mg.kg−1, the
accumulated As content in the biomass of Pteris vittata reached 4,789 mg.kg−1 in shoot and
818.9 mg.kg−1 in the roots. Anh et al. (2010) studied the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus
(P) on the ability to grow and accumulate As of Pteris vittata. This study also showed that the
concentration accumulated in the aboveground part of Pteris vittata is always much higher than
in the roots. This is a massive advantage of this fern when applied to environmental treatment.
The ability to grow and accumulate As of Pteris vittata is positively influenced by the P and N
content added to the experiment. The growth and As accumulation of Pteris vittata is highest
when N is added at 100 ppm − 200 ppm and P is added at a concentration of 800 ppm. When
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growing both of these fern species on As-polluted soil with the addition of organic and
inorganic fertilizers, their ability to accumulate As will increase from 2 times (Pityrogramma
calomelanos) to 6 times (Pteris vittata) (Anh, 2014).A study by Nghiem et al. (2016) showed
that Bidens pilosa L grew usually, and yield did not change much when increasing As in soil
from 0 ppm to 500 ppm. But when it reached 1,000 ppm, productivity showed signs of
decreasing. The As content in the roots of Bidens pilosa L also increased as the As concentration
in the soil increased and reached a maximum of 240.70 mg.kg-1 biomass at 3,000 ppm As.
However, at 3,000 ppm, some Bidens pilosa L died, growth ability is much poorer, and the total
amount of As absorbed by the plant will certainly be low. Ha et al. (2019) also concluded that
Bidens pilosa L. has excellent potential in phytostabilizing As and heavy metal-contaminated
mined soils due to its significant contribution to reducing As content in soil by accumulating in
their biomass. Eleusine indica L. is also a plant that absorbs As well when the accumulated
content in the shoot is 499 mg.kg-1 and in the root is 791.8 mg.kg−1 after 16 weeks of planting
in soil with an initial As content of 1,420 mg.kg−1 (Anh, 2016).
In addition to the above plants, some plants in nature also have the potential to accumulate As
in biomass, such as Phragmites australis (Linh and Canh, 2018), Vetiveria zizanioides (Danh
et al., 2012).
Table 2. As concentration in soil (before the experiment) and in plant biomass (after the
experiment)
Plant
As Concentration (mg.kg−1)
Soil
References
Shoots
Roots
Biomass
Bidens pilosa
240.70
-
-
3,000
Pteris vittata
1,420
4,789
818.9
5,607.9
Eleusine indica
1,420
499
791.8
1,290.8
Nghiem et al.,
2016
Anh, 2016
Anh, 2014
Anh, 2016
Cadmium (Cd)
Research results of some authors also concluded that Solanum nigrum L. is a plant species that
hyperaccumulators Cd (Phuong et al., 2016; Hung, 2016; Hung et al., 2018). S. nigrum grows,
develops, and produces suitable biomass in normal farming conditions. This is an advantage of
choosing this object when using plants to treat polluted soil. S. nigrum can live and grow in soil
contaminated with Cd from 0 − 200 mg.kg−1, in soil contaminated with Cd from 10 − 25
mg.kg−1, growing S. nigrum effectively treats the highest Cd storage. Aboveground biomass
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(stems, leaves, flowers, shoots) accumulates more Cd than belowground biomass (roots). The
total Cd content can accumulate up to 914.2 mg.kg−1 (dry biomass) (Hung, 2016). In an
experiment by Phuong et al. (2016), with a Cd content in the soil of about 50 mg.kg−1, the
biomass of the tree reaches 22.30 mg.tree−1, the accumulated Cd content in the leaf stem is
152.52 mg.kg−1, in the roots, is 745.45 mg.kg−1 and the highest ability to remove Cd from the
soil, reaching 5.21 mg.tree−1.Helianthus annuus is evaluated for its potential to control the
spread of Cd in the ecosystem as a plant that can survive in high metal concentrations. Many
scientific reports show that H. annuus can absorb and accumulate heavy metals in roots but
rarely in shoots and branches (Saxena et al., 1999; Lin et al., 1999; Lin et al., 2003). Research
by Thao and Hien (2017) pointed out that the range of Cd concentration in soil reaching the
threshold of 50 mg.kg−1) can be considered a reference value for devising a metal detoxification
strategy in polluted areas.Phragmites australis is also a species that accumulates high Cd in its
biomass. P. australis can absorb and accumulate Cd in stems and leaves more than in roots
(Minh and Hai, 2016; Linh and Canh, 2018). The accumulated Cd content in P. australıs after
eight months of planting increased 41.17 times compared to the initial content. Research by
Van et al. (2013) showed that P. Australis can grow well on polluted soils after ore mining,
with the highest Cd content in the soil up to 37.14 mg.kg−1The highest accumulated Cd content
was 33.38 mg.kg−1 in roots and 8.89 mg.kg−1 in shoots.Eleusine indica L. can grow and develop
in Cd-polluted farmland. With a Cd content in soil of about 50 − 200 mg.kg−1, the accumulated
Cd content in the leaf stem of E. indica reaches 75.61 mg.kg−1 to 195.21 mg.kg−1, and in the
roots of E. indica reached 365.09 mg.kg−1 to 482.08 mg.kg−1. The ability of plants to remove
Cd from the soil is relatively high, reaching 2,883 − 2,973 mg.tree−1 (Phuong et al., 2018). If
appropriate N, P, and K are supplemented, after 16 weeks of planting, E.indica can absorb Cd
with a content of 41.2 mg.kg−1 in shoots and 160.7 mg.kg−1 in roots from soil containing the
initial Cd content is 200 mg.kg−1 (Anh, 2016).
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Table 3. Cd concentration in soil (before the experiment) and in plant biomass (after the
experiment)
Plant
Cd Concentration (mg.kg−1)
Soil
50
Shoots
152.52
References
Roots
745.45
Biomass
897.97
Solanum nigrum
50
Phragmıtes australıs 37,14
Eleusine indica
Phuong
et
al.,
2016
914.2
Hung, 2016
Van et al., 2013
8,89
33,38
42,27
50-200
75.61 - 195.21
365.09 - 482.08
440.7 – 677.29
200
41.2
160.7
201.9
Phuong
et
al.,
2018
Anh, 2016
2.4 Zinc (Zn)
Pteris vittata’s ability to accumulate Zn in the stems and roots of the plant increases when the
Zn content in the soil increases. However, the increase is not linearly proportional to the Zn
concentration in the soil. When the Zn concentration in the soil rises from 300 − 1,500 mg.kg−1,
the plant’s ability to accumulate Zn only increases from 345.46 − 580.09 mg.kg−1 for the stem
and from 3,430.70 − 5,380.17 mg.kg−1 for the stem and roots. Like with the Pb tolerance
experiment, when considering the Zn accumulation rate between the roots and shoots of Pteris
vittata in the experimental concentrations, this number does not fluctuate much (in the range of
8.5 − 10.5). This proves that the Zn concentration in the soil does not significantly affect the
ratio of Zn concentration in parts of Pteris vittata. Thus, Pteris vittata can withstand Zn
concentrations up to 1500 mg.kg−1 in soil. However, the best tolerance and removal of Zn is at
a concentration of 300 mg.kg−1 (Tua et al., 2011). After growing Pteris vittata for 16 weeks on
soil (with an initial Zn content of 3,267 mg.kg−1) taken from mining sites, analysis results
showed that Pteris vittata can accumulate Zn about 810.2 mg.kg−1 in shoots and 1,298.8
mg.kg−1 in roots (Anh, 2016).Jussiaea fissendocarpa haines have been proven by many
domestic and foreign authors to have the capacity to accumulate great quantities of heavy metals
in the body. However, combining microbial strains can help increase the heavy metal content
accumulated in plant parts, shortening the pollution treatment time (Hung et al.,2010). The
absorption of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb) of J.F.haines plants in the roots increased with the
amount of inoculant applied to the soil and was significantly higher than the control. In the
formula of fertilizing inoculant/kg dry soil, the highest absorption of heavy metals was 124.51
mg.kg−1 Zn; 41.44 mg.kg−1 Pb; 20.57 mg.kg−1 Cu, respectively (Hung et al., 2010). Research
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by Kieu et al. (2011) also showed that growing J.F.haines in soil supplemented with microbial
strains will increase the efficiency of Zn accumulation in biomass by 2.5 times compared to
without supplemented with microbial strains (increased from 44.9 mg.kg−1 to 113.18
mg.kg−1).Saccharum arundinaceum: The amount of Zn accumulated in the tree after planting
is higher than that of the original tree. After four months of planting, the accumulated Zn content
in some plants was 30.3 mg.kg−1 (in stems and leaves) and 50.39 mg.kg−1 (in roots). The Zn
content in S.arundinaceum roots is absorbed 1.66 times more than in the leaves. After eight
months of planting S.arundinaceum, the Zn content accumulated in plants is very high: Zn
content in leaves and stems is 79.87 mg.kg−1. Accumulation in roots is 111.44 mg.kg−1. The Zn
content in S.arundinaceum roots is absorbed 1.4 times more than in the leaves (Hoa et al., 2022).
Table 3. Zn concentration in soil (before the experiment) and in plant biomass (after the
experiment)
Plant
Zn Concentration (mg.kg−1)
References
Soil
Shoots
Roots
Biomass
300 - 1,500
345.46 - 580.09
3,430.7 – 5,380.2
3,776.2 – 5,960.3
Tua, et al., 2011
3,267
810.2
1,298.8
2,109
Anh, 2016
108.32
-
-
124.51
Hung, et al., 2010
150
79.87
111.44
191,31
Hoa et al., 2022
Pteris vittata
Jussiaea
fissendocarpa
haines
Saccharum
arundinaceum
3. SURVEY OF NATIVE PLANT SPECIES CAPABLE OF ACCUMULATING SOIL
HEAVY METALS
Related to this content, in Vietnam, there have been studies on surveying, screening, and
evaluating the ability of native plants to accumulate and process heavy metals in soil. These
species live on soil contaminated with very high levels of heavy metals.
Hung and Tra (2021) focused on screening native plant species with the ability to absorb the
heavy metal Chromium (Cr) to treat contaminated soil in Long Khanh City, Dong Nai province.
Forty-eight plant species with their outer morphology specific to heavy metal hyperaccumulators were collected. After examining scientific names and making a checklist of plant
species, the results presented that there were 16 orders, 21 families, and 37 genera capable of
accumulating heavy metals. Among them, four plant species survived in Cr-contaminated soil
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from 150 − 350 mg.kg−1 dried soil, concluding: (1) Cyperus rotundus L., (2) Cynodon dactylon
(L) Pers., (3) Amaranthus spinosus L., and (4) Solanum nigrum L.
The results of the assessment of Lead (Pb) accumulation in native plants growing on coal mine
sites in Northeastern Vietnam showed that all three species of plants could grow and welldevelop in the environment with the concentrations of Pb. The average Pb accumulated was the
highest in Lantana camara at 3.38 mg.kg−1, followed by Eleusine indica and Aglaonema
muntifolium at 1.67 mg.kg−1 and 1.37 mg.kg−1, respectively. Based on the enrichment
coefficients for stem, leaves and root values, the plant was separated into two groups, including
hyperaccumulator (A.muntifolium) and photo stabilizer (L.camara and E.indica) (Dung et al.,
2022). Fifteen native plant species grow in a Pb recycling zone of Dong Mai village, Hung Yen
province, Vietnam. Hymenachne acutigluma (Steud.) Gilliland, a potential hyperaccumulator
of Pb (1,160 mg.kg−1-DW), is considered the best candidate for phytoremediation of Pbcontaminated soil (Ha et al., 2019). Ha et al. (2019) evaluated the phytoextraction and
phytostabilization potential, two standard techniques of phytoremediation, of 21 plant species
growing logically at the largest tungsten (W) mine in Vietnam−the second largest production
of W in the world. The results indicated that hyperaccumulation levels (mg.kg−1-DW) were
obtained for only As in Pityrogramma calomelanos (2400) and Pteris vittata L. (1860). Based
on the recorded hyperaccumulation levels, translocation and accumulation factors, biomass, and
fast growth of these plants, P. calomelanos and P. vittata were considered promising native
plants for the phytoextraction of As contaminated soils. Bidens pilosa L. also has excellent
potential for phytostabilization of mining soils contaminated with As and heavy metals.The
research of Hung et al. (2018) was conducted for two years in northern Tan Uyen, Binh Duong
province, Vietnam, to screen native plant species capable of absorbing the heavy metal Cd. The
results showed that only 9 per 52 plant species studied were able to live in soil contaminated
with Cd with concentrations from 25 to 50 mg.kg-1, of which Solanum nigrum L. and Physalis
angulata, BF above 10, were considered to be Cd super accumulation.Anh et al. (2011)
determined the heavy metal uptake into shoots and roots of 33 indigenous plant species in Thai
Nguyen Province, Vietnam. Two species of the plants investigated, Pteris vittata L. and
Pityrogramma calomelanos L. were hyperaccumulators, containing more than 0.1% heavy
metals in their shoots. Eleusine indica L., Cynodon dactylon L., Cyperus rotundus L., and
Equisetum ramosissimumaccumulate very high Pb (0.15−0.65%) and Zn (0.22−1.56%)
concentration in their roots.
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4. TREATMENT OF PLANT BIOMASS AFTER THEIR HEAVY METAL
ABSORPTION
Recently, many research projects worldwide have been treating or utilizing accumulated plant
biomass rich in metals, such as Keller et al. (2005) investigated whether thermal treatment could
be a practicable option for evaporatively separating metals from the plant residues. This study
uses a laboratory reactor scale designed to simulate the volatilization performance of heavy
metals in a grate furnace. Hao et al. (2018) reported a greener and more effective process of
hydrothermal change of rice straw (Cd low accumulated crop) and Elsholtzia splendens (Cu
accumulated plant) to improve the metals and simultaneously produce biofuel for harmless
treatment and resource reuse. In the research of Zhi et al. (2020), for the initial time, a
mesoporous carbon-supported nano CdS (CdS@C) photocatalyst was gained by in situ
upcycling of Cd-enriched Sedum plumbizincicola biomass through a mixture of pyrolysis
carbonization and hydrothermal reaction. In the study of Haiwei et al. (2022), CaO/Ca(ClO)2
was used to promotion As retrieval in hydrothermal liquefaction of As-enriched Pteris vittata
L. Anaerobic digestion (AD) approach a guarantee to covert phytoremediation biomass into
renewable energy (biogass) and control soil contamination. Accumulation of heavy metals in
digestive substrates affects the enzymatic activities of methanogenic bacteria in AD (Aman et
al., 2022). In general, research worldwide focuses mainly on treating hyperaccumulated plant
biomass, recovering heavy metals, and recycling biomass to create fuel. The thermal method is
commonly used to treat heavy metal hyperaccumulator plant biomass.However, The number of
studies on treating plant biomass after heavy metal absorption is still minimal. In 2014, Minh
and Hai studied the treatment of fern and vetiver biomass adsorbing heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As)
after planting on post-mining land using the ashing method. Fresh biomass of Ferns and Vetiver
is collected and dried, and after ashing, it is further treated with lime to reduce the content of
mobile heavy metals. Research results show that after ashing the tree, biomass decreased
significantly, only 5−6% compared to the original. Using lime mixed with ash for two months
has dramatically reduced the amount of mobile heavy metals in the soil. The total heavy metals
content in the ash before and after the experiment did not change much. However, the mobile
heavy metals content in the ash after treatment with lime has changed clearly. This is very
meaningful in limiting the harmful effects of heavy metals in soil.
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5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Research related to the field of plant application for heavy metal treatment in Vietnam has
produced several valuable results, including:
1. Researching about Hyperaccumulators:
- Pb: Lantana camara L., Vetiveria zizanioides, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Pteris vittata,
and Eleusine indica
- As: Pteris vittata, Eleusine indica, and Bidens pilosa L.
- Cd: Solanum nigrum L., Helianthus annuus, Phragmıtes Australis and Eleusine indica.
- Zn: Pteris vittata, Jussiaea fissendocarpa Haines, and Saccharum Arundinaceum .
2.
In
Vietnam, Vetiveria
zizanioides, Phragmites
Australis,
and
other
plants
of
the Polypodiaceae family are commonly researched and applied to treat heavy metals in soil
3. Some scientists also research native plant species that grow on lands with high heavy metal
content to find more plant species that super absorb heavy metals.
4. The number of studies on treating plant biomass after heavy metal absorption is still very
limited in Vietnam.
5.1 Recommendation:
- Scientists in Vietnam need to focus on researching this issue in the future to support
phytoremediation technology better.
- The above research is mainly carried out in the laboratory. Therefore, in the future, it is
necessary to turn these research results into applied research.
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DERİN ÖĞRENME METODU YARDIMIYLA ENGİNARIN (Cynara scolymus) FİDE
ÜZERİNDE BELİRLENMESİ
Dr. Erhan KAHYA* (ORCID: 0000-0001-7768-9190)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Vocational College of Technical Sciences, Department of
Electronic and Automation, Control and Automation Technology Programme, TekirdağTürkiye
Email: ekahya@nku.edu.tr
Yasin ASLAN (ORCID: 0009-0007-8042-9729)
Freelance Senior Software Developer, Tekirdağ-Türkiye
Email: ayasinaslan@hotmail.com
Özet
Derin öğrenme, günümüzde birçok alanda kullanılan etkili bir yapay zeka yöntemidir. Büyük
veri setleri ve karmaşık problemlerle başa çıkmak için ideal olan derin öğrenme yöntemi
görüntü işleme, tıp, tarım gibi çeşitli alanlarda kullanılmaktadır. Tarımsal alanda derin
öğrenme uygulamalarını günümüzde popüler hale gelmiştir. Bu uygulamalardan bazıları bitki
algılama,nesne tanıma,rekolte tahmini,hastalık kontrolü,akıllı sulama sistemleridir.Çalışma
için seçilen enginarın hasadında işçilik maliyetleri büyük bir sorundur. Enginarın tüm
yetiştirme sürecince ve hasadında insan gücü büyük bir yer tutmaktadır. İşçilik maliyetinin
azaltılması enginar üretim sürecine doğrudan katkıda bulunacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, derin
öğrenme yöntemi kullanılarak enginarın baş büyüklüğü yardım ile fide üzerinde
belirlenmesidir. Enginar hasadı, bitkinin doğru zamanda ve doğru şekilde toplanmasıyla
gerçekleştirilir.Baş büyüklüğü enginar hasadını belirleyici en önemli faktördür. Bu nedenle
enginar hasadının zamanında ve etkin bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmesi amacıyla, Özellikle
YOLOv8l (large) modeli, yüksek F1 skoru ve mAP@0.5:0.95 değerleri ile diğer
algortimalardan daha iyi bir performans göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, YOLOv8l'nin, nesne tespiti
için gelişmiş bir seçenek olarak, gerçek zamanlı robotik hasat uygulamalarında tercih
edilebileceği anlaşılmıştır. YOLOv8l (large) modelinin sağladığı avantajlar çiftçilerin enginar
hasadı sürecini optimize etmelerine, verimliliği artırmalarına ve kaynakları daha etkin bir
şekilde kullanmalarına yardımcı olacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Derin öğremme,tanımlama,enginar,YOLO
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IDENTIFICATION OF ARTICHOKE (Cynara scolymus) ON SEEDLINGS WITH
THE HELP OF DEEP LEARNING METHOD
Abstract
Deep learning is an effective artificial intelligence method used in many fields today. Ideal for
dealing with large data sets and complex problems, deep learning is used in various fields such
as image processing, medicine, agriculture, etc. Deep learning applications in agriculture have
become popular today. Some of these applications are plant detection, object recognition, yield
prediction, disease control, intelligent irrigation systems, etc. Labor costs are a major problem
in harvesting the artichoke selected for the study. Manpower plays a major role in the entire
growing process and harvesting of artichokes. Reducing the labor cost will directly contribute
to the artichoke production process. The aim of this study is to determine the head size of
artichoke on seedlings using deep learning method. Artichoke harvesting is realized by
collecting the plant at the right time and in the right way, and head size is the most important
factor determining the artichoke harvest. According to the results of the comparative analysis,
the YOLOv8 algorithm has better object detection performance compared to YOLOv7. In
particular, the YOLOv8l (large) model outperformed the other algorithms with high F1 scores
and mAP@0.5:0.95 values. These findings suggest that YOLOv8l (large) can be preferred in
real-time robotic harvesting applications as an advanced option for object detection. The
advantages of the YOLOv8l (large) model will help farmers to optimize the artichoke
harvesting process, increase efficiency and use resources more effectively.
Keywords: Deep learning, identification, artichoke, YOLO
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Giriş
Derin öğrenme, yapay sinir ağları kullanarak karmaşık ve soyut verileri anlamlandırma ve
örüntülerini çıkarma sürecidir. Bu yöntem, makine öğrenmesinin bir alt dalıdır.Geleneksel
makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerinde, verilerin elle seçilmiş bir dizi öznitelik veya nitelik ile temsil
edilmesi gerekmektedir. Ancak derin öğrenme yaklaşımında ise, algoritma, girdi verilerini
otomatik olarak analiz ederek önemli özellikleri kendisi belirler.Derin öğrenme algoritmaları
genellikle çok katmanlı sinir ağı mimarilerinden oluşur. Bu katmanlar arasında birbirleriyle
bağlantılı olan yapay sinir hücreleri yer alır ve bu hücrelerden her biri girdi sinyallerini işleyerek
çıktı üretir.Derin öğrenmenin uygulama alanları oldukça geniş kapsamlıdır. Görüntü tanıma,
doğal dil işleme, ses tanıma ve oyun stratejisi gibi pek çok alanda kullanılabilir. Derin öğrenme
teknolojisi kullanarak yüz tanıma sistemleri geliştirilebilir veya anlamını anlayabilen konuşan
robotlar oluşturulabilir.YOLOv8, YOLO (You Only Look Once) nesne algılama algoritmaları
serisinde önemli bir gelişmedir. Orijinal YOLO'dan YOLOv8, YOLO-NAS ve dönüştürücülü
YOLO'ya doğru bir evrimi temsil etmektedir. YOLOv8 çeşitli alanlarda uygulanarak çok
yönlülüğünü ve etkinliğini ortaya koymuştur.YOLOv8, kendi başına bir derin öğrenme
modelidir ve çeşitli yapay sinir ağı katmanlarından oluşur. Girdi olarak RGB görüntülerini alır
ve bu görüntüler üzerinde tespit etmek istediğimiz nesneleri bulmaya çalışır. Derin öğrenme
alanında YOLOv8 gibi modeller, nesne algılama problemini çözmek için yaygın olarak
kullanılır. Bu modeller, otonom araçlar, güvenlik sistemleri, video analizi gibi birçok alanda
kullanılabilir ve insanları ya da diğer nesneleri algılamak için büyük bir potansiyele
sahiptir.Bu nedenle birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır.Pediatrik bilek travması X-ışını
görüntülerinde kırık tespiti Ju ve ark.(2023), çelik yüzey kusur tespiti (Xie ve ark., 2024),
otomotiv ABS fren ana silindiri kusur tespiti (Liu ve ark., 2024), termal görüntülemeye dayalı
cerrahi kesi iyileşme değerlendirmesi, düşük irtifa hava görüntülerinde nesne tespiti (Zhao ve
ark., 2024) ve rüzgar türbini kanadı kusurlarının tespitinde (Yang ve ark., 2024) kullanılmıştır.
Ayrıca YOLOv8, çöp sınıflandırma ve algılama, uzaktan algılama görüntülerinden kırsal
yerleşim alanı çıkarma (Rui ve ark., 2023), izolatör hedef tespiti (Hu ve ark., 2023) ve manyetik
rezonans anjiyografide beyin arteriyovenöz malformasyon tespiti gibi uygulamalarda
kullanılmıştır. Algoritmanın yetenekleri, veri toplama ve analiz için araçlar ve paketler
geliştirilerek genişletilmiş, böylece çeşitli araştırma ve pratik bağlamlarda daha erişilebilir ve
uygulanabilir hale getirilmiştir.Derin öğrenme, tarımsal hasatta çeşitli uygulamalarda
kullanılan etkili bir yapay zeka yöntemidir. Özellikle bitki stres fenotipleme, bitki
hastalıklarının sınıflandırılması ve tarımsal üretimde verimliliğin arttırılması gibi alanlarda
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derin öğrenme yöntemleri başarıyla kullanılmaktadır. Singh ve ark.(2018) bitki stres
fenotipleme konusunda derin öğrenme araçlarının diğer mevcut tekniklere göre karar
doğruluğu, veri boyutu gereksinimi ve çeşitli senaryolardaki uygulanabilirlik açısından
karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirmesini sunmuşlardır. Derin öğrenme ayrıca hyperspectral görüntü
sınıflandırması gibi tarımsal uygulamalarda da kullanılmaktadır. Fırat ve ark.(2022)
hyperspectral görüntü sınıflandırması için derin öğrenmeye dayalı bir mimari önermişlerdir. Bu
tür uygulamalar, tarımsal alanlarda bitki örtüsü analizi ve tarım alanlarının izlenmesi için
önemli bir araç haline gelmektedir. Ayrıca, tarımsal üretimde makine öğrenimi ve derin
öğrenme tekniklerinin kullanımı, örneğin bitki hastalıklarının tespiti, mahsul verimliliğinin
arttırılması ve tarımsal üretim süreçlerinin otomasyonu gibi konularda mavi yaban mersini
meyvelerinin hasat edilebilirlik ve verimle ilişkilendirilen özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için derin
öğrenme görüntü segmentasyonu ve çıkarma yöntemlerini kullanmıştır (Ni ve ark.,2020). Kim
ve ark.(2021) otonom bir biçerdöver için zayıf denetimli mahsul alanı segmentasyonu
konusunda çalışmış ve modelin küçük veri ölçeği ile kolayca uygulanabilir olduğunu
göstermiştir. Li ve ark.(2023) yaptıkları çalışmada yüksek kaliteli çay toplama robotu için derin
öğrenme ile tanımlama sistemi gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Gentilhomme ve ark.(2023) derin
öğrenme yardımıyla asma için akıllı budama sistemi üzerine çalışmışlardır. Bir başka çalışmada
Patil ve ark.(2023) füzyon derin öğrenme ile hasat öncesi ve sonrası üzüm kalite tahmini
yapmışlardır. Pandey ve ark.(2023) ‘de derin öğrenme yardımıyla pamukta yaprak
hastalıklarının sınıflandırmasını gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Sekharamantry ve ark.(2023) derin
öğrenme modeli olan YOLOv5 ile ağaç üstünde elma tespitini yapmışlardır. Ceyhan ve
ark.(2022) görüntü tabanlı derin öğrenme ile buğday çeşitlerinin sınıflandırılması
gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Zhang ve ark.(2022) domates hasat robotu için YOLOv5 derin öğrenme
modeli geliştirmişlerdir. Bai ve ark.(2022) otomatik robotik hasat için makine öğrenimi destekli
görüntü analizi kullanarak kümelenmiş domates tespiti ve toplama noktası konumu seçimi
çalışması yapmışlardır.Badeka ve ark.(2023) hassas bağcılık için derin öğrenme yaklaşım için
YOLOv7 ile üzüm olgunluğunun değerlendirilmesi gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Bu çalışmalar,
tarımsal hasat süreçlerinde verimliliği artırmak ve ürün kalitesini iyileştirmek için derin
öğrenme yöntemlerinin potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, derin öğrenme
yöntemlerinin tarımsal hasatta kullanımı, bitki hastalıklarının tespiti, bitki stres fenotipleme,
mahsul sınıflandırması ve tarımsal verimlilik analizi gibi alanlarda önemli bir araştırma ve
uygulama alanı oluşturmaktadır. Bu tekniklerin tarımsal üretimdeki rolü, gelecekteki tarımsal
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uygulamaların geliştirilmesinde ve tarımsal verimliliğin artırılmasında önemli bir rol
oynayacaktır.
2.Materyal ve Yöntem
2.1.Materyal
Enginar (Cynara scolymus) potansiyel sağlık faydaları ve besin değeri ile bilinen bir bitkidir.
Araştırmalar enginar yaprağı ekstraktlarının anti-mikrobiyal, anti-alerjik, anti-enflamatuar ve
antikanser etkiler gösteren dikafeoilkinik asitler, klorojenik asit, luteolin glukozit ve apigenin
glukozit gibi antioksidan fenolik bileşikler içerdiğini göstermiştir (Tang ve ark., 2017). Ayrıca
enginar brakteleri diyet lifi, fenolik içerik ve antioksidan aktivite açısından zengindir, bu da
onları gıda ürünlerinde değerli bir fonksiyonel bileşen haline getirir (Dadalı, 2023). Enginarın
karaciğer hasarına karşı potansiyel koruyucu etkileri ve kolesterol biyosentezi üzerindeki
inhibitör etkileri vardır. (Gebhardt, 2002). Bu bulgular ışığında enginarın sağlığı geliştirici
çeşitli özelliklere sahip fonksiyonel bir gıdadır.
Enginar hasadı, enginar üretiminin çok önemli bir yönüdür. Çok yıllık bitkilerin en yoğun
üretimi Mart-Nisan ayları arasında gerçekleşir ve bu dönem enginar hasadı için en uygun
dönemdir (Smith ve ark., 2008). Hasat zamanının seçimi enginarın polifenol profilini önemli
ölçüde etkilemektedir ve bu da hasat zamanının istenen polifenol içeriğine sahip enginar elde
etmek için gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir (Pandino ve ark., 2013). Organik ve geleneksel
olarak yetiştirilen enginarların karşılaştırıldığı bir çalışmada, enginarın organik yetiştiricilik
için en uygun bitkilerden biri olduğu tespit edilmiş, bu da organik yöntemlerin enginar hasadı
için etkili bir şekilde kullanılabileceğini düşündürmüştür (Yıldırım ve ark., 2020). Enginar
çeşitlerinin farklı gübre rejimlerine ve gibberellik asit uygulaması gibi uygulamalara verdiği
nutrasötik tepkinin hasadın kalitesini ve verimini etkileyebileceğini göstermiştir (Lombardo ve
ark., 2015; Lombardo ve ark., 2022). İstenen kalite ve verim için enginar hasadını optimize
etmek amacıyla hasat zamanlamasının, yetiştirme yöntemlerinin ve uygulamaların dikkate
alınması gerekmektedir.
2.2.Yöntem
Veri Setinin Hazırlanması:
Enginar bitkisinin veri setinin hazırlanmasında Tekirdağ Naip Köyü üretici tarlarında çekilmiş
hasat fotoğrafları ve videoları kullanılmıştır. Şekil 1’de örnek fotoğraflar verilmiştir. Eğitim
seti ve test seti için 150 adet enginar bitkisi görseli çalışmada kullanılmıştır.Her bir fide
üzerinde birden fazla enginar bulunmaktadır.Şekil 1’de veri setinde kullanılan görsellere örnek
gösterilmiştir.
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Şekil 1.Naip Köyü üretici tarlasından alınmış görüntüler
Etiketleme ve Eğitim Seti
Bir nesne tespiti modelinin, bir veri seti üzerinde eğitim gerçekleştirebilmesi için, tespit
edilmesi hedeflenen nesnelerin eğitileceği veri setinde etiketlenmiş/ imzalanmış olması
gerekmektedir. Bu sebeple eğitim seti için 100 görselin her birinde enginar görüntüsünü içeren
kısımların sınırlayıcı kutu alanı ile işaretlenmesi yapılmıştır. 50 görsel ise test setinde
kullanılmıştır.Görsel etiketlemesi yapmak için, açık kaynak topluluklarında çok sayıda
program, internet sitesi ve yardımcı araç bulunmaktadır. Şekil 2 ‘de etiketleme ekranı görüntüsü
gösterilmiştir.
Şekil 2.Etiketleme ekranı
Bu araçlardan bir tanesi ise, nesne tespiti projelerinde sıklıkla kullanılan, popüler bir web sitesi
olan Roboflow’dur. Roboflow, ham görüntüleri özel olarak eğitilmiş bir bilgisayar görme
modeline dönüştürmek ve onu uygulamalarda kullanmak üzere dağıtmak için gereken tüm
araçları sağlayan; görüntüler üzerinde alan seçimleri, işaretlemeleri ve sınıf etiketlemeleri
yapılmasını sağlayan bir web sitesidir. Bu işaretleme ve etiketleme işlemi, sitenin sahip olduğu
grafiksel kullanıcı arayüzü aracılığıyla kolaylıkla yapılmaktadır.
Eğitim Model Seçimi
Yapmış olduğumuz projede, CNN yöntemiyle geliştirilmiş YOLO model ailesinin açık kaynak
olarak geliştirilen en son versiyonu olan YOLOv8 tercih edilmiştir. RCNN benzeri iki aşamalı
ağ kullanan modellere göre oldukça avantaja sahip olan YOLO model ailesinin YOLOv8
modeli, kendisinden önce geliştirilmiş sürümlere doğruluk değerleri ve hız oranı açısından
avantaj sağladığı için tercih edilmiştir.
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Enginarın fide üzerinde tespiti yapacak olan modelin eğitiminin başlatılması için, YOLOv8
modelinin bilgisayardaki konumuna gidilerek Python çalıştırıcı editör açıldı. Ana dizinde
bulunan ve YOLOv8 eğitimini sağlayan train.py programı, çalıştırılmak üzere kontrol edildi.
Bu Python programının çalıştırılması, çeşitli parametreler ile özelleştirilebilmektedir.
Çalışma dahilinde, enginar için aşağıda yazılı olan kod içerisindeki parametreler ve
düzenlemeler tercih edildi.
!yolo
task=detect
mode=train
model=yolov8n.pt
data={dataset.location}/data.yaml epochs=80 imgsz=640 plots=True
!yolo
task=detect
mode=train
model=yolov8s.pt
data={dataset.location}/data.yaml epochs=80 imgsz=640 plots=True
!yolo
task=detect
mode=train
model=yolov8m.pt
data={dataset.location}/data.yaml epochs=80 imgsz=640 plots=True
!yolo
task=detect
mode=train
model=yolov8l.pt
data={dataset.location}/data.yaml epochs=80 imgsz=640 plots=True
task: Eğitimin hangi görevi gerçekleştireceğini belirler. “detect” nesne tespiti görevini ifade
eder.
mode: Modelin eğitim modunda çalıştırılacağını belirtir. YOLO, farklı modlarda çalıştırılabilir
örneğin “train” eğitim için, “test” test etme veya doğrulama için kullanılabilir.
model: Eğitim sırasında kullanılacak modelin yolunu ve adını belirtir.
imgsz: Eğitimi yapılacak görsellerin YOLOv8 modeli tarafından düşürüleceği piksel
boyutudur.
--plots: Eğitim sırasında oluşturulan grafik çizimlerini ifade eder. Bu grafikler, modelin
performansını izlemek için kullanılır.
3.Araştırma Sonuçları
Yapılan çalışmada, nesne tanıma görevleri için özelleştirilmiş dört farklı YOLOv8 modelinin
(Nano, Small, Medium, Large) performansları incelenmiştir. Analizler her bir modelin eğitim
süresince kaydettiği ilerleme ile başlangıç ve bitiş epochlarında elde edilen metrik değerler
üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir.YOLOv8s ‘un başlangıçtaki performansı, düşük bir mAP50-95
oranı ile (%2.505) olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak, model hızla olgunlaşmış ve 5. epoch itibarıyla
%75.079'luk bir mAP50-95 değerine ulaşarak kayda değer bir gelişme göstermiştir.Modelin
eğitimi sırasında, epoch 6'da gözlenen hafif bir kayıp artışına rağmen, model stabil bir ilerleme
kaydetmiş ve mAP50-95 değerlerinde tutarlı bir yükseliş göstermiştir. Özellikle epoch 18'de
%71.237'lik bir mAP50 değeri ile modelin doğru pozitif tanımlamalarda başarılı olduğu
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görülmüştür. Modelin eğitimi boyunca kayıp değerlerinde (loss values) genel bir düşüş trendi
ve metriklerde (precision, recall, mAP50, mAP50-95) sürekli bir iyileşme izlenmiştir. Modelin
son epoch'larına baktığımızda, YOLOv8s ‘in mAP50-95 değeri %87.825 ile en yüksek seviyeye
ulaşmıştır. YOLOv8n ve YOLOv8m son epochlarda yüksek performans göstermiş olmasına
karşın YOLOv8s 'in gösterdiği istikrar ve yüksek performans seviyelerine ulaşamamışlardır.
YOLOv8l, özellikle başlangıç epochlarında düşük performans sergilemiş ve son epochlarda
performansında sınırlı bir iyileşme gözlemlenmiştir.Ayrıca Medium ve Large modellerinin
eğitimlerinin 52 ve 53. epochlarda kesilmesi, erken durdurma (early stopping) mekanizması
nedeniyle gerçekleşmiştir. Erken durdurma, modelin aşırı uyuma (overfitting) gitmesini
önlemek ve eğitim sürecinde kaynak kullanımını optimize etmek için tasarlanmış bir
yöntemdir. Bu durum, her iki modelde de belirlenen performans eşiği altında ilerleme
kaydedilmemesi sonucunda devreye girmiştir. Özellikle, bu modellerin son epochlarında
doğrulama kaybında (validation loss) ve metriklerinde önemli bir iyileşme olmaması, sistem
tarafından eğitimin otomatik olarak durdurulmasına yol açmıştır.Tablo 1,Tablo 2 ve Tablo 3’
de analizi sonuçları verilmiştir.
Tablo 1.Farklı Koşullarda Performans Analizi
Test Koşulu
YOLOv8n
YOLOv8s
YOLOv8m
YOLOv8l
Performansı
Performansı
Performansı
Performansı
Düşük Işık
Yeterli
İyi
Çok İyi
Mükemmel
Karmaşık Arka
Yeterli
İyi
Çok İyi
Mükemmel
Plan
Nano model, düşük güç ve daha basit görevler için yeterliyken, Large model karmaşık
koşullarda üstün performans sergilemiştir.
Tablo 2.Veri Artırma Teknikleri Etkileri
Veri Artırma
YOLOv8n
YOLOv8s
YOLOv8m
YOLOv8l
Tekniği
Performansı
Performansı
Performansı
Performansı
Döndürme
Pozitif
Pozitif
Pozitif
Pozitif
Renk Uzayı Dönüşümleri
Pozitif
Pozitif
Pozitif
Pozitif
Tüm modeller, veri artırma tekniklerinden olumlu etkilenmiş ve performanslarını artırmıştır.
Tablo 3.Gerçek Zamanlı Performans Değerlendirmesi
Özellik
YOLOv8n
YOLOv8s
YOLOv8m
YOLOv8l
Performansı
Performansı
Performansı
Performansı
İşlem Hızı
Hızlı
Hızlı
Orta
Yavaş
Tespit Doğruluğu
Yeterli
Çok İyi
Mükemmel
İyi
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Nano ve Small modeller hız açısından avantaj sağlarken, Medium ve Large modeller doğrulukta
daha iyi performans göstermiştir.
YOLOv8 algoritmalarının sonuçlarının hata matrisi metriklerine göre incelenmesi:
F1 Score Analizi
Yapılan F1 analizi ile modelin precision ve recall değerlerinin harmonik ortalaması
hesaplanmakta ve modelin genel performansını ölçmekte kullanılmaktadır.Grafikte F1 Score
değerlerinin başta en yüksek değeri gördüğü ve benzer değerlerde kaldığı görülmektedir. Bu
durum, modelin daha ilk epochlardan iyi performans gösterdiğini ve nesneleri daha doğru bir
şekilde tespit etmeye başladığını göstermektedir.Şekil 3’de F1 score analizi grafiği verilmiştir.
Size:
640x640,
Epoch:
80,
Algorithm:
Epoch:
80,
Algorithm:
Epoch:
80,
Algorithm:
Epoch:
80,
Algorithm:
YOLOv8n
Size:
640x640,
YOLOv8s
Size:
640x640,
YOLOv8m
Size:
640x640,
YOLOv8l
Şekil 3.F1 score analizi grafiği
Şekil 3’dek F1 score analizi grafiği verilerine göre, YOLOv8l modelin F1 puanı düşük güven
eşiklerinde başlangıçta düşükken, eşik değer arttıkça F1 puanının arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. F1
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puanının artışı, yaklaşık 0.7 güven eşiğinde belirgin bir şekilde yükselmiş ve maksimum F1
puanına ulaşmıştır. YOLOv8l modelin belirli bir güven eşiği üzerinde maksimum F1 puanına
ulaşabileceğini gösterir. Burada 0.72 güven eşiğinde 1.0 F1 puanına ulaşıldığı görülmektedir.
YOLOv8l modelin bu eşikte tespitleri maksimum hassasiyet ve duyarlılık ile gerçekleştirdiğini
işaret etmektedir. Ancak, F1 puanının 0.8'den 1.0'a kadar olan güven eşiği aralığında hafif bir
düşüş göstermesi, YOLOv8l modelin en yüksek güvenlik düzeylerinde yanlış negatifleri
artırabileceğini ve bu da toplam F1 puanını azaltabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu, modelin güven
eşiğinin hassas bir şekilde ayarlanmasının gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.
Precision Analizi
Precision, modelin yanlış pozitifleri minimize ederek doğru pozitif tahminlerini ne kadar
başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştirdiğini ölçer. Precision grafiğinde, farklı sınıflar için elde edilen
precision değerlerini gözlemlemekteyiz. Precision değeri, doğru pozitif tahminlerin toplam
tahmin sayısına oranını ifade eder ve yanlış pozitiflerin minimize edilmesini hedefler. Yüksek
bir precision değeri, modelin yanlış pozitifler yapma olasılığının düşük olduğunu gösterir. Şekil
4’de precision(hassasiyet) analizi grafiği verilmiştir.
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Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8n
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8s
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8m
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8l
Şekil 4.Precision (hassasiyet) analizi grafiği
Şekil 4’deki Presicision (hassasiyet) eğrisi, farklı güven eşiklerinde YOLOv8l modelin
hassasiyet değerlerinin nasıl değiştiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Grafikteki eğri, YOLOv8l modelin
düşük güven eşiklerindeki hassasiyetinin oldukça düşük olduğunu, ancak güven eşiği
yükseldikçe hassasiyetin belirgin bir şekilde arttığını göstermektedir. Özellikle, yaklaşık 0.68
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güven eşiği değerinde hassasiyetin 1.0'a ulaştığı görülmektedir. Bu değer YOLOv8l modelin
yüksek güvenlilikle tespit yapabildiği durumları ifade etmektedir.
Recall Analizi
Recall, gerçek pozitiflerin ne kadar başarılı bir şekilde tahmin edildiğini ölçer ve yanlış
negatifleri minimize etmeyi hedefler. Recall grafiğinde, farklı sınıflar için elde edilen Recall
değerlerini gözlemlemekteyiz. Recall değeri, gerçek pozitif tahminlerin gerçek pozitiflerin
toplam sayısına oranını ifade eder ve yanlış negatifleri minimize etmeyi hedefler. Şekil 5’de
Recall(duyarlılık) analizi grafiği verilmiştir.
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm:
YOLOv8n
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm:
YOLOv8s
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm:
YOLOv8m
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm:
YOLOv8l
Şekil 5.Recall(duyarlılık) analizi grafiği
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Şekil 5’teki Recall(duyarlılık) analizi grafiğinde, YOLOv8l modeli güven eşiğinin çok düşük
olduğu noktalarda neredeyse tam duyarlılık sergilediği görülmektedir. YOLOv8l modelinin
mevcut tüm pozitif örnekleri tespit etme eğiliminde olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu noktada, hatta
sıfır güven eşiğinde, YOLOv8l modelinin tüm pozitifleri yakalama eğiliminde olduğu
anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak bu yaklaşımın yanlış pozitiflerin sayısını da artırabileceği anlamına
gelmektedir.
Precision-Recall Analizi
Precision, modelin yanlış pozitifleri minimize ederek doğru pozitif tahminlerini ne kadar
başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştirdiğini ölçerken, Recall, gerçek pozitifleri ne kadar başarılı bir
şekilde tahmin ettiğini ölçer. Precision-Recall grafiğinde, farklı sınıflar için elde edilen
Precision ve Recall değerlerini gözlemlemekteyiz. Precision, doğru pozitif tahminlerin toplam
tahmin sayısına oranını ifade ederken, Recall gerçek pozitiflerin tahmin edilen pozitiflerin
toplam sayısına oranını ifade eder. Şekil 6’de Precision-Recall(hassasiyet-duyarlılık) analizi
grafiği verilmiştir.
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Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8n
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8s
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8m
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8l
Şekil 6.Precision-Recall(hassasiyet-duyarlılık) analizi grafiği
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Şekil 6’da Precision-Recall(hassasiyet-duyarlılık) analizi grafiğinde, yüksek duyarlılık
seviyelerinde YOLOV8l modelin hassasiyetinin belirli bir düşüş gösterdiği görülmektedir.
YOLOv8l modelin neredeyse tüm pozitif örnekleri tespit etme eğiliminde olduğu
anlaşılmaktadır.Ancak bunun yanlış pozitif sayısında artışa yol açtığı anlamına gelmektedir.
Özellikle, 0.725 mAP@0.5 değeri, modelin bu belirli duyarlılık düzeyinde ulaştığı hassasiyeti
göstermektedir.Eğrinin başında gözlemlenen yüksek hassasiyet seviyesi, YOLOv8l modelin
güçlü tespit kabiliyetine işaret ederken, duyarlılık değerleri düşükken hassasiyetin neredeyse
mükemmel olduğunu belirtir. Duyarlılık arttıkça hassasiyetin düştüğü alanlar, YOLOv8l
modelin doğru pozitif tahminler yapma kapasitesinin belirli bir duyarlılık seviyesinde sınırlı
olduğunu gösterir. Bu eğri aynı zamanda, modelin doğru pozitif ve yanlış pozitifler arasında
dengeli bir performans sergileme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu gösterir.
Loss Function Analizi
Loss Function, modelin tahminlerinin gerçek değerlerden ne kadar uzak olduğunu ölçer ve
eğitim sürecinde kullanılarak modelin optimize edilmesini sağlar.Loss Function tablosunda,
YOLOv8 modelinin eğitim sürecinde elde edilen Loss Function değerlerini gözlemlemekteyiz.
Loss Function değeri, modelin tahminlerinin gerçek değerlerden ne kadar uzak olduğunu ölçer
ve bu değerin minimize edilmesi hedeflenir. Şekil 7’de Loss Function analiz grafiği verilmiştir.
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Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8n
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8s
Size:640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8m
Size: 640x640, Epoch: 80, Algorithm: YOLOv8l
Şekil 7.Loss Function analiz grafiği
Daha düşük bir Loss Function değeri, modelin daha iyi bir şekilde eğitildiğini ve tahminlerinin
gerçek değerlere daha yakın olduğunu gösterir. Şekil 7’de Loss Function analiz grafiğinde
değerlere göz attığımızda, eğitim süreci boyunca Loss Function değerlerinin genellikle
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azaldığını görüyoruz. Bu, modelin doğru tahminler yapma yeteneğinin arttığını ve tahmin
hatalarının azaldığını gösterir. Şekil 8 ‘de test sonucu ekran görüntüleri verilmiştir.
Yolov8n
Yolov8s
Yolov8m
Yolov8l
Şekil 8.Test Sonuç ekranı görüntüleri
Analiz Sonuçları
YOLOv8n
YOLOv8s
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YOLOv8m
YOLOv8l
Yukarıda verilen değerler göre analiz sonuçları şu şekildedir;
➢ YOLO Nano, hız açısından diğer modellere üstünlük sağlarken, tespit doğruluğu
daha düşük seviyelerde kalmıştır. Bu, düşük güç tüketimi gerektiren uygulamalar
için uygun olduğunu göstermektedir.
➢ YOLO Small, dengeli bir performans sergileyerek, ışık ve arka plan
değişkenliğinde iyi sonuçlar elde etmiştir.
➢ YOLO Medium, çeşitlilik ve zorluğu daha yüksek olan veri setlerinde bile etkili
bir performans göstererek, genelleştirme kabiliyeti açısından öne çıkmıştır.
➢ YOLO Large, en karmaşık sınıflandırma görevlerinde bile mükemmel doğruluk
sunarak, model serisinin en güçlüsü olarak belirlenmiştir.
4.Sonuç
Yapılan çalışma ile YOLOv8 modeli ve hazırlanan veri seti ile yapılan örnek eğitim ve
doğrulama görsellerindeki nesne tespiti doğruluk oranları incelenmiştir. Modellerin nesne tespit
başarılarını belirten metrik verileri ve doğruluk tahmin oranları incelenmesi sonucunda modelin
eğitim sonucunun başarılı olduğu görülmüş ve doğrulanmıştır. İlk epochlar boyunca, eğitim ve
doğrulama kayıpları hızlı bir şekilde azaldığı ve metriklerde de belirgin bir gelişme olduğu
görülmüştür. Analiz sonuçlarına göre Precision, recall ve mAP değerlerinin daha yüksek
seviyelerde başladığı ve sürekli olarak değişkenlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. YOLOv8l(large)
modelinin iyi bir başlangıç performansı sergilediği anlaşılmıştır. Son epochlar boyunca, eğitim
kaybı ve doğrulama kaybı sürekli olarak azalmış ve en düşük seviyelere ulaşmıştır.
Metriklerdeki gelişme de devam etmiştir. Analiz ve doğruluk sonuçlarına göre YOLOv8l(large)
modelinin en iyi eğitim modeli olduğu anlaşılmıştır.
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Kaynaklar
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Kim, W., Lee, D., Kim, T., Kim, H., Sim, T., & Kim, Y. J. (2021). Weakly supervised crop
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Liu, G., Yan, Y., & Meng, J. (2024). Study on the detection technology for inner-wall outer
surface defects of the automotive abs brake master cylinder based on bm-yolov8.
Measurement Science and Technology, 35(5), 055109. https://doi.org/10.1088/13616501/ad25df
Lombardo, S., Pandino, G., & Mauromicale, G. (2015). The nutraceutical response of two globe
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Rui, J., li, m., Jin, F., Lin, Y., Wang, S., Zuo, X., … & Huo, A. (2023). The method for
extracting rural residential areas from remote sensing images based on improved yolov8.
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Sekharamantry, P. K., Melgani, F., & Malacarne, J. (2023). Deep learning-based apple
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055017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ad296d
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Zhao, P., Ye, X., Xu, H., & Yang, Z. (2024). Improving object detection algorithm for
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QUEER SİNEMADA ÖTEKİLEŞTİRME BAĞLAMINDA: YOUR NAME ENGRAVED
HEREİN FİLM ANALİZİ
Azra NAMUSLU
Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Radyo, Televizyon ve Sinema Anabilim Dalı,
Erzurum- Türkiye
Email: knamusluu@gmail.com
Özet
İnsan çağlar boyunca kimlik edinme içgüdüsüyle kendi ötekilerini yaratır. Bu kimliğin ihtiyaç
duyduğu aidiyet hissidir. Tarih pek çok dönemde toplumdan belli bir kesimi dışlama, yargılama ve
damgalama gibi olgulara tanık olmuştur. Bu çalışma eşcinsel bireyin öteki olma hikâyesini analiz
eder ve bunu bir sinema dili haline getiren queer kavramının ortaya çıkış sürecini ele alır.
Araştırmanın amacı eşcinsel imgesinin olumlu-olumsuz temsilleri üzerine queer sinemadaki filmleri
analiz etmek ve bununla birlikte kavramın ortaya çıkışındaki tarihsel süreci, nasıl/neden
sahiplenilerek sinema dili haline getirildiğini araştırmaktır. Aynı zamanda karşıtı olan Ana akım
sinemanın tutucu tavrının sebeplerini ve örneklerini yapıtlar üzerinden içerik analizi yöntemiyle
çözümlemektir. Araştırma amacına yönelik ise kuir teori çerçevesinde, muhafazakâr toplumları (din,
aile ve sosyal kurumlar gibi) araştırmanın evreni ve örneklemi odağına oturtarak Yönetmenliğini
Patrick Kuang Hui-Liu’nun yaptığı 2020 yapımı Tayvan yapımı Your Name Engraved Herein (Adın
Buraya Kazınmış,2020) filmi ele alınmıştır. Film, sıkıyönetimin bahsedildiği 1986 yılında iki eşcinsel
erkeğin öteki olma hikâyesini konu etmesi bakımında araştırmayla doğrudan örtüşür. Analiz edildiği
üzere öteki olan, toplumda muhafazakâr yapı içerisinde kendi varlığını kabul ettirmekte zorluk
çekmiş, toplumun her sosyal kurumunda hatta sanat olan sinema da bile hor görülmüş, fakat
mücadelesini bırakmayarak kendi evrenini oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın sonucuna göre tam anlamıyla
sorun olmaktan çıkamayan eşcinsellerle ilgili olumsuz temsiller düşük bir yüzdeye sahip olsa dahi
düşmüştür. Bu da sinemanın giderek daha olumlu temsiller çıkarması için önündeki engelleri aşmaya
hevesli olduğu kanısını ortaya çıkarır. Mücadelesini sürdüreceğini gösterir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Queer, Queer Sinema, Öteki, Ötekileştirme, Eşcinsellik
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IN THE CONTEXT OF OTHERALIZATION IN QUEER CINEMA: MOVIE
ANALYSIS OF YOUR NAME ENGRAVED HERE
Abstract
Throughout the ages, humans create their own others with the instinct of gaining identity. This
is the feeling of belonging that identity needs. History has witnessed phenomena such as
exclusion, judgment and stigmatization of certain segments of society in many periods. This
study analyzes the homosexual individual's story of being the other and discusses the emergence
of the concept of queer, which turns this into a cinema language. The aim of the research is to
analyze films in queer cinema on positive and negative representations of the homosexual
image, and to investigate the historical process of the emergence of the concept and how/why
it was appropriated and turned into a cinema language. At the same time, it is to analyze the
reasons and examples of the conservative attitude of mainstream cinema, which is its opposite,
through the works by content analysis method. For the purpose of the research, within the
framework of queer theory, the 2020 Taiwanese film Your Name Engraved Herein (2020),
directed by Patrick Kuang Hui-Liu, focuses on conservative societies (such as religion, family
and social institutions) as the universe and sample of the research. It is discussed. The film
directly coincides with the research in that it tells the story of two gay men becoming the other
in 1986, when martial law was mentioned. As analyzed, the other had difficulty in accepting its
existence within the conservative structure of society, was despised in every social institution
of the society, even in cinema, which is an art, but it did not give up its struggle and created its
own universe. According to the results of the research, negative representations about
homosexuals, who cannot completely cease to be a problem, have decreased, even if they are
at a low percentage. This suggests that cinema is eager to overcome its obstacles to produce
increasingly positive representations. It shows that he will continue his struggle.
KeyWords: Queer, Queer Cinema, Other, Othering, Homosexuality
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GİRİŞ
İnsan etrafında ötekiler yaratarak yaşamı şekillendirir ve böylece dogmalar kurar, kurduğu bu
dogmalardan da güç alır. Tüm bu dogmalar içinde de yaşamın sınırlı ve düzenli olmasıyla
aidiyet hissine kapılır. Aidiyet hissi, ötekinin var olmasıyla yeterince harmanlanınca da yaşam
daha anlamlı bir hale gelir. Toplumun özellikle eril bir yapıya sahip olması ve bu eril zihniyetin,
zayıf, güçsüz ve farklı cinsel tercihlere olan gruplara karşı değişmez kurallar koyması,
toplumun bir noktada ayrışmasına ve ötekilerin nihayetinde var olmasına sebep olur. Bu öteki
bir çingene, Yahudi, siyahi, kadın ya da eşcinsel olabilir. Çalışmada öteki olarak karşımıza
çıkan “eşcinsel” birey araştırılmıştır. Queer kavramı ile birlikte zaman içinde nasıl
algılandığına, özellikle sinema gibi güçlü bir sanatın içinde nasıl tasvir edildiğine
bakılmıştır.1990’larda AIDS hastalığının yaygınlaşması ve bu hastalığın yalnızca eşcinsel
bireylerden bulaştığı iddiasının ortaya atılması kavramın, LGBTİ+ aktivistleri tarafından
bilinçli ve stratejik olarak sahiplenilmesine sebep olmuştur. Queer birey tarihin pek çok
kesiminde kavramın kendisi gibi öteki, iğreti, tuhaf ve acayip olmuştur. Fakat bugün queer’in
anlamına baktığımızda “öteki” olandan çok tek tip kimliği dayatanlara, bunu sınırlayanlara ve
cinsel yönelimleri görmezden gelenlere karşı; din, aile, ırk, hukuk gibi güçlü sosyal yapılara
meydan okuduğunu söylemek yanlış olmaz. Tüm bunlar neticesinde kavramın yaratılan
olumsuz anlamdan çıkartılması ve dayatılan tüm normlara başkaldırması queer olan için önemli
bir adımdır. Queer her ne kadar ötekileştirilse de sosyoloji gibi bilimlerin içerisinde sınırlı
kalmayıp sinemanın da sorunu haline gelmiştir.Araştırmanın amacına yönelik Tayvan yapımı
Your Name Engraved Herein filminde “öteki/ötekileştirilen” bireyin tarih boyunca nasıl/neden
ve ne şekilde var olduğuna, değişimin nelerle ve ne sebeple başladığına bakılmıştır. Aynı
zamanda kavramın evrimleşerek sinemaya kadar uzanışına ve tüm bu süreçlerle birlikte yapılan
filmlerin Ana akım sinemanın yarattığı cinsiyetçi ideolojiye karşı farklı bir alternatif
oluşturabilmesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Sonucunda ise olumlu temsillerin çok az olduğu fakat
eskiye nazaran sinemanın bunun için çabaladığı kanısına varılmıştır.
QUEER NEDİR?
Queer ve ya Kuir, 90’lı yıllardan önce “Tuhaf, acayip, iğreti, dengesiz, kötü ve değersiz” gibi
anlamlarla ifade edilirdi. Batı’da uzun bir sürede eşcinselleri aşağılamak için kullanıldı ve
sonrasında bilinçli ve stratejik olarak karşıt bir ifade oluşturacak şekilde sahiplenildi. Queer
bugün bir kimlik modeli olmaktan çok, kimlikleri birbirine bağlayan, kimliği gözetmeksizin
herkesin homofobi ile kavga ettiği ve bir araya geldiği bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkar.
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Queer, feminizm çalışmalarında değinilen, Ana Akım’ın kadınları bir kanon içine sokmaya
çalışan ve onları sindirmeyi amaçlayan ideolojik tutumun içinde gelişir ve mücadelesini yine
toplumsal cinsiyet normlarını yıkma gayesi üzerine kurar. Toplumsal cinsiyet nedir, nasıl ve
yeniden üretilir, imkânları nelerdir sorusuna Butler: “Toplumsal cinsiyet normları içerisinde
neyin idrak edilebilir bir biçimde insan olup neyin olmayacağına, neyin "gerçek" kabul edilip
neyin edilmeyeceğini belirler, bedenlerin meşru ifade kazanabilecekleri ontolojik alanı
oluştururlar.” (Butler, 2005) diye cevap verir.Queer’i bu denli ötekileştiren, heteronormatif
toplumun öncü olduğu düşüncesi ve bu sistemin devamlılığının sağlanması gayesidir. Ayrıca
cinsel yönelim, tercih ve kimlikleriyle hayattan başka türlü haz alanlara, başka türlü âşık
olanlara henüz alışılmış bir bakış açışının kazandırılmamış olmasıdır. Açıkça toplumun Queer
bireyi neden ötekileştirdiği sorusuna aile kurumunun önemi ve din faktörünün maddi gerçekliği
şeklinde de cevap verilebilir.Günümüzde Tek tanrılı dinler olan Musevilik, Hıristiyanlık ve
İslam’ın eşcinselliğe yaklaşımları görece bellidir ve toplumu bu sebeple etkilediği görülür. (Nil,
2013) Eşcinsellik ve din arasındaki bu tartışmaları Nurten Şahin şöyle açıklar: ”İnsanlar kadın
ve erkek olarak beden yapısına uygun olan bir ruh yapısı ile birlikte dünyaya gelmektedir. Bu
nedenle insanın doğuştan gelen özelliklerine müdahale, kişinin sadece kendisinin değil gelecek
nesillerin de, yaratılan temiz fıtratının değişmesi ile sonuçlanır.” (Şahin, 2015, s. 514)
İmparatorluklardan ulus-devletlerine kadar aile kurmak, ulusal varoluşun temel taşlarından biri
olmuştur. Eşcinsel birey bu noktada aile ve akrabalık bağlarına zarar veren, toplumun temel
yapı taşlarını zedeleyen bir konumda addedilir. Dünya küreselleşip, çok kültürlü bir yapıya
sahip olsa bile Heteronormative kimlikler, ataerkil toplum normları, homoseksüel ilişkiye olan
bakış açışı ne yazık ki çok az değişmiş hatta Queer birey için; hasta, sapkın, günahkâr, terörist
ve gayri insanı gibi sıfatlar bile türemiştir. Çünkü din, insani duygulardan çok normal görünme
ve davranma yani topluma uyumlu olma ve topluma uygunluğun sosyal yapıdaki karşılığını
arar. Michael Warner 90’lı yılların başında “Heteronormativitenin bütün toplumsal kurum ve
ideolojilere sirayet ettiğini, dolayısıyla heteronormatif cinsel düzene itiraz etmenin er ya da geç
bizzat bu kurum ve ideolojilere itiraz etmek anlamına geleceğini” (Çakırlar & Delice, 2012, s.
17) söyleyerek durumun ehemmiyetinden söz eder. Tarihi kayıtlar göz önüne alındığında
eşcinselin yeni bir olgu olmadığı kanısına varmak mümkündür. Örneğin M.Ö. 1400’lerdeki
yasaların yazılı olduğu bir tablette Hititlilerde iki erkek arasında evliliğe izin verildiği görülür.
(Nil, 2013, s. 7) Benzeri bir şekilde Hristiyanlığın ilk beş yüz yılı içerisinde de hoş karşılandığı
fakat sonra ki yüzyıllarda yasaklandığı görülür. Eşcinsel ilişkiye yönelik açık ve şiddetli
düşmanlık geleneği 12.yüzyılda başlar ve bugün hala sürmeye devam eder. (Şahin, 2015, s.
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511)1970 yılında Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği, Hooker’in çalışmasına dayanarak cinsiyet
yönelimleri için hastalık, psikolojik rahatsızlık, anormal davranış tanımını kaldırmıştır. (Şahin,
2015, s. 511) Neticesinde eşcinselliğin insan cinselliğinin olağan çeşitliliğinin bir görünümü
olduğu bilimsel alanda kabul görmüştür. Türkiye’de ise queer teoriye ilişkin köklü bir araştırma
henüz geliştirilememiştir.Queer’in tüm bu zorlu süreçler içerisinde istikrarlı ve kendinden emin
tavrı nihayetinde medyanın da ilgisini çeker. Sinema, LGBTİ+ bireylerin hikâyesi için en güçlü
silahlarından biri haline gelir. Tüm bu söylemler ve çatışmalar sonucunda bugün queer teorinin
cinsel yönelimlere, kimliklerin merkezileşmesine, kimliği tek tipleştirip üreten, bunu onaylayan
ve heteroseksist düzenin ötelediği eşcinselleri öne çıkarmakla kalmayan; din, dil, ırk, devlet,
kültür şeklindeki sınıflandırmaların hepsini aynı çatı altında toplamayı amaçlayan şemsiye bir
kavram olarak ele alındığını görürüz.
QUEER SİNEMA?
1990’lı yılların başında ABD’de “Yeni Queer Sinema” akımı sözünü ettiğimiz gibi tamamen
stratejik ve politik sebeplerle var olmaya başlar. Bir zamanlar eşcinselleri aşağılarken bu gün
sinemada yarattığı imgelerle eşcinselin hikâyesine odaklanır. Eşcinselliğin konu edildiği ilk
film The Gay Brothers diğer adıyla Dickson Deneysel Ses Filmi, (Gey Kardeşler, William
Kennedy Dickson, 1895) filmidir. Filmde 17 saniye boyunca yalnızca keman eşliğinde vals
yapan iki genç erkek görünür.Eşcinselliği konu eden bir diğer önemli film Diğerlerinden Farklı
(Anders Als Die Anderen, Richard Oswald, 1919) filmidir. Film, seyirciler tarafından oldukça
sarsıcı bulunur. Konusu sebebiyle itirazlara maruz kalmasına karşın Almanya’da gişe rekorları
kırarak ve seks filmi olma özelliğiyle dönemin furyasını oldukça etkilemiştir. Oswald, eşcinsel
algısına meydan okumuş olsa dahi film de eşcinsel karaktere iyi bir son yazmaz ve karakter
finalde intihar eder. Ulusay: Birkaç temsil dışında, filmlerde eşcinsel karakterlerin çoğunun,
öldürüldüğü ya da intihar ettiği veyahut başkalarına zarar veren kişiler olarak tasvir edildiğini
söyler. (Ulusay, 2011) Queer Sinemanın köklü bir geçmişinin olmayışı Ana Akım sinemanın
patriarkal düzene olan bağlılığıdır. Ana Akım Sinema, tercihlerini toplumsal faydalar üzerine
kurar. Çünkü neyin nasıl ve kimin yararına gerçekleşeceğine dair izlediği yol sayesinde kitle
kazanır. Sinema her ne kadar bir eğlence aracı, haz verici veyahut bir zaman etkinliği olsa da
toplumun yansımasıdır ve sorumlu bir amaç edinir. Bu sebeple eşcinsel birey bu muhalif
sinemanın kırmızıçizgisidir ve bu sebeple tarih boyunca öteki olarak atfedilir. Fakat Queer
Sinema iyi bir izler kitle kazanınca bugün festivallerin gözdesi haline gelmiş aynı zamanda
bağımsız sinema içerisinde büyük ses uyandıran bir türe dönüşmüştür.
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1940’lı ve 50’li yıllar sansürün etkisiyle eşcinsel bireylerin filmlerde gizli anlamlar altında yaratıldığı
dönem olur. 50’lilerin sonunda filmlerde karşımıza sık sık homofobi çıkar. 60’lar da ise yetişkin
konularının perdeye aktarılması ve buna bağlı olarak eşcinselinde ele alınmasına izin verilmesi
eşcinsel karakterlerin olumsuz tasvir edilmesinin önüne geçemez. Buna en iyi örneği Pscyho (Sapık,
Alfred Hitchcock 1960) filmini göstermek yanlış olmaz. Yüksek ihtimalle sinemada gördüğünüz bu
tip eşcinseller patolojik rahatsızlığı olan, sapkın, sapık, gülünç ya da uzak durulması gereken
temsillerdir. Psycho filminde bir Motel sahibi olan Norman Bates, annesinin kıyafetlerini giyen
kişilik bozukluğuna sahip bir katildir. Kuzuların Sessizliğinde ise Buffalo Bill karakteri kendini kadın
zanneden ve onların kıyafetlerini giyen bir seri katildir. Bu bağlamda modern toplumlara rağmen
eşcinsel temsiller sinema için oldukça yeni ve alışılmışın dışındadır. Çünkü muhalif sinema toplumda
ikincil konumda olan eşcinsel bireyin müdahale edilmesi gereken bir cinsel tercih olduğu
kanısındadır. Eşcinsel birey aile, üreme, kültürel kodlara ve kadın ve erkek fıtratına ters düştüğü
müddetçe ötekidir. Eşcinsel bireyi beyaz perdeye aktarmak yalnızca ötekinin bakış açısıyla
mümkündür.“Ancak 1960’lar, aynı zamanda, eşcinselliğin bir insan hakları konusu olduğuna ilişkin
farkındalığın da artmaya başladığı yıllardır.” (Ulusay, 2011, s. 5) “Durumun bu şekilde
anlaşılmasında, şüphesiz, 1960’ların sonuna doğru ABD ve Avrupa ülkelerinde öğrencilerin,
kadınların ve siyahların sürdürdükleri özgürlük, eşitlik ve demokrasi mücadelesinin büyük katkısı
bulunmaktadır.” (Ulusay, 2011, s. 5) 28 Haziran 1969’da Amerikan’ın New York eyaletinde
Stonewall Inn adında bir bara polis baskını gerçekleşir. Bu baskının gerçekleşmesinin hemen
ardından eşcinsel harekâtları ve bir dizi direniş eylemleri başlar. Stonewall ayaklanması olarak bilinen
bu olay eşcinsel mücadelesinin başlangıcı olarak bilinir.Türkiye de 1962 yılında Aydın Arakon’un
yönettiği “Ver Elini İstanbul“ ilk Lezbiyen film örneği olarak karşımıza çıkar. Filmde Leyla Sayar
ve Mualla Kavur’un öpüşmesi Sansür Kurumu tarafından yayınlanması uygun bulunsa da sonrasında
kaldırılır. 1960’lı yıllar Türk Sinemasında birçok LGBT temalı filmin yayınlandığı dönem olur. Fakat
çoğunluğu seks filmleri olarak adlandırılır.70’ler döneminin sineması eşcinsellerin hem olumsuz
kalıplardan çıkarıldığı hem de hala geçmişte ki tiplemelerinin devam ettiği bir dönem olur. Bu
dönemde queer sinemanın önemli isimlerinden biri olan ve ulus, ırk, sınıf, göçmenlik ve eşcinsellik
gibi konuları tartışan Alman yönetmen Rainer Werner Fassbinder karşımıza çıkar. “Fassbinder, 40’ın
üzerinde film yapmış ve eşcinsellikle ilgili ilk olarak Fox ve Arkadaşları’nı (Faustrecht der Freiheit,
1975) filminin çekmiştir.” (Ulusay, 2011, s. 6) Devamında Britanyalı yönetmen Derek Jarman,
İspanyol yönetmen Pedro Almodovar queeri temsil eden birçok filme imza atmışlardır. Türk
Sinemasında 70’ler transların gizlice gösterildikleri bir dönem olur. 50-80’li yıllar arasında lezbiyen
aşk veya erotik sahneler açık bir şekilde sergilenmese de iyi bir izleyicinin sezebileceği kapalılıkta
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gösterilir.1980’ler queer‘in AIDS sorunuyla karşı karşıya olduğu önemli bir dönemdir. Homofobi
toplumda öyle köklü bir hale gelir ki AIDS’in eşcinsel ilişkiden bulaştığına dair bir inanış başlar. İlk
kez 1981 yılında ortaya çıkan bu hastalık milyonlarca insanın ölümüyle sonuçlanır. Queer Sinemanın
gelişimindeki en sarsıcı faktör budur. Böylece 80’ler dönemin filmlerine de konu olur. Burada ölüme
meydan okuyan pek çok queer filme rastlamak mümkündür. Örneğin, Zero Patience (Sıfır Sabır,
John Greyson, 1993) adlı Kanada yapımı film, bu hastalığa yakalanan bir pilotun hikâyesini konu
eder. Tüm bunlara rağmen 80’ler queer için hala tartışmalı bir konumdadır. Eşcinsel için kriz hala
devam etmektedir. Türkiye de eşcinsel karakterler uzun bir süre lezbiyenler üzerinden işlenir. Erkek
eşcinselliği içeren filmler lezbiyen filmlere oranla daha az ve geç çevrilir.90’lar Queer’in
mücadelesinin daha görünür olduğu ve karşılığını aldığı yıllar olur. Her ne kadar önemli yapımlar da
olumsuz temsiller yaratılmaya devam etse de öteki olduğu gerçeği sık sık seyirciye dikte edilir.
Böylece izler kitle de farkındalık sağlanması amaçlanır. Örneğin Ve Orkestra Çalmaya Devam Ediyor
(1993) filminde AIDS virüsünün ortaya çıktığı yılları ve bu hastalığın bir gey laneti olduğuna ilişkin
bilim ve politika arasındaki tartışma konu edinir. Nihayetinde filmde verilmek istenen mesaj öteki
olunma ihtimalinin kaçılmaz olabileceğidir. Böylece izler kitlenin yalnızca yargılayan değil,
önyargılarını birer empatiye dönüştürmesi amaçlanır. Eşcinsel harekâtın bir başlangıcı olarak bilinen
Stonewall Ayaklanması 1995 yapımı Stonewall adlı komedi-dram filmine uyarlanır. Amaç yine
eşcinselin vermiş olduğu mücadeleyi sinema aracıyla dile getirmektir. 1991 ve 1992 yıllarında
Sundance Film Festivali’nde gösterilen Paris Is Burning (Jennie Livingston), Poison (Todd Hayness),
Swoon (Tom Kalin) gibi filmler ötekinin hikâyesini işlemesi sebebiyle dikkat çeker. AIDS’in etkisi,
homofobinin politik bir mesele haline gelmesi artık yalnızca aktivistlerin değil sinemanın da bir
sorunudur. Türkiye’de 90’larda Düş Gezginleri(1992), Dönersen Islık Çal (1992), Atıf Yılmaz’ın
yönettiği Gece, Melek ve Bizim Çocuklar (1993) Kutlu Ataman, Lola and Bilidikid (1998) ve Atilla
İlhan’ın yazdığı Sokaktaki Adam (1995) filmleri çekilir. Tüm bu yapımlar içinde queer birey açıkça
gösterilmese de hissettirilir.“Yeni Queer Sinema” 1992 yılında Amerikalı akademisyen B.Ruby
Rich’in Sight&Sound dergisinde yayınladığı bir makale sayesinde görünür olur ve pek çok
akademisyen tarafından kullanılmaya başlar. Artık bu sinema bağımsız gey ve lezbiyen film ve
videoları için bir prestijdir. Paul Verhoeven'in Temel İçgüdü (1992) ve Derek Jarman'ın Edward II
(1991) filmleri New York'ta gösterime girmesinin üzerine Prestijli Yeni Yönetmenler/Yeni Filmler
Festivali birkaç gün içinde dört yeni "queer" filmin gösterisini yapar. San Francisco Gay ve Lezbiyen
Film Festivali on altı yıllık tarihindeki en başarılı yılını geçirir; katılım 1991'den bu yana iki katına
çıkar. Fakat tüm bunlara rağmen filmler festivaller dışında dağıtım şansı bulamaz. “Bu dönemde,
özellikle sağ kanat politikacıların queer filmlere yönelttiği baskıcı tutum da bir şekilde filmlerin
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duyulmasına katkı sağlıyordu. Böylece özellikle film festivalleri üzerinde yoğunlaşan ve hem türü
hem de izleyicileri, dağıtımcıları ve mekânları kapsayan bir sektör meydana gelmişti.” (Candemir,
2016, s. 54)Bugün Queer kuramın sınırlı bir kavrayışa meydan okuduğunu söylemek yanlış olmaz.
Kuram yalnızca cinsel kimlikleri değil bunu kategorize eden sınırlayan tüm kimliklere karşı çıkar.
Dönemin önemli filmleri şöyleydi Mulholland Çıkmazı (2001) Blue is the Warmest Colour (Mavi En
Sıcak Renktir, 2013), Pride (2014), Moonlight (2015), The Holding Man (2015). Carol (2015), Call
Me By Your Name (Beni Adınla Çağır, 2017), Portrait of a Lady on Fire (Alev Almış Bir Kızın
Portresi 2019) ve Your Name Egraved Herein (Adın Buraya Kazınmış, 2020) gibi olumlu temsillerin
olduğu filmlerdir. Fakat tüm bu yapımlar aynı zamanda eşcinselin hali hazırda ötekileştirildiği
dünyada acı çektiği ve mücadele ettiği melodram ve biyografik filmlerdir. Türkiye ‘de 2000
sonrasında İki Genç Kız (Kutluğ Ataman, 2005) Yaşamın Kıyısında (Fatih Akın, 2007), Zenne
(Binay, Alper 2008) Güneşi Gördüm (Mahsun Kırmızıgül, 2009), Nar (Ümit Ünal, 2011) ve Şahane
Misafir (Ferzan Özpetek, 2012) filmleri dışında çok fazla örnek yoktur. Bu filmlerde ise eşcinseller
yine heteronormative dünyanın kurbanlarıdır. Ayrıca çoğu için Queer film örnekleri olduğunu
söylemek güçtür.
ÖTEKİLEŞTİRME
Kavramsal bağlamda öteki, sözü edilenden ayrı, öbürü, bilinenden uzak gibi anlamların karşılığıdır.
Bu sebeple insanın varlık gösterdiği tüm tarihsel süreçlerde pek çok farklı sebepten ötekiye rastlanır.
Örneğin Siyahiler, Yahudiler, kadınlar, eşcinseller, çingeneler, göçmenler, mülteciler gibi.
Kendilerini bir şekilde kategorize eden insanlar belli bir gruba ait hissetmekten güven duyarlar.
Çünkü bu parçası olduğu grupla özdeşleşmek tatmin edicidir. Öteki olmak özellikle modern
toplumlarda birer sorun olarak nitelendirilir. Öteki demek kendinden olmayanı, aşağı olanı tasnif eder
ve sosyal dışlanma, dışarı da kalma, çoğunluk olamama hissi kişi de birer öteki algısı oluşturur. Bu
bağlamda ötekiye olan ihtiyaç bireyin kendi kimliğini inşa etmesine katkıda bulunur. Kimlik “kim”
sözcüğünden türeyen aidiyeti, aynı olmayı veyahut kim olduğuna, nereye ait olduğuna ilişkin olan
soruların cevabıdır. Ayriyeten kimlik, bir toplumda insanlar veya gruplar arasında ki farklı olanı
yaratan temel değişkenlerden biridir. Çünkü 'öteki'nin farkı olmadan kimliğin çok az anlamı vardır.
Bu sebeple ötekiye olan ilgi ve motivasyonun yüzyıllarca vazgeçilebilecek bir yönelim olmadığı
aksine bir takım grupların kendi kimlikleri için önemli olduğunu söylemek yanlış olmaz. Bu noktada
öteki’den söz ederken temel problemin “ben” ve “biz” kutuplaşması olduğu görülür. Biz olan önceden
formüle edilmiş konumlar, kişinin doğduğu toplumun ilkeleri, insanın inanç ve yargılarının belli bir
grupla tutarlı olması gibi öteki olanın belirli olduğu gruptur. “Ben” ise biz’in yarattığı bu evrenin
dışında kalan, farklı olan ve bilinmezliğiyle biz için tehdit oluşturan gruptur.
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Biz olma duygusu zaman içinde kişinin bilinç dışı taraf olma motivasyonunu geliştirir. Bu sebeple
“biz” olanın kendi anlayışlarının dışında kalan birey ve grupları ötekileştirerek, yok sayma, dışlama,
yaşamsal haklarına müdahale etme, nefret söylemleri ve suçlarına uzanan istenmeyen tutum ve
davranışları geliştirdiklerini ifade etmek mümkündür. Derrida; “Ancak ötekinin bizim
kurallarımıza, yaşam tarzımıza, hatta dilimize, kültürümüze, siyasal sistemimize vb uyması
koşuluyla konukseverlik gösteririz.” der. (Borradori, 2003, s. 160). Fakat yine Derrida’nın kendisi
şöyle der: “Saf ve koşulsuz konukseverlik, konukseverliğin kendisi, ne beklenen ne de davet edilen,
mutlak anlamda yabancı bir konuk olarak, yeni gelen olarak ulaşan herkese, tanımlanamaz ve
öngörülemez olana, kısacası bütünüyle öteki olana kapıların açılmasıdır.” (Borradori, 2003, s. 160)
Kimlik olgusu politik, ekonomik, etnik ve kültürel sebeplerle oluşmaya devam eder. Bir diğeri ise
biyolojik sebeplerdir. Bununla birlikte ötekileştirme başladığında cinsel kimlik tartışmalarını
görmezden gelmek mümkün değildir.
3.1 Cinsel Kimlik
Cinsel kimlik, bireyin biyolojik olarak kendisinin kız ya da erkek cinsiyetinden hangisi olduğunu
anlaması ve bununla özdeşleştiğini hissetmesidir. Bireyler doğduğu andan itibaren 2-3 yaşlarına
kadar cinselliğin ne olduğuna ilişkin fikir geliştiremezler. 3 yaşından sonra çocuğun kendi cinsel
kimliğine dair anlamlar aradığı ve keşfettiği yaşlar olur. Fakat cinsel yönelimin hangi yaşlarda
başladığı bilinmez. (Özsungur, 2010) Cinsel yönelim, kişinin duyguları ve arzularıyla hangi
cinsiyete ilgi duyduğu ile alakalıdır. Freud’un psiko-seksüel kuramında fallik dönem (3-6 yaş) ile
birlikte bireyler cinsiyet farklılıklarının ve vücudundaki haz bölgelerini keşfeder. Latent/Gizil (6-12
yaş) ve Genital(12-18 yaş) dönemde ise libido etkilerinin görüldüğü ve bireyin cinselliğe dair ilgi
ve motivasyonunun giderek arttığı görülür. (Celiloğlu, 2022) Tüm bu dönemler içerisinde bireyin
doğru cinsel eğitim alması cinsel yönelimi için oldukça önemlidir. Bu eğitim neticesinde birey
kendini bedenini tanır. Kendi cinsel kimliğine veyahut başkalarının cinsel kimliklerine dair davranış
tutumlarını geliştirir. Fakat günümüz toplumunda cinselliğin ne olduğuna ilişkin konuşmak zordur.
Toplumlar cinsellik üzerine konuşmayı genellikle ayıp olarak görür. Bir ebeveynin çocuğu ile bu
konu hakkında konuşmaması ya da konuşulduğu takdir de suçluluk hissi uyandırması da
beraberinde gelir. Fakat cinsellik, ilişki kurmanın dinamiklerinden biri olmaya devam ettiği
müddetçe görünmez olması mümkün değildir.Toplumlar yalnızca iki cinsel kimlik üzerinden
cinsiyetleri sınırlar. Bu sebeple kadın ve erkekten giyim, görünüş, davranış ve beden özelliklerinin
dışavurumunu dair uygunluk bekler.
Cinsel kimlikleri bu şekilde belirginleştirmek ve
nesneleştirmek toplumun dinamiklerinden biridir. Bunun dışında ki çeşitli cinsel kimliklerden olan:
gey, lezbiyen, biseksüel, transları ayrıştırmaya yönelir. Bu tarz farklı cinsel kimliklerin toplumdan
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ayrışması ve ötekileştirilmesi yeni bir olgu değildir. Cinselliği üreme odaklı konumlandıran
toplumlar görece kadın ve erkek arasındaki ilişki dışındaki birliktelikleri meşru kılmaz. Bireyden
buna ilişkin birliktelikler kurmasını bekler. Bunun dışındaki ilişkileri doğal ve yahut normal kabul
etmez. Farklı cinsel kimliklere ilişkin toplumun bu tutumu cinsel kimlik temelli nefret söylemini ve
homofobiyi beraberinde getirir.
3.2 Homofobik “Öteki”
“Fobi” sözcüğü bugün belirli nesneler ya da durumlar karşısında duyulan, kaygı, endişe veyahut
tehdit oluşturmayan şeylere karşı abartı boyutunda ki korkuya verilen addır. “Homo” eş, benzer,
denk anlamlarında kullanılagelen bir önek olduğu için, ne ile ilgili bir korkunun ifadesi olduğunu
anlamak kolay değildir.” (Başar, Homofobi, 2013) “Homofobi” 1960’larda ilk kullanıldığında
eşcinsellerin (homoseksüellerin) yakınında, çevresinde bulunmayla ilgili korkuyu ifade etmek için,
yine bu korkuyu duyan kişiler tarafından ortaya atılmıştır.” (Başar, Homofobi, 2013, s. 60) Fakat
bugün kavramın eşcinsel bireyden korkmaktan çok onu aşağıya çeken, ötekileştiren hatta tiksinme,
nefret gibi eylemleri doğuran bir kavrama tekabül ettiğini söylemek yanlış olmaz. İnsanlık tarihi
boyunca bireyler kendi cinsiyetinden insanlara karşı bir yakınlık duymuş veyahut duygular
beslemiştir. Fakat çoğunluğun heteroseksüel olduğu bu toplumda bu yakınlık kabul görülmemiştir.
17 Mayıs 1990 yılında eşcinsellik bilim içerisinde normal kabul edilmesine karşın politika ve din
içerisinde tartışmalara sebebiyet vermeye devam etmiştir. Çünkü toplum bugün hala kendi değerler
sistemin dışına çıkan bu bireyleri kabul etmeme konusunda ısrarcıdır. Bu nedenle eşcinsellik
heteronormative hayatın günlük pratiklerinden biri olamamış aksine toplumun homofobik
söylemlerine maruz kalmıştır.Heteroseksüel düşünce dünyasında eşcinselliğin sağlıksız ve insan
doğasına aykırı olduğu savının öne sürülmesi özellikle aile gibi önemli bir kurumun korunmasına
yönelik bir önlemdir. Siyasi otorite bugün ahlaki değerleri koruma ideolojisiyle oluşturduğu
yasalarla, otoritesini de kullanarak eşcinseli sistem içerisinde bastırır. Nitekim üremeye yönelik
olmayan bu cinsel yönelimin toplumun düzenini bozacağına dair bir gerekçe sunulur. Tek
tipleştirme, çoğunluk olamama, cinselliği kurallara bağlama, çekirdek aile kurma, tüm bunlar
toplumun alışmış olduğu düzendir. Bu sebeple homofobik tutumlar, azınlık olanı dışlama ve
ötekileştirme misyonuna bireye doğar doğmaz bahşeder. Bugün tek tanrılı dinlere baktığımızda
eşcinsel bireyin günahkâr olduğu vurgulanır. Çünkü yaratana karşı kadın ve erkek fıtratının dışına
çıkan bu cinsel tercihlerin birer başkaldırış, düzeni bozan bir olgu olduğu görüşü hâkimdir. Bazı
Asya ve Avrupa ülkeleri eşcinselliği uluslararası haklara sahip, normal görülen ve evliliklerinin
yasallaştığı konumlara kadar yükseltmiştir. Fakat pek çok ülke bu haklar bir yana eşcinselliği idamla
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cezalandırmaya, günahkâr ilan etmeye devam etmiştir. Küreselleşmeyle birlikte kültürel değerlerin
yavaş yavaş aşınmaya başladığı bu yüzyılda bile eşcinsellik henüz meşru değildir.
FİLMİN ÇÖZÜMLEMESİ
Bu çalışma kapsamında, Patrick Huang Hui-Liu’nin Tayvan yapımı “Your Name Engraved Herein”
filmi, ötekileştirme olgusuyla bağlantılı olarak ve nitel içerik analizi yöntemiyle ele alınmaktadır.
İçerik analizi yöntemi sosyal gerçekliğin içinde gizli kalanın keşfedilmesi ve yeniden yorumlanmasını
içeren bir tekniktir. Araştırma da amaç incelenen materyalde ötekileştirmeye dair sosyal yapıya ait
çıkarımlarda bulunmaktır. İncelenen filmde göstergeler ve metinsel anlatımların ötekileştirme
kavramıyla bağlantılı olan eşcinsel imgesini nasıl işlendiğine odaklanılmıştır. Tematik olarak
filmdeki ötekiler, ötekileştirme, eşcinsellik, homofobi, toplum gibi kavramlar incelenip metinsel
bağlamda açıklanmıştır.
4.1.Filmin Künyesi ve Konusu:
Yönetmen: Patrick Kuang Hui-Liu
Yapımcı: Yu Ning Chu, Danielle Yen, Liu Zhi-Syuan
Senarist: Yu Ning Chu, Jie Zhan, Alcatel Wu
Müzik: Chris Hou, Jason Huang
Türü: Tarih, Dram,Romantik
Yapım Yılı: 2020
Gösterim Süresi: 114 Dakika
Konusu:
Film, 14 Temmuz 1987 yılında sıkı rejimin kaldırıldığı fakat etkisinin hala sürdüğü 1988 yılında,
Katolik lisesinde okuyan iki genç erkeğin aşkını anlatır. Yönetmenin ilk uzun metrajlı ve Tayvan’ın
ilk LGBT temalı filmi olma özelliğine de sahiptir. Ayriyeten Tayvan, Asya’nın ilk LGBT evliliğini
resmileştiren ve Asya tarihinin 100 milyon gişesiyle en yüksek hasılatını yapan ülkedir. Tayvan'da
arka arkaya diktatörlüğün olduğu insanların özgürlüklerinin kısıtlandığı, hükümet karşıtı protestoların
başladığı ve propaganda medyasının ürettiği her şeyin engellendiği ve hükümetin muhalefeti
bastırmaya başladığı bir dönem söz konusudur. Bu dönem Beyaz Terör Katliam’ının başlangıcı olan
1947 yılında birçok Tayvanlının ölmesiyle sonuçlanan, halkın ayaklanmasıyla bağımsızlık hareketini
bastırabilmek için hükümetin, 1949-1987 yıllarında işleyen sıkıyönetimi ilan ettiği dönemdir. Fakat
1987 yılında sıkıyönetim kaldırılması siyasal ve devrim sonrası karışıklıkların ortaya çıkmasına sebep
olur. Yönetmen tam da bu tarihi Tayvan atmosferinde Erkek Katolik Lisesinde olan Jia-Han (Edward
Chen) ve Wang-Po Te (Birdy) (Jing-Hua Tseng) aşkını işlemeye başlar. Başkarakterlerden biri olan
Chang Jia-Han Katolik bir aile ve despot bir babayla yetiştirilen bir gençtir. Hayali müzisyen
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olmaktır. Abisinin başarısının gölgesinde “kaybedenler için olan” sosyal bilgiler bölümünü seçtiği
için evde küçük düşürülür. Wang Po-te (Birdy) karakterimiz askeri geçmişi olan bir babanın 4
kızından tek erkek çocuktur. Ayriyeten Birdy’nin diyaloglarından da anlaşılacağı üzere babası
tarafından sıklıkla hor görülür. Homofobinin kol gezdiği, ötekinin sosyal yapının her yerinde
yaratıldığı bu çağda eşcinsel olmak zor bir seçimdir. Hikâyede Peder Oliver (Fabio Grangeon) üçüncü
bir ana karakter olarak karşımıza çıkar. Eşcinsel kimliğini reddeden, kendini Tanrı’ya adayan ve
erkek lisesinde öğrencilere birçok derste liderlik eden bir temsildir.
4.2. “Ötekileştirme” Üzerine Filmin İçerik Analizi
Filmde neredeyse birçok sahne de bize ötekinin kim olduğu söylenir. Açılış sekansında Peder ve JiaHan’ın arasındaki bir konuşma da Peder, Jia-Han’ın yaralı suratına bakar ve –bir kız yüzünden kavga
ettiğini düşünerek- “Kız hangi sınıfta?” diye sorar. Daha ilk sahneyle birlikte eşcinsel bireyin ne kadar
görünür –öteki- olduğu tartışması başlar. Filmde bahis edildiği gibi eşcinselliğin cinsiyet rolleri
arasında normal sayılması henüz mümkün değildir. Bu sebeple eşcinsel olmak toplumun alışık
olmadığı ve müstehcen gördüğü bir anormalliktir. Haneke; "İster cinsellik, ister şiddetle ya da başka
bir tabuyla alakalı olsun, normu bozan her şey müstehcendir. “ der (Savaş, 2019, s. 26) Böylece
müstehcen demek, toplum tarafından dayatılan, belletilen, öğretilen normların dışında kalan her şey
demektir. Toplumun %90’ının heteroseksüel olduğu düşünüldüğünde azınlıkta olan eşcinsellerin
öteki olması bu noktada kaçınılmazdır.İlk sekanslarda heteroseksüel olan Horn karakterinin
arkadaşlarıyla birlikte gey olan Xie Zhen’ın zorbalık yaptığı görülür. Şiddetin alenen gösterildiği bu
sahnede homofobik söylemler karakterlerin ağzından dökülür. Horn, elindeki çakmakla Xie Zhen’ın
cinsel organını yakmak ister ve ondan uzak durulması gerektiğini, hastalıklı olduğunu, onlara
bulaştırabileceğini söyler. Bu sahne, AIDS’in 1980’lerde yarattığı etkiye bir atıftır ve eşcinselin
ötekileştirilmesinde gerekçelerinden biri olarak karşımıza çıkar. Horn’un ”Onu direğe geçirelim”
cümlesi ise Katolik inancındaki çarmıha germe düşüncesiyle özdeşleşen eşcinselin günahkâr olduğu
vurgusudur. Horn’un öğrenilmiş zorbalığı ile birlikte heteronormative dünya da eşcinselin
ötekileştirilmesinin adeta bir norma dönüştüğünü söylemek yanlış olmaz. Anlaşıldığı üzere
eşcinsellik hem kadın ve erkek fıtratına, hem dini olgular için uygunsuz ve öteki olandır.
Heteroseksüel kimliklerin homoseksüel kimliklere karşı tutunduğu bu tavır homofobinin
sürdürülmesine de katkı sağlamıştır. Jia-Han’ın şahit olduğu bu tavırlar şüphe ve korkuyu
beraberinden getirir ve nihayetinde karakterde kimlik kaygısı oluşmaya başlar.İlerleyen sekanslarda
öteki olmanın daha da zorlaştığı anlarda Jia-Han’ın kimlik kavgası yerini aşka bırakır. Artık eşcinsel
olmak Jia-Han için öteki olmaktan daha kolaydır. Birdy ise güvenli alandan çıkmama konusunda
ısrarcıdır. Jia-Han’ı koruduğunu düşünerek bir kızla ilgilenmeye başlar. Toplumun dayattığı yaşamı
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tercih ederek 33 yıllık bir pişmanlığın içine sürükleneceğinden habersizdir. Dahası eşcinsel kimliğini
reddeden, böyle davranarak düzenin parçası olmayı sevgiden daha cesurca gören bir karaktere
dönüşür. Böylece yönetmen, toplumun genç bir çocuğu “öteki terörü” altında gerçeği yaşamaktan
nasıl alıkoyduğunu gözler önüne sermiştir.Bir video stüdyosunda ikili, Birdy filmini izlerler. Jia-han
Birdy’i öpmek için eğildiğinde oda servisi onları camdan gözlemler. Eşcinselin sık sık gözlemlenmesi
ve bunun suç olduğuna ilişkin argümanların sıklıkla söylenmesi adeta toplumun eşcinseller
üzerindeki tahakkümünü gözler önüne serer. Bu baskı her yapının içinde belirgindir. Kimi zaman bir
arkadaş, aile, okul müdürü ve çoğunlukla dindir. Filmde izleyiciye ötekinin kim olduğu ve neden
olduğuna ilişkin pek çok sahne verilir. Amaç eşcinsel ilişkiye dair farklı bir perspektiften alternatifler
sunmaktır.Film ile birlikte eşcinselliğin niçin ötekileştirildiği sorusu şöyle cevap bulur. Muhalif
toplumlar din, aile, kültür, ulusal değerler gibi toplumsal normları bozan her türlü eyleme karşıdır.
Çünkü amaç var olanı korumak ve sürdürmektir. Normu bozduğu iddiasıyla bu noktada eşcinselin
öteki olması da kaçınılmazdır. Üreme odaklı olmayan, yalnızca haz merkezli ilişkilerin meşru
kılınması hiçbir toplumda kabul görülmemiştir. Özellikle Hristiyanlık, Yahudilik, Müslümanlık gibi
tek tanrılı inançlar da eşcinsel olmak günahkâr olmaktır. Çünkü beden eğer böyle yaratılmış ise
bedene yapılan tüm müdahale tanrıya karşı bir başkaldırıdır. Bu sebeple eşcinselin tanrıyla arasının
açık olduğu inancı baskın görülmüştür. Fakat yönetmen, her sahnesinden dua eden, tanrıya inandığını
ve onu sevdiğini söyleyen queer-tanrı ilişkisini daha da güçlendirip yeni bir bakış açısı yaratmaya
çalışır. Zhen Xie ve Jia-Han’ın konuştuğu bir sekansta arka fonda güvercin sembollü bir cam vardır.
“Güvercin Katolik inancında saflığı, barışı, yeniden doğuşu ve kutsal ruhu ifade eder.” (Alp, 2015, s.
202) “Ahit’te ki bu hikâyede güvercin Tanrı’nın insanlarla barış yaptığını ve yeni başlayacak hayatı
haber veren bir görev üstlendiğini belirtmiştir.” (Alp, 2015, s. 202) Yönetmen bu kadraj da
göstergelerle iki eşcinsel karakterin saflığını ve yeni bir başlangıç yapmak istediklerini vurgulamıştır.
Toplumun eşcinseli ötekileştirme gayretine karşı yeni alternatifler sunmuştur.Din ile alakalı başka bir
sekansta Jia-han ve Pederin sohbet etkileri bir mekânın kutsal tablolar ve tanrıyla örülü olduğu
görülür. Yüzleri İsa’ya dönük olan karakterlerimizle Yönetmen queer-tanrı ilişkisini göstergelerle
derinleştirerek burada eşcinselin günahkâr olmadığını, inançla yüzünü Tanrı’ya dönebileceğini
yeniden hatırlatır. Bunu filmin pek çok sahnesinde yapar. Yapar ki seyirci alenen eşcinsellikle ilgili
olan tüm kalıplarına alternatif cevaplar bulabilmiş olsun. Peder ve Jia-Han’ın arasındaki diyaloglarda
da bunu vurgulamaya devam eder. Jia-Han; “Tanrı: İstersen elde edersin. Arayan bulur. Kapılar, ona
çalana açılır. dedi. Kapıyı son gücümle çalıyorum. Neden duymuyor? “ diye karaktere soru
sordurarak seyircinin kafasındaki soruları da cevaplar. Yönetmen, eşcinselin öteki olma sorununa
her perspektiften bakarak çözüme ulaştırmayı amaçlar.
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Tarih boyunca eşcinsel ilişkinin sorun olduğu diğer bir yer aile kurumudur. Ataerkil sistem de
ebeveynlerin erkek çocuklardan bekledikleri, iyi, ahlaklı, gerçek bir mesleği olan ve evlenip çocuk
sahibi olmalarıdır. Kadın ve erkek birlikteliğinin aile kavramı için ideal olduğu görüşü bu bağlamda
kabul edilir. Buna değinmek isteyecek olmalı ki yönetmen “Aile varsa çocuk olmalıdır.”, “Normal
olan heteroseksüel ilişkidir” gibi söylemlerle konuyu gün yüzüne çıkarır. Böylece karşı bir söylem
yaratarak da üreme üzerine yapılan bir konuşma da dünya nüfusunun yeterince arttığını, büyüyünce
çocuk yapmak istemediklerini iki karakterimize söyletir. Başka bir sahne de Jia-Han’ın babasıyla
tartışması üzerine annesiyle yaptığı konuşma da eşcinselin aile kavramına olan bakışının altını çizer.
Jia-Han annesine babasıyla neden evlendiğini sorduğunda aşk için cevabını alamaz ve böylece neden
üremek amaçlı birlikte olduklarını anlayamadığını söyler.
Olumlu eşcinsel temsili mümkün müdür sorusunu sorduğumuzda karşımıza üç ana karakterimiz
çıkar. Jia-Han yalnızca aşkının karşılığını almak isteyen, eşcinsel olduğunu kabul etse dahi sık sık
tanrıya dua eden bir gençtir. Wang-Po-Te karakteri asi, haylaz ve umursamaz görünse de, eğlenceli,
düşünceli ve cesurdur. Peder Oliver saygılı bir din adamı ve yol göstericidir. Finalde onunda eşcinsel
olduğu görülür. Yönetmen böyle olumlu ve ahlaklı eşcinsel temsiller yaratarak seyircinin öteki
anlayışını sorgular ve soyut bir yüzleşme gerçekleştirir. Olumlu eşcinsel temsiller mümkün müdür
sorusuna ise iki genç karakterimizin, dönemin Devlet Başkan’ının ölümü için çıktıkları gezide
“Evlilik insan hakkıdır. Eşcinsellik hastalık değildir.” tabelası taşıyan bir erkek aktivisti göstererek
cevaplar. Aktivist, 1986’dan beri ulusal televizyon yayınlarında Tayvan’da ilk eşcinsel haklarını
savunan Chi Chia-Wei‘nin bir tasviridir. Yönetmen böyle önemli ve gerçek bir karakteri es
geçmeyerek tarihe yine saygı duruşunda bulunur ve film boyunca yalnızca queer bireyin öteki
sorununu değil güçlü yanlarını da gösterir.
Sonuç olarak yönetmen, duyguların kasten soyutlaştırılmasının güç yanlarını göstererek gerçeğin
eninde sonunda yaşanacağını somutlaştırır. Peder Oliver’in filmin sonunda aşığına geri dönmesi ise
bunu kanıtlar niteliktedir. Karakterlerimiz 33 yıl birbirlerini göremedikleri bir ayrılıkla birlikte
gerçeklerle yüzleşirler. Jia-han daha sonra Birdy'nin eski karısı ve çocuklarının annesi olan Ban Wu
ile temasa geçer. Boşandıklarını, Birdy’nin gerçekte kim olduğunu asla kabul etmeyerek hayatlarını
mahvettiği gerçeğini anlatır. Ban Wu’nun eşcinselliğin kişinin doğasında olduğunu kabul etmesi ve
Jia-Han ile Birdy’nin karşılaştıkları barın önünde iki erkeğin arkada öpüşmesi ülkenin 33 yıl sonra
“eşcinsel/öteki” olana bakışının ne denli değiştiğini gösterir. Final de Birdy’nin Jia-han'ı gerçekten
sevdiğini rahatça söylemesi ve bunu kabul edemediğini itiraf etmesi ise dönem farkını gözler önüne
serer. Patrick Kuang Hui-Liu her sahnesinde eşcinseli olumlarken onun güç yanlarını göstermeyi
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ihmal de etmez. Ötekileştirmenin yalnızca cinsellik sorunuyla sınırlı olmadığı heteronormative
düzende her türlü yapının içerisinde ötekiler yaratıldığının altını çizer.
SONUÇ
Çalışmamızda kişilerin sosyal yaşamlarında neden ötekileştirmeye yöneldiği sorusu sorulmuştur.
Ötekinin kim olduğuna, ötekileştirme pratiklerine, heteronormative dünyanın bu argümana neden
ihtiyaç duyduğuna ilişkin görüşler analiz edilmiştir. Kimliğin inşasında ötekinin konumuna, queer
kavramının ne olduğuna, öteki ve queer ilişkisine, queer’in tarih içerisindeki kavramsal değişimine,
bir sinema akımı olarak karşımıza çıktığı sürece kadar olan kronolojik değişimine bakılmıştır. Queer
kavramının uzun süre olumsuz anlamlarda kullanıldığı fakat sonrasında eşcinseller de dâhil olmak
üzere öteki statüsüne düşürülmüş her kesim tarafından sahiplenildiği tespit edilmiştir. Queer Sinema
da ilk temsillerden bu yana eşcinselliğin görece daha kabul edilebilir olduğuna fakat bugün henüz bir
sorun olmaktan çıkamadığı kanaatine varılmıştır. Sinema içerisindeki yapımların heteroseksüel
ilişkiye dair tutumlarının eşcinsel temsiler için çok yeni olduğu görüşü bu bağlamda kabul edilmiştir.
İncelenen filmlerle de bu desteklenmiştir. Homofobik tutumların heteronormative dünyanın davranış
kalıplarından biri olduğu kanaatine varılmış ayriyeten toplumun kimlik edinme içgüdüsüyle
ötekileştirmeyi birer ihtiyaca dönüştürdüğü de gözlemlenmiştir. Cinsel kimliklerin sınırlılıklarına
müsaade edilmediği, görece erkek ve kadının kendisinden bedenen bekleneni yapması istenildiği
analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın amacına uygun olarak Tayvan yapımı Your Name Engraved Herein
(Adın Buraya Kazınmış, 2020) filmi seçilmiş. Filmde eşcinselin maruz kaldığı ötekileştirme
pratiklerine karşı alternatifler sunulmuş, öteki olmasına dair yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırılmaya
çalışılmıştır. Yönetmen, seyircinin sevebileceği, empati kurabileceği hatta onlar için üzülebileceği
olumlu eşcinsel temsiller yaratmış böylece eşcinsele olan ayrıştırıcı tutumlara karşı alternatifler
sunmuştur. Sonuç olarak ötekiye dair tüm algıların değiştirilebileceğine, bugün eşcinsel bireyin cinsel
yöneliminin hastalık ve ya haz merkezli olmadığına, kimlik edinme sürecindeki tüm sorunların
çözümsüz olmayacağına ilişkin farklı bir bakış açısı kazandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Eşcinselliğin
meşrulaştırılması üzerinden argümanlar oluşturmaya çalışılmıştır.
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Kaynakça
Abdal, G. (2022). Kuir Kuram Ve Çeviri İlişkisi Işığında D.H.Lawrence'ın Pornografi Ve
Müstehcenlik Eserinde Kuir Potansiyeller. Edebiyat Kuramı Odağında Çeviri Amaçlı
Çözümlemeler (S. 137). İçinde Ankara: Eğitim Yayınevi.
Akova, S. (2020). Kültürlerarası İletişim Bağlamında Ötekileştirme Olgusunun Dijital
Taşıyıcılığına Dair Netflix Dijital Televizyonu Üzerinden Göstergebilimsel Analizi.
Opus–Uluslararası
Toplum
Araştırmaları
Dergisi,15(26),
4479-4516.
Doı:
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SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR YENİ LÜKS MARKALARIN Y VE Z KUŞAKLARININ SATIN
ALMA NİYETLERİ VE TÜKETİCİ DAVRANIŞLARI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ1NİN
CİNSİYET VE GELİR DURUMU AÇISINDAN ANALİZİ
Burcu KUNAY (ORCID: 0009-0009-2455-559X)
İstanbul Ticaret Universitesi, İletişim Bilimi ve Internet Enstitüsü, Halkla İlişkiler ve
Reklamcılık Bölümü, İstanbul-Türkiye
Email: burcukunay@hotmail.com
Prof. Dr. Hilal ÖZDEMİR ÇAKIR (ORCID: 0000-0001-8127-8044)
İstanbul Ticaret Universitesi, İletişim Fakültesi, Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklamcılık Bölümü,
İstanbul-Türkiye
Email: hozdemir@ticaret.edu.tr
ÖZET
Günümüzde insan odaklı pazarlama yaklaşımı beraberinde “sürdürülebilirlik” kavramını
getirmiştir. Özellikle iklim değişikliği ile dünyadaki kaynakların tükenir hale gelmesi gelecek
için endişeleri kayda değer şekilde artırmıştır. Bugün özellikle kaynakların sürdürülebilirliği
konusunda işletmelerin stratejik eylem planlarında sürdürülebilirlik olsa da, bu yaşam
kaynaklarının yok olmasında da işletmelerin duruma sebebiyet vermesi düşündürücü bir durum
olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Özellikle daha çok tüketimi teşvik eden bir mekanizmanın
“tüketmeme”, “az tüketim”, “ikinci el tüketim” ya da “yavaş tüketim” kavramlarını referans
alması sürdürülebilirlik konusundaki yaklaşımlarına güvenin ve bu konudaki samimiyetlerinin
tartışılmasına sebep olmaktadır. Tüketimin devamlılığının iş yaşantısı için önemli olduğu
dikkate alındığında ise “lüks ürünlerin” tüketiminin devamlılığının kolayda ya da hızlı tüketim
ürünlerinde olduğu kadar önemli olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle Pandemi döneminde “ikinci
el lüks” uygulamalarının görülmesi ise bu alanda sürdürülebilir çalışmaların yapılmasında
öncülük etmiştir denilebilir. Diğer taraftan tüketim edimlerinde “sürdürülebilir uygulamalar”
açısından hassas olan ve ayrıca “lüks ürünlere” karşı zaafı olan kuşakların göreli olarak Y ve Z
kuşağı olması dikkat çekmektedir. Demografik faktörlerden cinsiyet ve gelir durumu ise satın
alma niyeti ve davranışı üzerinde etkili olan önemli iki faktördür. Bu kapsamda çalışmada
Türkiye’deki Y ve Z kuşaklarını temsil eden tesadüfi olmayan örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiş
424 tüketiciye çevrimiçi anket yöntemi uygulanmış olup, çalışma sonucunda gelir durumuna
göre tüketicilerin gelir durumu ile Marka Tercihleri Sürdürülebilirlik ve alt boyutları Ekonomik
sürdürülebilirlik, Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik ve Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, Satın alma Niyeti
arasında anlamlı bir fark vardır. Ayrıca analiz sonucuna göre tüketicilerin cinsiyet durumu ile
Marka Tercihleri Sürdürülebilirlik ve alt boyutları Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik, Sosyal
sürdürülebilirlik ve Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, Satın alma Niyeti arasında da anlamlı bir fark
olduğu görülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Lüks Marka, Sürdürülebilirlik, Y ve Z Kuşağı, Tüketici Davranışı
Sürdürülebilir Yeni Lüks Markaların Y ve Z Kuşaklarında Tüketici Algıları ve Satın Alma
Niyetleri Üzerindeki Etkisi tez çalışmasından üretilmiştir.
1
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ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLE NEW LUXURY BRANDS ON
GENERATION Y AND Z’S PURCHASE INTENTIONS AND CONSUMER
BEHAVIOR IN TERMS OF GENDER AND INCOME STATUS2
ABSTRACT
The human-centered marketing approach of today has brought along the concept of
"sustainability." Especially, concerns about the future have significantly increased with climate
change and the depletion of resources worldwide. While sustainability is present in the strategic
action plans of businesses, the role of businesses in the depletion of life resources is considered
alarming. Particularly, when a mechanism that largely promotes consumption references
concepts such as "non-consumption," "minimal consumption," "second-hand consumption," or
"slow consumption," trust in sustainability approaches and the sincerity of businesses in this
regard are questioned. Considering the importance of continuity of consumption for business
life, it is seen that the continuity of consumption of "luxury products" is as crucial as in fastmoving consumer goods. Especially, the emergence of "second-hand luxury" practices during
the pandemic period has led the way in sustainable practices in this field. On the other hand,
the Y and Z generations, who are relatively sensitive to "sustainable practices" in consumption
behaviors and also have a weakness for "luxury products," stand out. Gender and income status,
among demographic factors, are two important factors that influence purchase intention and
behavior. Within this scope, an online survey method was applied to 424 consumers selected
through non-random sampling representing the Y and Z generations in Turkey. As a result of
the study, it was found that there is a significant difference between consumers' income status
and brand preferences, Sustainability, and its sub-dimensions Economic sustainability, Social
sustainability, Environmental sustainability, and Purchase Intention. Furthermore, according to
the analysis results, there is a significant difference between consumers' gender and brand
preferences, Sustainability, and its sub-dimensions Economic sustainability, Social
sustainability, Environmental sustainability, and Purchase Intention.
Keywords: Luxury brand, Sustainability, Generation Y and Z, Consumer Behavior
2
The impact of Sustainable New Luxury Brands on Consumer Perceptions and Buying
Intentions in the Y and Z Generations is based on a thesis.
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GİRİŞ
Bu çalışmada, sürdürülebilir yeni lüks markaların, Y ve Z kuşaklarının tüketici algıları ve satın
alma niyetlerinin, cinsiyet ve gelir durumu bakımından etkisi araştırılmıştır. Öncelikle
kavramsal çerçevede lüks marka, sürdürülebilirlik, Y ve Z kuşakları ve tüketici davranışı ve
lüks markaların sürdürülebilirliği açıklanmış, diğer bölümlerde markaların satışlarını arttıran
sürdürülebilirlik felsefesini benimseyip ya da benimsemeyen lüks markaların tüketici
davranışlarına etkileri cinsiyet ve gelir durumu çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın bu
konuda sınırlı olması önemini arttırmaktadır.
LÜKS MARKA
Lüks, genel olarak yüksek kaliteli, özel ve genellikle yüksek fiyat etiketine sahip olan ürünleri,
deneyimleri veya hizmetleri ifade eder. Lüks mallar ve hizmetler, genellikle işçilik, tasarım,
malzeme ve genel deneyim açısından standart karşıtlarına göre üstün olarak kabul edilir.
Ayrıca, lüks ürünler genellikle sahiplerine özgünlük, nadirlik ve sahip oldukları statü ile
karakterizedir.Lüks marka sınıflandırması ilk kez Alleres (1990) tarafından yapılmıştır.
Alleres’e göre lüks marka sınıflandırması sosyo-ekonomik boyut perspektifinden, tüketicinin
lüks markaya ulaşılabilirliği üzerinden açıklanmıştır. Şekil 1’de gösterilmektedir.
Şekil 1: Lüks Marka Sınıflandırması
Kaynak: Alleres, D. (1990). “Luxe - Strategies Marketing”, Economica, 1(1).
Allers’in piramidine göre, piramidin en alt tabanını oluşturan ulaşılabilir lüks kısmı (Seviye 3)
orta sınıfın ulaşabileceği lüks ürünleri içermektedir. Bu grubun satın aldığı lüks ürünler,
statülerini arttırmaktadır. Bir sonraki seviye olan Orta Lüks (Seviye 2), profesyonel sosyoekonomik sınıf tarafından elde edilebilen ürünleri içermektedir. En üst seviye olan ulaşılamayan
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lüks ise, elit olarak nitelendirilen sosyo-ekonomik kesim tarafından alınabilen ürünleri
içermektedir. Bu seviyedeki ürünler, çok yüksek fiyatlı olup, kullanıcısına çok farklı bir sosyal
prestij sağlamaktadır. Bu piramide göre lüks ürüne ulaşılabilirliğin derecesi, sosyal sınıf
seviyesini yansıtmaktadır. “Lüks kavramı, şüphesiz yıllar içinde değişmektedir. Ekonomik ve
teknolojik sebepler nedeniyle lüks artık çok daha farklı bir kavramı temsil ediyor. Özellikle son
10 yılda lüks kavramı kişiselleştirme ve deneyimle birlikte anılıyor. Kalite, işçilik, tasarım ve
dayanıklılık gibi konular zaten lüks markaların sunduğu değerler iken yeni lüks kavramı ile
beraber, bambaşka parametreler ortaya çıktı. Artık insanlar satın alma kararı alırken aldıkları
ürünün hikayesiyle, onlara yaşattığı deneyimle, kendileri için ne kadar kişiselleştirilmiş olduğu
ile ilgileniyor. (https://www.platinonline.com/2017)Lüks markalar; prestij sahibi markaların
en üstünde yer alan, içinde fiziksel ve psikolojik değerleri bulunduran markalardır.
(Wiedmann, vd., 2007: 126). Lüks tüketim, bireyin fizyolojik ihtiyaçlarının ötesinde psikolojik
ihtiyaçlarına hizmet eden bir araçtır. Her birey temel ihtiyaçlarını rahatlıkla karşılayabildiğinde,
psikolojik
ihtiyaçlarına
yönelir.Twitchell
‘Gereksizi
Gerensinmek:
Lüksün
Demokratikleşmesi’ adlı kitabında lüksü şu şekilde tanımlamıştır: ‘‘Lüks; eğer zor ele geçirilen
ve sahip olamadıklarımızın karşılığı ise, lüks ihtiyaçlar bireye, topluma ve zamana göre
değişiklik gösterebilmektedir. Örneğin, Akdeniz kıyılarında tatil yapmak ya da dizüstü
bilgisayara sahip olmak birileri için lüks iken, birileri için zorunlu olabilecektir. Lüks olarak
adlandırılan ihtiyaçlar tatmin edildiğinde, yeni bir lüks ihtiyacının ortaya çıkacağı çok aşikârdır.
Renksiz televizyona sahip olunduğunda, renklisi lüks olarak kabul edilebilirken, renkliye sahip
olunduğunda her türlü iletişim olanağı sağlayabilecek dijital ve etkileşimli televizyonlar
şimdilik lüks sayılabilmektedir. Günümüzde ne satın aldığınız, ne yaptığınızdan daha önemli
hale geldiği için, lüks bir amaç değildir; artık birçok kişi için lüks mutlu azınlık için olmanın
ötesinde, bir gereksinimdir diyen Florida Üniversitesi öğretim üyesi Twitchell’e göre; belki de
daha az lüks istemek yerine, tam tersini -çelişkili olsa da, herkes için lüksü- toplumsal amaca
uygun bulabiliriz.’’ (Twitchell, J.B. 2004, Aktaran; Odabaşı, 2013:23-24).
SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK
Sürdürülebilirlik, üretimin ve çeşitliliğin devamı sağlanırken insanlık yaşamının daimi
kılınabilmesidir. En iyi anlamıyla kendi ihtiyaçlarımızı karşılarken gelecek kuşakların
ihtiyaçlarından ödün vermeden karşılayabilmektir. Bir kavramın ya da şeyin sürdürülebilir
olması o şeyin şuan ki durumunu devam ettirebiliyor olması gerekir. Aynı zamanda kendini
yenileyebiliyor olması gerekmektedir. Buradan yola çıkarak bu kavram; gelecek kuşaklara
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ekonomik, ekolojik ve aynı zamanda sosyal koşulları devam ettirilebilen bir dünya bırakmak
için kullanılır. (https://www.iienstitu.com/, 2019)
Sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın ekonomik, çevresel ve sosyal boyut olmak üzere üç boyutundan söz
edilmektedir. İdeal ve sürdürülebilir bir ekonomi, en az miktarda kaynak kullanımı ve çevresel
zarar ile en yüksek miktarda genel refahı sağlayan ekonomidir. Ekonomik açıdan, gerçekten
sürdürülebilir olmak için, doğal kaynaklara yönelik genel talep, doğanın yenilenebilir kaynak
arzından daha az olmalıdır (https://econation.co.nz/, 2020).
Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Çevreye
bağımlılıkları nedeniyle çalışanlar, müşteriler, hissedarlar ve toplum ile birlikte işletmeler için
önemli bir paydaştır. Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, insanların ve doğanın üretken bir uyum içinde
var olabileceği ve gelecek kuşakların sosyal, ekonomik ve çevresel ihtiyaçlarının
karşılanmasına izin veren koşulları yaratmak ve sürdürmek olarak tanımlanabilir (U.S
Department of Energy, 2020).
Eğitim, sağlık, mutluluk, güvenli bir yaşam, yaşam kalitesi vb. alanlarda toplumsal koşulların
sürdürülebilirliği üzerine odaklanır. İnsanlar arasındaki ilişkilerin zenginleştirilmesinin yanında
bireysel ve grupsal hedeflere ulaşılmasını sağlar. Ekonomik ve ekolojik değişimlerin sosyal
koşullara yaratacağı etkiler tarafından etkilenebilir. (https://.iienstitu.com, 2019)
Y KUŞAĞI
X kuşağından hemen sonra gelen Y kuşağı 1980 ile 1989 yılları arasında doğan nesli
kapsamaktadır. Mevcut iş gücüne giren son nüfusun teşkil ettiği gruptur. Bireyciliğin yüksek
seyrettiği, esnek ve küreselleşmeyle değişmeye başlayan dünyanın çocukları biçiminde
tanımlanan bu kuşak muhtemelen yakın tarihin en eğitimli, en çok iletişim gücüne sahip ve
kendine güvenen kuşağını oluşturmaktadır. İş ortamında yer aldıkları gruplar içerisinde üretken
ve kararlı bir örgüt kültürünün olmasını isterler ve bu konuda oldukça hassastırlar. İyimserlerdir
ve çalışma ortamının eğlenceli olmasını isterler. Tıpkı X kuşağında olduğu gibi, yöneticileri
tarafından takdir edilmek onlar için çok önemlidir (Aytaş vd., 2017: 36-37).
Cep telefonları, kişisel bilgisayarlar ve internet doğduklarından itibaren hayatlarında
olduğundan ve bu dijital aletlerle büyüdükleri için teknoloji ve dijitallik bu kuşak için birçok
şeyin simgesi haline gelmiştir. İnternet sayesinde küresel bir köye dönüşen dünyada Y Kuşağı,
işletmelerin bilişim teknolojilerini kullanarak yaşam biçimine kadar birçok alanı kontrol
edebildiği veya etkileyebildiği bir çevrede yetişti ve halen de bu çevrede yaşamlarını
sürdürmektedirler. Bu nedenle de X kuşağı ile karşılaştırıldığında teknolojik açıdan bir adım
öndedirler (Mengi, 2016)
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Pazarlama ve tüketici davranışları açısından ele alındığında Y Kuşağı, değişen çevre şartlarına
kolay uyum sağlayabilen, dinamik bir pazarlama çevresinde hayatını sürdürmekte zorluk
yaşamayan bir kuşaktır. Bu nedenle değişime dair sürekli bir beklenti içinde olan bir tüketim
anlayışı sürdürmektedirler. Bu kuşağın bireyleri kullandıkları ürünlerin yeni versiyonlarının ya
da uygulamalarının piyasaya çıkmasını bekler ve bunların gelişimini yakından takip
etmektedirler. Dünyanın önde gelen stratejistlerinden biri olarak tanınan Michael McQueen, Y
Kuşağı bireylerinin iddia edildiği gibi savurgan davranışlar sergilemediğini, bu kuşağın
“hayattan zevk alma” anlayışı ile hareket ederek bunu tüketime yansıttığını ve bu açıdan
bakıldığında da oldukça bilinçli tüketici özelliği gösterdiklerini belirtmektedir. (Yazıcı,2019.
s88)…………………………….
Z KUŞAĞI
Z kuşağı dünyanın yeni kuşaklarından olan en son kuşaktır. Bu kuşağın mensuplarını 2000 yılı
ve sonrasında doğanlar oluşturmaktadır. Z kuşağına farklı isimler verilmektedir. Bunlardan
bazıları; Kristal çocuklar, I Kuşağı, Gelecek Kuşağı, iGen, Daima çevrimiçi, çocuklarının yanı
sıra, bireysellik yanlısı olduklarından dolayı Strauss ve Howe ismi de verilmektedir (Çetin
Aydın ve Başol, 2014, s. 6).Kristal kuşak olarak adlandırılan Z Kuşağı mensupları; teknoloji
ile doğup büyüyen, bilgiye çok çabuk ulaşan, hırslı ve maddeci olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
Ayrıca bu kitlenin daha dikkatsiz, hız tutkunu, bağımsız, özgüveni yüksek, yalnız, sabırsız,
tatminsiz, güven arayan, zevkine düşkün, internette bol vakit geçiren, geleneklere bağlı
olmayan ve içe dönük gibi çeşitli özellikler barındırdığı ifade edilmektedir. Bu özelliklerin
diğer kuşaklardan önemli oranda ayrıştığı bilinmektedir. Bu kuşağın tüketim eğilimleri de diğer
kuşaklarla önemli farklılıklar içermektedir. Bu kitle içerisinde kalite arayan, yenilik ve
değişimden zevk alan, farklı kültürleri araştıran, plansız ve anlık satın alan, marka bağlılığı ve
sadakati düşük, hobileri olan ve bu hobilerden kazanç elde etmek isteyen, çok hızlı tüketen,
şekil ve sembollere bağlı, rol model arayan, interneti yoğun kullanan, araştıran ve karşılaştıran
gibi çok sayıda tüketim eğilimi bulunmaktadır. (Beyaz,R. s;25)
TÜKETİCİ DAVRANIŞI
Tüketiciyi ve tüketicinin davranışlarını anlamak, pazarlama stratejilerinin geliştirilmesindeki
en önemli safhadır, çünkü üretilen mal ve hizmetlerin, faaliyet gösterilen pazarda, kimler
tarafından, ne şekilde, ne miktarda ve nasıl satın alınacağının tahminini yapmadan, stratejileri
ve o stratejilere uygun planları tasarlamak mümkün olmayabilir. Amerikan Pazarlama
Birliği‟nin (AMA, American Marketing Association), tanımlamasına göre, Tüketici
Davranışları, ürün ve hizmetlerin yer aldığı pazardaki tüketici ve karar veren kullanıcıların
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
davranışlarını inceleyen, anlamaya ve tanımlamaya çalışan disiplinler arası bir bilimsel
çalışmadır. Tüketici davranışları üzerine çalışan araştırmacılar satın alma davranışları
üzerinden ilerleyerek konuyla ilgili tanımlamaları oluşturmaya çalışmışlardır. Kotler (1989),
tüketicinin satın alma sürecini etkileyen faktörleri kültürel, sosyal, kişisel ve psikolojik olarak
sıralayarak bir model oluşturmuştur;
Tablo 1.1: Tüketici davranışını etkileyen faktörler
Kültürel
Sosyal
Kişisel
Yaş
Psikolojik
ve
Yaşam
Kültür
Referans Grupları
Dönemi
Güdüleme
Alt Kültür
Aile
Meslek
Algılama
Sosyal Sınıf
Rol ve Statüler
Ekonomik Özellikler Öğrenme
Yaşam Tarzı
İnanç ve Tutumlar
Kişilik
Kaynak: Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. (1989) Principles of Marketing. 4th Ed. Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice Hall International, s.118.Y Kuşağı tüketimle anılan, asıl kimliğini kendi isteğiyle
tüketici kimliğine dönüştüren ve aynı zamanda tüketim toplumunu da şekillendiren bir kuşaktır.
İnternetin de büyük etkisiyle alışveriş tutkusuna sahip, karar verieken özgür davranan, tüketimi
bir eğlence aracı olarak gören Y Kuşağı, hem kendisine hem de topluma yabancılaşan bir
tüketim modeli oluşturmuştur.Z Kuşağı’na baktığımızda ise kendi kredi kartı olan çok az bir
şanslı kesim dışında bu kuşak henüz tek başına tüketim yapan bir kuşak değildir. Tüketim
davranışlarını belirleyen faktörlerden en önemlisi ailelerin kararı olduğu için şirketler ve aileler
bu kuşağı çok daha fazla önemsemektedir. Z Kuşağı diğer kuşaklardan farklı olarak internetsiz
dönemi bilmeyen ve bu nedenle bu konuda uzman olarak yetişen bir kuşaktır. Bu kuşak kendine
has, kişiselleşmiş ve imaja öncelik veren bir tüketim eğilimi göstermekte ve tam bir tüketici
olarak tanımlanabilecek bir profil çizmektedir. Diğer kuşaklarla kıyaslandığında doğdukları
çağın da etkisiyle eğitim açısından daha donanımlı ve ekonomik açıdan da daha rahat büyüyen
bir kuşaktır. Bu kuşak talep ettikleri ürün ve hizmetlere anında ulaşmak, anında tüketmek ve
daha sonra yeni tüketim deneyimlerine sahip olmayı tercih etmektedirler. (Yazıcı,2019.s 99)
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ARAŞTIRMA VE BULGULAR
Araştırmanın Adı
Sürdürülebilir yeni lüks markaların Y ve Z kuşaklarının satın alma niyetleri ve tüketici
davranışları üzerine etkisinin cinsiyet ve gelir durumu açısından analizi
Araştırmanın Önemi
Araştırmanın ana kütlesini tüketiciler oluşturmaktadır. Ana kütlenin tamamına ulaşmak
mümkün olmadığından örnekleme yoluna gidilmiş, Türkiye’de yaşayan 424 tüketicilerden veri
anket yöntemi ile toplanmıştır.
Araştırmanın zaman ve bütçe kısıtından dolayı, tesadüfi olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden
kolayda örnekleme yönteminin kullanılması uygun görülmüştür. Kolayda örnekleme yöntemi,
kısıtlar nedeniyle araştırmaya katılacak kişilerin ulaşılabilirliğine göre tercih edilir. Ayrıca,
araştırmacılar tarafından sıklıkla kullanılan bu yöntem ile, tesadüfi yöntemlere göre daha iyi
sonuçlar alınması olasıdır (Yükselen, 2008)
Araştırmanın Örneklemi ve Yöntemi
Bu araştırma ilişkisel tarama modelinde desenlenmiştir. İlişkisel model, bir ya da birden fazla
değişken arasında ilişkinin belirlendiği modeldir (Fraenkel ve Wallen, 2005). Bu araştırma
özelinde, tüketicilerin sürdürülebilirliklerinin(sürdürülebilirlik algılarının) marka tercihleri ve
satın alma niyetlerine olan etkisi incelenmiştir.Veriler anket yöntemi kullanılarak toplanmış ve
bu formun giriş bölümünde katılımcılara kişisel verilerinin gizlilik prensibine göre
değerlendirileceği ifade edilerek sadece akademik bir araştırmada kullanılacağı belirtilmiştir.
Katılımcılar tarafından cevaplanan anket dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde
tüketicilerin kişisel özelliklerine ilişkin cinsiyet, yaş ve gelir durumu ile ilgili üç soruya
verdikleri cevaplara yer verilmiştir.İkinci bölümde ise Kim ve diğerleri (2015) tarafından
geliştirilen ölçeğe yer verilmiştir. Ölçek ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik, sosyal sürdürülebilirlik ve
çevresel sürdürülebilirlik olmak üzere toplam 3 boyutu ölçmektedir. Ölçek, 5’li Likert
ölçeğinde (5: kesinlikle katılıyorum, 1: kesinlikle katılmıyorum) üzenlenmiş toplam 14 ifade
içermektedir. Ölçekte ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik boyutu altında 3 ifade yer almaktadır (Örnek
ifade: “Marka mali açıdan hesap verebilir (şeffaf politikaları olan) bir markadır.”). Ölçekte yer
alan sosyal sürdürülebilirlik boyutu toplam 6 ifadeden oluşurken (örnek ifadeler: “Marka,
toplumsal katkı sağlayan bir markadır.”; “Marka, insan haklarını dikkate almaktadır.”); çevresel
sürdürülebilirlik boyutu ise toplam 5 ifade içermektedir (örnek ifadeler: “Marka, çevre dostu
ürünler üretmektedir.”; “Marka, çevre için yatırımda bulunmaktadır.”). Ölçekten alınan yüksek
puan katılımcının ilgili boyutta olumlu bir değerlendirme yaptığını, düşük puan ise tam tersi bir
1288
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
durumu göstermektedir.Anket formunun üçüncü bölümünde tüketicilerin marka tercihlerini
değerlendirmek amacıyla Sirgy ve diğerleri (1991) tarafından geliştirilen Davies, Veloutsou ve
Costa (2006) tarafından uyarlanan Marka Tercihi ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ölçek, 5’li Likert
ölçeğinde (5: kesinlikle katılıyorum, 1: kesinlikle katılmıyorum) düzenlenmiş toplam 3 ifade
içermektedir ). Dördüncü bölümde ise Satın alma niyetini değerlendirmek amacıyla Satınalma
Niyeti ölçeği ise Wongpitch ve diğerlerinin 2016 yılında yapmış oldukları çalışmadan alınan
Satınalma Niyeti ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ölçek, 5’li Likert ölçeğinde (5: kesinlikle katılıyorum,
1: kesinlikle katılmıyorum) düzenlenmiş toplam 3 ifade içermektedir.
Araştırma Soruları
1. X ve Z kuşaklarının sürdürülebilir yeni lüks markaları tercih etme, satın alma ve
sürdürülebilirlik boyutları üzerinde cinsiyet faktörünün etkisi nedir?
2. X ve Z kuşaklarının sürdürülebilir yeni lüks markaları tercih etme, satın alma ve
sürdürülebilirlik boyutları üzerinde gelir durumunun etkisi nedir?
3. X ve Z kuşaklarının sürdürülebilir yeni lüks markaları tercih etme, satın alma ve
sürdürülebilirlik boyutları üzerinde yaş faktörünün etkisi nedir?
BULGULAR
Cinsiyet Bulguları
Tablo 2 Tüketicilerin Cinsiyete Göre Dağılımları N=424
Kişisel Özellikler
Kadın
Erkek
Cinsiyet
f
268
156
%
63,2
36,8
Tablo 2’De görüldüğü üzere tüketicilerin 156’sı (%36,8) erkek ve 268’i (%63,2) kadın
katılımcılardan oluşmaktadır.
Tüketicilerin Cinsiyet Dağılımlarına Yönelik Pasta Grafiği
CİNSİYET
Erkek
37%
Kadın
63%
1289
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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1. Yaş Bulguları
Tablo3 Tüketicilerin Yaş Durumlarına Göre Dağılımları N=424
Yaş Durumu
Kişisel Özellikler
23 yaş altı
24-43 yaş
f
76
348
%
17,9
82,1
Tablo 3’de görüldüğü üzere tüketicilerin yaş durumları incelendiğinde; 348’i (%82,1) 23-43
yaş aralığında ve 76’sı (%17,9) 23 yaş altı olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Tüketicilerin Yaş Dağılımlarına Yönelik Pasta Grafiği
YAŞ
23 yaş altı
18%
24-43 yaş
82%
Gelir Düzeyi Bulguları
Tablo 4 Tüketicilerin Gelir Düzeyi Durumuna Göre Dağılımları N=424
Kişisel Özellikler
f
%
11.402 TL ve altı
32
7,5
11.403-17.500 TL arası
96
22,6
17.501 – 22.500 TL arası
48
11,3
22.501 TL ve üzeri
248
58,5
Gelir Düzeyi
Tablo 4’te görüldüğü üzere tüketicilerin gelir düzeyi durumları incelendiğinde; 32’si (%7,5)
11.402 TL ve altı, 96’sı (%22,6) 11.403-17.500 TL arası, 48’i (%11,3) 17.501 – 22.500 TL
arası ve 248’i (%58,5) 22.501 TL ve üzeri gelire sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.
1290
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tüketicilerin Gelir Düzeyi Dağılımlarına Yönelik Pasta Grafiği
GELİR DÜZEYİ
11.402 TL ve altı
8%
11.403-17.500
TL arası
23%
22.501 TL ve
üzeri
58%
17.501 – 22.500
TL arası
11%
DEĞERLENDİRME
Cinsiyet Durumu Değişkenine Göre Değerlendirme
Çalışmanın bu kısmında araştırma grubunu teşkil eden tüketicilerin cinsiyet durumu
dağılımlarına göre değişkenlerden elde edilen ortalama puanlar arasındaki farklılaşmalar t Testi
ile değerlendirilecektir.
Tablo 5 Tüketicilerin Cinsiyet değişkenine göre Marka Tercihleri Satın alma Niyeti ve
Sürdürülebilirlik Ölçekleri ve Alt Boyutlarından Elde Edilen Puan Ortalamalarının
Karşılaştırılması
Değişkenler
Marka Tercihleri
Sürdürülebilirlik
Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik
Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik
Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik
Satınalma Niyeti
Cinsiyet Durumu
N
X̄
SS
Kadın
268
3,51
1,17
Erkek
156
3,17
1,20
Kadın
268
3,64
,95
Erkek
156
3,32
,89
Kadın
268
4,09
1,06
Erkek
156
3,83
1,09
Kadın
268
3,50
1,20
Erkek
156
3,08
1,02
Kadın
268
3,34
1,22
Erkek
156
3,05
1,02
Kadın
268
3,58
1,19
Erkek
156
3,00
1,17
*p<.05
1291
t
p
2,867
,004*
3,456
,001*
2,415
,016*
3,662
,000*
2,546
,011*
4,886
,000*
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Analiz sonucuna göre (Bkz. Tablo 5) tüketicilerin cinsiyet durumu ile Marka Tercihleri
(t:2,867, p<.05) Sürdürülebilirlik (t:3,456, p<.05) ve alt boyutları Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik
(t:2,415, p<..05), Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik (t:3,662, p<.05) ve Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik (t:2,546,
p<.05), Satınalma Niyeti (t:4,886, p<.05) arasında anlamlı bir fark vardır.
Kadın tüketicilerin Marka Tercihleri puan ortalamalarının (X̄=3,51) erkek tüketicilerin Marka
Tercihleri puan ortalamalarından (X̄=3,17) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Kadın tüketicilerin Sürdürülebilirlik puan ortalamalarının (X̄=3,64) erkek tüketicilerin
Sürdürülebilirlik puan ortalamalarından (X̄=3,32) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu
belirlenmiştir.Kadın tüketicilerin Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik toplam puan ortalamalarının
(X̄=4,09) erkek tüketicilerin Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik ortalamalarından (X̄=3,83) istatiksel
olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.Kadın tüketicilerin Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik
ortalamalarının (X̄=3,50) erkek tüketicilerin Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik ortalamalarından
(X̄=3,08) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.Kadın tüketicilerin alt boyut
Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik puan ortalamalarının (X̄=3,34) erkek tüketicilerin alt boyut Çevresel
sürdürülebilirlik ortalamalarından (X̄=3,05) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.
Kadın tüketicilerin Satınalma Niyeti ortalamalarının (X̄=3,58) erkek tüketicilerin Satınalma
Niyeti ortalamalarından (X̄=3,00) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.
Yaş Durumu Değişkenine Göre Değerlendirme
Tablo 6 Tüketicilerin Yaş Durumu değişkenine göre Marka Tercihleri Satınalma Niyeti ve
Sürdürülebilirlik Ölçekleri ve Alt Boyutlarından Elde Edilen Puan Ortalamalarının
Karşılaştırılması
Değişkenler
Marka Tercihleri
Sürdürülebilirlik
Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik
Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik
Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik
Satınalma Niyeti
Yaş
N
X̄
SS
23 yaş altı
76
3,49
1,13
24-43 yaş
348
3,36
1,21
23 yaş altı
76
3,52
,72
24-43 yaş
348
3,52
,99
23 yaş altı
76
3,86
,89
24-43 yaş
348
4,02
1,11
23 yaş altı
76
3,23
1,02
24-43 yaş
348
3,37
1,18
23 yaş altı
76
3,48
,89
24-43 yaş
348
3,18
1,20
23 yaş altı
76
3,18
1,27
24-43 yaş
348
3,41
1,20
*p<.05
1292
t
p
,842
,400
,001
,999
-1,198
,231
-,984
,326
2,110
,035*
-1,528
,127
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Analiz sonucuna göre (Bkz. Tablo 6) tüketicilerin yaş durumu ile Marka Tercihleri (p>.05)
Sürdürülebilirlik (p>.05) ve alt boyutları Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik (p>.05), Sosyal
sürdürülebilirlik (p>.05) ve Satınalma Niyeti (p>.05) arasında anlamlı bir fark yok iken
Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik (t:2,110, p<.05) arasında anlamlı bir fark olduğu belirlenmiştir.
23 yaş altı tüketicilerin alt boyut Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik puan ortalamalarının (X̄=3,48) 2443 yaş tüketicilerin alt boyut Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ortalamalarından (X̄=3,18) istatiksel
olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.
Gelir Durumu Değişkenine Göre Değerlendirme
Çalışmanın bu kısmında araştırma grubunu teşkil eden tüketicilerin gelir durumu dağılımlarına
göre değişkenlerden elde edilen ortalama puanlar arasındaki farklılaşmalar ANOVA Testi ile
değerlendirilecektir. Tablo 7 Tüketicilerin Gelir Durumu değişkenine göre
Marka Tercihleri Satınalma Niyeti ve Sürdürülebilirlik Ölçekleri ve Alt Boyutlarından
Elde Edilen Puan Ortalamalarının Karşılaştırılması
Değişkenler
Gelir Durumu
Marka Tercihleri
Sürdürülebilirlik
Ekonomik
sürdürülebilirlik
Sosyal
sürdürülebilirlik
Çevresel
sürdürülebilirlik
Satınalma Niyeti
11.402 TL ve altı(1)
11.403-17.500 TL arası(2)
17.501–22.500 TL arası(3)
22.501 TL ve üzeri(4)
11.402 TL ve altı(1)
11.403-17.500 TL arası(2)
17.501–22.500 TL arası(3)
22.501 TL ve üzeri(4)
11.402 TL ve altı(1)
11.403-17.500 TL arası(2)
17.501–22.500 TL arası(3)
22.501 TL ve üzeri(4)
11.402 TL ve altı(1)
11.403-17.500 TL arası(2)
17.501–22.500 TL arası(3)
22.501 TL ve üzeri(4)
11.402 TL ve altı(1)
11.403-17.500 TL arası(2)
17.501–22.500 TL arası(3)
22.501 TL ve üzeri(4)
11.402 TL ve altı(1)
11.403-17.500 TL arası(2)
17.501–22.500 TL arası(3)
22.501 TL ve üzeri(4)
N
32
96
48
248
32
96
48
248
32
96
48
248
32
96
48
248
32
96
48
248
32
96
48
248
*p<.05, **Grup Farkı
1293
X̄
3,83
3,28
3,86
3,28
3,74
3,78
3,98
3,31
4,17
4,17
4,53
3,80
3,46
3,64
3,90
3,11
3,60
3,53
3,50
3,02
3,58
3,44
4,03
3,18
SS
,66
1,60
1,10
1,04
,49
1,08
,87
,89
,94
1,11
,57
1,11
,87
1,25
1,13
1,09
,73
1,21
1,34
1,09
1,05
1,35
,85
1,19
F
5,104
11,698
8,064
9,964
7,330
7,430
p
,002*
3>2,4**
,000*
2,3>4**
,000*
2,3>4**
,000*
2,3>4**
,000*
1,2,3>4**
,000*
3>2,4**
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Analiz sonucuna göre (Bkz. Tablo 7) tüketicilerin gelir durumu ile Marka Tercihleri (F:5,104,
p<.05) Sürdürülebilirlik (F:11,698, p<.05) ve alt boyutları Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik (F:8,064,
p<..05), Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik (F:9,964, p<.05) ve Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik (F:7,330,
p<.05), Satınalma Niyeti (F:7,430, p<.05) arasında anlamlı bir fark vardır.
Geliri 17.501–22.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin Marka Tercihleri puan ortalamalarının
(X̄=3,86) geliri 22.501 TL ve üzeri olan tüketicilerin Marka Tercihleri puan ortalamalarından
(X̄=3,28) ve geliri 11.403-17.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin Marka Tercihleri puan
ortalamalarından (X̄=3,28) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Geliri 11.403-17.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin Sürdürülebilirlik puan ortalamalarının
(X̄=3,78) ve geliri 17.501–22.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin Sürdürülebilirlik puan
ortalamalarının (X̄=3,98) geliri 22.501 TL ve üzeri olan tüketicilerin Sürdürülebilirlik puan
ortalamalarından (X̄=3,31) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Geliri 11.403-17.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik puan
ortalamalarının (X̄=4,17) ve geliri 17.501–22.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin Ekonomik
sürdürülebilirlik puan ortalamalarının (X̄=4,53) geliri 22.501 TL ve üzeri olan tüketicilerin
Ekonomik sürdürülebilirlik ortalamalarından (X̄=3,80) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu
saptanmıştır.
Geliri 11.403-17.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik ortalamalarının
(X̄=3,64) ve geliri 17.501–22.500 TL arası olan
tüketicilerin Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik
ortalamalarının (X̄=3,90) geliri 22.501 TL ve üzeri olan tüketicilerin Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik
ortalamalarından (X̄=3,11) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.
Geliri 11.402 TL ve altı olan tüketicilerin alt boyut Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ortalamalarının
(X̄=3,60), geliri 11.403-17.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin alt boyut Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik
puan ortalamalarının (X̄=3,53) ve geliri 17.501–22.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin Çevresel
sürdürülebilirlik ortalamalarının (X̄=3,50) geliri 22.501 TL ve üzeri olan tüketicilerin Çevresel
sürdürülebilirlik ortalamalarından (X̄=3,02) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.
Geliri 17.501–22.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin Satınalma Niyeti ortalamalarının (X̄=4,03)
geliri 11.403-17.500 TL arası olan tüketicilerin alt boyut Satınalma Niyeti puan
ortalamalarından (X̄=3,44) ve geliri 22.501 TL ve üzeri olan tüketicilerin Satınalma Niyeti
ortalamalarından (X̄=3,18) istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.
1294
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER
Bu araştırmada sürdürülebilir yeni lüks markaların Y ve Z kuşaklarının satın alma niyetleri ve
tüketici davranışları üzerinde etkisini cinsiyet ve gelir durumu açısından analiz edilmiştir.
Demografik faktörlerden cinsiyet ve gelir durumu, satın alma niyeti ve davranışı üzerinde etkili
olan önemli iki faktördür.Türkiye’deki Y ve Z kuşaklarını temsil eden tesadüfi olmayan
örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilmiş 424 tüketiciden, kadın tüketicilerin erkek tüketicilere kıyasla,
marka tercihleri, satın alma niyeti ve sürdürülebilirlik (ekonomik, çevresel, sosyal) anlamda
istatiksel olarak daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.Lüks markalar, toplum içinde prestij ve statü
sembolleri olarak kabul edildiğinden, kadınlar lüks markaları tercih ederek sosyal çevrelerinde
prestij kazanmayı amaçlamaktadırlar. Bireylerin kişisel tarzlarını ifade etmelerine yardımcı
olabildikleri için, lüks ürünleri giyerek kendi benzersiz tarzlarını vurgulamak istemektedirler.
Ayrıca lüks markalar genellikle yüksek kalite ve dayanıklılıkla ilişkilendirilir. Bu yüzden de
kadınlar uzun süre kullanabilecekleri kaliteli ürünleri tercih etmektedirler. Lüks alışveriş,
insanlara tatmin ve mutluluk hissi verdiğinden, kadınlar, lüks ürünleri satın alarak kendilerini
ödüllendirmek istemektedirler.Demografik faktörlerden bir diğeri olan gelir düzeyine
baktığımızda da, 17.501-22.500TL olan tüketicilerin marka tercihleri ve satın alma niyetleri
diğer gelir durumlarına göre yüksektir. 11.403-17.500 gelir durumuna sahip tüketiciler,
sürdürülebilirlik, ekonomik ve sosyal sürdürülebilirlik istatistiklerinde daha önemsedikleri
ortaya çıkmaktadır. 11.402 ve altı gelir durumuna sahip tüketicilerin ise, çevresel
sürdürülebilirlik istatistiklerinde daha hassas olduğu görülmektedir. Alıcıların kararlarında;
alıcının yaşı, mesleği, ekonomik durumu, yaşam tarzı, kişiliği ve benlik kavramı gibi kişisel
özelliklerin etkisi büyüktür. Bu nedenle satın alma davranışını etkileyen “kültürel faktörler”,
“sosyal faktörler”, “psikolojik faktörler” ve “kişisel faktörler” üzerinde de gerekli çalışmalar
yapılmalıdır. Gelecekte bu konu ile ilgili hem belirtilen faktörler değerlendirilmeli, hem de
medeni hali ve eğitim durumu da değişkenlerin içinde olmalıdır.
1295
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKÇA
Aytaş, Seher, Barutçu, Esin, Taş, Mehmet A. (2017). “Demografik Değişkenlerin Farklı Kuşak
Ayrımlarında Örgütsel Sinizme Etkisi”, 4. Ulusal Meslek Yüksekokulları Sosyal Ve
Teknik Bilimler Kongresi, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, 11-13 Mayıs 2017, Burdur
Alleres, D. (1990). Luxe - Strategies Marketing, Economica, 1(1), 71-96
Odabaşı, Y. (2013). Tüketim Kültürü. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık, s.23-24
Çetin Aydın, G. ve Başol, O. (2014). X ve Y kuşağı: Çalışmanın anlamında bir değişme var
mı? EJOVOC (Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges), 4(4), s. 1- 15.
Kotler, P. , Armstrong, G. (1989) Principles of Marketing. 4th Ed. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice
Hall International, s.118.
Mengi, Z.(2016). “İş Başarısında Kuşak Farkı”, http://www.kigem.com/is-basarisindakusakfarki.html , Erişim:05.11.2016
Wiedmann, K.P., Hennigs, N. ve Siebels, A. (2007). Measuring Consumers’ Luxury Value
Perception: A Cross-Cultural Framework, Academy of Marketing Science Review, 7, 121.
Yazıcı, B. (2019). Yeni Lüks Kavramı Bağlamında Y Kuşağı ile Evrilen Tüketim Ve Y
Kuşağının Lüks Kavramına Bakışı. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Marmara Üniversitesi
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü,s 88
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2005). Validity and reliability. JR Fraenkel and
NE Wallen, How to design and evaluate research in education with PowerWeb, 152-171.
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Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası,, 33(1).
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Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, 25
Kılıç, S. (2013). Doğrusal Regresyon Analizi. Journal of Mood Disorders, 3(2), 90-92.
Köklü, N., Büyüköztürk, Ş., & Bökeoğlu, Ö. Ç. (2006). Sosyal bilimler için istatistik . Ankara:
PegemA Yayıncılık
Özdamar, K. (1999) Paket Program ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, Kaan Kitabevi, 2.
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Detay Yayıncılık.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Yılmaz, M., & Arslan, F. M. (2021). Gelecek Kaygısı ve Sürdürülebilir Tüketim Bilincinin
Marka Tutumu ve Satın Alma Niyetine Etkisi: Arçelik Örneği. Journal of Research in
Business, 6(2), 510-545.
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https://econation.co.nz/, 2020
1297
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FLAT KARAKTER TASARIMI; JETGİLLER ÖRNEĞİ
Selin ATİK (ORCID 0009-0000-8312-4292)
İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Art and Design
Studies, İzmir-Türkiye
Email: selinndikmenoglu@gmail.com
Özet
Flat tasarımı ‘‘Düz Tasarım’’ sadeliğin ön planda olduğu minimalist bir tasarım stilidir.
Modern, yalın ve temiz bir görünüm hedeflemektedir. Genellikle gölge ve kabartma gibi
efektler yerine daha çok basit ve modern şekiller, düz renkler, keskin ve iki boyutlu tasarım dili
kullanmaktadır. Üç boyuttan uzak bir yaklaşımı esas aldığı ve aynı zamanda geniş canlı renk
skalası kullandığı gözlemlenmektedir. Teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte günümüzde görsel
tüketim hızı artmış, basılı ya da basılı olmayan grafik tasarım ürünlerinde, tablet ve
telefonlardaki görsel imgelerde, arayüz sayfa tasarımlarında flat tasarım yaklaşımı görülmeye
başlanmıştır. Günümüzde kullanım yaygınlığı devam eden bu tasarım yaklaşımının bugüne
gelmesinde geçmiş dönem tasarım stillerinin etkisi de bulunmaktadır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı
sonrası, 1940–1950’li yıllarda İsviçre’de modernist yaklaşımların görülmesi ve daha sonra
popülerleşmesi, flat tasarım yaklaşımının ortaya çıkışı olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu yaklaşım
üzerinden yine aynı dönemlerde Hanna–Barbera yapım şirketi tarafından üretilen ve ABC
kanalında (American Broadcasting Company) yayınlanan bir durum komedisi (sitcom) ve bilim
kurgu aile çizgi dizisi olan Jetgiller’de de karakter ve mekân resimlemesinde flat tasarımı
yaklaşımının uygulandığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, flat karakter tasarımı yaklaşımı
Jetgiller örneği üzerinden incelenecektir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel
tarama modeli kullanılacak olup, flat tasarım anlayışının Jetgiller çizgi dizisindeki karakter
tasarımlarına nasıl uygulandığı tasarım öğeleri üzerinden incelenecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Grafik Tasarım, Flat Tasarımı, İllüstrasyon, Karakter Tasarımı,
Minimalizm.
1298
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FLAT CHARACTER DESING; THE EXAMPLE OF THE JETSONS
Abstract
Flat design is a minimalist design style where simplicity is at the forefront. It aims for a modern,
simple and clean look. It generally uses simple and modern shapes, solid colors, sharp and twodimensional design language instead of effects, such as shadow and relief. It is observed that it
is based on an approach far from three dimensions and at the same time uses a wide range of
vibrant colors. With the development of technology, the speed of visual consumption has
increased, and flat design approach has started to be seen in printed or non-printed graphic
design products, visual images on tablets phones and interface page designs. This design
approach, which continues to be widely used today, has also influenced by the design styles of
the past. The emergence and subsequent popularization of modernist approaches in Switzerland
in the 1940s-1950s, after the Second World War, is accepted as the emergence of the flat design
approach. Based on this approach, it was observed that flat design approach was applied in
character and space illustrations in The Jetsons, a sitcom and science fiction family cartoon
series produced by Hanna-Barbera production company and broadcast on ABC channel
(American Broadcasting Company). In this study, flat character design approach will be
analyzed through the example of The Jetsons. The descriptive survey model, one of the
qualitative research methods, will be used in the study, and how the flat design approach is
applied to the character designs in the Jetgiller cartoon series will be examined through design
elements.
Keywords: Graphic Design, Flat Design, Illustration, Character Design, Minimalism.
1299
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Grafik tasarım alanlarından biri olan illüstrasyon, görsel ifade dilini kullanarak bir metnin,
düşüncenin ya da herhangi bir olayın izleyiciye ulaşmasını hedeflemektedir. Geçmişten
günümüze teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte resimleme olarak ta bilinen illüstrasyonun, çizim
ve boyama teknikleri tablet ve bilgisayar ortamına taşınmıştır. Bununla birlikte dijital bağlamda
illüstrasyon; çizgi diziler, animasyon filmleri, oyunlardaki mekân ve karakter tasarımları, üç
boyutlu modellemeler üzerinde varlığını sürdürmektedir. İllüstrasyon temelli çizgi diziler,
mekân ve karakter tasarımlarının yanı sıra ışık, gölge, doku, çizgi, açı, renk dinamiğinin
sağladığı
etkiler
ile
birlikte
çocukların
hayal
dünyasını
genişletmeyi
amaçlamaktadır.Çocukların hayal dünyasının genişlemesi, iyi bir gözlemci olmaları üzerinden
tanımlanabilir. ‘‘Görme konuşmadan önce gelmiştir. Çocuk konuşmaya başlamadan önce bakıp
tanımayı öğrenir.’’ der sanat eleştirmeni ve yazar John Berger. Berger’in bu sözünden yola
çıkarak çizgi dizilerde ki illüstratif öğelerin, çocuklara görsel etki yaratarak merak duygusunun
gelişmesinde katkı saylayabileceği gibi eğitici ve öğretici olarak bilgi aktarım sürecinin de daha
güçlü olabileceği söylenebilir. Günümüz çizgi dizilerinde olduğu gibi geçmiş dönem çizgi
dizilerinde de bu unsurlar ön plana çıkmaktadır.Araştırmanın konusu olan Jetgiller çizgi
dizisinin illüstratif anlatısal ifadesinde flat tasarım yaklaşımı olduğu gözlenmektedir. Jetgiller,
1962-63 yılları arasında yayınlanmış olsa da fütüristik anlatımı olan bir televizyon dizisidir ve
aynı dönemlerde hayat bulmaya başlayan flat tasarımı yaklaşımı etkisi görülmektedir.
Çalışmanın amacı, flat karakter tasarımı üzerinden Jetgiller örneği ile incelenip illüstratif dilde
karakter resimlemesi hakkında bilgi vermektir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden
betimsel tarama modeli ile internet ve kitap kaynaklarından elde edilen verilerle sınırlıdır.
Çalışmanın konusu, görsel örnekler ile birlikte incelenmiş olup daha geniş bir biçimde bir araya
getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen gözlem ve bulgular ışığında detaylıca incelenebilir.
FLAT TASARIM
Grafik sanatı, sanat tarihinde yerini almaya başladığından günümüze kadar çeşitli sanat
akımlarından etkilenmiş farklı tarz ve tekniklerde karşımıza çıkmıştır. Tasarımcının yaşadığı
dönemin sanat anlayışı ve toplumun kültürel yapısı yaptığı tasarımları da etkilemiştir (Becer,
2011, s.101). İngilizce kökenli olan flat kelimesinin Türkçe anlamı ‘‘düz’’ olarak söylenebilir.
Düz kelimesini ise Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK) şöyle tanımlamıştır: ‘‘Yatay durumda olan, eğik
ve
dik
olmayan,
kıvrımlı
olmayan;
doğru,
stabil.
Yalın,
sade,
süssüz
olan,
desensiz’’(www.sozluk.gov.tr). Flat tasarım yaklaşımının tasarım dilinin bu tanımlamaya
uygun olduğu söylenebilir.
1300
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Flat tasarım yaklaşımı günümüz tasarımlarında anlatı dili olarak popülerliğini koruyor olsa da
aslında kökeni 1940-1950’li yıllara dayanmaktadır. Evrensel tasarım anlayışı olarak
‘‘Uluslararası Tipografik Üslup’’ veya ‘‘İsviçre Tasarımı’’ adı verilen stilin yansıması olduğu
söylenebilir. Grafik tasarımın gelişmesinde ve grafik tasarım eğitiminin temelini oluşturan
İsviçre stili, aktarılmak istenen mesajı matematiksel olarak çizilmiş kanava (grid) sistemi
üzerinden net, sade, abartmalardan uzak, serifsiz yazı karakterleri ve basit geometrik şekillerle
anlatmayı hedeflemiştir. İsviçre tasarım üslubunun görsel alfabesini oluşturan öğelerini, Becer
(2020) ise şu şekilde açıklamıştır;“Matematiksel bir grid çizimi üzerinde asimetrik olarak
düzenlenmiş tasarım unsurları ile oluşturulan görsel bütünlük, serifsiz yazı karakterleri
kullanımı, genellikle soldan bloklanan, sağda serbest ve değişken satır uzunluklarına dayalı bir
tipografik kompozisyon anlayışı, sözel ve görsel bilgileri açık ve berrak bir tasarım anlayışıyla
ileten nesnel metin ve fotoğraflar, ticari reklamcılık ve propagandanın abartılı dilinden uzak,
bağımsız bir tasarım anlayışı” (Becer, 2020, s. 264). Flat tasarım yaklaşımının kökeninde
etkilendiği bir diğer sanat akımı ise minimalizm olduğu söylenebilir. Minimalizmin, grafik
tasarım alanında ki etkisini İsviçre’de doğan uluslararası tipografik stil döneminde bulabiliriz.
Minimalizm 1950’lerin sonlarında ortaya çıkarak netliği, saflığı ve sadeliği vurgulamıştır. Bu
sanat akımının anlatı dili; detaylardan arındırılmış, illüzyon ve efektlerden uzak, anlaşılır
olmasıdır. Dönemin modernist mimarlarından “Fakirlik, yoksunluk, eksiklik değildir.
Minimalizm; aksine bilinçli bir tercihtir, zor olanı seçmektir, azla çok yapmaktır.” sözleriyle
açıkladığı Minimalizm felsefesini ünlü “Less is more” sözüyle “Az çoktur” ifadesini kullanarak
özetlemiştir (Islakoğlu, 2006, 4’ten akt. Döl ve Avşar, 2013).Bu ifadeden yola çıkarak flat
tasarım yaklaşımı üzerinde minimalizm sanat akımının etkileri olduğu tespit edilebilir.
Kökeninde minimalizm sanat akımını barındıran flat tasarım yaklaşımı minimalizme göre
kullanım alanları çok daha esnektir; web siteleri, kurumsal kimlik tasarımları, mobil ara yüzler,
oyun tasarımları, animasyonlar ve çizgi diziler gibi birçok alanda yetkinliğini sürdürmektedir.
Flat tasarım yaklaşımı üç boyut hissiyatını oluşturma kaygısına sahip değildir. Bu nedenle
efektlerden, abartılardan, süslemelerden uzak ve basit anlatımı benimsediği görülebilir. Bu
tasarım yaklaşımı illüstratif anlatımlar üzerinden güncel uygulamalarda ve geçmiş
uygulamalarda çok yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu uygulama alanlarından biriside karakter
tasarımıdır.
KARAKTER TASARIMI
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (Oxford Gelişmiş Öğrenci Sözlüğü) karakter
kelimesini: ‘‘Bir kişiyi diğerlerinden farklı kılan tüm nitelikler ve özellikler’’ olarak
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tanımlamıştır(https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/character?q=cha
racter). Tasarım kelimesinin birçok anlamı olsa da tasarım yapmak, sonucu görmek ve ona
ulaşmak konusunda hayal gücüyle ortaya konulan biçim, zihinde hayal etmek veya
canlandırmak üzerinden tanımlanabilir. Geçmişten günümüze kadar teknolojinin de gelişmesi
ile birlikte çizgi romanlar, animasyon filmleri, çizgi diziler, oyunlar, çocuk kitapları gibi birçok
mecrada karakter tasarımı olduğu gözlemlenebilir. Karakterler sosyolojik, psikolojik ve
fizyolojik açıdan topluma ve bireylere dair olgular barındırsa da uygulanan doğru karakter
tasarımı izleyici tarafından kabul görünüp benimsenmesine olanak sağlayabilir. Bu süreçte
çizerler, toplumda gözlemlemiş olduğu insan, nesne, mekân, hayvan gibi unsurlar üzerinden
pek çok karaktere ait davranış biçimi yükleyebilir.Karakter tasarımının öncelikli olarak
canlandırma sanatçıları ile ortaya çıktığı söylenebilir. Winsor McCay, Frank Moser, Early
Hurd, Émile Cohl gibi sanatçılar ilk canlandırma sanatçıları olarak görülebilir. Bu sanatçılar
tasarlamış olduğu karakterlerle birlikte yeni oluşturulacak olan karakter tasarımları için de hem
ilham kaynağı hem de bir yol gösterici niteliğini taşımaktadır. Bir örnek olarak Winsor Zenic
McCay (1869-1934) gazete karikatüristi olarak bilinmektedir. McCay’in çalışması olan
Dinozor Gertie (Gertie the Dinosaur (1914)) ile izleyicilere çizgi film karakterlerinin çizim
aşamalarını göstermektedir (bkz Görsel 1). Bu çalışma, zoomorfizm olgusunun çizgi
karakterler üzerinde ki ilk örneği olarak görülmektedir. Gertie karakterinin verilen komutlara
yanıt vermesi ve mamut karakterine alınganlık yaparak ağlaması, dans etmesi üzerinden
dinazora karakter tasarımında insana özgü kavramlar yüklendiği görülmektedir.
Görsel 1: Winsor McCay, Dinozor Gertie, 1914.
Kaynak: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32pzHWUTcPc
Tasarlanan karakterler izleyicinin karaktere karşı yakın hissedebilmesi, her izleyicinin bir
animasyon filminin içerisinde gündelik yaşamdan onu uzaklaştırabilecek karakterlerin olması,
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karakterin ve öykünün anlamlı bağlantısı üzerine olan ilgi filmin izlenme olanağını
arttırabilmektedir. Karakter tasarımı, günümüzde gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte birçok oyun, çizgi
dizi, animasyon gibi alanları ilgilendiren sektörleri kapsamaktadır. Bu alanlar ile ilgilenen
sektörler izleyicilerin veya oyuncuların bir ya da birden fazla kurgusal karakterlerin bulunduğu
mecralarda hikâye anlatımı üzerinden karakterlerin farklılaşması için karakter tasarımına
ihtiyaç duymaktadır.
KARAKTER TASARIM ÖĞELERİ
Karakterlerin birbirlerinden farklılaşabilmesi için ise tasarlanan karakterin form ve renk
üzerinden oluşturulabilmesi olduğu söylenebilir. Karakterin kişiliğini sağlayan form ise tasarım
kurallarına uygun olarak anatomik oranlar içerisinde verilmesi gerekmektedir. Form, karakterin
kolaylıkla ayırt edilebilecek bir siluete sahip olmaları açısından önemli sayılabilecek bir unsur
olarakta görülebilir. Tasarlanan karaktere uyum sağlayacak olan kostüm ve aksesuarlar ise
karakter tasarımında temel konuların içerisinde yer almaktadır. Karakter tasarımında form,
genel hatlarıyla birlikte kabaca geometrik şekillerden oluşmaktadır. Bu geometrik şekiller
tasarlanan karakterin kişiliği hakkında ön bilgi niteliği taşıyabilir. Bu yüzden yaratılmak istenen
karakter için tasarlanacak olan formun özellikleri de önemlidir. Üçgen formlar sivri tavrıyla
hareket, hız, gerilim ve tehlike, yuvarlak formlar sevimlilik, cana yakınlık, mutluluk ve rahatlık,
kare formlar ise öfke, güven, inatçılık, dayanıklılık gibi çağrışımlar yaratmaktadır. Karakterin
tasarlanan formu onu özgün kılan ilk unsur olarak görülebilir fakat formun yanı sıra karakterin
kolaylıkla tanınmasında yardımcı olan bir diğer nokta ise siluettir. Siluet, forma bağlı kalınarak
oluşturulmuş olan gölge eş zamanlı olarakta karakterin sahip olduğu özgün bir detay olarak
belirtilebilir. Form ve siluet birleştiğinde izleyicinin ya da okuyucunun görsel algısına hitap
ederek karakteri ayırt edebilmesini sağlamaktadır. Bir çizer tasarladığı karakterin silueti ile
karakterin formu, saçının şekli, kostüm ve aksesuarları vb. görsel unsurları algılamasını
kolaylaştırabilir. Bu sayede çizerin iyi bir şekilde tasarladığı siluet, karakterin görsel kimliğinin
bir parçası haline gelebilir. Çizerin tasarlamış olduğu form ve siluetin tasarım kurallarına uygun
anatomik oran ve denge içerisinde olması da önemli bir unsurdur.Karakterin yapısı tasarlanacak
olan form üzerinden belirli ölçü ve oran dahilinde olmalıdır. Karakterdeki anatomik yapısı ve
bu yapıyı oluşturan parçalar; ağırlık, yaş ve boy onun fiziksel kapasitesi üzerinden bir sınırlılık
yaratabilir. Karakterlerin birbirleri arasında oluşan farklılık ise oran-orantıyla ilgilidir.
Tasarlanmak istenen karaktere ait farklılıkları vurgulamak ve daha anlaşılır olması için oran
orantı ilişkisiyle birlikte denge unsurundan yararlanılır. Zafer Özden ve Çağdaş Ülgen (2015),
karakterin kendi içerinde ki oranlarını şu şekilde açıklamışlardır:
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‘‘Beden oranları saptanırken, ölçüt olarak baş kullanılmaktadır. Beden tasarlanırken beden
başa oranla oluşturulmaktadır. Canlandırma filmlerinde karakter tasarımları, genellikle
karakterlerin özelliklerine bağlı olarak iki baş ile dokuz baş arasında bir ölçü değeri içinde
yapılmaktadır’’Normal bir desen üzerinden değerlendirilecek olunursa bir insanın vücuduna
oranı yedi-sekiz baş uzunluğu arasında değişmektedir. Bir çizer karakteri tasarlarken karakterin
kişilik yapısıyla anatomik yapısının birbirleriyle uyumlu ve denge içerisinde olacak şekilde
tasarlamaktadır. Sevimli bir karakterin formu yuvarlak olarak tasarlansa da bazen anatomik
yapısı dengede olacak şekilde baş büyük, beden küçük olarak karşımıza çıkabilmektedir ya da
baş küçük beden büyük olarak tasarlanan karakterler güçlü biri yenilmez bir karakter olarakta
tanımlanabilmektedir. Karakterin kişilik özelliklerini belirleyen bir diğer unsur ise karakterde
ki renk kullanımıdır.Renk, iletişimin doğal bir öğesi olarak sayılsa da insanlar için psikolojik
etkileri olduğu gözlenmektedir. Bir bilgi yazılı olmasa dahi renkler aracılığı ile iletilmek istenen
mesaj psikolojik bağlamda ve bilinçaltının etkisiyle insanların zihninde canlanabilmektedir.
Renkler sıcak (sarı, kırımızı, turuncu) ve soğuk (mavi, yeşil, mor) olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır.
Genellikle sıcak renklerin insanları harekete geçirdiği ve canlılık uyandırdığı gözlenmektedir.
Soğuk renklerin ise insanlarda sakinlik, güven ve rahatlık uyandırdığı söylenebilir. Algılama
ve yorumlama üzerine renklerin döneme ve kültüre ait anlamlarının değişmesinden dolayı her
bir rengin psikolojik etkisinin evrenselliğinden ve sürekliliğinden bahsetmek olumlu
olmayabilir. Karakter tasarımında doğru renk dağılımının yapılması önemli bir unsurdur.
Karakterlerin hareketlerinin rahatlıkla okunabilmesi, öykü ile birlikte karakterin kişilik
özelliklerine ait renklerin seçilmesi ve karakterlerin bir araya geldiğinde anlamlı bir bütün
oluşturabilmesi adına renkler karakter tasarımında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Karakter
tasarımında renk kullanımının yanı sıra kostüm ve aksesuarlarda karaktere ayrıcalık
kazandırabilmektedir.Karakter tasarımında kostüm ve aksesuar karakterin kişilik özelliklerini,
bedensel özelliklerini, yaşadığı dönemi, içerisinde bulunduğu kültürü ve mesleği üzerine bilgi
verme niteliği taşımaktadır. Karakter tasarımı yapılırken kostüm ve aksesuar (pelerin, şapka,
baston, kılıç, çanta, vb.) karakterin formunu ve siluetini etkilediği gözlemlenmektedir. Bu
nedenle karakterin kostüm ve aksesuar detayları tasarlanırken karakterin kişiliğine uyum
sağlayacak ve bedensel görünümünü dikkate alınacak şekilde tasarlanması gerekmektedir.
Karakter, hareket ve aksiyon yüklü ise tasarlanan kostüm ve aksesuarda izleyicide hareket
uyandıracak nitelikte kıvrımlı çizgilere sahip olabilmektedir. Tam tersi karakter durağan bir
kişiliğe sahip ise karakterin kostüm ve aksesuar tasarımında kullanılan çizgilerde sade,
kıvrımdan uzak bir şekilde tasarlanabilmektedir. Karakter tasarımında form, siluet, anatomik
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yapı, renk, kostüm ve aksesuar gibi karakter tasarım öğelerinin dışında karakterin dış
görünüşünü, tarzını ve kişiliğini etkileyebilecek olan üslup öğelerinin olduğu söylenebilir.
Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK) üslup sözcüğünü şu şekilde tanımlamıştır: ‘‘Sanatçının görüş, duyuş
ve anlayışındaki kendine özgü anlatış biçimi; biçem, hava, stil’’(www.sozluk.gov.tr). Üslup,
karakter tasarımında karakterin tarzını ve kişiliğini yansıtmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır.
Karakter
tasarımında
üslup,
diğer
tasarım
öğelerinde
olduğu
gibi
bütünlüğü
etkileyebilmektedir. Karakter tasarım öğeleri, kullanılacak olan üsluba bağlı kalınacak ve
uyumlu olunacak şekilde oluşturulmalıdır. Üslup aynı zamanda hedef kitleyi de
oluşturabilmektedir. Karakter tasarımında kullanılan üslup basit ve sevimli ise çocuklar için
tasarlanmış veya karmaşık detaylara yer veren gerçekçi bir üslup kullanılıyorsa yetişkinlere
yönelik tasarlanmış olabilmektedir. Bu yaklaşımdan yola çıkılacak olursa bir çizerin tercih
ettiği üsluba göre karakterlerin tasarımları da değişiklik gösterdiği söylenebilir. Bu araştırma
kapsamında illüstrasyon alanı üzerinden karakter tasarım öğeleri ele alınarak Jetgiller çizgi
dizisinin George, Jane, Judy, Elroy ve Astro karakterlerine günümüz tasarım üslubu olan flat
yaklaşımının yansımaları incelenecektir.
FLAT TASARIM YAKLAŞIMINDA JETGİLLER KARAKTER TASARIM ÖRNEĞİ
Jetgillerin yaratıcısı olan yapım ve yönetmen ekibi William Hanna ve Joseph Barbera olduğu
bilinmektedir. 1950’lerin sonu ile 1960’ların ortası, Hanna ve Barbera’nın en yaratıcı dönemi
olduğu söylenebilir. Hanna-Barbera Taş Devri, Ayı Yogi ve Jetgiller animasyon karakterleri ile
ön plana çıkmaktadır. Jetgiller ilk olarak 1962-1963’e kadar eğlence kuşağı olarakta bilinen
prime time’da yayınlanmış olup daha sonra 1985-87 arasında yeni bölümleri tekrar üretilip
gösterime sunulmuştur (Matt Novak, 2012). Jetgiller çizgi dizisinin ilk gösterime sunulduğu
tarihten önce ki dönemlerde flat üslubunun başlangıcı olarak kabul görüldüğü söylenebilir.
Jetgiller çizgi dizisinin tasarım üslubunda flat yaklaşımının izleri olduğu görülmektedir.
İncelenecek olan karakterlerden ilki George Jetson’ dır.George, jetgiller çizgi dizisinin kurgusal
bir karakteri olup aynı zamanda Jetgiller ailesinde baba rolünü üstlenmektedir. Düzenli olarak
işine gidip gelen bir çalışan olarak bilinmektedir. George karakterinin tasarımında kullanılan
form yapısı, geometrik bir yapı olup sade şekliyle ön plana çıkmaktadır. Karakterin formunda
ki hatlar kontur çizgileri ile desteklenmektedir. Karakterde gölge kullanılmamış olup aynı
zamanda anatomik yapısının üç boyutluluktan uzak yalın bir şekilde ve iki boyutlu olarak
tasarlandığı görülmektedir. Karakterde tasarlanan kostüm, mavi pantolon, yeşil kemer, beyaz
gömlek ve ayakkabıdan oluşmaktadır. Karakterin beyaz ayakkabısının üzerinde birbirine
paralel konumlanan çember şeklinde bir çeşit sade aksesuar bulunmaktadır (bkz. Görsel 2).
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Görsel 2: George Jetson
Kaynak: https://adventures-of-chris-and-tifa.fandom.com/wiki/George_Jetson
Jetgiller çizgi dizisinde inceleyecek olduğumuz bir başka karakter Jane Jetson’ dır. Jane,
Goerge karakterinin eşidir ve Jetgiller ailesinde anne rolünü üstlenmektedir. Jane bir ev hanımı
aynı zamanda bakımlı olmayı ve alışverişi seven bir karakter olarak bilinmektedir. Karakterin
form yapısı sade ve yalındır. Jane karakterinin formunu, kullanılan kontur çizgileri ön plana
çıkarmaktadır. Karakterin iki boyutlu anatomik yapısı vardır. Jane üzerine tasarlanan kostüm
sade bir elbise olup etek ucu detayı mor rengine yakın lila rengi tonuyla detaylandırıldığı
gözlemlenmektedir. Karakterde sade yalın bir anlatımla inci küpeyi andıran bir aksesuar
kullanıldığı görülmektedir (bkz. Görsel 3).
Görsel 3: Jane Jetson
Kaynak: https://www.pxfuel.com/en/desktop-wallpaper-aenlg
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Jetgiler ailesinde incelenecek olan bir diğer karakter Judy Jetson’dır. Judy, George ve Jane’nin
kızlarıdır. Jane daha çok fütüristik zevklere sahip olan bir kız olarak bilinmektedir. Karakterde
kullanılan form yapısı sade bir geometrik şekle sahiptir. Judy karakterinin form yapısı kontur
çizgileri kullanılarak desteklenmektedir. Karakterde gölge kullanılmamış olup iki boyutlu bir
yapıya sahip olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Judy karakterinin kostümü sade bir t-shirt, etek, çorap
ve ayakkabıdan oluşmaktadır. Karakterin kostüm ayrıntıları fuşya renginin farklı tonları ile
belirtilmektedir. Karakterde kullanılan toka aksesuarı sade, yalın, düz ve siyah renkli olduğu
gözlemlenmektedir (bkz. Görsel 4).
Görsel 4: Judy Jetson
Kaynak:https://tv.apple.com/us/movie/rockin-with-judyjetson/umc.cmc.6vb9xrmitrldndso0km1280xa
Jetson çizgi dizisinde incelenecek olan bir diğer karakter ise Elroy Jetson’ dır. Elroy, Jetgiller
ailesinin en küçük çocuğu olup George ve Jane’nin oğlu aynı zamanda Judy’nin erkek kardeşi
olarak bilinmektedir. Elroy, oldukça zeki bir çocuk aynı zamanda uzay bilimlerine meraklı
olmasıyla ön plana çıkmaktadır. Karakter için kullanılan form yalın geometrik şekillerden
oluşmaktadır. Gölge kullanılmamış olup detaylar kontur çizgileri ile ele alınmış, yapısı iki
boyutlu olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Karakterin kostüm tasarımında yeşil sade bahçıvan
kıyafeti, basit beyaz t-shirt ve birbirine paralel olarak sade bir anlatımla tasarlanmış olan çember
detaylı şapka kullanıldığı gözlemlenmektedir (bkz. Görsel 5).
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Görsel 5: Elroy Jetson
Kaynak: https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/Elroy_Jetson
Jetgiller çizgi dizinde son olarak incelenecek karakter Astro’dur. Astro, Elroy Jetson’ın evcil
hayvanı, George Jetson’ın en iyi arkadaşı olarak ve George ile uzay yürüyüşü yapmaktan
hoşlandığı bilinmektedir. Astro hayvan karakterinin geometrik formları yalın bir anlatımla
köpeği betimlemektedir. Anatomik yapı olarak bir insan boyutu andırmakta olup iki boyutlu
olarak tasarlandığı görülmektedir. Karakter, kullanılan kontur çizgileri ile ön plana çıkmaktadır.
Aksesuar olarak yeşil sade ve basit bir tasma kullanıldığı gözlemlenmektedir (bkz. Görsel 6).
Görsel 6: Astro
Kaynak: https://animated-dogs.fandom.com/wiki/Astro
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SONUÇ
İllüstrasyon alanında gerçekleştirilen uygulamaların çocuk ve yetişkin yönünden her yaşa hitap
ettiği söylenebilir. Bununla birlikte resimlemenin eğlence sektöründe oyun, animasyon ve çizgi
dizi gibi benzer birçok alanda farklı tasarım yaklaşımları ile ele alındığı gözlemlenebilmektedir.
Günümüz teknolojisinin gelişmesiyle birlikte artan tüketim hızının tasarım yaklaşımlarına
yansıması sade, net, abartılardan ve görsel efektlerden uzak okunabilirliği kolay ve akıcı olması
yönünden flat tasarımı günümüz tasarımlarında güçlü bir anlatım tekniği olarak
kullanılmaktadır. Bu yaklaşım türü hala popülerliğini koruyor olsa da geçmiş dönemlerin
tasarım anlayışlarında da izleri görülmektedir.Araştırma kapsamında incelenen Jetgiller çizgi
dizisinin, flat tasarım yaklaşımı ile ele alındığı saptanmıştır. Bu yaklaşımın yapısı ve var olan
anlatım dili geçmiş dönem tasarım anlayışlarında var olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma üzerinden
sunulan örnekler, karakter tasarımları ve tasarım öğeleri açısından incelendiğinde günümüz flat
tasarımının bir yansıması olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
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Kaynakça
Berger, J. (2023). Görme Biçimleri, Metis Yayınevi, İstanbul.
Becer, E. (2011). İletişim ve Grafik Tasarım, Dost Kitapevi Yayınları, Ankara.
Becer, E. (2020). Modern Sanat ve Yeni Tipografi, Dost Kitapevi Yayınları, Ankara.
Döl, A. & Avşar, P. (2013). Minimalizm Akımı Kapsamında Nesne Anlayışının Yeniden
Değerlendirilmesi. İdil Dergisi, 2 (10), DOI: 10.7816/idil-02-10-01
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (Oxford Gelişmiş Öğrenci Sözlüğü). (2023).
(08.12.2023):(https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/character?
q=character).
Novak, M. (2012). 50 Years of the Jetsons: Why The Show Still Matters. (18.02.2024):
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/50-years-of-the-jetsons-why-the-show-stillmatters-43459669/
Özden,Z. & Ülgen, Ç. (2015). Canlandırma Filmi Yapım Sürecinde Karakter Tasarım Aşaması.
Yedi: Sanat Tasarım ve Bilim Dergisi,14:23-38.
Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK). (2023). (12.11.2023): https://sozluk.gov.tr/
Türk Dil Kurumu (TDK). (2024). (05.01.2024): https://sozluk.gov.tr/
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EVALUATION OF GERTRUDE STEIN'S STUDIO IN THE CONTEXT OF
POSTMODERN MUSEUM PRACTICES
Kemal Barış İLBI
Ankara University
Ceren Güner ÖZ
Ankara University
ABSTRACT
Today, museums are trying to adapt their exhibition and presentation techniques, approaches
and practices to the environments in which new art is produced. In the definition of
contemporary museum prepared by the International Council of Museums, it is emphasized that
the museum is a non-profit, permanent institution that researches, collects, preserves, interprets,
exhibits and is at the service of the society. Along with updating its functions with its new
definition, the museum has become responsible for promoting diversity and sustainability as
public, accessible and inclusive institutions. To provide a variety of experiences for education,
entertainment and knowledge sharing; working ethically, professionally and with the
participation of communities, as well as communicating with visitors and audiences, has been
added to the definition as the functions that museums assume responsibility for. In this context,
with the changing definition, important changes have started to occur in the content of museum
visits and in the expectations of visitors. Museum visits, which have started to become
individual journeys, become experiences that support lifelong learning with exhibitions that are
created in accordance with this expectation that came to the fore with the new definition, and
where principles such as "inclusivity", "learning by sharing", which are postmodern museum
criteria, are focused and presented. In this study, the art studio of the American writer Gertrude
Stein, which is described as “the first museum of modern art", is discussed through the concept
of contemporary micro-museum. In this context, examples of museums that are open to
diversity, encouraging intercultural communication, organized around Gertrude Stein's "salonstudio model" have been assessed in Turkey. The Adam Michiewicz Museum, Doğançay
Museum, Orhan Kemal Museum and Ara Güler Museum in Istanbul, which are thought to be
suitable for the salon-studio model in terms of content, were examined. it has also been
discussed how the dissemination of the salon-studio model will contribute to the concept of
postmodern museum and contemporary micro-museum practices.
Keywords: museum, museum studies, micromuseum, studio museum, Gertrude Stein
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POSTMODERNISM, DIVERSITY, AND EVOLVING MUSEUMS
Micro Museums
In contrast to larger museums whose missions and ideals are acknowledged by the public,
smaller museums that aim to give visitors a sense of the local and indigenous cultures have
started to open in many nations throughout the world in the last century. These museums, which
Candlin (2016) calls "Micro museums", generally concentrate on famous people who lived in
different parts of the world and added value to the national or international community with
their productions, courage or heroism, create exhibitions by displaying the objects these wellknown individuals used when they were alive to celebrate their lives and commemorate their
memories. The museums mentioned above, the majority of which are small-scale, focus on a
single subject or theme outside of academic fields, are independent, and often employ more
than ten paid staff members (Candlin, 2016, Hibbins, 2022). The micro museums have sparked
a significant shift in the way that museums and museology are conceptualized and have made
reformative advancements possible in the area. These spaces hosted exhibitions that were
typically centered around the life of a particular artist or a specific theme. The context of any
chosen subject served as the foundation for the development of the interaction between the
shown objects and the audience. Since opening their doors to the public, particularly in rural
areas, micro museums have concentrated on telling local and regional stories and have begun
to host exhibitions with original artifacts and genuine local details to draw tourists to these areas
(Hibbins, 2022, Vella, Cutajar, 2014). Micro museums, some of which have more flexible
administrative structures, are not under the direct control of any national, regional, or local
government agency or body. In other words, managerial interventions in the processes of
exhibition formation and creation are less usual, according to Candlin (2016), therefore, micro
museums are now the ones creating artistic production environments where multifaceted
communication takes place by refocusing attention and concentration from culturally dominant
formations to extraordinary ones. This is claimed to be the best way to demonstrate diversity
and inclusivity, which is one of the key tenets of postmodern museums.
«Lost Generation» and Gertrude Stein’s Salon
Many thinkers and artists of the early 20th century attempted to combat the negative
consequences of the depressing, conservative, and oppressive social codes, facts, and
conventions of the preceding century, particularly just before World Wars I and II. The startling
results of the economic downturns and crises that industrialized nations had through during that
period forced society to reevaluate the social norms they had up until that point. Getrude Stein,
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a writer and art collector who was a key architect of the social change and transformation
movement, was born into a Jewish American family in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, on February
3, 1874. Before moving back to the United States in 1880, Stein—who would later travel to
Europe with her family—lived in two separate European cities: Vienna and Paris. The family
moved back to America and lived in San Francisco. (Greelane, 2021). After his brother Leo
Stein moved to Paris in the early 1900s, Gertrude Stein traveled to France in 1903. In the
meantime, some American artists settled in Paris who would later lead new art movements, be
a pioneer in social shifts, and have significant roles in the growth of that era's art world. The
phrase "lost generation" was coined to characterize this group of people who had lived through
the devastation caused by World War I, had witnessed its effects firsthand, had their lives
completely upended, and had the guts to speak out against the judgmental, stereotyped values
and oppressive lifestyles of the previous generation (Jaracz, 2021). F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude
Stein, Ernest Hemingway, and T.S. Eliot were among the writers and poets of this century and
generation who relocated to Paris to breathe and immerse themselves in the inventive setting
and reap the rewards of this vibrant and progressive milieu (Longley, 2020). In the same years,
Gertrude Stein, who started to gain recognition as an authority and specialist on literature and
art, welcomed Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair, Cezanné, Henri Matissé, Pablo
Picasso at her art hall, number 27, on Fleurus Street, according to Özsezgin (2015).
In short, Gertrude Stein created this space; the studio hall at 27 Fleurus Street where she
hosted writers and painters who were considered "extraordinary" at the time but are now
recognized as the most prominent artists and intellectuals of the 20th century. The space evolved
into a micro art museum and collective production area where dynamic discussions took place
to spark the development of modern art concepts and criteria. As an interdisciplinary interaction
space and a shared cluster, Stein's Hall can be regarded as a place where one of the indispensable
merits is valued in postmodern museum criteria, given its direct impact on the art creative
processes across many fields. Gertrude Stein's 'Salon’ also fostered the artistic understanding
of the era and established a liberating and queer atmosphere; It evolved into a location that not
only meets but also exceeds the requirements of many postmodern and modern museums,
helping to shape some of them. In addition, given the content of the collection in the hall and
the diversity of the audience and participants, Gertrude Stein's "Studio" was a platform that
united various groups and visits which would trigger the creation, sharing, intercultural and
interdisciplinary learning processes that individuals were happy with.
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Method and Scope
This study was designed as descriptive research in the document scanning model. The screening
model is a research model that aims to detect a past and present situation as it exists. In the
study, a literature review was conducted, accompanied by written and visual texts, about
Gertrude Stein's artist identity, her works, her studies and the salon-studio museum model she
created; documents and examples related to micro museums were examined, and the findings
were edited and shared as they existed. The document of this study is four Studio - Art and
Artist Museums: Adam Michiewicz Museum, Doğançay Museum, Orhan Kemal Museum and
Ara Güler Museum, which serve in Turkey and have the status of private museums within the
framework of Gertrude Stein's "Salon - Studio museum" example. These museums were first
identified and examined as micro museum examples, examples of art museums or studio
museums. Secondly, web pages and publications related to the identified museums were
searched; they were visited by the researcher between 2021 and 2023, and the collected data
was compiled into a report and presented as suggestions.
The data of the research were collected with structured interview forms and researcher
observation notes. The researcher asked the following questions to the experts working in
relevant museums:
1. Does the museum have an information brochure/booklet prepared in different languages
using universal intercultural elements?
2. Does the museum have object labels, touch screens that introduce objects, etc.? Have the
items been prepared in different languages in a way that can attract the attention of different
age groups?
3. Have exhibitions been prepared and presentations focused on audience participation in the
museum?
4. Are the physical conditions and facilities of the museum (education room, recreation areas,
cafe, etc.) arranged in a way where "vulnerable and disadvantaged" groups can come together
and share their impressions about the museum?
5. Are there activities in the museum that will support the co-creation and sharing process for
the participation of different groups?
6. Are interactive methods centered on advanced technology that will support active and
lifelong learning used in the museum?
7. Are social media accounts used to introduce museum exhibitions?
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Findings and Interpretation
Numerous small-scale museums featuring individuals and artists can be found across Turkey's
cities. To assess if these museums are near an inclusive museum model open to cultural diversity
that can be created based on Gertrude Stein's "Salon - Studio," it is necessary to determine
whether their management styles adhere to contemporary postmodern museum understanding
and criteria, whether the exhibitions organized are constructed by applying postmodern
presentation methods, and so on. While carrying out this research, four of the “artist-important
person” museums that met the micro museum criteria that were open to visitors in Istanbul were
selected and visited by the researcher between 2021 and 2023. Before these research trips, an
evaluation form containing postmodern micro museum criteria was prepared and the museums
visited were examined in line with these criteria.
MICRO ART MUSEUMS IN THE RESEARCH
Adam Mickiewicz Museum
Adam Mickiewicz Museum, located in the center of Istanbul as an artist museum, was
converted from a residence to a museum in 1955. The museum building is important because it
is the house where Adam Mickiewicz lived until 1855 (Bektaş and Yalçınkaya, 2020).
Mickiewicz is a poet, patriot and the most important representative of Romanticism in Polish
literature, the author of the Polish national epic, who is equated with names such as George
Byron and Johann Wolfgang Goethe. The Adam Mickiewicz Museum has a comprehensive
booklet on Mickiewicz published by the Polish Consulate General. This booklet consists of
articles full of biographical elements such as the poet's personal history, why and when he came
to Istanbul, examples of his poems, and articles about the history of the museum. The museum
booklet is prepared only in Turkish. Since this booklet is an example prepared using
encyclopaedic information about the poet, the museum, the street and the district (Pera) where
it is located, rather than a museum brochure that will appeal to different communities or age
groups, the intended audience is limited to a certain intellectual group. Since Mickiewicz is a
national poet of Poland, these articles, which center on the historical, social, and cultural ties
between the two nations, were penned by highly qualified experts and academics; however,
audiences from different age groups and social classes will find them uninteresting. The
audience can be drawn in by the "history strip" prepared and hung on the museum walls in three
languages (Turkish, English, and Polish). It was made with historical details from both cultures,
the poet's personal effects, and the hallways brimming with details and artifacts unique to the
local Polish culture. Although the identity cards of the objects on display are meticulously
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created, there is not enough information or explanation to spark interest across various age and
cultural groups. The museum's digital presentations give visitors detailed information on the
subject matter. The "poem tree" artwork on the third level, which is constructed out of tiny book
pages, is one of the exhibitions important tools that emphasizes audience engagement and is
thought to be an application to boost visitor contact. These little sheets of the poet's many poems
are available for readers to read. If they'd like, they can even tear off a branch from one of the
pages and carry it with them as a tangible reminder of their trip to the museum. In the threestorey museum building, an infrastructure system has not been created to allow disabled visitors
to access the museum floors. While the well-designed seating areas placed on each floor of the
museum enable the audience to rest and evaluate the objects they see, yet the terrace on the top
floor of the building is not actively used. There are no activities in the museum that will enable
the participation of different groups, and there is no museum educator who can communicate
with the audience.Therefore, as emphasized by Taylor and Neill (2008), it is not possible for
educational activities, which are considered the strongest aspect of contemporary museums in
the context of social studies, to be carried out with a planned educator. Furthermore, the
museum lacks a social media presence on any platform that could promote more interpersonal
communication. The Adam Michiewicz Museum is described on the Ministry's website
/museumkart website in both Turkish and English, along with a few images and a brief
description, like other museums under the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
Doğançay Museum
Turkey's first museum dedicated to modern art; Doğançay Museum opened its doors to the
public in 2004 (Doğançay Museum, 2023). With collections curated from artist Burhan
Doğançay's works from the past to the present, the museum provides an opportunity to explore
the artist's evolving understanding of art throughout time as well as look at his paintings. Burhan
Doğançay's works exhibited in the museum include his figurative works; In the cities where he
lived during his maturity period, he produced works inspired by the walls, which he saw as the
most important sharing environments of the post-modern city and depicted as platforms where
all the myths and stories about the city could be solved, etc. (Doğançay Museum, 2023). The
museum also gives visitors the chance to compare the works produced by the Doğançays, and
therefore to follow the differences in both style and content in the art perceptions and
approaches of the Doğançays, father and son, and the traces left by the social movements and
art movements of the historical periods in which they lived. The museum visitor guide booklet
is meant to serve as a reference book for art enthusiasts of all ages and backgrounds, as it
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provides extensive information about the painter's life, artwork, and museum exhibits. This
contrasts with the brochures and promotional booklets, which lack the comprehensiveness
necessary to appeal to various audiences, communities, or age groups. The five-storey
Doğançay Museum's well-designed display galleries and lighting system allow it to present the
works of Burhan and Adil Doğançay in a spectacular fashion by placing them within their
respective historical artistic periods. Audiences from a variety of age groups and cultural
backgrounds can enjoy visiting the museum because the bilingual tags of the works are placed
in convenient locations, are readable without complicating the presentation of the works, and
allow users to download the necessary information to their smartphones via the QR codes
prepared for each work. Furthermore, information regarding the time periods in which the
works were produced can be accessed by scanning the QR codes that have been placed next to
the artwork. One can also create a personal connection with the artist by traveling to the
historical process and setting in which the artists created their works through listening to the
significant music of the era. Although more interactive and audience-oriented technological
methods such as touch screens are not used, the use of important musical works of the period
as another art that could trigger the production of painting enable the audience to establish a
personal relationship with the exhibited works and make the museum experience more
permanent. The museum offers services such as teahouses and elevators designed to facilitate
the travels of both general visitors and disadvantaged groups and provide them with a respite.
Therefore, a visitor who wants to visit the museum in a wheelchair can go to the upper floors
by elevator. Important steps taken to ensure the continuity of the museum include not ignoring
this issue, which is crucial for audience inclusion, and fostering an atmosphere where guests
from various groups can congregate and discuss their thoughts about the works, thanks to the
free tea hours held at specific times in the ground floor teahouse. The museum hosts a few
lectures and activities that are open to participation from various organizations. For instance:
Since September 2021, the museum's culture and art center has hosted the "Beyond Borders"
event, which has facilitated discussions between professionals and academics and young
people. The series of seminars called “Beyond Borders” is the first of the Doğançay Museum
online seminars.
Orhan Kemal Museum
Orhan Kemal Museum was established in 2000 with the contributions of the Orhan Kemal
Culture and Arts Coordination Office on the ground floor of a five-storey building in Beyoğlu,
with the aim of keeping the memory of the writer Orhan Kemal alive. In the museum, objects
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used by Orhan Kemal in certain periods of his life (his glasses, his typewriter, which was one
of the most important objects in the construction and shaping of a writer's production area
during his lifetime, etc.), his private belongings, private correspondence, family photographs
and photographs taken by the famous photographer Ara Güler are exhibited (Hürriyet, 2023).
All works in the museum are exhibited with "object-oriented" classical presentation techniques
and lighting system. The works were not presented with more technologically advanced
applications like touch displays or Barco vision, which may draw in audiences of all ages. The
preparation of item tags, which are primarily date tags, is limited to Turkish, making it difficult
for audiences and visitors from other countries or cultures to comprehend and relate to the
significance of the objects, their histories, and general background. Audience interaction is not
feasible because all the museum's works are exhibited using "object-oriented" display systems
and lighting processes. Stated differently, the museum does not employ strategies that would
boost attendance by endorsing the technology-driven education-entertainment model. Other
than leaving notes in the "memory book" located at the museum's entry, there isn't any activity
in which the audience can actively participate. The rooms housing the exhibits on display are
the only areas of the museum, which is housed in a tiny flat. The Orhan Kemal Museum draws
interest from both domestic and foreign tourists due to its status as an artist-museum named
after a significant and well-known writer, as well as the writer's and his works' significant
influence in both Turkey and the global literary community. To put it succinctly, the museum's
display of its artifacts lacks interactivity, and its planned programs play little part in drawing in
people from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Ara Güler Museum
A micromuseum with a similar concept, Ara Güler Museum, converted the old Bomonti Beer
Factory into a cultural socializing platform in the city's centre, making it one of the public
collective production spaces. In honour of renowned photographer Ara Güler, one of Istanbul's
most significant memory collectors, the museum opened its doors in 2018. The museum strives
to fulfil these objectives and missions. It was founded to preserve the images that Ara Güler
took over the years and present them to the younger generations. It also aims to create both
temporary and permanent exhibitions using selected frames from its archive and to make them
accessible to audiences interested in photography from a variety of social backgrounds. The
2018 opening of the Ara Güler Museum in Bomontiada and its exhibitions have become a
significant link in the formation of ties between various social classes because of the imprints
they leave on the city's cultural memory and the interactive and transitional dialogue they foster
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within people. The "A Handful of Beautiful People" exhibition welcomes guests into the
museum's rooms, which are exceptionally well-designed for a photography museum,
maintaining the exhibitions' genuine appearance and meticulous preparation, from the
presentations to the well-chosen photos. Books about Ara Güler and his work, which are
compiled from his archive, are available for purchase on the museum store's shelves, but no
brochure regarding the museum's founding or the current show is available for viewing.
Examining the works is made easier by the efficient lighting system that illuminates the panel
dividers made of the walls. The fact that date strips and object tags are generated in both Turkish
and English gives viewers from other cultures or countries an advantage in terms of information
accessibility. The effect created by exhibition presentations made inside the texture of a
historical place allows visitors to feel as though they are a part of the works and the historical
processes in which they were produced. Because of this genuine environment, the museum has
grown to be a significant hub for public acculturation as well as a gathering place and sociability
hub for visitors. Specifically, the museum's interior architecture is showcased through its
design, which includes exhibition spaces and seating arrangements tailored to suit various
audience demographics. While speaking with museum authorities, it was learned that a few
workshops and events had been planned for the participation of various organizations; however,
no formal program or informational brochure had been prepared for these events. Because it is
an artist-museum named after a significant and well-known artist, like Doğançay and Orhan
Kemal Museum, and because Ara Güler's works are well-known in Turkey and throughout the
world of art, the museum draws both domestic and foreign visitors. The Ara Güler Museum has
also active social media profiles in addition to a webpage with basic information about the
institution.
Conclusion
Museums are communal centers of acculturation and socialization that seek to build bridges
between the past, present and future, offer meaningful experiences to communities and
individuals while striving to achieve this purpose and mission, and aim to strengthen
communication between societies and cultures by eliminating prejudices. (Anonymous cited by
Yılmaz, Er, 2020: 171).
Today, technology is used to create spaces where unlimited communication takes place
seamlessly in such an addictive manner, and where our emotions and feelings become a
commodity for consumption. Although these socializing environments are spaces created to
encourage the strengthening of people's bonds with each other and to support the dialogue
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between cultures and different communities, these channels are created to provide instant
information exchange and flow rather than to reinforce the communication between individuals.
As a result of the excessive and unnecessary use of these spaces, the life arteries of many
individuals are blocked, the functional abilities they need to use in daily life are restricted, and
it is observed that they become identities with serious problems of focusing. The atmosphere
created by these "sharing spaces" aims to make individuals visible instead of creating common
grounds upon which they might share and exchange ideas with one another.
Owing to the controversial phenomenon and practice of radical democracy imposed by global
capitalism, in which all our personal data is systematically stored and stocked, and which has
been simply developed by being placed in the centre of the concept of "deconstruction", one of
the postmodern philosophical approaches defined by Derrida (2012), different communities
living in the world are forced to live in their own bubbles. In short, modern human, far beyond
meeting in common spaces, communities, together with the groups they are characterized by,
live their lives in ghettos where they affirm their existence by constantly "otherizing" the others
through the social networks they have established with only those who are like them in the safe
cocoons created. Despite opinions to the contrary, it is a first-hand reality of our times that there
are significant differences between making an identity or a group visible or being aware of the
existence of such an identity or group, and encouraging and promoting the creation of spaces
where different communities can build social and cultural bridges with each other.
"Homes", which in the past were spaces characterized by the connotations of a "warm" word
like "nest" and where individuals with certain common values and habits led their lives together,
are now defined in completely different terms. It is no coincidence that the concept of "living
space" is defined as an area with the facilities of shopping malls, where you can establish ties
and be valued only as long as you consume and spend, or that it evolves into a quality to create
such a perception. As one of the compasses of sociocultural change, it is impossible for
contemporary museums to remain indifferent to the waves of sociocultural transformation. For
this reason, like the evolution of the concept of "home", the concept of museum has been
defined with many different qualities and characteristics attributed by governments and
societies throughout the course of history.
Today, principles such as "inclusiveness and diversity" or "creating common spaces that foster
communication between communities and cultures" which are often underlined and emphasized
as being parts of the criteria and trends of contemporary museums, have found their way among
the constituents of the up-to-date standards of museums especially because of the reformist
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social and cultural movements of the previous century. These concepts have been included in
the contemporary museum definition because of difficult processes, painful social resistances
and fractions, and have changed the traditional understanding and concept of the museum from
scratch, thus becoming phenomena that has diverted and shaped postmodern museum practices.
As a result of the imposition of today's lifestyle, museums, which are now identified with the
concept of "shopping mall museum", are managed with an institutional structure like the
administrative organization of international "fast food" restaurant chains. For this reason, most
of the above-mentioned contemporary museum criteria which are of great importance for the
creation of an environment of social harmony and tolerance remain on paper without being put
into practice, or processes during which the speed and duration of an activity during these
applications prevent the continuity of learning can be experienced. Moreover, in some largescale museums, the use of technology has become more of the goal itself than a means to an
end, resulting in the satisfaction of individual’s own curiosity being elevated to the top of the
list of museum experiences. Thus, the audience becomes more interested in the technological
device that is supposed to make the presentation interactive than in creating bonds with the
objects on display.For this reason, this study, which makes it possible to thoroughly examine
the periods and spaces at which social movements and civil rights struggles changing the history
of the world and becoming a touchstone by transforming the traditional understanding of art
and the concept of the museum, focuses on evaluating the approaches of postmodern museums
in the perspective of a micro-scale art museum. In addition to this, this research aims to answer
the questions about how today's museums can benefit from the structure of these formations by
being fascinated by the common spaces created organically in different art circles, without
prescribed programs or calendars. Therefore, while examining one of the best examples of these
spaces, the famous studio of Gertrude Stein who was recognized as an art expert in Parisian art
circles in the beginning of the last century, this study had the chance to evaluate both the concept
of contemporary museum through the definitions of micro-scale museums and the single artist
museums in Turkey in the context of the mentioned criteria.Moreover, in this study, microscale museums are in focus since there are many examples and experiences showing that
postmodern museum trends and practices, as explained in detail with examples above,
sometimes lose their functionality in large-scale and international museums and are presented
as part of their institutional identity for the sake of "political correctness". In line with this focus,
it has been determined that Doğançay Museum, which is only one of the four single artist
museums visited in Istanbul, organizes exhibitions and presentations with an awareness of
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contemporary museum trends, and tries to apply postmodern museum criteria within the limits
of possibilities. On the other hand, the Adam Michiewicz Museum and the Ara Güler Museum
generally emphasize postmodern presentation practices, while the Orhan Kemal Museum, by
using traditional presentation techniques, displays an approach which is far from inclusiveness.
During this study, another small-scale museum, the "Museum of Innocence" of the famous
novelist Orhan Pamuk, which received the European Museum of the Year Award in 2014, was
also visited. Although the Museum of Innocence did not become one of the subjects of this
study due to its being based on fictional characters and plot, the important role of this museum
in the development of new generation small-scale museums, especially in Turkey, is
undeniable, both in terms of the originality of its collection and the presentation of objects.
However, although the interior design of the museum building was impressively created in a
way that emphasizes the presentation of objects with details that deepen the museum
experience, the Museum of Innocence, like the other small-scale museums in the scope of the
research, except the Doğançay Museum, is weak in terms of audience inclusiveness. Due to
the architecture of the building, an elevator cannot be installed, so a viewer in a wheelchair can
only visit the first floor, while the limited space of the museum is an obstacle to the creation of
an interactive environment where intercultural exchange is encouraged, and any museum
education can take place. While today's technology (film projectors, audio guides, etc.) is used
only to add dimension to the presentation techniques and exhibition methods, the museum does
not organize any activities that visitors can participate in and turn their museum visit into a
personal experience, except for the copies of Orhan Pamuk's Museum of Innocence in various
languages, the novel from which the museum’s fictional display was adapted, placed in the
resting areas for the visitors to be able to read the sections where the objects on display are
mentioned. To sum up, even the "Museum of Innocence", a small-scale museum with
international recognition and relatively more opportunities, connections and importance, has
difficulty in creating a contemporary perception of a "queer" museum that is interculturally and
internationally dynamic and transitional, which the Steins created in the early 1900s by centring
the energy of inclusive artistic production.Except for the "poetry tree" activity at the Adam
Michiewicz Museum, none of the museums visited had any interactive activities that would
involve the audience in one-on-one participation and thus support hands-on learning. In short,
only one of these museums has tried to make the audience a part of the visit by designing only
one activity. The fact that the Ara Güler Museum does not have an information brochure or
booklet that can be understood by different national and international communities in different
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languages, using universal intercultural elements, certainly shows that it is one step behind the
other museums in terms of inclusiveness. The fact that only Doğançay Museum has a welldeveloped website that is open to social interaction, and that it organizes educational activities
and workshops makes it clear that the other three museums are not in active interaction with
the audience.During these visits, it was found that micro-scale organizations, such as single
artist museums in Istanbul, primarily lack sufficient financial resources and supporters. This is
the primary reason preventing micro-scale museums from organizing more inclusive
exhibitions and reaching different audiences. Nevertheless, setting up social media accounts
that can be used effectively is an effortless, fast and cost-effective process nowadays. The need
for large financial powers or powerful sponsoring companies to feed the social interaction
created by these platforms with marketing strategies targeting different age groups and cultural
communities, and thus to reach museum audiences, has considerably decreased. Therefore,
these financial difficulties, which are also cited as the reason for the lack of audience interest
in single artist museums, can actually be overcome in a quicker way with a properly utilized
workforce and energy, thanks to the online establishment of connections and social networks
similar to those that the Steins established in the first quarter of the 1900s by visiting art salons
and various exhibitions in Paris.In short, the first step for today's micro-scale single artist
museums to become places where the inclusive, diverse, cross-cultural, interdisciplinary and
open atmosphere of Gertrude Stein's salon can be experienced will be the effective use of the
right social media tools. Increasing interaction between individuals and communities using
targeted marketing techniques and advertising methods will be the second important step, as it
will lead to the recognition of the names, images and logos of these museums in different online
groups. Gertrude Stein's studio became a common space of freedom across borders, where the
art of the period was passed through communities, and where artistic and intellectual production
was constantly nourished both individually and collectively. The fact that Gertrude Stein, the
owner of the salon, the creator and supporter of this "queer" environment, who was seen as an
authority on art and literature at the time, shared social and artistic developments, movements
and changes with those who visited her studio and created discussions aligns with the definition
of the contemporary museum educator. Therefore, one of the steps that today's micro-scale
single artist museums can take to create the aforementioned dynamic and transitional
environment is to work with a well-equipped museum educator to ensure that the audience
transforms their museum visit into a meaningful experience. Gertrude Stein also opened the
modest and homely walls of her studio, which she covered from one side to the other with
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original and the most widely discussed paintings of the period, to every viewer interested in art,
even though it is now considered a traditional, object-oriented display technique. The fact that
these valuable works of art were taken from the familiar exhibition halls and started to be
exhibited in an authentic house-workshop with a composition focusing mainly on the "modern
art theme" coincides with the logic of contemporary exhibition display that today's curators
strive to create. It is a fact that the "walls" of the studio are the most advanced technological
tool that could be used at the time for the display of the works; however, the fact that an
authentic atmosphere where one-on-one discussions could be held with the artists who created
the works in front of these walls was presented to the audience with a thematic exhibition
display makes Stein's studio one of the pioneering spaces where the educational activities of
contemporary museums are taking place. At this point, if today's micro-scale single artist
museums adopt a similar vision and organize face-to-face or online "edu-tainment" oriented
events using today's technology, they will provide an information flow that will strengthen the
audience's bond with the objects exhibited, and thus, these museums will have taken a step to
support the phenomenon of lifelong learning.To summarize, considering the suggestions above,
the modeling and dissemination of the inclusive, diverse, intercultural, interdisciplinary
atmosphere of Gertrude Stein's salon as a micro-museum is considered as a valuable effort for
the postmodern museum concept. Moreover, the implementation of such a modeling is thought
to contribute both to the cultural and artistic exchange that will take place in a more organic
way and to the sustainability of micro-scale and large-scale museum practices in the long term,
especially in the post-Covid period. Following the formation and development processes of
micro-museums and supporting them with research will create spaces for sharing stories that
are trapped in between due to dominant policies by supporting to open out the door to the
diversity and polyphony of cultural exchange within national and international areas.
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IĞDIR İLİNDE YARA BAKIMINDA YAYGIN OLARAK KULLANILAN
FİTOTERAPÖTİK BİTKİLER
Öğr. Gör. İsmail KELEŞ* (ORCID: 0000-0002-6575-8029)
Iğdır University, Vocational School of Health Services, Iğdır-Türkiye
Email: ismail.keles@igdir.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Alpaslan BAYRAKDAR (ORCID: 0000-0001-7967-2245)
Iğdır University, Vocational School of Health Services, Iğdır-Türkiye
Email: alpaslan.bayrakdar@igdir.edu.tr
Özet
Antik çağlardan beri geleneksel olarak bitkilerin, gövde, yaprak, kök, meyve, çiçek gibi
kısımlarının ve saflaştırılmış fitokimyasal bileşiklerin çeşitli tıbbi durumların tedavisinde
mevcut olduğu görülmektedir. Fitokimyasallar bitkilere rengini, lezzetini ve kokusunu veren
bileşiklerdir. Bu bileşiklerin şifalı bitkilerin tıbbi özelliklerinden ve sağlık yararlarından büyük
ölçüde sorumlu olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bununla birlikte fitokimyasallar aynı zamanda zehirli
ve toksik kimyasalları da içermektedir. Bitki kaynaklı metabolitler ve şifalı bitkiler dünya
çapında tüm kültürler tarafından uygulanmış ve birçok tıbbi ve farmakolojik amaç ile terapötik
değerleri tarihsel olarak kanıtlanmıştır. Iğdır ilinde yaşayanların çoğu kırsal alanda yaşadığı
için doğal bitkiler ile yakın ilişkide olup şifalı bitkileri gıda veya tıbbi amaçla kullanmaktadır.
Geleneksel olarak kullanılan bitkilerin yan etkilerinin az olması veya hiç olmaması ve doğada
çok fazla bulunması nedeniyle alternatif tedavi olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bitkisel ekstraktlar,
köklerinden, yapraklarından veya çiçeklerinden elde edilenlerin yara iyileşmesini hızlandırıcı
etkilere sahip olduğu bilimsel çalışmalarca gösterilmiştir. Bu ekstraktlar, antibakteriyel
etkileriyle birlikte kollajen sentezini arttırma, yara iyileşmesinin proliferasyon fazını uyarıcı,
fibroblastları stimüle edici, antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan özellikler sergilemektedir. Tıbbi
bitkiler genellikle iyileşme sürecinin en az bir fazını etkilemekte ve yara iyileşmesi için uygun
bir ortam olan nemli bir alan sağlamaktadırlar. Iğdır ilinde halk arasında yara tedavisi için
Belhavıs, Buğa tikanı, Camışgulağı, Gılıçotu, Horoz pipiği, Kötangoparan, Kuş eppeği ve
Öküzguyruğu, gibi bitkisel ürünlerin etkili olduğu ve kullanılabileceği belirtilmiştir. Bu
çalışmada Iğdır ilinde yara bakımında yaygın olarak kullanılan fitoterapötik bitkilerin
özellikleri hakkında bilgi vermek amacıyla yazılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fitoterapötik, Yara Bakımı, Iğdır
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PHYTOTHERAPEUTIC PLANTS COMMONLY USED IN WOUND CARE IN IĞDIR
PROVINCE
Abstract
Traditionally since ancient times, parts of plants such as stems, leaves, roots, fruits, flowers
and purified phytochemical compounds have been available for the treatment of various
medical conditions. Phytochemicals are compounds that give plants their colour, flavour and
smell. These compounds are thought to be largely responsible for the medicinal properties and
health benefits of medicinal plants. However, phytochemicals also contain poisonous and toxic
chemicals. Plant-derived metabolites and medicinal plants have been applied by all cultures
worldwide and have historically proven their therapeutic value for many medicinal and
pharmacological purposes. Since most of the people living in Iğdır province live in rural areas,
they are in close contact with natural plants and use medicinal plants for food or medicinal
purposes. Traditionally used plants are used as alternative treatment because they have few or
no side effects and are abundant in nature. Herbal extracts, obtained from roots, leaves or
flowers, have been shown by scientific studies to have accelerating effects on wound healing.
These extracts exhibit antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, increasing collagen synthesis,
stimulating the proliferation phase of wound healing, stimulating fibroblasts, along with
antibacterial effects. Medicinal plants usually influence at least one phase of the healing process
and provide a moist area, which is a favourable environment for wound healing. It was stated
that herbal products such as Belhevis, Buğa tikanı, Camışgulağı, Gılıçotu, Horoz pipiği,
Kötangoparan, Kuş eppeği and Öküzguyruğu can be effective and used for wound treatment
among the people in Iğdır province. This study was written to give information about the
properties of phytotherapeutic plants commonly used in wound care in Iğdır province.
Keywords: Phytotherapeutıc, Wound Care, Iğdır
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Introduction
Medicinal plants have been practised by all cultures worldwide and have historically proven
their therapeutic value for many medicinal and pharmacological purposes (Kadri, 2023).
Phytochemical compounds derived from medicinal plants are reported to achieve maximum
efficacy with proven therapeutic potential in the treatment of recently emerging and chronic
diseases (Kadri, 2023). Phytochemicals are compounds that give plants their colour, flavour
and smell. Phytochemicals are compounds that give plants their colour, flavour and smell (Kong
et al., 2021). Traditionally since ancient times, parts of plants such as stems, leaves, roots, fruits,
flowers and purified phytochemical compounds have been available for the treatment of various
medical conditions (Parthasarathy & Evan Prince, 2021). Phytochemicals are essential
components of plants that reduce necrotic cell death, restore the antioxidant defence
mechanism, limit oxidative stress and prevent tissue inflammation and mitochondrial
dysfunction (Parthasarathy & Evan Prince, 2021). In contemporary society, there is an
increasing trend towards the use of natural products and medicinal plants for the prevention and
treatment of diseases. However, it is important to remember that not all natural products are
harmless and their effectiveness must be evaluated through scientific research (Vardar,
Mollahaliloğlu, & Öztaş, 2018). Since most of the people living in Iğdır province live in rural
areas, they are in close contact with natural plants and use medicinal plants for food or medicinal
purposes. Traditionally used plants are used as alternative therapies because they have few or
no side effects and are widely available in natüre (Altundağ, 2009). Phytochemical compounds
obtained from the roots, leaves or flowers of plants have been shown by scientific studies to
have wound healing accelerating effects (Bedir & Turgut, 2021). Due to their positive effects
on wound healing, plants are often used in holistic medicine (Sürme & Çürük, 2020).
Wound Healing
Wound healing is a complex physiological process involving highly organized cellular,
humoral and molecular mechanisms (Tsourdi, Barthel, Rietzsch, Reichel, & Bornstein, 2013).
Delayed wound healing represents a major challenge not only for the patient but also for the
healthcare system in general. One of the many ways to overcome this challenge is to use herbal
remedies and developments that have been widely used in folk medicine for centuries (Rajput,
2022). During the wound healing process, cells, growth factors and cytokines interact with each
other to close the lesion (Parlar Köprülü, Mutlu, İpekçi, & Okur, 2022). This interaction process
consists of haemostasis, inflammation, proliferative and remodelling stages as shown in Figure
1. (Miraj et al., 2023). The first stage is haemostasis, in which the coagulation cascade is
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activated and blood loss is prevented by the formation of a fibrin clot (Kavıyalakshmı &
Mekala, 2021; Parlar Köprülü et al., 2022). The second phase is the inflammation phase, which
begins after the injury has occurred and can last up to 6 days (Tsourdi et al., 2013). The onset
of the inflammatory phase occurs with the secretion of proteolytic enzymes and
proinflammatory cytokines from immune cells at the wound site (Varghese & Shinde, 2021).
Inflammatory cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are found at higher levels in
chronic wounds and burns. ROS prevent the entry of microorganisms and bacteria. In addition,
foreign particles and tissue debris are removed by macrophages and neutrophils during the
inflammatory phase (Mirhaj, Labbaf, Tavakoli, & Seifalian, 2022). The next phase is
proliferation, which starts 4 days after injury and can last up to 14 days. In this phase, reepithelialisation and granulation tissue formation occurs (Varghese & Shinde, 2021). The final
stage of wound healing is the remodelling (maturation) stage in which type III collagen is
replaced by type I collagen (Park, Hwang, & Yoon, 2017; Ribatti & Crivellato, 2012).
Figure 1. Shows the wound healing process schematically. (Mirhaj et al., 2022)
Faz 1: Haemostasis, Faz 2: Inflammation, Faz 3: Proliferative, Faz 4: Remodelling
For the treatment and management of wounds, some medicinal plants have been shown to be
effective wound healers (Jarić et al., 2018). For example, Terminalia arjuna, a member of the
Combretaceae family, commonly known as Arjuna in India, is a common plant that can be
found all over India. It is used for healing wounds (Rajput, 2022). It is also a member of the
Salvia officinalis (Lamiaceae) family, which grows widely in Iran and is popularly known as
sage. It is stated to be effective in wound healing (Farahpour, Pirkhezr, Ashrafian, & Sonboli,
2020). In addition, the Aloe vera plant, which belongs to the Liliaceae family, has been used in
many countries such as Greece, China and Mexico since B.C. It has been used traditionally
since 1500. Showed that it can improve the wound healing process and reduce inflammation
(Hekmatpou, Mehrabi, Rahzani, & Aminiyan, 2019). Many herbs are used as wound healing
agents in Turkey (Fatma & Afife, 2019). In Iğdır province of Turkey, it is stated that herbal
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products such as Belhavıs, Buğa tikanı, Camışgulağı, Gılıçotu, Horoz pipiği, Kötangoparan,
Kuş eppeği and Öküzguyruğu are effective and can be used for wound treatment (Table 1.).
This study was written to give information about the properties of phytotherapeutic plants
commonly used in wound care in Iğdır province.
Table 1. Phytotherapeutic plants commonly used in wound care in Igdır province
No
1
Family
Plantaginaceae
Plant
Name
Plant
(Scientific)
(local)
Plantago major
Bağa
Name
yaprağı,
Part Used
Method of use
Leaves
Leaves are used externally to treat boils
Belhevis
2
Apiaceae
and as a wound healer..
Eryngium
Buğa
tikanı,
Root and
While the root parts are used in the
billardieri Delar
Boğa
dikeni,
Body
treatment of haemorrhoids, the stem
Demir tikanı
3
Crassulaceae
Sedum telephium
Camışgulağı
parts are also used in wound treatment.
Leaves
subsp. maximum
4
Plantaginaceae
wounds on the skin.
Gılıçotu, Kılıçotu
Plantago
Leaves are crushed and placed on the
Leaves
lanceolata
The leaves are applied externally as a
blood stopper in cuts and as an antiinflammatory in festering wounds. It is
used as a wound healer and in the
treatment of boils.
5
Caryophyllaceae
Silene compacta
Horoz pipiği
Leaves
Leaves
are
crushed
and
applied
externally as a wound healer
6
Asteraceae
Centaurea
Kötangoparan,
glastifolia
Kotankıran
Leaves
The leaves are crushed and applied
externally as a blood stopper and wound
healer.
7
Brassicaceae
Capsella
bursa-
Kuş eppeği
Body
pastoris
The above-ground parts are crushed and
applied externally to bleeding wounds as
a blood stopper.
8
Lamiaceae
Leonurus
Öküzguyruğu
glaucescens
Root
The root is boiled, dough is made from
the juice obtained and applied externally
to inflamed wounds.
1. Bağa yaprağı, Belhevis
Plantago major, commonly known as Bağa yaprağı or Belhavis, is a widely used medicinal
plant from the Plantaginaceae family (Altundağ, 2009; Najafian, Hamedi, Farshchi, &
Feyzabadi, 2018; Bayrakdar & Keleş, 2024). Plantago major is a herbaceous perennial plant
with leaves that grow in rosettes, are elliptic-oval in shape and have between 5 and 9 veins. The
plant usually grows up to 15 cm in height, but can vary in size depending on the growing
environment (Akbaş, 2019). Plantago major is a plant native to a large area of Europe and Asia,
as well as North Africa and North America. Although Plantago species are widely recognised
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
as weeds, they have been used as medicinal plants for centuries (Gonçalves & Romano, 2016).
Plantago majör contains many active compounds such as flavonoids, polysaccharides,
terpenoids, lipids, iridoid glycosides and caffeic acid derivatives and is used in the treatment of
various diseases such as constipation, cough, wounds, infection, fever, bleeding and
inflammation (Gonçalves & Romano, 2016). Plantago major has long been used as an immune
modulating, anti-infective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerogenic, antimicrobial,
anticancer and antioxidant agent and has also been applied for wound healing purposes
(Gonçalves & Romano, 2016; Nikaeen, Yousefinejad, Rahmdel, Samari, & Mahdavinia, 2020).
It is stated by many studies that Plantago major leaves have long promoted wound healing and
are still used in traditional medicine (Ghanadian et al., 2022; Gonçalves & Romano, 2016;
Najafian et al., 2018; Nikaeen et al., 2020; Sırrı & Sırrı, 2020). In Iğdır province, the leaves are
used externally in the treatment of boils, and also on acute and chronic wounds, green and fresh
leaves are applied topically on the wound after slightly crushed and used as a wound healer.
2. Boğa dikeni, Buğa tikanı, Demir tikanı
Eryngium billardieri Delar, popularly known as Boğa dikeni, Buğa tikanı and Demir tikanı, is
a medicinal plant in the Apiaceae family. Eryngium billardieri Delar is a perennial plant and its
stem can be more than one. It usually grows on rocky slopes, steppes and fallow fields. The
parts of the plant used include the stem and above-ground parts. In Iğdır, the root is used for
conditions such as haemorrhoids, sinusitis, colds, boils, snake bites and wound treatment, while
the stem can be peeled and eaten as food and used as a wound healer in powder form (Altundağ,
2009). It is an important plant that grows worldwide, especially in Asia, Europe, Australia,
North Africa and North and South America (Allafchian, Balali, Vahabi, & Jalali, 2022).
Flavonoids, phytosterols, triterpenoid saponins, ecdysteroids, coumarin derivatives,
polyacetylenes, phenolic acids and essential oils are the main phytonutrient components of
Eryngium (Hajian-Maleki & Shams-Bakhsh, 2023; Heidari et al., 2023). Furthermore, the
extract of this plant has demonstrated in the laboratory several biological activities against
different cell lines of human tumours, including anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycaemic,
antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant effects (Allafchian et al., 2022). Extracts from the
roots and above-ground parts of various Eryngium (Apiaceae) species are used worldwide as
folk remedies for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, scorpion bites, rheumatism,
urinary tract infections, wound healing and sinusitis (Allafchian et al., 2022; Khani et al., 2021;
Küpeli, Kartal, Aslan, & Yesilada, 2006; SIRRI & SIRRI, 2020).
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3. Camışgulağı
Sedum telephium L., locally known as Camışgulağı, is a medicinal plant in the Crassulaceae
family. It usually grows in stony, dry places and larch forests. In Turkey, it is also known as
Camuskulağı, Manda kulağı, Yaraotu and çıban çiçeği. In Turkey, the leaves of the plant are
generally used as a wound healer, in burns, in the treatment of boils and haemorrhoids. It is also
used as food in the treatment of constipation.r (Altundağ, 2009). The Camışgulağı plant was
widely used in ancient times in the treatment of many inflammatory skin diseases. The leaves
(without the outer cuticle) were often applied topically to painful wounds, burns and eczema to
speed healing and reduce inflammation and pain (Bonina et al., 2000; Cavero, Akerreta, &
Calvo, 2013). Also in traditional medicine the leaves of this plant are known for their
widespread use in the treatment of skin diseases (anti-inflammatory, keratolytic and analgesic
activity). Moreover, it has been stated to heal burns, acne and wounds (Jovanović et al., 2017;
Karunakaran, Jagathambal, Kumar, & Kolesnikov, 2020). In Iğdır province, the leaves are
crushed and left on the wound and used as a wound healing agent.
4. Gılıçotu, Kılıçotu
Plantago lanceolata, commonly known as Gılıçotu or Kılıçotu in Iğdır, is a plant belonging to
the Plantaginaceae family. It is commonly found in roadside grasslands, meadows, pastures and
green areas (Drava, Cornara, Giordani, & Minganti, 2019; Pol, Schmidtke, & Lewandowska,
2021). In Turkey, it is known by many different names such as nerve herb, sinirli herb, vein
herb, veined herb, cut herb, wound herb, snakandili, snakanotu and vineyard leaf (Altundağ,
2009). The leaves of the plant are used in many countries for medicinal purposes in the
treatment of diseases such as wound healing, inflammation, cancer, respiratory system disorder,
blood circulation, reproductive system and digestive organs (Abate, Bachheti, Tadesse, &
Bachheti, 2022; Drava et al., 2019; Pol et al., 2021). It is also used against insect and snake
bites, toothache or as an immune enhancer (Bahadori et al., 2020; Pol et al., 2021). In Iğdır, the
leaves are used as a wound healer and in the treatment of boils. It is also applied externally as
a blood stopper in cuts and as an anti-inflammatory in festering wounds.
5. Horoz pipiği
Silene compacta Fischer, popularly known as Horoz pipiği in Iğdır, is a member of the
Caryophyllaceae family (Arslan, 2024). It is found naturally in Western, Northern, Eastern,
Southern and Central Anatolia regions of Turkey in the altitude range of 0-2100 m. (Kosa &
Karaguzel, 2020). In Turkey it is also called Silene compacta, Kanlıbasıra grass, densely
flowered weed, sticky plant (Çimen & Ekici, 2023; Külekçi & Bulut, 2016). The roots and
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above-ground parts of the plant have been used as infusion in diseases of the urinary bladder
and biliary tract (Akdeniz, 2022; Boğa, 2017). In Iğdır, the leaves are crushed and applied
externally as a wound healer.
6. Kötangoparan
Centaurea glastifolia, popularly known as Kötangoparan, is a member of the Asteraceae family.
Since the root of the plant is very hard and deep, it often breaks the tip of the sickle (sickle)
when the herbs are mown, so the plant was named as Kötangoparan or kotankıran in the region.
In addition, although it is generally known as prophet's herb in Turkey; it is also known by
different local names such as Zerdali thorn, Shepherd's thor, Gökbaş, etc. The plant grows in
meadows, rocky slopes, at altitudes between 1500-2500 m. It is distributed in Central and
Eastern Anatolia (Altundağ, 2009; Altundağ, Altundağ, & Gürdal, 2009). Fresh flowers are
known to be used against peptic ulcer in Turkey (Aksoy & Gönüz, 2007). In Iğdır, the leaves
are crushed and applied externally to cuts as a blood stopper and to wounds as a wound healer.
7. Kuş eppeği
Capsella bursa-pastoris, which is widespread worldwide, is a plant belonging to the
Brassicaceae family. In our country, it is generally known as 'shepherd's purse' (Cha et al.,
2017). It is also known among the people with names such as jingle grass, shepherd's bag,
birdbird grass (Altundağ, 2009). The plant is mainly used as haemostatic for injuries,
haemorrhoids, intermittent bleeding outside the menstrual cycle, menstrual irregularities,
meno-metrorrhagia, kidney and urinary tract infections, blood pressure, oedema and some
muscle diseases. For this purpose, the fresh plant can be used topically as a poultice or tincture
and the dried plant can be used orally by brewing (Cha et al., 2017; Tuncel & Coşkun, 2022).
In Iğdır, the above-ground parts are crushed and applied externally to bleeding wounds as a
blood stopper.
8. Öküzguyruğu
Leonurus glaucescens, known as Öküzguyruğu herb, is a plant belonging to the Lamiaceae
family. The plant has a long history of use in Asian, European and American folk medicine
(Zhang et al., 2018). Grows on mountain slopes, from coastal slopes to riverbanks, on cliffs,
along houses and roads (Kirillov et al., 2018). Traditionally, since ancient times, folk medicine
has used a decoction of the above-ground part of the plant in the treatment of diseases of the
heart, stomach and nervous system. In addition, tea and infusion of the plant are also used in
the treatment of nervous system disorders, hypertension, epilepsy, tachycardia, gastrointestinal
diseases, as a sleep aid, diaphoretic, laxative and anti-inflammatory agent (Sermukhamedova,
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Sakipova, Ternynko, & Gemedzhieva, 2017). It is used in folk medicine in the Eastern Anatolia
region of Turkey for cardiotonic and burn wounds (Kirillov et al., 2018). It is also used in East
Asia for anti-gynaecological disorders and in Europe as a sedative (Zhang et al., 2018). In Iğdır,
the root is boiled medicinally, and dough is made from the juice obtained and applied externally
to inflamed wounds.
Conclusıon
In the literature, it is seen that there are many studies with phytotherapeutic plants related to
wound care. In our research, it was observed that the phytotherapeutic plants that are
traditionally widely used in wound care in Iğdır province are Belhavıs, Buğa tikanı,
Camışgulağı, Gılıçotu, Horoz pipiği, Kötangoparan, Kuş eppeği and Öküzguyrğu. These plants
are used in Iğdır as well as in other parts of Turkey and in many countries of the world. Although
the part of the plants used and the way of use varies, it has been shown in the literature that
these plants are used in wound healing. Studies on phytotherapeutic plants traditionally used
in wound care in Iğdır are not sufficient. In this context, we believe that in vivo and invitro
studies on these plants should be carried out and used in preclinical studies.
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FROM BITS TO QUBITS: EXPLORING THE QUANTUM SOFTWARE
DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Busra OZDENIZCI KOSE (ORCID: 0000-0002-8414-5252)
Gebze Technical University, Department of Management Information Systems
Email:busraozdenizci@gtu.edu.tr
Abstract
Today, quantum computing represents a paradigm shift in our computational capabilities. It
offers unprecedented processing power to tackle problems intractable for classical computers.
At the core of this revolution is the quantum bit, or qubit. Unlike a regular computer bit that
can be either 0 or 1, a qubit can be both at the same time, leveraging the principles of quantum
mechanics. This ability opens up a whole new world of computing possibilities. This capability
not only redefines what is computationally possible but also necessitates a reimagining of
software development practices tailored to the quantum domain. This capability not only
redefines computational possibilities but also necessitates a new set of software development
practices uniquely tailored to the quantum domain. This paper aims to explore the Quantum
Software Development Lifecycle (QSDLC), a framework that adapts and extends traditional
software development methodologies to address the unique challenges and opportunities of
quantum computing. Through an examination of each phase of the QSDLC, from requirements
analysis through to maintenance, this study highlights the differences, challenges, and
innovative solutions inherent to quantum software development. By comparing classical and
quantum software development practices, the paper sheds light on the need for new
programming paradigms, tools, and techniques to fully leverage quantum computing's potential.
Through an investigation of emerging trends, this work also provides insights into the current
state and future directions of quantum computing applications across various industries.
Keywords: quantum computing, quantum software development, quantum algorithms,
quantum programming languages, software development lifecycle, quantum software
engineering
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INTRODUCTION
Quantum computing is a groundbreaking field of technology that harnesses the laws of quantum
mechanics to solve problems too complex for traditional computers. Unlike classical
computers, which use bits as the smallest unit of data represented as either 0 or 1, quantum
computers use quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist simultaneously in multiple states due to
the principle of superposition (Cho et al., 2021; Gill et al., 2022). This capability, along with
quantum entanglement and quantum interference, enables quantum computers to perform vast
numbers of calculations at once, offering potential breakthroughs in fields such as
cryptography, drug discovery, and complex system optimization. As this technology develops,
it promises not only to speed up certain types of calculations dramatically but also to tackle
challenges that are currently beyond our reach (Gill et al., 2022; Ozdenizci Kose et al., 2024).
Developing applications that utilize quantum computing is not straightforward due to its
complex nature. Quantum computing combines elements of quantum physics, mathematics,
computer science, and engineering, and makes it a field that requires a broad range of expertise.
The hardware used in quantum computing is particularly complex and sensitive to even small
environmental changes, which means it requires careful control and specific strategies to
manage errors and perform calculations accurately (Hevia et al., 2022; García de la Barrera et
al., 2023; Dwivedi et al., 2024).Furthermore, developing software for quantum computers is
not like creaing traditional software. It involves learning new programming languages and
approaches specifically designed for quantum computing. Programmers also need to create
special algorithms that can work with the quantum properties of the hardware. Currently, the
available quantum computers, known as Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices,
are still in the early stages of development (Weder et al., 2020; Sodhi et al., 2021; Weder et al.,
2022; Serrano et al., 2022). They have limited capabilities and can make more errors than older,
non-quantum computers.These challenges highlight the need for a well-organized and
systematic approach to developing quantum software. Such an approach needs to be flexible
enough to adapt as new advancements in quantum computing technology are made, ensuring
that developers can continue to create effective and reliable quantum software as the field
evolves. This structured development process is essential for overcoming the current limitations
and fully tapping into the potential of quantum computing in the future (Weder et al., 2020;
Weder et al., 2022; Dwivedi et al., 2024).The emerging field of Quantum Software Engineering
seeks to address these challenges by establishing a lifecycle for the development of quantum
applications. This lifecycle aims to provide a structured framework that guides the development
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process from conception to deployment, incorporating best practices, tools, and methodologies
suited to the quantum domain. It encompasses everything from initial requirement analysis and
design through to implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance, considering the
unique aspects of quantum computing. By formalizing these processes, the goal is to facilitate
the creation of high-quality, efficient, and robust quantum software, enabling researchers,
developers, and organizations to more effectively harness the power of quantum computing and
contribute to its advancement.This paper aims to explore the Quantum Software Development
Lifecycle (QSDLC), a framework that adapts and extends traditional software development
methodologies to address the unique challenges and opportunities of quantum computing.
Through an examination of each phase of the QSDLC, from analysis through to maintenance,
this study highlights the differences, challenges, and innovative solutions inherent to quantum
software development. By comparing classical and quantum software development practices,
the paper sheds light on the need for new programming paradigms, tools, and techniques to
fully leverage quantum computing's potential. Through an investigation of emerging tools and
platforms, this work also provides insights into the current state and future directions of
quantum computing applications.
UNDERSTANDING QUANTUM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE
The QSDLC is structured into several distinct phases, each critical for the successful
development of hybrid quantum applications (Weder et al., 2020; Weder et al., 2022; Dwivedi
et al., 2024). These phases facilitate a systematic approach that spans from conceptualization to
deployment and beyond. This section provides a conceptual description of each phase within
the QSDLC, outlining their respective roles and importance in the lifecycle.
(1) Conceptualization: This first stage focuses on problem identification and feasibility study.
The development team idenntifies specific challenges that quantum computing could address,
given its superior capability for certain computations over classical systems. A feasibility study
then follows to evaluate the practicality of using quantum solutions, including the evaluation of
current quantum technology and determining if quantum advantages can be realized.(2)
Quantum Software Analysis: This phase involves gathering and analyzing the requirements for
the quantum application. It includes collecting detailed specifications of what the quantum
software needs to achieve, including both functional (i.e., what the software should do) and
non-functional requirements (i.e., how the software should perform). Quantum Algorithm
Mapping is also crucial at this stage in order to align identified requirements with suitable
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quantum algorithms or frameworks, or to identify the need for developing new quantum
algorithms.
(3) Quantum Software Design: In this phase, developers decide which parts of the application
are best suited for quantum computing and which should rely on classical computing methods.
Quantum-Classical Splitting is critical for optimizing performance and leveraging the unique
advantages of quantum computing. The decision-making process is informed by the
application's requirements and the current state of quantum hardware capabilities. Once the
quantum-classical split is performed, the next step is to design the overall architecture of the
application. This includes specifying the high-level structure, defining the components and their
interactions, and outlining the data flow between quantum and classical parts. This includes
outlining the quantum circuit designs, qubit allocations, and gate operations. Afterwards, the
design stage advances into a more granular focus with low-level design that focus on the
detailed implementation of quantum circuits, including specific gates, error correction
techniques, and optimization for quantum hardware constraints. The design phase aims to create
a blueprint that ensures the application is scalable, maintainable, and meets the defined
requirements.(4) Quantum Coding: During implementation stage, the generated design
blueprints are translated into executable code. This involves coding both the quantum
algorithms and the classical software components. Quantum Coding is carried out using
specialized Quantum Programming Languages. Alongside, classical integration is executed,
wherein the classical components -designed to interact with or support the quantum operationsare developed and refined. This step is crucial to ensure a seamless integration between classical
and quantum processing, and enables them to function together as a cohesive unit.(5) Quantum
Software Testing: Testing in the QSDLC involves verifying both the individual quantum and
classical components and their integration. This includes unit testing, integration testing, and
end-to-end system testing. The goal is to ensure the application behaves as expected, performs
efficiently, and is free from defects. Unit Testing is concerned with the smallest parts of the
quantum application. It ensures that each individual quantum component, such as a specific
gate or subroutine, operates correctly in isolation. This is vital in quantum computing, where
the functionality of basic elements can have significant impacts on the overall system due to
the entangled nature of quantum states. Integration Testing focus on how quantum and classical
components interact with each other. Integration testing verifies that these diverse elements
work together harmoniously under a variety of conditions. It is a critical step for hybrid systems
where quantum and classical computing coexist and must interact without errors. System
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Testing evaluates the system's performance, functionality, and behavior, not just in isolated
parts or during interactions but as an entire operational unit. This testing can take place on actual
quantum hardware, which provides the most realistic environment, or on high-fidelity
simulators.(6) Deployment: This stage in quantum software development involves several
crucial steps to ensure the application is ready for real-world operations. Initially, deployment
planning focuses on where considerations such as the availability of quantum hardware and the
specific operational environment are addressed. This preparation is essential for ensuring that
all necessary resources are aligned and the software is optimized for the conditions it will face.
Following this, the deployment execution phase begins, where the software is rolled out to its
intended platform. Depending on the application's requirements, this could mean deploying to
a cloud-based quantum computing service for scalability and accessibility, or directly to
dedicated quantum hardware for enhanced security and performance. This comprehensive
approach ensures that the transition from development to active use is seamless, allowing the
software to start delivering practical value effectively.(7) Maintenance: This phase is a crucial
part of the QSDLC which focuses on ensuring the application performs reliably over time. It
involves constant monitoring of the application's performance and the health of the quantum
environment. The software is regularly checked for issues, with logs and alerts set up to flag
any problems. Maintenance also means updating and scaling the software to incorporate new
advances in quantum algorithms and hardware, ensuring that the application remains up-to-date
and can handle increased demands as quantum technology progresses.These phases are not
strictly linear and may overlap or require iteration, reflecting the adaptive and exploratory
nature of quantum application development. The QSDLC provides a structured framework that
guides teams through the complexities of creating applications that leverage both quantum and
classical computing.
RECENT TOOLS AND PLATFORMS IN QUANTUM SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
The quantum computing field includes a variety of tools and platforms that are popular among
researchers, practitioners and developers. These tools focus on the different aspects of quantum
computing, including algorithm development, simulation, and hardware interaction. Some of
the most popular quantum computing tools are described hereunder:(*) Quantum Development
Kits
and
Libraries:
IBM's
Qiskit
[https://qiskit.org],
Google's
Cirq
[https://quantumai.google/cirq], and Rigetti's PyQuil [https://www.rigetti.com] are some
essential tools of development kits and libraries for creating quantum programs. Qiskit is
notable for its comprehensive suite that allows users to write, simulate, and run quantum
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algorithms on IBM quantum computers. Cirq offers a Python library tailored for constructing
and operating quantum circuits on Google's quantum processors. Meanwhile, Ocean Software
from D-Wave
problems
[https://www.dwavesys.com] specializes in tackling complex optimization
with
quantum
annealers,
and
ProjectQ
[https://github.com/ProjectQ-
Framework/ProjectQ] facilitates the implementation of quantum programs that can run on
simulators
or
actual
quantum
hardware.
PennyLane
[https://www.xanadu.ai/products/pennylane] uniquely positions itself at the intersection of
quantum computing and machine learning, enabling the optimization of hybrid systems.(*)
Quantum Simulators: Simulators like the IBM Quantum Experience [https://quantum.ibm.com]
and Microsoft's Quantum Development Kit offer developers simulated environments to test and
debug quantum algorithms without the need for physical quantum hardware. These platforms
support the early stages of development, and provides a vital testing ground for algorithms with
their
integrated
tools
and
simulators.
Strawberry
Fields
from
Xanadu
[https://strawberryfields.ai] also plays a key role in the simulation and optimization of quantum
photonic circuits, expanding the realm of quantum computing into the photonic domain.(*)
Quantum
Hardware
Access
[https://aws.amazon.com/braket]
Platforms:
and
Azure
Services
Quantum
like
Amazon
Braket
[https://azure.microsoft.com/en-
us/services/quantum] improves access to quantum hardware, and allows developers to run
quantum algorithms on a variety of quantum machines from different providers. These
platforms provide not only the essential bridge between quantum software and hardware but
also the capability for developers to experiment with and fine-tune their programs across
different types of quantum systems.(*) Integrated Development Environments and Tools:
Comprehensive development and execution environments such as Quantum Lab
[https://quantum.ibm.com/lab] and Visual Studio Code, with their quantum-centric extensions,
support developers with intuitive interfaces and powerful tools. These IDEs streamline the
process of writing, running, and debugging quantum code, making quantum software
development more accessible and efficient.These tools and platforms are integral to the
development and exploration of quantum computing, and provides resources for education,
research, and practical application development in the quantum world. The landscape is rapidly
evolving, with new tools and features being regularly introduced to advance quantum
computing technology.
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CONCLUSION
This study examined the fundamentals of QSDLC, as a comprehensive roadmap for crafting
software for the emergent paradigm of quantum computing. Quantum computers have the
potential to solve certain problems much quicker than today’s classical computers. The QSDLC
offers a step-by-step framework that guides practitioners from the initial conception of a
quantum software application through to its deployment and maintenance. It combines the new
ways of quantum computing with the familiar methods of classical computing, and ensures that
software is made in a careful and planned way.Future research in the QSDLC is expected to
advance quantum computing significantly. Developing sophisticated quantum error correction
methods, enhancing fault tolerance, and refining the interfaces between quantum and classical
systems stand as pivotal challenges. Moreover, scaling quantum systems, advancing the design
of quantum programming languages, and creating more intuitive software development kits
(SDKs) will be essential for realizing the full spectrum of quantum computing's capabilities.
These developments are anticipated to enhance the robustness of quantum computers and also
facilitate their broader application across disciplines that could benefit from quantum
computational power, such as cryptography, optimization, and complex system modeling.
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REFERENCES
Cho, C. H., Chen, C. Y., Chen, K. C., Huang, T. W., Hsu, M. C., Cao, N. P., ... & Chang, C. R.
(2021). Quantum computation: Algorithms and applications. Chinese Journal of Physics,
72, 248-269.
Dwivedi, K., Haghparast, M., & Mikkonen, T. (2024). Quantum software engineering and
quantum software development lifecycle: a survey. Cluster Computing, 1-19.
García de la Barrera, A., García‐Rodríguez de Guzmán, I., Polo, M., & Piattini, M. (2023).
Quantum software testing: State of the art. Journal of Software: Evolution and
Process, 35(4), e2419.
Gill, S. S., Kumar, A., Singh, H., Singh, M., Kaur, K., Usman, M., & Buyya, R. (2022).
Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions. Software:
Practice and Experience, 52(1), 66-114.
Hevia, J. L., Peterssen, G., & Piattini, M. (2022). QuantumPath: A quantum software
development platform. Software: Practice and Experience, 52(6), 1517-1530.
Ozdenizci Kose, B. (2024). The Convergence of Quantum Computing and Blockchain:
Opportunities, Threats, and Protective Strategies. In Applications and Principles of
Quantum Computing (pp. 418-436). IGI Global.
Serrano, M. A., Cruz-Lemus, J. A., Perez-Castillo, R., & Piattini, M. (2022). Quantum software
components and platforms: Overview and quality assessment. ACM Computing
Surveys, 55(8), 1-31.
Sodhi, B., & Kapur, R. (2021, March). Quantum computing platforms: assessing the impact on
quality attributes and SDLC activities. In 2021 IEEE 18th International Conference on
Software Architecture (ICSA) (pp. 80-91). IEEE.
Weder, B., Barzen, J., Leymann, F., & Vietz, D. (2022). Quantum software development
lifecycle. In Quantum Software Engineering (pp. 61-83). Cham: Springer International
Publishing.
Weder, B., Barzen, J., Leymann, F., Salm, M., & Vietz, D. (2020, November). The quantum
software lifecycle. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSOFT International Workshop on
Architectures and Paradigms for Engineering Quantum Software (pp. 2-9).
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CHALLENGES AND INNOVATIONS IN TESTING AND VALIDATION FOR
QUANTUM SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Busra OZDENIZCI KOSE (ORCID: 0000-0002-8414-5252)
Gebze Technical University, Department of Management Information Systems
Email:busraozdenizci@gtu.edu.tr
Abstract
Quantum computing stands on the threshold of a new era and promises to revolutionize our
approach to computation and problem solving. At this point, the development of quantum
software is so critical that it presents unique challenges and opportunities, particularly in the
realms of testing and validation. Traditional software testing methodologies fall short when
applied to quantum software due to its inherently probabilistic nature, the complexity of
quantum states, and the entanglement phenomenon. These characteristics necessitate innovative
approaches to ensure the reliability, correctness, and efficiency of quantum software. This paper
aims to explore the multifaceted challenges associated with testing and validating quantum
software. It focuses on the distinctive aspects of quantum computing that complicate standard
testing practices, such as the no-cloning theorem and quantum decoherence. Furthermore, the
paper sheds light on the current methodologies and tools developed specifically for quantum
software testing, from quantum circuit simulators and error correction techniques to the testing
frameworks that accommodate the probabilistic outcomes of quantum computations. Through
an examination of these innovations, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the
evolving field of quantum software development. It underscores the need for ongoing
innovation in robust testing and validation practices to realize the potential of quantum
computing technology.
Keywords: quantum computing, quantum software testing, validation techniques, quantum
algorithms, quantum error correction, software development challenges
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INTRODUCTION
Today, quantum computing represents a significant advancement that harnesses the principles
of quantum mechanics to solve problems that are currently beyond the reach of classical
computers. This advanced computing technology utilizes quantum bits or qubits, which unlike
classical bits, can exist in multiple states simultaneously through superposition, and are
interconnected through entanglement (Cho et al., 2021; Gill et al., 2022). This allows quantum
computers to perform complex calculations at incredibly high speeds and with greater
efficiency. The development of software for such complex systems is structured through the
Quantum Software Development Lifecycle (QSDLC), which adapts traditional software
development methodologies to meet the unique demands of quantum technology. The QSDLC
guides developers from conceptualization through to deployment and maintenance, and
addresses the specific challenges posed by quantum computing along the way (Weder et al.,
2020; Weder et al., 2022; Dwivedi et al., 2024).Testing and validation play crucial roles for the
development of any software, ensuring that the final product functions as intended and is free
from defects. In the realm of quantum software development, these processes take on even
greater significance due to the inherently complex and revolutionary nature of quantum
computing (Ali & Yue, 2023; García de la Barrera et al., 2023). As quantum computing seeks
to leverage the principles of quantum mechanics -such as superposition, entanglement, and
quantum interference- the tasks of testing and validation become markedly more challenging.
These principles enable quantum computers to perform calculations at unprecedented speeds
and manage tasks that are infeasible for classical computers. However, they also introduce a
unique set of challenges that traditional software testing methodologies are not designed to
handle.The challenges in testing and validation for quantum software stem from several
quantum-specific characteristics. This paper aims to examine the unique challenges that arise
in the testing and validation of quantum software, driven by the inherent properties of quantum
computing such as the no-cloning theorem and the phenomenon of quantum decoherence.
These quantum-specific characteristics disrupt traditional testing methodologies, and requires
a shift in how software validation is approached. The investigation extends to the current state
of the art in quantum software testing methodologies and tools. By providing a comprehensive
overview of these developments, the paper deepens the understanding of the current landscape
of quantum software development and emphasize the critical role of continuous innovation in
testing and validation strategies. This focus is essential for advancing the reliability and
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efficiency of quantum software and also for unlocking the transformative potential of quantum
computing technologies.
CHALLENGES IN TESTING AND VALIDATION OF QUANTUM SOFTWARE
Testing and validation of quantum software introduce a set of unique challenges that stem from
the foundational principles of quantum mechanics, significantly diverging from the established
practices in classical software testing (Weder et al., 2020; Weder et al., 2022; Ali & Yue, 2023;
García de la Barrera et al., 2023). These challenges include:(*) No-Cloning Theorem: This
fundamental principle of quantum mechanics stipulates that it is impossible to create an
identical copy of an unknown quantum state. In practical terms, this prohibits replicating exact
testing conditions for quantum states, a method often used in classical software testing for
identifying and fixing errors.(*) Quantum Decoherence: Decoherence occurs when quantum
systems, highly sensitive to their surroundings, lose their quantum properties after interacting
with their environment. This instability creates a challenge for testing, as it becomes difficult
to maintain stable conditions for repeatable tests, which can impact the consistency and
reliability of the results.(*) Measurement Disturbance: Measuring a quantum state inevitably
alters that state. This phenomenon presents a significant challenge for quantum software testing,
as the act of observing or measuring can change the software's behavior, complicating the
processes of validation and debugging that rely on stable test conditions.(*) Probabilistic
Nature of Quantum Computing: Quantum computing operates on probabilities, not certainties,
which contrasts with the deterministic nature of classical computing. Since the outcomes of
quantum algorithms are probabilistic, testing these algorithms involves statistical analysis
rather than straightforward pass/fail checks. This means a large number of tests must be
conducted to ensure the behavior of the software is correct with statistical confidence.(*) Error
Rates and Fault Tolerance: The current generation of quantum hardware is prone to errors at a
rate higher than that of classical hardware. Creating tests that can accurately identify and
separate errors from correct quantum behavior is difficult. Furthermore, integrating quantum
error correction into these tests introduces additional complexity and requires more resources.
(*) Limited Availability of Quantum Hardware: There is a scarcity of accessible quantum
computers, leading many developers to rely on simulators that can not always mimic the exact
behavior of actual quantum hardware. This limitation poses a significant challenge in testing
and validating quantum software to perform reliably under real-world operational conditions.
(*) Complexity of Quantum Algorithms: Quantum algorithms are often highly complex, and
incorporates advanced mathematics and logic that can be challenging to grasp and implement
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accurately. Testing these algorithms demands an extensive understanding of both quantum
mechanics and computational principles, which can be an obstacle for testers who do not have
a strong background in these specialized areas.(*) Lack of Standardized Testing Frameworks:
Quantum computing is a rapidly evolving field, and there is a lack of established testing
frameworks and methodologies specifically designed for quantum computing. Without these
standards, developers might face inconsistencies in testing methods, and makes it hard to ensure
the correctness and reliability of quantum programs. Developing these tools is crucial for
advancing the field but requires overcoming the unique challenges mentioned above.These
challenges highlight the need for innovative approaches to testing and validation in quantum
software development. Addressing these issues is crucial for ensuring the reliability,
correctness, and efficiency of quantum software, paving the way for the realization of quantum
computing's full potential.
METHODOLOGIES AND TOOLS FOR QUANTUM SOFTWARE TESTING
To guarantee the reliability and accuracy of quantum software, a range of advanced testing
methodologies is being developed (Nilsen, 2007; Merkel et al., 2013; Keith et al., 2018;
Bantysh et al., 2021; García de la Barrera et al., 2023). These methodologies are designed to
address the unique challenges presented by quantum computing:(*) Quantum State
Tomography: This technique is utilized to deduce the exact state of a quantum system. By
conducting a series of measurements on a collection of identically prepared quantum systems,
researchers can infer the quantum state, even though it cannot be measured directly. This
method provides a comprehensive understanding of the quantum state but can be resourceintensive and challenging to implement as the number of qubits increases.(*) Randomized
Benchmarking: This technique offers a practical alternative by evaluating the overall fidelity of
quantum gates without needing to identify every potential error. Through the application of
random sequences of gates, this method estimates the average error rate across the entire
system. It is particularly useful because it reflects how errors accumulate in a realistic
computational setting with noise.(*) Quantum Process Tomography: Extending beyond state
tomography, Quantum Process Tomography aims to characterize the full quantum process.
Rather than just the final state, this technique aims to map out the transformation that the
quantum state undergoes through the computational process. It is an extensive method that can
provide deep insights into the behavior of quantum algorithms and the effects of quantum
operations.
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(*) Monte Carlo Simulations: Traditionally used in fields like statistical physics and finance,
Monte Carlo Simulations are a powerful tool for modeling the probabilistic nature of quantum
systems. They use random sampling to predict how a quantum system might respond under
various scenarios, helping to understand the influence of errors and environmental noise on a
quantum system's behavior.Recent developments in testing tools have introduced innovative
solutions that assist in the practical application of these methodologies, described as follows:
•
Integrated Quantum Development Environments (IDEs): These comprehensive
software platforms merge the processes of writing, executing, and testing quantum code.
They often feature visualization tools for quantum states and operations, which help in
interpreting test outcomes.
•
Quantum Circuit Simulators: Simulators enable the testing of quantum circuit behavior
on classical computers and offer developers a way to predict how their quantum
algorithms will perform, even without direct access to quantum hardware.
•
Automated Testing Frameworks: These frameworks streamline the quantum software
testing process. They utilize advanced algorithms to explore the extensive potential
outcomes of quantum states, pinpoint possible errors and suggest optimizations.
•
Quantum Hardware Emulators: Emulators replicate the functionality of quantum
processors, and provide a crucial testing tool for developers to see how their software
would run on different quantum hardware setups.
•
Quantum Error Analysis Tools: With error rates being a critical factor in quantum
computing, these tools are essential for examining the nature and frequency of errors in
quantum operations. The insights gained are invaluable for refining algorithm design
and enhancing software performance.
In the advancing field of quantum computing, a range of specialized tools have been developed
to facilitate the design, testing, and deployment of quantum software. For instance, IBM's Qiskit
[https://qiskit.org] provides an extensive toolkit for analyzing and visualizing quantum circuits,
as well as simulating them on classical hardware to anticipate their performance on actual
quantum processors. Google's Cirq [https://quantumai.google/cirq] offers features for noise
modeling and simulation, key for evaluating how quantum algorithms will fare in the noisy
environments typical of today's quantum hardware. Microsoft has contributed with its Quantum
Development Kit [https://docs.microsoft.com/quantum], which boasts full-state simulators
capable of handling up to 30 qubits on standard servers, all while integrating seamlessly with
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the
Visual
Studio
environment
for
testing
and
debugging.Rigetti's
Forest
[https://www.rigetti.com/forest] platform delivers a comprehensive set of tools, including noise
and error modeling simulators, creating a testbed that mirrors the conditions quantum programs
will encounter on real quantum hardware. Open-source software framework ProjectQ facilitates
the running of quantum circuits on both simulators and actual quantum processors, emphasizing
circuit optimization and error emulation. Lastly, Quantum++ [https://github.com/vsoftco/qpp]
offers a C++ library dedicated to quantum computing and simulations, perfect for crafting and
trialing novel quantum algorithms and exploring the realms of quantum computation. Each of
these tools plays a vital role in the quantum software development ecosystem, and provides
developers with the resources needed to navigate the complexities of quantum programming.
CONCLUSION
This study explored the complexities and unique challenges of testing and validating quantum
software. By focusing on methodologies like Quantum State Tomography, Randomized
Benchmarking, and Monte Carlo Simulations, alongside innovative tools such as Quantum
Circuit Simulators and Quantum Development Environments, this study has illuminated the
current landscape of quantum software testing. These approaches are crucial for addressing the
unique properties of quantum mechanics, such as the no-cloning theorem, quantum
decoherence, and the inherently probabilistic nature of quantum computing. The study
underscored how traditional testing methods are inadequate without significant adaptations to
accommodate the revolutionary characteristics of quantum computing.Future research should
focus on enhancing the precision and efficiency of existing quantum testing methodologies and
developing new tools to better accommodate the rapid advancements in quantum hardware.
There is an increasing need for more robust quantum error correction techniques, improved
frameworks for simulating quantum noise, and more accessible testing environments.
Additionally, a deeper integration between theoretical quantum mechanics and practical
software engineering practices will be essential for the next generation of quantum software
developers.
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REFERENCES
Ali, S., & Yue, T. (2023, May). Quantum Software Testing: A Brief Introduction. In 2023
IEEE/ACM 45th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion
Proceedings (ICSE-Companion) (pp. 332-333). IEEE.
Bantysh, B. I., Chernyavskiy, A. Y., & Bogdanov, Y. I. (2021). Quantum tomography
benchmarking. Quantum Information Processing, 20(10), 339.
Cho, C. H., Chen, C. Y., Chen, K. C., Huang, T. W., Hsu, M. C., Cao, N. P., ... & Chang, C. R.
(2021). Quantum computation: Algorithms and applications. Chinese Journal of Physics,
72, 248-269.
Dwivedi, K., Haghparast, M., & Mikkonen, T. (2024). Quantum software engineering and
quantum software development lifecycle: a survey. Cluster Computing, 1-19.
García de la Barrera, A., García‐Rodríguez de Guzmán, I., Polo, M., & Piattini, M. (2023).
Quantum software testing: State of the art. Journal of Software: Evolution and Process,
35(4), e2419.
Gill, S. S., Kumar, A., Singh, H., Singh, M., Kaur, K., Usman, M., & Buyya, R. (2022).
Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions. Software:
Practice and Experience, 52(1), 66-114.
Keith, A. C., Baldwin, C. H., Glancy, S., & Knill, E. (2018). Joint quantum-state and
measurement tomography with incomplete measurements. Physical Review A, 98(4),
042318.
Merkel, S. T., Gambetta, J. M., Smolin, J. A., Poletto, S., Córcoles, A. D., Johnson, B. R., ... &
Steffen, M. (2013). Self-consistent quantum process tomography. Physical Review
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Nilsen, J. K. (2007). Montepython:
Implementing quantum
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python. Computer Physics Communications, 177(10), 799-814.
Weder, B., Barzen, J., Leymann, F., & Vietz, D. (2022). Quantum software development
lifecycle. In Quantum Software Engineering (pp. 61-83). Cham: Springer International
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software lifecycle. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSOFT International Workshop on
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1356
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
İLERİ KADEME EKMEKLİK BUĞDAY (Triticum aestivum L.) GENOTİPLERİNİN
VERİM VE BAZI TEKNOLOJİK KALİTE ÖZELLİKLERİ
YÖNÜNDEN İNCELENMESİ
Doç. Dr. Mehmet KARAMAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-6176-9580)
Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi, Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi, Bitkisel Üretim ve Teknolojileri
Bölümü, Muş-Türkiye
Email: m.karaman@alparslan.edu.tr
ÖZET
Buğday, insan beslenmesinde temel gıda olması ve farklı çevre koşullarına yüksek adaptasyon
kabiliyeti sebebiyle stratejik önemini korumaktadır. Çalışmada amaç, tane verimi ve/veya kalite
özellikleri yönüyle standart çeşitlerden üstün olan hatları belirlemek ve buğday ıslah
programlarına katkı sağlamaktı. Araştırma, 2014-2015 üretim sezonunda Diyarbakır ilinin
yağışa dayalı şartlarında 25 genotip ile tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekrarlamalı
olarak yürütüldü. İncelenen tüm özelliklerde istatistiki olarak genotipler arasında p≤0.01 veya
p≤0.05 seviyesinde önemli anlamlılık olduğu gözlenmiştir. Başaklanma süresi 170-184 gün,
bitki boyu 85-120 cm, tane verimi 499.3-748.1 kg.da-1, hektolitre ağırlığı 71.4-80.8 kg.hl-1 ve
bin tane ağırlığı 29.9-40.4 g arasında farklılık gösterdi. Araştırmada; G9, G13, G14 ve G24 ileri
kademe hatlarının Diyarbakır koşullarında en erken başaklanan genotipler olduğu gözlenmiştir.
Tane veriminde G19 en yüksek birim alan tane verimini vermekle beraber G1, G6, G9 ve G13
hatları yüksek tane verimleriyle dikkat çekmiştir. Teknolojik kalite özelliklerinde; G1, G6, G8,
G9, Pehlivan, G14, G19, G23, G24 ve Adana-99 genotiplerinin öne çıktığı belirlenmiştir.
Diyarbakır ilinde ekmeklik buğdayın generatif döneminde sıcaklık stresine maruz kalacağı
dikkate alınarak erkenci ve aynı zamanda yüksek verimli olduğu tespit edilen G9 ve G13 ileri
kademe hatlarının koruma altına alınarak ıslah süreçlerinin devam ettirilmesi gerekmektedir.
İlaveten, teknolojik kalite özelliklerinde ön sırada yer alan G9, G14 ve Pehlivan genotiplerinin
ekmeklik buğday ıslah programlarında genitor olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler : Ekmeklik buğday, başaklanma süresi, kalite
1357
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
EXAMINATION OF ADVANCED BREAD WHEAT GENOTYPES (Triticum aestivum
L.) IN TERMS OF YIELD AND SOME TECHNOLOGICAL QUALITY
CHARACTERISTICS
ABSTRACT
Wheat maintains its strategic importance because it is the basic food in human nutrition and its
high adaptability in in different environments. The aim of the study was to identify lines that
were superior to standard varieties in terms of grain yield and/or quality characteristics and to
contribute to wheat breeding programs. The research was conducted in three replications
according to the randomized block experiment design with 25 genotypes under the rainfed
conditions of Diyarbakır province in the 2014-2015 production season. It was observed that
there was statistically significant significance between genotypes at the p≤0.01 or p≤0.05 level
in all examined characteristics. Heading time 170-184 days, plant height 85-120 cm, grain yield
499.3-748.1 kg.da-1, test weight 71.4-80.8 kg.hl-1 and thousand grain weight 29.9-40.4 g were
varied. In the research; it was observed that G9, G13, G14 and G24 advanced stage lines were
the earliest spiked genotypes under Diyarbakır province conditions. While G19 gave the highest
grain yield per unit area, G1, G6, G9 and G13 lines attracted attention with their high grain
yield. In technological quality features; it was determined that G1, G6, G8, G9, Pehlivan, G14,
G19, G23, G24 and Adana-99 genotypes were prominent. Considering that bread wheat will be
exposed to heat stress during the generative period in Diyarbakır province, the G9 and G13
advanced stage lines, which are found to be early and also highly productive, should be
protected and the breeding processes should be continued. Additionally, it was concluded that
G9, G14 and Pehlivan genotypes, which are at the forefront in terms of technological quality
characteristics, can be used as genitors in bread wheat breeding programs.
Keywords: Bread wheat, heading time, quality
1358
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Buğdayın kalitesi birçok faktörün etkisi altında şekillenmektedir. Kalite tarıma dayalı sanayinin
ve tüketicinin arzu ettiği özelliklerin bütünü olarak değerlendirilmekte (Dziki and Laskowski,
2005) ve kullanım amacına bağlı olarak buğdaya geniş bir anlam yüklemektedir. Teknolojik
kalite parametreleri olarak değerlendirilen hektolitre ve bin tane ağırlığı genel kalite kriterleri
içerisinde önem arz etmektedir (Kün, 1996; Elgün ve ark., 2002; Ulucan & Atak, 2020).
Dünyada ve ülkemizde tarla bitkileri içerisinde buğday stratejik bir öneme sahiptir. Ülke
nüfusumuzun artışına paralel olarak üretimin artması için ıslah çalışmaları hızla devam
etmektedir. Geçmişten günümüze başta ekmek olmak üzere buğday ürünleri Türk halkının ana
besin kaynaklarından biri olmakla birlikte yıllık kişi başı>200 kg buğday tüketimi ile ülkemiz
dünyada ön sıralarda yer almaktadır (Morgounov ve ark., 2016; Atak ve ark., 2021).
Tablo 1. Buğday ile ilgili güncel istatistiki veriler
Piyasa
Üretim
Ekilen
yılı
(ton)
(hektar)
2013-14
22.050000
2014-15
alan İthalat
İhracat
Yeterlilik
(ton)
(ton)
(%)
7.772600
4.185189
4.677855
101.8
19.000000
7.919209
5.780716
4.358527
89.2
2015-16
22.600000
7.866887
4.109527
5.918407
113.6
2016-17
20.600000
7.671945
4.586405
7.463969
103.8
2017-18
21.500000
7.668879
6.109569
7.489664
111.7
2018-19
20.000000
7.299271
6.467562
7.873454
100.5
2019-20
19.000000
6.846327
10.793317
7.530767
89.5
2020-21
20.500000
6.922237
8.237981
7.583765
102.3
2021-22
17.650000
6.744666
9.525066
7.898297
87.3
2022-23
19.750000
6.628738
Kaynak: Anonim, (2023)
Türkiye’de buğday ile ilgili son on yıla ait istatistiki veriler incelendiğinde; ekim alanının
6.628738-7.919209 hektar, üretim alanının 17.650000-22.600000 ton ve yeterlilik oranının
%87.3-113.6 arasında farklılık gösterdiği görülmektedir (Tablo 1).
Bu çalışmada amaç, ileri kademe ekmeklik buğday hatlarını teknolojik kalite özellikleri
yönüyle standart çeşitler ile kıyaslamak, üstün vasıflara sahip olanları belirlemek ve ıslah
süreçlerini devam ettirmekti.
1359
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MATERYAL VE METOT
Araştırma, Diyarbakır merkez lokasyonunda yağışa dayalı şartlarda yürütülmüştür. Deneme
materyalini 20 ileri kademe ekmeklik buğday hattı ve 5 standart çeşit oluşturmuştur. Tesadüf
blokları deneme desenine göre tasarlanan deneme 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Deneme
parselleri; 6 sıra, sıra arası 20 cm, 6 m uzunluğunda ve ekim normu 450 tohum.m-2
yoğunluğunda tasarlanmıştır. Ekim sırasında 7.2 m2 olarak dizayn edilen parseller kardeşlenme
dönemi sonunda başından ve sonundan 0.5 m kesilerek net 6 m2 bırakılmıştır.
Tablo 2. Deneme alanı topraklarının içeriğine ilişkin bilgiler
Toprak Bünyesi
Killi-Tın
Toplam tuz
(%)
0.03
Ph
7.6
Kireç
Fosfor
Organik
CaCO3
P2O5
madde
(%)
(kg.da-1)
(%)
10.1
2.0
0.67
Deneme alanı topraklarının tuzsuz, fosfor içeriği yetersiz ve organik madde içeriği bakımından
fakir olduğu belirlenmiştir (Tablo 2). Bitki besin elementi takviyesi için saf madde dikkate
alınarak 6 kg fosfor (P2O5) ve 12 kg azot (N) tatbik edilmiştir. Fosforun tamamı ve azotun ½’si
ekimle beraber, azotun kalan ½’si ise kardeşlenme döneminin ortalarında uygulanmıştır.
Tablo 3. Çalışmanın yapıldığı sezon ile uzun yıllara ilişkin iklim verileri
Aylar
Eylül
Ekim
Kasım
Aralık
Ocak
Şubat
Mart
Nisan
Mayıs
Haziran
Toplam
Ortalama sıcaklık
Toplam yağış miktarı (mm)
2014-2015
Uzun yıllar
2014-2015
Uzun yıllar
25.2
17.4
8.1
5.9
1.5
6.1
7.8
14.4
19.5
24.3
24.8
17.2
9.2
4.0
1.8
3.5
8.5
13.8
19.3
26.3
27.4
34.2
97.6
73.6
64.6
55.2
127.0
48.6
48.2
7.4
583.8
4.1
34.7
51.8
71.4
68.0
68.8
67.3
68.7
41.3
7.9
484.0
Araştırmanın yapıldığı sezonda uzun yılların ortalaması ile kıyaslandığında yaklaşık 100 mm
daha fazla yağış düşmüştür. Fakat, yağışın aylar bazında dağılımı incelendiğinde düzensiz bir
yağış dağılımı olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle Eylül, Kasım ve Mart aylarında uzun yıllar
ortalamasının çok üzerinde yağış gerçekleşmiştir (Tablo 3). Sıcaklık verileri incelendiğinde
Kasım, Ocak, Mart ve Haziran hariç diğer aylarda sıcaklık değerlerinin uzun yıllar
ortalamasının üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Özellikle haziran ayının serin geçmesi tane dolum
döneminin uzamasına katkı sağladığı düşünülmektedir (Tablo 3).
1360
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çalışmada, başaklanma süresi için ekim tarihinden her parselin 2/3’ü başaklanıncaya kadar
geçen süre gün olarak belirlenmiştir. Bitki boyu için her parselden 10 bitki seçilmiş ve toprak
seviyesinden en üst başakçığa kadar olan mesafe ölçülerek cm cinsinden tespit edilmiştir. Tane
verimi için her parselde hasat ve harman işlemi tamamlandıktan sonra elde edilen ürün 0.001 g
düzeyde hassas terazide tartıldıktan sonra elde edilen değer kg.da-1’a dönüştürülmüştür.
Hektolitre ağırlığı için NID IM 550 cihazında tanede okuma yapılarak kg.hl-1 cinsinden
belirlenmiştir. Bin tane ağırlığının tespitinde 1000 buğday tanesi sayıldıktan sonra tartılarak
belirlenmiştir.
3.ARAŞTIRMA VE BULGULAR
Çalışmada incelenen özelliklerde genotipler arasında %1 veya %5 seviyesinde önemli farklılık
olduğu gözlenmiştir (Tablo 4).
Tablo 4. İncelenen özellikler ve oluşan farklı gruplar
Başaklanma
Bitki boyu
Tane verimi
süresi (gün)
(cm)
(kg.da-1)
Ağırlığı
G1
G2
G3
G4
Nurkent
G6
G7
G8
G9
Pehlivan
G11
G12
G13
G14
Cemre
G16
G17
G18
G19
Sagitario
G21
G22
G23
G24
Adana-99
G. Ortalama:
173.0 h
172.0 ı
173.0 h
174.0 g
180.0 c
173.0 h
175.0 f
176.0 e
170.0 j
181.0 b
180.0 c
180.0 c
170.0 j
170.0 j
184.0 a
173.0 h
175.0 f
176.0 e
181.0 b
177.0 d
173.0 h
174.0 g
172.0 ı
170.0 j
174.0 g
175.0
105.0 fg
95.0 ı
107.5 ef
100.0 h
120.0 a
110.0 de
110.0 de
110.0 de
105.0 fg
115.0 bc
110.0 de
110.0 de
110.0 de
100.0 h
112.5 cd
95.0 ı
117.5 ab
105.0 fg
110.0 de
85.0 k
90.0 j
102.5 gh
102.5 gh
92.5 ıj
107.5 ef
105.1
714.8 abc
607.3 a-g
626.0 a-g
667.7 a-f
619.1 a-g
712.3 a-d
564.2 d-g
574.4 c-g
713.3 abc
680.3 a-e
600.5 a-g
548.5 efg
726.3 ab
674.4 a-e
591.2 b-g
641.3 a-g
585.0 b-g
612.1 a-g
748.1 a
524.5 f-g
499.3 g
518.9 g
706.7 a-d
618.2 a-g
614.7 a-g
627.6
79.5 abc
71.4 h
71.8fgh
76.2 a-g
76.8 a-e
79.2 abc
76.7 a-e
71.5 gh
80.8 a
77.8 a-e
73.8 d-h
73.2 e-h
73.6 e-h
79.8 ab
76.4 a-f
75.9 b-h
77.9 a-e
75.0 c-h
78.4 a-d
75.4 b-h
75.7 b-h
77.5 a-e
75.0 c-h
78.9 abc
78.8 abc
76.3
33.3 ef
33.4 ef
32.9 ef
30.7 gh
32.7 efg
33.3 ef
32.9 ef
29.9 hı
39.4 abc
40.4 a
34.2 e
33.1 ef
38.2 bcd
39.9 ab
37.6 cd
32.1 fg
38.2 bcd
30.7 gh
33.4 ef
36.6 d
32.4 efg
28.5 ı
39.7 ab
32.2 efg
33.5 ef
34.4
LSD (0.05) :
0.33**
3.43**
148.36*
4.71**
2.08**
VK (%)
0.11
1.99
14.4
3.76
3.69
Genotip
:
Hektolitre
(kg.hl-1)
Bin tane
ağırlığı (g)
G. Ortalama: genel ortalama
Araştırmada, başaklanma süresi yönünden genotipler arasında geniş varyasyon olduğu tespit
edilmiştir. Başaklanma süresinin 170-184 gün arasında farklılık gösterdiği ve deneme
1361
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ortalamasının ise 175 gün olduğu belirlenmiştir. Mevcut materyalde G9, G13, G14 ve G24
genotipleri 170 gün süre ile en erkenci, Cemre (184 gün) çeşidi ise en geçci genotip olarak kayıt
altına alınmıştır (Tablo 4). Başaklanma süresini Kendal ve ark. (2012) 108.5-114.5 gün, Abbas
(2017) 110.90-146.65 gün, Koç & Aydoğan Çifci (2022) 142.25-149.75 gün olduğunu
bildirmiştir. Çalışmamızda, daha uzun başaklanma sürelerinin gözlenmesi çevre koşullarının
etkisine bağlanabilir.Ekmeklik buğday genotiplerine ilişkin bitki boylarının 85-120 cm arasında
değiştiği ve deneme ortalamasının 105.1 cm olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, Sagitario (85.0
cm) ekmeklik buğday çeşidinin en kısa ve Nurkent (120 cm) çeşidinin ise en uzun boylu olduğu
gözlenmiştir (Tablo 4). Bitki boyu ile ilgili farklı çevrelerde yapılan çalışmalarda Aktaş (2010)
72.63-114.43 cm, Çifci & Doğan (2013) 83.15 ile 85.01 cm, Bozkurt ve ark., (2022) 56.6076.25 cm, Koç & Aydoğan Çifci (2022) 68.50-86.50 cm olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda
elde edilen sonuçlar Aktaş ve ark., (2010)’nın sonuçlarına benzerdir.Çalışmada, tane veriminin
499.3-748.1 kg.da-1 arasında değiştiği, deneme ortalamasının 627.6 kg.da-1 olduğu tespit
edilmiştir. G19 (748.1 kg.da-1) en yüksek verimli ve G21 (499.3 kg.da-1) en düşük verimli
genotip olarak kayda alınmıştır (Tablo 4). Buğdayda birim alan tane verimini artırmanın
yolunun farklı ıslah teknikleriyle genetik kapasiteyi genişletmenin yanı sıra verimi kısıtlayan
unsurları minimum düzeye indirmeyle ilişkili olduğu vurgulanmıştır (Roth ve ark., 1984;
Erdem & Sakin, 2023). Maksimum verime ulaşmanın yüksek verimli çeşitlerin tercih
edilmesine ve doğru agronomik uygulamalara bağlı olduğu bildirilmiştir (Kaya ve ark., 2015;
Erdem & Sakin, 2023).Hektolitre ağırlığı, un randımanını önemli seviyede etkileyen teknolojik
kalite parametrelerinden biridir. İlaveten, tanenin şekline, boyutuna ve saydamlığına bağlı
olarak farklılık göstermektedir. Mevcut materyalde hektolitre ağırlığının 71.4-80.8 kg.hl-1
arasında değişim gösterdiği ve deneme ortalamasının 76.3 kg.hl-1 olduğu belirlenmiştir (Tablo
4). Çalışmada, G9 (80.8 kg.hl-1) en yüksek ve G2 (71.4 kg.hl-1) en düşük hektolitre ağırlığını
vermiştir. Bu bağlamda, G9 ekmeklik buğday genotipinde un randımanının daha yüksek olması
beklenebilir. Hektolitre ağırlığına ilişkin olarak Aktaş ve ark., (2017) 78.0-85.1 kg.hl-1,
Karaman (2020a) 75.0-80.2 kg.hl-1 arasında değişim gösterdiğini bildirmiştir.Bin tane ağırlığı,
genetik yapının yanı sıra önemli düzeyde çevre faktörlerinin etkisi altındadır. İlaveten, bin tane
ağırlığı da un randımanını etkilemektedir. Bin tane ağırlığının 29.9-40.4 g arasında farklılık
gösterdiği ve deneme ortalamasının 34.4 g olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Pehlivan (40.4 g) ekmeklik
buğday çeşidi en yüksek bin tane ağırlığına sahip olurken, G8 (29.9 g) en düşük bin tane
ağırlığını vermiştir (Tablo 4). Bin tane ağırlığı kalıtım ve ekolojinin etkisi altında farklılık
göstermekle ile beraber bin tane ağırlığının Aydın ve ark. (2007) 32.4- 43.2 g, Metin (2019)
1362
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
37.28-37.29 g, Bozkurt ve ark., (2022) 30.60-41.55 g, Koç & Aydoğan Çifci (2022) 26.9636.25 g farklılık gösterdiğini tespit etmiştir.
3.1.GGE Biplot Tekniğinde Genotip-Özellik İlişkisinin Vektörler İle Yorumlanması
Araştırmada; PC1 %35.98, PC2 %29.76 ve PC1+PC2 %65.74 oranında incelenen özellikler
yönünden genotipler arasındaki varyasyonu açıklamıştır (Şekil 1). Biplot analizinin vektörler
ile yorumlanmasında özellikleri temsil eden vektörlerin yönü, aralarındaki açı ve uzunluğu
dikkate alınarak özellikler arasındaki ilişki ve genotipler arasındaki varyasyon açıklanabilir
(Yan & Tinker, 2006; Karaman, 2020b). Bu bağlamda, tane verimi ile bin tane ve hektolitre
ağırlığı arasında güçlü pozitif korelasyon olduğu belirlenmiştir. Başaklanma süresi ile bitki
boyu arasında pozitif korelasyon olduğu gözlenmiş olmakla beraber tane verimi ve hektolitre
ağırlığı ile negatif korelasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Şekil 1. Genotip-özellik ilişkisinin vektörler ile sunumu
Ayrıca, başaklana süresi ve bitki boyu yönünden genotipler arasındaki varyasyon yüksek, bin
tane ve hektolitre ağırlığında varyasyonun düşük olduğu söylenebilir (Şekil 1). Başaklanma
süresi uzadıkça tane veriminin ve hektolitre ağırlığının düşmesi Diyarbakır ili koşullarında
sıcaklık stresine maruz kalma ile açıklanabilir. G1, G6, G13, G14, G19 tane veriminde, G1, G6,
G9, G14 ve G23 bin tane ağırlığında, G9, Pehlivan, G14 ve G23 hektolitre ağırlığında öne çıkan
genotipler olmuştur (Şekil 1).Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre tane verimi ile hektolitre
(r=0.2945*) ve bin tane ağırlığı (0.2383*) arasında pozitif korelasyon olduğu belirlenmiştir.
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İlaveten, bin tane ağırlığı ile hektolitre ağırlığı (0.2304*) arasında pozitif korelasyon olduğu
tespit edilmiştir (Tablo 5).
Tablo 5.İncelenen özellikler arası korelasyon ve önemlilik durumu
Özellikler
Başaklanma
Bitki boyu Tane verimi
süresi (gün)
(cm)
(kg.da-1)
Bitki boyu
0.4617**
Tane verim
-0.1596
0.1891
Hektolitre ağırlığı
-0.1014
0.0543
0.2945*
Bin tane ağırlığı
-0.0289
0.1535
0.2383*
Hektolitre ağırlığı
(kg.hl-1)
0.2304*
Tane verimi ile başaklanma süresi arasında önemsiz olmakla beraber negatif korelasyon
görülmesi bölge koşulları için seleksiyon sürecinde dikkate alınması gereken bir sonuçtur
(Tablo 5).
4. SONUÇLAR
Çalışmada, erkenci ve aynı zamanda tane verimi ve/veya kalite bakımından kontrol çeşitlerden
daha üstün olan birçok ileri kademe hattın olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Üstün nitelikli olduğu
belirlenen ileri kademe bu hatların aynı zamanda ortalama bir bitki boyuna (95-110 cm) sahip
olması saman verimi açısından da kıymetlidir. Bu bağlamda; G1, G6, G9, G13, G14, G23 ve
G24 ileri kademe hatlarının geleceğe dönük ümit var hatlar olabileceği, aynı zamanda bu
hatların ıslah programlarında ebeveyn olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
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KAYNAKÇA
Abbas, B. (2017). Bazı yerli ve yabancı ekmeklik buğday genotiplerinin verim ve kalite
özellikleri yönünde değerlendirilmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen
Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya. 58 s.
Aktaş, B. (2010). Kuru koşullar için ıslah edilmiş bazı ekmeklik buğday (Triticum aestivum L.)
çeşitlerinin karakterizasyonu. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü,
Ankara 126 s.
Aktaş, H., Karaman, M., Erdemci, İ., Kendal, E., Tekdal, S., Kılıç, H. & Oral, E. (2017). Sentetik
ve modern ekmeklik buğday genotiplerinin (Triticum aestivum L.) verim ve kalite
özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması. Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi,
3(1):25-32.
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(2023).
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istatistikleri
2000-2022.
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ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkisi. MKU. Tar. Bil. Derg., 26(2) :387-398.
Aydın, N., Bayramoğlu, H.O. & Özcan, H. (2007). Bazı ekmeklik buğday genotiplerinin verim
ve başlıca kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. OMÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22 (2):193201.
Bozkurt, M., Olgun, M. & Bolat, N. (2022). Eskişehir sulu koşullarında bazı ekmeklik buğday
hat ve çeşitlerinin verim ve kalite özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Research Journal of Biology
Sciences, 15(2):74-79.
Çifci, E. A. & Doğan, R. (2013). Azotlu gübre dozlarının Gediz-75 ve Flamura-85 buğday
çeşitlerinde verim ve kaliteye etkisi. Tarım Bilimleri Derg., 19(1):1-11.
Dziki, D. & Laskowski, J., (2005). Wheat kernel physical properties and milling process. Acta
Agrophysica, 6:59-71.
Elgün, A., Ertugay, Z., Certel, M. & Kotancılar, H.G. (2002). Tahıl ve ürünlerinde analitik kalite
kontrolü ve laboratuvar uygulama kılavuzu (düzeltilmiş 3. Baskı). Atatürk Üniversitesi
Yayın No: 867, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın No: 335, Ders Kitapları Serisi No: 82, Erzurum,
245s.
Erdem, B. & Sakin, M.A. (2023). Bilecik merkez şartlarında bazı ekmeklik buğday (Triticum
aestivum L.) çeşitlerinin verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri
Dergisi, 7(2):303-315.
Karaman, (2020b). Yazlık ekmeklik buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) genotiplerinin tarımsal
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
özellikler bakımından değerlendirilmesi. ISPEC Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1): 68-81.
Karaman, 2020a. Evaluation of the physiological and agricultural properties of some of bread
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes registered in Turkey using bıplot analysis. Pak. J.
Bot., 52(6):1989-1997.
Kaya, Y., Morgounov, A. & Keser, M., (2015). Genotype by environment interaction effects on
plant height of wheat genotypes carrying Rht 8 dwarfing gene. Turkish Journal of Field
Crops, 20(2):252-258.
Kendal, E., Tekdal, S., Aktaş, H. & Karaman, M. (2012). Bazı makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinin
Diyarbakır ve Adıyaman sulu koşullarında verim ve kalite parametreleri yönünden
karşılaştırılması. Uludağ Üniveristesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2):1-14.
Koç, S. & Çifci Aydoğan, E. (2022). ekmeklik buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) hat ve çeşitlerinin
farklı çevrelerde bazı tarımsal özellikler yönünden incelenmesi. Bursa Uludag Üniv. Ziraat
Fak. Derg., 36(1):103-118.
Kün, E. (1996). Tahıllar-I (serin iklim tahılları). Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları,
Yayın No: 1451, Ankara.
Metin, G. (2019). Bursa koşullarında bazı ekmeklik buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) çeşitlerinin
verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi,
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bursa, 51 s.
Morgounov, A., Keser, M., Kan, M., Küçükçongar, M., Özdemir, F., Gummanow, N.,
Muminjanov, H., Zuev, E. & Qualset, C.O. (2016). Wheat landraces currently grown in
Turkey: Distribution, diversity and use. Crop Sci., 56:1-13.
Roth, G.W., Marshall, H.G., Hatley, O.E. & Hill, R.R. (1984). Effect of management practices
on grain yield, test weight, and lodging of soft red winter wheat. Agronomy Journal,
76:379-383.
Ulucan, İ. & Atak, M. (2020). Ekim sıklığının ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinde (Triticum aestivum
L.) verim ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkisi. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri
Dergisi, 30(4):31-12.
Yan, W. & Tinker, N.A. (2006). Biplot analysis of multienvironment trial data: Principles and
applications. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 86:623-645.
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BAZI NOHUT ÇEŞİTLERİNİN MORFOLOJİK VE FİZYOLOJİK ÖZELLİKLER
BAKIMINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Doç. Dr. Mehmet KARAMAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-6176-9580)
Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi, Uygulamalı Bilimler Fakültesi, Bitkisel Üretim ve Teknolojileri
Bölümü, Muş-Türkiye
Email: m.karaman@alparslan.edu.tr
ÖZET
Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.), dünyada ve Türkiye’de ekim alanı ve üretim miktarı bakımından
yemeklik tane baklagiller içerisinde ön sıralarda yer almaktadır. Nohut tanesinin besin içeriği
bakımından zengin olması insan beslenmesinde büyük önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada amaç,
bazı nohut genotiplerini tane verimi, morfolojik ve fizyolojik özellikler bakımından
incelemekti. Deneme, Muş ilinin yağışa dayalı koşullarında tesadüf blokları deneme desenine
göre beş tekrarlamalı olarak yürütüldü. İncelenen özelliklerden ana dal sayısı hariç kalan tüm
özelliklerde genotipler arasında p≤0.01 veya p≤0.05 düzeyinde önemli farklılıklar olduğu
belirlendi. Çalışmada, tane verimi 100.2-149.2 kg.da-1, bitki boyu 25.0-30.9 cm, ilk bakla
yüksekliği 8.9-11.8 cm, bakla sayısı 17.3-27.6 adet.bitki-1, çiçeklenme süresi 50.0-53.2 gün,
bitki örtüsü sıcaklığı 33.1-34.1 oC, normalize edilmiş vejetasyon farklılık indeksi 0.446-0.632
arasında farklılık gösterdi. Zuhal nohut çeşidi en yüksek tane verimine sahip olmakla beraber
en düşük bitki örtüsü sıcaklığı ve en yüksek normalize edilmiş vejetasyon indeksi değerini
verdi. Bitki örtüsünü serin tutan ve aynı zamanda iyi biyomasa sahip genotiplerin yüksek tane
verimi verdiği gözlenmiştir. Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre tane verimi ile bitki boyu
(r=0.5675**), bakla sayısı (r=0.8213**) ve normalize edilmiş vejatasyon farklılık indeksi
(0.9344**) arasında pozitif ve önemli ilişki olduğu belirlendi. Zuhal nohut çeşidinin ebeveyn,
bitki örtüsü sıcaklığı ve normalize edilmiş vejatasyon indeksinin seleksiyon kriteri olarak ıslah
programlarında kullanılması faydalı olacaktır. İlaveten, çalışmanın birkaç yıl ve/veya
lokasyonda tekrar edilmesinin ise sonuçların kesinliği yönünden ihtiyaç olduğu
düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Nohut, verim, morfoloji, fizyoloji
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EVALUATION OF SOME CHICKPEA VARIETIES IN TERMS OF
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ABSTRACT
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) ranks among the edible legumes in the world and in Türkiye in
terms of cultivation area and production amount in front of row. The rich nutritional content of
chickpeas is of great importance in human nutrition. The aim of the study was to examine some
chickpea genotypes in terms of grain yield, morphological and physiological characteristics.
The experiment was carried out with five replications according to the randomized experiment
blok design based of rainfed conditions in Muş province. It was determined that there were
significant differences between genotypes at the level of p≤0.01 or p≤0.05 in all characteristics
examined, except for the number of major branches. In the study, grain yield 100.2-149.2 kg.da1
, plant height 25.0-30.9 cm, first pod height 8.9-11.8 cm, number of pods 17.3-27.6 pcs.plant1
, flowering time 50.0-53.2 days, canopy temperature 33.1-1. 34.1 oC, normalized difference
vegetation index 0.446-0.632 between were changed. Zuhal chickpea variety was the highest
grain yield, but also the lowest canopy temperature and the highest normalized difference
vegetation index value. It has been observed that genotypes that keep the vegetation cool and
also have good biomass give high grain yield. According to the correlation analysis results, it
was determined that there were a positive and significant relationship between grain yield and
plant height (r=0.5675**), number of pods (r=0.8213**) and normalized difference vegetation
index (0.9344**). It would be useful to use the parent, canopy temperature and normalized
difference vegetation index of the Zuhal chickpea variety as selection criteria in breeding
programs. Additionally, it is thought that it is necessary to repeat the study in several years
and/or locations in order to ensure the accuracy of the results.
Keywords: Chickpea, yield, morphology, physiology
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GİRİŞ
Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.), dünya genelinde insan ve hayvan beslenmesinde kullanılan önemli
yemekli tane baklagillerden biridir. Türkiye’de nohut ekim alanı 518 bin hektar, üretimi 630
bin ton ve tane verimi ise 122 kg/da’dır. Bu veriler doğrultusunda nohut Türkiye’de en önemli
yemeklik tane baklagillerden biri olma potansiyelini korumaktadır (FAO, 2021). Nohutta tane
besin değeri yönünden %16.4-31.2 protein, %1.5-6.8 yağ, %38.1-73.3 karbonhidrat ve %1.69.0 selüloz içermektedir. Protein kapsamına bakıldığında insan beslenmesinde kıymetli olan
amino asitlerce (lysine, isoleucine ve leucine) zengin olduğu söylenebilir. Fakat, methionine,
cystine ve tryptophan bakımından fakirdir (Şehirali, 1988; Doğan ve ark., 2015). Nohutta bitki
boyu, bitkide dal sayısı ve bitkide bakla sayısı gibi özellikler birim alan tane verimi üzerinde
etkili olan faktörlerdir (Tosun ve Eser, 1975; Açıkgöz ve Kıtıkı, 1994; Düzdemir ve ark., 2007).
Tarla bitkilerinin yetiştiriciliğinde toprakta su miktarı azaldıkça stomaların kapanmasına bağlı
olarak yaprak sıcaklığının arttığı ve hava sıcaklığından daha yüksek sıcaklıkların
görülebileceği, bu bağlamda bitki örtüsü sıcaklığının bitkilerin tarlada yetiştirilme
performansıyla doğrudan ilişkili olduğu vurgulanmıştır (Reynolds ve ark., 1994; Başdemir ve
Yıldırım). Bitki örtüsü ile ilgili sıcaklık ölçümlerinin verimle en güçlü korelasyonu yüksek
sıcaklık problemi olmakla birlikte su kısıtlılığının olmadığı şartlarda verdiği bildirilmiştir
(Reynolds ve ark., 1994; Başdemir ve Yıldırım). Çalışmanın amacı; tane verimi ile bazı verim
komponentleri, morfolojik ve fizyolojik özellikler arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir.
2.MATERYAL VE METOT
Araştırma, Muş ilinin yağışa dayalı koşullarında 2022 yılı nohut yetiştirme sezonunda yazlık
ekim koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırma materyalini Aksu (Orijini: Doğu Akdeniz Geçit
Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü), Aslanbey (Orijini: Doğu Akdeniz Geçit
Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü) ve Zuhal (Orijini: Karadeniz Tarımsal
Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü) çeşitleri ile 1 yerel (Orijini: Muş ili) nohut çeşidi
oluşturmuştur. Denemede; her parsel 4 sıra, sıra arası 30 cm, parsel uzunluğu 4 metre
uzunluğunda ve ekim normu 50 tohum.m-2 yoğunluğunda ve deneme deseni tesadüf blokları
deneme desenine göre 5 tekerrürlü olarak tasarlanmıştır. Yabancı otlar ile mücadele ihtiyaç
dahilinde el ile sökülerek temizlik yapılmıştır. Ekimde toplam 4.8 m2 olan parselin sağından,
solundan birer sıra ve başından, sonundan 0.5 m kesildikten sonra geriye kalan 1.8 m2 üzerinden
hasat yapılmıştır. Hasat işlemi 8 Ağustos 2022 yılında, harmanlama ise 09-30 Ağustos 2024’te
tamamlanmıştır.
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Tablo 1. Deneme alanı topraklarının içeriğine ilişkin bilgiler
Toprak Bünyesi
Killi-Tın
Toplam tuz
(%)
0.38
Ph
7.8
Kireç
Fosfor
CaCO3
P2O5
(%)
(kg/da)
2.5
2.0
Organik madde
(%)
1.57
Deneme alanı topraklarının tuzsuz, hafif bazik, fosfor ve organik madde içeriğinin az olduğu
belirlenmiştir (Tablo 1). Eksik olan bitki besin elementi ihtiyacını tamamlamak için ekim ile
beraber saf madde üzerinden 6 kg fosfor (P2O5) ve 2.5 azot (N) verilmiştir. Çalışmada, üst
gübre uygulaması yapılmamıştır.
Şekil 1. Muş İlinin 2022 nohut yetiştirme sezonu ve uzun yıllar yağış miktarı (mm)
Muş ilinde gerçekleşen yağış miktarı incelendiğinde, 2022 nohut yetiştirme sezonunda Mayıs
ayı hariç diğer aylarda uzun yıllar ortalamasının altında yağış olduğu gözlenmektedir. Mayıs
ayında daha yüksek yağış olması nohut çıkışlarının homojen olmasına katkı sağladığı
düşünülmektedir (Şekil 1).Sıcaklık değerlerine bakıldığında Mayıs ayı hariç geriye kalan tüm
aylarda daha yüksek sıcaklıkların yaşandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bu durum, vejetasyon süresinin
kısalmasına bağlı olarak tane dolum süresinin beklenenden daha kısa sürmesine sebep olmuş
ve nohutta birim alan tane verimini olumsuz etkilediği düşünülmektedir (Şekil 2).
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Şekil 2. Muş İlinin 2022 nohut yetiştirme sezonu ve uzun yıllar sıcaklık değerleri (oC)
2022 yılı nohut yetiştirme sezonu yağış ve sıcaklık ekseninde değerlendirildiğinde olağan
olmayan bir sezonun yaşandığı söylenebilir.Araştırmada, tane verimini belirlemek için parsel
bazında kenar tesirleri devre dışı bırakıldıktan sonra kalan kısım hasat edilmiş ve 0.001
seviyede hassas terazide tartılarak elde edilen değer kg.da-1’a dönüştürülmüştür. Bitki boyu, ilk
bakla yüksekliği, ana dal sayısı ve bakla sayısı hasat öncesinde her parselde 10 bitki üzerinde
alınan gözlemlerin ortalaması alınarak belirlenmiştir. Çiçeklenme süresi için ekimden her
parselin %50’si çiçekleninceye kadar geçen süre gün olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bitki örtüsü
sıcaklığı ve normalize edilmiş vejetasyon farklılık indeksi için gözlemler parsel bazında %50
bakla bağlama döneminde alınmıştır.
3.ARAŞTIRMA VE BULGULAR
Araştırmada, bitkideki ana dal sayısı (ADS) hariç tüm özelliklerde genotipler arasında önemli
düzeyde varyasyon olduğu belirlenmiştir (Tablo 2). Çalışmada tane verimi 100.2-149.2 kg.da1
arasında değişim göstermiş ve deneme ortalamasının 129.5 kg.da-1 olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Zuhal (149.2 kg.da-1) nohut çeşidi en yüksek birim alan tane verimi ile ilk sırada yer almıştır
(Tablo 2). Birim alan tane verimi ile ilgili farklı çevrelerde yapılan çalışmalarda Biçer ve
Anlarsal (2004) 121.5-166.6 kg.da-1, Düzdemir ve ark. (2007) 94.9-153.1 kg.da-1, Mart ve ark.
(2021) 45.52-309.33 kg.da-1 olduğunu bildirmiştir.
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Tablo 2. İncelenen özellikler, elde edilen değerler ve oluşan gruplar
İBY
ADS
BS
ÇS
BÖS
(cm)
(cm)
(ad.bit-1)
(ad.bit-1)
(gün)
(oC)
129.0 c
30.9 a
11.78 a
2.38
25.0 a
53.2 a
33.1 b
0.593 b
Aslanbey
139.6 b
30.8 a
11.74 a
2.50
27.6 a
51.6 ab
34.1 a
0.620 a
Yerel
100.2 d
25.0 b
8.94 b
2.60
17.3 b
50.0 b
33.9 a
0.446 c
Zuhal
149.2 a
29.6 a
11.80 a
2.56
27.2 a
51.8 a
33.0 b
0.632 a
G. Ortalama
129.5
29.1
11.07
2.51
24.3
51.7
33.5
0.573
Mak. değer
149.2
30.9
11.80
2.60
27.6
53.2
34.1
0.632
Min. Değer
100.2
25.0
8.94
2.38
17.3
50.0
33.1
0.446
LSD (0.05)
5.87**
1.95**
1.81*
Ö.D.
3.56**
1.66*
0.50**
0.02**
CV (%)
3.29
4.87
11.89
11.07
10.65
2.34
1.09
2.51
Çeşit
TV
(kg.da-1)
Aksu
BB
NDVI
TV: tane verimi, BB: bitki boyu, İBY: ilk bakla yüksekliği, ADS: bitkide ana dal sayısı, BS:
bakla sayısı, ÇS: çiçeklenme gün sayısı, BÖS: bitki örtüsü sıcaklığı, NDVI: normalize edilmiş
vejetasyon farklılık indeksi, Mak.; maksimum, Min.: minimum, G. Ortalama: genel ortalama,
ad.bit-1: adet.bitki-1Bitki boyunun 25.0-30.9 cm arasında farklılık gösterdiği ve bitki boyuna
ilişkin deneme ortalamasının 29.1 cm olduğu gözlenmiştir. Zuhal (29.6 cm) nohut çeşidinin en
uzun, yerel (25.0 cm) çeşidin ise en kısa boylu olduğu görülmüştür (Tablo 2). Bitki boyunu;
Düzdemir ve ark. (2007) 35.7-44.3 cm, Yalçın ve ark. (2018) 38.2-41.9 cm, Ercan ve ark.
(2019) 30.5-47.4 cm, Demirci ve Bildirici (2020) 39.0-48.3 cm olduğunu belirlemiştir.
Çalışmada, çeşitlere ait bitki boylarının genel olarak kısa kalmasının yazlık ekim sebebiyle
vejetasyon süresinin kısa olmasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.İlk bakla yüksekliğinin
8.9-11.8 cm arasında değiştiği, yerel çeşit hariç tüm çeşitlerin aynı grupta yer alarak benzer
değerler verdiği belirlenmiştir. İlk bakla yüksekliği dikkate alındığında yerel çeşit hariç tüm
çeşitlerin makinalı tarıma uygun olduğu söylenebilir (Tablo 2). İlk bakla yüksekliğinin Karakan
Kaya (2014) 24.4-35.1 cm, Dinç (2014) 19.1-25.3 cm, Demirci ve Bildirici (2020) 28.8-38.8
cm arasında değişim gösterdiğini belirlemiştir.Bitkide ana dal sayısının 2.4-2.6 adet arasında
değiştiği, çeşitler bazında elde edilen değerlerin benzer olduğu ve istatistiki açıdan fark
olmadığı tespit edilmiştir (Tablo 2). Ana dal sayısı ile ilgili Kaçar ve ark. (2005) 2.5-3.2
adet.bitki-1, Yiğitoğlu (2006) 2.6-3.3 adet.bitki-1, Ercan ve ark.(2019) 1.7-2.7 adet.bitki-1
olduğunu bildirmiştir.Bitkide bakla sayısının 17.3-27.6 adet.bitki-1, deneme ortalamasının 24.3
adet.bitki-1 ve Aslanbey (27.6 adet.bitki-1) çeşidinin ilk sırada yer aldığı belirlenmiştir. Bakla
sayısına ilişkin yapılan çalışmalarda Düzdemir ve ark., (2007) 13.6-22.2 adet.bitki-1, Çiftçi ve
ark. (2004) 6.5-18.4 adet.bitki-1, Dinç (2014) 5.5-8.3 adet.bitki-1, Demirci ve Bildirici (2020)
6.9-13.0 adet.bitki-1 olduğunu tespit etmiştir (Tablo 2).Çiçeklenme süresinin 50.0-53.2 gün ve
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
deneme ortalamasının 51.7 gün olduğu gözlenmiştir. Çalışma, yazlık ekim koşullarında
yürütüldüğünden dolayı çiçeklenme süreleri kısa olmakla beraber yerel çeşit en erken ve Zuhal
çeşidi ise en geç çiçeklenen nohut çeşidi olmuştur. Çiçeklenme süresinin Uzun ve ark. (2012),
57.5- 65.5 gün, Demirci ve Bildirici (2020) 47.3-53.6 gün olduğunu vurgulamıştır (Tablo 2).
Bitki örtüsü sıcaklığı yönünden nohut çeşitleri arasında istatistiki açıdan önemli farklılıklar
olduğu belirlenmiştir. Denemede, bitki örtüsü sıcaklığının 33.1-34.1 oC aralığında ve deneme
ortalamasının ise 33.5 oC olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, Aksu çeşidi (33.1 oC) bitki
örtüsünü en serin tutan çeşit olmuştur (Tablo 2). Bitki örtüsünü serin tutan genotiplerin kuraklık
stresinin yaşandığı koşullara daha toleranslı olduğu, su stresine ve kuraklığa karşı tolerant
genotip geliştirmede bitki örtüsü sıcaklığının seleksiyon unsuru olabileceği bildirilmiştir (Blum
ve ark., 1989).Birim alandaki yeşil aksamın yoğunluğu hakkında fikir veren normalize edilmiş
vejatasyon indeksi (NDVI) değerinin 0.446-0.632 aralığında ve deneme ortalamasının 0.573
olduğu gözlenmiştir (Tablo 2). Çalışmada tane verimi sıralaması ile NDVI sıralamasının aynı
olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu durum NDVI ile tane verimi arasında önemli bir ilişki olduğunu
göstermektedir. Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü deneme alanında
nohutun tane doldurma döneminde yapılan NDVI ölçümlerinde 0.60-0.71 arasında değerler
elde edilmiştir (Alkan, 2024). Çalışmamızda daha düşük değerlerin elde edilmesinin çeşit ve
ekolojik faktörlerden kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.
Tablo 3. Araştırılan özelliklere ilişkin korelasyon kat sayısı ve önemlilik durumu (p<0.01 veya
0.05)
Özellikler
TV
BB
İBY
DS
BS
ÇS
CS
(kg.da-1)
(cm)
(cm)
(adet.bitki-1)
(adet.bitki-1)
(gün)
(oC)
BB
0.5675**
İBY
0.5087*
0.7233**
DS
-0.0603
0.0059
0.2978
BS
0.8213**
0.5512**
0.5646**
-0.1111
ÇS
0.3662
0.6782**
0.4461*
-0.1445
0.277
CS
-0.3048
-0.2291
-0.3136
0.259
-0.1173
-0.2533
NDVI
0.9344**
0.7514**
0.7045**
-0.1007
0.8456**
0.496*
-0.3328
Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre TV ile IBY (0.5087*), BS (0.8213**) ve NDVI (0.9344**)
arasında pozitif korelasyon olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, NDVI’nın BS (0.8456**) ve ÇS
(0.496*) ile pozitif ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir (Tablo 3). NDVI’nın BS ile pozitif ilişkili
olması nohut ıslahında tane verimi odaklı yapılacak olan seleksiyonlarda önem arz etmektedir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
4. SONUÇLAR
Araştırmada, tane verimi ile morfolojik ve fizyolojik özellikler arasında pozitif ilişki olduğu
belirlenmiştir. Bitki örtüsünü serin tutan genotiplerin yüksek normalize edilmiş vejetasyon
farklılık indeksi değeri verdiği ve aynı genotiplerin tane verimi bakımından öne çıktığı tespit
edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre tane verimi ile verim komponentlerinden bakla
sayısı, morfolojik özelliklerden bitki boyu ve fizyolojik özelliklerden normalize edilmiş
vejetasyon farklılık indeksi arasında olumlu ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir. Zuhal nohut çeşidinin
incelenen özellikler yönünden ideal çeşit olması sebebiyle ıslah programlarında genitor olarak,
normalize edilmiş vejetasyon farklılık indeksi ve bitki örtüsü sıcaklığı özelliklerinin seleksiyon
kriteri olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKÇA
Açıkgöz, N. & Kıtıkı, A. (1994). Nohutta F2 ve F3 Generasyonlarında bazı özellikler arasındaki
korelasyonların saptanması. Agronomi Bildirileri Cilt I., Tarla Bitkileri Kong., 25-29
Nisan, İzmir, 126-129.
Alkan, Y. 2024. Eskişehir ekolojik koşullarında sulu ve yağışa bağlı koşulların bazı nohut
(Cicer arietinum L.) çeşitlerinde verim, kalite ve bazı fizyolojik karakterlere etkilerinin
araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
Başdemir, F. & Yıldırım, M. Yabani nohut genotiplerinin yüksek buhar basıncı açıklığında
stoma iletkenlik indeksi değişimleri. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 8(2):128136.
Biçer, B.T., Anlarsal & A. E. (2004). Bazı nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) köy çeşitlerinde bitkisel
ve tarımsal özelliklerin belirlenmesi, Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 10(4).389-396.
Blum, A., Shpiler, L., Golan, G. & Mayer, J. 1989. Yield Stability and Canopy Temperature of
Wheat Genotypes under Drought-Stress. Field Crop Research, 22:289-296.
Çiftçi, V., Doğan, Y., Togay, N. & Karakuş. M., (2004). Türkiye’de tescil edilmiş bazı nohut
(Cicer arietinum L.) çeşitlerinin Van ekolojik koşullarında verim ve verim öğelerinin
belirlenmesi. Ç.Ü.Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2):105-110.
Dinç, A., (2014). Türkiye’de tescil edilmiş bazı nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) çeşitlerinin Van
koşullarında verim ve verim öğelerinin belirlenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl
Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
Doğan, Y., Çiftçi, V. & Ekinci, B. (2015). Mardin Kızıltepe ekolojik koşullarında farklı bitki
sıklıklarının nohutta (Cicer arietinum L.) verim ve bazı verim öğelerine etkisi. Iğdır Üniv.
Fen Bilimleri Enst. Derg., 5(1):73-81.
Düzdemir, O., Akdağ, C. & Yanar, Y. (2007). Bazı nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) çeşitlerinin farklı
çevrelerde antraknoz (Ascochyta rabiei)’a dayanımları ve tane verimleri üzerine bir
araştırma. GOÜ. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2):87-97.
Ercan, M.Y.İ., Uzun, S. & Özaktan, H. (2019). Kayseri ekolojik koşullarında farklı ekim
zamanlarının nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) bitkisinde verim, verim unsurları ve kalite
üzerine etkileri. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (16):434-440.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2021). https://www.fao.org/statistics/en/ (date of
access: 16.05.2022).
Kaçar O., Göksu E. & Azkan N. (2005). Bursa’da kışlık olarak yetiştirilebilecek nohut (Cicer
arietinum L.) hatlarının belirlenmesi. Uludağ Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 19(2):33-45.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Karakan Kaya, F. (2014). Bazı nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) çeşitlerinin elazığ koşullarındaki
verim ve adaptasyon yeteneklerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bingöl
Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
Mart, D., Türkeri, M. Akın, R. Yücel, D. & Mart, S. (2021). Çukurova Bölgesinde bazı nohut
(Cicer arietinum L.) çeşit ve hatlarında verim ve kalite özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi.
Çukurova Tarım Gıda Bil. Derg., 36(2):357-368.
Reynolds MP, Balota M, Delgado MIB, Amani I, Fischer RA, 1994. Physiological and
morphological traits associated with spring wheat yield under hot irrigated conditions.
Aust. J. Plant Physiol. Res., 21:717-730.
Şehrali S. (1988). Yemeklik tane baklagiller ders kitabı. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi
Yayınları:1089, Ders Kitabı: 314, s. 435, Ankara.
Tosun, O. ve Eser, D. (1975). Nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) çeşitlerinde, verim ile bazı morfolojik
özellikler arasındaki ilişkiler. A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Yıllığı, 25(1):171-180, Ankara.
Uzun, A., Özçelik, H., Yılmaz, S. (2012). Seçilmiş bazı nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) hatlarının
agronomik vekalite özellikleri bakımından değerlendirilmesi, Akademik Ziraat Dergisi,
1(1):29-36.
Yalçın, F., Mut, Z., Erbas Kose, O.D. (2018). Afyonkarahisar ve Yozgat koşullarında yüksek
verim sağlayacak uygun nohut (Cicer arietinum L.) çeşitlerinin belirlenmesi.
Gaziosmanpaşa Üniv. Zir. Fak. Derg., 35 (1):46-59.
Yiğitoğlu, D. (2006). Kahramanmaraş koşullarında farklı bitki sıklıklarının kışlık ve yazlık
ekilen bazı nohut çeşitlerinde (Cicer arietinum L.) verim ve verim ile ilgili özelliklere
etkisi. Doktora Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
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CEVİZ VE YER FISTIĞI BİYOKÜTLELERİNDEN KARBON BAZLI MALZEME
ÜRETİMİ
Çiğdem AKÇA (ORCID: 0000-0002-8814-0360)
Hitit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, ÇorumTürkiye
ÇAMSAN ORDU*
Uzunisa Kökenli Mahallesi Ordu/ Türkiye
Email: cigdem.akca@camsanordu.com
İsmail KARABEKMEZ (ORCID: 0009-0000-5717-3429)
Hitit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, ÇorumTürkiye
Email: ismailkarabekmez@gmail.com
Doç. Dr. Filiz BORAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-4315-9949)
Hitit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, ÇorumTürkiye
Email: filizbektas@hitit.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Erol ALVER (ORCID: 0000-0002-6010-6910)
Hitit University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, ÇorumTürkiye
Email: erolalver@hitit.edu.tr
Özet
Biyokütle bazlı karbon malzemelerinin araştırılması ve geliştirilmesi, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik
ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının keşfi açısından son derece önemlidir. Özellikle atık
biyokütle kaynaklarının, ceviz kabuğu ve yer fıstığı kabuğu gibi doğal kaynaklardan karbon
bazlı malzemelerin üretimi için potansiyeli oldukça büyüktür. Ceviz kabuğu ve yer fıstığı
kabuğu gibi bitkisel atıklar, genellikle değerlendirilmeden önce çevresel sorunlara yol
açabilirler. Ancak bu atık kaynakları, uygun işlemlerle karbon bazlı malzemelere
dönüştürülerek çeşitli endüstriyel uygulamalarda ve çevresel iyileştirme projelerinde
kullanılabilir. Karbon bazlı malzemeler, yüksek yüzey alanına sahip olmaları, mükemmel
adsorpsiyon özellikleri ve termal iletkenlik gibi özelliklerinden dolayı birçok alanda potansiyel
sunarlar. Bu çalışmada, ceviz kabuğu ve yer fıstığı kabuğu gibi sıkça atık olarak ortaya çıkan
biyokütle kaynaklarından karbon bazlı malzemelerin üretim potansiyeli araştırılmıştır.
Öncelikle kuru ceviz ve yer fıstığı kabuğu biyokütleri toplanıp, parçalanarak öğütme işlemi
ardından 75 μm altı boyutlarında elendi. Boyutu küçültülüp elenen biyokütleler kül fırınında
belirlenen sıcaklık ve sürede demir içerikli katalizör varlığında karbonisazyon işlemine tabi
tutuldu. Karbonize edilen örnekler soğutularak toplandı. Karbonizasyon işlemi sonunda elde
edilen karbon bazlı malzemelerin karakterizasyonu X-ray difraksiyonu (XRD), Fourier
dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektrofotometresi (FTIR) ve Raman analizleri ile gerçekleştirildi. XRD,
FTIR ve Raman analizlerinin sonuçları, lignoselülozik biyokütlenin karbonlaşma sürecinin
başarıyla gerçekleştiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu analizler, hammaddenin yapısal değişimlerini
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ve karbonizasyonun ilerleyişini ayrıntılı bir şekilde göstermektedir. Bu araştırma, ceviz kabuğu
ve yer fıstığı kabuğu gibi atık biyokütle kaynaklarının yeniden değerlendirilerek karbon bazlı
malzemelerin üretimindeki potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu malzemelerin üretim süreci,
çevresel olarak sürdürülebilir ve ekonomik açıdan etkin bir yaklaşımı temsil ederken, aynı
zamanda çeşitli endüstriyel ihtiyaçlara da yanıt verebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, biyokütle bazlı
karbon malzemelerinin araştırılması ve geliştirilmesi, gelecekteki yeşil ve sürdürülebilir
teknolojilerin geliştirilmesine önemli bir katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yer fıstığı, ceviz kabuğu, biyokütle, karbon bazlı malzeme
1378
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PRODUCTION OF CARBON-BASED MATERIALS FROM WALNUT AND
PEANUT BIOMASS
Abstract
The research and development of biomass-based carbon materials is extremely important for
environmental sustainability and the exploration of renewable energy sources. In particular,
waste biomass sources have great potential for the production of carbon-based materials from
natural resources such as walnut hulls and peanut shells. Crop wastes such as walnut hulls and
peanut shells can often cause environmental problems before they are utilized. However, these
waste sources can be converted into carbon-based materials through appropriate processes and
used in various industrial applications and environmental remediation projects. Carbon-based
materials offer potential in many fields due to their high surface area, excellent adsorption
properties and thermal conductivity. In this study, the potential for the production of carbonbased materials from biomass sources such as walnut shells and peanut shells was investigated.
First of all, dry walnut and peanut shell biomasses were collected, crushed and sieved to a size
of less than 75 μm after grinding. The reduced and sieved biomasses were subjected to
carbonization process in the presence of iron-containing catalyst in a muffle furnace at the
specified temperature and time. Carbonized samples were cooled and collected. The carbonbased materials obtained at the end of the carbonization process were characterized by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) and Raman analysis.
The results of XRD, FTIR and Raman analyses reveal that the carbonization process of the
lignocellulosic biomass was successful. These analyses show in detail the structural changes of
the feedstock and the progress of carbonization. This research demonstrates the potential of
recycling waste biomass resources such as walnut shells and peanut shells for the production of
carbon-based materials. The production process of these materials represents an
environmentally sustainable and economically efficient approach, while at the same time
responding to various industrial needs. Therefore, the research and development of biomassbased carbon materials is expected to make a significant contribution to the development of
future green and sustainable technologies.
Keywords: Peanuts, walnut shells, biomass, carbon-based material
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Introduction
Biomass is a renewable, abundant and cheap resource and its conversion into fuel, chemical
and material precursors is of great importance to alleviate the energy crisis by reducing overreliance on fossil resources, reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable
development (Baweja & Jeet, 2019). Recently, there is a high proportion of agricultural waste
generated globally that is inefficiently used and cannot be recycled. These wastes can be
considered as a viable resource that can impact environmental management. Furthermore, the
utilization of biomass resources is thought to enable the use of less toxic reagents during the
production phase, as well as adding value to agricultural by-products and reducing global
dependence on petroleum-based feedstocks (Çavuş at al., 2022).In this study, it was aimed to
investigate the potential of producing carbon-based materials from walnut shell and peanut
shell, which are waste biomass sources. The obtained carbon-based materials were
characterized by XRD, FTIR and Raman analysis.
Materials and Methods
Dried walnut shells were obtained from Çorum region and dried peanut shells were obtained
from Osmaniye region Dried walnut and peanut shell biomasses were collected, crushed,
ground and sieved to a size of less than 75 μm. The sieved biomasses were subjected to
carbonization in the presence of iron-containing catalyst in a muffle furnace at 350°C.
Carbonized samples were cooled and collected. The carbonized products obtained from dry
walnut and peanut shell biomasses were named CC1 and CF1, respectively.
Findings and Discussion
The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR and RAMAN analysis. The phases
of the biomasses and carbonized samples were observed by XRD patterns (Figure 1). Compared
to the biomasses, the characteristic peaks of the prepared CC1 and CF1 carbonized products
become more pronounced, indicating that the carbonization process only consumes impurities,
but does not destroy the “core” structure of the biomasses. XRD spectra obtained from the
crystal phase models of biochar (Figure 1) showed the presence of a peak indicating the
formation of the intact structure of carbonaceous materials (Assirey & Altamimi, 2021). As
shown in Figure 1, the XRD pattern of the prepared CC1 and CF1 exhibited a diffraction peak
(2θ=14°), indicating that the prepared carbon-based material has an amorphous carbon
composed of aromatic carbon layers. This result clearly shows that under the process condition
of carbonization and activation, it gives a carbonaceous structure composed of aromatic carbon
layers (Wang, at al., 2020). After the carbonization process, it is seen that the peak at 2θ= 16.3°
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shifted to 2θ= 14° and sharpened and also the peak between 2θ= 21.9-22° broadened and a new
peak was formed around 2θ= 25°.
Figure 1. XRD diffractograms of biomass wastes and carbon-based materials obtained from
these wastes FT-IR analysis of walnut and peanut wastes and carbon-based materials obtained
from these biomasses is shown in Figure 2. It is seen that the broadband absorption peak is at
3700-3000 cm-1, indicating the presence of hydroxyl group (OH). This peak was found to be
broadened in CC1 and CF1 samples while it was strong and narrow in biomasses. The
absorption peak observed at 2923 cm-1 in biomasses indicates the presence of aliphatic C-H
vibration peaks originating from sp3-hybridized carbon atoms. It is observed that the intensity
of this peak completely disappears in CC1 and CF1 samples (Melese at al., 2020). The bands
at 1040 cm-1 attributed to aromatic C-O almost disappeared, while the C=C peak at 1610 cm-1
and the C=O peak at 1708 cm-1 appeared. All of these observations point to carbonization of
lignocellulosic biomass (Wang at al., 2020).
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Figure 2. FT-IR spectra of biomass wastes and carbon-based materials obtained from these
wastes Figure 3 shows the Raman spectra of the respective G and D bands of carbon-based
materials derived from various biomass wastes. One of the leading indicators of carbon-based
material formation is the characteristic peaks seen in Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectra of
carbon-based materials are regularly characterized by two characteristic bands, the D-band and
the G-band. The D peak is usually located around ~1350 cm-1 and arises due to point defects in
the planar structure. This band corresponds to sp3 carbon atoms of disordered or defective
carbons. The G band corresponds to the in-plane stretching vibration of sp2 hybridized C atoms
in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice and appears around ~ 1580 cm-1 (Li at al., 2016).
On the other hand, XRD diffractograms support the Raman analysis by showing the formation
of partially turbostratic structures with assigned peaks. In our study, when all samples are
evaluated within themselves, it is seen that only D and G bands belonging to carbon-based
material-like structures appear.
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Figure 3. Raman spectra of biomass wastes and carbon-based materials obtained from these
wastes
Conclusion and Recommendations
Carbon-based materials were successfully obtained from walnut shell and peanut shell
biomasses. XRD diffractograms, Raman and FTIR spectra of the prepared biomasses and
carbon-based materials were taken. It was determined that the carbon-based materials produced
have a carbonaceous structure consisting of aromatic carbon layers.
This research has demonstrated the potential of recycling waste biomass resources such as
walnut shells and peanut shells for the production of carbon-based materials. The production
process of these materials represents an environmentally sustainable and economically efficient
approach, while at the same time responding to various industrial needs.
As a result, the research and development of biomass-based carbon materials is expected to
make a significant contribution to the development of future green and sustainable technologies.
Thanks and Information Note
This study was partially supported by Hitit University Scientific Research Projects
Coordination Unit (Project No: MUH19004.22.001) within the scope of the Regional
Development Oriented Mission Differentiation and Specialization Program funded by the
Presidential Strategy and Budget Directorate and coordinated by the Council of Higher
Education. Also, we would like to thank the Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Türkiye (TUBITAK) for their support within the scope of TUBITAK 1002-B Emergency
Support Module project number 123M017.
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References
Assirey, E.A. & Altamimi, L.R., (2021). Chemical analysis of corn cob-based biochar and its
role as water decontaminants. Journal of Taibah University For Science, 15(1), p. 111–
121. https://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2021.1876350
Baweja, H. & Jeet, K. (2019). Economical and green synthesis of graphene and carbon quantum
dots
from
agricultural
waste.
Materials
Research
Express,
6.
https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab28e5.
Çavuş, Ö., Kaytan, Ö., Boran, F. & Alever, E., Mısır Koçanı Biyokütlesinden Biyokömür
Hazırlanması, 2nd International Conference on Engineering and Applied Natural
Sciences (ICEANS 2022), October 15 - 18, 2022, Konya, Turkey, Proceeding Book, p.
1195-1198, ISBN: 978-605-73046-3-6.
Li, Y., Wang, F., Liang, J., Hu, X., & Yu, K. (2016). Preparation of disordered carbon from
rice husks for lithium-ion batteries. New Journal of Chemistry, 40(1), p.325–329.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NJ01970B
Melese, T., Chala, K., Ayele, Y. & Abdisa, M. (2020). Preparation , characterization of raw
corncob adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution using batch
method. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 14(4), p. 81–90.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2019.0817
Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Jiang, G., Chen, P. & Chen, Z. (2020), One-step fabrication of
carbonaceous adsorbent from corncob for enhancing adsorption capability of methylene
blue removal. Scientific Reports, 10:12515, p. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-02068591-1.
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CR(VI) ÇANAKKALE ÇAN TERMİK SANTRALİ BACA GAZI ARITMA
ATIKLARININ ATIKSUDAN GİDERİLMESİ: MANYETİK AKTİF KARBON İLE
KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI
Sena EREN (ORCID: 0000-0002-4845-0401)
Master's Degree Student, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Çanakkale- Turkey.
Email: erensena01@gmail.com
Arş. Gör. Semanur SAĞLAM (ORCID: 0000-0002-5612-4470)
Master's Degree Student, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Çanakkale- Turkey.
Email: semanursglam@gmail.com, (Responsible Author)
Dr. Feride N. TÜRK (ORCID: 0000-0003-3780-7804)
Çankırı Karatekin University, Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Centre,
Çankırı- Turkey.
Email: feridenaimeturk@karatekin.edu.tr
Doç Dr. Hasan ARSLANOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0002-3132-4468)
Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Çanakkale- Turkey.
Email: hasan.arslanoglu@comu.edu.tr
Özet
Kaplama, madencilik ve deri üretimi başta olmak üzere endüstrilerin faaliyetleri sonucunda
sıklıkla atık sularla birlikte yüzey ve yeraltı sularına ciddi kirlilik oluşturan altı değerlikli ağır
metal iyonu olan Cr(VI) karışmaktadır. İnsan ve diğer canlıların sağlığı üzerinde tehlikeye
neden olan krom, solunum yolu rahatsızlıklarından kansere kadar birçok hastalığa yol
açabilmektedir. Buna karşın üç değerlikli Cr(III) iyonlarının sudaki çözünürlüğü ve toksik
etkisi çok daza azdır. Son zamanlarda, Cr(VI) içeren atık suların arıtılması için adsorbsiyon
tekniği dikkat çekmektedir. Atıkların katma değerli ürünlere dönüştürülmesi amacından yola
çıkılarak termik santral atığı ile Cr(VI) iyonlarının giderimi incelenmiştir. Yüksek toksik
Cr(VI) türlerinin Cr(III) türlerine dönüştürülmesi ve iyonların adsorblanarak giderilmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışma parametreleri Taguchi deneysel tasarım yöntemi
kullanılması ile optimize edilmiştir. pH, konsantrasyon, doz, süre ve sıcaklık kontrol edilebilir
değişkenler olarak seçilmiştir. Taguchi optimizasyon çalışmasında 5 farklı faktör ve her
parametre için 4 farklı seviye seçilerek L16 Taguchi faktöriyel deney tasarımı yapılmıştır.
Deneylerin tamamlanmasının ardından Cr (VI) giderim yüzdeleri (%) hesaplanarak, Taguchi
yöntemi ile optimum deneysel çalışma koşullarında başlangıç pH'ı 2, konsantrasyon 80 ppm,
doz 20 g/L, süre 3 saat ve sıcaklık 25 oC olduğu belirlenmiştir ve belirtilen şartlarda % 99,43
oranında Cr (VI) giderme işlemi başarıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Termik santral atığının yüzey
morfolojisi ve kimyasını belirlemek amacıyla FT-IR, SEM-EDX, pHZPC, TGA ve XRD
analizleri yapılmıştır. Atığın adsorpsiyon kapasitesini belirlenmesi adına Langmuir, Freundlich,
Tempkin ve Dubinin-Radushkevich modelleri kullanılacaktır. Performans değerlendirmesi
amacıyla CaSO4 içerikli termik santral atığının ve ko-piroliz tekniği ile sentezlenen manyetik
aktif karbonun Cr(VI) giderimi üzerine karşılaştırmalı değerlendirme çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu
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çalışma Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Koordinasyon Birimi
tarafından FBA-2023-4480 numaralı proje ile desteklenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Termik santral atığı, manyetik aktif karbon; Cr(VI) giderimi; atık su
giderimi
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CR(VI) REMOVAL OF ÇANAKKALE ÇAN THERMAL POWER PLANT FLUE
GAS TREATMENT WASTE FROM WASTEWATER: COMPARISON WITH
MAGNETIC ACTIVATED CARBON
Abstract
As a result of the activities of industries such as plating, mining and leather production, Cr(VI),
a hexavalent heavy metal ion that causes serious pollution to surface and groundwater, is often
mixed with wastewater. Chromium, which poses a danger to the health of humans and other
living organisms, can cause many diseases ranging from respiratory diseases to cancer. In
contrast, the solubility and toxic effect of trivalent Cr(III) ions in water is very low. Recently,
adsorption technique has attracted attention for the treatment of wastewater containing Cr(VI).
Based on the aim of transforming wastes into value-added products, the removal of Cr(VI) ions
with thermal power plant waste was investigated. It was aimed to convert highly toxic Cr(VI)
species into Cr(III) species and remove the ions by adsorbing. In this context, the study
parameters were optimized using Taguchi experimental design method. pH, concentration,
dose, time and temperature were selected as controllable variables. In Taguchi optimization
study, L16 Taguchi factorial experimental design was performed by selecting 5 different factors
and 4 different levels for each parameter. After the completion of the experiments, Cr (VI)
removal percentages (%) were calculated and it was determined by Taguchi method that the
optimum experimental working conditions were initial pH 2, concentration 80 ppm, dose 20
g/L, time 3 hours and temperature 25 oC and 99.43% Cr (VI) removal was successfully achieved
under the specified conditions. FT-IR, SEM-EDX, pHZPC, TGA and XRD analyses were
performed to determine the surface morphology and chemistry of the thermal power plant
waste. Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models will be used to
determine the adsorption capacity of the waste. For the purpose of performance evaluation, a
comparative evaluation study was carried out on Cr(VI) removal of CaSO4-containing thermal
power plant waste and magnetic activated carbon synthesized by co-pyrolysis technique. This
study was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientific Research Coordination
Unit with the project number FBA-2023-4480.
Keywords: Thermal power plant waste, magnetic activated carbon; Cr(VI) removal;
wastewater treatment
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Introduction
In recent years, the decrease in water resources due to the rapid increase in population,
urbanization and industrialization has become an important problem. As a result of the
increasing production activities with the effect of the increase in industrial demands, the levels
of pollutants entering the water also increase. This situation causes water resources to be
polluted and limited. Water pollutants such as antibiotics, dyestuffs and heavy metals are
serious pollutants due to their toxicity levels. Heavy metals, one of the pollutants, are an
important area that needs to be studied to remove them from water because they have a high
toxic effect on living organisms, especially humans (Wang et al., 2024). Heavy metals are
among the most harmful contaminants in water. Heavy metals (e.g. Pb, As, Hg, Cd, Zn, Ag,
Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni, Pd and Pt) are mainly transition metals, elements from the lower left of the
periodic table and some metalloids. They are highly concentrated elements and are toxic even
at ppb levels (Abu Shmeis, 2022).Among heavy metals, chromium (Cr) is highly mobile and
therefore highly toxic. As a result of the activities of industries such as plating, metallurgy,
tannery and leather production, it is mixed into wastewater and discharged into the environment
(Gu et al., 2023). It occurs in nature as oxyanions and is frequently found in hexavalent (Cr(VI))
and trivalent (Cr(III)) forms. Chromium, which enters surface and groundwater through
wastewater discharged as a result of industrial activities, can also penetrate the soil and enter
the food chain through agricultural products (Ren et al., 2020).The Cr(VI) form has extremely
high toxicity, while the Cr(III) form is known to be 500-1000 times less biotoxic (Ren et al.,
2020). At the same time, chromium in this form is a necessary ion at limited levels for some
metabolic activities such as blood sugar regulation. In contrast, the Cr(VI) form can cause many
diseases such as skin irritation, organ failure and even cancer. Since the trivalent form of
chromium is less toxic, it is possible to reduce the toxic effect by converting Cr(VI) to Cr(III)
(Lathe & Palve, 2023).Recently, adsorption technique for the treatment of Cr(VI) containing
wastewater has attracted attention. A study was conducted to investigate the removal of Cr(VI)
ions using thermal power plant flue gas desulfurization (FCD) effluents as a way to convert
wastes into value-added products. FCD wastes are produced in FCD systems of thermal power
plant flue gases. The FGD flue gas desulfurization process used in Çanakkale Çan Thermal
Power Plant is schematically shown in Figure 1. The flue gas is fed to the column from zone 1.
Lime slurry is fed downwards from the top of the column. The CaSO4 containing waste material
generated in the system is collected from the bottom of the column and stored in the fields
(Shanthakumar et al., 2008).
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Figure 6. FCD flue gas treatment system flow chart
Clean Gas
7
3
Cyclone
Calcite
Washer
2
5
FCD
8
FCD
Waste
6
Flue Gas
1
Gypsum
Bulamaç
4
Oxygen Air
The clean gas formed after the purification process is released from the upper part of the
column.There is no previous study in which thermal power plant flue gas treatment waste was
used. In this study, it was aimed to utilize flue gas treatment waste for the first time and to use
it as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals in wastewater. By using this waste containing
CaSO4, Cr(VI) species in wastewater will be converted into Cr(III) species and ions will be
removed by adsorbing.
Materials and Methods
Thermal power plant flue gas treatment waste was obtained from Çanakkale Çan Thermal
Power Plant. SEM-EDX (Scanning electron microscopy/Energy dispersive spectroscopy),
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-Ray diffraction), XRF (X-Ray
fluorescence), TGA techniques were applied for the characterization of surface morphology,
particle size, determination of functional groups and elemental composition of the waste.The
waste obtained from Çanakkale Çan Thermal Power Plant was dried at 80oC for 24 hours and
then the dried material was sieved through a 100-mesh sieve.Stock chromium solution was
prepared to determine the Cr(VI) ion adsorption capacity of the waste. For this purpose, 2.808
g of 99% pure Na2Cr2O7 (Merck) was weighed. It was placed in a 1 L balloon jug, some distilled
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water was added to dissolve it, and a stock solution of 1000 mg/l was prepared by adding
distilled water up to the line of the balloon jug. 6N H2SO4 was prepared from 95-98% (d = 1.84
g/cm3) H2SO4 (Merck) solution to be used in the experiments.Experimental parameters were
optimized using MINITAB software. Factors affecting the adsorption process such as pH,
concentration, dose, time and temperature were determined as study parameters. These 5 factors
were determined as controllable variables and 4 levels were determined for each of them and 5
factor 4 level L16 Taguchi factorial experimental design was applied.The pH values were
chosen as 1.5, 2, 3, 4, concentration values as 20, 40, 60, 80 ppm, dosages as 5, 10, 20, 40 g/L,
time as 1, 3, 6, 12 hours and temperature as 25, 35, 45, 55 oC. 16 experimental sets were
determined by Taguchi method and the experimental sets are given in Table 1.
Table 3. Taguchi experimental sets and % chromium removal
Experimental No
pH
Concantration
Dosage
Time
Temperature
% Removal
1
1.5
20
5
1
25
100
2
1.5
40
10
3
35
100
3
1.5
60
20
6
45
98,27
4
1.5
80
40
12
55
100
5
2
20
10
6
55
100
6
2
40
5
12
45
98,70
7
2
60
40
1
35
98,79
8
2
80
20
3
25
99,43
9
3
20
20
12
35
100
10
3
40
40
6
25
0,01
11
3
60
5
3
55
0,01
12
3
80
10
1
45
0,01
13
4
20
40
3
45
0,01
14
4
40
20
1
55
0,01
15
4
60
10
12
25
0,01
16
4
80
5
6
35
0,01
After completion of the experiments, the amount of Cr(VI) in the solutions was determined by
diphenyl carbazide method (APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 1989).
Chromium solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.1-1.0 mg/L were prepared. Diphenyl
carbazide solution was prepared by dissolving 0.5 g 1,5-diphenyl carbazide in 100 ml acetone
solution. Additions were made to the solutions according to the procedure and the colors were
allowed to stabilize. Absorbance values were measured at 540 nm wavelength with L7 Double
Beam UV Spectrophotometer visible region spectrophotometer to generate standard calibration
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curve.The solutions formed as a result of Cr(VI) removal processes were diluted considering
the color differences and diphenyl carbazide method was applied. Absorbance values were
measured by adding 2 ml 6N H2SO4, 1 ml 1,5-diphenyl carbazide solution to the solutions.
The concentrations of Cr(VI) ions in the solutions were determined using the standard
calibration curve equation. The percentage of chromium removal is expressed in Table 1.
The optimum experimental operating parameters were determined by Taguchi method. The
optimum experimental operating parameters were determined as initial pH 2, concentration 80
ppm, dose 20 g/L, time 3 hours and temperature 25 oC.
Upon testing the reusability of the adsorbent, 3 sets of experiments were repeated with the same
adsorbent under optimum conditions.
Findings and Discussion
Elemental analysis, BET, TGA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, FT-IR
analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties of thermal power plant
flue gas treatment waste. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were also studied to investigate the
Cr(VI) removal and mechanism of the material.
Figure 1 shows the FTIR results of the FCD waste. The characteristic vibration bands of sulfates
around 1085 cm-1 confirmed the presence of calcium sulfate in the structure.
Figure 2a shows the EDX result after drying of FCD waste. Figure 2b shows the EDX result of
the adsorbent after chromium removal. CaSO4 content in the structure was observed in both
graphs. Cr(VI) ions adsorbed on the structure are seen in the EDX result.
Figure 3a shows the SEM images of the FCD waste. The pore structure on the surface was
visualized by SEM analysis. Furthermore, BET analysis of the effluent shows that it has a
surface area of 11.936 m2/g. Despite exhibiting a low surface area, a high level of removal was
achieved. The mapping image in Figure 3b shows the Cr adsorbed on the structure.
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Figure 10. FTIR result of FCD waste after chromium removal
(a)
(b)
Figure 7. (a) EDX result of thermal power plant waste (b) EDX result of FCD waste after
chromium removal
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(a)
(b)
Figure 8. (a) SEM images of thermal power plant waste, (b) Mapping image of the waste after
chromium removal process
Conclusion and Recommendations
By Taguchi method, initial pH 2, concentration 80 ppm, dose 20 g/L, time 3 hours and
temperature 25 oC were determined as optimum adsorption experimental conditions and
99.43% Cr(VI) removal was successfully achieved under these conditions. The experiment was
repeated 3 times with the same adsorbent under optimum conditions and the reusability of the
waste was investigated. It was found to be reusable. Considering the color changes during the
adsorption process, it was observed that Cr(VI) ions were reduced to Cr(III) form and adsorbed
by 99.43% under optimum conditions. When the experiment sets were analyzed, chromium
removal could not be achieved in the 9th experiment and after. This shows the effect of pH. At
low pH values (1.5-2), chromium removal could be realized effectively. In order to evaluate the
adsorption performance of thermal power plant flue gas treatment waste, a comparative
evaluation study was carried out with magnetic activated carbon (MAC) synthesized by copyrolysis technique. Chromium removal experiments of MAC synthesized from red sludge and
sugar beet pulp by slow pyrolysis technique at 800oC were carried out. In this way, the
adsorption capacity of FCD waste was compared with a different type of adsorbent.
Thanks and Information Note
This study was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Scientific Research
Coordination Unit with the project number FBA-2023-4480.
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References
Abu Shmeis, R. M. (2022). Nanotechnology in wastewater treatment. Comprehensive
Analytical Chemistry, 99, 105–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.COAC.2021.11.002
Gu, Y., Chen, X., Liu, L., Wang, S., Yu, X., Jia, Z., & Zhou, X. (2023). Cr(VI)-bioremediation
mechanism of a novel strain Bacillus paramycoides Cr6 with the powerful ability to
remove Cr(VI) from contaminated water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 455, 131519.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2023.131519
Lathe, A., & Palve, A. M. (2023). A review: Engineered nanomaterials for photoreduction of
Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 12, 100333.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HAZADV.2023.100333
Ren, Y., Han, Y., Lei, X., Lu, C., Liu, J., Zhang, G., Zhang, B., & Zhang, Q. (2020). A magnetic
ion exchange resin with high efficiency of removing Cr (VI). Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical
and
Engineering
Aspects,
604,
125279.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COLSURFA.2020.125279
Shanthakumar, S., Singh, D. N., & Phadke, R. C. (2008). Influence of flue gas conditioning on
fly
ash
characteristics.
Fuel,
87(15–16),
3216–3222.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2008.05.007
Wang, M., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Wei, S., Zhao, X., Zhao, K., Xu, L., & Feng, X. (2024).
Selective removal of Cr(VI) from solution by polyethyleneimine modified hydrochar
loaded nanoscale zero-valent iron with high adsorption capacity. Separation and
Purification Technology, 329, 125150. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEPPUR.2023.125150
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KEMOTERAPÖTİK AJAN İLE İNDÜKLENEN KARACİĞER HASARINDA
SELENYUMUN APOPTOTİK BELİRTEÇLER İLE ETKİLEŞİMİ: IN SILICO
DEĞERLENDİRME
Assoc. Prof. Bahri GÜR* (ORCID: 0000-0003-0579-6354)
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts Iğdır University, Iğdır-Türkiye
Email: bahri.gur@igdir.edu.tr
Assoc. Prof. Fatma GÜR (ORCID: 0000-0001-5983-1472)
Dentistry Services, Vocational School of Health Services Atatürk University, ErzurumTürkiye
Email: fatmagur@atauni.edu.tr
Özet
Siklofosfamid (CP), metronomik kemoterapötik bir ajan olarak müsinöz ve epitelyal
yumurtalık kanserleri, sarkom, akciğer ve prostat kanserleri de dâhil olmak üzere çeşitli tümör
tiplerinde etkinlik gösteren antikanser ilaçlardandır. CP'nin iki aktif metabolitinden fosforamid
mustard antineoplastik etkilerinden sorumlu olurken diğer aktif metaboliti olan akrolein ise
CP'nin toksik etkileri ile ilişkilidir. Bu aktif metabolit doku antioksidan savunma sisteminde
yüksek oranda oksijensiz radikal oluşumuna neden olur ve memeli hücreleri için mutajeniktir.
CP’nin bu metaboliti ve CP'nin aktivasyonu sırasında oluşan reaktif oksijen türlerinin (ROS)
hücre redoks dengesinde değişikliklere neden olarak oksidatif strese yol açar. Bu durum CP
kaynaklı kanserleşme ve sağlıklı hücre hasarının nedeni olabilir. Selenyum (Se), memelilerde
antioksidan işlevi ve immünomodülasyon fonksiyonlarına sahip temel bir eser elementtir.
Se’un antioksidan ve antikanser etkinliği insanlarda çeşitli biyolojik fonksiyonlara sahip
selenoproteinlerin yapısına dâhil olması ile gerçekleşir. CP metabolizmasına bağlı artan ROS
apoptozda önemli bir kontrol noktası olan mitokondriyal lipit peroksidasyonunu indükleyebilir
ve bu durum membran potansiyelini etkileyebilir. Bcl-2 protein ailesi apoptozda mitokondriyal
porasyonu kontrol eder. Bu çalışmanın amacı CP’nin neden olduğu karaciğer hasarında
mitokondriyal fonksiyon bozukluğunu kontrol eden Bcl-2 ve Bax proteinlerinin Se ile
etkileşimlerinin in silico olarak araştırılmasıdır. Se’nin CP kaynaklı hasara karşı koruyucu
etkisinin mekanizmasının açıklanmasıdır. Bu amaçla AutoDockTools (1.5.6) yazılım programı
kullanılarak ilgilenilen proteinlerin üç boyutlu kristal yapıları ile Se, CP ve Se+CP
kombinasyonları dikkate alınarak moleküler yerleştirme çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Se ve
CP uygulama kombinasyonlarına bağlı olarak elde edilen Se@Bcl-2, CP@Bcl-2, Se/C@Bcl2, Se@Bax, CP@Bax ve Se/CP@Bax komplekslerinde Se’un ve CP’nin makromoleküllerin
aktif bölge amino asit kalıntıları ile ve diğer amino asitlerle olan etkileşimleri başta
konvensiyonel hidrojen bağ ve Pi-Alkyl türleri olmak üzere değerlendirilmiştir. Bu etkileşimler
sonucunda hesaplanan Gibbs Serbest Enerji değişimi (∆G) değerleri protein-ligand etkileşimi
dikkate alınarak proteinin liganda olan bağlanma afinitesi kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Elde
edilen sonuçlar in vivo uygulama sonuçları için ayrıca değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Siklofosfamid, selenyum, hücre ölümü, mitokondriyal lipit
peroksidasyonunu, reaktif oksijen türleri
1395
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INTERACTION OF SELENIUM WITH APOPTOTIC MARKERS IN
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT-INDUCED LIVER INJURY: IN SILICO
EVALUATION
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP), a metronomic chemotherapeutic agent, is a cancer drug that is
effective in various tumor types, including mucinous and epithelial ovarian cancer, sarcoma,
and lung and prostate cancer. Of the two active metabolites of CP, phosphoramide mustard is
responsible for the antineoplastic effects of CP. In contrast, the other active metabolite, acrolein,
is associated with the toxic effects of CP. This active metabolite causes a high rate of oxygenfree radical formation in the tissue antioxidant defense system and is mutagenic to mammalian
cells. This metabolite of CP and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during CP
activation cause changes in the cell redox balance of cells leading to oxidative stress. This could
be the cause of CP-induced carcinogenesis and damage to healthy cells. Selenium (Se) is an
essential trace element with antioxidant and immunomodulatory functions in mammals. The
antioxidant and anticancer effects of Se is realized by its incorporation into the structure of
selenoproteins with various biological functions in humans. Increased ROS due to CP
metabolism can induce mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, an important checkpoint in apoptosis,
which can impair membrane potential. The Bcl-2 protein family controls mitochondrial
porosity during apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate in silico the interactions of
Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, which control mitochondrial dysfunction in CP-induced liver injury,
with Se. To clarify the mechanism of the protective effect of Se against CP-induced damage.
To this end, molecular docking studies were performed using the software program
AutoDockTools (1.5.6), taking into account the three-dimensional crystal structures of the
proteins of interest and the combinations of Se, CP, and Se+CP. In Se@Bcl-2, CP@Bcl-2,
Se/C@Bcl-2, Se/C@Bcl-2, Se@Bax, CP@Bax and Se/CP@Bax complexes obtained as a
function of the Se and CP application combinations, the interactions of Se and CP with the
active site amino acid residues of the macromolecules and with other amino acids were
evaluated, mainly conventional hydrogen bonds and Pi-alkyl species. The Gibbs free energy
change values (∆G) calculated as a result of these interactions were evaluated in the context of
the binding affinity of the protein to the ligand, considering the protein-ligand interaction. The
results obtained were also evaluated for in vivo application results.
Keywords: Cyclophosphamide, selenium, cell death, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, reactive
oxygen species
1396
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Metronomik kemoterapi, geleneksel kemoterapide olduğu gibi yüksek dozlarda ve aralarla
verilen döngüler yerine, düşük dozlarda anti-kanser ilaçlarının sürekli olarak veya düzenli
aralıklarla uygulanmasını içeren yeni bir kemoterapi yaklaşımıdır (Cazzaniga et al., 2022). Bu
kemoterapik yaklaşımın azaltılmış yan etkiler, daha iyi tolere edilebilirlik ve doğrudan kanserli
hücrenin apoptoza uğratılmasının ötesinde anti-tümör etki potansiyeli gibi avantajları vardır.
Metronomik tedavide ilaç dozu konvensiyonel tedaviye kıyasla daha düşük olduğu için,
metronomik tedavi tipik olarak geleneksel kemoterapiye göre daha az ve daha az şiddetli yan
etkiler beklenmektedir. Bu özellik azaltılmış yan etkiler olarak tanımlanmaktadır (Gür &
Cengiz, 2023; Kieran et al., 2005). Bu, özellikle yüksek doz kemoterapinin olumsuz yan
etkilerini tolere edemeyen hastalar için faydalı olabilir. Metronomik tedavinin daha düşük
dozları ve sürekli programı, hastaların tedaviyi tolere etmesini kolaylaştırabilir ve yaşam
kalitelerini artırabilir. Bu yönü metronomik tedavinin daha iyi tolere edilebilirlik açısından
avantajlarını ortaya koymaktadır (Mir et al., 2024). Metronomik tedavi, anjiyogenez
(tümörlerin büyümek için ihtiyaç duyduğu yeni kan damarlarının oluşumu), metastaz (kanser
hücrelerinin vücudun diğer bölgelerine yayılması) ve bağışıklık sistemi dâhil olmak üzere
birden fazla tümör büyüme ve ilerleme mekanizmasını hedef almaktadır. Bu yönüyle de
metronomik tedavi doğrudan kanserli hücrenin apoptoza uğratılmasının ötesinde anti-tümör
etki potansiyeli gibi avantajlar sağlamaktadır (Kareva, 2017; Kim & Kim, 2019).Düşük dozda
kemoterapötik ajanların sürekli uygulanması olarak tanımlanan metronomik kanser tedavisi
(MKT), etkilerini immünomodülasyon, anti-anjiyogenez ve doğrudan sitotoksik etkiler yoluyla
ortaya koyan bir tedavi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu ilaçlar tipik olarak ağızdan verilir, bu da
tedaviyi hastalar için daha uygun hale getirebilir. MKT'nin ağızdan uygulanması güvenlidir,
kullanımı kolaydır ve esnek ilaç dozajına izin verir. Tolere edilemeyen yan etkilerle ilişkili doz
birikimleri nadir olduğundan ilaç daha uzun süre uygulanabilir (Krajnak et al., 2022; Muraro et
al., 2023). Tedavi sonrası yeniden tümör oluşumunu önlemeye yardımcı olabilir (Kong et al.,
2010). Diğer kanser tedavileri ile birlikte iyi sonuç verebilir (Hadjicharalambous et al., 2022).
Tolere edilemeyen yan etkilerle ilişkili doz birikimleri nadir olduğundan ilaç daha uzun süre
uygulanabilir.MKT halen araştırılmaktadır, ancak tek başına veya diğer tedavilerle
kombinasyon halinde çeşitli kanserler için bir tedavi olarak umut vaat etmektedir. En yaygın
kullanılan metronomik kemoteropotik ajanlardan bazıları siklofosfamid (CP), metotreksat,
kapesitabin, ve vinorelbine’dir (De Lorenzo et al., 2018; Estevinho et al., 2022; Hamm et al.,
2009; Soriano et al., 2011).
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CP, Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün (WHO) temel ilaçlar model listesinde yer alan metronomik
kemoterapötik bir ajan olarak müsinöz ve epitelyal yumurtalık kanserleri, sarkom, akciğer ve
prostat kanserleri de dâhil olmak üzere çeşitli tümör tiplerinde etkinlik gösteren antikanser
ilaçlardandır. Yaygın kullanım alanına sahip ilaçlardan olan CP hem geleneksel hem de
metronomik kanser tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılan bir kemoterapi ilacıdır. Metronomik
tedavide CP, geleneksel yüksek doz kemoterapi rejimlerine kıyasla genellikle daha düşük
dozlarda ve daha sık aralıklarla uygulanır. CP, alkilleyici ajanlar olarak bilinen ve kanser
hücrelerinin DNA'sına müdahale ederek sonuçta ölümlerine yol açan bir kemoterapi ilacıdır
(Penel et al., 2012). Genel olarak, CP, anti-anjiyogenez ve immünomodülasyon dahil olmak
üzere çoklu mekanizmalar yoluyla kanser hücrelerini hedefleyebilen çok yönlü bir kemoterapi
ilacı olarak metronomik kanser tedavisinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Metronomik tedavide,
CP anti-anjiyogenik özellikleri için kullanılabilir, yani tümörler içinde yeni kan damarlarının
büyümesini engellemeye yardımcı olabilir, böylece kan akışını kısıtlayabilir ve büyümelerini
yavaşlatabilir. Anti-anjiyogenik etkilerine ek olarak CP, vücudun kanser hücrelerine karşı
bağışıklık tepkisini artırabilen immünomodülatör özelliklere de sahiptir. Bu özellik, ilacın
doğrudan sitotoksik etkilerini tamamlayabildiği için metronomik tedavide özellikle önemlidir
(Kerbel & Kamen, 2004; Lopes-Coelho et al., 2021).MKT’de CP kullanımının önemli
avantajları ve dikkate alınması gereken dezavantajları bulunmaktadır. Yüksek doz
kemoterapiyi kaldıramayan hastalar için çok önemli olabilecek azaltılmış doz uygulaması
sonucu gelişmiş tolere edilebilirlik özelliğine sahiptir. MKT tedavisinde CP, kanser hücrelerini
doğrudan öldürmenin ötesinde tümör büyümesini ve yayılmasını engelleyerek anti-tümör etki
potansiyeli gösterir. CP ayrıca metronomik yaklaşıma uygunluğu nedeni ile dirençli kanserlere
karşı daha iyi etkinlik gösterebilir (Carraher Jr et al., 2014; Elaziz et al., 2024; Lopes-Coelho
et al., 2021; Yuan et al., 2021).Öte yandan CP’nin bilinen bu olumlu etkilerine ilaveten bazı
dezavantajlı yönleri de literatürde bildirilmiştir. MKT’de düşük doz uygulamaları nedeni ile
agresif kanserler için geleneksel kanser tedavisine kıyasla daha zayıf bir doğrudan hücre
öldürme etkisi gösterebilirler. Sürekli düşük doz uygulamaları nedeni ile uzun süre kullanımına
bağlı olarak kemik iliği baskılanması ve ikincil kanser riskinde artış gibi potansiyel
komplikasyonlar önemli araştırma konularıdır. CP’nin dezavantajlarına ilişkin ana endişe
konusu mesane ve gonadal toksisite olmuştur. Ayrıca CP’nin sperm morfolojisi, testis
histolojisi ve kan oksidan-antioksidan dengesi üzerindeki toksik etkisi de bildirilmiştir
(Çeribaşi et al., 2010). CP’nin önemli diğer toksik etkileri hepatotoksisite ve
kardiyotoksisitedir.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CP’nin metabolik aktivasyonu, nükleik asitler ve proteinler gibi duyarlı moleküllerin elektron
bakımından zengin bölgeleriyle reaksiyona giren yüksek oranda reaktif karbonyum iyonları
üreten sitotoksik bir alkilleyici ajandır ve karaciğerde aktif formuna dönüştürülür (Elrashdy et
al., 2022). CP’nin bu metabolik dönüşümü iki sitotoksik metabolitin, fosforamid mustard ve
akroleinin oluşumuna yol açar. Fosforamid mustard antineoplastik aktiviteye sahiptir ve DNA
üzerinden hücre bölünmesine engel olur. Aynı zamanda CP'nin immünosupresif ve antitümör
etkilerine aracılık ettiği de bildirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte CP'nin toksik etkileri ise diğer aktif
metaboliti olan akroleine atfedilmektedir. Akrolein, biyolojik yarı ömrü kısa olan oldukça
reaktif bir metabolittir ve bu durum CP’nin neden olduğu karaciğer hasarından sorumlu
olabileceği anlamına gelir. Akrolein yüksek oranda oksijensiz radikal oluşumuna neden olur ve
memeli hücreleri için mutajeniktir (Gür & Cengiz, 2023; Hales, 1982; Panigrahy et al., 2011;
Senthilkumar et al., 2006).Reaktif oksijen türleri (ROS) hücrelerdeki en yaygın oksidanlardan
bazılarıdır. ROS, moleküler oksijenin süperoksit (O2−·), hidrojen peroksit (H2O2), lipid
peroksitler (ROOH) veya bunlara karşılık gelen hidroksil (HO·) ve peroksil radikallerine
(ROO·) kısmi indirgenmesiyle oluşur (Collin, 2019; Liu et al., 2012).CP’nin neden olduğu
oksidatif stres ROS malondialdehit (MDA), süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT),
glutatyon (GSH), glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) ve glutatyon redüktaz (GR) belirteçleri ile
değerlendirilir. Ayrıca CP metabolizmasına bağlı artan ROS apoptozda önemli bir kontrol
noktası olan mitokondriyal lipit peroksidasyonunu da indükleyebilir ve bu durum membran
potansiyelini etkileyebilir.Bcl-2 protein ailesi apoptozda mitokondriyal poroziteyi kontrol eder.
Bu protein ailesinden Bcl-2 proapoptotik bir belirteçtir ve sağlıklı hücrede var olması
istenmektedir, aksine azalması durumu apoptozu göstermektedir. Aynı protein ailesinden Bax
ise antiapoptotik bir belirteçtir ve sağlıklı hücrede Bax miktarının artışı hücre apoptoza uğruyor
anlamına gelir (Cengiz, Ayhanci, et al., 2022; Edlich, 2018).Selenoprotein, selenosistein amino
asit kalıntısı içeren bir proteindir. Selenosistein amino asidi, glutatyon peroksidaz, thioredoksin
redüktaz gibi enzimlerin yapısında yer alır. Selenoproteinler adı verilen çeşitli enzim ve
proteinlerin bir bileşeni olan selenyum, DNA yapımında rol alır, üreme ve tiroid sağlığını
destekler, metabolizmanın sağlıklı çalışmasına yardımcı olur ve oksidatif hücre hasarının yanı
sıra enfeksiyonlara karşı vücudu korur. Selenyum (Se), memelilerde antioksidan işlevi ve
immünomodülasyon fonksiyonlarına sahip temel bir eser elementtir (Fernández-Lázaro et al.,
2020; Ye et al., 2021).Bu çalışmanın amacı CP’nin neden olduğu karaciğer hasarında
mitokondriyal fonksiyon bozukluğunun bir belirteci olan Bcl-2 ve Bax proteinlerinin Se ile
etkileşimlerinin in silico çalışmalarla araştırılmasıdır.
1399
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Materyal ve Metot
Se’nin CP kaynaklı hasara karşı koruyucu etkisinin mekanizmasının açıklanması amacıyla
AutoDockTools (1.5.6) yazılım programı kullanılmıştır. Bağlanma dinamiklerini analiz etmek
ve görselleştirmek amacıyla da Discovery Studio 3.0 programı kullanılmıştır. Çalışılan
proteinlerin (Bcl-2 ve Bax) üç boyutlu kristal yapıları ile Se, CP ve Se+CP kombinasyonları
dikkate alınarak moleküler yerleştirme çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla Bcl-2 (PDB
ID: 2O2F) ve Bax (PDB ID: 1F16) hedef proteinlerinin 3D kristal yapıları RCSB protein veri
tabanından indirildi (Bruncko et al., 2007; Suzuki et al., 2000). CP'nin ve Se’nin moleküler
modelleri
SDF
formatında
sırasıyla
Structure2D_CID_2907
ve
Structure2D_COMPOUND_CID_15103 kodlarıyla PubChem veri tabanından indirildi.
AutoDockTools yazılımı (1.5.6) kullanılarak yapılan moleküler yerleştirme işleminden önce
protein yapısından su molekülleri uzaklaştırıldı, hidrojen atomları eklendi, polar olmayan
hidrojen atomları birleştirildi ve son olarak Kollman yükleri eklenerek protein yapıları
hazırlanmıştır. CP ve Se'nin Bcl-2 ve Bax proteinlerine moleküler docking çalışması PyRx
programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir (Gür, 2020; Gür, Cengiz, et al., 2021; Trott & Olson,
2010). Enerji minimizasyonu ve diğer parametreler önceki çalışmalarımızda yapıldığı gibi
ayarlandı (Gür, Cengiz, & Gür, 2021; Gür et al., 2020).PyRx programı ile CP ve
Selenomethionine moleküllerinin Bcl-2 ve Bax'ın hangi kalıntılarına bağlanma eğiliminde
olduğunu bulmak için dokuz farklı bağlanma modu seçildi ve bunun üzerine hem CP hem de
Selenomethionine molekülleri ligand olarak kullanılmak üzere Discovery Studio 3.0
programına uyumlu olacak şekilde ayarlandı. Daha sonra Bcl-2 ve Bax makromoleküllerinin
CP ve Selenomethionine molekülleri ile etkileşimleri 2D ve 3D etkileşim modları kullanılarak
ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Negatif bağlanma enerjisi parametreleri ise en düşük Gibbs serbest enerji
değişimi (ΔG) değerleri dikkate alınarak belirlenmiştir. Se ve CP uygulama kombinasyonlarına
bağlı olarak elde edilen komplekslerde Se’un ve CP’nin, makromoleküllerin aktif bölge amino
asit kalıntıları ile ve diğer amino asitlerle olan etkileşimleri başta konvensiyonel hidrojen bağ
(CHB) ve Pi-Alkyl türleri olmak üzere değerlendirilmiştir. Moleküler yerleştirme
çalışmalarında öncelikle Bcl-2 ve Bax proteinlerine CP’nin ligand olarak bağlanma dinamikleri
araştırılmış ve bu amaçla CP@Bcl-2 ve CP@Bax kompleksleri elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra Se
ve CP’nin birlikte kenetlenme işlemleri yapılarak ayrı ayrı Se/CP@Bcl-2 ve Se/CP@Bax
kompleksleri elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan CP ve Selenomethionine moleküllerinin
kimyasal yapıları Şekil 1’de gösterilmiştir.
1400
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 1. Ligand moleküllerinin kimyasal yapıları; a) Siklofosfamid, b) Selenomethionine
Bulgular ve Tartışma
CP kaynaklı apoptoza karşı selenyumun koruyucu etkisinin olup olmadığının in silico olarak
araştırıldığı bu çalışmada, kemoterapötik bir ajan olan CP ile indüklenen karaciğer hasarında
selenyumun apoptotik belirteçlerden Bcl-2 ve Bax ile etkileşimi in silico olarak
değerlendirilmiştir (Gür, Cengiz, & Gür, 2021; Trott & Olson, 2010).
CP@Bcl-2 ve Se/CP@Bcl-2 kompleks oluşum sonuçları
CP ile Bcl-2 proteini arasında meydana gelen etkileşimlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan
bağlanmalar Şekil 2'de gösterilmiştir.
Şekil 2. CP ile Bcl-2 etkileşimine bağlı moleküler docking sonuçları; a) CP'nin Bcl-2’nin
amino asit kalıntılarıyla etkileşimini gösteren 2D görünüm, b) CP’nin Bcl-2 ile etkileşimlerini
gösteren 3D görünüm (Çubuk yapı)
Bir CP molekülünün Bcl-2'nin bağlanma bölgesine yerleştirilmesinin ardından, Şekil 2'de
gösterildiği gibi bir CP@Bcl-2 kompleksi elde edilmiştir. Bağlanmanın gerçekleştiği bölgenin
Bcl-2'nin aktif bölgesi olduğu anlaşılmıştır.
CP’nin Bcl-2’nin aktif bölge amino asitleri ile etkileşimi ve dolayısı ile CP’nin Bcl-2
aktivasyonuna etkisi üzerine selenyum katkısının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla CP ve Se’un Bcl2 ile birlikte moleküler docking çalışmaları yapılmış ve sonuçlar Şekil 3'te verilmiştir.
1401
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 3. CP + Se’nin Bcl-2 ile birlikte etkileşimine bağlı moleküler docking sonuçları; a) CP
+ Se’nin Bcl-2’nin amino asit kalıntılarıyla etkileşimini gösteren 2D görünüm, b) CP + Se’nin
Bcl-2 ile etkileşimlerini gösteren 3D görünüm (Çubuk yapı)
CP ve Se’nin Bcl-2 aktivitesi üzerindeki etkileri birlikte uygulama sonucu moleküler docking
çalışmaları ile Se/CP@Bcl-2 kompleksi elde edilmiştir. CP@Bcl-2 ve CP/Se@Bcl-2 kompleks
oluşumlarına bağlı olarak elde edilen moleküler docking çalışmalarına ait özet sonuçlar Tablo
1'de sunulmuştur.
Tablo 1. Bcl-2’ye CP ve Se + CP kenetlenmelerinin özet sonuçları
Bcl-2 Interactions (Distance: Å)
Ligand
CP
Con. H Bond / Carbon H.Bond
Alkyl / Pi-Alkyl / Pi-Sulfur
ALA146 (3.02)*, VAL130 (3.14)*
LEU134 (3.53)*/ PHE101 (5.39), PHE109 (5.42)
ΔG
(kcal/mol)
-4.94
Se: MET112 (4.27)* / PHE109 (4.31) PHE150
Se
+
Se: Val130 (2.01)*, Phe147(1.89)
(5,41) / PHE101 (5,21), PHE109 (4,51), PHE150
(5,78)
CP
Cp: Herhangi bir etkileşim yok
-3.89
Cp: ASP108* (Electrostatic)
* Active-site residues: ALA97, ASP100, TYR105, ASP108, MET112, VAL130, LEU134,
TRP141, GLY142, VAL145, ALA146, TYR199
CP ve Se'nin birlikte uygulanması, CP için sistemin ΔG değerinde 1.05 kcal/mol gibi önemli
bir artışa neden olmuştur (Tablo 1). Tablo 1 dikkate alındığında CP’nin Bcl-2 ile iki önemli
hidrojen bağ etkileşimi ve üç tane de alkil ve Pi-alkil etkileşimi yaptığı anlaşılmıştır. CP@Bcl2 kompleks oluşumuna ait ΔG değeri -4.94 kcal/mol olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ancak Se ilavesiyle
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tüm bu etkileşimlerin gerçekleşmediği sadece CP ile aktif bölge amino asit kalıntılarından
ASP108 arasında bir elektrostatik etkileşim olduğu tespit edilmiştir. CP’nin aksine Se ilavesi
sonucunda Se ve Bcl-2 arasında önemli CHB etkileşimlerine ek olarak alkil, Pi-alkil ve Pisülfür etkileşimleri meydana gelmiştir. Bu etkileşimler sonucunda Se/CP@Bcl-2 kompleks
oluşumuna ait ΔG değeri -3.89 kcal/mol’e yükselmiştir.In silico çalışmalarımız, CP ve Se
kombinasyonunda CP'nin Bcl-2’nin katalitik amino asit kalıntıları ile etkileşiminin Se ilavesine
bağlı olarak bloklandığını ve dolayısıyla CP nedenli Bcl-2 inhibisyonunun önlendiğini
göstermiştir (Cengiz, Ayhanci, et al., 2022; Cengiz, Kutlu, et al., 2022). Se ilavesine bağlı
olarak ortaya çıkan önemli bir etkileşim de Pi-sülfür etkileşimleri olmuştur. Şekil 3 ve Tablo 1
dikkate alındığında Se’un Bcl-2’nin aktif bölge çevresinde bulunan PHE101, PHE109 ve
PHE150 amino asitleri ile Pi-sülfür etkileşimleri yaptığı anlaşılmıştır. Bu etkileşimler Bcl-2
proteininde kararlılık ve aktivite gibi iki temel özelliği etkileyerek enzim aktivitesinde önemli
katkılar sağlamış olabilir (Ringer et al., 2007). Se ile etkileşim sonucu oluşan Pi-sülfür
bağlarına bağlı ortaya çıkan stabilite Bcl-2’nin aktif bölge içinde katalize dâhil olan amino asit
kalıntılarının doğru konumlandırılmasının sağlanmasında katkıda bulunmuş olabilir (Dubey et
al., 2019). Ayrıca metiyonin gibi kükürt içeren yan zincirler yakındaki amino asitlerdeki
aromatik halkalarla zayıf bağlar oluşturarak enzimin substrat bağlanması ve kataliz için en
uygun şeklini korumasına yardımcı olmuş olabilir (Brosnan & Brosnan, 2006). Ayrıca meydana
gelen bu Pi-sülfür etkileşimleri Bcl-2’nin katalitik mekanizmasına doğrudan dâhil olabilir. Bu
etkileşim, katalize katılan amino asitlerin elektronik özelliklerini etkileyerek potansiyel olarak
onları daha reaktif hale getirmiş veya kataliz için daha iyi konumlanmış hale getirebilir (Dubey
et al., 2019).
CP@Bax ve Se/CP@Bax kompleks oluşum sonuçları
CP ile Bax proteini arasında meydana gelen etkileşimlere bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan bağlanmalar
Şekil 4'te gösterilmiştir.
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Şekil 4. CP ile Bax etkileşimine bağlı moleküler docking sonuçları; a) CP'nin Bax’ın amino
asit kalıntılarıyla etkileşimini gösteren 2D görünüm, b) CP’nin Bax ile etkileşimlerini
gösteren 3D görünüm (Çubuk yapı)
CP molekülünün Bax'ın bağlanma bölgesine yerleştirilmesinin ardından, Şekil 4'te gösterildiği
gibi bir CP@Bax kompleksi elde edilmiştir.
CP’nin Bax’ın amino asitleri ile etkileşimi ve dolayısı ile CP’nin Bax aktivasyonuna etkisinin
selenyum katkısı ile nasıl değiştiğinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla CP ve Se’un Bax ile birlikte
moleküler docking çalışmaları yapılmış ve sonuçlar Şekil 5'de verilmiştir.
Şekil 5. CP + Se’nin Bax ile birlikte etkileşimine bağlı moleküler docking sonuçları; a) CP +
Se’nin Bax’ın amino asit kalıntılarıyla etkileşimini gösteren 2D görünüm, b) CP + Se’nin Bax
ile etkileşimlerini gösteren 3D görünüm (Çubuk yapı)
CP ve Se’nin Bax aktivitesi üzerindeki etkileri birlikte uygulama sonucu moleküler docking
çalışmaları ile Se/CP@Bax kompleksi elde edilmiştir. CP@Bax ve CP/Se@Bax kompleks
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oluşumlarına bağlı olarak elde edilen moleküler docking çalışmalarına ait özet sonuçlar Tablo
2'de sunulmuştur.
Tablo 2. Bax’a CP ve Se + CP kenetlenmelerinin özet sonuçları
Bax Interactions (Distance: Å)
Ligand
CP
Con. H Bond / Carbon H.Bond
Alkyl / Pi-Alkyl / Pi-Sulfur
ARG134 (2.03 ve 2.96) / GLN28
LEU47 (5.40), ARG134 (4.02), MET137 (4.66 ve
(3.18), LEU45 (3.57)
4.48)
Se: GLY23 (1.98 ve 2.00)
Se
CP
+
ΔG
(kcal/mol)
-3.82
Se: : LEU27 (4.06), LEU113 (4.48), ALA117
(3.37) / PHE114 (5.14) / PHE114 (5,29)
-3.89
CP: ARG134 (1.96 ve 2.85) /
CP: LEU45 (4.91), ARG134 (4.04), MET137
LEU45 (3.77)
(4.89)
CP ve Se'nin birlikte uygulanması, CP için sistemin ΔG değerinde 0,07 kcal/mol gibi bir
azalmaya neden olmuştur (Tablo 2). Tablo 2 dikkate alındığında CP’nin Bax ile dört önemli
hidrojen bağ etkileşimi ve dört tane de alkil etkileşimi yaptığı ve kompleks oluşumuna ait ΔG
değerinin -3.82 kcal/mol olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Se ilavesiyle Se/CP@Bax kompleksinde
ARG134’e ait hidrojen bağ uzunluklarının kısaldığı belirlenmiş ve bu durum oluşan
kompleksin kararlılığının arttığını düşündürmüştür. Bcl-2 ile CP ve Se kompleks özelliklerinin
aksine Se varlığında Se/CP@Bax kompleksinde aktif bölge ile olan etkileşimler hem CP için
hem de Se için daha fazla olmuştur. Bunun sonucunda ΔG değerinde daha da azalma olmuştur.
Se ve Bax’ın amino asit kalıntıları arasında önemli hidrojen ve alkil, pi-alkil bağlanmalarına
ilave olarak bir tane pi-sülfür etkileşimi de meydana gelmiştir. Bu etkileşimler Bax proteinini
daha da kararlı hale getirmiş ve özellikle Pi-sülfür etkileşimine bağlı olarak inhibe etmiş olabilir
(Gao et al., 2020; Gür et al., 2023; Sami et al., 2022).CP kaynaklı apoptoza karşı selenyumun
koruyucu etkisinin olup olmadığının in silico olarak araştırıldığı bu çalışmada karaciğerde lipit
peroksidasyonu ve buna bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan mitokondriyal fonksiyon bozukluğu
sonucunda önemli proapoptotoik ve antiapoptotoik belirteçler üzerinde Se katkısının etkisi
değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme Şema 1’de özetlenmiştir.
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Bcl-2
Bax
Şema 1. Se ve CP’nin Bcl-2 ve Bax proteinleri üzerine etkisi (Petros et al., 2001; Regina, 2020;
Suzuki et al., 2000)
Sonuç ve Öneriler
In silico sonuçlara dayanarak, Se’nin CP ile indüklenen apoptoza karşı koruyucu etkilerinin
Bcl-2 inhibisyonunun önlenmesi ile artması ve kararlı Bax komplekleri oluşturarak azalması
yoluyla ortaya çıkabileceğini ve bu amaçla kullanılabilecek bir aday olduğu düşünülebilir.
Sonuç olarak Se’un CP ve benzeri alkilleyici ajanların kullanımını gerektiren kanser
hastalarında klinik uygulamadan önce daha iyi değerlendirilmesini sağlayabileceğine
inanıyoruz.
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GIDA MİLLERİ: TARIMSAL ÜRÜNLERE YÖNELİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Haluk GÜMÜŞ (ORCID: 0000-0003-3743-1085)
Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü,
İzmir- Türkiye
Email:halukhaluk.gmm51@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Hakan ADANACIOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0002-8439-8524)
Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarım Ekonomisi Bölümü,
İzmir-Türkiye
Email:hakan.adanacioglu@ege.edu.tr
Özet
Endüstriyel tarımın gelişmesi, uzak bölgelerden gelen gıdaların daha yaygın bir şekilde
tüketilmesine ve bu gıdaların taşınmasıyla ilgili çevresel etkilerin fark edilmesine yol açmıştır.
İlk olarak, gıdaların hangi mesafeler boyunca taşındığı ve bu taşımanın ne kadar enerji
gerektirdiği gibi konulara odaklanan araştırmalar, gıda mili kavramının gelişmesine katkı
sağlamıştır. Gıda mili kavramı, gıda sistemlerinin ve küresel ticaretin evrimiyle birlikte ortaya
çıkmıştır. Bu kavram, tüketicilerin gıda alımlarını daha sürdürülebilir bir şekilde
yönlendirmelerine yardımcı olmak için önemli bir araç haline gelmiştir. Gıda mili kavramı, bir
gıdanın üretildiği yerden tüketicilere ulaşana kadar kat ettiği mesafeyi ölçmektedir. Gıda mili
tarımsal ürünlerin taşınma sürecindeki çevresel etkileri, tüketiciye ulaşmadan önceki süreyi ve
ürünlerin tazeliğini etkilemektedir. Daha uzun gıda mili, daha fazla enerji tüketimi ve çevresel
etkiye yol açtığı gibi, ürünlerin tazeliğini ve besleyiciliğini de olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu
çalışmanın temel amacı tarımsal ürünlerdeki gıda millerine yönelik bir değerlendirme
yapmaktır. Bu çalışma dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde gıda milinin tarımda
neden önemli olduğu açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde gıda milinin nasıl ölçüldüğüne yönelik
bilgiler verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde tarımsal ürünlerdeki gıda millerine yönelik bir
değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda çeşitli tarımsal ürünlerden örnekler sunulmuştur.
Dördüncü bölümde ise, tarım ürünleri ticaretinde gıda mili ile ilgili karşılaşın temel sorunlar
belirtilerek öneriler getirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Gıda Mili, Tarım, Tarımsal Ürünler, Sürdürülebilirlik
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
FOOD MILES: AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
Abstract
The development of industrial agriculture has led to more widespread consumption of foods
from remote areas and a recognition of the environmental impacts associated with transporting
these foods. Firstly, research focusing on the distances food is transported and how much
energy this transportation requires contributed to developing the food mile concept. The
concept of the food mile emerged with the evolution of food systems and global trade. This
concept has become an important tool to help consumers direct their food purchases more
sustainably. The food mile measures the distance a food travels from where it is produced to
reach consumers. Food mileage affects the environmental impacts of agricultural products
during the transportation process, the time before they reach the consumer and the freshness of
the products. Longer food miles not only lead to greater energy consumption and environmental
impact but also negatively affect the freshness and nutrition of products. The primary purpose
of this study is to make an evaluation of food miles in agricultural products. This study consists
of four parts. The first part explains why the food mile is essential in agriculture. The second
section gives information on how food miles are measured. In the third section, an evaluation
was made regarding food miles for agricultural products. In this context, examples from various
agricultural products are presented. In the fourth chapter, the main problems encountered
regarding food miles in the trade of agricultural products are stated and suggestions are made.
Keywords: Food Miles, Agriculture, Agricultural Products, Sustainability
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Yirminci yüzyılın sonunda gıda ürünlerine yönelik değerlendirmeler küresel sürdürülebilirlik
veya sürdürülebilir üretim kavramları ile düşünülmektedir. Öncelikle Rachel Carson’un
1962’de yayınladığı Sessiz Bahar eserinde gıda ürünleri üretiminin çevresel etkileri olduğu
açıklanmıştır. Bu kavramlar üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar, genellikle gıda ürünlerinin çiftlik ve
çatal arası mesafelerini incelemektedir. Bu değerlendirmeler neticesinde yerel ürün tüketmek
ve yerel gıda depoları oluşturmak sürdürülebilir tarımın ihtiyaç duyduğu bir anlayış olmuştur.
Gıda üretiminin çevre ve insanlar üzerinde etkileri alanındaki araştırmaların devamı ile gıdanın
ulaşım mesafesine tüketicilerin ilgi düzeyleri artmıştır. Gıda mili olarak literatüre kazandırılmış
olan bu kavram, gıdanın üretildiği yerden tüketicilere ulaştığı yere kadarki mesafedir
(Mcwilliams, 2013). 1990 yıllardan günümüze kadar bu ana akım konu hakkında çeşitli
çalışmalar yapılmıştır (Grant, 2007; Goleman, 2009). Bu çalışmalarda Avrupa ve Kuzey
Amerika ön plana çıkmıştır. Gıda üretiminin ve seçimlerinin çevre üzerindeki etkileri fark
edilmiştir. Tüketilen gıdanın güvenliği ve menşei diğer girdi maliyetlerin yükselmesine neden
olduğu için yönetimler tarafından da takip edilmeye başlanmıştır.İklim değişikliği veya iklim
krizi konusundaki son zamanlarda yapılmakta olan araştırmalar sera gazı ve emisyon
kelimelerini çok sık kullanmaktadır. Sürdürülebilir üretim ve tüketim alanının genişlemesi ile
gıda ürünlerinin üretim ve tüketiminin çevresel ve iklim üzerindeki etkileri gösterilmeye
başlanmıştır (Hertwich, 2005; Weber and Matthews, 2008; Tukker and Jansen, 2006).
Tüketicilerin gıda ürünleri tercihlerinde çevresel sürdürülebilirlikle bağlantılı günümüzde
birçok trend oluşmuştur. ABD ve Avrupa’da yerel ve organik üretilen ürünlerin miktarındaki
artışlar, tüketicilerin tükettikleri gıdaların nereden ve nasıl üretildiği kriterlerine dikkat ettiğini
göstermektedir. Bu alanda 1995 yılında Birleşik Krallık’ta ortaya çıkmış olan gıda mili kavramı
ise gıda sürdürülebilirliği konusundaki araştırmalara yön vermiştir (Paxton, 1994; Canals et al,
2007). Uluslararası ticaretin günümüzde gelişmesi ile gıda mili kavramına odaklanılmış ve
çeşitli araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmaların etkisi nedeni ile çoğu çevre aktivistleri
tarafından küresel tedarik zincirinin yerelleşmesi gerektiği savunulmaktadır (Jones, 2002). Bu
görüşün aksine farklı bölgelerdeki üretim uygulamaları yapanlar ve depolama-taşımacılık
işletmeleri ise bu isteğin haklı ve doğru olup olmadığını sorgulamışlar ve açıklamışlardır.
Hayvansal ürün üretiminin ve tüketiminin çevresel etkilerini gösteren çoğu araştırmacılar gıda
tercihlerinde genel olarak bitkisel ürünlerin olması gerektiğini açıklamışlardır (Eshel and
Martin, 2006).Gıda ürünleri, birçok çevresel sorunlara neden kabul edildiği için yaşam döngüsü
değerlendirmesi (LCA) araştırmalarında önemli bir yere sahiptir (Jungbluth et al, 2000).
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tüketilen gıda ürünlerinin sayısı nedeni ile analizlerin çoğu az sayıda gıda ürünü ile ilgili
çalışmalarla sınırlı kalmıştır. Sınırlı gıda ürünleri üzerinde ise çok ayrıntılı analizler yapılmıştır
(Carlsson et al, 2003). Literatürdeki gıda mili ve gıda taşımacılığına olan yüksek ilgiye rağmen,
sera gazı emisyonları için önemli olabilecek çiftlik ekipmanları ve malzemelerin çiftliklere
taşınması gibi konulardaki araştırmalar sınırlı kalmıştır.Bu çalışmanın temel amacı tarımsal
ürünlerdeki gıda millerine yönelik bir değerlendirme yapmaktır. Bu çalışma dört bölümden
oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde gıda milinin tarımda neden önemli olduğu açıklanmıştır. İkinci
bölümde gıda milinin nasıl ölçüldüğüne yönelik bilgiler verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde tarımsal
ürünlerdeki gıda millerine yönelik bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda çeşitli tarımsal
ürünlerden örnekler sunulmuştur. Dördüncü bölümde ise, tarım ürünleri ticaretinde gıda mili
ile ilgili karşılaşın temel sorunlar belirtilerek öneriler getirilmiştir.
Materyal ve Yöntem
Bu araştırmanın verileri ikincil veri kaynaklarına dayanmaktadır. Konu ile ilişkili ulusal ve
uluslararası makaleler, kitaplar, tezler, kurumların yayınladığı raporlar ve web siteleri başlıca
ikincil veri kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır.
Gıda Mili Kavramı ve Önemi
Gıda mili kavramı, Birleşik Krallık’ta 1990 yılında ortaya çıkmıştır. Prof. Dr. Lang tarafından
‘Gıda Milleri Raporu: Uzun Mesafe Gıda Taşımacılığının Tehlikeleri’ yayınında açıklanmıştır.
Lang bir sözünde, ‘ölümün kimse tarafından hatırlanmaz ancak, kitabemde gıda milini icat eden
bilim insanı olarak yazması önemlidir’ demiştir. Bu durum Angela Paxton tarafından da yazıya
geçirilmiştir (Lang 2006; Paxton 1994; Iles, 2005).1994 yılında gıda mili kavramı ayrıntılı
olarak açıklanmış ve kamuoyunda konu hakkında tartışmalar başlamıştır. 1995 yılında Birleşik
Krallık Çevre Bakanlığı tarafından finanse edilmiş Tüketici Bilgilendirme Projesinin yapıldığı,
aynı yılda ‘Çok Uzak Bir Ziyafetin Hesabı: Tüketicilerin Endişeleri’ isimli bir başka araştırma
gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. 1996 yılında ise Gıda Milleri Eylemi paketi (yerel gıda
ekonomisi stratejileri) hazırlanmıştır. 1997 yılında gıda mili konusunda ekmek, patates ve çilek
ürünlerinde ilk Food Facts (Gıda Gerçekleri) araştırması yapılmıştır. 1998 yılında portakal,
bitkisel yağ, tavuk eti, marul, bira, soya, havuç, armut, elma, süt ve sığır eti ürünlerinde Food
Facts araştırmaları yapılmış ve broşür-materyaller piyasaya dağıtılmıştır. 1999 yılında 5 yılı
kapsayan gıda mili güncelleme çalışması yapılmıştır (Sustain, 1999). 2007 yılında yapılan gıda
mili üzerindeki araştırmalar ile ‘Locavore’ kelimesi literatüre kazandırılmıştır. Locavore; ürün
üretilme aşamasında çevreye olan etkilerin göz önünde bulundurulmasıdır (Anonim,
2024b).Gıda mili, üretim yerinden tüketildiği yere kadarki mesafede gıda taşınmasının üretmiş
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
olduğu emisyon miktarını ve çevresel etkilerini incelemektedir. Gıdanın uzaklığı, karbon ayak
izi ve çevresel etkileri bu kapsamda ayrıntılı ele alınmaktadır (Engelhaupt, 2008; Kissinger,
2012). Gıda mili araştırmalarında et, meyve ve sebze ürünleri incelenmektedir (Andersson et
al, 1998; Marletto and Sillig, 2014; Wiedemann et al, 2015; Meisterling et al, 2009). Bu
kavramın Birleşik Krallıkta çıkmasının ve ilgi görmesinin iki nedeni vardır. Bu da Birleşik
Krallıkta tüketilen sebzelerin %50’sinin ve meyvelerin %95’inin ithal olarak karşılanmasıdır
(Stacey, 2008).Gıda mili, gıda ürünlerinin tüketicilere ulaşmadan önceki kat etmiş olduğu
coğrafi mesafeyi ifade etmektedir. Üretimden tüketime olan mesafenin kısa olması hem
insanlar hem de çevre için faydalı olduğu açıklanmaktadır. Ürünlerin işlenmesi ve taşınmasında
fosil yakıtlar kullanılmakta ve miktarları değişmektedir. Kullanılan yakıt miktarlarının en
önemli sonuçları ise iklim değişikliği ve ürün fiyatlarındaki artışlardır. Ne kadar çok gıda
taşıması ve kilometresi olursa o kadar emisyon üretilir ve iklim değişikliği de o ölçüde
etkilenmektedir (Anonim, 2024a). ABD’de et endüstrisinin %80’nini dört işletmenin kontrol
ettiği (üretim ve satış aşamaları) bulunmuştur (USDA, 1998). Küresel firmaların üretimi ve
taşımacılığı sonucu ürünlerin büyük üreticiler, işleyiciler, nakliyeciler, distribütörler ve
perakendeler aracılığıyla ulaştırıldığı ortaya çıkmıştır (Brian, 2006). Bu tedarik zinciri nedeni
ile ABD’nin ürünlerinin ortalama gıda mili 1500 mil olarak bulunmuştur (Foodwise,
2024).Gıda mili kavramı sürdürülebilir ve küresel gıda sanayisinin ayak izinin
hesaplanmasında ve yerel kaynakların verimli kullanılmasına önemli katkı sağlanmıştır. Fazla
mile sahip gıdalar taşıma ve depolama aşamalarında besin değerini ve tazeliğini
kaybetmektedir. Yerel ürünlerin tazelik, yüksek besin değerli ürünler, istihdama olan katkısı ve
yerel üreticilerin desteklenmesi gibi olumlu katkıları bulunmaktadır (Commons, 2024).
Geleneksel gıda ürünlerinin yerel ürünlere göre tüketiciye ulaşmasında 4-17 (arası) kat daha
fazla yakıt tükettiği bulunmuştur. Bu yakıt tüketimi aynı oranda emisyon üretimi olarak da
anlaşılmaktadır (Deweert, 2009). ABD’de Time dergisinde yayınlanan ‘Yerel Gıda Hareketi:
100 Mil Diyeti’ makalesiyle yerel gıdanı teşvik edilmiş ve gıda milinin azaltılması için önemli
bir adım olmuştur (Roosevelt, 2006). ABD’de çalışmalar neticesinde üretici pazarı sayısında
artışlar tespit edilmiştir. ABD’de aktif üretici pazarı sayısı 2000 yılında 2863’den 2012 yılına
kadar 7864’e yükselmiştir. Üretici pazarı sayısında ortalama 3 katı artış olduğu bulunmuştur.
Diğer bir araştırmaya göre, üretici pazarı müşterilerinin %64’ünün yerel ürün için geldikleri
tespit edilmiştir (Wolf et al, 2005).Ürünlerin suyolu, demiryolu, karayolu ve havayolu
sıralamasında emisyon miktarının artış gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Uçakla taşınan gıda ürünleri,
karayolu ile taşınan ürünlere göre 10 kat fazla emisyona neden olduğu bulunmuştur. Gıdanın
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
uçakla taşınması, su yolu ile taşınmasına göre %50 daha çok emisyon üretmektedir (Harris,
2022). İngiltere’de mevsim dışı olan ve uçakla taşınan yüksek değerli ürünler Birleşik Krallığın
gıda taşımacılığı emisyonunun %11’ni oluşturmaktadır. DEFRA araştırmasında, Birleşik
Krallık’ta yapılan taşımacılığın %25’ini gıda ürünleri taşımacılığı oluşturduğu bulunmuştur.
Birleşik Krallık ve çevresinde gıda ürünü taşımacılığında yılda 19 milyon ton CO2
üretilmektedir ve bu da yaklaşık 5,5 milyon normal araca karşılık gelmektedir (DEFRA,
2020).Gıda mili ve emisyon konusuna en yakın tarım sektörü bulunmaktadır. Tarım sektörü;
üretim, işleme, taşıma, depolama ve perakende aşamalarında emisyon üretmektedir. Gıda mili
araştırmalarında önemli yere sahip olan tarım sektörünün öneminin anlaşılması için dünyanın
tarım ihracat ve ithalat miktarlarının incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Küresel tarım ürünleri ihracatı
2022 yılında yaklaşık 2 trilyon dolar olarak bulunmuştur. Küresel tarım ürünleri ihracatı
içindeki ürünler (en çok ihraç edilen ürünler) incelendiğinde, hayvansal ve bitkisel yağlar %8.5
(171.1 milyar dolar), hububat %8.3 (166.7 milyar dolar), et ve et ürünleri %8.0 (162.6 milyar
dolar), yağlı tohumlar %7.5 (151.4 milyar dolar) ve meşrubat, alkollü içecekler ve sirke %7.2
(146.4 milyar dolar) oranlarında pay almaktadır (Trademap, 2022).Tarım ürünlerinde üretim
miktarı, dağıtım kanalı seçenekleri ve tüketicilerin bulunma noktası gıda mili hesaplamalarında
farklılıklara neden olmaktadır. Tarımsal faaliyetler ve gıda üretimi gıda milinde artışa ve çevre
sorunlarına yol açabilmektedir.
Gıda Milinin Ölçülmesi
Gıda millerini hesaplamak için bir dizi formül geliştirilmiş ve genel olarak kabul görmüştür.
Bir gıda ürününün kat ettiği mesafeyi hesaplamanın karmaşıklığı, ürünün tek bir bileşenden mi
yoksa birden çok malzemeden mi oluştuğuna ve ürünü taşımak için kullanılan nakliye
yöntemine bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Ağırlıklı Ortalama Kaynak Mesafesi (WASD) formülü,
1997 yılında Annika Carlsson-Kanyama tarafından geliştirildi ve taşınan gıda miktarını ve
üretim yerinden satış yerine kadar kat ettiği mesafeyi hesaba katmaktadır. Sadece bir bileşenden
oluşan meyve ve sebzeler ve diğer ürünlerde gıda millerini hesaplamak için WASD formülü
kullanılmaktadır. Ağırlıklı Toplam Kaynak Mesafesi (WTSD) formülü, Leopold Sürdürülebilir
Tarım Merkezi tarafından geliştirilmiştir ve her bir bileşen için kat edilen mesafeyi ve ağırlığı
hesaplayarak çok bileşenli gıdaları açıklamaktadır. Aromalı yoğurt, ekmek ve diğer işlenmiş
gıdalar gibi gıdalarda, gıda millerini hesaplamak için WTSD formülü kullanılmaktadır. Hem
WASD hem de WTSD, üretici ile tüketici arasında gıdanın kat ettiği mesafeye ilişkin
hesaplama yaparken, hiçbir formül kat edilen bu mesafeyle ilişkili sera gazı emisyonlarını ele
almamaktadır. Ağırlıklı Ortalama Emisyon Oranı (WAER) formülünde, farklı ulaşım
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yöntemleri için hem mesafe hem de ilişkili sera gazı emisyonları hesaba dahil edilmektedir Bu
formül,
2004
yılında
kar
amacı
gütmeyen
kuruluş
LifeCycles
tarafından
geliştirilmiştir.Çevresel etkinin ölçülmesinde sadece seyahat miktarının ele alınması doğru
değildir. Gıda milinin önemli belirleyicisi olan yakıtın verimliliği üzerinde eğitim, araç cinsi ve
lojistik de önemlidir. Gıda ürünlerinin nakliyesinde sera gazı üretimini etkileyen unsurlar
incelendiğinde;
-
Taşıma yöntemi,
-
Yakıt cinsi,
-
Taşıma esnasındaki hava koşulları,
-
Yük faktörü,
-
Gıda ürünlerinin ortam sıcaklığı ve soğutulması durumu,
-
Taşıma için gerekli olan diğer faktörler ve depolama ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır.
Ağırlıklı ortalama kaynak mesafesi (km) aşağıdaki şekilde hesaplanmaktadır (Aras ve
Uğurluoğlu, 2018):
AOKM = m k .d(k)/ m(k)
k = Üretim noktası
m = Her üretim noktasından tüketiciye ulaştırılan ürünün miktarı (ton)
d = Üretim noktasından tüketim noktasına olan mesafe (km)
Ağırlıklı ortalama emisyon oranı (CO2 eşd./ton) aşağıdaki şekilde hesaplanmaktadır.
AOEMO = m k . d k . e(k)/ m(k)
k = Farklı üretim noktaları
m = Her üretim noktasından tüketiciye ulaştırılan ürünün miktarı (ton)
d = Üretim noktasından tüketim noktasına olan mesafe (km)
e= Sera gazı emisyonu miktarı (CO2 eşd./ton.km)
Gıdanın üretim yerinden tüketiciye taşınması esnasında açığa çıkan ton cinsinden CO2 eşdeğeri
olarak sera gazı miktarı ise aşağıdaki formül ile hesaplanmaktadır.
SGM = AOEMO. c. i
c= Belirlenen bölgede gıdanın toplam tüketimi (ton)
i= Tüketimin ithalattan gerçekleşme yüzdesi (%) olarak ifade edilmektedir.
Ağırlıklı ortalama enerji oranı (MJ/ton), gıda maddesinin üretim yerinden tüketiciye
ulaştırılması esnasında birim ağırlık başına harcanan enerji olarak tanımlanmakta olup,
aşağıdaki formül yardımıyla hesaplanmaktadır.
AOENO = m k .q k .d(k)/ m k
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k = Farklı üretim noktaları
m = Her üretim noktasından tüketiciye ulaştırılan ürünün miktarı (Ton)
d = Üretim noktasından tüketim noktasına olan mesafe (km)
q= Birim nakliyat başına enerji tüketimi (MJ/Ton.km)
Gıda mili hesaplanmasında yapılmış farklı araştırmalar bulunmaktadır. Iowa’da komisyoncu
ve toptancıların Chicago Terminal pazarına satın aldıkları ürünlerin ve Ferry Plaza çiftliği
ürünlerinin tüketiciye ulaştığı miller hesaplanmıştır ve karşılaştırılmıştır. Terminal Pazarı ve
Ferry Plaza Çiftçi Pazarı ürünleri için sırasıyla; elmaların 1.555 mil ve 77 mil, domateslerin
1.369 mil ve 117 mil, üzümlerin 3.543 mil ve 134 mil, fasulyelerin 766 mil ve 101 mil,
şeftalilerin 1.674 mil ve 173 mil, kış kabağının 781 mil ve 98 mil, yeşillerin 889 mil ve 99 mil,
marulların 2.055 mil ve 102 mil yol kat ettiği bulunmuştur (Foodwise, 2024).Gıda ürünleri
tedarik zinciri içerisinde (ABD’de) yapılmış bir araştırmaya göre, ortalama 1640-6760 km
içerisinde sera gazı oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. Oluşan emisyon miktarı ABD’nin 8.1 ton CO2
emisyonunun %83’ü olduğu bulunmuştur. Gıda ürünleri içerisinde özellikle kırmızı et, tavuk
eti ve balık ürünleri emisyon üretiminde başlıca ürünler olarak bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar göz
önüne alındığında gıda milinin önemli ölçüde azaltılması için yerel ürün satın almak yerine
öncelikle et ürünlerinin tüketiminin azaltılması gerektiği bulunmuştur (Weber and Matthews,
2008).ABD’de Leopold Sürdürülebilir Tarım Merkezi, yerel ürünlerin gıda millerini
hesaplamıştır. Gıda milleri üzümde 2143 mil, brokolide 2095 mil, kuşkonmazda 1671 mil,
elmada 1555 mil mısırda 813 mil ve bal kabağında 233 mil olarak bulunmuştur (LCSA, 1998).
Diğer ürünlerle birlikte ortalama mesafe ise 1518 olarak bulunmuştur. Diğer bir çalışmada ise,
yoğun bir şekilde tüketilen 58 ithal ürünün gıda mili hesaplanmıştır. Gıda ürünlerinin ortalaması
4497 kilometre ve 2811 mil mesafe kat ettiği belirlenmiştir. Yıllık bu ürünlerin 51 709 ton sera
gazı ürettikleri bulunmuştur (Xuereb, 2005).ABD’de yapılmış bir araştırmada, dünyanın çeşitli
bölgelerinden gelen ürünlerin gıda milleri hesaplanmıştır. Karpuzun 1886 mil Meksika’dan,
kivinin 5015 mil Şili’den, domatesin 456 mil Kanada’dan, Muzun 2048 mil Panama’dan,
armutun 5216 mil Arjantin’den ve ananasın 2048 mil Kosta Rika’dan geldiği bulunmuştur. Bu
millerin uzun olmasını başlıca nedeni olarak yakıtlara ulaşılabilir olması ve gelişmiş taşımacılık
sistemleri gösterilmiştir (Yee, 2012).Gıda mili hesaplamasında üretim faktörüne dikkat
edilmesi gerekmektedir. Yeni Zelanda’dan Londra’ya gönderilen kuzuların, İngiltere’nin kendi
kırsallarında üretilmiş kuzulardan dört kat daha fazla enerjide verimli olduğu tespit edilmiştir
(Barber et al, 2006). Burada önemli olan kuzu üretiminde kuzunun hangi mesafe veya nereden
geldiği değil, nasıl üretildiğidir. Brezilyadan ithal edilerek alınan Alman elma suyunda yerel
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üretim ve işlemeye göre daha az enerji kullanıldığı bulunmuştur. Almanya’da elmaların enerji
yoğun seralarda yetiştirilmesinin gıda mili mesafesini artırdığı saptanmıştır. İthal edilebilecek
elma ürünlerinin daha az mile sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır (Blanke and Burdick,
2005).Yüksek gıda miline sahip gıda ürünlerine şüphe ile yaklaşan araştırmacılara göre gıdanın
yerelleşmesi veya sadece yerel gıda tüketiminin sonuçları araştırılmıştır. ABD’de yerel
ürünlerin talebi karşılayamayacağı, tropik ürünlerin tüketicilere ulaştırılamayacağı ve
toplumların sağlık durumunda ciddi etkilerinin olabileceği bulunmuştur (Wilkins, 2009).
Gıdanın yerelleşmesi ile küçük üretici birimlerinin oluşmasının, kirlilik, koku, atıkların imhası
ve çevresel diğer sorunlara neden olabileceği tahmin edilmiştir (Jones et al, 2004). Bu
çalışmalara göre, ihtiyaçlar doğrultusunda farklı bölgelerde yetiştirilen bazı yüksek gıda miline
sahip ürünlerin ithalatı ve tüketiminin yapılmasının doğru olduğu bulunmuştur.Tarımsal
Ürünlerde Gıda Milleri: Çeşitli Tarımsal Ürünlerden Örnekler ABD’nin gıda endüstrisi tüm
fosil yakıt tüketiminin %10’unu oluşturmaktadır. Gıda sisteminin tükettiği enerjinin %21’inin
üretim, %14’ünün taşımacılık, %16’sının ürün işleme, %7’sinin paketleme, %4’ünün gıda
perakende, %7’sinin restoran-kafe ve %31’inin konut ısıtma için kullanıldığı bulunmuştur.
ABD küresel olarak %23’lük emisyon miktarı ile dünyada en büyük emisyon üreticisidir. ABD
gıda sisteminin yıllık kullandığı enerji miktarı Fransa’nın yıllık enerji miktarına karşılık
gelmektedir (Tablo 1) (Murray, 2005).
Tablo 1 ABD Gıda Sisteminin Enerji Kullanımı
Alanlar
Kullanım Miktarı
Üretim
%21
Taşımacılık
%14
Ürün işleme
%16
Paketleme
%7
Gıda perakende
%4
Restoran ve Kafe
%7
Konut ısıtma
%31
Toplam
%100
Birleşik Krallıkta ürünlerin gıda mili hesaplanması dört ulaşım yöntemine göre incelenmiştir.
Gıda milleri 423 ton-km suyolu, 677 ton-km demiryolu, 2890 ton-km karayolu ve 15839 tonkm havayolu olarak bulunmuştur. Hava taşımacılığı, gıda ve diğer malların taşınmasında çok
fazla enerji yoğun bir ulaşım yöntemi olarak belirlenmiştir. Hava taşımacılığı, Birleşik Krallıkta
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%1’lik yer kaplamasına rağmen, ülkede %11’lik bir emisyon ürettiği tespit edilmiştir. Bunun
yanı sıra; gürültü, kazalar ve trafik sorunları gibi diğer problemlerle gıda taşımacılığının
ekonomik ve sosyal maliyetinin yıllık 9 milyar sterlin veya 18 milyar doları geçtiği saptanmıştır
(Tablo 2) (Smith et al, 2005).
Tablo 2 Farklı Yük Taşımacılığı Modları İçin Enerji Kullanımı Ve Emisyon Miktarları
Suyolu
423
Demiryolu
677
Birincil enerji tüketimi KJ Ton-km
Spesifik toplam emisyonlar g/Ton-km
Karbondioksit
30.0
41.0
Hidrokarbonlar
0.04
0.06
VOC
0.1
0.08
Nitrojen oksit
0.4
0.2
Karbon monoksit
0.12
0.05
Kaynak: Whitlegg, 1993
Karayolu
2890
Havayolu
15839
207
0.3
1.1
3.6
2.4
1260
2.0
3.0
5.5
1.4
Yerel gıda ürünlerinin millerinin geleneksel gıda ürünlerine göre kısa olduğu ve az emisyon
ürettikleri bulunmuştur. ABD-Iowa bölgesinde yapılan araştırmada, yerel ve geleneksel gıda
ürünlerinin gıda milleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Yerel gıda ürünlerinin gıda mili toplamı 716 mil ve
geleneksel gıda ürünlerinin gıda mili toplamı 25 301 mil olarak bulunmuştur (Tablo 3).
Geleneksel gıdaların yerel gıdalara göre 4-17 kat daha fazla yakıt kullandığı ve 5-17 kat daha
fazla emisyon ürettiği saptanmıştır (Tablo 4). Bu araştırma ile bölgede fazla enerji için yakıt
kullanıldığı da tespit edilmiştir. Taşıma yöntemi göz önüne alındığında bölgesel ürün taşıması
için küçük araçlar ve kamyonlar kullanılmaktadır. Küçük kapasiteli araç kullanılmasının fazla
sefer, fazla yol ve fazla emisyona neden olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Gıda taşımacılığında araç
türlerine göre verimliliğin değişebileceği belirtilmektedir.
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Tablo 3 Yerel Ürünler ve Geleneksel Ürünlerin Gıda Milleri
Ürün Cinsi
Elmalar
Fasulye
Brokoli
Lahana
Havuçlar
Karbonhidrat
Sarımsak
Marul
Soğanlar
Biberler
Patates
Kabaklar
Ispanak
Kabak
Çilekler
Domates
Tüm WASD'lerin Toplamı
Yerel Yetişen Ürün
Geleneksel Yöntemle Karşılanan Ürün
WASD(Miles)
61
65
20
50
27
20
31
43
35
44
75
41
36
52
56
60
716
WASD(Miles)
1 726
1 313
1 846
719
1 838
1 426
1 811
1 823
1 759
1 589
1 155
311
1 815
1 277
1 830
1 569
25 301
Kaynak: LCSA, 2001
Tablo 4 Iowa Merkezli Geleneksel, Bölgesel ve Yerel Gıda Taşıma Sistemlerinin Yakıt
Tüketimi, CO2 Emisyonları ve Kat Edilen Mesafe
Gıda Sistemi ve Kamyon
Tipi
Yakıt Tüketimi
(Gal/Yıl)
Konvansiyonel Yarı
Römork
Iova Bölgesel Yarı
Römork
Iova Bölgesel Orta Boy
Kamyon
Iova Local - Çiftçi Pazarı
Küçük Kamyon
Iova Yerel Kurumsal
Küçük Kamyon
368 102
Yakıtın Parasal
Değeri (2001 Yılı
Fiyatı)
$581 601
Co2
Emisyonları
Kat Edilen
Mesafe (Mil)
8 392 727
2 245 423
22 005
$35 208
501 714
134 230
43 564
$69 702
993 243
370 289
49 359
$78 974
967 436
848 981
88 265
$141 224
1 729 994
1 518 155
Kaynak: LCSA, 2001
Küresel gıda sistemi birbirine çok sıkı şekilde bağlıdır. Çin’de tüketilen bir etin üretimi için
dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerindeki üretim materyallerine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Şekil 1’de
baloncuklar gıda üretimi emisyonlarını ve oklar ise gıda kilometresini göstermektedir. Çin’deki
et talebini karşılamak için girdiler çeşitli ülkelerden ithal edilmektedir. ABD’de meyve-sebze
ve Brezilya’da soya fasulyesi üretimi için karayolu kullanılarak Kanada’dan kimyasallar ithal
edilmektedir. Almanya’dan makine ve Avustralya-Endonezya’dan kömür ithal edilmektedir.
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Ülkeler arası bu gıda tedarik zinciri et üretimini sağlamak ve Çin’deki et talebini karşılamak
içindir. Üretimin gıda milini artırdığı hipotezinin doğruluğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Şekil 1 Çin'de Kırmızı Et Tüketimine İlişkin Tedarik Zinciri Emisyonu (Li et al, 2022)
Küresel tedarik zincirinde gıda sisteminin emisyon miktarları hesaplanmıştır. Avrupa ve Çin
merkezli ticaret noktaları vurgulanmıştır. Afrika kıtasında önemli bir ticaret miktarının
olmadığı da bulunmuştur. Gıda emisyonlarını önemli ölçüde zengin ülkelerin arttırdığı tespit
edilmiştir. Düşük gelirli ülkelerin (kişi başı 3000 ABD doları altında) uluslararası gıda
kilometrelerinin %12’sini ve emisyonların ise %20’sinden sorumlu oldukları ortaya çıkmıştır.
Okyanusya, Kuzey Amerika ve Avrupa dahil zengin ülkelerin gıda kilometreleri ve emisyon
miktarları diğer bölgelerden 2.7-2.8 kat daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mt CO2e cinsinden
uluslararası gıda mili emisyonlarının ilk 100 ikili akışı (üstte) ve kişi başına kgCO2e cinsinden
uluslararası gıda mili emisyonlarının ilk 100 ikili akışı (altta) gösterilmektedir. Okların kalınlığı
emisyonların miktarını göstermektedir (Şekil 2).
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Şekil 2 Küresel Tedarik Zinciri Ağı Boyunca Gıda Kilometresi Akış Haritası (Li et al, 2022)
Birleşik krallıkta yapılan bir çalışmada gıda ürünlerinin taşıma yöntemlerine göre emisyon
miktarları incelenmiştir. ~25 emisyon (gCO2/tkm) derin deniz – okyanus, ~50 emisyon
(gCO2/tkm) kısa deniz- iç su yolları, ~600 emisyon (gCO2/tkm) havayolları (uzun mesafe) ve
~1600 emisyon (gCO2/tkm) havayolları (kısa mesafe) olarak bulunmuştur. Gıda millerinin
artması ve emisyon miktarının artmasındaki ana neden havayollarının kullanılması ve kısa
mesafede defalarca sefer yapılması olarak bulunmuştur. Gıda ürünlerini ideal gıda mili ve
emisyon miktarları ile taşımak için uzun mesafeli denizyolu kullanımının uygun olacağı
belirlenmiştir (Tablo 5).
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Tablo 5 Birleşik Krallıkta Ürünlerin Ulaşım Yöntemlerine Göre Emisyon Üretim Miktarları
Ulaştırma Yöntemi
Emisyon (gCO2/tkm)
Derin Deniz-Okyanus
~25
Kısa Deniz ve İç Su Yolları
~50
Havayolları (Uzun mesafe)
~600
Havayolları (Kısa mesafe)
~1600
Kaynak: AEA Technology, 2005
Üretilen ürünlerin fosil kaynaklar kullanılarak tüketiciye ulaştırılmasındaki akış incelenmiştir.
Geleneksel ürün ve yerel ürün(doğrudan pazarlama, üretici pazarı veya çiftlikten satış)
aşamaları verilmiştir. Geleneksel üründe üretilen bir ürün için sekiz aşama ve yerel ürünlerde
ise üç aşama ile tamamlanmaktadır. Geleneksel yöntemlerle üretilen ve pazarlaması yapılan
ürünlerde fosil yakıt, elektrik, fazla insan-araç, uzun mesafeler ve farklı yollar kullanılmaktadır.
Ulaştırmada fazla faktörün bulunmasının gıda milini ve emisyon miktarını artırdığı
bulunmuştur. Yerel üretilen ve pazarlanan ürünler için ise üç aşamada (üretim ve pazarlama)
tamamlanmaktadır. Yerel ürünlerde fazla fosil yakıt, araç, yol ve insan kullanımı olmadığı için
gıda mili ve emisyon üretim miktarı düşük kalmaktadır (Tablo 6).
Tablo 6 Geleneksel ve Yerel Ürünlerin Akış Şeması
Aşamalar
Geleneksel Ürün Akışı
Yerel Ürün Akışı
1
Tarımsal üretim: Traktörler ve 1 Tarımsal üretim: Traktörler ve diğer
diğer makineler (dizel)
makineler (dizel)
2
Çiftlikte soğuk hava deposu 2 Müşteri tarafından çiftlik mağazasına
(elektrik)
seyahat ve ürün alma (benzin)
3
Paketleme ve yönetim (elektrik 3 Tüketicinin depolama aşaması (elektrik)
ve ısıtma)
4
Ağır
vasıtalarla
bölgesel
merkezlere dağıtım (dizel)
5
Merkezde soğuk hava deposu
(elektrik)
6
Yükleme ve merkez yönetimi
(elektrik ve ısıtma)
7
Hafif ticari araçla eve teslim
(dizel)
8
Tüketicinin depolama aşaması
(elektrik)
Kaynak: Coley et al, 2008
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ABD’de gıda ürünleri arasında emisyon üretim miktarları incelenmiştir. Emisyon miktarı ile
gıda milleri hakkında çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. ABD’de gıda ürünleri emisyon miktarları
incelendiğinde; %30’unun kırmızı et, %18’inin süt ürünleri, %11’inin tahıllar-karbonhidratlar,
%11’inin meyve-sebzeler, %10’unun tavuk-balık-yumurta, %9’unun diğer ürünler, %6’sının
içecekler ve %5’inin yağlar-tatlılar-çeşniler kaynaklı olduğu belirlenmiştir. En fazla emisyon
üreten ve gıda miline sahip olan ürünler kırmızı et ve süt ürünleri olarak saptanmıştır (Tablo 7).
Tablo 7 ABD’de Gıda Ürünlerinin Emisyon Üretim Miktarları
Ürünler
% Pay
Kırmızı Et
30
Süt Ürünleri
18
Tahıllar/Karbonhidratlar
11
Meyve ve Sebzeler
11
Tavuk/Balık/Yumurta
10
Diğer Ürünler
9
İçecekler
6
Yağlar/Tatlılar/Çeşniler
5
Toplam
100
Kaynak: ACS, 2008
Gıda mili üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar neticesinde kavram ve içerik yönünden belli
değişiklikler olmuştur. Gıda mili, gıda ürünlerinin tarladan tabağa kadarki mesafeyi ele
almaktadır. Geliştirilmiş gıda mili, gıda millerinin çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik maliyetlerinin
de olması nedeni ile bir bütün olarak incelenmektedir. Gıda zincirinin sürdürülebilirliği,
taşımacılıktan kaynaklanan dışsallıklar (çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik maliyetler) yanında
üretim, işleme, dağıtım, satış ve tüketimden kaynaklanan dışsallıklarında dahil edilerek
incelenmesidir (Tablo 8). Gıda zincirinin sürdürülebilirliği, yaşam döngüsü analizi (LCA)
olarak da tanımlanmaktadır. Yaşam döngüsü analizi (LCA), üretim ve tüketim aşamalarına
kadar tüm çevresel etkilerin bütünsel olarak incelendiği yöntemdir.
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Tablo 8 Gıda Mili, Geliştirilmiş Gıda Mili ve Gıda Zincirinin Sürdürülebilirliği Şeması
Kavramlar Gıda Mili
Geliştirilmiş Gıda Mili Gıda Zincirinin Sürdürülebilirliği
1
Çevresel Maliyetler
Üretim
2
Sosyal Maliyetler
İşleme
Gıda Taşımacılığı Ekonomik Maliyetler
3
Dağıtım
(Kilometre-Mil)
4
Taşıma Yöntemi
Satış
Taşıma verimliliği
5
Tüketim
Kaynak: Passel, 2013
Kanada’nın ithal etmiş olduğu meyvelerin gıda milleri ve CO2 emisyon miktarları da
incelenmiştir. Şekil 3’de ithal edilen meyvelerin Kanada’nın Ontario eyaletine ve Britanya
Columbia’sına ulaştırılmak için kat ettiği mesafeler gösterilmiştir. Gıda millerinin ürünler
bazında farklı olduğu bulunmuştur. Britanya Columbia meyvelerinin %17’si 500 km’nin
altındaki bölgelerden getirtilirken, Ontario meyvelerinin sadece %0.1’i bu mesafelerden (500
km) getirtilmektedir. Ortalama meyvelerinin %40’ı 5 000 km’den fazla yok kat ettiği
bulunmuştur. Ontario meyvelerinin %15’i ve Britanya Columbia meyvelerinin %10’u 10 000
km’den fazla mesafeden ithal edilmektedir. Bu araştırmada; bütün ülkenin ve bir bölgenin gıda
mili hesabının ötesinde belli ürünlerin taşınmasında üretilen CO2 emisyon miktarları da
bulunmuştur. Kanada’ya ithal edilen meyve ürünlerinin gıda mil, emisyon miktarı ve ürün
menşei ayrıntısı ile sunulmuştur (Tablo 9).
Şekil 3 Kanada’nın Ontario ve Britanya Columbia’sına İthal Edilen Meyvelerin Haritada
Gıda Mili Gösterimi, (Kissinger, 2012)
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Tablo 9 Kanada’nın Ontario ve Britanya Columbia’sına İthal Edilen Meyvelerin Gıda Milleri
ve Tedarik Kaynakları
Ürünler
Ortalama
Mesafe
(km/kg)
Ortalama
CO2
gCO2/Kg
Tedarik Kaynakları
Elma
4990
360
Muz
6566
75
Armut
7970
350
Şeftali
4110
480
Erik
5400
530
Çilek
Kivi
Hurma
Ananas
3250
10 700
13 800
6300
580
190
130
160
Kaliforniya, Michigan, Oregon,
Washington
Kaliforniya, New York,
Washington
Kaliforniya, Michigan,
Washington
Kaliforniya, Florida, Michigan
Kaliforniya
Kaliforniya
Kaliforniya, Hawaii
Avokado
Portakal
3200
5500
450
500
Kaliforniya
Kaliforniya, Florida
ABD Eyaletleri
Diğer Ülkeler
Washington, Kaliforniya,
Michigan
-
Yeni Zelanda, Şili, Güney Afrika
Columbia, Kosta Rika, Ekvador,
Guatemala, Honduras
Arjantin, Çin
Şili
Şili
Meksika
Şili, Yeni Zelanda, İtalya
Çin, İran, Tunus
Columbia, Kosta Rika, Ekvador,
Guatemala, Honduras
Şili, Meksika
Meksika, İspanya, Güney Afrika
Kaynak: Kissinger, 2012
Almanya’da üretilen ve ithal edilen elma ürününün gıda mili de hesaplanmıştır. Yerel olarak
üretilen elmalar; 5 hafta soğuk depolama, 170 km zincir marketlere ve 3 km sonrasında tüketici
evine ulaşmaktadır. Yeni Zelanda’dan ithal edilen elmalar; gemi ile 23 000 km, zincir
marketlere 350 km ve 3 km sonrasında tüketici evine ulaşmaktadır. Güney Afrika’dan ithal
edilen elmalar; gemi ile 14 000 km, zincir marketlere 350 km ve 3 km sonrasında tüketici evine
ulaşmaktadır. Bu araştırmada Almanya’da tüketim için yerel üretilen ve ithal edilen elmaların
gıda mili hesaplanmıştır. Gıda mili fazla olan ithal elmalarda; soğuk depolama için elektrik,
deniz taşımacılığı için gemi, ülke içi taşımacılık için çeşitli kara araçları ve fazla personel
kullanılmaktadır. Gıda mili fazla olan ithal elmaların emisyon üretim miktarının da yüksek
olduğu bulunmuştur (Şekil 4).
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Şekil 4 Almanya’ya İthal Edilen Elmaların Akışı(Taşımacılık ve Gıda Zinciri) (Blanke,
2006)
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Literatüre belli süre önce (1990-1995) girmiş olan gıda mili kavramı üzerinde çeşitli ve ayrıntılı
araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Araştırmalar öncelikle ABD ve Avrupa ülkelerinde ithal edilen ürünler
incelenerek devam etmiştir. Gıda mili kavramı sadece mesafe ile ilgilenmektedir. Son
gelişmeler ile üretim, işleme, dağıtım, perakende ve tüketim aşamaları da dahil edilerek
çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik maliyetlerde bir bütün olarak ele alınmaktadır. Gıda mili ne kadar
yüksek olursa o kadar çevreye olumsuz etkisinin var olduğu bulunmuştur. Ancak bazı ürünlerde
yerel ürünlerin gıda mili (üretim emisyon değeri nedeni ile yüksek olması) ithal ürünlerden
yüksek olmaktadır. İspanya’nın domates, Almanya’nın elma ve Birleşik Krallığın kuzu
örnekleri bu konuda örnek gösterilebilmektedir. Gıda mili konusunda karşılaşılan sorunlar;
küresel gıda üreten firmaların sayısının artması, fosil yakıtın ulaşılabilir olması ve aşırı
kullanımı, ulaşım sistemlerinin gelişmiş olması ve fazla araç ile seferlerin yapılması, yerel
firmaların ürün pazarlamada yetersiz kalması ve pazarda küresel firmaların etkin rol oynaması,
üretici ve tüketici açısından öncelikli ilkenin ürün miktarı ve kazanç payı olması, her bölgede
her ürünün yetişememesi veya ithalatın zorunlu olması, bazı ürünlerin ithalatının
yetiştirilmesine
göre
düşük
mil
içermesi
(Almanya,
İspanya,
İngiltere)
şeklinde
belirtilebilir.Ürünlerde gıda mili miktarını azaltmak için çeşitli öneriler bulunmaktadır.
Bunların belli ölçüde uygulanması bile gıda mili ve çevresel etkileri azaltmak konusunda fayda
sağlayabilecektir. Bu kapsamda yerel ürün ve üretici pazarlarının tercih edilmesi, mevsimsel
yiyeceklerin tüketilmesi, hayvansal ürünlerden et ve süt ürünleri tüketim miktarının azaltılması,
genellikle az işlenmiş ve paketlenmiş ürünlerin tercih edilmesi, yerel ve organik ürünlerin
tüketimi ve pazarlamasının artırılması söz konusu önerilerden bazılarıdır.
1429
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKÇA
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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1433
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ANTİBİYOTİKLERİN BİYOTEKNOLOJİK ÜRETİMİNDE VE ANALİZİNDE
KEMOMETRİK YÖNTEMLERİN KULLANILMASINA İLİŞKİN ÇALIŞMALAR
Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Faysal SELIMOĞLU* (ORCID: 0000-0003-3798-9054)
Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Science Department of Biotechnology
Email: fselimoglu@erbakan.edu.tr
Özet
Kemometrik yöntemler, özellikle son birkaç on yılda ilaç endüstrisinde son derece değerli
araçlar haline gelmiştir. Bu yöntemler, farmasötik üretim ve kalite kontrolünün farklı
yönlerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Önemli uygulamalardan biri, farmasötik ürünlerin
etkinliğini ve güvenliğini sağlamak için çok önemli olan tabletlerdeki aktif bileşen içeriğinin
tahmin edilmesidir. Kemometrik yöntemler ayrıca üretim hatalarının tespit edilmesinde ve
farmasötik ürünlerin genel kalitesinin korunmasında da rol oynar. Çeşitli uygulama alanları
arasında, temel bileşen regresyonu (PCR) ve kısmi en küçük kareler regresyonu (PLS) gibi
kemometrik yaklaşımlar, farmasötik formülasyonların kantitatif analizinde büyük başarı
göstermiştir. Bu derlemede, endüstriyel antibiyotik üretimi ve analizi bağlamında kemometrik
yöntemlerin potansiyeline odaklanacağız. Antibiyotikler sağlık hizmetlerinde büyük önem
taşımaktadır ve kalite ve etkinliklerinin sağlanması çok önemlidir. Kemometrik yöntemler
kullanılarak, üretim sürecini gerçek zamanlı olarak izlemek ve kontrol etmek mümkündür, bu
da verimliliğin ve güvenilirliğin artmasına yol açar. Özellikle eritromisin, vankomisin,
penisilin, sefalosporin ve amoksisilin gibi antibiyotikler kemometrik analizden büyük ölçüde
faydalanabilir. Bir mikro bilgisayar kontrol sistemi, fermantasyon süreçlerinin gerçek zamanlı
olarak izlenmesini kolaylaştırarak anormalliklerin ve beklenen modellerden sapmaların erken
tespit edilmesini sağlayabilir. Örneğin, eritromisin üretiminde kemometrik yöntemler
verimliliği artırabilir ve biyoteknolojik metabolizmada yer alan karmaşık fermantasyon
sürecini optimize edebilir. Ayrıca kemometrik teknikler, fermantasyon sırasında istenen ölçüm
prosedürlerinin oluşturulmasına olanak tanır. Bu, farmasötik dozaj formlarının belirlenmesine
ve tutarlı kalite kontrolünün sürdürülmesine yardımcı olur. Kemometrik yöntemler,
fermantasyon sırasındaki hataları anında tespit edip düzelterek antibiyotik üretiminin genel
güvenilirliğine ve güvenliğine büyük ölçüde katkıda bulunur.Sonuç olarak, bu derleme,
kemometrik yöntemlerin endüstriyel antibiyotik üretimi ve analizindeki pratik uygulamalarına
ışık tutmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu gelişmiş analitik tekniklerin kullanılması, ilaç üreticilerinin
süreçlerini kolaylaştırmalarına, ürün kalitesini artırmalarına ve nihayetinde sağlık hizmetlerinin
iyileştirilmesine önemli katkılarda bulunmalarına olanak tanır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Kemometri, Antibiyotikler, Biyoteknoloji, Üretim, Eritromisin,
Vankomisin, Penisilin, Sefalosporin.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
STUDIES ON THE USE OF CHEMOMETRIC METHODS IN THE
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTICS
Abstract
Chemometric methods have become extremely valuable tools in the pharmaceutical industry,
particularly in the past couple of decades. These methods are widely used in different aspects
of pharmaceutical manufacturing and quality control. One important application is estimating
the active ingredient content in tablets, which is crucial for ensuring the efficacy and safety of
pharmaceutical products. Chemometric methods also play a role in detecting production errors
and maintaining the overall quality of pharmaceutical products. Chemometric methods such as
baseline regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLS) have become established
in pharmaceutical content analysis. In this review, we will focus on the potential of
chemometric methods in the context of industrial antibiotic production and analysis. Antibiotics
are of utmost importance in healthcare, and it is crucial to ensure their quality and effectiveness.
By utilizing chemometric methods, it is possible to monitor and control the production process
in real time, leading to increased efficiency and reliability. Specifically, antibiotics like
erythromycin, vancomycin, penicillin, cephalosporin, and amoxicillin can greatly benefit from
chemometric analysis. A microcomputer control system can facilitate the real-time monitoring
of fermentation processes, enabling the early detection of anomalies and deviations from
expected patterns. For instance, in erythromycin production, chemometric methods can
improve efficiency and optimize the complex fermentation process involved in
biotechnological metabolism. Additionally, chemometric techniques allow the establishment of
desired measurement procedures during fermentation. This aids in determining pharmaceutical
dosage forms and maintaining consistent quality control. By promptly identifying and
rectifying errors during fermentation, chemometric methods greatly contribute to the overall
reliability and safety of antibiotic production. In conclusion, this overview will shed light on
the practical applications of chemometric methods in industrial antibiotic production and
analysis. The utilization of these advanced analytical techniques allows pharmaceutical
manufacturers to streamline their processes, enhance product quality, and ultimately make
significant contributions to improved healthcare.
Keywords: Chemometry, Antibiotics, Biotechnology, Production, Erythromycin,
Vancomycin, Penicillin, Cephalosporin.
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Introduction
Chemometrics encompasses a variety of concepts and applications related to data processing.
These include descriptive and descriptive statistics, signal processing, experimental design,
modeling, calibration, optimization, structure recognition, classification, artificial intelligence
methods, image processing, and information and systems theory (Heyden, and Massart 2001).
High-throughput experimental studies are based on experimental design and quantitative
evaluation methods. These studies are usually conducted using mathematical models or
designs. Especially for complex nonlinear systems, artificial intelligence methods, such as
artificial neural networks, are widely preferred (Chen 2022). In the field of chemistry, solving
industrial and scientific practical problems is very important. In chemistry, values that cannot
be measured directly can be determined indirectly. Chemists have developed special techniques
and instruments for such measurements. Any data obtained in this way can be converted into
information, such as how much of a substance is in a mixture. With modern analytical methods,
this data can be collected in large quantities and with high precision (Wang and Xu 2023).
Chemometrics has a wide range of applications. In quantitative research, experimental design
has a useful structure that encompasses many concepts and applications that can be discussed
under the name of optimization and calibration.High-throughput experimental studies are based
on experimental design and quantitative evaluation methods (Assubaie, Alnajjar and Naheid
2013). Such studies can be realized by mathematical models or designs. Especially for complex
non-linear systems, artificial neural networks are often used as methods of artificial
intelligence. In the field of chemistry, the solution of practical problems that arise in industrial
and scientific fields is of crucial importance. With modern analytical methods, this data can be
collected in large quantities and with high precision (Engel, Buydens, Blanchet 2017).
Biotechnological processes are usually characterized by a variety of inputs, outputs and
complex correlations between them, including operational and performance parameters. A
biotechnological application consists of 15 to 30 steps. These parameters can influence the
performance of the application and the product quality (Roggo, Chalus, Maurer, LemaMartinez, Edmond, Jent 2007).Chemometrics offers an effective approach to understanding
processes based on complex data sets. The increased use of this approach supports the
progressive acceptance of quality through advanced design and process analytical technology
in the regulatory and biotechnology industries.
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Figure 1.
Applications of chemometrics in industry
Application of Chemometric Methods to Antibiotic Production “Erythromycin,
Vancomycin, Penicillin, Cephalosporin.” and Their Analysis
The analysis of scientific processes and components requires the analysis and
understanding of components and processes. In particular, it is essential to identify and monitor
the components of complex mixtures. Techniques such as chromatography and spectroscopy
are often used for this purpose. Chemometrics is particularly used to analyze complex mixtures
and generates large amounts of data using spectroscopic techniques to identify components of
biological origin. Chemometrics helps to analyze this data and convert it into meaningful
information. Chemometrics also reduces the complexity of the data through data processing
and modeling and develops appropriate models for analysis that highlight important
information (Yuk 1992).
Figure 2: Chemometric Modelling of Biotechnological Processes
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Erythromycin
Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic discovered in 1952 (Zhang and Qin 2010). Macrolides
are a group of antibiotics that prevent bacteria from synthesizing proteins. Erythromycin is
useful in the treatment of respiratory diseases, including bronchitis, pneumonia, Legionnaires'
disease (a type of lung disease) and diseases caused by conditions such as whooping cough
(pertussis; a serious illness that can cause severe coughing), recurrent rheumatic fever (Guay
1996). Its mechanism of action is to stop the growth of bacteria. Erythromycin, which is
effective against gramme-positive bacteria, has also been shown to be effective against some
gramme-negative bacteria and some other organisms.
Figure 3: Molecular Structure of Erythromycin
Penicillin
Penicillin is the most important antimicrobial agent and dates back to the 1920s. In terms of
their mechanism of action, penicillin belongs to the group of inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
(Usleber and Märtlbauer 1998). Some types of penicillin are: Amoxicillin, Ampicillin,
Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Methicillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Penicillin G, Penicillin V,
Ticarcillin, Piperacillin (Rocco, Moloney, O’Beirne, Earley, Berendsen, Furey, and Danaher
2017). Penicillins are used to treat diseases such as ear, throat and sinus infections and to
prevent dental infections. These antibiotics can be effective against bacterial infections and play
an important role in the treatment of many diseases.
Figure 4: Molecular Structure of Penicillin
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Cephalosporins: Cephalosporins are antibiotics from the group of β-lactams and have a
bactericidal effect, i.e. they kill bacteria (Bush and Macielag 2010). These properties play an
important role in fighting infections. Cephalosporins have a broad spectrum against grammenegative and gramme-positive bacteria. The first and second generation cephalosporins are
generally effective against gramme-positive bacteria, while the third generation cephalosporins
are more effective against gramme-negative bacteria (García-Rodríguez, Bellido and Sánchez,
1995). Due to their chemical structure, they are similar to penicillins. Their effect is to destroy
the bacteria by stopping the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Cephalosporins are used for
treatment purposes in a variety of areas, from the respiratory tract to the world, from
subcutaneous sugar to bone and muscle diseases. They are also effective in treating infections
affecting the brain and nervous system, bacterial infections spread through the bloodstream and
sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea. Cephalosporins protect against many different
bacteria and have become a very popular treatment option in the health sector.
Figure 5: Molecular Structure of Cephalosporin
Vancomycin: Vancomycin, one of the first bactericidal antibiotics, is synthesized by
Amycolatopsis orientalis (Yarlagadda, Sarkar, Manjunath, and Haldar 2015). This
microorganism first produces vancomycin A and then synthesizes vancomycin B, which
contains gyrocytisin. Vancomycin is a high molecular weight glycopeptide antibiotic. It shows
its antibacterial properties by inhibiting the formation of the bacterial cell wall (Lian, Liu,
Wang, Xu, Cui, and Bai 2013). It is particularly active against gram-positive bacteria and is
effective against organisms such as staphylococci, streptococci, aerobic and anaerobic bacilli
and Corynebacterium. Vancomycin achieves its bactericidal effect by interrupting the
formation of the N-acetylmuramic acid pentaglycan chain, one of the cell wall components
(Guthei 2021). Vancomycin is an important antibiotic that can cure serious and life-threatening
infections. It is effective for infections of the pericardium, lungs, meninges and enterobacteria,
as well as conditions such as sepsis caused by resistant bacteria (Martin, Alaya, Mallet, Viviand,
Ennabli, Said, and De Micco 1994).
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Figure 6: Molecular Structure of Vancomycin
Application of chemometric methods to the production and analysis of erythromycin,
penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin antibiotic species
Biotechnological production of erythromycin
Erythromycin is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces erythraeus. It is important for
biotechnological production. The steps of biotechnological production include the selection of
suitable microorganisms, fermentation, optimization of conditions, extraction of the product,
purification and production of the final product. This process can be more efficient than that
obtained from natural sources and better results can be achieved by genetically modifying the
microorganisms. In a study on erythromycin biotechnology (Zeng and LI 2010),
Saccharopolyspora erythraea strains were found to control the amount of enzymes that enable
the biotransformation of erythromycin D to Er-A (Liu 2008). The main objective of this study
was to use metabolic engineering approaches to increase the production of Er-A and improve
its purity in the experiments, it was determined that adding corn sump liquor to the 50-litre
fermenter increased Er-A production, and furthermore, the maximum Er-A production was
8.196 U/mL by 191-fold. This value is 81.8% higher than the control group (control class 184
times 4.507 U/mL) (Zeng and LI 2010). It was also observed that Er-B impurities were
completely eliminated and Er-C impurities were reduced.
Chemometric Studies on Erythromycin
Erythromycin estolate was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential
scanning calorimetry. Compatibility tests were carried out with four different incompatibilities
such as magnesium stearate, sodium starch glycolate, povidone and mannitol and possible
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incompatibilities were analyzed (Daniel and Trevisan 2021). Potential thermal mismatches
were identified using Pearson correlation coefficients and simulated and experimental
thermogravimetric curves were compared. An r(2) Table 1 value of about 0.91 for mixtures of
magnesium stearate and mannitol shows that there is communication. Dynamic thermal FT-IR
spectroscopy and MCR-ALS analysis of atomic particles to allow separation of chemical
classes without the mass loss observed in thermogravimetric analysis. These techniques have
successfully detected incompatibilities between erythromycin and magnesium stearate and
mannitol, as well as between povidone and sodium starch glycolate.
Eksipiyans
Magnesium stearat and Mannitol
2
Pearson correlation coefficient (r )
~ 0,91
Table 1: Value of Eksipiyans for Mixtures.
An analytical method developed for the analysis of mixtures of antibacterial drugs was
investigated. The UV absorption spectra of mixtures containing norfloxacin, tinidazole,
erythromycin and trimethoprim show a clear spectral overlap. Chemometric techniques such as
first derivative of zero crossing (D-1), classical least squares (CLS) regression analysis and
principal component regression (PCR) can be used for quantitative analysis of drugs, including
norfloxacin-tinidazole
mixtures
and
trimethoprim-tinidazole
mixtures
(Mohamed,
Abdelmageed, and Refaat 2007). The methods developed are in agreement with the results of
the chemometric and colorimetric methods and show that the investigated drugs can be
accurately determined in binary mixtures and commercial dosage forms. These methods are
recognized as an effective tool for the analysis of antibacterial drug mixtures.Ren's 2008 study
used near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to quantify the amounts of active ingredients in drug
samples. In this block, four different GA-RBF network models are developed using genetic
diseases for the diversity of RBF networks. GA-RBF networks achieve the best results
according to SNV. The same structures were used in the quantitative analysis of erythromycin
ethyl succinate powder samples. Thanks to the global search capabilities of GA, the risk of
jamming at local minima was reduced. It was experimentally demonstrated that GA-RBF
networks performed better compared to conventional RBF networks. It has been shown that
SNV spectra have the lowest AIC value of GA-RBF network and SNV correction can achieve
satisfactory results for the application of GA-RBF network.Marcello and Trevisan (2020)
investigated the compatibility between ERY and excipients by thermal analysis. TG curves
were important to identify potential interactions. Chemical incompatibilities were investigated
by FT-IR on the hotplate, but PCA did not confirm the incompatibilities. MCR-ALS confirmed
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the presence of five major components. No new degradation products were detected in the
mixture of erythromycin and mannitol, but the deconvolution method confirmed the change in
erythromycin concentration. The low correlation between ERY and magnesium stearate
indicated incompatibility ERY + magnesium stearate ΔHfusion/J g-1 39.1 ± 0.9c (Silva, Trevisan,
and Garcia 2020).An easy-to-use and reliable reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC)
spectrophotometric method was developed for the detection of erythromycin stearate (Elkady
2011). The method involved analyses using spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, nearinfrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two
spectrophotometric methods were used to examine the colored product formed when
erythromycin stearate (12 M) reacts with perchloric acid.The spectrophotometric method was
used for simultaneous and inverse quantification. Other spectrophotometric methods used
consist of three separate chemometric techniques: classical least squares (CLS), inverse least
squares (ILS), principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS). It is also
used to separate and analyze strongly overlapping spectra.In addition, the absorbance values of
zero degree and derivative spectra were measured at many points in the lymphatic path, spectral
interferences between erythromycin and its colored product, spectral interferences between
erythromycin and its colored product, in the first spectrophometric method or spectrometric
techniques, namely classical least squares, principal component regression and partial least
squares regression. The most common methods for solving spectral interference between other
components ERS are classical least squares, inverse least squares, principal component
regression and partial least squares.
Optimal Control of Erythromycin Fermentation Processes
The fermentation process used in the production of erythromycin was developed by a special
pattern optimization method. This method was effectively utilized in erythromycin production
units in a pharmaceutical manufacturing plant (Zhu, Lu, and Xu 1998). The effects of important
factors such as temperature, pressure, pH value and air flow during the production process were
analyzed in detail. The dissolved oxygen content and the condition of the fermenters were also
measured using appropriate sensors. The temperature and pH values were intermittently
adjusted according to the fermentation status using a CS-91 programmable digital controller.
The microcomputerised feeding system has shown that computerized feeding can improve the
fermentation process compared to manual feeding. This control system lays a solid foundation
for optimizing the erythromycin fermentation process through pattern recognition. Various
pattern recognition methods were used to create a pattern space that can well represent the
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process. The resulting process data was processed with an artificial neural network (ANN) and
used as input for this system (Mei, Yang, Shu, Jiang, Liu, and Liao 2016).The PLS method
shows how the samples are represented in a two-dimensional pattern space as a result of
analyzing the pre-processed data. As can be seen in the figure, the samples are almost
completely separated thanks to the developed method. The PLS method shows that the
erythromycin fermentation process is a suitable modeling method for pattern recognition. The
arrow in the figure indicates the direction of optimization. This means that the top right region
corresponds to high chemical activity. The two points on the plane (i.e. points A and B) are
chosen intentionally.
Penicillin
Biotechnological production of penicillin.
Penicillin is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections. The biotechnological
production process usually involves the fermentation of fungi such as Penicillium
chrysogenum. In this process, the microorganisms are grown in suitable culture media and
fermentation takes place under strict control (Srirangan, Orr, Akawi, Westbrook, Moo-Young,
and Chou 2013). Once produced, penicillin is collected, purified and processed into various
medicines. Once produced, penicillin is collected, purified and processed into various
medicines. After penicillin production, this valuable antibiotic is collected, purified and
integrated into various drug formulations. Biotechnological methods of production can offer
higher efficiency than conventional methods, and genetic engineering techniques can further
increase the production capacity of penicillin. The study “Integrated Condition Monitoring and
Control of Feed Batch Fermentation Processes” shows how important the use of DCS models
is in such fermentation processes (Zhang and Lennox 2004). This modeling allows for more
effective control of production plants by accurately assessing the factors affecting the quality
of the fermentation process. Moreover, the inclusion of predictive control mechanisms
contributes to a more effective diagnosis of control systems, improving error analysis.
Chemometric Studies on Penicillin
The study focused on the combination of chemometrics and laser-induced breakdown
spectroscopy (LIBS) to determine the conditions of penicillin production (Wang 2022). The
aim was to monitor quality differences in the production of the same type of drugs by different
manufacturers. By proposing a LIBS-based method, it was highlighted as an important step to
identify problems that may affect drug quality and identify production. The study examined
three different penicillin strains produced by 10 different manufacturers. The LIBS spectra were
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used to identify the characteristic lines of the penicillin species. Three different classification
methods were used to identify the different producers of the penicillin species. The best
classification result was obtained with the RF-ANN model with an accuracy of 100%.The
results show that the LIBS technique can be used for product quality control in the manufacture
of penicillin. An FIA system with factorial design was investigated for penicillin determination.
In this method, penicillinase [E.C.] was deposited on silica gel in the reactor where production
took place. 3.5.2.6], the enzyme was immobilized and analyzed (Lima and Lins 1997). A
potentiometric FIA system with a statistical experimental design was developed and evaluated
based on the effects of certain parameters on the signal response and the number of
measurements per hour.In the study, using the three-factor factorization technique, parameters
such as reactor length, carrier flow rate and sample volume were investigated in two stages to
determine the best operating conditions. The pure measurement error was estimated using
unequal replicates. The balance between the best response signal and the number of detections
per hour and the ideal operating conditions were determined when the reactor length was 1.5
cm, the carrier flow rate was 2.2 mL/min and the sample volume was 150 µL. It was determined
that a shorter reactor length and a lower flow rate led to an increase in the reaction signal
(reference). It was found that the sample volume had no effect on the reaction. An interaction
between the reactor length and the flow rate of the carrier was observed, and it was determined
that the interaction was greater for relatively short reactor lengths.Due to the stability of the
immobile silica surface of the enzyme, approximately 45 samples per hour could be analyzed.
The system was tested for 73 days with a total of 800 measurements. It was found that the
environmental conditions applied caused a decrease in activity of 8.9 and a recovery of 98%
(Kubota 1997).The detection of penicillin G salts in pharmaceutical mixtures was carried out
using FT-IR spectroscopy with a chemometric approach. Due to the complexity of the content,
partial least squares (PLS) and radial basis function-partial least squares (RBF-PLS) methods
were used and orthogenic signal correction (OSC) was pre-processed. The results showed that
OSC is an effective preprocessing method for both linear (PLS) and nonlinear (RBF-PLS)
models.
Optimal Control of Penicillin Fermentation Processes
The combination of PyMS and ANN was used to measure the penicillin content in Penicillium
chrysogenum strains and the ampicillin content in Escherichia coli samples (Goodacre 1995).
Four P. chrysogenum strains were analyzed with PyMS. Data obtained using the standard backpropagation algorithm were subjected to sigmoidal squashing. Linear regression methods did
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not provide accurate predictions.ANNs are highly capable of predicting ampicillin quantities
and were accurate for values beyond the concentration data for which they were trained.
Principal component analysis was effective in distinguishing between P. chrysogenum strains
and identifying phenotypic differences in their growth stages. Sampling with homogenized agar
plugs was found to speed up the analysis process.
Cephalosporin
Biotechnological production of cephalosporin
The production process of cephalosporin antibiotics is carried out with the fungus
Cephalosporium. This process involves a number of steps, starting with the selection of the
appropriate microorganism, creating the necessary environment for fermentation, carrying out
the fermentation process, extracting and purifying the resulting product, and finally bringing it
into drug form (Wilhelm 1991). The improvement of microorganisms through genetic
engineering methods allows the production of cephalosporins with higher yields and new
properties, thus improving the production processes in the pharmaceutical industry.Sometimes
chromatography is used to determine the composition and purity of a substance. Nonlinear
regression analysis can generate process parameter effects to determine optimum values.
Multivariate calibration techniques can represent and optimize relationships between multiple
process variables. Chemometric methods used in the production of cephalosporins from
Cephalosporium fungi are important for monitoring, controlling and optimizing the production
process. These methods can be used to determine product quality, improve process efficiency
and reduce production costs (Cruz, Pan, Giordano, Araujo, and Hokka 2004). Spectroscopic
analysis, for example, evaluates product quality by quickly determining the chemical structures
and components of samples.These approaches foster efficiency, stability and better quality of
cephalosporin production processes. Also, if there are continuous monitoring systems set up
with controls on them as well, then any potential problems may get caught earlier on in the
production process so that it doesn’t stop all together.
Chemometric Studies on Cephalosporins
pH-sensitive Bio-FETs have been developed for the analysis of glucose, urea and cephalosporin
C and have been used in various biological systems For example, GOD-FETs for glucose
analysis have been integrated into the EVA system and used to monitor glucose concentration
in microbial cultivation processes. Urease-FET-FIA has been used to monitor urea
concentration and in combination with GOD-FET-FIA to monitor urea and glucose
concentration in the cultivation of S. cerevisiae. These sensors are suitable for online
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monitoring and control of media component concentrations. However, experiments are required
to determine the optimal conditions in different biological systems, as pH and buffer capacity
vary and high substrate concentrations may require dilution (Brand 1991).
Optimal Control of Cephalosporin Fermentation Processes
Cephalosporin C biosynthesis was investigated by Cephalosporium acremonium. Higher
productivity was achieved in continuous stirred tank bioreactors compared to batch reactors.
The pH control increased cephalosporin C production. Experiments were performed with free
cells and the typical time course of the bioprocess was determined. During the high growth rate,
glucose is preferred, while sucrose is metabolized more slowly (Hokka 2001). In this phase,
growth is somewhat inhibited, while a higher production rate is achieved. The kinetic model
was elaborated using linear and non-linear regression analysis. The effective diffusivity of
oxygen was determined and compared with values from the literature. The remaining kinetic
constants were determined by solving non-linear differential equations. This method allowed
the determination of the process behavior together with the concentration profiles of the
components in the bioparticles.Industrial cephalosporin batch fermentation has some
advantages for a "normal operating conditions" (NOC) model with fewer prediction parameters,
requiring little memory and representing multidimensional data at the same time. A total of 20
groups of normal cephalosporin fermentations were used to develop the NOC models (Yuan
2009).
Chemometric Studies on Cephalosporin
Three common cephalosporin solutions, such as ceftriaxone, cefotaxime sodium and cefazolin
sodium, were analyzed for quantification using Raman spectroscopy and chemometric methods
(Lin 2013). Partial least-squares regression models were created on the basis of pre-processed
spectral data. High correlation coefficients and low prediction errors indicate that Raman
spectroscopy is a suitable method for the quantification of cephalosporin solutions. Preprocessed partial least squares (OSC) PLS models gave positive results in determining the
concentrations of mixed triplet cephalosporin solutions. This study demonstrates that by
combining Raman spectroscopy with the PLS regression technique, the concentrations of the
components of cephalosporin mixtures can be accurately and rapidly determined.A borondoped diamond electrode was used for the first time for the sensitive and selective analysis of
cefixime, a third-generation cephalosporin, using the square-wave voltammetry technique
(Keskin 2019). The effect of electrode pretreatment on the current response was investigated.
The best signals were obtained by anodic and cathodic electrochemical pretreatment of the
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electrode and subsequent polishing with a polishing pad. In a 0.1 mol dm-3 H2SO4 supporting
electrolyte, Cefixime showed an irreversible and diffusion-controlled oxidation peak at +1.25
V (Ag/AgCl vs. 3 mol dm-3 NaCl). With the best instrumental conditions and pretreatment
procedure, the linear calibration curve ranged between 2.2 × 10-6 mol dm-3 to 1.3 × 10-4 mol
dm-3 having a detection limit of 5.9 × 10-7 mol dm-3. This method can also be used for analyzing
cefixime from pharmaceutical formulations when other methods fail because it gives consistent
results and is ecofriendly in nature.Cephalosporins are the most commonly prescribed β-lactam
antibiotics (Elbashir 2015). Spectrophotometry is probably the most suitable analytical
technique for routine analysis as it is simple, inexpensive and widely used in quality control
laboratories. In recent years, several papers have been presented on the development and
validation of spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of cephalosporins in pharmaceutical
formulations. Most of the methods reported are visible spectrophotometric methods. These
methods are based on the formation of a colored product due to charge transfer and reaction of
cephalosporins with oxidant reagents or ion pair formation. The methods have been used for
the quantitative determination of the drug in pure form and in commercial preparations.
Common excipients do not interfere with the determination.
VANCOMYCIN
Biotechnological production of Vancomycin
To produce vancomycin an effective antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections through
biotechnology, various procedures should be followed. Initially, it is necessary to choose a
proper strain of Streptomyces orientalis and create the right environment for fermentation. It is
essential to check closely and control strictly the growth of bacteria as well as the amount of
produced vancomycin in each stage during fermentation so that they will remain at their best
condition always until fermentation completes. Once done with fermenting, purify collected
vancomycins until forms pure enough are achieved. Therefore, different pharmaceutical
preparations like tablets or injectable solutions can be made from them (Koller, Hesse, Salerno,
Reiterer and Braunegg 2011).Biotechnology can make more of vancomycin than any natural
method. Furthermore, genetic engineering may alter microorganisms so that they produce
vancomycin more effectively or make the drug acquire novel characteristics. This is a key step
in making pharmaceutical-grade vancomycin.
Chemometric Studies on Vancomycin
Streptomyces species are ubiquitous organisms of nature and can produce many different
bioactive compounds. Among them, of great interest, are the glycopeptides, which form the
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basis of drugs like vancomycin, effective to treat antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal infections.
Vancomycin is vital in the fight against common and difficult-to-treat infections in hospitals.
Vancomycin is usually produced by bacteria such as Amycolatopsis orientalis. To determine
the optimal production conditions, various factors are evaluated and the interaction of these
factors is studied by statistical analysis. For example, factors such as pH, temperature, size of
the inoculum, agitation speed and aeration influence the efficiency of vancomycin production
(Aly and Tolba 2021).By determining optimal production conditions, a valuable antibiotic such
as vancomycin can be produced more efficiently. This is important to meet demand and reduce
costs. However, given the complexity of the process and the naturally occurring diversity,
continuous research and development is required to improve production efficiency (de Castro
and Sanches 2017). Genetic engineering and improved culture media could yield antibiotics
such as vancomycin more cheaply. Such developments pave the way to develop new ways of
fighting against resistant bacteria, thus enabling more production and distribution of the lifesaving drugs. Improved access to treatment will therefore be more easily acquired by patients
treated for resistant infections.The study focused on the optimization of culture conditions for
vancomycin production of strain Amycolatopsis orientalis KCCM-10836P. It was noted that
pH and dissolved oxygen tension (DOT), which were established as most critical factors, was
identified. It was determined that the production of vancomycin reached its maximum under
the conditions of pH control at 7.0 and under DOT in the range of 20-30%. Using various carbon
and nitrogen sources, different sources of carbon and nitrogen were tested. The highest
production of vancomycin was achieved with the use of dextrin as the source of carbon. The
nitrogen sources, in turn, shown a strong influence on the specific vancomycin content. The
production of red metabolite was detected under low oxygen tension conditions. It was found
that red metabolite production slowed down vancomycin production when DOT was below
20%. Ultimately, vancomycin production has been successfully transferred from a laboratory
to pilot and plant scale. Thus, the strain A. orientalis KCCM-10836P has huge potential for
commercial production of vancomycin. Further optimization of culture conditions and the
choice of highly productive strains may bring increased productivity and efficiency in industrial
vancomycin production (Oh and Lee 2007).
Chemometric Studies on Vancomycin
HPLC/UHPLC studies in this field are very limited. HPLC methods coupled with mass
spectrometry or tandem mass spectrometry detectors are generally used for the detection of
vancomycin in biological fluids or tissues. There is a method for the quantification of
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vancomycin and ceftazidime in cerebrospinal fluid using an internal standard called thienol.
This method gave detection times of 7 minutes and 11 minutes for vancomycin and ceftazidime,
respectively. Quantification methods for vancomycin, imipenem and cefepime in human
plasma were also developed.The primary standard used was cefuroxime and the analysis time
was spread over 30 minutes. Theoretical plate numbers and symmetry factor values were
measured for three solutes (benzoic acid, N,N-dimethylaniline and vancomycin) in
chromatographic systems (using different stationary phases and mobile phase compositions).
These measurements were performed to classify the systems and to investigate the possible
variations of the columns and eluent compositions.The mobile phases consisted of acetonitrile
or methanol as exchanger and K H2PO4-H3PO4 or triethylamine-H3PO4 as aqueous buffer. The
organic content of the mobile phases was adjusted so that the log rf (logarithm of the retention
factor) of the tested compounds was between 0.1 and 1.3 for all chromatographic systems and
test compounds (Heberger 2005). The plate numbers and symmetry factors were analyzed by
principal component analysis (PCA). The input data were organized into 13 x 28 data matrices
for the plate numbers and symmetry factors separately for all compositions. Two principal
components accounting for at least 98% of the total variance were retained in the model. This
analysis showed which chromatographic systems (stationary and mobile phases) gave the same
or similar chromatographic parameters (De Zan 2017).PCA provides a way to switch
chromatographic systems and columns. Monofunctional test compounds provide only
approximate information on the usefulness, classification and replacement of HPLC systems
when multifunctional solutes are to be separated. Using PCA, it is possible to determine the
potential trade-offs between chromatographic systems and columns. PCA shows which
chromatographic systems (column and mobile phases) give the same or similar
chromatographic parameters using three different types of test compounds.Characterization of
Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotic Solid Dispersion Formulation with Process Analytical
Technology Sensors", the focus of the research was to characterize and evaluate the variability
of an amorphous vancomycin (VCM) solid dispersion (SD) using a crystalline polyethylene
glycol (PEG-6000) carrier (Khan 2013). For this purpose, it was aimed to determine the
percentage values of the compositions using the non-destructive method of process analytical
sensors (PAT). SD was prepared using heat fusion method and characterized in terms of
physicochemical and spectral properties. Improved dissolution was observed in these
formulations, while the crystallinity of PEG-6000 decreased, indicating that the drug is present
in dissolved and dispersed form in the polymer. The homogeneity of the SD formulations was
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also confirmed by chemical NIR imaging data. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial
least squares (PLS) methods were applied to the NIR and PXRD data to quantify the drug and
carrier. The PLS models developed for both data sets had high correlation coefficients
(>0.9934) and low mean square error and standard deviation values, indicating good predictive
ability. The model based on NIR and PXRD was able to predict the amount of PEG-6000 two
times more accurately than the VCM. In summary, the resolution of drug from SD increased
with decreasing crystallinity of PEG-6000 and the chemometric models showed that the PAT
sensor was suitable for simultaneous estimation of VCM and PEG-600 content."A method for
the determination of two antibiotics prescribed for the treatment of nosocomial infections,
linezolid and meropenem, in plasma and urine", using micellar liquid chromatography. This
innovative method for determining the concentrations of linezolid and meropenem in plasma
and urine uses crystalline polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) as a carrier.The biological fluids,
plasma and urine, were diluted in the mobile phase, filtered and injected directly without an
extraction step (Heberger 2005). Both antibiotics were eluted in <15 minutes using a C18
column and a phosphate-buffered mobile phase in isocratic mode. Absorption was detected at
255
nm
for
linezolid
and
310
nm
for
meropenem.
Using chemometric techniques, an analysis was performed to study the effect of the
concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate and methanol on the retention times of these two
chemicals in the chromatography.The method was highlighted as it requires only small amounts
of toxic and volatile solvents and can be perform quickly. Consequently, this method can be
used for the rapid and efficient determination of antimicrobial drugs in plasma and urine. The
results of accuracy and precision were at an acceptable level and the method is suitable for
routine analysis in a clinical laboratory
CONCLUSION
The quantitative and statistical aspects of all the investigated methods in the production and
preparation of antibiotic species have the advantages of simplicity, precision, accuracy and ease
of use and therefore the proposed methods can be used for quality control in the laboratories of
production and dosage forms of all the mentioned antibiotic species. It has been shown that the
chemometric procedures performed for all fermentation processes can be easily implemented
in a comparative simulation and that the procedure can provide an accurate inference of quality
variables such as biomass concentration, which is difficult to measure with online sensors. The
relevant results of pattern recognition and refinement process optimization tests have shown
that the optimal target, chemical efficiency, can be significantly increased by adapted
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techniques. All the proposed methods have the advantages of simplicity, precision, accuracy
and convenience for separation and quantification and can be used to study their dosage forms.
Therefore, the proposed methods can be used for quality control of the indicated drugs in normal
laboratories.
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BESLENME VE DİYETETİK BÖLÜMÜ ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE BESLENME
DURUMU VE FİZİKSEL AKTİVİTE DÜZEYLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Arş. Gör. Dr. Gül Eda KILINÇ* (ORCID: 0000-0002-9068-3081)
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and
Dietetics, Samsun-Türkiye
Email: guleda.kilinc@omu.edu.tr
Arş. Gör. Yeliz VERGİ (ORCID: 0000-0002-3358-3332)
Mersin University, İçel School of Health, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, MersinTürkiye,
Email: yelizvergi@mersin.edu.tr
Özet
Bu araştırmanın amacı beslenme ve diyetetik bölümü öğrencilerinde beslenme durumu ve
fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışma, Mayıs 2022Temmuz 2022 tarihlerinde çalışmaya katılmayı gönüllü kabul etmiş, 18-25 yaşlarında 134
üniversite öğrencisi üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmaya dahil edilen tüm öğrencilere bir anket
formu, 24 saatlik besin tüketim kaydı ve fiziksel aktivite formu uygulanmıştır. Verilerin
değerlendirilmesinde SPSS 27.0 programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya yaş ortalaması 21,7±2,5
olan 22 erkek ve 112 kız öğrenci olmak üzere toplamda 134 kişi katılmıştır. Katılımcıların
%44’ü dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Beslenme için aylık ortalama bütçe
değerlendirildiğinde %55,2’sinin 300-1000 TL cevabını verdiği görülmüştür. Öğrencilerin
%71,6’sının üç ana öğün tükettiği, %40,3’ünün öğle öğününü atladığı, %42,5’inin hafta 1-3 kez
dışarda yemek yediği, %47’sinin doğru beslenme bilgilerinin davranış durumlarını sıklıkla
etkilediği, %42,5’inin etiket okuma alışkanlığının bazen olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin
günlük ortalama su tüketimlerinin 1,8±0,7 litre olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin %7,5’i
fiziksel olarak aktif olmayanlardan, %63,4’ü fiziksel aktivite düzeyi düşük olanlardan ve
%29,1’i fiziksel aktivite düzeyi yeterli olanlardan oluşmaktadır. Toplam fiziksel aktivite düzeyi
ise 2546,2±2159,8 MET-dk/haftadır. Öğrencilerin enerji ve besin ögesi alım miktarları ile
fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki saptanmamasına rağmen
(p>0.05) posa, A vitamini, E vitamini, B1, B2, B6, folat, C vitamini, potasyum, kalsiyum,
magnezyum ve demir alımının fiziksel olarak aktif olmayan öğrencilerde daha düşük
düzeylerde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu kesitsel çalışmada yer alan beslenme ve
diyetetik öğrencilerinin çoğunluğunun düşük fiziksel aktivite düzeyine olduğu sahip olduğu
belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca beslenme durumları dikkate alındığında, öğün atlama, yeterli miktarda
su içmeme, ev/yurt dışında besin tercih etme gibi bazı yanlış alışkanlıklara sahip oldukları
saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar yeterli ve dengeli beslenme ile düzenli fiziksel aktiviteyi kapsayan
sağlıklı yaşam tarzı konusunda bireylerin daha çok bilinçlendirilmesi gerektiğini
göstermektedir. Ülkemizde özellikle beslenme ve sağlık alanında eğitim gören öğrencilerin
yaşam tarzlarını değerlendirecek ve bu anlamda hatalı davranışların değişimi için müdahaleler
planlayacak kapsamlı çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Beslenme durumu, fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, sağlıklı yaşam, üniversite
öğrencileri
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EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS
IN NUTRITION AND DIETETICS DEPARTMENT STUDENTS
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate relationship between nutritional status and physical activity levels
in nutrition and dietetics department students. Study was conducted on 134 university students
aged 18-25, who voluntarily agreed to participate between May and July 2022. A survey form,
24-hour food consumption record and physical activity form were applied. SPSS 27.0 program
was used to evaluate data. A total of 134 people, 22 male and 112 female students, with an
average age of 21.7±2.5, participated in research. 44% of participants are fourth grade students.
55.2% answered 300-1000 TL for average monthly budget for nutrition, 71.6% of the students
consume three main meals, 40.3% skip lunch, 42.5% eat out 1-3 times a week, 47% say that
correct nutrition information often affects their behavior and 42.5% of them sometimes had the
habit of reading labels. Students' average daily water consumption was 1.8±0.7 liters. 7.5% of
students are physically inactive, 63.4% are those with low physical activity levels, and 29.1%
are those with sufficient physical activity levels. Total physical activity level is 2546.2±2159.8
MET-min/week. Intake of fiber, vitamin A, vitamin E, B1, B2, B6, folate, vitamin C, potassium,
calcium, magnesium and iron was significantly higher (p>0.05). It was found to be at lower
levels in students who were not physically active. As a result, majority of nutrition and dietetics
students in this cross-sectional study had low physical activity levels. In addition, they have
some wrong habits such as skipping meals, not drinking enough water, and choosing to eat
outside of home/dormitory. Individuals should be made more aware of a healthy lifestyle that
includes adequate and balanced nutrition and regular physical activity. Comprehensive studies
are needed to evaluate lifestyles of students, especially those studying in field of nutrition and
health, and to plan interventions to change erroneous behaviors in this sense.
Keywords: Healthy life, nutritional status, physical activity level, university students
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Giriş
Üniversite dönemi ergenliğin son dönemleri ile yetişkinliğin ilk döneminin başladığı bir geçiş
dönemidir. Gençler aile ortamından ayrıldıklarında stres düzeyleri artmakta ve buna bağlı
olarak beslenme durumları da değişmektedir. Dış etkenlerden daha fazla etkilenerek, kendi
özgür seçimlerini ön plana çıkarmaya başlamaktadır (Akdevelioğlu & Yörüsün, 2019). Bu
dönemde öğrencilerin yeni bir disipline uyum sağlamalarının yanı sıra, daha hızlı yaşam
temposu da sağlıksız ve düzensiz beslenme davranışlarını artırmaktadır (Kartal ve ark., 2017).
Bu bakımdan üniversite yaşamı, beslenme ve yaşam tarzı alışkanlıklarının oluştuğu önemli bir
dönem olup, obezite ve buna bağlı kronik hastalıkların gelişiminde uzun vadeli sonuçlar
doğurabilmektedir (Mahfouz ve ark., 2016; Kapinos ve ark., 2014 ). Üniversite döneminde
öğrencilerin beslenme alışkanlıkları ve fiziksel aktiviteleri olumsuz etkilenebilmektedir
(Calestine ve ark., 2017; Beaudry ve ark., 2019). Öğrenciler genellikle besinlerini kantinlerden,
yemekhaneden ya da dışarıda bir restorandan temin etmektedirler. Kantinde bulunan yiyecekler
genellikle hijyenik olmayan koşullarda pişirilmekte, pişirme işlemi sırasında da temel besin
maddelerinin çoğu yok olmakta ve dolayısıyla öğrencilerin besin ögesi gereksinimlerini
karşılayamamaktadır (Priya ve Sinha, 2020). Bu nedenle öğrencilerin üniversite döneminde
sağlıksız ve enerji açısından yoğun besin tüketimini arttırıp, sağlıklı ve besin değeri açısından
zengin besin alımını azaltması beslenme kalitelerinde genel bir düşüşe neden olmaktadır
(Beaudry ve ark., 2019). Birçok çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinin büyük bir kısmının kötü
beslenme ve fiziksel aktivite eksikliği gibi sağlıksız yaşam tarzı davranışları ile beslenme
durumlarının kötü olduğunu vurgulamaktadır (Blake ve ark., 2017; Calamidas ve Crowell,
2018; Bernardo ve ark., 2016; Deliens ve ark., 2013; Pengpid ve ark., 2015). Üniversite
öğrencilerinin yetersiz beslenme ve yetersiz fiziksel aktivite durumlarına katkıda bulunan ortak
faktörler arasında stres, yoğun programlar, alışılmış davranışlar ve sosyal medya yer almaktadır
(Calamidas & Crowell, 2018; Sogari ve ark., 2018). Zemzemoğlu ve ark. (2019), sağlık
bilimleri fakültesi öğrencileri arasında yüksek düzeyde ana öğün atlama ve fazla atıştırmalık
tüketimi bulmuşlardır. Ayrıca Arslan'ın (2016) çalışmasında bu öğrencilerin fiziksel olarak
aktif olmadığı saptanmıştır.
Ayrıca yeterli su içmeme ve hazır besin tercih etme gibi
alışkanlıkların da bu dönemde arttığı belirlenmiştir (Arslan ve ark., 2016).Beslenme ve
Diyetetik Bölümü gibi sağlık ve besin ile ilgili programlara kayıtlı üniversite öğrencilerinin,
çalışma alanları ve aldıkları derslerin niteliği göz önüne alındığında, akranlarına göre daha iyi
beslenme alışkanlıklarına sahip olmaları düşünülmektedir. (Rivera Medina ve ark., 2020).
Dolayısıyla bu öğrencilerin öğrenimleri sırasında edindikleri bilgileri, beslenme alışkanlıklarını
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ve yaşam tarzlarını iyileştirecek şekilde uygulayabilmeleri beklenmektedir. Ancak Rizo-Baeza
ve ark. (2014) tarafından İspanya Alicante Üniversitesi Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü
üniversite öğrencileri arasında yürütülen bir çalışma, makro ve mikro besin ögelerinin
tüketiminin beslenme kurallarına uymadığını, beslenmeyle ilgili bilginin varlığının sağlıklı
beslenme ve yaşam tarzına ilişkin karar almayı etkilemediğini göstermiştir (Rizo-Baeza ve ark.,
2014).Geleceğin sağlık profesyonelleri olmak üzere sağlık ile ilgili bölümlerde eğitim gören
üniversite öğrencileri aynı zamanda toplumda sağlıklı davranışları eğitmek ve teşvik etmekle
de görevlendirileceklerdir. Beslenme ile ilgili programlara kayıtlı öğrencilerin de bu bağlamda,
beslenme kavramlarının edinilmesi ve öğrenilmesi açısından diğer çalışma alanlarına göre
avantajlı olmaları ve akademik programlarının bu konuda yeterlikler sağlaması nedeniyle
sağlıklı beslenme alışkanlıklarını uygulama konusunda daha iyi bir konumda olmaları
beklenmektedir. Ancak geleceğin sağlık profesyoneli olma yolunda eğitim alan üniversite
öğrencilerinin beslenme ve fiziksel aktivite davranışları hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu
nedenle bu çalışmanın amacı, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü öğrencilerinde beslenme durumu
ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin değerlendirilmesidir.
Yöntem
Araştırmanın Yeri, Zamanı ve Örneklem Seçimi
Bu çalışma, Mayıs 2022-Temmuz 2022 tarihleri arasında Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri
Fakültesi, Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü’nde eğitim almakta olan çalışmaya katılmayı gönüllü
olarak kabul etmiş, 18-25 yaş arasındaki 134 öğrenci üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmaya
gönüllü olmayan, 18 yaşının altında ve 25 yaşının üstünde, gebe ve emziklilik döneminde olan
ve herhangi bir psikolojik hastalığı olup psikolojik ilaç kullanan bireyler dahil edilmemiştir.
Verilerin Toplanması
Çalışmaya dahil edilen tüm öğrencilere sosyo-demografik özelliklerini sorgulayan anket formu,
günlük enerji ve besin ögesi alımını değerlendirmek için 24 saatlik geriye dönük besin tüketim
kaydı, fiziksel aktivite düzeyini saptamak için Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi Kısa Formu
uygulanmıştır.
Besin Tüketim Durumunun Saptanması
Katılımcıların günlük enerji ve besin ögesi alımları 24 saatlik hatırlatma yöntemi
kullanılmasıyla oluşturulan besin tüketim kayıtlarından değerlendirilmiştir. Besin tüketim
kayıtlarına dair verilerin değerlendirilmesinde Türkiye’de uygulanan beslenme programı
beslenme bilgi sistemleri paket programı (BEBİS) programı ile katılımcıların günlük ortalama
makro ve mikro besin ögeleri değerleri hesaplanmıştır
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Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi
Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi (UFAA) 15-65 yaş aralığındaki katılımcıların fiziksel
aktivite düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla Craig ve ark. (2003) tarafından geliştirilmiştir (Craig,
2003). UFAA’nın Türkiye’de geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması Öztürk (2005) tarafından
yapılmıştır. Bütün aktivitelerin değerlendirilmesinde her bir aktivitenin tek seferde en az 10 dk
yapılıyor
olması
ölçüt
alınmaktadır.
Dakika,
gün
ve
MET
değeri
çarpılarak
“METdakika/hafta’’ olarak bir skor elde edilmektedir. Fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri, fiziksel
olarak aktif olmayan (<600 MET- dk/hafta), fiziksel aktivite düzeyi düşük (600 – 3000
METdk/hafta) ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyi yeterli olan (sağlık açısından yararlı olan) (>3000
METdk/hafta) şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır (Öztürk, 2005).
Verilerin İstatistiksel Değerlendirilmesi
Veriler SPSS 27.0 (Statistical Pack age for the Social Sciences 27.0) programı ile analiz
edilmiştir. Değişkenlerin normallik dağılımı kontrolünden sonra fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile
besin ögeleri alımı arasında farklılık olup olmadığını belirlemek için Tek Yönlü ANOVA testi
kullanılmıştır. Tüm testler için anlamlılık düzeyi (p<0,05) olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma
Ankara Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’nun 25.04.2022 tarih
ve 08/80 sayılı Etik Kurul Onayı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgular ve Tartışma
Oğur ve ark.’nın (2015) Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü öğrencileri ile yaptıkları çalışmada
kadın öğrenci popülasyonu erkeklerden fazla görülmüştür (Oğur & ark., 2015). Benzer şekilde
Beslenme ve Diyetetik öğrencilerinin de dahil olduğu bir diğer çalışmada da kadın öğrencilerin
sayısı daha fazladır (Andızoğlu, 2022). Katılımcıların genel özellikleri Tablo 1’de
özetlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada yer alan öğrencilerin %16,4’ü erkek, %83,6’sı kız olarak
saptanmıştır. Sonuçlar benzerlik göstermektedir. Kadın öğrenci sayısının fazla olmasının
nedeni Beslenme Diyetetik Bölümü’nü tercih edenlerin daha çok kadın öğrenciler olmasından
kaynaklı olabilmektedir. Beslenme ve Diyetetik öğrencilerinin beslenme durumlarının
incelendiği bir diğer çalışmada katılımcıların çoğu dördüncü sınıftaki öğrencilerden
oluşmaktadır. Yine aynı çalışmada yaş ortalaması erkeklerde 21.2±1.5 yıl ve kadınlarda
21.1±0.7 yıl olarak belirlenmiştir (İspir, 2022). Bu çalışmada da paralel bir şekilde
katılımcıların %44’ü dördüncü sınıf öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Öğrencilerin yaş ortalaması
da 21,7±2,5 olarak belirlenmiş ve benzer sonuç çıkmıştır. Sonuçların benzer olması üniversite
dönemi öğrencilerinin yaş ortalamalarının yakın olduğunu göstermektedir. Sağlık Bilimleri
Fakültesi öğrencilerinde yapılan bir çalışmada öğrencilerin beslenme için aylık bütçelerinin
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yarısını ayırdıkları bildirilmiştir (Aydemir ve ark., 2023). Bu çalışmada Beslenme için aylık
ortalama bütçe değerlendirildiğinde %55,2’sinin 300-1000 TL cevabını verdiği görülmüştür.
Sonuçlardaki bu farklılık öğrencilerin öğrencilerin okudukları şehirlerinin ekonomik durum
farklılığı ile bütçe olanaklarının kısıtlı olmasına bağlı olduğu düşünülebilir.
Tablo 1. Öğrencilere ilişkin özellikler
Toplam (n:134)
n
%
Erkek
22
16,4
Kız
112
83,6
1
18
13,4
2
19
14,2
3
38
28,4
4
59
44
<300 TL
31
23,2
300-1000 TL
74
55,2
1000-2500 TL
26
19,4
2500-5000 TL
3
2,2
>5000 TL
-
-
Cinsiyet
Sınıf
Beslenme için ayrılan aylık ortalama bütçe
Yaş
21,7±2,5
Sağlıklı diyetler hazır beslenme olan batı diyetine doğru değişmekte ve bu beslenme geçişinden
en çok etkilenen popülasyonlardan biri üniversite öğrencileridir (Costa Silva Zemdegs ve ark.,
2011; Baldini ve ark., 2009). Bireylerin 18-24 yaş aralığı, sıklıkla öğün atladıkları, yanlış ve
sağlıksız beslenme alışkanları ile davranışa sahip olduğu yetişkinliğe geçiş dönemi olarak
bilinmektedir (Horacek ve diğerleri, 2002; Rinaldi ve diğerleri, 2012). Tekirdağ’da Beslenme
ve Diyetetik öğrencileriyle yapılan bir çalışmada 3 ana öğün tüketenlerin sayısının 2 ya da 1
ana öğün tüketenlere oranla daha fazla olduğu bildirilmiştir. Aynı çalışmada öğle ana öğünü
atlayanların sayısı da kahvaltı ve akşam yemeği ana öğününü atlayanlardan fazla bulunmuştur
(Torpil, 2021). Benzer şekilde Beslenme ve Diyetetik öğrencileriyle yapılan diğer çalışmalarda
da en çok atlanılan ana öğün öğle öğünü olarak saptanmıştır (Smail, 2022; Özüpek & Arslan,
2021). Üniversite öğrencileri ile yürütülen başka bir çalışmada öğrencilerin 3 ana öğün
tükettikleri görülmüştür (Sönmez 2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yapılan benzer bir çalışmada
öğrencilerin çoğunluğu öğle öğününü atladığını bildirmişlerdir (Tözün ve ark., 2017).
Katılımcıların sağlıklı yaşam biçimi alışkanlıkları Tablo 2’de gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada
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öğrencilerin %71,6’sının üç ana öğün tükettiği, %40,3’ünün öğle öğününü atladığı görülmüştür.
Öğrencilerin öğle zaman aralığında daha çok dışarıda oldukları ve bu zamanın ders saatine denk
gelmesiyle öğle öğünlerine yeterince özen gösteremedikleri bu sonuçlar ile ilişkilendirilebilir.
Çiçekli’nin (2022) yaptığı çalışmada öğrenciler arasında haftada 1-3 kez dışarda yemek
yiyenlerin sayısı daha fazla saptanmıştır (Çiçekli, 2022). Bu çalışmada da benzer şekilde
%42,5’inin hafta 1-3 kez dışarda yemek yediği bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın sonuçları birbirine
paralellik göstermektedir. Yapılan bir çalışmada Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencilerinde
doğru beslenme bilgilerine erişildiğinde davranış değişikliği durumuna evet diyenlerin hayır
diyenlere kıyasla daha fazla olarak bildirilmiştir (Smail, 2022). Bu çalışmada katılımcıların
%47’sinin doğru beslenme bilgilerinin davranış durumlarını sıklıkla etkilediği belirlenmiştir.
Kişilerin dahil oldukları toplumda beslenme bilgi düzeyleri ile alışkanlıklarının, etkileşimde
oldukları kişilerin değerleri ve eğitim düzeyleri ile ilişkili olup bu parametrelerin kişilerin
davranışlarını da etkilediği düşünülebilir. Üniversite öğrencileriyle yapılan bir çalışmada
beslenme eğitimi dersi alanların besin etiketine her zaman okudukları bildirilmiştir (Ayaz ve
ark., 2021). Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü’nde okuyan kız öğrencilerle yapılan bir çalışmada
da benzer şekilde besin etiketi okuyanların sayısının okumayanlara göre daha fazla olduğu
saptanmıştır (Garipoğlu ve ark., 2019). Bu çalışmada da benzer çıkarımlar elde edilerek,
katılımcıların %51,5’inin etiket okuma alışkanlığına evet cevabının verildiği görülmüştür.
Beslenmeye dair ders veya eğitimi alma durumunun öğrencilerin motivasyonunu ve bilgi
düzeylerini artırarak besin etiketi kullanımını geliştirerek bu konuda farkındalıklarını artırmış
olabileceği düşünülebilir. Günlük su tüketim miktarı kişilerin yaşına, sahip oldukları fiziksel
aktiviteye, bireysel sağlık durumlarına ve hava koşullarına göre değişmekle birlikte genelde
1,5-2 litre su tüketmek önerilmektedir (Akbulut, 2017; Bach-Faig 2011). Sağlık Bilimleri
Fakültesi öğrencilerinde yapılan bir çalışmada öğrencilerin günlük su tüketimlerinin
1632.22±767.86 mililitre olduğu saptanmıştır. Beslenme ve diyetetik öğrencileriyle yapılan bir
diğer çalışmada da günlük su tüketimi 1473,78±675,8 mililitre bulunmuştur (Çiçekli, 2022).
Bu çalışmada günlük ortalama su tüketimlerinin 1,8±0,7 litre olduğu belirlenmiştir. Günlük su
tüketimi belirtilen referans aralığında olup, sonuçlardaki farklılıklar öğrencilerin yaşadığı yere
bağlı iklim koşulları ile öğrencilerin bireysel olarak su yerine tüketmeyi tercih ettikleri kahve,
çay gibi diğer sıvı tüketimlerinden kaynaklı olabilir.
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Tablo 2. Öğrencilerin Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Alışkanlıkları
n
%
2 öğün
38
28,4
3 öğün
96
71,6
Sabah
36
26,9
Gün içerisinde atlanılan
Öğle
54
40,3
ana öğün
Akşam
3
2,2
Öğün Atlamıyorum
41
30,6
Her gün
6
4,5
Haftada 1-3 kez
57
42,5
Ev/yurt dışında dışarıda
Haftada 4-6 kez
34
25,4
yemek yeme sıklığı
Ayda 1 kez
14
10,4
Ayda 2-3 kez
21
15,7
Hiç
2
1,5
Her zaman
26
19,4
Sık sık
63
47,0
Nadiren
44
32,8
Hiçbir zaman
1
0,8
Evet
69
51,5
Hayır
8
6,0
Bazen
57
42,5
Günlük ana öğün sayısı
Doğru beslenme
bilgilerinin davranışı
etkileme durumu
Etiket okuma bilgisi
Günlük su tüketimi (litre)
1,8±0,7
Haftada en az 150 dakika orta şiddette yapılan fiziksek aktivite Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından
önerilmektedir (World Health Organization, 2020). Ancak dünya çapında bu öneri
uygulanamamakta ve fiziksel hareketsizlik tüm dünyada farklı yaş gruplarında artan sorun
haline gelmektedir. Fiziksel aktivite ve buna bağlı olarak beslenme sorunlarının da olmasıyla
birlikte obezite ve diğer hastalıkların oluşma riski artmaktadır. (Fagaras ve diğerleri, 2015).
Beslenme ve Diyetetik öğrencileri ile yapılan bir çalışmada öğrencilerin %4,4’ü her gün,
%52,5’i haftada 1 gün veya daha az sıklıkla fiziksel aktivite düzeyine sahip olduğu görülmüştür
(Çiçekli, 2022). Yapılan prospektif bir kohort çalışmasında da fiziksel aktivitedeki en fazla
azalmanın, üniversite yıllarında olduğu bildirilmiştir (Kwan ve ark., 2012). Beslenme ve
Diyetetik öğrencileriyle yapılan bir diğer çalışmada öğrencilerinin %19.8’inin minimal oranda
aktif olduğu saptanmıştır (İspir, 2022). Öğrencilerin Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi’nden
(UFAA) elde edilen fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ve puanları Tablo 3’te belirtilmiştir. Öğrencilerin
%7,5’i fiziksel olarak aktif olmayanlardan, %63,4’ü fiziksel aktivite düzeyi düşük olanlardan
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ve %29,1’i fiziksel aktivite düzeyi yeterli olanlardan oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışma sonuçlarıyla
paralel olarak Downes’in (2015), yaptığı çalışmada üniversite öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite
düzeylerinin yetersiz olduğunu saptamıştır (Downes, 2015). Çalışmaların sonucu benzer çıkmış
olup, üniversite öğrencilerinin yeteri düzeyde fiziksel aktivite yapmadığı ve sağlığı geliştirme
bakımından fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin yetersiz olduğu görülmüştür. Bunun nedeni olarak
çalışmada sayıca fazla olan son sınıf öğrencilerinin iş yükü ve sorumluluklarının daha fazla
olması ile çalışma saatlerinin artmış olması, fiziksel aktiviteye zaman ayıramama olarak
gösterilebilir. Sağlık bilimleri öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite durumlarına bakılan bir çalışmada
öğrencilerin %80.3’ünde önerilen 3000 MET-dk/hafta altında aktivite skoruna sahip olduğu
görülmüştür. Bu çalışmada toplam fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ise 2546,2±2159,8 MET-dk/hafta
olarak saptanmıştır. Benzer şekilde çıkan sonuçlar için öğrencilerin fiziksel aktivite ile ilgili
farkındalıklarının az ve fiziksel aktivitenin sağlık üzerine etkisini gözardı ettikleri söylenebilir.
Tablo 3. Öğrencilerin Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi’nden (UFAA) elde edilen fiziksel
aktivite düzeyleri ve puanları
n
%
Fiziksel olarak aktif olmayan
10
7,5
Fiziksel aktivite düzeyi düşük olan
85
63,4
Fiziksel aktivite düzeyi yeterli olan
39
29,1
Toplam fiziksel aktivite (MET-dk/hafta)
2546,2±2159,8
Şiddetli fiziksel aktivite (MET-dk/hafta)
375,2±1225,8
Orta düzeyde şiddetli fiziksel aktivite (MET-dk/hafta)
314,8±1019,9
Yürüme (MET-dk/hafta)
1288,7±1301,7
Oturma süresi (dk)
567,5±262,8
Sağlıklı bir yaşam tarzının temelini oluşturan etmenler arasında beslenme ve düzenli fiziksel
aktivite önemli rol oynamaktadır. Fiziksel aktivitenin enerji tüketimini artırma yönünde olumlu
etkisi bulunmaktadır ancak beslenme alışkanlıklarında ve buna bağlı olarak besin ögesi
alımlarında neden olduğu değişiklikler ile ilgili kesin kanıtlar bulunamamıştır (Amatori ve ark.,
2020; Küçükcankurtaran, 2024).
Üniversite öğrencilerinde beslenme durumu ve fiziksel
aktivite düzeyinin incelendiği bir çalışmada fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile sağlıklı beslenme
arasında bir ilişki bulunamamıştır (Özen, 2019). Yapılan bir başka çalışmada günlük tüketilen
sebze ve meyve ile orta düzeyde yapılan fiziksel aktivitenin birbiriyle doğru orantılı bir ilişki
olduğu görülmüştür (Duan ve ark., 2017). Diğer çalışmalarda da tüketilen toplam yağ, protein,
karbonhidrat ile fiziksel aktivite düzeyi arasında negatif bir ilişki saptanmıştır Matvienko ve
ark., 2001; Laska ve ark., 2016; Heeren ve ark., 2018). Öğrencilerin besin ögeleri alımları ile
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fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki Tablo 4’te belirtilmiştir. Öğrencilerin enerji ve besin
ögesi alım miktarları ile fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki
saptanmamasına rağmen (p>0.05) posa, A vitamini, E vitamini, B1, B2, B6, folat, C vitamini,
potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum ve demir alımının fiziksel olarak aktif olmayan öğrencilerde
daha düşük düzeylerde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Üniversite öğrencilerinde bu konuda yapılan
çalışamlarda bulunan farklılıkların nedeni öğrencilerin yeterli ve dengeli tüketim yapma imkânı
bulamama ve fiziksel olarak aktif olabilecekleri sürenin kısıtlılığından kaynaklanabilir. Ayrıca
çalışmaya katılan öğrencilerin özellikleri, besin tüketim kaydı ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyini
saptamak için kullanılan yöntemlerin çeşitliliği de bu farklılığı oluşturabilir.
Tablo 4. Öğrencilerin besin ögeleri alımları ile fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki
Aktif olmayan
Düşük aktivite
Yeterli aktivite
p
Enerji (kkal)
1436,6 ± 437,2
1635,8 ± 463,5
1497,7 ± 466
0,184
Protein (g)
65 ± 24,1
77,8 ± 43,2
69,9 ± 33,7
0,429
Protein (%)
17,2 ± 4,7
17,6 ± 4,3
17 ± 3,3
0,790
Yağ (g)
70,5 ± 24,2
78,6 ± 44,6
73,4 ± 39,8
0,735
Yağ (%)
41,5 ± 9,2
37,7 ± 9,1
38,5 ± 8,2
0,422
Karbonhidrat (g)
158,8 ± 63,1
195,2 ± 84,3
188,5 ± 95,2
0,449
Karbonhidrat (%)
41,1 ± 9,3
44,2 ± 10,5
44,5 ± 8,3
0,606
Lif (g)
13,2 ± 5,1
20,1 ± 15,9
18,4 ± 15,7
0,392
Vitamin A (μg)
809,8 ± 268,1
1226,6 ± 2673,3
1212,7 ± 1025,1
0,851
Vitamin E (mg)
6,9 ± 3,7
11 ± 9,1
10,8 ± 8,3
0,359
Vitamin B1 (mg)
0,7 ± 0,4
1 ± 0,6
0,9 ± 0,6
0,453
Vitamin B2 (mg)
1,4 ± 0,6
1,6 ± 1,2
1,4 ± 0,8
0,614
Vitamin B6 (mg)
1 ± 0,4
1,4 ± 0,8
1,3 ± 0,9
0,294
Folat (μg)
228,7 ± 125,6
298,2 ± 186,6
288 ± 160,5
0,496
Vitamin C (mg)
62,4 ± 32,8
106,3 ± 111,2
79,5 ± 60,7
0,186
Sodyum (mg)
3115,3 ± 1738
4145,8 ± 5692,9
2857,5 ± 1232,4
0,329
Potasyum (mg)
2162,2 ± 812
2612,2 ± 1586,8
2476,3 ± 1476
0,643
Kalsiyum (mg)
730,7 ± 262,8
764,9 ± 386,9
755,5 ± 397,1
0,962
Magnezyum (mg)
224,8 ± 67,3
300,6 ± 168,7
281,8 ± 164,3
0,357
Demir (mg)
9,1 ± 3,6
11,7 ± 6,8
10 ± 5,1
0,227
Çinko (mg)
10,2 ± 3,9
11,9 ± 8,1
9,9 ± 4,5
0,301
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmaya katılan Beslenme ve Diyetetik öğrencilerinin çoğunluğunun fiziksel
aktivite düzeylerinin düşük veya yetersiz olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğün atlama, ev/yurt dışında
beslenme ve su tüketimleri de göz önüne alındığında, öğrencilerin beslenme durumlarının
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yeterli olmadığı ve sağlıksız beslenme alışkanlıklarına sahip oldukları gözlemlenmiştir. Bu
sonuçlar, dengeli ve sağlıklı beslenmeye daha fazla odaklanıldığı günümüzde, üniversite
öğrencilerinin edindikleri bilgi ve alışkanlıklarının kendilerine doğru bir şekilde
uygulayamadıklarını göstermektedir. Üniversite öğrencileri gibi genç ve iyi eğitimli grupların
nispeten daha iyi sağlık davranışları sergilemesi beklenmektedir.
Ülkemizde özellikle
beslenme ve sağlık alanında eğitim gören öğrencilerin yaşam tarzlarını değerlendirecek ve bu
anlamda hatalı davranışların değişimi için müdahaleler planlayacak kapsamlı çalışmalara
ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.
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Kaynaklar
Arslan, S.A., Daşkapan, A. & Çakır, B. (2016). Üniversite öğrencilerinin beslenme ve fiziksel
aktivite alışkanlıklarının belirlenmesi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 15(3), 171-180.
https://doi.org/10.5455/pmb.1-1436432564
Akbulut, G. (2017). Güncel Akdeniz diyeti ve potansiyel sağlık etkileri. Turkiye Klinikleri J
Health Sci. 2(2):110-20.
Akdevelioğlu, Y. & Yörüsün, T.Ö. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yeme tutum ve
davranişlarina ilişkin bazi faktörlerin incelenmesi. Gazi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1),
19-28.
Amatori, S., Donati Zeppa, S., Preti, A., Gervasi, M., Gobbi, E., Ferrini, F., Rocchi, M. B. L.,
Baldari, C., Perroni, F., & Piccoli, G. (2020). Dietary habits and psychological states
during COVID-19 home isolation in Italian college students: The role of physical
exercise. Nutrients, 12(12), 3660. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123660
Andızoğlu, A. (2022). Beslenme ve Diyetetik Öğrencilerinde Sağlıklı Beslenme Takıntısı
(Ortoreksiya). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri
Enstitüsü, Konya.
Ayaz, A., Dedebayraktar, D., Inan-Eroglu, E., Besler, H. T., & Buyuktuncer, Z. (2021). How
does nutrition education contribute to the consumers’ use and attitudes towards food
labels?. Nutrition & Food Science, 51(3), 517-528. DOI 10.1108/NFS-05-2020-0174
Aydemir, H., Ergün, F., & Ayata, M. K. (2023). Sağlık bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
BİTKİSEL BAZLI FERMENTE İÇECEKLERİN DUYUSAL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Arş. Gör. Dr. Gül Eda KILINÇ* (ORCID: 0000-0002-9068-3081)
Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and
Dietetics, Samsun-Türkiye
Email: guleda.kilinc@omu.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Alev KESER (ORCID: 0000-0003-2620-6747)
Ankara University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,
Ankara-Türkiye,
Email: akeser@ankara.edu.tr
Özet
Bitkisel sütler son yıllarda vegan ve vejetaryen beslenmenin popüler olmasıyla birlikte merak
duyulan besinler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, badem, soya ve yulaf sütü esaslı
fermente içeceklerin farklı depolama süreleri sonucunda duyusal özelliklerinin
değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Fermantasyonda Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus
delbrueckii, Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCFM®), Bifidobacterium lactis(HN019™) bakteri
türleri kullanılmıştır. İnkübasyonu tamamlanan örnekler 21 gün süre boyunca 4±1°C’de
depolanmıştır. Duyusal analiz aşaması için çalışmaya 10 kadın, 10 erkek olmak üzere 20
sağlıklı panelist katılmıştır. Ayrıca analiz öncesinde yoğurt, süt ürünleri ve bitki bazlı süt
tüketim alışkanlıkları üzerine bir sıklık anketi ile besin neofobi ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Elde
edilen veriler SPSS27 programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Tat puanları
değerlendirildiğinde, kadın bireylerin 1. günde fermente soya sütüne kıyasla fermente yulaf
sütüne daha yüksek puan verdiği, 7.günde erkeklerin fermente badem ve yulaf sütüne kıyasla
fermente soya sütüne daha düşük puan verdiği belirlenmiştir(p<0,05). Ayrıca 7. günde fermente
inek ve soya sütünde kadınların erkeklere kıyasla önemli düzeyde daha yüksek puan verdiği
saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Renk puanları değerlendirildiğinde, 7. günde kadınların fermente yulaf
sütüne kıyasla fermente soya sütüne daha fazla puan verdiği, 14. günde kadınların fermente
yulaf sütüne kıyasla fermente inek sütüne daha fazla puan verdiği belirlenmiştir(p<0,05). Koku
puanları değerlendirildiğinde, erkeklerin 1. günde fermente inek ve yulaf sütüne kıyasla soya
sütüne daha fazla puan verdiği, 7.günde fermente badem sütüne kıyasla fermenet inek ve soya
sütüne daha fazla puan verdiği, 21.günde fermente yulaf sütüne kıyasla fermente soya sütüne
daha fazla puan verdiği saptanmıştır(p<0,05). 14. günde ise fermente yulaf sütünde kadınların
erkeklere kıyasla daha fazla puan verdiği belirlenmiştir(p<0,05). Asidik tat puanlarında 1.
günde fermente yulaf sütünde kadınların erkeklere kıyasla daha fazla puan verdiği saptanırken,
7. günde fermente soya sütünde kadınların erkeklere kıyasla daha fazla puan verdiği
belirlenmiştir(p<0,05). Fermente bitkisel bazlı içeceklerde aroma özelliklerinin kullanılmasının
duyusal açıdan tercih edilebilirliği arttıracağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Sözcükler: Besin tüketim sıklığı, bitkisel sütler, duyusal analiz, neofobi ölçeği.
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EVALUATION OF THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF PLANT-BASED
FERMENTED BEVERAGES
Abstract
Plant milks are interest as vegan and vegetarian diets have become popular in recent years. This
study aimed to evaluate sensory properties almond, soy and oat milk-based fermented
beverages as a result of different storage periods. Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus
delbrueckii, Lactobacillus acidophilus(NCFM®), Bifidobacterium lactis(HN019™) were used
in fermentation. Incubated samples were stored at 4±1°C for 21 days. For sensory analysis 20
healthy panelists, 10 women and 10 men, participated in study. In addition, a frequency survey
and a food neophobia scale were applied. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS27 program.
In taste scores, it was determined that females gave higher scores to fermented oat milk
compared to fermented soy milk on 1st day, and men gave lower scores to fermented soy milk
compared to fermented almond and oat milk on 7th day (p<0.05). Women gave significantly
higher scores than men on fermented cow and soy milk on 7th day(p<0.05). In color scores, on
7th day, women gave more points to fermented soy milk than to fermented oat milk, and on
14th day, women gave more points to fermented cow's milk compared to fermented oat
milk(p<0.05). In odor scores, men gave more points to soy milk compared to fermented cow
and oat milk on the 1st day, more points to fermented cow and soy milk than fermented almond
milk on the 7th day, and more points to fermented soy milk compared to fermented oat milk on
the 21st day. (p<0.05). On 14th day, women gave higher scores to fermented oat milk than
men(p<0.05). In acidic taste scores, women gave more points than men to fermented oat milk
on 1st day, while women gave more points than men to fermented soy milk on 7th day(p<0.05).
Aroma properties in fermented plant-based beverages can increase sensory preferability.
Keywords: Food consumption frequency, neophobia scale, plant milks, sensory analysis.
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Giriş
Son yıllarda, küreselleşmenin artışıyla birlikte hayvansal besinlere talepte de hızlı bir artış
meydana gelmiştir. Önümüzdeki on yılda küresel et proteini tüketimindeki büyümenin, büyük
ölçüde gelir ve nüfus artışına bağlı olarak 2018-2020 ortalamasına kıyasla 2030 yılına kadar
%14 oranında artması öngörülmektedir. Sığır eti, domuz eti, kümes hayvanları ve koyun
etinden sağlanacak protein miktarının 2030 yılına kadar sırasıyla %5,9, %13,1, %17,8 ve %15,7
artacağı tahmin edilmektedir (OECD/FAO, 2021). Küresel ortalama kişi başına et talebinin ise
2020-2022 temel döneminden 2032'ye kadar %2 oranında artması beklenmektedir. Ayrıca 2032
yılına kadar kişi başı balık, et ve süt ürünleri tüketiminin sırasıyla %14, %12 ve %12 oranında
artması beklenmektedir. Bu oranlar, tahıl tüketimindeki %0,5'in altındaki büyümeyle zıt şekilde
ilerlemekte ve beslenme değişikliğinin ciddi boyutlarını vurgulamaktadır (OECD/FAO, 2023).
Dünyamız bir yandan hayvansal besin tüketiminde artış ve bunun beraberinde getirdiği çevre,
sağlık, ekonomik vb. birçok sorunla karşı karşıyayken bir yandan da besine ulaşılabilirlik, besin
yoksunluğu, besin güvencesizliği gibi kavramlarla mücadele etmektedir. Diğer yandan gelişmiş
ülkeler başta olmak üzere dünya genelinde hem sağlığın korunması hem de meydana
gelebilecek olumsuz çevresel etkileri önlemek için hayvansal kaynaklı besinlerin üretimine
yönelik taleplerde azalma gözlenmiştir. Tüm bunlar sonucunda hem üreticiler hem de
tüketiciler sağlıklı ve sürdürülebilir alternatif besin üretimlerine yönelmiştir. Sağlıklı ve
sürdürülebilir diyetler arasında vejetaryen ve vegan diyetleri de saymak mümkündür.
Vejetaryen ve vegan beslenme günümüz post modern dünyasında ivme kazanmaya devam
etmektedir. Bununla birlikte vejetaryen ve vegan besinlere talepler artış göstermekte ve besin
sanayisinde de sağlıklı ve sürdürülebilir beslenmenin sağlanması için adımlar atılmaktadır
(Henchion et al., 2017). Bu noktada özellikle sağlıklı beslenmenin sağlanması, hastalıkların
önlenmesi ve vücudun iyilik halinin devam ettirilmesinde fonksiyonel besin kavramı ön plana
çıkmaktadır. Fonksiyonel bileşiklerden probiyotiklerin fermente besin üretiminde kullanımı
yeni değildir, ancak son zamanlarda besin sanayisindeki üretim amaçları hayvanların
korunması, organoleptik iyileştirmeler ve sağlığın korunmasına doğru ilerlemiştir (Saad et al.,
2013). Fonksiyonel besin örneklerinden bazıları ise yararlı etkiler sağlayan mikroorganizmaları
içermesi nedeni ile insan mide-bağırsak sistemi ve insan sağlığı üzerinde olumlu etkiler
yaratmaktadır. Şimdiye kadar, probiyotik ürünlerin en büyük kısmı hayvan sütünden yapılan
fermente besinlerle tüketicilere sunulmaktadır (Mäkinen et al., 2016). Bitkisel bazlı fermente
içecekler, süt ürünleri içermeyen alternatifler arasında önemli bir segmenti temsil etmekte ve
hayvansal kaynaklı süt alerjileri ve etik kaygıları olan birçok tüketicinin ihtiyaçlarını
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karşılamaktadır (Phillips & Williams, 2011). Bu kapsamda son zamanlarda bitkisel süt
endüstrileri önem kazanmıştır. Bitkisel sütler, beslenme ve sağlık yararlarının yanı sıra
prebiyotik bileşikler içerdiğinden, bu sütler sinbiyotik ürünler üretmek için önemli kaynaktırlar
(De Souza Oliveira et al., 2009). Bitkisel sütlerden elde edilen fermente içecekler genellikle
farklı hammaddelerden (örn. kurubaklagiller, yağlı tohumlar, tahıllar veya pseudo tahıllar) elde
edilen sulu özütlerin, bu malzemelerin parçalanması ve homojenleştirilmesinden kaynaklanan
inek sütüne benzer görünüm ve kıvama sahip olacak şekilde fermente edilmesiyle elde
edilmektedir (Sethi et al., 2016). Fermente içeceklerin üretiminde kullanılan bitkisel bazlı
kaynaklar arasında soya fasulyesi, protein miktarı, kalitesi ve fonksiyonel özellikleri nedeniyle
özellikle son yıllarda popüler hale gelmiştir. Ayrıca, soya sütünün fermente içecek yapımında
yaygın olarak kullanılan laktik asit bakterilerinin (LAB) gelişimi için iyi bir substrat olduğu
gösterilmiştir (Chou & Hou, 2000). Soya, bitki bazlı içecek üretiminde en yaygın kullanılan
substrat olmasına rağmen, günümüzde hindistan cevizi, badem, kenevir ve çeşitli tahıllar
(örneğin yulaf, karabuğday ve pirinç) bitki bazlı içeceklerin üretiminde kullanılmaktadır.
Badem, tekli ve çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri, fitosteroller, polifenoller, proteinler, vitaminler
ve mineraller ile diyet posası açısından zengin olup bu bileşiklerin çoğu antioksidan özelliklere
sahiptir. Bu antioksidan özellikleri ile plazmada düşük dansiditeli lipoprotein (LDL)
oksidasyonunu önleyerek lipid profili ve inflamatuvar süreçler üzerinde olumlu etkiler
sağlamaktadır (Jones et al., 2011; Liu, 2012). Badem sütünün ve badem sütünden elde edilen
fermente içeceklerin kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, tip 2 diyabet, obezite ve bazı kanser türleri
gibi kronik hastalıkların gelişme riskini azalttığı öne sürülmektedir (Kamil & Chen, 2012).
Yulaf ve diğer bitkisel sütlerin de sağlık üzerine olumlu etkileri bulunmaktadır (Paul et al.,
2020). Tüm bu bilgiler ışığında yapılan çalışmada, badem, soya ve yulaf sütlerinin
fermantasyonu ile elde edilen fermente içeceklerin farklı depolama süreleri sonucunda duyusal
analizlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve Metod
Çalışmada kullanılacak bitkisel sütler çalışma öncesinde yapılan bir ön çalışma niteliğindeki
araştırma ile belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda vegan ve vejetaryen bireylerin en sık tükettiği badem,
soya ve yulaf sütü olmak üzere 3 bitkisel süt çeşidinin bu çalışmada kullanılmasına karar
verilmiştir. Bu aşamadan sonra ise bu çalışmada aynı ticari markaya ait badem sütü, soya sütü
ve yulaf sütü olmak üzere 3 çeşit bitkisel süt, kontrol grubu olarak aynı markanın olmadığı için
farklı marka yarım yağlı inek sütü kullanılmıştır. Tüm sütlerin seçiminde son kullanma
tarihinin birbirine benzer olmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Sütlerden fermente içecek üretimi ve
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kimyasal analizler Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Süt Teknolojisi laboratuvarında
yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın duyusal analiz aşaması için Ankara Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Etik
Kurulu 25.04.2022 tarihli, 08 sayılı toplantı ve 87 sayılı karar sayısı sonucunda
gerçekleştirilmesinin uygun olduğuna karar verilmiştir. Sütlere ilişkin etiket bilgileri Tablo
1’de belirtilmiştir.
Tablo 1. Kullanılan sütlerin etiket bilgileri
Soya sütü
Badem sütü
Yulaf sütü
İnek sütü
(100 ml)
(100 ml)
(100 ml)
(100 ml)
Enerji (kkal)
39
22
46
44
Karbonhidrat (g)
2,5
2,4
7,2
4,8
Şeker (g)
2,5
2,4
3,3
4,8
Protein (g)
3,0
0,4
0,3
2,9
Yağ (g)
1,7
1,1
1,5
1,5
Doymuş yağ (g)
0,3
0,1
0,1
1,1
Posa (g)
0,7
0,4
1,5
-
Tuz (g)
0,13
0,14
0,09
0,19
Starter Kültür
Çalışmada kullanılan bütün mikroorganizma çeşitleri Danisco markasının VEGE 053 LYO 200
DCU kültüründen temin edilmiştir. Kültür içeriği Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus
delbrueckii (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.
lactis) Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCFM®), Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019™) bakteri
türlerinden oluşmaktadır.
Örneklerin Hazırlanması ve Fermantasyon
Marketten alınan sütler analize başlanacağı aşamada temin edilmiştir. Tüm sütlere ilk olarak 90
°C’de 10 dakika ısıl işlem uygulanmış ve pastörizasyon işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra
fermantasyon için 43 °C’de aseptik koşullarda 100 ml süte 0,5 g oranında bakteri suşları
eklenmiştir. Bu aşamadan sonra elde edilen karışımlar 100 ml’lik polietilen tabanlı sert plastik
kaplara doldurulmuş ve örnekler pH değerleri 4,6 düzeyine gelene kadar inkübasyona
bırakılmıştır (Mühlhansová et al., 2015).
Fermente İçeceklerin Depolanması
İnkübasyonu tamamlanmış örnekler 20±1°C oda sıcaklığında 30 dakika süre ile bekletilerek ön
soğutma işlemine tabi tutulmuş ardından da 21 gün süresince 4±1°C’de buzdolabı koşullarında
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
depolanmıştır. Buzdolabında 4±1°C sıcaklıktaki depolanmış örneklerin analiz işlemleri
depolama aşamasının 1., 7., 14. ve 21. günlerinde yapılmıştır. Her bir depolama süresi
sonrasında örnekler bekletilmeden direkt olarak analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Duyusal Analiz
Çalışmanın duyusal analiz aşaması Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Besin
Kimyası laboratuvarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada duyusal analiz testleri için 18–50 yaş
aralığında 10 kadın, 10 erkek olmak üzere toplam 20 sağlıklı, sigara içmeyen, gönüllü panelist
seçilmiştir. Duyusal analizden önce panelistlere testin nasıl ve ne amaçla yapılacağı konusunda
bilgi verilmiştir. Testlerin sessiz ve havalandırılabilir bir ortamda ve 10:30–11:30 saatleri
arasında yapılmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Ayrıca bireylerin seçimi için acı, tatlı, tuzlu ve ekşi
olmak üzere dört temel tada duyarlılıkları duyusal analiz testinden önce değerlendirilmiştir. Tat
alımlarının değerlendirilmesinde duyusal analiz testi olarak görsel analog skala (VAS)
kullanılmıştır. Testler sırasında panelistlere ağızlarını çalkalamaları için su ve ağız dokusunu
değiştirmesi için çok şekerli ve tuzlu olmayan bir bisküvi verilmiştir. Daha sonra çalışmanın
esas bölümüne geçilmiş olup bitkisel ve hayvansal sütlerden elde edilen fermente içecek
örneklerinde duyusal analizi için örneklerin her biri üç basamaklı farklı sayılarla kodlanmış
olarak panelistlere sunulmuştur. Örneklerin her biri 10 g’lık şeffaf kaplarda her bir oturumda 4
örnek (1.,7.,14.,21. gün süresince depolama işlemlerinden sonra elde edilen bitkisel ve
hayvansal
fermente
içecek
örnekleri)
4
oturum
şeklinde
panelistler
tarafından
değerlendirilmiştir. Panel üyeleri fermente içecekleri hedonik skala testine göre değerlendirmiş
ve panelistlerden formda belirtilen toplam kabul edilebilirlik, renk, yapı, görünüş, tat, koku,
asidik tat parametrelerinin her birini 1 “hiç beğenmedim” ile 9 “çok fazla beğendim” arasında
olacak şekilde puanlandırmaları istenmiştir. Buna ek olarak duyusal analiz değerlendirmesine
katılan panelistlere analiz öncesinde yoğurt, süt ürünleri ve/veya bitki bazlı süt tüketim
alışkanlıkları üzerine bir sıklık anketi ve bir besin neofobi ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Besin neofobi
ölçeğinin Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği çalışması 2020 yılında Duman vd. tarafından
yapılmıştır (Duman et al., 2020). Ölçeğin orjinali ise 1992 yılında Pliner ve Hobden tarafından
besin neofobisini tanımlamak için psikometrik bir araç olarak geliştirilmiştir. Besin neofobi
ölçeği, on maddeden oluşan 7 puanlı likert tipi ölçek, kesinlikle katılmıyorumdan (1 puan)
kesinlikle katılıyoruma (7 puan) doğru her bir seçenekte 1’er puan artacak şekilde düzenlenmiş
olup 10-70 puan aralığında değer almaktadır (1, 4, 6, 9 ve 10. sorular ters skorlanmaktadır).
Yüksek puanlar yeni besin korkusunu, düşük puanlar yeni besinlerden hoşlanmayı
göstermektedir (Pliner & Hobden, 1992). Yeni besin korkusu, bireylerin besin çeşitliliğinin
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
azalmasına neden olmanın yanında yeni besinlere karşı tutum ve tat memnuniyeti üzerinde de
önemli bir etmen olmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, besin neofobi ölçeği ve tüketim sıklığı
anketi, duyusal analiz aşamasında bireylerin herhangi bir besini denemeye karşı fobisinin olup
olmadığını belirlemek ve bunun yanında bireylerin hayvansal ve bitkisel süt ve ürünleri tüketim
alışkanlıklarını
değerlendirmek
amacıyla
uygulanmıştır.
Duyusal
analiz
aşaması
gerçekleştirilirken kullanılacak malzemelerin steril olmasına ve her katılımcıya özel olmasına
özen gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca, katılımcıların kahvaltı yapmaları ne aç ne de tok olmamaları
gerektiği vurgulanmış ve panelden önce bu ilkeler açısından sorgulanmıştır. Verilerin
gizliliğinin onam formunda belirtildiği gibi tamamen gizli tutulacağı ve başka bir kişi ile
paylaşılmayacağı beyan edilmiştir.
İstatistiksel Analiz
Çalışmada yürütülen tüm analizler iki tekrarlı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın
istatistiksel değerlendirmesinde ise kullanılacak örneklerin normallik dağılımları, örnek
sayısına uygunluğu açısından Shapiro–Wilk Testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm grupların
karşılaştırılmasında one-way ANOVA testi, ikili karşılaştırmalar arasındaki farklar için ise post
hoc Tukey testi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda nicel değişkenler ortalama ve
standart sapma (SS) değerleri ile gösterilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS (Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences) 26 paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. İstatistiksel olarak
p<0,05 değeri önemlilik düzeyini ifade etmektedir.
Bulgular ve Tartışma
Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince görünüş puanları Tablo 2’de
gösterilmiştir. Görünüş puanlarında cinsiyete ve depolama süresine göre önemli sonuçlar elde
edilmemiştir (p>0,05).
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Tablo 2. Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince görünüş puanları
Depolama süresi
1.gün
7.gün
14.gün
21.gün
Fermente Süt Örnekleri
İnek sütü
Soya sütü
Badem sütü
Yulaf sütü
p
Erkek (n:10)
5.92±2.06 a
6,31 ± 1,7 a
4,92 ± 1,8 a
5,23 ± 2,24 a
0.270
Kadın(n:10)
6.08±2.14 a
6,69 ± 1,38 a
5,69 ± 2,21 a
6,08 ± 1,61 a
0.594
Toplam (n:20)
6.00± 2,06 a
6,50 ± 1,53 a
5,31 ± 2,02 a
5,65 ± 1,96 a
0.141
Erkek (n:10)
5.38±2.22 a
5,46 ± 2,26 a
5,23 ± 2,01 a
5.00 ± 2,08 a
0.950
Kadın(n:10)
6.23±2.24 a
6.00 ± 2.00 a
5,77 ± 1,48 a
4,46 ± 1,9 a
0.100
Toplam (n:20)
5,81 ± 2,23 a
5,73 ± 2,11 a
5,50 ± 1,75 a
4,73 ± 1,97 a
0.209
Erkek (n:10)
5,85 ± 2,03 a
5,46 ± 2,03 a
5.00 ± 1,91 a
5.00 ± 2,12 a
0.664
Kadın(n:10)
6,54 ± 1,51 a
6,23 ± 1,79 a
5,69 ± 1,93 a
5,23 ± 1,24 a
0.195
Toplam (n:20)
6,19 ± 1,79
5,85 ± 1,91
5,35 ± 1,92
5,12 ± 1,7
0.147
Erkek (n:10)
5,31 ± 2,75 a
5,77 ± 1,88 a
4,92 ± 2,25 a
5.00 ± 1,83 a
0.758
Kadın(n:10)
6,31 ± 1,6
5,92 ± 1,75
5,85 ± 2,03
5,08 ± 1,71
a
0.363
Toplam (n:20)
5,81 ± 2,26 a
5,04 ± 1,73 a
0.417
a
a
a
a
5,85 ± 1,78 a
a
a
5,38 ± 2,16 a
a
Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince tat puanları Tablo 3’te gösterilmiştir. Tat
puanları değerlendirildiğinde, kadın bireylerin 1. günde fermente soya sütüne kıyasla fermente
yulaf sütüne daha yüksek puan verdiği, 7.günde erkeklerin fermente badem ve yulaf sütüne
kıyasla fermente soya sütüne daha düşük puan verdiği belirlenmiştir(p<0,05). Ayrıca 7. günde
fermente inek ve soya sütünde kadınların erkeklere kıyasla önemli düzeyde daha yüksek puan
verdiği saptanmıştır (p<0,05).
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Tablo 3. Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince tat puanları
Depolama süresi
1.gün
Kadın (n:10)
a
ab
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
21.gün
Soya sütü
4,08 ± 2,84
Erkek (n:10)
14.gün
İnek sütü
Erkek (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
7.gün
Fermente Süt Örnekleri
5 ± 3,58
ab*
4,62 ± 2,33
6,77 ± 1,48
5,69 ± 2,2
6,92 ± 1,66
5,77 ± 2,55
Erkek (n:10)
3,77 ± 2,55
Kadın (n:10)
a
Toplam (n:20)
5 ± 2,24
a
a
4,62 ± 2,81
4,38 ± 2,43
a
2,69 ± 1,84
a
3,62 ± 2,33
ab
4,54 ± 3,2
Badem sütü
a*
a
a
a
a
3,15 ± 2,11
a*
3,62 ± 2,06
a
5,46 ± 1,9
a
4,54 ± 2,16
a
4,85 ± 2,23
5 ± 2,27
a
5,54 ± 2,57
4,92 ± 2,21
a
4,46 ± 2,22
a
5,08 ± 2,38
ab
4,96 ± 1,91
5,46 ± 2,04
b
6,15 ± 2,23
5,85 ± 1,63
a
5,54 ± 1,2
a
5,77 ± 2,57
0.094
0.097
b
0.007*
b
0.011*
a
5,46 ± 2,07
a
5,31 ± 1,6
a
5,65 ± 2,15
a
5,69 ± 1,41
a
5,85 ± 2,38
6 ± 2,12
6,23 ± 1,96
b
5,62 ± 1,89
a
5,92 ± 2,53
6,08 ± 1,75
b
5,96 ± 2,29
5,85 ± 1,8
0.245
a
0.118
a
0.543
a
5,38 ± 1,81
a
p
b
4,69 ± 1,89
ab
5,46 ± 1,98
a
5,46 ± 1,45
a
a
4,62 ± 2,18
5,38 ± 2,9
Yulaf sütü
0.060
a
0.518
a
0.049*
a
0.532
ab
0.025*
Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince renk puanları Tablo 4 ’te gösterilmiştir.
Renk puanları değerlendirildiğinde, 7. günde kadınların fermente yulaf sütüne kıyasla fermente
soya sütüne daha fazla puan verdiği, 14. günde kadınların fermente yulaf sütüne kıyasla
fermente inek sütüne daha fazla puan verdiği belirlenmiştir (p<0,05).
Tablo 4. Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince renk puanları
Depolama süresi
Erkek (n:10)
1.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
7.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
14.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
21.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Fermente Süt Örnekleri
İnek sütü
6 ± 2,27
Soya sütü
a
6,62 ± 2,22
6,69 ± 2,21
a
6,35 ± 2,23
a
6,77 ± 1,3
a
a
6,69 ± 1,78
a
5.46±2.60
a
5,38 ± 1,76
a
6.31±1.97
a
a
5,88 ± 2,30
a
Yulaf sütü
4,85 ± 1,72
a
4,77 ± 2,13
a
6,15 ± 2,23
a
5,77 ± 1,48
a
0.477
5,27 ± 1,87
a
0.034*
5,31 ± 1,49
a
0.997
0.014*
0.151
a
5,5 ± 2,06
4,23 ± 1,24
b
4,77 ± 1,45
a
4,62 ± 1,85
a
0.581
0.019*
0.025*
5,31 ± 1,65
5,69 ± 1,76
a
5,38 ± 1,79
a
a
5,62 ± 1,94
6,85 ± 1,41
a
6,46 ± 1,76
ab
5,54 ± 1,9
4,85 ± 1,72
b
6,23 ± 2,08
a
6,04 ± 1,87
ab
5,27 ± 2,13
ab
4,73 ± 1,76
b
6,08 ± 2,56
a
5,85 ± 1,82
a
5,38 ± 2,14
a
a
6,38 ± 1,89
a
a
5,62 ± 2,33
a
6,23 ± 2,21
a
6 ± 1,58
5,92 ± 1,67
a
0.079
5,46 ± 1,98
ab
6 ± 1,78
p
a
a
5,62 ± 2,5
a
Badem sütü
5 ± 2,38
5,5 ± 2,2
ab
a
5 ± 1,53
0.548
4,85 ± 1,63
a
0.205
4,92 ± 1,55
a
0.088
Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince koku puanları Tablo 5 ’te gösterilmiştir.
Koku puanları değerlendirildiğinde, 7. günde kadınların fermente yulaf sütüne kıyasla fermente
soya sütüne daha fazla puan verdiği, 14. günde kadınların fermente yulaf sütüne kıyasla
fermente inek sütüne daha fazla puan verdiği belirlenmiştir (p<0,05).
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Tablo 5. Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince koku puanları
Depolama süresi
Erkek (n:10)
1.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
7.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
14.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
21.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Fermente Süt Örnekleri
İnek sütü
Soya sütü
a
4,77 ± 1,88
a
5,85 ± 2,15
a
5,31 ± 2,05
a
5,77 ± 1,83
a
6,15 ± 2,15
a
5,96 ± 1,97
a
5,15 ± 2,12
a
6,54 ± 2,22
a
5,85 ± 2,24
ab
4,54 ± 2,26
a
5,38 ± 1,5
4,96 ± 1,93
a
6,62 ± 1,61
5,23 ± 2,95
5,92 ± 2,43
6,23 ± 2,01
5,62 ± 2,53
5,92 ± 2,26
5,62 ± 1,66
4,92 ± 2,18
5,27 ± 1,93
6 ± 1,29
Badem sütü
b
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
5,38 ± 2,14
5,69 ± 1,76
4,38 ± 1,98
4,54 ± 2,37
4,46 ± 2,14
3,85 ± 1,68
4,77 ± 1,92
4,31 ± 1,83
4,46 ± 1,85
5,15 ± 2,03
4,81 ± 1,94
4,23 ± 1,36
a
a
5,08 ± 1,66
4,65 ± 1,55
ab
a
a
b
a
b
a
a
a
ab
a
a
Yulaf sütü
4,69 ± 1,55
5,15 ± 1,82
4,92 ± 1,67
4,54 ± 1,33
4,62 ± 1,8
0.009*
a
0.575
a
0.085
ab
0.003*
a
4,58 ± 1,55
4,23 ± 1,69
5,46 ± 1,27
4,85 ± 1,59
4,08 ± 1,71
5,38 ± 1,66
4,73 ± 1,78
p
a
0.222
ab
0.002*
a
0.213
a*
0.175
a
0.190
b
0.023*
a
0.960
a
0.137
Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince yapı (kıvam) puanları Tablo 6 ’da
gösterilmiştir. Yapı (kıvam) puanlarında cinsiyete ve depolama süresine göre önemli sonuçlar
elde edilmemiştir (p>0,05).
Tablo 6. Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince yapı (kıvam) puanları
Depolama süresi
Erkek (n:10)
1.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
7.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
14.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
21.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Fermente Süt Örnekleri
İnek sütü
5,23 ± 2,01
6,08 ± 1,55
5,65 ± 1,81
5,38 ± 2,5
a
a
a
a
6,08 ± 1,66
5,73 ± 2,11
5,46 ± 2,11
6,54 ± 1,51
6 ± 1,88
Soya sütü
a
a
a
a
a
6,77 ± 1,09
6,81 ± 1,27
6,08 ± 1,5
6,08 ± 1,38
a
a
a
a
a
a
5,85 ± 1,52
5,96 ± 1,48
5,92 ± 1,38
6,31 ± 1,65
6,12 ± 1,51
5,69 ± 2,02
5,88 ± 1,7
6,85 ± 1,46
Badem sütü
a
5,62 ± 1,56
6,15 ± 1,68
5,88 ± 1,61
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
5,69 ± 2,21
5,54 ± 2,22
5,62 ± 2,17
5,15 ± 2,12
5,31 ± 1,6
a
a
a
a
5,23 ± 1,84
4,92 ± 2,02
6 ± 1,41
a
a
a
a
5,62 ± 2,14
5,85 ± 2,12
5,73 ± 2,09
5,08 ± 1,93
5,15 ± 1,57
5,12 ± 1,73
5,08 ± 2,02
5,08 ± 1,71
5,46 ± 1,79
5,69 ± 1,7
Yulaf sütü
a
a
6,08 ± 2,06
5,88 ± 1,86
a
a
5,08 ± 1,83
5,23 ± 2,17
5,62 ± 1,8
0.199
a
0.361
a
0.609
a
0.590
a
0.408
a
0.280
a
0.548
a
0.105
a
0.123
a
0.909
a
5,42 ± 1,96
p
a
a
0.855
0.730
Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince asidik tat puanları Tablo 7 ’de
gösterilmiştir. Asidik tat puanlarında 1. günde fermente yulaf sütünde kadınların erkeklere
kıyasla daha fazla puan verdiği saptanırken, 7. günde fermente soya sütünde kadınların
erkeklere kıyasla daha fazla puan verdiği belirlenmiştir (p<0,05).
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Tablo 7. Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince asidik tat puanları
Depolama süresi
Erkek (n:10)
1.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
7.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
14.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
21.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Fermente Süt Örnekleri
İnek sütü
5,31 ± 2,02
5,46 ± 2,88
5,38 ± 2,43
4,62 ± 2,29
6,23 ± 1,74
5,42 ± 2,16
5,15 ± 2,03
6,38 ± 1,61
5,77 ± 1,9
Soya sütü
a
4,54 ± 1,85
a
4,77 ± 2,05
a
4,65 ± 1,92
a
4,31 ± 1,55
a
5,04 ± 1,78
a
4,85 ± 1,46
a
5,46 ± 1,71
a
4,15 ± 2,23
5,54 ± 1,98
4,85 ± 2,19
5,15 ± 1,59
a
5,15 ± 1,41
a
5,85 ± 1,07
a
5,5 ± 1,27
4,31 ± 1,89
a
5 ± 2,86
a
a
5,23 ± 2,8
5,5 ± 2,53
a
5,15 ± 2,29
a
5,23 ± 2,2
a
5,54 ± 2,9
a
5,27 ± 1,8
a
0.295
a
0.266
a
0.548
a
4,85 ± 2,41
a
4,92 ± 1,71
a
4,88 ± 2,05
a
4,69 ± 2,21
a
5,38 ± 2,53
0.079
a
5,23 ± 1,74
a
5,69 ± 2,21
a
a*
5,31 ± 1,93
a
4,62 ± 2,33
a
0.686
5,31 ± 2,15
a
5,38 ± 2,22
a
5,04 ± 2,2
p
a
4,31 ± 2,18
6,31 ± 1,65
5,77 ± 2,31
a
Yulaf sütü
a
a
4,65 ± 2,4
a
a*
5,77 ± 1,74
a
Badem sütü
a
0.864
a
0.932
a
0.245
a
0.426
a
0.518
a
0.956
a
0.656
Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince toplam kabul edilebilirlik puanları Tablo
8 ’de gösterilmiştir. Toplam kabul edilebilirlik puanlarında cinsiyete ve depolama süresine göre
önemli sonuçlar elde edilmemiştir (p>0,05).
Tablo 8. Fermente süt örneklerinin 21 gün depolama süresince toplam kabul edilebilirlik
puanları
Depolama süresi
Erkek (n:10)
1.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
7.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
14.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Erkek (n:10)
21.gün
Kadın (n:10)
Toplam (n:20)
Fermente Süt Örnekleri
İnek sütü
4,92 ± 2,25
5,38 ± 2,84
5,15 ± 2,52
5,38 ± 1,94
6,69 ± 1,55
6,04 ± 1,84
5,54 ± 1,81
6,69 ± 1,55
6,12 ± 1,75
4,62 ± 1,66
5,69 ± 1,65
5,15 ± 1,71
Soya sütü
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
4,38 ± 2,06
5,38 ± 1,85
4,88 ± 1,99
4,92 ± 1,38
5,92 ± 1,93
5,42 ± 1,72
5,31 ± 1,65
6 ± 1,68
Badem sütü
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
5,65 ± 1,67
5,38 ± 1,66
6,08 ± 1,12
5,73 ± 1,43
5,46 ± 1,98
5,23 ± 2,09
5,35 ± 2
a
a
a
a
a
6,15 ± 2,03
5,62 ± 2,26
5,88 ± 2,12
5,77 ± 1,48
5,69 ± 1,75
a
a
5,73 ± 1,59
5,77 ± 1,79
6,08 ± 1,85
5,92 ± 1,79
Yulaf sütü
5,15 ± 1,82
6,08 ± 1,32
5,62 ± 1,63
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
6,08 ± 0,86
5,38 ± 1,12
5,73 ± 1,04
5,54 ± 1,51
5,23 ± 1,59
5,38 ± 1,53
5,31 ± 1,65
5,62 ± 1,45
5,46 ± 1,53
p
a
0.588
a
0.737
a
0.627
a
0.180
a
0.268
a
0.616
a
0.912
a
0.158
a
0.452
a
0.379
a
0.802
a
0.350
Duyusal analize katılan bireylerin hayvansal ve bitkisel bazlı ürünleri tüketim durumu Şekil
1’de gösterilmiştir. Hayvansal ve bitkisel bazlı ürünleri tüketim durumu için her gün, haftada
5-6, haftada 3-4, haftada 1-2, 15 günde 1 ve ayda 1 yanıtlarını veren bireyler arasında çoğunluk
yüzdeleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bireylerin %34,6’sının haftada 3-4 kez yoğurt,
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%38,5’inin haftada 1-2 inek sütü ve %34,6’sının ayda bir dondurma tükettikleri belirlenmiş ve
genel olarak bireylerin çoğunluğunun hayvansal süt ve ürünlerini tükettikleri görülmüştür.
Bireylerin bitkisel süt tüketimleri incelendiğinde ise bireylerin %3,8’inin ayda bir hindistan
cevizi sütü tükettiği görülmüş ancak diğer bitkisel süt tüketimlerinin olmadığı saptanmıştır.
Bireylerin Hayvansal ve Bitkisel Bazlı Ürünleri Tüketim
Durumları (%)
Sahlep
76,9
Vegan Ayran
Kefir
88,5
42,3
Hidistan Cevizi Sütü
96,2
3,8
Yulaf Sütü
Fındık Sütü
Soya Sütü
11,5
3,8
7,7
Manda Sütü
İnek Sütü
0
20
96,2
40
60
80
100
120
Şekil 1. Duyusal analize katılan bireylerin hayvansal ve bitkisel bazlı ürünleri tüketim durumu
Duyusal analize katılan bireylerin besin neofobi ölçek puanları Şekil 2’de gösterilmiştir.
Erkeklerin besin neofobi ölçek puan ortalaması 36,23±6,04 iken, kadınların besin neofobi ölçek
puan ortalaması 33,61±8,95 puan olarak belirlenmiştir. Erkekler ve kadınların besin neofobi
ölçek puanları arasında önemli farklılık belirlenmemiştir (p=0,392). Toplam besin neofobi
ölçek puan ortalaması ise 34,92±7,60 olarak saptanmıştır. Elde edilen puanlar incelendiğinde
duyusal analize katılan bireylerin besin neofobisinin düşük olduğu saptanmıştır.
Besin Neofobi Ölçeği Puanı
Erkek
Kadın
Toplam
Şekil 2. Duyusal analize katılan bireylerin besin neofobi ölçek puanlarının değerlendirilmesi
Besin nefobi ölçeği sorularının dağılım yüzdeleri Şekil 3’te belirtilmiştir. Çoğunluk cevaplar
değindirildiğinde “sürekli yeni ve farklı besinler seçerim/denerim” sorusuna % 53,8’inin az
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
katıldığı, “yeni besinlere güvenmem” sorusuna %23,1’inin katılmadığı ve %23,1’inin ise
yansız olduğu, “yemeğin içinde ne olduğunu bilmezsem onu tüketmem” sorusuna %29,9’unun
katıldığı, “farklı ülkelere özgü yemekleri severim” sorusuna %38,5’inin az katıldığı, “etnik
besinler, yemek için fazla garip görünüyorlar” sorusuna %30,8’inin yansız olduğu, “yemek
davetlerinde yeni besinler denerim” sorusuna %46,2’sinin katıldığı, “daha önce yemediğim
şeyleri yemeye korkuyorum” sorusuna %34,6’sının katılmıyorum, “tüketeceğim besinler
konusunda çok titizim” sorusuna %30,8’inin az katılıyorum, “neredeyse her şeyi yerim”
sorusuna %30,8’inin az katılıyorum ve “yeni etnik restoranları denemekten hoşlanırım
sorusuna %46,2’sinin katılıyorum cevabını verdiği belirlenmiştir.
Besin Neofobi Ölçeği Sorularının Dağılım Yüzdeleri
Yeni etnik restoranları denemekten hoşlanırım
Neredeyse her şeyi yerim
Tüketeceğim besinler konusunda çok titizim
Daha önce yemediğim şeyleri yemeye korkuyorum
Yemek davetlerinde yeni besinler denerim
3,8 11,5 7,7
23,1
46,2
11,5 11,5 11,5 3,8
19,2
23,1
11,5
7,7
34,6
7,70 15,4
23,1
Etnik besinler, yemek için fazla garip görünüyorlar
30,8
11,5
3,87,7 7,7
38,5
Yemeğin içinde ne olduğunu bilmezsem onu tüketmem
3,8 19,2
7,7 7,7 15,4
Sürekli yeni ve farklı besinler seçerim/denerim
Kesinlikle katılmıyorum
Yansızım (Aradayım)
7,7
23,1
3,87,7 11,5
19,2
30,8
15,4
11,5 7,73,8
11,5
23,1
19,2
34,6
7,7
26,9
23,1
53,8
11,5
11,5 7,7
46,2
Farklı ülkelere özgü yemekleri severim
Yeni besinlere güvenmem
19,2
30,8
19,2
3,8
7,7
19,2
15,4
15,4
15,4 7,7
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
Katılmıyorum
Az katılmıyorum
Az Katılıyorum
Katılıyorum
Şekil 3. Besin neofobi ölçeği sorularının dağılım yüzdelerinin değerlendirilmesi
Duyusal analize katılan bireylerin besin neofobi ölçek puanları Şekil 2’de gösterilmiştir.
Erkeklerin besin neofobi ölçek puan ortalaması 36,23±6,04 iken, kadınların besin neofobi ölçek
puan ortalaması 33,61±8,95 puan olarak belirlenmiştir. Erkekler ve kadınların besin neofobi
ölçek puanları arasında önemli farklılık belirlenmemiştir (p=0,392). Toplam besin neofobi
ölçek puan ortalaması ise 34,92±7,60 olarak saptanmıştır. Elde edilen puanlar incelendiğinde
duyusal analize katılan bireylerin besin neofobisinin düşük olduğu saptanmıştır.Duyusal ya da
hedonik olarak da adlandırılan tüketici kabul edilebilirlik testleri, duyusal çekiciliğe dayalı
olarak bir ürünün beğenilme derecesini değerlendirmek için kullanılan analizlerdir (Fiorentini
et al., 2020). Soya sütünün fermasyonu ile duyusal analiz sonuçlarını değerlendiren çalışmalar
incelendiğinde; yapılan bir çalışmada, soya sütünün fermantasyonu ve 15 günlük depolanması
sonucunda duyusal analiz sonuçlarına göre en yüksek puanın yapı ve doku alanına verildiği
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belirlenirken, renk, koku, tat ve genel kabul edilebilirlik puanlarının düşük olduğu saptanmıştır.
Ayrıca yapı ve doku puanları dışındaki puanlamalarda depolama süresiyle puanlarda
azalmaların olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0,05) (Almghawesh et al., 2022). Yapılan bir diğer
çalışmada, ise soya sütüne ayrı ayrı olmak üzere %2’lik FOS ve %2’lik inülin ilavesi yapılmış
ve yoğurt kültürü ile fermente edilerek 4 °C’de 1, 7, 21 ve 28 gün depo edilmiştir. Duyusal
analiz sonuçlarına göre FOS takviyesi yapılan örnekler inülin takviyeli örneklerle
karşılaştırıldığında önemli ölçüde daha gelişmiş duyusal özelliklerin sağlandığı belirtilmiştir.
İnülin ilaveli örneklerde ise ST-LA ve ST-LR kombinasyonları kullanılarak yapılan örnekler
maksimum duyusal puanı almıştır. İncelenen tüm örnekler arasında görünüm ve doku
puanlarında önemli bir fark bulunmazken (p>0,05) FOS katkılı örneklerin, inülin katkılı
örneklere kıyasla daha iyi görünüm ve tekstür skoruna sahip olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0,05)
(Mishra & Mishra, 2018). Bir başka çalışmada, soya sütü ve hindistan cevizi sütü ilavesi ile
yapılan kombinasyonlar sonucunda duyusal analiz sonuçları incelenmiş ve aroma, kıvam ve
kabul edilebilirlik için en yüksek puanlar soya sütüne %30 hindistan cevizi sütü ilave edilen
kombinasyonda saptanırken, renk ve tat için sade soya sütü daha yüksek puan almıştır (p<0,05)
(Kolapo & Olubamiwa, 2012). Badem sütünün fermasyonu ile duyusal analiz sonuçlarını
değerlendiren çalışmalar incelendiğinde; Türkiye’de yapılan bir çalışmada, badem sütünün S.
thermophilus, Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus ve Bifidobacterium animalis
subsp. lactis bakterileri ile fermantasyonu gerçekleştirilmiş ve 4±1 °C’de 21 gün süresince
depolanmıştır. Depolama günleri karşılaştırıldığında ise panelist değerlendirmelerinde genel
olarak istatistiksel olarak önemli farklar saptanmamıştır (p>0,05) (Yilmaz-Ersan & Topcuoglu,
2022). İspanya’da yapılan bir çalışmada, badem sütü L. reuteri ve S. thermophilus ile fermente
edilmiş ve 4 °C’de 28 gün boyunca depolanmıştır. Çalışmada numuneler ne kadar uzun süre
depolanırsa o kadar asidik olacağı belirtilmesine rağmen duyusal analiz sonuçlarına göre
panelistler, 1 gün boyunca saklanan numunelerin, 28 gün boyunca saklananlara göre önemli
ölçüde daha asidik ve daha az tatlı olduğunu ifade etmişlerdir. Bu tartışmalı sonuç ise fermente
ürünlere keskin ve asidik kokuları aktardığı görülen L. reuteri suşunun neden olduğu uçucu
asetik asidin sentezi dikkate alınarak açıklanmıştır. Bu asit esas olarak fermantasyonun
başlangıcında oluşmakta ve 28 gün depolamadan sonra, uçucu hale gelmesi nedeniyle asetik
asidin olumsuz etkisi ortadan kalkmış olabilir şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Depolama süreleri ve
genel kabul edilebilirlik arasında önemli farklılık belirlenmemiştir (p>0,05) (Bernat et al.,
2015). Türkiye’de yapılan bir çalışmada, fermente badem sütü portakal suyu ilaveleri ile
kombine edilmiş ve duyusal analiz sonucuna göre %30 portakal suyu ilave edilen
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kombinasyona göre ilave yapılmayan fermente badem sütünün kıvam, renk, asitlik, aroma,
genel kabul edilebilirlik puanları önemli düzeyde düşük olarak saptanmıştır (p<0,05) (Duran &
Cevik, 2022). Yulaf sütünün fermasyonu ile duyusal analiz sonuçlarını değerlendiren
çalışmalar incelendiğinde; yapılan bir çalışmada, Streptococcus salivarius sub sp.
thermophilus, L. acidophilus ve Bifidobacterium bifidium suşlarıyla fermente edilen yulaf sütü
4 °C’de 21 gün boyunca depolanmıştır. Duyusal analiz sonuçlarına göre fermente yulaf ve inek
sütünde renk ve görünüş açısından önemli farklılık belirlenmezken (p>0,05) fermente yulaf
sütünde kıvam puanları inek sütüne kıyasla daha yüksek saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Ayrıca inek
sütünün yulaf sütüne göre daha fazla tat, koku ve genel kabul edilebilirlik puanlarına sahip
olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Depolama süresine göre ise inek ve yulaf sütünün genel duyusal
kalitesinin ilk 7 gün artış gösterdiği daha sonrasında ise azaldığı belirtilmiştir (p<0,05) (ElBatawy et al., 2019). Yapılan bir başka çalışmada, deve sütüne yulaf sütü eklenmesiyle yapılan
kombinasyonlarda S. thermophilus, L. acidophilus ve Bifidobacterium bifidum bakterileri ile
fermantasyon gerçekleştirilmiş ve 4±1 °C’de 10 gün süresince depolanmıştır. Deve sütüne
kıyasla %40 yulaf sütünün ilave edilmesi duyusal analiz sonuçlarını olumlu yönde etkileyerek
daha yüksek puanların elde edilmesi ile sonuçlanmıştır (p<0,05) (Atwaa et al., 2020).
Türkiye’de yapılan bir çalışmada, yulaf sütü ve inek sütü farklı kombinasyonlarda karıştırılarak
Lactococcus spp ve Lactobacillus spp. bakterileri ile fermente edilmiş ve 4±1 °C’de 21 gün
boyunca depolanmıştır. Depolama sonrası genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde %60 ile en fazla
yulaf sütü oranı ile yapılan kombinasyonun diğer kombinasyonlara kıyasla tüm duyusal analiz
değerlendirmelerinde daha düşük puana sahip olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0,05) (Dinkçi et al.,
2015). İnek sütünün fermasyonu ile duyusal analiz sonuçlarını değerlendiren çalışmalar
incelendiğinde; Yunanistan’da yapılan benzer bir çalışmada, S. thermophilus, Lb. delbrueckii
ve Lactobacillus casei bakterileri ile fermente edilmiş ve 4 °C’de 28 gün depolama işlemi
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Duyusal analiz sonuçlarına göre fermente inek sütünde en yüksek puan
sırasıyla viskozite, genel kabul edilebilirlik ve renk alanlarına verilmiştir. Keçi sütüne göre
yapılan kıyaslamada inek sütünün genel olarak daha düşük puanlar aldığı belirlenmiştir
(p<0,05) (Dimitrellou et al., 2019). Kanada’da yapılan bir çalışmada, soya sütü ilaveli inek
sütleri Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 bakterisi ile fermente edilmiş ve 4 °C’de 30 gün
depolama işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Duyusal analiz sonuçlarına göre görünüş ve doku
açısından soya ilavesiz fermente inek sütü en yüksek puanı alırken (p<0,05), lezzet ve kabul
edilebilirlik açısından soya ilavesiz fermente inek sütü ve soya sütü ilaveli fermente inek sütleri
benzer puanlar almışlardır (p>0,05) (Fatima & Hekmat, 2020). Yapılan bir başka çalışmada,
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100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 ve 0:100 oranlarında soya sütü ilaveli inek sütü L. acidophilus
NCFM, B. lactis HN019 ve yoğurt bakterileri ile fermente edilmiş ve 4 °C’de 21 gün boyunca
depolanmıştır. Örnek kombinasyonlarından 0:100 ve 100:0 (inek sütü:soya sütü) oranlarının,
depolama süresine göre en düşük ve en yüksek toplam duyusal puana sahip olduğu
belirlenmiştir. genel olarak ise her bir kültür kompozisyonu için 50:50 oranının kullanılması
duyusal analiz açısından en uygun seçenek olarak kabul edilmiştir (Mohammadi et al., 2017).
Bu çalışmada duyusal analiz değerlendirmesinden önce bireylerin hayvansal ve bitkisel bazlı
ürünleri tüketimi ile bu ürünlere karşı neofobi durumlarının olup olmadığını belirlemedeki
amaç ise Türk toplumunun damak tadına uzak olarak nitelendirilebilecek fermente bitkisel bazlı
içeceklerin duyusal analiz sonuçlarında yanlış değerlendirilmelerin dışlanmasını sağlamaktır.
Yapılan bu çalışmada, elde edilen puanlar incelendiğinde ise duyusal analize katılan bireylerin
besin neofobisinin düşük olması çalışma tasarımı ile paralellik göstermiştir.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Özellikle son yıllarda bitkisel süt tercihlerine yönelim ile bu bireyler evlerinde bitkisel sütlerden
fermente içecek ve yoğurt üretimi gibi besinler elde etmektedirler. Bu bireyler bu yolla
kendilerine alternatif fonksiyonel bir içecek ürettiklerini ifade etmektedirler. Bu çalışma
sonuçlarına göre, duyusal analiz sonuçları ve panelist yorumlarına göre fermente bitkisel içecek
üretiminde tüketici açısından aroma içeriğine sahip bakteri suşlarının kullanılmasının tüketici
seçimi için daha iyi olacağı düşünülmektedir. Fermantasyon aşaması her ne kadar ürünün
duyusal özelliğinde iyileşmeler sağlasa da bitkisel sütler Türk damak kültürüne temel olarak
yabancı besinlerdir. Bu nedenle fermente bitkisel içecek elde edilirken aroma içeriğine sahip
bakteri suşlarıyla fermantasyon işlemi gerçekleştirilebilir. Ayrıca bitkisel sütler birbirleri ile
belirli oranlarda karıştırılarak duyusal açıdan daha iyi fermente içeceklerin üretimi sağlanabilir.
Ayrıca depolama süresi ile fermente içeceklerde ekşimsi bir tat ve koku oluşumunun
gerçekleşmesinden dolayı depolama süresinin çok uzun tutulmaması gerekmektedir. Ayıca bu
çalışma yürütülürken ülkemizde toplumun kolayca ulaşabildiği market alanlarında fermente
bitkisel içeceklerin bulunmadığı ve bunun yanında bitkisel süt çeşitlerinin de oldukça sınırlı
olduğu görülmüştür. Toplumumuzda vegan ve vejetaryen bireylerin sayısı gün geçtikçe
artmaktadır. Bu bireylerin besin ve besin ögesi açısından çoğunlukla yetersizlik durumları ile
karşılaşmaları da göz önüne alınarak ticari olarak fermente bitkisel ürünlerin üretiminin
yapılmasının hem bu bireyler hem de sanayide yeni bir sektör açısından faydalı olabileceği
düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın bu anlamda literatüre önemli bir katkı sağlayacağı
düşünülmektedir.
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Bilgilendirme Notu
Bu çalışma, Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beslenme ve Diyetetik Doktora
programında öğrenciliğini tamamlamış olan Gül Eda KILINÇ’ın doktora tez çalışmasından
üretilmiştir.
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Kaynaklar
Almghawesh, E., Slik, S., & Okkou, H. (2022). Processing of Functional Yoghurt-Like Product
from Soymilk Supplemented by Probiotics. International Journal of Food Science, 2022.
Atwaa, E., Hassan, M., & Ramadan, M. F. (2020). Production of probiotic stirred yoghurt from
camel milk and oat milk. Journal of Food and Dairy Sciences, 11(9), 259-264.
Bernat, N., Cháfer, M., Chiralt, A., & González-Martínez, C. (2015). Probiotic fermented
almond “milk” as an alternative to cow-milk yoghurt. International Journal of Food
Studies, 4(2).
Chou, C.-C., & Hou, J.-W. (2000). Growth of bifidobacteria in soymilk and their survival in
the fermented soymilk drink during storage. International Journal of Food Microbiology,
56(2-3), 113-121.
De Souza Oliveira, R. P., Perego, P., Converti, A., & De Oliveira, M. N. (2009). The effect of
inulin as a prebiotic on the production of probiotic fibre‐enriched fermented milk.
International Journal of Dairy Technology, 62(2), 195-203.
Dimitrellou, D., Salamoura, C., Kontogianni, A., Katsipi, D., Kandylis, P., Zakynthinos, G., &
Varzakas, T. (2019). Effect of milk type on the microbiological, physicochemical and
sensory characteristics of probiotic fermented milk. Microorganisms, 7(9), 274.
Dinkçi, N., Kesenkaş, H., Korel, F., & Kınık, Ö. (2015). Inovativan pristup: Kefir na bazi
mješavine kravljeg i zobenog mlijeka. Mljekarstvo: časopis za unaprjeđenje proizvodnje
i prerade mlijeka, 65(3), 177-186.
Duman, E., Akçil Ok, M., & Keser, A. (2020). Besin neofobisi ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması:
Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 157161.
Duran, G., & Cevik, M. (2022). Investigation of the changes in rheological properties and some
quality characteristics of probiotic fermented almond milk with added different ratios of
orange juice. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(5), e16562.
El-Batawy, O. I., Mahdy, S. M., & Gohari, S. T. (2019). Development of functional fermented
oat milk by using probiotic strains and whey protein. Int. J. Dairy Sci, 14(1), 21-28.
Fatima, S. M., & Hekmat, S. (2020). Microbial and sensory analysis of soy and cow milk-based
yogurt as a probiotic matrix for Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1. Fermentation, 6(3), 74.
Fiorentini, M., Kinchla, A. J., & Nolden, A. A. (2020). Role of sensory evaluation in consumer
acceptance of plant-based meat analogs and meat extenders: A scoping review. Foods,
9(9), 1334.
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Henchion, M., Hayes, M., Mullen, A. M., Fenelon, M., & Tiwari, B. (2017). Future protein
supply and demand: strategies and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium. Foods,
6(7), 53.
Jones, J. L., Fernandez, M. L., McIntosh, M. S., Najm, W., Calle, M. C., Kalynych, C., Vukich,
C., Barona, J., Ackermann, D., & Kim, J. E. (2011). A Mediterranean-style low-glycemicload diet improves variables of metabolic syndrome in women, and addition of a
phytochemical-rich medical food enhances benefits on lipoprotein metabolism. Journal
of clinical lipidology, 5(3), 188-196.
Kamil, A., & Chen, C.-Y. O. (2012). Health benefits of almonds beyond cholesterol reduction.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 60(27), 6694-6702.
Kolapo, A. L., & Olubamiwa, A. O. (2012). Effect of different concentrations of coconut milk
on the chemical and sensory properties of soy-coconut milk based yoghurt. Food and
Public Health, 2(4), 85-91.
Liu, R. H. (2012). Health benefits of phytochemicals in whole foods. Nutritional health:
Strategies for disease prevention, 293-310.
Mäkinen, O. E., Wanhalinna, V., Zannini, E., & Arendt, E. K. (2016). Foods for special dietary
needs: Non-dairy plant-based milk substitutes and fermented dairy-type products.
Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 56(3), 339-349.
Mishra, S., & Mishra, H. N. (2018). Comparative study of the synbiotic effect of inulin and
fructooligosaccharide with probiotics with regard to the various properties of fermented
soy milk. Food Science and Technology International, 24(7), 564-575.
Mohammadi, R., Yousefi, M., Sarlak, Z., Shah, N. P., Mortazavian, A. M., Sadeghi, E., &
Khajavi, M. Z. (2017). Influence of commercial culture composition and cow milk to soy
milk ratio on the biochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of a probiotic
fermented composite drink. Food science and biotechnology, 26, 749-757.
Mühlhansová, A., Sluková, M., Schulzová, V., & Plocková, M. (2015). Fermentation of
Soymilk by Yoghurt and Bifidobacteria Strains. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 33(4).
Outlook, O.-F. A. (2021). OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021–2030. Outlook, 2030.
OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023-2032. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1787/08801ab7-en
Paul, A. A., Kumar, S., Kumar, V., & Sharma, R. (2020). Milk Analog: Plant based alternatives
to conventional milk, production, potential and health concerns. Critical reviews in food
science and nutrition, 60(18), 3005-3023.
Phillips, G. O., & Williams, P. A. (2011). Handbook of food proteins. Elsevier.
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Pliner, P., & Hobden, K. (1992). Development of a scale to measure the trait of food neophobia
in humans. Appetite, 19(2), 105-120.
Saad, N., Delattre, C., Urdaci, M., Schmitter, J.-M., & Bressollier, P. (2013). An overview of
the last advances in probiotic and prebiotic field. LWT-Food Science and Technology,
50(1), 1-16.
Sethi, S., Tyagi, S. K., & Anurag, R. K. (2016). Plant-based milk alternatives an emerging
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Yilmaz-Ersan, L., & Topcuoglu, E. (2022). Evaluation of instrumental and sensory
measurements using multivariate analysis in probiotic yogurt enriched with almond milk.
Journal of food science and technology, 1-11.
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BETONDA SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK: PUZOLANİK ÇİMENTO ESASLI
MALZEMELERİN AVANTAJLARININ ARAŞTIRILMASI
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zehra Funda AKBULUT* (ORCID: 0000-0002-7621-7607)
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mining, Van-Türkiye
Email:fundaakbulut@yyu.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Soner GULER (ORCID: 0000-0002-9470-8557)
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil, Van-Türkiye
Email: gulersoner@yyu.edu.tr
Özet
Beton üretiminde, geleneksel Portland çimentosu (PC) yerine puolanik malzemelerin (SCM'ler)
kullanılması, hem karbon dioksit (CO2) emisyonlarının önemli ölçüde azalmasını sağlar hem
de sürdürülebilirliğe önemli katkı sağlar. Beton, küresel konut ihtiyaçlarına yanıt veren temel
bir yapı malzemesidir ve yıllık üretimi 10 milyar m3'ü aşmaktadır, suyun ardından en çok
üretilen ve tüketilen ikinci madde konumundadır. Çimento, su, agrega ve çeşitli kimyasal katkı
maddelerini içeren beton, hidratasyon reaksiyonları sonucunda zamanla katılaşır ve
dayanıklılık kazanır. Taze betonun zorunluluğu, belirlenen yükleri karşılamak için optimum
işlenebilirlik özelliklerine ve yeterli basınç dayanımına sahip olmasıdır. Bununla birlikte,
geleneksel betonda birincil bağlayıcı malzeme olarak Portland Çimentosu'na (PC) yaygın
olarak kullanılması, CO2 emisyonlarının artışına önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunarak çevre ve
sağlık risklerinin meydana gelmesine sebep olur. Bu olumsuz etkinin azaltılması için çimento
esaslı ürünlerde PC'lerin SCM'lerle değiştirilmesi ve sürdürülebilir uygulamalara doğru bir
değişim gerekmektedir. Çeşitli endüstriyel işlemlerden elde edilen yüksek fırın cürufu (GBFS),
silis dumanı (SF) ve uçucu kül (FA) gibi atık puzolanik malzemeler, PC üretiminin çevresel
etkisinin azaltılmasında önemli bir rol oynar. Bu atık malzemelerin beton karışımlarına entegre
edilmesi, inşaat sektöründe sürdürülebilirliğin ve çevresel sorumluluğun geliştirilmesi yönünde
önemli bir adımdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Beton, karbon azaltımı, tamamlayıcı çimentolu malzemeler
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SUSTAINABILITY IN CONCRETE: EXPLORING THE BENEFITS OF
POZZOLANIC CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS
Abstract
In concrete production, the use of pozzolanic materials (SCMs) instead of traditional Portland
cement (PC) not only significantly reduces carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions but also contributes
significantly to sustainability. Concrete, a fundamental building material addressing global
housing needs, boasts an annual production exceeding 10 billion m3, positioning itself as the
second most produced and consumed substance after water. Concrete, consisting of cement,
water, aggregate, and various chemical additives, solidifies and gains strength over time
through hydration reactions. The imperative for fresh concrete lies in possessing optimal
workability properties and sufficient compressive strength to meet designated loads. However,
the prevalent reliance on Portland Cement (PC) as the primary binding material in conventional
concrete significantly contributes to heightened CO2 emissions, posing environmental and
health risks. Mitigating such impact necessitates a shift towards sustainable practices,
emphasizing the substitution of PCs with SCMs in concrete formulations. Critical pozzolanic
materials like blast furnace slag (GBFS), silica fume (SF), and fly ash (FA), derived from
various industrial processes, play a pivotal role in curbing the environmental impact of PC
production. Integrating these waste materials into concrete mixtures is a critical stride towards
fostering sustainability and environmental responsibility in the construction industry."
Keywords: Concrete, carbon reduction, supplementary cementitious materials
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Introduction
In accelerated industrialization and heightened energy demands, reliance on fossil fuels raises
critical environmental concerns. Utilizing waste materials in various applications presents an
avenue for achieving sustainable development, concurrently improving the quality of life by
mitigating environmental pollution. Concrete, a ubiquitous construction material in structures
ranging from residences and shopping malls to bridges and dams, underscores the need for a
paradigm shift toward sustainability in the construction industry. Heightened societal emphasis
on sustainable practices, escalating demands, decreasing resource availability, and the
imperative to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, necessitates innovative approaches
within the construction sector (Hasanbeigi et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2015; Gartner & Hirao 2015).
The cement sector, contributing approximately 5% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions,
underscores the urgency to address sustainability issues arising from CO2 emissions in Portland
cement (PC) production (Andrew 2018). The conventional use of fossil fuels in PC production
results in the release of 1 ton of CO2 per ton of clinker produced, necessitating transformative
measures (Justnes 2012). A compelling strategy involves replacing a portion of cement in
concrete with mineral additives, such as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) or silica
fume (SF), both possessing latent hydraulic properties. This approach significantly mitigates
CO2 emissions from cement production, contributing to environmental preservation and
sustainability (Saranya et al. 2018; Shin et al. 2016; Song et al. 2022). Globally, PC production
reached approximately 4 billion tons in 2015, with Turkey contributing 75 million tons,
resulting in an annual release of 60 million tons of CO2 (Özcan & Güngör 2019).
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) are pivotal in concrete production, serving as
secondary binders alongside PC. Implementing fly ash (FA) as a percentage replacement for
PC influences various fresh and hardened concrete properties, including workability, hydration
characteristics, and mechanical strength (Han et al. 2022; Wang 2019; Zhang et al. 2014). A
schematic representation of the benefits of FA in concrete mixes is shown (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. A shematic representation of the benefits of FA in concrete mixes
Fly ash (FA) reacts with lime from cement hydration, forming an additional binding gel that
enhances concrete compactness, reduces permeability, and augments durability (Nath & Sarker
2011; O’Brien et al. 2009). Moreover, Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs),
including FA, significantly impact compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and timedependent deformations in concrete, influencing properties such as creep and shrinkage (Johari
et al. 2011). Durability aspects, including resistance to acids, sulfates, alkali-aggregate reaction,
repeated freeze-thaw cycles, and reinforcement corrosion, are also profoundly influenced by
SCMs, varying based on their type and pozzolanic activity (Limbachiya et al. 2012; Wang et
al. 2021; Jiang et al. 2022). As an artificial pozzolan, FA consists of glassy, spherical granular
particles that enhance concrete strength and durability through a hydration reaction with slaked
lime (Ebrahimi et al. 2017; Diamond 1986). The integration of SCMs emerges as a
transformative strategy, redefining the landscape of concrete production to align with
sustainable principles and mitigate the environmental impact associated with traditional
practices.The construction industry is undergoing a transformative shift towards sustainable
practices, and a key player in this evolution is the strategic integration of supplemental
cementitious materials (SCMs). These materials, including fly ash, slag, and silica fume, are
gaining prominence for their significant contributions to environmental conservation and
improved concrete performance. SCMs are valuable alternatives to traditional Portland cement
(PC), the primary binder in concrete production. By incorporating these materials into concrete
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mixtures, the industry can address environmental concerns, particularly the high carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions associated with PC production. Reducing CO2 emissions aligns with global
sustainability goals, marking a crucial step towards creating environmentally responsible
structures.The importance of SCMs lies in their environmental benefits and their positive
impact on concrete properties. Concrete blended with SCMs exhibits enhanced durability,
reduced permeability, and improved resistance to harsh environmental conditions. These
improvements contribute to the longevity and resilience of structures, reducing the need for
frequent maintenance and repairs. Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion is a commonly used
SCM. Its incorporation in concrete not only diverts waste from landfills but also enhances
workability, mitigates the risk of alkali-silica reaction, and improves sulfate resistance.
Similarly, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), a byproduct of iron production,
contributes to concrete strength development, reduces heat of hydration, and enhances
resistance to aggressive chemicals. Silica fume, an ultrafine byproduct of silicon and
ferrosilicon alloy production, is another noteworthy SCM. Its addition to concrete enhances
compressive strength, reduces permeability, and provides resistance to chloride ion penetration.
Using silica fume is particularly advantageous in marine structures and environments with high
chloride concentrations. In conclusion, adopting SCMs in the construction industry represents
a significant stride towards sustainability and improved concrete performance. By reducing
reliance on traditional binders like PCs and incorporating these innovative materials, the
industry can meet the growing demand for environmentally responsible practices while
ensuring the longevity and resilience of structures. As the construction sector prioritizes
sustainability, SCMs emerge as indispensable elements in shaping an industry's greener and
more robust future.
Conclusion
Concrete, a widely-used building material known for its strength and affordability, is facing
serious challenges due to its reliance on Portland cement (PC). The production of PC is a major
contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, harming the environment and increasing
production costs. To address these issues, there's a recent push to reduce the use of PC in
concrete and explore alternatives that are both environmentally friendly and cost-effective.
Materials like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), fly ash (FA), and silica fume (SF)
from industrial waste are gaining attention as potential substitutes for PC in concrete. This shift
not only helps in reducing CO2 emissions but also opens up avenues for creating concrete that's
more sustainable. Researchers, the construction industry, and end-users are actively involved
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in adopting these eco-friendly practices. It's essential to delve into the detailed properties,
advantages, and potential challenges of using GBFS, FA, and SF in concrete to ensure
environmentally conscious production. Beyond just mitigating environmental impact, the move
towards sustainable concrete production could fundamentally change construction practices,
aligning with global sustainability goals. Concrete mixes enriched with GBFS, FA, and SF not
only meet rigorous standards but also offer superior qualities such as increased durability,
strength, and resistance to environmental factors. These benefits extend beyond the construction
site, making substantial contributions to reducing carbon footprints, lessening environmental
harm, and enhancing overall well-being. As awareness grows and industry practices evolve, the
momentum towards sustainable concrete production is poised to significantly impact the future
of construction. Collaborative efforts involving researchers, industry players, and end-users are
vital in driving this shift towards widely adopting environmentally friendly and economically
viable concrete formulations. Embracing this change isn't just an option; it's a collective
responsibility towards building a sustainable future for the construction industry and the planet.
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in fly-ash concrete. Construction and building materials, 27(1), 439-449.
Nath, P., & Sarker, P. (2011). Effect of fly ash on the durability properties of high strength
concrete. Procedia Engineering, 14, 1149-1156.
O’Brien, K. R., Ménaché, J., & O’Moore, L. M. (2009). Impact of fly ash content and fly ash
transportation distance on embodied greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption in
concrete. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 14, 621-629.
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Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (15), 176-182.
Saranya, P., Nagarajan, P., & Shashikala, A. P. (2018, March). Eco-friendly GGBS concrete: a
state-of-the-art review. In IOP conference series: materials science and engineering (Vol.
330, No. 1, p. 012057). IOP Publishing.
Shin, H. O., Yang, J. M., Yoon, Y. S., & Mitchell, D. (2016). Mix design of concrete for
prestressed concrete sleepers using blast furnace slag and steel fibers. Cement and
Concrete Composites, 74, 39-53.
Siriruang, C., Toochinda, P., Julnipitawong, P., & Tangtermsirikul, S. (2016). CO2 capture
using fly ash from coal fired power plant and applications of CO2-captured fly ash as a
mineral admixture for concrete. Journal of environmental management, 170, 70-78.
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Song, B., Hu, X., Liu, S., & Shi, C. (2022). Chloride binding of early CO2-cured Portland
cement-fly ash-GGBS ternary pastes. Cement and Concrete Composites, 134, 104793.
Vairagade, V. S., Parbat, D. K., & Dhale, S. A. (2015). Fly ash as sustainable material for green
concrete-A state of art. Int. J. Res. Eng. Sci. Technol, 1(2), 17-24.
Wang, X. Y. (2019). Simulation for optimal mixture design of low-CO2 high-volume fly ash
concrete considering climate change and CO2 uptake. Cement and Concrete Composites,
104, 103408.
Wang, Y., Lu, B., Hu, X., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Pan, X., ... & Shi, C. (2021). Effect of CO2 surface
treatment on penetrability and microstructure of cement-fly ash–slag ternary concrete.
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Yang, K. H., Jung, Y. B., Cho, M. S., & Tae, S. H. (2015). Effect of supplementary cementitious
materials on reduction of CO2 emissions from concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production,
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Zhang, Y. R., Liu, M. H., Xie, H. B., & Wang, Y. F. (2014, December). Assessment of CO2
emissions and cost in fly ash concrete. In Environment, Energy and Applied Technology:
Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Frontier of Energy and Environment
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MODERN İNŞAAT UYGULAMALARINDA RENKLİ BETONUN ROLÜ VE
ÖNEMİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Doç. Dr. Zehra Funda AKBULUT* (ORCID: 0000-0002-7621-7607)
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mining, Van-Türkiye
Email: fundaakbulut@yyu.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Soner GULER (ORCID: 0000-0002-9470-8557)
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil, Van-Türkiye,
Email: gulersoner@yyu.edu.tr
Öğr. Görevlisi Faruk OSMANOĞLU (ORCID: 0000-0003-1842-1949)
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, VanTürkiye
Email: farukosmanoglu@yyu.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Mehmet Rıza Kavanç (ORCID: 0000-0002-9667-1225)
Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van School of Health Sciences, Department of Health of
Science, Van-Türkiye
Email: mr.kivanc@yyu.edu.tr
Özet
Renkli beton, estetik uygulamalardan ortaya çıkan bir malzemedir ve beton matrisi içinde
pigmentler kullanılarak elde edilmektedir. Sağlam ve aşınmaya dayanıklı bir tabaka sağlamanın
ötesinde, görsel olarak çekici bir yüzey elde edilmektedir. Genellikle beton renklendirme için
iki yöntem kullanılır. İlk yöntem, betonun üzerine renklendiricilerin, genellikle toz halindeki
pigmentlerin, taze betona eklenmesini içerir ve ardından baskı kalıplar kullanılarak desenler
oluşturulur. Alternatif yöntem ise renklendiricilerin geleneksel beton karışımına, agregalar,
kum, çimento, su ve katkı maddeleri içeren karışıma doğrudan entegre edilmesini içermektedir.
Baskı betondan farklı olarak, bu teknik toz halindeki pigmentleri gerektirir ve genellikle demir
ve krom oksit gibi inorganik minerallerden oluşmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, ikinci yaklaşım
renklendiricilerin ve renkli çimento çeşitlerinin kullanılmasına izin verir ve yapı
uygulamalarında geleneksel gri çimento kullanımından farklı alternatifler tanımaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Renkli beton, baskı beton, renklendiriciler, toz pigmentler
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ASSESSING THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF COLORED CONCRETE IN
MODERN CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
Abstract
Colored concrete emerges from aesthetic applications employing pigments within the concrete
matrix. Beyond providing a robust wear-resistant layer, it achieves a visually appealing surface.
Generally, two methods are employed for concrete coloring. The first involves pressing
concrete, where layers of colorants, typically powdered, are introduced to fresh concrete before
employing texturing molds. The alternative method is directly integrating colorants into the
conventional concrete mixture comprising stone aggregates, sand, cement, water, and additives.
In contrast to stamped concrete, this technique necessitates powdered pigments, typically
inorganic minerals such as iron and chromium oxides. Alternatively, the second approach
allows for the use of pigments and colored cement varieties, deviating from the conventional
gray cement in construction applications.
Keywords: Colored concrete, pressing concrete, colorants, powdered pigments.
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Introduction
Global surges in demand for construction projects have positioned concrete as the most
extensively utilized building material (Shah et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022; Naik, 2020; Kishore &
Gupta, 2020; Chyliński et al., 2022). Beyond its utilitarian applications, concrete serves as a
prominent architectural material within the construction industry, demonstrating not only
versatility but also aesthetic potential. Traditional concrete production incorporates gray
cement, while the inclusion of white cement and pigments expands avenues for color
customization. Colored concrete finds widespread applications in sculpture, surface reliefs,
exterior facades, the manufacturing of interior architectural products, and the design of park
and garden furniture (Karagüler, 2002; Karagüler, 2003; Özkul, 2005).The term 'architectural
concrete' refers to the transparency of the produced concrete or reinforced concrete element on
the outer surface without requiring an additional coating layer. This type of concrete, often
referred to as 'exposed concrete,' is prominently visible on the outer shell of buildings. In
specific construction applications, 'exposed concrete' is also utilized within the interior of
buildings. The introduction of pigments to architectural concrete enables the creation of desired
colors and textures (Sharifi & Sheibani, 2022; Utesena & Pernicova, 2022; Arruda Junior et al.,
2022). In the production of colored concrete, aesthetic considerations become pivotal alongside
conventional concrete's expected workability, strength, and durability properties. Various
aspects, including the impact of pigments on cement setting, color stability, resistance to
environmental conditions, effects on mechanical properties, and resilience against factors like
heat and freezing-thawing, gain significance in colored concrete (Sharifi & Sheibani, 2022;
Utesena & Pernicova, 2022). Beyond these properties, attention to the formwork system and
mold release agents is crucial for achieving visually appealing colored concrete applications
(Arruda Junior et al., 2022). Research in this domain has delved into the effects of mineral
pigments on the compressive strength of colored concrete, with a focus on the role of an
improved color palette in current urban environments (Sharifi & Sheibani, 2022). Another study
explored the color stability of colored concrete over time, depending on the type of pigment
used (Utesena & Pernicova, 2022). Additionally, a study investigated the use of red mud and
kaolin waste in the production of a new building material, specifically a pozzolanic pigment for
colored concrete and mortar (Arruda Junior et al., 2022). These academic endeavors
collectively contribute valuable insights into the aesthetic and performance dimensions of
colored concrete, reflecting its increasing popularity in the construction industry (Shah et al.,
2021; Li et al., 2022; Naik, 2020; Kishore & Gupta, 2020; Chyliński et al., 2022; Karagüler,
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2002; Karagüler, 2003; Özkul, 2005; Sharifi & Sheibani, 2022; Utesena & Pernicova, 2022;
Arruda Junior et al., 2022).
Exploring Colored Concrete Applications: A Concise Overview
Colored concrete has become a favored building material in contemporary architectural
practices, attracting attention for its pronounced aesthetic potential. Integration of color
pigments into the concrete mix expands the palette beyond conventional gray tones, offering a
spectrum of colors that substantially enhance the visual appeal of architectural endeavors (Tau
et al., 2023; de Sousa et al., 2020; Assaad et al., 2022). The resultant color intensity of cured
concrete is intricately influenced by various factors inherent in the concrete mix production
process, notably the type and color of the cement employed. Parameters such as the quantity of
aggregate, water-to-cement ratio, mold absorption, release agent type, and, in the case of
colored concrete, the pigment dosage and color tone play pivotal roles in determining the
outcome (Golshan et al., 2023; Jinnai, 2020; Saade & Assaad, 2022). The dosage of added
pigment is typically expressed in terms of the weight of the binder, emphasizing precision in
weight rather than volume. Misinterpretations or deviations in the bulk density of the pigment
used during the addition process can lead to undesirable fluctuations in the resulting color
intensity, underscoring the importance of meticulous dosage control (Jinnai, 2020; Saade &
Assaad, 2022). Furthermore, due to its chemical composition, an often-overlooked component
profoundly influences the concrete hardening process, thereby impacting the ultimate state of
the concrete (Mahmud & Abdulrehman, 2021). This intricate interplay of variables underscores
the need for a comprehensive understanding and precise management of factors contributing to
concrete coloration, ensuring optimal aesthetic outcomes in architectural applications.
Conclusion
In contemporary construction practices, there has been a substantial upsurge in using pigments
to design concrete structural elements, enhancing conventional concrete's aesthetic appeal.
Colored concretes derived from these pigments find extensive application, particularly in selfcompacting concretes, repair mortars, and paving and curb stones adorning parks and gardens.
The prevalence of colored concrete, particularly in Arab and Gulf countries, is noteworthy in
today's construction landscape, attributed to elevated living standards, cutting-edge
construction techniques, and a growing preference for intricate works and decorative elements
among end-users. Despite the evident advantages of colored concrete, scientific research in this
domain remains relatively scarce compared to other engineering disciplines. Structural-colored
concrete emerges as a material offering unique aesthetic qualities, disrupting the monotony of
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traditional buildings and proving more cost-effective as a finishing surface. The exploration of
such specialized concretes is inherently innovative, given the need for more research,
particularly concerning durability. The capacity to imbue concrete with hues spanning yellow,
orange, red, blue, and green enhances structural attractiveness and presents captivating design
opportunities. This study delves into various examples elucidating the evolving use and
development of colored concrete in construction applications. By emphasizing the aesthetic and
economic dimensions, it underscores the transformative impact of colored concrete in breaking
traditional design paradigms and contributing to a more visually dynamic built environment.
Thanks and Information Note
This study was supported by the Department of Scientific Research Projects (BAP) of the
University of Van Yüzüncü Yıl, Van, Turkey with the project ID FCD-2023-10468. The
authors thank the University of Van YYU BAP unit for supporting this study.
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References
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and kaolin waste in the production of a new building material: pozzolanic pigment for
colored concrete and mortar. Matéria (Rio de Janeiro), 27.
Assaad, J. J., Mata, M., & Saade, J. (2022). Effect of pigments on bond strength between
coloured concrete and steel reinforcement. Acta Polytechnica, 62(2), 248-261
Chyliński, F., Michalik, A., & Kozicki, M. (2022). Effectiveness of Curing Compounds for
Concrete. Materials, 15(7), 2699.
de Sousa, G. M., Oliveira, K. R., & de Lima Gomes, A. J. (2020). Compressive strength of
colored concrete with iron oxide in the city of Teófilo Otoni in Minas Gerais.
International Journal of Geoscience, Engineering and Technology, 1(1), 69-77.
Golshan, M. R., Avaznejad, F., & Sheibani, H. (2023). Laboratory investigation of
compressive, tensile and wear resistance of concrete with Limonite mineral pigment with
emphasis on urban beautification. Journal of Color Science and Technology, 17(1), 5163
Jinnai, H. (2020). A Fundamental Study on the Effect of Pigment Use Amount on the Color of
Colored Mortar. Journal of The Society of Photographic Science and Technology of
Japan, 83(2), 120-121.
Shah, S. N., Mo, K. H., Yap, S. P., Yang, J., & Ling, T. C. (2021). Lightweight foamed concrete
as a promising avenue for incorporating waste materials: A review. Resources,
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Kishore, K., & Gupta, N. (2020). Application of domestic & industrial waste materials in
concrete: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 26, 2926-2931.
Li, Z., Zhou, X., Ma, H., & Hou, D. (2022). Advanced concrete technology. John Wiley &
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Mahmud, M. H., & Abdulrehman, M. A. (2021). Studying some of the mechanical and physical
properties of colored geopolymer concrete. J Eng Sustain Dev (JEASD), 1(Special Issue),
49-59.
Naik, T. R. (2020). Sustainability of the cement and concrete industries. In Sustainable
construction materials and technologies (pp. 19-25). CRC Press.
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Özkul H., (2005) Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Betonların Genel Özellikleri Yapılarda Kimyasal
Katkılar / Bildiriler.
Saade, J., & Assaad, J. J. (2022). Effect of Pigments on Structural Properties of Colored
Reinforced Concrete Beams. Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 11(1), 17-32.
Sharifi, M., & Sheibani, H. (2022). The effect of mineral pigments on the compressive strength
of colored concrete by focusing on the role of improved color palette in current cities of
Iran. Journal of Color Science and Technology, 16(1), 81-92.
Tau, A. L., Maree, J. P., Letjiane, S. L., Adeniyi, A., & Onyango, M. S. Pigment Recovered
from Iron Rich Mine Water for use in Colored Concrete.
Utesena, M., & Pernicova, R. (2022). Color Stability of Colored Concrete over Time Depending
on the Type of Pigment. Materials and Technologies of Modern Production, 173.
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FRENCH AND THE IMAGE OF AMIR TEMUR INTERPRETATIONS IN UZBEK
LITERATURE
Nasirov Azimidin NORMAMATOVICH
Tashkent International University of Kimyo
Email:azmiddinnosirov@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Introduction and Purpose: The place of great historical figures in the world civilization, their
activities on the page of history have become the basis for analysis and interpretations in
different periods. In the course of historical development, leaders of mankind have emerged in
different eras. This proves that they have a strong spirit of humanity, worldliness, and the spirit
of convincing the people to follow their thoughts and views. Therefore, it is necessary to note
that the great historical figures who left a significant mark in the history of the world have their
place in the civilization of a certain era. Materials and Methods: It should also be noted that the
life of historical figures in this process is complex, full of socio-political conflicts, and emerged
in the background of contradictions. The place, knowledge, and potential of the historical
figures of this period are leading in the structure of civilization, which prepares the ground for
the analysis and interpretation of their skills in this process, which will be studied by the peoples
of the world centuries later. Studying long-term historical processes, drawing analytical
conclusions, analyzing the processes of creating the artistic image of the great historical figures
of a certain nation, their recognition by the peoples of the world, and the ability to deeply
understand their place in a certain historical situation are comparable. based on the example of
analysis.Marcel Brion was considered a talented person who perfectly knew and understood
not only French history and literature, but also world history, as well as the history of Turkic
peoples. In the process of creating the image of historical figures who contributed to the creation
of great history in their time, first of all, they study their history, activities, their place in social
and political life, get acquainted with historical sources, and conduct long research. Along with
the high assessment of the creator's research in the process of studying history and the activities
of historical figures, it is shown in the example of analysis that Marcel Brion is one of the
talented people who was able to reasonably and correctly assess the activities of people in world
history. Starting from 1924, Marcel Brion published his first exercises in magazines such as Le
Feu, L'Art vivant, Fortunio. In his early creations, the tradition of understanding man,
reasonable interpretation of his psychology, analysis of unique qualities in the process of
historical period and environment was leading. Together with his colleagues, he also founded
the magazine Les Cahiers du Sud. There are reasons why this magazine is a leader not only in
France, but also in world civilization. During the time of Marcel Brion, the magazine became
famous not only in the West, but also in the world. The main reason for this is that it is also
famous for expressing reasonable views, analyses, concepts, dialectic unity between life and
man.The image of Amir Temur and his artistic expression are leading in the work of Marcel
Brion. In the historical novels of the writer, the complex and conflicting characteristics of the
era, the artistic expression of the concepts of governance and humanity are based on leadership.
We tried to justify that the historical events, the life and complexities of the people of Shaqr
were revived on the basis of very real events. At the core of the works of Marcel Brion's work,
the artist's skill in creating an artistic expression of historical reality is based on the example of
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analysis. The talented master of Uzbek literature Muhammad Ali skill in creating the image of
Amir Temur and the Timurids is comparatively analyzed on the example of the works of Marcel
Brion. This allowed to analyze the poetic features of Uzbek literature, which is a component of
world literature, based on the example of historical works.
Key words: history, life, image, analiz, creativity.
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Introduction: In the history of Danya, the activities of great historical figures, their actions on
the pages of history are represented not only by historical sources, but also by their
interpretation in artistic and journalistic spheres. It is not for nothing that the artistic image of
people who have taken an important place in the development of society is interpreted in epic
works. The artistic image of figures from the history, together with the artistic reproduction of
their various characteristics, became the basis for interpreting their spiritual world.In the
interpretation of the figure of a historical figure and his artistic character, space and time, i.e.,
the historical function of the chronotope, also lead, because the historical figure also acts in a
certain space and time. The artistic expression of this movement deepens in the chronotope.
The artistic expression of the historical truth is embodied on the basis of the characteristics of
the historical scene, and it requires a perfect study of the life of a person, his activity on the
stage of history.In the novel "Menkim, Sahibqiron - Jahangir Temur" by the mature
representative of French literature, it is based on the peculiarities of the artistic interpretations
of the image of the historical figure, to show that Amir Temur's activity, his struggles, and his
life full of hardships are interpreted. In the work, the understanding of a person in the series of
historical events is to reveal the creative skill in the artistic expression of reality aimed at
illuminating his character traits.The main feature arising from the article is to study, analyze,
and draw reasonable conclusions about the expression of the image of great historical figures
in world literature based on the artistic inkosi of historical reality in the artistic interpretations
of the image of Amir Temur in the interpretation of Marcel Brion. The author's well-studied
history of Movarounnahr and Khorasan, which is the basis for the artistic interpretation of the
character of Amir Temur by the creator and historian, and the analysis of the basis for the
incorporation of reasonable images into the artistic text.
Review of literature: world novels, direct historical novels have their own views on the
chronotope, its artistic function in the text, and world literary scholars have their own views. In
particular, the theoretical views of world scientists such as H. Meyerhof [1], A. James, W.
Heffernan [2], J. Guller [3], M. Atkins [4] should be noted. Also, theoretical views analyzing
various artistic features of the chronotope have been noted. M. Vukanovicand, L. Grmusa [5]
analyzed the dialectical unity of the chronotope, epic space and time in the novel, while N.
Bemong, P. Scholars such as Borghart [6] noted the concepts of the role of space and time in
the formation of the character of the historical Shavs. Russian scientists such as M.M.Bakhtin
[7], E.Meletinsky [8], V.E.Khalizev [9] analyzed the characteristics of the poetics of the
chronotope in the work of art, while Uzbek scientists U. Jurakulov's researches talk about the
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characteristics of the chronotope in the poetic interpretation of the creator. Yuritsa [10], and B.
Toraeva analyzes the artistic functions of chronotope in modern novels [11]. A.N. Nasirov in
his monograph "Artistic and vital reality" revealed the features of the chronotope in the artistic
expression of historical reality [12; 13; 14]. Also, in historical novels, the individual
characteristics of the artistic era [15], in the comparative-typological content [16; 17] analyzed
poetic features consisting of forms, categories and methods of epic time [18; 19]. Based on the
creative concept of the author of the historical novel and the general poetic concept of his work,
he analyzed and made theoretical conclusions based on the role of the artistic era in the
formation of the character of the hero of the work [20].It is possible to observe the unique
interpretations of the character of the master Amir Temur, because in the interpretations of the
novel "Jahongir Temur" by the French historian, scientist and writer Marcel Brion, the artistic
expression of the truth of history is skillfully illuminated. It can be justified that the artistic
expression of the interpretations in the writer's novel is skillfully interpreted [21].
The main part. It is a work covering the life and activities of our great grandfather Amir Temur
from the history pages of the French historian, scientist, writer Marcel Brion. In the work, Amir
interprets the period from Temur's childhood to the last moments of his life. In the novel, his
mental and spiritual image is reasonably revealed. At the heart of this, it can be observed that
the environment of the period in which the hero of the work lived is also interpreted very
reasonably.In the novel, Marcel Brion, speaking of the birth of Amir Temur, his father's views
on his child, it is not without reason that he pays serious attention to the specific customs and
traditions of the peoples of the East: "My father's name is Turagai, the city of Kesh He was one
of the owners. He was a person who gained special respect and attention among the residents
of the city. He had a dream some time before I was born, in which an angel came to him and
put a sword in his hand. My father took the sword and swung it over his head, and they woke
up immediately" [21, p. 3]. As the work begins with these interpretations, one can observe the
originality of its interpretations. From the first pages of the work, it is not for nothing that it
begins with the centuries-old customs and principles of the people of Shaqr. Mahmud Tragai's
dream also brought a unique artistry to the work. It is inextricably linked with the father's dream,
the interpretation of its reasons, and the birth of Amir Temur more than a year later.Character
centers the system of events and the components of the plot. The personality of the hero is
formed according to the direction of the will. The meaning and content of the image achieves
social status at the intersection of interests and needs. Therefore, human nature is such that he
always feels helpless in the face of objective reality. The social essence determines the lifestyle
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and living space of each character. Rather, society's demands and requirements, or fate's
judgment, play an important role in the formation of human character. The complete and fullblooded nature of the artistic character depends on the pathos of a number of aesthetic criteria.
In our opinion, the poet's poetic skill is manifested in the impartial description of images on the
border of possibility and impossibility, dream and dream, ideal and the most complicated
situations of life.A serious development in the psyche of the hero goes back to defining
characteristic points. A person who realizes his identity becomes a member of a progressive
society. A writer infuses a simple observation with a profound and extraordinary generalization
through the medium of description. It seems that the image of Shogosim, who is firm in his
beliefs and life views, has become a criterion of spiritual maturity. His character acquires its
own depth. It also becomes a defining feature of spiritual maturity. In fact, only a person who
loves life with all his being will appreciate it and feel its value. Living life consciously prevents
mistakes and defects.In the novel, Maresel Brion embodies his life ideas with the help of a clear
human image. The author illuminates the very personal, unique inner world of his characters.
It elevates the true expression of the spiritual world to the level of the main goal. While
interpreting the youth period of Amir Temur, the artist reveals very reasonable factual images,
which proves that Marcel Brion studied this period perfectly. Let's pay attention to the author's
interpretations: "The idea to further strengthen the power, to further strengthen the power of the
ruler of the land of Movarounnahr arose because of my passion for hunting. Autumn month of
757 AH. I am twenty one years old. We went hunting in the desert. I sent some of my soldiers
and ordered them to make a circle across the desert and drive the wild birds towards the center.
I, along with several military commanders, occupied the places where the birds fled. This place
was north-west of Samarkand. I did not know that this place belongs to the "Kurultoy" tribe"
[pages 21, 39].If we look at the images, we can see that based on Marcel Brion's forms of
expression, the interpretations that serve to reveal the unique characteristics of Amir Temur are
leading. Because the development of the next events in the novel is human I made it my goal
to make plans for such military operations that would cover at least two or three years. So that
I don't have to wait for spring to return to Movarounnahr in the winter season and go on a trip
again... On the sixth day of my arrival in Samarkand, I went out into the desert. After building
a camp, I began to prepare warriors for the military expedition to be carried out in the land of
the Kipchaks" [21, page 165].In the interpretations of the novel, we can see that Amir Temur is
a thoughtful person, in his views, he respects and protects the people around him, strictly
controls every situation of the army, looks at their situation and gives them wider opportunities.
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We observe that he responds to a person with his human qualities.In the interpretations of
Marcel Brion, along with humanity, the need to make very responsible decisions for military
actions was very well and reasonably absorbed into the development of events. Amir Temur
wanted to leave Iran in the late fall in order to fight against the Mongols, but at the same time,
he understood very well how difficult it was to walk through the mountains and desert deserts
with soldiers in cold weather. He orders to return to Samarkand. A week after arriving in
Samarkand, he leaves for the desert to prepare for battle. The fact that he makes a firm decision
in such situations, taking into account the opinions of the officials, shows his human
qualities.Marcel Brion's poetic skill is shown in clearly and truthfully defining the roots of the
vices that are forming in the nature of the hero. In the novel, the human existence and the spirit
of the time are expressed consistently and deeply, holistically and completely. The novel reveals
the mental world of the hero in detail, and also expresses a conscious creative attitude to reality.
The integrity of the work is ensured by the combination of details with memories, the author's
point of view is mixed with the speech of the hero, and the depth of the philosophical and
journalistic scope. Reality brings the reader into the inner world of the hero and gradually guides
him to the social essence. At first glance, the novel seems like a psychological work, because
the interpretations, expressions, and experiences of Amir Temur are very reasonable.
Conclusion: Marcel Brion illuminates the artistic character of the writer's character, the
conflicts in his inner world through an internal monologue. This testifies to the poetic skill of
the writer. Although we observe unique interpretations of the inner monologue in the prose, we
can witness that the writer effectively used the inner monologue to describe the psyche of the
hero in his time.Marcel Brion poetically interprets the social environment of the 14th century,
the spirit of the era, based on artistic criteria, through the conflict and struggle of the characters
in the plot of the work of art, the conflicts between the hero and the environment, and in his
psyche. Through the spiritual world of the hero, he creates the image of the king and scientist
Ulugbek, who is a part of history. By developing the spiritual and spiritual world of man, he
summarizes the philosophical concepts of life, society and historical period.
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Literature:
1.Meyerhof H. Time in Literature. University of California Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles,
1960.
2.James A., Heffernan W. Space and time in literature and the visual arst. Soundings: An
Interdisciplinaray Jurnal, Vol. 70, №1/2, 1987.
3.Guller J. Literary theory. –New York: Oxford University Press Inc, 2011.
4.Atkins M. Time and Space Reconsidered the Literaray Lanscape of Murakami Haruki. PhD
Thesis. SOAS, University of London, 2012.
5.Vukanovicand M., Grmusa L. spasce and Time in Language and Literature. Cambridge
Scholars Publishing, 2009.
6.Bemong N., Borghart P. and etc. Baktins theory of the literary chronotope; refletctions,
applications, perspectives. – Belgium: Grent, Academia Press, 2010.
7.Бахтин М.М. Проблемы поэтики Достоевскогою Работе 1960-х-1970-х гг. – Москва,
«Наука», 2002.
8.Мелетинский Е.М. Введение в историческую поэтику эпоса и романа. –
Москва,«Наука», 1986.
9.Хализев В.Е Введение в историческое и время и пространство Теория литературы. –
Москва, «Высшая шикола», 1999.
10.Журақулов У. Назарий поэтика масалалари: Муаллиф. Жанр. Хранотоп. – Тошкент,
Ғафур Ғулом номидаги НМИУ, 2015.
11.Тўраева Б. Замонавий романларда хронотоп поэтикаси. – Тошкент, “EFECT-D”,
2022.
12.Nasirov A.N. Poetics of Odil Yakubov’s novels. Monograph. – Toshkent, “fan” publishing
house, 160, 1012.
13.N.A.Nasirov The translation problems of Utkir Khoshimov’s works into english.
Inostrannie yaziki v Uzbekistane, 133-141, 2019.
14. N.A.Normamatovich. Stylistinc units and compositional impartiality. Theoretical applied
science 12 (586-571). 2019.
15.A.Nasirov Artistic chronotope interpretion in Odil Yakubov’s novels. Akademicia: An
Internatioonal multidisciplinary Research jurnal ISSN 222-49, 2020.
16.Nasirov A. Odil Yoqubovning “Ulug‘bek xazinasi” romanida obrazlar yaratish. Uluslarasi
Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi (TÜRKLAD) 4(2), 200-205, 2020.
17.N.A.Normamatovich. International Jurnal on Orange Technologies. 3(3), 71-76, 2021.
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18. N.A.Normamatovich, J.Elmira. Notel thinking and artistik conflict in shoyim butayev’s
novels. International Jurnal on Orange Technologies 2 (6), 1011-1022, 2021.
19.N.A.Normamatovich. Features of Symbolic Interpretation. International Jurnal on Orange
Technologies 3(3), 71-76, 2021.
20.N.A.Normamatovich. Artistic tnought in the process of globalizationand logical
consistency. International Jurnal of social science Interdisciplinary Research. 2023.
21.Брион М. Менким, Соҳибқирон – Жаҳонгир Темур. Роман. – Тошкент, “Sanostandart”, 208. -560.
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STUDENTS IN THE PROCESS OF INDEPENDENT EDUCATION FORMING
KNOWLEDGE SKILLS
Botirov Azizbek MIRZAKARIMOVICH
Tashkent International University of Kimyo,
Teacher of the Samarkand branch
Abstract
In the process of globalization, humanity's attitude to life and existence is formed and various
features emerge. In this process, the activities of students, their role in the development of
society, and the formation of knowledge skills are being expressed in different ways. Today,
the formation and development of various pedagogical technologies in the modern education
also supports these views. As education is based on the process of formation of knowledge and
skills, it is noted that it is necessary not to forget the existence of strict responsibility of the
student in this process.In addition to modern principles of teaching, international strategies,
new approaches, the introduction of the global and international education system into the
scientific methodology, the essence of taking national traditions into account has been revealed.
Also, priority aspects of the use of the international concepts of the pedagogue, the researches
and experiences being conducted on a global scale, and the formation of the principles of a
reasonable approach were analyzed. Because the formation of changes in the educational
process on the basis of international standards, together with the expansion of students'
opportunities for learning, the process of self-control, the need for the formation of skills, is
based on the experiences of world pedagogy. .The use of modern educational technologies,
based on their characteristics, the pedagogical and psychological aspects of the specific
principles in the tradition of application to the educational process were also analyzed. Along
with increasing the responsibility of the pedagogue in the educational process, along with the
manifestation of potential, knowledge and talent, the possibilities of independent work and
research skills in the student are approached from the pedagogical point of view.Analytical
approach is also given to the need to pay serious attention to the formation of the ability of the
teacher to acquire knowledge in the students with the help of educational tools, and to develop
the ability to independently study, conduct research and experiments on specific topics. . In
addition to a deep understanding of life and changes in society, the student's activity is
especially noted for the importance of correctly and reasonably understanding the innovations
in the field of education, enriching his views on this with the theoretical views of world
pedagogy.One of the main features of today's integration process is the formation of a selfmanagement system in the educational process, the development of skills in this regard, and the
level of the acquired concepts at the level of international requirements. A student with selfcontrol skills develops higher knowledge and skills than those who are focused only on the
results of teacher control. This gives a wide opportunity for the student to learn the essence of
learning, to become a mature specialist in his field, and to become a staff at the level of
international requirements. In this article, it is emphasized that the formation of the ability of
students to learn, which gives them a reasonable opportunity to understand the possibility of
independent education.
Key words: pedagogue, motivation, skills, independent education.
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Enter. Pupils and students will have the opportunity to form independent opinions, draw
conclusions, and execute judgments. He will have a wider opportunity to perform independent
work, to express his views in creative and analytical approaches, and to record his concepts in
a reasonable manner. Each student should have a deep sense of responsibility, enrich their
independent understanding of their views, and open a wide way to allow them to draw
reasonable conclusions.The main activity of students in the process of completing independent
educational tasks is to enable them to make independent conclusions, to express their concepts
in a simple but reasonable way. It was based on the fact that it directly serves to ensure the
student's activity and curiosity. To ensure that the student tries to record the concepts he will
explain based on the speaking lesson.Literature review. In the main part of the literature on the
topic, an attempt was made to pay serious attention to the processes of independent education,
but the essence of this concept was not adequately explained. The characteristics of the art of
oratory have been recorded since ancient times. In this work, attention is paid to the views about
the specific principles of public speaking [1]. On the basis of the art of public speaking, the
concept of recording is proved to be the embodiment of the concept of clear, expressive
recording [2]. Approaching the views in the mentioned literature theoretically, we would like
to note that it is necessary to be directly aware of the student's way of thinking, his oratory art
[3]. In order to produce a highly qualified specialist, it is noted that it is necessary not only to
train the student, but also to form the practice of independent work [4], familiarization with
literature [5], drawing conclusions [6].Content. At the heart of today's changes in the field of
education in the process of globalization, it is necessary to organize the independent work of
the student into a certain system, to make him feel his activity at a high level. At the heart of
any discovery is the fact that, together with the activity of a person, he has consciously decided
that his independent research will lead him, which will give him a wide opportunity for fortunetelling.Serious reforms in Uzbekistan are becoming more visible in the field of education, which
requires the persons who determine the development of the society directly to form the
conscious and thinking of students, and also to form their sufficient knowledge and skills in
such a process. Therefore, it is necessary to note the need to study the education system of
France, England, the USA, Germany, Japan, which are the leading countries of the world, to
introduce their most characteristic aspects in this field, to form cooperation with their leading
experts, and it is necessary to note that today's development requires such aspects. . Reasonable
thinking is necessary for the maturity of each person, for him to add his share to the
development of society within the limits of his ability.
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Education of young people is very important in the development of society. At the heart of this
is the development of the future, the consistency and activity of the next generations, which is
the basis for explaining the various features of the process. In addition to forming a logical
consistency in all aspects of continuous education, which is the basis for ensuring the literacy
of students, it is necessary to allow him to think independently. The main feature of this concept
is the presence of advanced ideas in the student's views, regardless of the language he
communicates.The main feature of the family education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan
is to ensure the activity of each student, to comprehensively reveal the methods of independent
analytical approaches in the study process. Because during the student's education, it is not
limited to lectures, practicals, and seminars, but the most important of them is to take a serious
look at their independent research, rulings and conclusions, while ensuring the logical
consistency of each of the specified topics. The student's independent work, together with
expanding the possibility of understanding the scope of the topics, allows him to enrich his
thinking.Don't forget that independent education allows students to gain a deeper understanding
of the activity of students and the effectiveness of their research on a given topic. It should not
be forgotten that the goal is to give students a wider opportunity to think and make judgments.
It is necessary to analyze the performance of daily activities on the basis of free concepts, and
to pay serious attention to the main principles of their views when covering the specified topic.
One of the criteria that determines the level of a student's adequate education requires a serious
attitude to their independent research activities. It is one of the correct and sufficient methods
of acquiring knowledge, together with determining the student's social activity, providing a
basis for his independent views, research, familiarization with the text, analysis of the necessary
topic, deep understanding of their characteristics and drawing conclusions based on the use of
literature. It is also necessary for him to feel his responsibility.In addition to creating a wide
opportunity for the student to get independent education, it is also important to create a wide
opportunity for him, to constantly encourage his research in the way of creating knowledge and
innovation. This, together with the expansion of the student's ability to think, creates conditions
for an increase in self-confidence. Helping the student to be successful in his studies and
research, making him confident in the knowledge he has received, will have a positive effect
on his further work.A science teacher should not forget that every student is a person who
provides the future, and should treat him from this point of view. This allows the student's
respect for the teacher to increase, as well as his confidence in himself and his work in a
dialectical unity. There is also a great content phenomenon in the communication between the
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student and the teacher. Because paying attention to the logicality of each student's reasoning,
reasonable thinking, the consistency and sequence of concepts, encouraging them in this
process, gives a wide opportunity to increase their confidence. It is necessary to consistently
listen to the student's thoughts and ensure that he does not deviate from the topic. It is also
possible to give a reasoned statement of the scope of the specified topic, sometimes orally,
sometimes in writing. The combination of these two situations, together with his independent
views, allows his literacy to grow.
Summary. It is necessary to emphasize that every understanding of the student should be based
on the textuality instilled in his views, and should also form the culture of communication.
During the dialogue, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the student's eloquence, methods
of conveying the scope of concepts, and not to forget to encourage them from time to time.
Paying serious attention to how a student learns independent tasks in the field of science,
expands his thinking as well as the ability to understand science and draw logical conclusions.
It should not be forgotten that the eloquence formed in the student in this process gives a wide
opportunity to form all the processes of oral and written presentation of the topic. Because
educational processes focused on a person prepare the ground for the enrichment of his concepts
and are the basis for the rise of self-confidence.
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Literature:
1.Кузнецова Т.И., Стрельникова И.П. Оратирское искусство в древнем Риме. - Москва,
Издателство «Наука», 1976.
2. Иванова С.Ф. Специфика публичной речи. - Москва, Издателство «Знание»,
1978.
3.Давыдов В.В. Теория развиваюшего обучения. – Москва, ИНТОП, 1996.
4.Nasirov A. Adabiyotshunoslik nazariyasi. Mustaqil ta’lim topshiriqlari. Kurs ishi
mavzulari. – Samarqad, SamDU nashri, 2019.
5.Umarov A.Q. Mutolaa madaniyati: shaxs, jamiyat, taraqqiyot. Monografiya. –
Toshkent, “Fan” nashriyoti, 2004.
6.Bell, David (2003). “Metod and Postmethod: Are They Really So Incompatible?”
(PDF). TESOL. 37(2): 315-328.doi:10.2307/3588507.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INFORMATION IN THE PROCESS OF ELECTRONIC EDUCATION METHODS
OF ENSURING SECURITY
Rakhimov Akmal AKBAROVICH
Tashkent International University of Kimyo,
Teacher of the Samarkand branch
ABSTRACT
In the following years, it became possible to generalize the reforms in the field of education in
Uzbekistan with pedagogical achievements in the gradual development of world civilization,
to understand the leading principles in a coherent manner, and to create an environment for the
exchange of experiences. In this process, there is a need to establish concepts, news, their place
in the information service in every field of education. It was specially noted that there is a need
to further improve the continuous education system, to rapidly implement forms of education
at the level of quality and meeting international standards. The essence of the reforms aimed at
bringing out the educational process in harmony with the modern needs of the labor market is
explained.Considering the essence of the changes in the world education system as the need to
understand a person, the process of staffing preparation together with modern pedagogical
technologies, with the understanding of its essence, is related to the process of formation. One
of the unique principles of the effectiveness of the lesson was the generalization of the concepts
arising from the conscious approach of the student.The changes in the basis of educational
development show that non-traditional interactive teaching methods have also entered in
organic unity with the traditional methodology. This, together with expanding the possibility
of effective work of pedagogues, creates an opportunity for the introduction of the electronic
education process. It is noted that the formation of attitudes towards the principles and
principles of the national methodology, and the fact that it is changing based on the standards
of education, made it possible to advance opinions based on analytical views on the basis of
concepts in the field of global education.The benefits of the electronic education process require
a deep understanding of its essence and justification of its methodological features. Analytical
approach to situations such as the essence of views in the educational system of developed
countries, a reasonable analysis of its methodological and educational features, drawing
conclusions. In person-oriented education, emphasis is placed on increasing the attention of the
teacher to the independent research of students, and the processes of providing remote
evaluation based on the electronic system are also based on theoretical foundations and
concepts. In this process, the principles of protection of information and its protection against
attacks were expressed.It cannot be denied that the basis of information security in the elearning process is the evaluation of the student, the result of his aspirations for research. In the
process of continuous education along with the change in the essence of the views, it was felt
that there is also a demand to move towards world education standards and to have a reasonable
approach to its leading principles. One of the most characteristic aspects of the period.
Discussions about educating talented and potential cadres and ensuring the perfection of the
information system in the main educational process were also discussed.
Key words: training, characteristic, electronicization, trust, aspiration.
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Enter. Long-term research shows that it cannot be denied that electronicization is the demand
of the times, that it has its own principles. Because it is natural for a student who steps into a
family educational institution to have great confidence and love for education. However, it is
necessary to create an opportunity to further develop their activities, views, love for the image.
Every student is looking for a scientific leader, a mentor who will try to open the knowledge
and potential in him, and he is looking for him. It is necessary to take into account the unique
talent of the student, his interest and love for his profession. This process also requires the
meaningful grazing of every moment of the student. Because the views in the process of
globalization, the integration system also bring about reforms in the current education system.
In this regard, it should not be forgotten that a number of tasks such as the development and
implementation of the electronic education system, its mechanism, strict control of information
security have already formed as one of the global problems. Therefore, the merits of the
electronic information system, the tradition of its formation on the basis of the established laws,
and the exchange of experience with the developed educational system of the world are also
required.
Literature review. The development of the electronic information system makes it possible to
form its features on the basis of a wide range of possibilities. In the textbook "Psychology",
E.G. Ghaziyev noted how difficult a task it is to describe a person and explain his character,
and he emphasized that the process of globalization manifests its various characteristics, and in
the process of information [1] and dissemination, it affects the psychology of a person. focused
on [2]. In the textbook "Preschool Pedagogy" by F.R. Kadirova and others, it was noted that
the role of the information system is incomparable in the early formation of the child [3], and
the concepts that allow him to think correctly and logically [4] are recognized. The materials of
the conference "Global Education and Development of Methodology" also touched on such
issues to a certain extent. attention was paid to primary information [5].
The main part. In the following years, at the heart of the reforms in the field of education in
Uzbekistan, the desire to prepare personnel responding to the era of globalization has increased.
Therefore, measures are being developed to further improve the educational system, increase
its quality and efficiency. In the educational system, opening up the inner potential of students,
giving them a wide opportunity to think and express independent concepts, adapting their
activities to the modern spirit, and enabling them to become individuals and experts who
respond to the processes of integration. required. They were required to work on new projects,
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to reveal the main features of the information system, to be able to justify its place in the process
of globalization, and to be sure of its activity in this process.
Student's activity and its characteristics are at the heart of the development of reforms in the
educational system. In 2017-2021, in the "Strategy of Actions" according to the five priority
areas of the development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, further improvement of the continuous
education system, increasing the possibilities of quality education services, continuing the
policy of training highly qualified personnel in line with the modern needs of the labor market
it was not without reason that the notions of continuation were firmly established. On the basis
of these concepts, together with reforms in the education system, a number of issues such as
further improvement of research and innovation activities, implementation of scientific and
innovation achievements into practice were put forward.Indeed, today's globalization process
requires modernization of all sectors. Therefore, in recent years, the introduction of traditional
interactive methods into the field of education, in order to ensure its gradual development,
makes it possible to improve the conditions of giving and receiving information. Based on this,
it should be noted that the principles and principles of the national methodology are closely
related to the new innovative teaching methods. The basis of modern education is the electronic
information system, its functions play a leading role, which is manifested in an integral unity
with the development of this field.As the reforms in the field of education are implemented, the
need for effective and reasonable use of international concepts of education and the results of
research conducted at the world level has emerged, which has also created an opportunity to
study and implement the leading principles in the field of education of developed countries.
Together with the production of the research results, it also creates the possibility to continue
in a logical consistency. Today, it is necessary to note that the development of world science is
closely related to the achievements in education, therefore, the strengthening of the information
system has also formed its own principles.Information security also allows keeping electronic
documents and their necessary aspects secret. On the basis of the reforms in the field of
education, distance learning of the student has formed the need to ensure the proper operation
of various information systems. Because the results of research in the field of education and the
content of the content are the basis for improving these theoretical views and paying serious
attention to them.
Summary. The excellence of any field of education is inextricably linked to its
electronicization and demonstration of its security. It should not be forgotten that the concept
of globalization is based on this concept. The development of human thinking, together with
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the embodiment of the features of any era, is in a dialectic unity with the criteria determining
the development of society in their views, reforms. This, in turn, is reflected in the distribution
and reception of information together with the improvement of the electronic system.
In general, from the end of the 20th century to the first quarter of the 21st century, the rise of
social reforms, the renewal of scientific networks allowed the updating of the characteristics of
the information system. Each social reality sets specific goals and tasks for a certain science,
which allows it to expand its features and express the uniqueness of its principles.
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Literature:
1.G‘oziyev E.G‘. Psixologiya. – Toshkent, “O‘qituvchi” nashriyoti, 2008.
2.Ivanov P.I., Zufurova M.E. Umumiy psixologiya. Pedagogika va psixologiya ta’lim
yo‘nalishi talabalari uchun darslik. – Toshkent, O‘zbekiston faylasuflari jamiyati
nashriyoti, 2021.
3. Qodirova F.R., Toshpo‘latova Sh.Q., Kayumova N.M., A’zamova M.N. Maktabgacha
pedagogika. Darslik. – Toshkent, Tafakkur nashriyoti, 2019.
4.Nasirov A. 70-80-yillar romanchiligini o‘rgatishning ba’zi xususiyatlari haqida. Global ta’lim
va milliy metodika taraqqiyoti. III an’anaviy respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjumani
materiallari. – Toshkent, 2019. 165-169-betlar.
5.Global ta’lim va milliy metodika taraqqiyoti. III an’anaviy respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjumani
materiallari. – Toshkent, 2019.
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SYNTHESIS, SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION, AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE
ACTIVITY OF A NOVEL THYMOL-LINKED IMINO COMPOUND
Assoc. Prof. Senem AKKOÇ* (ORCID: 0000-0002-1260-9425)
Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Isparta -Türkiye
Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul - Türkiye
Email:senemakkoc@sdu.edu.tr
Asst. Prof. Eyüp BAŞARAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-7840-5919)
Batman University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Processing Technologies, Batman - Türkiye
Email:eyup.basaran@batman.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
In this study, a novel thymol-linked imino compound was synthesized and characterized using
FTIR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The antiproliferative activity of this compound was tested
against two human cancer cell lines. According to the in vitro cytotoxic activity results,
although the synthesized compound had antiproliferative activity against both cell lines, its
effect was found to be lower than cisplatin. IC50 values of this Schiff base molecule were
obtained as 61.62 and 45.22 µM in A549 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively.
Keywords: Antiproliferative activity, Cancer, Thymol.
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INTRODUCTION
The incidence and mortality rates of cancer vary by region, country, and type. The most
common types of cancers worldwide include lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and stomach
cancers. However, the incidence and mortality rates of specific types of cancer vary by region
and population. The number of new cancer cases diagnosed annually continues to increase
globally. This increase is partly due to factors such as population growth, aging, changes in
lifestyle habits (such as smoking, diet, and physical activity), and improvements in cancer
detection and diagnosis.One class of extensively used organic chemicals is Schiff bases, or
imines, which have a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical, organic, analytical, and
bioorganic chemistry, among other domains [1,2]. Numerous biological actions, including
antifungal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, genotoxic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anticancer
properties, have been widely recognized [3-8]. Schiff bases have potential applications in
optical switching devices, nonlinear optical devices, security, and trace inspection devices, in
addition to various biological functions [9]. Thymol, scientifically referred to as 2-isopropyl-5methylphenol is the predominant constituent found in thyme plants [10]. Thymol, a highly
potent molecule, is as a fundamental synthetic precursor for the fabrication of a diverse array
of pharmacologically active compounds [11]. Moreover, the substitution of a compound with
an imine functional group greatly enhances the biologically active characteristics of Schiff
bases, which are heavily reliant on their molecular configuration [9-11].In this study, a novel
thymol-linked imino compound was synthesized by the reaction of 4-aminothymol and an
appropriate aldehyde to determine its cytotoxic activity. Its structure was elucidated by FTIR,
NMR, and elemental analysis. The antiproliferative activity of this compound was tested
against two human cancer cell lines.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials and Methods
All chemical substances and solvents used in the production of the desired compounds and
laboratory experiments were obtained from commercial vendors such as Merck, SigmaAldrich, Across Organics, and Thermo Fisher Scientific, and were employed without the need
for supplementary purification. The melting points of the synthesized compound was
determined utilizing a DMP-100 digital melting point apparatus. Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy (FT-IR) was conducted using a Perkin Elmer Spectrum 400 spectrometer.
Attenuated total reflection (ATR), in combination with infrared spectrometry using a Fourier
transform, was employed in the analyses. 1H NMR and
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C NMR spectra, were acquired in
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DMSO-d6 solutions using a Bruker AVANCE III 400 MHz spectrometer. Tetramethylsilane
served as an internal reference at frequencies of 400 MHz and 100 MHz for the 1H NMR and
13
C NMR spectra, respectively. Elemental analysis was conducted using a Thermo Scientific
Flash 2000 elemental analyzer.
Synthesis of 4-aminothymol
2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol (5.00 g) was dissolved in 25 mL EtOH, and 25 mL concentrated
HCl was slowly added to the solution. After the mixture was cooled to 0 °C, NaNO2 (3.60 g)
was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 h. To obtain 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-4-nitrosophenol,
the product was filtered, cleaned with cold water, and dried in a vacuum oven after exposed to
open air. 2-isopropyl-5-methyl-4-nitrosophenol (1.00) g) was dissolved in 8 mL NH4OH and
14 mL distilled water. C2H5NS (0.84 g) was then slowly added to the solution and stirred for 2
h at 25 °C. The product was filtered, washed with cold water, dried first in open air and then in
a vacuum oven. Brown solid; yield: 72%; m.p. 180-181 °C (lit. [12] 177 °C).
Synthesis of 4-((3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)amino)-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol
Isovanillin (0.1 mmol) dissolved in EtOH (5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of 4aminothymol (0.1 mmol) dissolved in EtOH (5 mL). After refluxing the mixture for 6 h, the
reaction was completed using TLC. The resulting solid was filtered, dried, and crystallized in
ethanol. The targeted thymol-linked imino compound was obtained with yellowish color and
78% yield. M.p. 172-174 °C. FT-IR/ATR (νmax, cm–1): 3556 (O-H), 3068, 3004 (C-H)aromatic,
2960, 2864 (C-H)aliphatic, 1609 (C=N). 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm): 9.27 (s, 1H,
thymol–OH), 9.12 (s, 1H, Ar–OH), 8.32 (s, 1H, –CH=N), 7.43 (s, 1H, Ar–H), 7.27 (d, J = 8.1
Hz, 1H, Ar–H), 7.01 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H, Ar–H), 6.85 (s, 1H, Ar–H), 6.64 (s, 1H, Ar–H), 3.82
(s, 3H, Ar–OCH3), 3.16 (septet, 1H, thymol–CH(CH3)2), 2.21 (s, 3H, thymol–CH3), 1.17 (d, J
= 6.8 Hz, 6H, thymol–CH(CH3)2).
13
C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6, ppm): 150.74 (C=N),
156.36, 152.86, 147.17, 142.25, 132.77, 130.51, 130.44, 122.17, 116.96, 115.37, 113.74, and
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112.07 (ArC), 56.07 (OCH3); 26.84 (CH(CH3)2), 23.05 (CH(CH3)2), 17.70 (CH3); Elemental
analysis for C18H21NO3 (299.37 g/mol); Calculated, %: C, 72.22; H, 7.077; N, 4.68; Found, %:
C, 72.39; H, 7.18; N, 4.81; S.
Antiproliferative activity studies
The antiproliferative activity studies were performed according to following the procedure of
our previous studies [13, 14]. The human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231; ATCC® HTB26TM) and the human lung cancer cell line (A549; ATCC® CCL-185TM) were purchased from
the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). Cancer cells were cultured in Dulbecco's
modified Eagle's medium-high glucose (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum
(FBS) and %1 glutamax. The cells were seeded at a density of 5 × 103 cells/well in sterile 96well plates. The MDA-MB-231 and A549 cells were exposed to different concentrations of
compound (200, 100, 50, and 25 µM) for 72 h. The MTT solution was added to each well of
the plates and incubated for another 2 h. Absorbance values were measured in the Elisa plate
reader at 590 nm. IC50 values were calculated using GraphPad Prism Software 5.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Chemistry
In this study, we synthesized a new thymol-linked imino compound by reacting the 4aminothymol compound synthesized in our previous study [10] with isovanillin in ethanol to
investigate its antiproliferative activity. The synthesis of this compound is illustrated in Scheme
1. Thymol-linked imino compound underwent characterization through elemental analysis as
well as spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, 1H, and 13C NMR. The characterization data
obtained exhibited a high level of compatibility with the corresponding molecular structure.
Scheme 1. Synthesis pathway of target compound
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FT-IR spectroscopy
The primary vibrational bands that were most prominent in the FT-IR spectra of the thymollinked imino compound detected stretching of the O-H bond (3556 cm–1) and the stretching of
the C=N bond in the imine group (1609 cm–1) (Figure 1). In addition, asymmetric and
symmetric stretching of the C-H band of the aromatic ring of this compound was observed at
3068 cm–1 and 3004 cm–1, respectively, while asymmetric and symmetric stretching of the CH band of the aliphatic group was observed at 2960 cm–1 and 2864 cm–1, respectively (Figure
2).
Figure 1. Display of important data for FT-IR on the structure of the target compound
Figure 2. FT-IR spectra of Schiff base derivative
NMR spectroscopy
In the 1H NMR spectra of the Schiff base derivative, it was determined that the proton of the
azomethine CH=N, which serves as the most distinctive characteristic denoting the creation of
a Schiff base, exhibited resonance as a singlet at δ 8.32 ppm. Furthermore, the proton of the –
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OH group within the thymol framework in the structure was observed to resonate at δ 9.27 ppm,
while the methyl protons (–CH3) exhibited resonance at δ 2.21 ppm. Additionally, the protons
of the isopropyl group (–CH(CH3)2 and –CH(CH3)2) resonated at δ 3.16 and 1.17 ppm,
respectively (Figure 3). The protons (Ar-H) of the aromatic rings resonated within the range of
δ 6.64 to 7.43 ppm. The protons of OH and OCH3 groups of isovanillin were found to be
resonant at δ 9.12 ppm and δ 3.82 ppm, respectively (Figure 4).
Figure 3. 1H NMR demonstration on the structure of the target compound
Figure 4. 1H NMR spectra of Schiff base derivative
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In the 13C NMR spectra of the compound, the carbon atom with the CH=N functional group
exhibited a resonance at δ 150.74 ppm (Figure 5). Additionally, the aromatic carbons (Ar-C)
displayed resonances between δ 112.07 and δ 156.36 ppm. Furthermore, the methyl carbon (–
CH3) of thymol demonstrated resonance at δ 17.70 ppm, in contrast to the methoxy carbon (–
OCH3) of isovanillin, which showed resonance at δ 56.07. In addition, isopropyl carbons (–
CH(CH3)2 and –CH(CH3)2 of thymol) exhibited resonances at approximately δ 27 and δ 23
ppm, respectively (Figure 6).
Figure 5. 13C NMR demonstration on the structure of the target compound
Figure 6. 13C NMR spectra of Schiff base derivative
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Antiproliferative Activity Studies
Schiff base derivative was evaluated for its cytotoxicity at 200, 100, 50, and 25 µM µM
concentrations in cancer cell lines for 72 h using the MTT assay method. The results are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1. IC50 results for compounds against human cancer cell lines
Compounds
IC50 (µM)
A549
MDA-MB-231
Schiff base derivative
61.62
45.22
Cisplatin
13.22
8.36
According to the IC50 values obtained, this compound had antiproliferative activity and an
effect comparable to that of the positive control in the A549 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, with
IC50 values of 61.62 and 45.22 µM, respectively. As can be seen in Table 1, the synthesized
compound showed lower effectiveness than cisplatin against both cell lines.
CONCLUSION
A synthesized new compound was synthesized, characterized using different spectroscopic
methods. This new molecule was tested in two cancer cell lines, and the results demonstrated
that the compound had antiproliferative activity against A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Studies
on this compound will continue to be conducted and tested against different cancer cell lines.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was financially supported by the Süleyman Demirel University Scientific Research
fund (TBY-2020-8053).
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REFERENCES
[1] Çakmak, R., Başaran, E., & Şentürk, M. (2022). Synthesis, characterization, and biological
evaluation of some novel Schiff bases as potential metabolic enzyme inhibitors. Archiv
der Pharmazie, 355(4), 2100430. Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 48(2), 334-344.
[2] Çakmak, R., Başaran, E., Boğa, M., Erdoğan, Ö., Çınar, E., & Çevik, Ö. (2022). Schiff base
derivatives of 4-aminoantipyrine as promising molecules: synthesis, structural
characterization, and biological activities. Russian
[3] R. Ramesh, S. Maheswaran, Synthesis, spectra, dioxygen affinity and antifungal activity of
Ru(III) Schiff base complexes, J. Inorg. Biochem 96 (4) (2003) 457–462.
[4] F.T. Esmadi, O.F. Khabour, K. Abbas, A.E. Mohammad, R.T. Obeidat, Mfady D2,
Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of some unsymmetrical Schiff base
transition metal complexes, Drug Chem. Toxicol. 39 (1) (2016) 41–47.
[5] P. Kavitha, K.L. Reddy, Synthesis, spectral characterisation, morphology, biological
activity and DNA cleavage studies of metal complexes with chromone Schiff base, Arab.
J. Chem. 9 (4) (2016) 596–605.
[6] E. Ispir, S. Toroğlu, A. Kayraldız, Syntheses, characterization, antimicrobial and genotoxic
activities of new Schiff bases and their complexes, Transit. Met Chem. 33 (8) (2008) 953–
960.
[7] Başaran, E. (2023). Schiff Base Derivatives Based on Ampyrone as Promising
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Biological
Activity, and SwissADME Predictions. Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry, 49(1),
114-126.
[8] Başaran, E., Çakmak, R., Akkoc, S., & Kaya, S. (2022). Combined experimental and
theoretical analyses on design, synthesis, characterization, and in vitro cytotoxic activity
evaluation of some novel imino derivatives containing pyrazolone ring. Journal of
Molecular Structure, 1265, 133427.
[9] Payal, R., Saroj, M. K., Sharma, N., & Rastogi, R. C. (2018). Photophysical behavior of
some thymol based schiff bases using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Journal
of Luminescence, 198, 92-102.
[10] Başaran, E., Çakmak, R., Sahin, D., Köprü, S., Türkmenoğlu, B., & Akkoc, S. (2024).
Design, spectroscopic characterization, in silico and in vitro cytotoxic activity assessment
of newly synthesized thymol Schiff base derivatives. Journal of Biomolecular Structure
and Dynamics, 1-14.
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[11] Sahin, D., Kepekci, R. A., Türkmenoğlu, B., & Akkoc, S. (2023). Biological evaluations
and computational studies of newly synthesized thymol-based Schiff bases as anticancer,
antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics,
1-15.
[12] Kumar Beena, D., Rawat, D. S. (2013). Synthesis and antioxidant activity of thymol and
carvacrol based Schiff bases, Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 23 641–645.
[13] Akkoc, S., Muhammed, M.T., (2024). Synthesis, biological application, and computational
study of a thymol-based molecule, Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature,
14(1), 35-50.
[14] Çakmak, R., Ay, B., Çınar, E., Başaran, E., Akkoç, S., Boğa, M., Taş, E. (2023). Synthesis,
spectroscopic, thermal analysis and in vitro cytotoxicity, anticholinesterase and
antioxidant activities of new Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ru(III) complexes of
pyrazolone-based Schiff base ligand, Journal of Molecular Structure, 1292, 136225.
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A NOVEL FLUORINE-CONTAINING HYDRAZONE COMPOUND: SYNTHESIS,
STRUCTURAL AND IN VITRO CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES
Asst. Prof. Eyüp BAŞARAN (ORCID: 0000-0002-7840-5919)
Batman University, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Processing Technologies, Batman - Türkiye
Email:eyup.basaran@batman.edu.tr
Assoc. Prof. Senem AKKOÇ* (ORCID: 0000-0002-1260-9425)
Süleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Isparta -Türkiye
Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul - Türkiye
Email:senemakkoc@sdu.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
In this study, a novel fluorine-containing hydrazone compound was synthesized via the reaction
of 4-fluorobenzoic hydrazide with an appropriate aldehyde. The structure of the compound was
elucidated using elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, 1H, and 13C
NMR. The cytotoxic activity of this molecule was tested in a human lung cancer cell lineafter
72 h of incubation. The results showed that the fluorine-containing hydrazone compound had a
cytotoxic effect on the A549 cell line with an IC50 value of 137.80 µM.
Keywords: Hydrazone, Cancer, Cytotoxic activity.
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INTRODUCTION
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. It is one of the most common types of
cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. There are two main types of lung
cancer: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Non-smallcell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately85% of all lung cancer cases. It includes
several subtypes such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is less common, but tends to grow and spread more aggressively
than NSCLC.Hydrazone derivatives, a versatile class of organic compounds, are renowned as
an essential compound class in organic chemistry and widely utilized in diverse domains within
the field [1]. Hydrazones with the general chemical formula R1CO-NH-N=CR1(H)R2 have
gained significant attention in recent times because of their effectiveness as reactive agents in
the creation and production of novel compounds [2]. The compounds in question, which are
produced through the reaction of hydrazine with aldehydes or ketones in appropriate organic
solvents, sometimes in the presence of an acid catalyst, can be readily identified using elemental
analysis and established spectral techniques. These compounds can function as both
nucleophiles and electrophiles and can undergo various reductive and oxidative changes.
[3]Recently, the attention of medicinal chemists has focused on hydrazones owing to their
biological activities [4,5]. Their significance has increased in recent years because they are
frequently utilized in the synthesis and discovery of biologically active molecules in medicinal
chemistry [6]. Numerous studies have reported that these compounds possess a wide range of
biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anticonvulsant, analgesic,
antimicrobial, anti-HIV, anti-tubercular, anticancer, antidepressant, and so on [7-15].
In
this study, a novel fluorine-containing hydrazone compound was synthesized via the reaction
of 4-fluorobenzoic hydrazide with an appropriate aldehyde. The structure of the compound was
elucidated using elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, 1H, and
13
C
NMR. The cytotoxic activity of this molecule was investigated in a human lung cancer cell line
in vitro for 72 h.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials and Methods
All starting materials (4-fluorobenzoic hydrazide (CAS No.: 456-06-4), 3-bromo-5chlorobenzaldehyde (CAS No.: 188813-05-0), and solvents employed in this investigation were
obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and Merck. These were used without additional refinement for
all the experiments. The progression of the reactions was observed using TLC plates, which
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were subjected to UV light (254 nm) for identification of the spots. The melting point of
synthesized hydrazone compound was assessed using a DMP-100 digital melting point
apparatus and were not corrected. FT-IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum
400 spectrometer with ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance). 1H and
13
C NMR spectra were
recorded on a Bruker Avance III 400 MHz spectrometer using DMSO-d6 as the solvent and
tetramethylsilane as an internal standard at 400 MHz and 100 MHz, respectively. Elemental
analyses (C, H, N) were performed using a Thermo Scientific Flash 2000 elemental analyzer.
Synthesis of N’-(3-bromo-5-chlorobenzylidene)-4-fluorobenzohydrazide
3-Bromo-5-chlorobenzaldehyde (1 mmol) and 4-fluorobenzoic hydrazide (1 mmol) were
dissolved in ethanol (10 mL). Following reflux of the reaction mixture for approximately 4 h
under constant stirring, it was allowed to cool to ambient temperature. Subsequently, the
resulting crude product was removed via filtration, meticulously rinsed multiple times with
diethyl ether, and finally crystallized using ethanol to obtain the hydrazone derivative (Scheme
1). White solid, 81% yield, mp. 219-220 °C. Anal. Calcd. for C14H9BrClFN2O: C, 47.29; H,
2.55; N, 7.88%. Found: C, 47.41; H,2.38; N, 7.97%.
Scheme 1. Open structure of hydrazone compound
FT-IR spectroscopy
FT-IR (ATR, cm−1) υmax: 3169 (N-H str.), 3062, 2949 (aromatic C-H str.), 1660 (C=O str.,
hydrazone), 1601 (C=N str., imine) (Figure 1).
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Figure 1. FT-IR spectra of hydrazone compound
1H
1
NMR spectroscopy
H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO‑d6) δ (ppm): 12.16 (NHCO, H9), 8.32 (s, 1H, –CH=N, H12), 8.00
(t, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H, aromatic protons, H4 and H6), 7.91 (s, 1H, aromatic proton, H16), 7.79 (d,
J = 9.5 Hz, 2H, aromatic protons, H1 and H3), 7.38 (t, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H, aromatic protons, H14
and H18) (Figure 2).
Figure 2. 1H NMR spectra of hydrazone compound
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13C
NMR spectroscopy
C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO‑d6) δ (ppm): 165.97 (C=O, C8), 162.76 (ArCipso to F, C2), 144.97
13
(CH=N, C12), 138.69, 135.18, 132.16, 130.99, 129.97, 128.57, 126.18, 123.20, 116.06 (ArC,
C1, C3, C4-6, C13-18) (Figure 3).
Figure 3. 13C NMR spectra of hydrazone compound
Cytotoxic Activity Studies
The cytotoxic activity studies were performed according to the procedure described in our
previous studies [16, 17]. The human lung cancer cell line (A549; ATCC® CCL-185TM) was
purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA). Cancer cells were cultured
in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium-high glucose (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal
bovine serum (FBS) and %1 glutamax. The cells were seeded at a density of 5 × 103 cells/well
in sterile 96-well plates. A549 cells were exposed to different concentrations of compound (200,
100, 50, and 25 µM) for 72 h. The MTT solution was added to each well of the plates and
incubated for another 2 h. Absorbance values were measured in the Elisa plate reader at 590
nm. IC50 values were calculated using GraphPad Prism Software 5.
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RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Chemistry
In this study, a new hydrazone compound was obtained by the condensation of 3-bromo-5chlorobenzaldehyde with the corresponding 4-fluorobenzoic hydrazide (Scheme 2). The
structure of thesynthesized compound was elucidation using FT-IR, 1H- and
13
C- NMR
spectroscopic techniques, and elemental analyses (C, H, and N). Elemental analyses (C, H, and
N) were suitable for the proposed structures of the synthesized target compounds.
Scheme 2. Synthesis of new hydrazone compound
Spectroscopic Analysis
The FT-IR spectrum of the hydrazone compound exhibited a peak at 3169 cm-1, which can be
attributed to the N-H stretching band. The presence of C=N absorption bands in the 1601 cm-1
region provides strong evidence for the formation of an azomethine group (–NH-N=CH–).
Furthermore, the occurrence of a distinct and strong band in the 1660 cm-1 range, corresponding
to C=O, confirms the hydrazone nature of the target compound (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Display of important data for FT-IR on the structure of hydrazone compound
In the 1H NMR spectrum of the hydrazone derivative, the proton belonging to the NH proton
resonated as a singlet at 12.16 ppm. Another proof of the successful synthesis of hydrazone
compound was the disappearance of the proton peaks of the free amino group of the hydrazide
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compound. The proton peaks belonging to –NH-N=CH–resonated at 8.32 ppm and singlet, as
expected in the target compound. The aromatic protons of the benzene ring resonated between
7.38 and 8.00 ppm. The
13
C NMR spectrum of the target compound showed that the C=O
carbon in the carbonyl group resonated at 165.97 ppm, and the aromatic carbons resonated in
the range of 162.76-116.06 ppm. Resonance of the carbon atom of the –C=N group in the range
of 144.97 ppm (Figure 5).
Figure 5. 1H and 13C NMR demonstration on the structure of hydrazone compound
Cytotoxic Activity Studies
The cytotoxicity of hydrazone and cisplatin was evaluated at concentrations of 200, 100, 50,
and 25 µM in a lung cancer cell line for 72 h using the MTT assay. The results are presented in
Table 1.
Table 1. IC50 results for compounds against human lung cancer cell line
Compounds
IC50 (µM)
A549
IC50
Hydrazone compound
137.80
Cisplatin
13.22
(half
maximal
inhibitory concentration) refers to the concentration of a compound that inhibits biological
processes or responses by 50%. This compound has a high IC50 value of 137.80 µM, indicating
that relatively high concentrations are required to achieve 50% inhibition of the biological
response. According to the results in the table above, cisplatin was almost ten times more
effective against the A549 cell line than the hydrazone compound.
CONCLUSION
In this study, a novel fluorine-containing hydrazone compound was prepared from 4fluorobenzoic
hydrazide
and
3-bromo-5-chlorobenzaldehyde.
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characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and
13
C NMR. This molecule was
tested against a human lung cancer cell line for 72 h incubation time. The results showed that
the fluorine-containing hydrazone compound had a cytotoxic effect on the A549 cell line with
an IC50 value of 137.80 µM.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was financially supported by the Süleyman Demirel University Scientific Research
fund (TBY-2020-8053).
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Ouyang, Design, synthesis, biological activities and 3D-QSAR studies of quinazolinone
derivatives containing hydrazone structural units, New Journal of Chemistry 45 (2021)
4626-4631.
[5] S.J. Sonawane, R.S. Kalhapure. T. Govender, Hydrazone linkages in pH responsive drug
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[6] M.C. Mandewale, U.C. Patil, S.V. Shedge, U.R. Dappadwad, R.S. Yamgar, A review on
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[7] A. Baier, A. Kokel, W. Horton, E. Gizińska, G. Pandey, R. Szyszka, B. Török , M. Török,
Organofluorine hydrazone derivatives as multifunctional Anti‐Alzheimer's agents with
CK2 inhibitory and antioxidant features, ChemMedChem 16 (2021) 1927-1932.
[8] A.-A.S. El-Etrawy, F.F. Sherbiny, Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular
modeling investigation of new N'-(2-Thiouracil-5-oyl) hydrazone derivatives as potential
anti-breast cancer and anti-bacterial agents, Journal of Molecular Structure 1232 (2021)
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[9] S. Emami, M. Valipour, F.K. Komishani, F. Sadati-Ashrafi, M. Rasoulian, M. Ghasemian,
M. Tajbakhsh, P.H. Masihi, A. Shakiba, H. Irannejad, N. Ahangar, Synthesis, in silico, in
vitro and in vivo evaluations of isatin aroylhydrazones as highly potent anticonvulsant
agents, Bioorganic Chemistry 112 (2021) 104943.
[10] G.-Q. Chen, L.-N. Zhu, J.-M. Yang, S. Zhang, Y.-H. Li, X.L. Guo, D. Sun, J.-X. He, Y.E. Tian, S.-M. Liu, J. Jiang, X.-B. Huang, Z.-P. Che, Synthesis of novel 3/5 (3, 5)(di)
nitropaeonol hydrazone derivatives as nematicidal agents, Journal of Asian Natural
Products Research (2021) 1-10.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
[11] Y. Özkay, Y. Tunalı, H. Karaca, İ. Işıkdağ, Antimicrobial activity and a SAR study of
some novel benzimidazole derivatives bearing hydrazone moiety, European Journal of
Medicinal Chemistry 45 (2010) 3293-3298.
[12] Y. Jin, Z. Tan, M. He, B. Tian, S. Tang, I. Hewlett, M. Yang, SAR and molecular
mechanism study of novel acylhydrazone compounds targeting HIV-1 CA, Bioorganic &
Medicinal Chemistry 18 (2010) 2135-2140.
[13] A. Mahajan, L. Kremer, S. Louw, Y. Guéradel, K. Chibale, C. Biot, Synthesis and in vitro
antitubercular activity of ferrocene-based hydrazones, Bioorganic & Medicinal
Chemistry Letters 21 (2011) 2866-2868.
[14] A.M. Sayed, F.A. Taher, M.R.K. Abdel-Samad, M.S.A. El-Gaby, K. El‐Adl, N.M. Saleh,
Design, synthesis, molecular docking, in silico ADMET profile and anticancer
evaluations of sulfonamide endowed with hydrazone-coupled derivatives as VEGFR-2
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[15] M. Catto, R. Aliano, A. Carotti, S. Cellamare, F. Palluotto, R. Purgatorio, A. De stradis, F.
Campagna,
Design,
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evaluation
of
indane-2-
arylhydrazinylmethylene-1, 3-diones and indol-2-aryldiazenylmethylene-3-ones as βamyloid aggregation inhibitors, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45 (2010)
1359-1366.
[16] H. G. Sogukomerogullari, E. Başaran, A. O. Sarıoğlu, A. Köse, S. Akkoc, Synthesis,
characterization, photoluminescence properties and antiproliferative activity of new
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Structural Chemistry, 64 (2023) 157-167.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
PROJE UYGULAMA DERSİ ÖZYETERLİK DÜZEYİNİN BELİRLENMESİNDE
BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMA METODOLOJİSİNİN ROLÜ
Prof. Dr. Nurhan DOĞAN (ORCID: 0000000172246091)
Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics
and Medical Informatics, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
Email:nurhan.dogan@afsu.edu.tr
Özet
Bu araştırmanın temel amacı Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi
öğrencilerinin Proje Uygulama dersine ilişkin öz yeterlilik düzeylerini belirlemek ve bu ders ile
öğrencinin başka bir ders olan Bilimsel Araştırmalar dersine yönelik tutumları arasındaki
ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada, Bilimsel Araştırma Öz Yeterlilik Ölçeği ve Bilimsel
Araştırma Yöntemleri Tutum Ölçeği kullanıldı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde Student-t testi,
Mann-Whitney U testi ve Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesinden yararlanıldı. Araştırmaya toplam
155 öğrenci katıldı. Öğrencilerin %64,5'i Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri dersinin Proje
Uygulama dersine faydalı olduğunu bildirdi. Proje Uygulama dersinin Bilimsel Araştırma
Yöntemleri dersi tarafından pozitif yönde ve anlamlı düzeyde açıkladığı ve bu sonuçların
istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu görüldü.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Öz-yeterlik, Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi
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PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION COURSE THE ROLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN DETERMINING THE SELF-EFFICACY LEVEL
Abstract
The main purpose of this research is to determine the self-efficacy levels of Afyonkarahisar
Health Sciences University Medical Faculty students concerning the Project Implementation
course, and to reveal the relationship between this course and the student’s attitudes toward
another course, namely, Scientific Research Methods. In the study, Scientific Research SelfEfficacy Scale and Scientific Research Methods Attitude Scale were used. Student-t test, MannWhitney U test, and Structural Equation Modelling were used in the evaluation of the data. A
total of 155 students participated in the research. 64.5% of the students stated that the Scientific
Research Methods course is beneficial to the Project Implementation course. It was seen that
the Project Application course was explained positively and significantly by the Scientific
Research Methods course and these results were statistically significant.
Keywords: Self-efficacy, Scientific Research Methods, Structural Equation Modeling
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INTRODUCTION
Research, learning, and teaching are the needs of every society and they play a big role in
spreading scientific services and improving society (Salehi & Ahanchian, 2012). The desire to
solve social problems in a healthier way is one of the most important reasons for conducting
scientific research (Aslan & Karagül, 2016). At universities, the Scientific Research Methods
course is taught at undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctorate degreesStudents who take this
course at the undergraduate level are worried about whether the gains they have gained from
the course in business life will work for them (Murtonen et al., 2008). Undergraduate and
graduate students think that they will encounter problems in many subjects such as being
inadequate in the literature review, data collection, and data analysis. Scientific Research
Methods course; The basic concepts of research include research types, research features,
research methods, research processes, data collection and analysis methods, report writing, and
interpretation of research results. Students who attend the Scientific Research Methods course
generally acquire skills such as accessing information, determining the characteristics of the
research, knowing the ways of accessing the data, and determining the research stages (Kurt et
al, 2011). The main purpose of this research is to determine the self-efficacy levels of
Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Medical Faculty students concerning the Project
Implementation course and to reveal the relationship between this course and the students'
attitudes towards another course, namely, Scientific Research Methods.
MATERİALS AND METHODS
While Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine students who are
enrolled in their 4th, 5th, and 6th year comprise the population, the sample of this project
consists of the students who take the Project Implementation course and want to participate in
the studyThe Scientific Research self-efficacy scale developed by Tuncer et al. Was used to
determine the students' self-efficacy levels in the Project Application Study course (Tuncer &
Ozeren, 2012). This scale consists of 12 items in total. These 12 items include four subdimensions: 2 of them "Literature", 2 of them "Method", 3 of them "Discussion" and 5 of them
"Suggestion and Reference". The scale of attitude towards the Scientific Research Methods
course developed by Yaşar consists of 20 items in total. These 20 items include four subdimensions: 6 of them are the importance of scientific research, 5 of them are cognitive "Selfconfidence", 5 of them are positive attitude "Interest", and 4 of them are daily life-professional
relationship "Occupational" (Yaşar, 2004). Student t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Structural
Equation Modeling were used to evaluate the data. Structural Equation Modeling is a frequently
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
used statistical method in modeling causal relationships between variables. Especially in health
sciences (medicine, nursing, psychiatry, etc.), economics, social sciences, behavioral sciences
(sociology, psychology, education, management, marketing, etc.) and sports sciences, it is used
in the analysis of causality in evaluating the relationships between variables and in testing
theoretical models (Doğan, 2015). A value of p <0.05 was accepted for statistical significance.
SPSS (version 20) package program and AMOS (21.0) were used to evaluate the data.
FİNDİNGS AND DİSCUSSİON
A total of 155 students (75 males, 80 females) with a mean age of 22.63 ± 1.5 years participated
in the study. 33.5% of the students stated that their most important aim in this lesson was to
conduct scientific research and 64.5% of them stated that the Scientific Research Methods
course was beneficial for the Project Application Study course. Self-efficacy scores of students
who think that the Scientific Research Methods course is beneficial are significantly higher than
other students (p <0.05). As can be seen from Table 1, the students who think that the Scientific
Research Methods course is beneficial for the Project Application Study course; The scores of
the importance of scientific research, cognitive self-confidence (ability to succeed), positive
attitude (research-oriented) and daily life-professional relationship sub-dimensions are
significantly higher than the other students (p <0.05).
Table 1. Scores of the Sub-dimensions of the Attitude Scale Towards the Scientific Research
Methods Course
Do you think that the Scientific Research Methods course is beneficial for the project
implementation work?
Yes (100)
No (55)
̅±SD
𝒙
̅±SD
𝒙
Importance
3.34±0.85
2.74±0.69
<0.05
Cognitive Self-confidence
3.61±0.79
2.98±0.80
<0.05
Positive Attitude
3.16±0.88
2.47±0.66
<0.05
3.34±0.85
2.74±0.69
<0.05
Sub-Dimensions
Daily Life-Professional
relationship
P
SD: Standard Deviation
Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to determine whether the factor structures in the
original form of the scales were verified within the framework of this study. The Goodness of
Fit values obtained as a result of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis performed on the attitude
scale of the Scientific Research Methods course (CMIN / DF = 2.66, GFI =0.77, CFI =0.89,
NFI =0.84, AGFI =0.71 and RMSEA =0.10) has been calculated. In addition, the goodness of
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
fit values obtained as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis for the Scientific Research
self-efficacy scale (CMIN / DF = 4.97, GFI =0.79, CFI =0.89, NFI =0.87, AGFI =0.66 and
RMSEA =0.16 ) was calculated. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results regarding
the validity of the scales; It can be said that the values of the goodness of fit indices of the model
created are at an acceptable level (Meydan & Şeşen, 2011). As a result of these analyses, it can
be said that the factor structures in the original form of the scales were also confirmed for this
study, in other words, this scale has sufficient validity. The goodness of fit values obtained as
a result of the structural equation modeling created to determine the effect of the attitude of the
Scientific Research Methods course on the Project Application Study course was calculated as
CMIN / DF = 2.28; GFI =0.71; CFI =0.87; NFI =0.79; AGFI =0.66; It was found that RMSEA
=0.09. According to these results, it can be said that the values obtained are at an acceptable
level.According to the results regarding the structural equation model, it was seen that the
Project Application Study course was explained positively and significantly (β= 0.81, p <0.05)
by the Scientific Research Methods course and these results were statistically significant.
According to these results, it can be said that as the positive attitude towards the Scientific
Research Methods course increases, the self-efficacy levels of the Project Application Study
course increase.Many studies have been conducted in education, psychology, sociology and
generally social sciences (Baloğlu, 2003; Çoğaltay, 2016; Lei, 2008; Baki, 2017; Boswell,
2013; Zeidner, 1991). However, no such study was found in Medical Faculties. In these studies,
it was stated that students developed a negative attitude toward the scientific research course.
In the study, 56.1% of the students participating in the study stated that they would not choose
this course if the course was elective. This high rate of students shows their negative attitude
towards this course. Lei stated that high-level research anxiety reduced the sense of selfefficacy and caused people to develop negative attitudes toward research (Lei, 2008). In the
study conducted by Ravazi et al., They stated that there is a significant negative relationship
between research anxiety and self-efficacy. They stated that research anxiety among graduate
students may have a negative effect on their performance in different ways (Razavi et al., 2017).
Research anxiety can reduce the quantity and quality of students 'scientific productivity and
cause students' burnout and dissatisfaction, and anxiety towards research can affect personal
life and even cause physical and mental health deterioration.According to the results, it was
observed that as the positive attitude towards the Scientific Research Methods course increased,
the self-efficacy levels of the Project Application Study course increased. In most studies, it is
stated that taking research methods courses encourages individuals to do research and increases
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
their research self-efficacy levels, and individuals with high research self-efficacy are very
willing to participate in research in the future (Saraçoğlu et al., 2005). It has been observed that
the students who are interested in the Scientific Research Methods course, who are aware of
the importance of the research and have a positive view, have the power to succeed in this
course and associate it with their daily life, have higher self-efficacy in the Project Application
Study course. Therefore, it is thought that emphasizing the importance of the Scientific
Research Methods course to students, will increase their interest in this course and contribute
to the training of students who show a positive attitude towards scientific culture. Academic
education should prepare students with an understanding of the skills they need in society and
their future work life (Murtonen et al., 2008).
CONCLUSİON AND RECOMMENDATİONS
Considering the result regarding the structural equation model, it was observed that as the
positive attitude towards the Scientific Research Methods course increased, the self-efficacy
levels of the Project Implementation Study course increased. Based on the fact that the students
develop positive attitudes towards the areas they are interested in and love, we think that this
course will shed light on the relevant parties in order to determine the deficiencies, if any, and
to make the necessary arrangements against these deficiencies in order to make this course more
useful. For this reason, is thought that the faculty members' attitudes towards the Scientific
Research Methods course and turn towards activities that increase positive attitudes towards
the effect of their approach to this course on students will have positive contributions to
students.
Thanks and Information Note: I would like to thank our Faculty of Medicine students Burcu
Kösen, Hatice Kübra Gökmen, Yasemin Kuzu, Hidayet Ege Şan, Furkan İncebacak and Esin
Erdinç, who contributed to the process of determining the subject and collecting data.
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REFERENCES
Aslan, C., Karagül, S. (2016). Türkçe Eğitimi Programında Lisansüstü Öğrenim Gören
Öğrencilerin Bilimsel Araştırma Yapmaya Yönelik Kaygı Düzeyleri. Mehmet Akif Ersoy
Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 38, 201-217.
Baki, Y. (2017). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin okumaya ilişkin kaygı ve tutumlarının okuma
alışkanlığı üzerindeki etkisi: Bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 42(191),
371-395.
Baloğlu,
M.
(2003).
Individual
differences
in
statistics anxiety among college
students. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(5), 855-865.
Boswell, S.S. (2013). Undergraduates' Perceived Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, and Interest in
Social Science Research. Journal of Effective Teaching, 13(2), 48-57.
Çoğaltay, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri dersinin öğretmen adaylarının bilimsel
epistemolojik inançları ve bilimsel araştırmalara yönelik tutumları üzerindeki
etkisi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2),125-139.
Doğan, İ. (2015). Farklı veri yapısı ve örneklem büyüklüklerinde yapısal eşitlik modellerinin
geçerliği ve güvenirliğinin değerlendirilmesi. ESOGÜ, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü,
Doktora tezi.
Kurt, A. A., İzmirli, Ö. Ş., Fırat, M., İzmirli, S. (2011). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri Dersine
İlişkin Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Eğitim Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Görüşlerinin
İncelenmesi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 30, 19-28.
Lei, S. A. (2008). Factors changing attitudes of graduate school students toward an introductory
research methodology course. Education, 128(4), 667-685.
Meydan, C.H., Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay
Yayıncılık. Ankara.
Murtonen, M., Olkinuora, E., Tynjälä, P., Lehtinen, E. (2008). Do I need research skills in
working life?: University students’ motivation and difficulties in quantitative methods
courses. Higher Education, 56(5),599-612.
Razavi, S.A., Shahrabi, A., Siamian, H. (2017). The Relationship Between Research Anxiety
and Self-Efficacy. Materia socio-medica, 29(4), 247-250.
Salehi, M., Ahanchian, M. R. (2012). Validation of research self-efficacy scale for postgraduate
students of Ferdowsi University and Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Iranian
Journal of Medical Education, 12(6), 396-409.
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Saraçoğlu, S., Varol, S. R., Ercan, İ.E. (2005). Lisansüstü Eğitim Öğrencilerinin Bilimsel
Araştırma Kaygıları Araştırma ve İstatistiğe Yönelik Tutumları ile Araştırma Yetenekleri
Arasındaki ilişki. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 17, 187-199.
Tuncer, M., Ozeren, E. (2012). The development of a self-efficacy scale for scientific research
and an evaluation of prospective teachers’ views about that scale. Procedia-Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 51, 553-561.
Yaşar, M. (2004). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri dersine yönelik tutum ölçeği geliştirme
çalışması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik. Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 4(2), 109-129.
Zeidner, M. (1991). Statistics and mathematics anxiety in social science students: Some
interesting parallels. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 61(3), 319-328.
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TÜRKİYE'DE ÇOCUK, ERGEN VE GENÇ YETİŞKİNLERDE İNTİHAR
MORTALİTE TRENDLERİ
Prof. Dr. Nurhan DOĞAN (ORCID: 0000-0001-7224-6091)
Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Tıp fakültesi, Biyoistatistik ve Tıbbi Bilişim
Anabilim Dalı, Afyonkarahisar -Türkiye
Email: nurhan.dogan@afsu.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. İsmet DOĞAN (ORCID: 0000-0001-9251-3564)
Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi, Tıp fakültesi, Biyoistatistik ve Tıbbi Bilişim
Anabilim Dalı,
Email: ismet.dogan@afsu.edu.tr
Özet
Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de 2009-2022 yılları arasında çocuk, ergen ve gençlerde intihara bağlı
mortalitenin cinsiyet ve yaş gruplarına göre trend analizini incelemeyi amaçladık. Araştırmada
kullanılan veriler Türkiye istatistik Kurumu resmi internet sitesinde yer alan ölüm veri
tabanından elde edildi. Yaşa özel mortalite oranlarının değerlendirilmesinde üç farklı yaş grubu
(<15, 15-19, 20-24) dikkate alındı. Joinpoint Regresyon Analizi kullanılarak intihar mortalite
trendleri tahmin edildi. Yıllık yüzde değişim ortalama yıllık yüzde değişim ve bunlara ait güven
aralıkları verildi. 2009-2022 döneminde yaklaşık 47.000 kişi intihar nedeniyle hayatını
kaybetti. Bunun dörtte biri <24 yaş grubundadır. Joinpoint Regresyon Analizi’ne göre,
erkeklerde <15 yaş grubunda periyod boyunca istatistiksel olarak anlamlı azalma görülürken
(p=0.013), 20-24 yaş grubunda ise periyod boyunca istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artış görüldü
(p<0.001). Kadınlarda <15 yaş grubunda periyod boyunca istatistiksel olarak anlamlı azalma,
15-19 yaş grubunda ise 2020 yılına kadar anlamlı azalma (p=0.001) sonrasında ise anlamlı
olmayan artış görüldü. Bu yaş grubunda intihar düşünceleri hızla gelişebilir ve bu nedenle kriz
hizmetlerinin yaygın olarak mevcut olması gerekir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Joinpoint Regresyon Analizi; intihar; mortalite
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SUICIDE MORTALITY TRENDS IN CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG
ADULTS IN TURKEY
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the trend analysis of suicide-related mortality among children,
adolescents, and young people in Turkey between 2009 and 2022 by gender and age groups.
The data used in the study were obtained from the mortality database on the official website of
the Turkish Statistical Institute. Three different age groups (<15, 15-19, 20-24) were considered
in the evaluation of age-specific mortality rates. Suicide mortality trends were estimated using
Joinpoint Regression Analysis. Annual percentage change, average annual percentage change,
and their confidence intervals were given. Approximately 47,000 people died by suicide in the
period 2009-2022. A quarter of these were in the <24 age group. According to the Joinpoint
Regression Analysis, there was a statistically significant decrease in the <15 age group in males
over the period (p=0.013), while there was a statistically significant increase in the 20-24 age
group over the period (p<0.001). In females, there was a statistically significant decrease in the
<15 age group throughout the period a significant decrease in the 15-19 age group until 2020
(p=0.001), and a non-significant increase thereafter. Suicidal thoughts can develop rapidly in
this age group and therefore crisis services should be widely available.
Keywords: Joinpoint Regression Analysis; suicide; mortality
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GİRİŞ
İntihar dünya çapında önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak kabul edildiğinden intihara ilişkin
epidemiyolojik çalışmalar çok sayıdadır. Dünya genelinde her yıl 703.000 kişi intihar nedeniyle
hayatını kaybetmektedir. Sadece yüksek gelirli ülkelerde değil, dünyanın tüm bölgelerinde
görülen küresel bir olgudur. 2019 yılında küresel intiharların %77’den fazlası düşük ve orta
gelirli ülkelerde meydana gelmiştir. İntihar, 15-29 yaş grubunda dördüncü önde gelen ölüm
nedenidir (WHO, 2021). Çocuklar ve ergenler arasında intihar oranları artmaya devam
etmektedir; Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde 15 ila 19 yaş arası ergenlerde ikinci önde gelen
ölüm nedenidir (Benton ve ark., 2021). Garnett ve arkadaşları intihar oranlarının 15-24 yaş arası
erkeklerde 2020 ile 2021 arasında önemli ölçüde arttığını ifade etmiştir (Garnett ve Curtin,
2023). Gerstener ve arkadaşları Ekvator’da 1990 ile 2017 yıllarını kapsayan çalışmalarında, 1014 yaş arası genç erkeklerde, kızlarda, ergen erkeklerde ve genç yetişkinlerde artış olduğunu
bildirmişlerdir (Gerstener, 2019). Bosna’da 2010 ile 2020 yılları arasında en büyük artışların
15 ila 29 yaş arası gençler arasında meydana geldiği vurgulanmıştır (Cilovic-Lagarija ve ark.,
2021). Milena ve Irena’nın 2022 yılında dünya genelinde yaptıkları çalışmada, dünyanın birçok
ülkesinde intihar ölümlerinde azalma eğilimi gözlendiğini ama bazı ülkelerde de arttığını,
erkeklerde 10-19 yaş grubundaki yaşa özel intihar ölüm oranlarının, tüm yaş gruplarında
kadınlara göre iki ila üç kat daha yüksek olduğunu belirtmişlerdir (Ilic ve Ilic, 2022).Becker ve
arkadaşları, ruhsal hastalığı olan çocuk ve ergenlerde intihar riski 3 ila 12 kat daha yüksek
olduğunu, mobingin de intihar riskini artırdığını bildirmiştir. Ayrıca, çocuklara ve ergenlere
antidepresan ilaçların uygulanmasının intihar eğilimini artırdığına dair kanıtlar olduğunu ifade
etmiştir (Becker ve Correll, 2020).Depresyon, duygu durum bozukluğu gibi tıbbi bozuklukların
geçmişi ve bilişsel bozulmanın intihar için önemli risk faktörleri olduğu belirlenmiştir, ancak
sosyokültürel faktörlerin de intihar epidemiyolojisinde önemli bir rol oynadığı göz önünde
bulundurulmalıdır (Pompili ve ark., 2015). Yüksek gelirli ülkelerde her kadın ölümü başına üç
erkek ölümü, düşük gelirli ve orta gelirli ülkelerde ise her iki kadın ölümü başına üç erkek
ölümü oranıyla, riskte önemli cinsiyet dengesizlikleri bulunmaktadır.Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de
2009-2022 yılları arasındaki intihara bağlı mortalitenin cinsiyet ve yaş gruplarına göre trend
analizlerinin yapılması amaçlandı.
MATERYAL VE METOT
Veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu ölüm veri tabanından elde edildi (TÜİK,2022). Uluslararası
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü Uluslararası Hastalık Sınıflandırması (ICD-10)’na (World Health
Organization, 2004) göre X60-X84 (intihar ve kasıtlı kendine zarar verme) kodları dikkate
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
alındı. Cinsiyete göre, farklı yaş grupları (<15, 15-19, 20-24) için yaşa özel oranlar hesaplandı.
Yaşa özel oranlar 100,000 kişi başına ölüm olarak ifade edildi. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde
Joinpoint Regresyon Analizi (JRA) kullanıldı. JRA, iki değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi, parçalı
doğrusal bir regresyon aracılığıyla açıklayan istatistiksel bir modelleme tekniğidir. Bu teknik,
epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda mortalite veya insidans serilerindeki trendleri modellemekte
yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. JRA’da değişim noktası “joinpoint”
olarak tanımlanmış ve
2000 yılında Kim ve arkadaşları bu değişim noktalarının bulunmasında Lerman tarafından
önerilen Grid Serch metodu kullanılmıştır (Kim ve ark., 2000). İstatistiksel olarak anlamlı olan
her bir değişim noktası için yıllık yüzde değişin (YYD), ortalama yıllık yüzde değişim (OYYD,
tüm kırılma noktalarındaki YYD değerlerinin ortalamasıdır ) ve bunlara ait %95 güven
aralıkları hesaplandı. Analizler, ABD Ulusal Kanser Enstitüsü tarafından hazırlanan Joinpoint
Regresyon Programı (versiyon 4.9.1.0–2021) kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi (National Cancer
Institute, 2021). P<0.05 değerini istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi.
BULGULAR
Türkiye’de, 2009-2022 döneminde yaklaşık 47,000 kişi intihar nedeni ile hayatını kaybetmiştir.
Bunların yaklaşık %75’i erkektir. Bu dönemde <25 yaş grubunda ise intihar mortalite sayısı
11,700 kişidir. Bu toplam intihar ölümlerinin dörtte birini oluşturmaktadır. Ülkemizde bu yaş
grubunda intihar mortalite oranı erkeklerde kadınlardan yaklaşık olarak 2 kat daha fazladır
(Tablo 1).Yaş gruplarına göre değerlendirildiğinde erkeklerde <15 yaş grubunda periyod
boyunca istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düşüş gözlenirken (p=0.013), 20-24 yaş grubunda ise
periyod boyunca istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artış gözlemlendi (p<0.001) (Şekil 1, Tablo 2).
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tablo 1. Çocuk, ergen ve genç yetişkinlerde intihar ölüm sayıları, Türkiye (TÜİK, 2022)
<15
Yıl
15-19
20-24
Erkek
Kadın
Erkek
Kadın
Erkek
2009
49
46
175
156
2010
48
59
202
179
2011
45
58
175
2012
53
53
2013
39
2014
Toplam
Kadın
Erkek/Kadın
Kadın
Erkek
177
95
401
297
1,4
205
106
455
344
1,3
179
176
90
396
327
1,2
198
173
293
124
544
350
1,6
46
229
173
294
120
562
339
1,7
59
64
230
141
298
109
587
314
1,9
2015
36
47
180
158
300
115
516
320
1,6
2016
42
39
189
146
248
107
479
292
1,6
2017
36
30
191
145
294
83
521
258
2,0
2018
34
37
183
139
291
89
508
265
1,9
2019
41
25
200
125
313
111
554
261
2,1
2020
23
35
200
121
343
99
566
255
2,2
2021
34
37
216
161
405
107
655
305
2,1
2022
40
41
236
174
401
143
677
358
1,9
Total
579
617
2804
2170
4038
1498
7421
4285
1,8
Şekil 1. Erkeklerde Yaşa Göre İntihar Mortalite Trendleri, Joinpoint Regresyon Analizi
Sonuçları, 2009–2022.Kadınlarda, <15 yaş grubunda periyod boyunca yıllık yüzde 4.4’lük
istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düşüş gözlendi. Yine 15-19 yaş grubunda 2020 yılına kadar anlamlı
düşüş (p=0.001) sonrasında ise anlamlı olmayan artış gözlendi. 20-24 yaş grubunda ise periyod
boyunda bir değişim gözlenmedi (Şekil 2, Tablo 1).
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 2. Kadınlarda Yaşa Göre İntihar Mortalite Trendleri, Joinpoint Regresyon Analizi
Sonuçları, 2009–2022.
Tablo 2. Cinsiyet ve Yaş Gruplarına Göre Joinpoint Regresyon Analizi Sonuçları, 2009-2022
OYYD (GA%95)
(2009-2022)
Trend 1
Trend 2
Period
YYD (GA%95)
Period
YYD (GA%95)
-3,5 (-6,1;-0,9)
(p=0.013)
-
-
-
-
15-19
1.0 (-0,5;2,4)
(p=0.170)
-
-
-
-
20-24
4,8 (2,6;7,0)
(p<0.001)
-
-
-
-
<15
-4,4 (-7,2;-1,5)
(p=0.006)
-
-
-
15-19
0,11 (-3,0;3,4)
(p=0.934)
2009-2020
-3,1 (-4,5;-1,6)
(p=0.001)
2020-2022
20-24
0,1 (-2,2;2,3)
(p=0.960)
-
-
Erkek
<15
Kadın
19,8 (-4,1;49,6)
(p=0.099)
-
YYD: Yıllık Yüzde Değişim; OYYD: Ortalama Yıllık Yüzde Değişim; GA: Güven Aralığı
TARTIŞMA
Elde edilen sonuçlar, erkeklerde periyod boyunca intihar mortalite oranında anlamlı artışlar
olduğunu, kadınlarda ise 2019 yılına kadar anlamlı düşüş sonrasında ise artış olduğu gösterdi.
Erkeklerde intihar mortalite oranının kadınlardan yaklaşık iki kat daha fazla olduğu görüldü.
1559
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Ekvador'da 25 yaş altı nüfusta intihar önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur ve 1990 ile 2017 yılları
arasında özellikle çocuklar ve 15-24 yaş arası erkekler arasında artış göstermiştir (Gerstner,
2019). Doğan ve arkadaşlarının 2015 yılında yapmış olduğu çalışmada, 15-24 yaş grubunda
dönem boyunca kadınlarda ortalama yıllık %4.9’luk anlamlı düşüş, erkeklerde ise 1987-2005
yılları arasında yıllık %4.9’luk artış sonrasında ise yıllık %2.5’lik düşüş gözlenmiştir (Doğan
ve Toprak, 2015). İntihar, çoğunlukla erkeklerde görülen önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur.
Dünya çapında yaşa özel intihar oranı erkeklerde kadınlara göre 2,3 kat daha yüksekti.
Erkek:Kadın intihar oranlarının 1'den büyük olması, intihar oranlarının erkeklerde kadınlara
göre daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir (WHO, 2021). Ülkemizde ise bu yaş grubunda
intihar mortalite oranı erkeklerde kadınlardan yaklaşık olarak iki kat fazladır ve benzer sonuçlar
elde edilmiştir. Kadınlar toplamda erkeklere göre yaklaşık iki kat fazla intihar girişiminde
bulunmakla birlikte ölümle sonuçlanan intiharlarda erkeklerin gerisinde kalmaktadır (Kırcı,
2017). Özellikle toplumsal baskılar nedeniyle kadının kendini ifade etmesinde sesini
yükseltmesinde rahat olmadığı ülke ve topluluklarda intihar girişimi bir imdat çığlığı olarak
öne çıkmaktadır. Erkekler, gerçekten ölmeye kararlı olarak girişimde bulunmakta, aynı
zamanda ateşli silah, motorlu araç kullanma gibi intihar yollarına daha kolay ulaşmalarından
erkeklerde kadınlardan iki kat fazla başarılı intihar görülmektedir. Geleneksel erkekliğin, erkek
kırılganlığı için önemli bir risk faktörü olduğu ve duygusal dışavurum, yardım arama
isteksizliği veya alkol kullanımı gibi uyumsuz başa çıkma stratejilerini teşvik ettiği
gösterilmiştir. Bu temel erkek eğiliminin, farklı toplumsal koşullar nedeniyle psikososyal stresi
artırdığı görülmüştür (Möller, 2002). Ekonomik durgunluğun uzun süreli etkisi işsizlik ve iş
güvensizliği sorununu ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Durgunluk veya ekonomik kriz yaşayan ülkelerde,
erkeklerde intihar oranları artma eğilimi göstermektedir. Bu faktörlerin doğrudan veya dolaylı
olarak depresyon, anksiyete, aşırı içki gibi ruh sağlığı sorunlarına ve daha sonra intihar
davranışına yol açabileceği ileri sürülmektedir (Haw ve ark., 2014). Kavaklı, yaptığı
çalışmasında bölgesel farklılıkların intiharda önemli rol oynadığını, 15-19 yaş grubunda
Güneydoğu Anadolu, 20-24 yaş grubunda ise İstanbul’da intihar olaylarının daha yüksek
olduğunu ifade etmiştir (Kavaklı, 2023). Türkiye’de son yıllardan üniversitelerin artması,
mezun sayılarında da bir artış meydana getirmiştir. Bu artışa rağmen yeterli istihdamın
karşılanamaması, özellikle genç işsiz sayısında önemli bir yükseliş göstermiştir. Genç nüfusa
sahip olan Türkiye’de bu durum genç işsizliğin artmasına ve bu yaştaki bireylerin hayat
beklentilerinin düşmesiyle birlikte intihara yönelimi arttırmaktadır (Kavaklı, 2023).Batman’da
25 yaş ve altı bireylerle yürütülen bir çalışmada en önemli intihar nedenlerinden ilk iş hayatına
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
erken yaşta katılmak (çocuk işçiliği), diğeri ise erken yaşta evlilikler neticesinde çocuk gelin
problemi olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır (Komisyon, 2022). Duygusal ve davranışsal
düzensizlik, teşhis grupları arasında tutarlı bir şekilde intihar davranışlarıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir
ve akut ve kronik olarak bağımsız risk faktörleridir (Benton ve ark., 2022). İntihar eğilimi, altta
yatan psikiyatrik bozuklukların varlığında daha sık ortaya çıksa da, akut stres tepkileri veya
ergenlik krizlerinden de kaynaklanabilir (Becker ve Correll, 2020)
SONUÇ
Dünyanın birçok ülkesinde her iki cinsiyette de kaydedilen düşüş eğilimine rağmen, intihar
nedeniyle ölüm oranları bazı popülasyonlarda artış eğilimi göstermektedir (Ilic ve Ilic, 2022).
İntihardaki bu artışın önlenmesine yönelik daha etkili önlemler sağlamak amacıyla, daha fazla
araştırma yapılarak bu olumsuz eğilimlerin nedenlerini açıklığa kavuşturmalıdır. İntihar,
özellikle incelenen yaş grubunda ülkelerin gelecekteki üretken nüfusuna yönelik kayıplara yol
açması nedeniyle önemi daha da artmaktadır. Bu yaş grubuna ilişkin alınması gereken
tedbirlerin belirlenmesinde intiharın sosyal, kültürel, coğrafi ve yaşla ilgili değişkenleri olduğu
unutulmamalıdır. Aile, eğitim, din, ekonomi, siyaset gibi toplumsal kurumların işlevselliklerini
sağlamak, toplumsal değişim ve dönüşümlerde mevcudiyetlerini ve etkinliklerini muhafaza
etmek, intiharları önlemek açısından değerlidir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKÇA
Becker, M., & Correll, C. U. (2020). Suicidality in childhood and adolescence. Deutsches
Ärzteblatt International, 117(15), 261.
Benton, T. D., Muhrer, E., Jones, J. D., & Lewis, J. (2021). Dysregulation and suicide in
children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 30(2), 389-399.
Cilovic-Lagarija, S., Hasanica, N., Musa, S., & Peek-Asa, C. (2021). Trends in Suicide
Mortality in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina-2010-2020. Medical
Archives, 75(4), 302.
Dogan, N., & Toprak, D. (2015). Trends in suicide mortality rates for Turkey from 1987 to
2011: a joinpoint regression analysis. Arch Iran Med. 18(6):355-361.
Garnett, M. F., & Curtin, S. C. (2023). Suicide mortality in the United States, 2001–
2021. NCHS data brief, 464, 1-8.
Gerstner, R. M. (2019). Trend analysis of suicide among children, adolescent and young adults
in Ecuador between 1990 and 2017. In Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra (Vol. 42,
No. 1, pp. 9-18).
Haw, C., Hawton, K., Gunnell, D., & Platt, S. (2015). Economic recession and suicidal
behaviour: Possible mechanisms and ameliorating factors. International journal of social
psychiatry, 61(1), 73-81.
Ilic, M., & Ilic, I. (2022). Worldwide suicide mortality trends (2000-2019): A joinpoint
regression analysis. World journal of psychiatry, 12(8), 1044.
Kavaklı, M. (2023). Türkiye’de intiharın sosyo-ekonomik ve sosyo-psikolojik belirleyicileri:
düzey 2 için bir panel veri çözümlemesi. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari
Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(1), 55-71.
Kırcı, G. S. (2017). TÜİK Verilerine Göre Türkiye’de Meydana Gelen Adölesan İntiharlarının
Değerlendirilmesi. Klinik Tıp Aile Hekimliği, 9(5), 42-47.
Kim, H. J., Fay, M. P., Feuer, E. J., & Midthune, D. N. (2000). Permutation tests for joinpoint
regression with applications to cancer rates. Statistics in medicine, 19(3), 335-351.
Komisyonu, B. V. İ. O. A. (2022). Ergen Bireylerde İntihar Davranışının Çok Yönlü
İncelenmesi: Batman İli Örneği.
Möller-Leimkühler AM. (2003). The gender gap in suicide and premature death or: why are
men so vulnerable? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci; 253: 18.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Pompili, M.; Venturini, P.; Lamis, D.A.; Giordano, G.; Serafini, G.; Belvederi Murri, M.;
Amore, M.; Girardi, P. Suicide in stroke survivors: Epidemiology and prevention.
Drugs Aging 2015, 32, 21–29.
TÜİK, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, İstatistik Veri Portalı, (2022); https://data.tuik.gov.tr.
World Health Organization. (2004). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and
related health problems: Alphabetical index (Vol. 3). World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2021). Suicide worldwide in 2019: global health estimates.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
7075 ALÜMİNYUM ALAŞIMLARINDA SOĞUK SPREY KAPLAMA ÖNCESİ
YÜZEY İŞLEMLERİNİN AŞINMA DAYANIMINA ETKİSİ
Arş. Gör. Canser GÜL* (ORCID: 0000-0002-1339-936X)
Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği,
Manisa-Türkiye
Email: canser.gul@cbu.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Nilay ÇÖMEZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-6432-6582)
Ege Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Makine Mühendisliği, İzmir- Türkiye
Arş. Gör. Sevda ALBAYRAK (ORCID: 0000-0002-1504-8061)
Gazi Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği, AnkaraTürkiye
Prof. Dr. Hülya DURMUŞ (ORCID: 0000-0002-7270-562X)
Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği,
Manisa-Türkiye
Özet
Alüminyum alaşımları yüksek özgül mukavemet avantajına sahip olsalar da düşük sertlik,
aşınma ve korozyon dayanımları nedeniyle bazı uygulamalarda kullanımları sınırlıdır. Yüzey
modifikasyonu ise alaşımların sertlik ve aşınma dayanımlarını geliştirmenin etkili bir yoludur.
Bu doğrultuda, metal ve seramik içerikli kompozit ve fonksiyonel bir kaplama tabakasının
çeşitli termal püskürtme yöntemleri ile yüzeye kaplanması uygulamanın tipine ve
gerekliliklerine göre çeşitli avantajlar sağlayabilir. Yapılan çalışmada yüksek özgül
mukavemeti ve endüstride sık kullanılması sebebi ile geliştirilmek üzere 7075 Al alaşımı
numuneler tercih edilmiştir. Kaplama sırasında numunelerin ısıdan minimum etkilenmesini
sağlamak için soğuk sprey yöntemi kullanılmış ve kaplama öncesi uygulanan yüzey
işlemlerinin aşınma dayanımına sertlik ve morfolojiye etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Yüzey
işlemleri olarak cam bilye ve çelik bilye ile kumlama, zımparalama ve parlatma işlemleri
kullanılmıştır. Kaplamalarda DYMET K714 kodlu Ni, Zn ve Al2O3 içerikli ticari tozlar
kullanılmıştır. Kaplama sonrası numune morfolojileri Nikon marka Clemex Vision PE
yazılımlı mikroskop kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Kaplama kalınlık ölçümleri yine aynı yazılım
ve mikroskop kiti kullanılarak kesitlerden alınan görüntülerden yapılmıştır. Mikrosertlik testleri
numunelerin enine kesitlerinden, altlık, ara yüzeyler ve kaplama tabakası olacak şekilde farklı
bölgelerden alınarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sertlik testlerinde HCK-404SXV Dijital Mikro
Vickers sertlik cihazı kullanılmış ve 500 gram yük altında ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Numunelerin aşınma testleri CSM tribometre ball-on disk aşınma cihazı kullanılarak
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aşınma testleri için Al2O3 aşındırıcı bilyeler numune yüzeyinde yük 10N
olacak şekilde, 10cm/s kayma hızı ile ile kaydırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda zımparalama işlemi
sonrasında kaplanan numunenin en yüksek sertliğe ve maksimum aşınma dayanımına sahip
olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Alüminyum, Soğuk sprey, Yüzey işlemleri, Aşınma.
1564
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE EFFECT OF SURFACE TREATMENTS ON WEAR RESISTANCE IN COLD
SPRAY COATING OF 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOYS
Abstract
Although aluminum alloys have the advantage of high specific strength, their use in some
applications is limited due to low hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance. Surface
modification is an effective way to enhance the hardness and wear resistance of alloys. In this
context, coating the surface with a composite and functional coating layer containing metal and
ceramic components using various thermal spray methods can provide various advantages
depending on the application type and requirements. In the conducted study, 7075 Al alloy
samples were chosen for improvement due to their high specific strength and frequent use in
the industry. The cold spray method was employed during coating to minimize the heat impact
on the samples, and the effect of pre-coating surface treatments on wear resistance, hardness,
and morphology was evaluated. Surface treatments such as sandblasting with glass beads and
steel beads, sanding, and polishing were used. Commercial powders with the code DYMET
K714 containing Ni, Zn, and Al2O3 were used in the coatings. Post-coating sample
morphologies were examined using a Nikon Clemex Vision PE microscope with dedicated
software. Coating thickness measurements were also performed using the same software and
microscope kit from images taken from cross-sections. Microhardness tests were conducted on
transverse sections of the samples, including the substrate, interfaces, and coating layers. HCK404SXV Digital Micro Vickers hardness tester was used for hardness tests, and measurements
were taken under a 500-gram load. Wear tests on the samples were carried out using a CSM
tribometer ball-on-disk wear apparatus. For wear tests, Al2O3 abrasive balls were slid on the
sample surface with a load of 10N and a sliding speed of 10cm/s. As a result of the study, it
was observed that the sample coated after sanding had the highest hardness and maximum wear
resistance
Keywords: Aluminum, Cold spray, Surface treatments, Wear.
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Giriş - Introduction
Alüminyum alaşımı 7075-T651, yüksek mukavemet, hafiflik ve nispeten düşük maliyet gibi
çeşitli avantajlar sunar ve otomobil ve uçak imalat endüstrilerinde kritik bir yapısal malzeme
olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır (Chen et al., 2019; Dursun and Sourtis, 2014). Bununla
birlikte, yüzey oksidasyonu ve zayıf aşınma direnci genellikle yüksek sürtünme katsayısına ve
şiddetli aşınmaya yol açar (Peng et al., 2018).Alüminyum alaşımlarının aşınma dayanımlarının
geliştirilmesinde bir çok yüzey modifikasyon yöntemi ve kaplama malzemesi kullanılmaktadır.
Metalik, oksitli veya yüzeyin sonradan oksitlendirilmesine yönelik, seramik ve hatta kompozit
kaplamalar yapılarak alüminyum alaşımları ortamın aşındırıcı etkilerinden korunmak
istenmiştir (Li et al., 2022; Duan et al., 2021). Farklı yöntemler arasında altlık malzemenin
ısınmasını
minimuma
indirebilecek
ve
dolayısıyla
istenmeyen
oksit
oluşumunu
engelleyebilecek son yıllarda popüler olan bir yöntem ise soğuk sprey kaplama yöntemidir
(Kim et al., 2023).Soğuk sprey kaplama sistemleri özellikle düşük basınçlı sistemlerde temelde
genellikle kompresöre bağlı bir gaz ısıtıcı, süpersonik bir nozül ve bu nozüle direk olarak bağlı
bir toz besleme sisteminden oluşur. Isıtılan gazlar kullanılarak tozlar bu nozülden aktarılır ve
altlık yüzeylerine püskürtülür (Vaz et al., 2023). Soğuk sprey kaplama sistemine ait şematik bir
gösterim Şekil 1’de verilmiştir.
Şekil 1. Soğuk sprey yöntemi şematik gösterimi (Vaz et al., 2023)
Bu çalışmada, 7075 alüminyum alaşım yüzeylerine iki farklı tür bilye ile kumlama işlemi,
zımparalama ve parlatma yüzey işlemleri uygulandıktan sonra aynı koşullar altında K714
tozları ile soğuk sprey kaplama yapılmıştır. Farklı yüzey işlemi olarak parlatma, çelik ve cam
bilye ile kumlama ve zımparalama işlemleri seçilmiş ve kaplama sonrası numuneler morfolojik
ve mekanik özellik bakımından birbirleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır.
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Malzeme ve Metot - Materials and Methods
7075 alüminyum alaşımları altlık malzeme olarak kullanılmak üzere 10x3cm2 boyutlarında 5
mm kalınlıkta plakalar şeklinde kesilerek hazırlanmıştır. Alaşım yüzeylerine cam bilye
püskürtme, çelik bilye ile kumlama, zımparalama ve parlatma işlemleri uygulanmış ve
hazırlanan yüzeyler aynı şartlar altında kaplanmıştır. Kaplama yöntemi olarak soğuk sprey
yöntemi tercih edilmiş ve kaplama işlemleri 500 ºC sıcaklıkta gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kaplama
cihazı olarak DYMET 423 düşük basınçlı soğuk sprey ekipmanı kullanılmıştır. Kaplama
işlemlerinde DYMET K714 kodlu Ni, Zn ve Al2O3 içerikli ticari tozlar kullanılmıştır. Tüm
kaplama işlemlerinde toz besleme hızı 9 g/dk olarak belirlenmiştir.Kaplama sonrası numune
morfolojileri Nikon marka Clemex Vision PE yazılımlı mikroskop kullanılarak 200X
büyütmede incelenmiştir. Kaplama kalınlık ölçümleri yine aynı yazılım ve mikroskop kiti
kullanılarak 50X büyütmede enine alınan kesitlerden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yüzey pürüzlülük
ölçümlerinde Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-310 kullanılmıştır. Mikrosertlik testleri numunelerin enine
kesitlerinden, altlık, ara yüzeyler ve kaplama tabakası olacak şekilde farklı bölgelerden alınarak
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sertlik testlerinde HCK-404SXV Dijital Mikro Vickers sertlik cihazı
kullanılmış ve 500 gram yük altında ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir.Numunelerin aşınma testleri
CSM tribometre ball-on disk aşınma cihazı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aşınma testleri
için 6mm çapında Al2O3 bilye aşındırıcı eleman olarak tercih edilmiştir. Aşınma mesafesi
olarak 200m belirlenmiş ve yük 10N olacak şekilde ayarlanmıştır. Aşınma yarıçapı 3,3 mm
olacak şekilde hazneye yerleştirilen numuneler üzerinde bilye 10cm/s hız ile kaydırılmıştır.
Bulgular ve Tartışma - Findings and Discussion
Kaplama sonrası yapılan pürüzlülük ölçüm sonuçlarına göre, cam bilyelerle kumlanmış,
zımparalanmış ve parlatıldıktan sonra kaplanmış numunelerin yüzey pürüzlülük değerleri
benzerlik göstermektedir. Bu değerler sırasıyla cam bilye ile kumlanan numune için 5,97 μm,
zımparalandıktan sonra kaplanan numune için 5,8 μm ve patlatıldıktan sonra kaplanan numune
için ise 6,27 μm olarak ölçülmüştür. Numuneler arasında yüzey pürüzlülüğündeki belirgin
farkla öne çıkan numune 6,94 μm pürüzlülük değeri ile kumlandıktan sonra kaplanan numune
olmuştur. Kaplama tozları soğuk sprey yöntemi ile püskürtüldüğünde, diğer termal sprey
yöntemlerindeki gibi tam ergime sağlanmadan kaplama işlemi gerçekleştirilir. Tozlar
süpersonik olarak adlandırılan bir kritik hıza ulaştıktan sonra yüzeye çarptırılır ve bu hızın
etkisiyle plastik deformasyona uğrar (Assadi et al., 2016; Vinay et al., 2022). Başlangıçtaki
yüzeyin pürüzlü olması kaplama sonrası yüzeyin pürüzlülük oranını etkileyebilir. Fakat soğuk
sprey yönteminde atomsal boyutta düzenli bir birleşme söz konusu olmadığı için pürüzsüz ve
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parlatılmış yüzeylerde dahi pürüzsüz bir kaplama yüzeyi elde etmek mümkün değildir. Daha
yüksek hızla çarpan ve daha küresel şekle sahip olan, plastik deformasyonun daha kolay
gerçekleşebileceği parçacıklar, kaplama sonrası daha yassı tanecikler olarak yapıda
bulunacağından, pürüzlülüğü bir miktar azaltabilir (Gül et al., 2022). Vaz vd. (2023),
çalışmalarında ise kumlanmış ve pürüzlendirilmiş yüzeylerde daha heterojen bir büyümeden
söz edileceği için pürüzlülüğünde kaplama sonrası artmış olacağını vurgulamışlardır. Artan
pürüzlülük ise daha efektif bir kaplama eldesini sağlayabilir Vaz vd., (2023). Kaplama sonrası
yüzeylerden alınan mikroskop görüntüleri Şekil 2’de verilmiştir. Görüntüler alınan pürüzlülük
ölçümlerini destekler niteliktedir.
Şekil 2. Kaplanmış yüzeylerden alınan mikroskop görüntüleri a) cam, b) zımparalanmış, c)
parlatılmış d) kumlanmış numune yüzeyleri (200X büyütme)
Kaplanmış numunelerin kesitlerinden alınan kaplama kalınlık ölçümleri Şekil 3’te verilmiştir.
Alınan ölçümlere göre ortalama kaplama kalınlıkları ortalamaları cam bilye ile kumlanan
numune için 67,6 μm, parlatıldıktan sonra kaplanan numune için 72,52 μm ve kumlama sonrası
kaplanan numune için 77,5 μm olarak ölçülmüştür. Numuneler arasında yüzey
pürüzlülüğündeki belirgin farkla öne çıkan numune ise zımparalandıktan sonra kaplanan
numune olmuştur ve kaplama kalınlığı ortalaması 175,9 μm olarak ölçülmüştür. Zımparalanmış
numunede kaplama tabakasının altında oksit tabakası olduğu düşünülen ikinci bir tabakaya
rastlanmıştır. Bu tabakanın kaplama kalınlığını destekler nitelikte olduğu düşünülmektedir.
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Şekil 3. Kaplanmış numune kesitlerinden gerçekleştirilen kaplama kalınlık ölçümleri a) cam,
b)zımp, c)parl d)kum numune yüzeyleri (50X büyütme)
Kaplanmış numunelerin sertlik ölçümleri Şekil 4’te verilmiştir. Altlık WE43 Mg alaşımının
sertliği 150 HV0,5 olarak ölçülmüştür ve tüm numunelerde ortalama bu değerdedir.
Arayüzeylerden yapılan ölçümler ile de paralel olacak şekilde en yüksek sertlik zımparalanmış
numunede gözlemlenmiş olup kaplama tabakası altında gözlemlenen oksit tabakası olduğu
düşünülen tabakanın, ana kaplama yapısının sertliğini artırıcı nitelikte olmasıdır. Tüm
kaplanmış numunelerin sertliği altlık malzemenin sertliğinden yüksek olmakla birlikte
mikrosertlik ortalamaları cam bilye ile kumlanan numune için 320 HV0,5, parlatıldıktan sonra
kaplanan numune için 270 HV0,5, kumlama sonrası kaplanan numune için 284 HV0,5 ve
zımparalama sonrası kaplanan numune için 339 HV0,5 olarak ölçülmüştür.
Şekil 4. Numunelerin mikrosertlik grafiği
Aşınma testleri sonrası aşınma iz genişlik ölçümleri Şekil 5’te verilmiştir. Aşınma iz
genişlikleri ortalamaları cam bilye ile kumlanan numune için 1191 μm, zımparalandıktan sonra
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kaplanan numune için 1328 μm , parlatıldıktan sonra kaplanan numune için 1656 μm ve
kumlama sonrası kaplanan numune için 1780 μm olarak ölçülmüştür. Minimum aşınma iz
genişliği cam bilye ile kumlandıktan sonra kaplanmış numunede ve zımparalama sonrası
kaplanan numunede gözlemlenirken, maksimum iz genişliği kumlandıktan sonra kaplanan
numunede gözlemlenmiştir.
Şekil 5. Aşınma iz ölçümleri a) cam, b)zımp, c)parl d)kum numune
Aşınma sırasında kaydedilen sürtünme katsayısı değerlerinin zamanla değişimini gösteren
grafik Şekil 6’da verilmiştir. Sürtünme katsayısı maksimum değere çıkan ve zaman içinde de
diğer numunelerden açık ara fark ile yüksekte seyreden numune zımparalandıktan sonra
kaplama işlemi uygulanan numune olmuştur. Aşınma iz genişliğinin daha az olması bu durumu
desteklemekte olup bu numunede kaplama kalınlığının maksimum değerde elde edilmesinin
olumlu bir etkisinden söz edilebilir. Minimum sürtünme katsayısı parlatıldıktan sonra kaplanan
numunede elde edilmiştir. Aynı zamanda parlatıldıktan sonra kaplanan numune için, aşınma izi
genişliğinin de fazla ölçülmesi ile birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, en düşük aşınma dayanımını
sergilediği söylenebilir.
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Şekil 6. Sürtünme katsayısı grafiği
Şekil 7. Aşınan alan grafikleri a) cam, b)zımp, c)parl d)kum numune yüzeyleri
Şekil 7, numunelerin aşınma testleri sonrası aşınma izlerinden alınan profil ölçümlerini
göstermektedir. Parlatma ve kumlama işlemleri sonrası numunelerde maksimum aşınma ile
hacim kaybı gözlemlenmiştir. Aşınma profillerine göre minimum aşınmanın zımparalanmış
numunede olduğu söylenebilir. Hesaplanan hacim kayıpları sırasıyla cam bilye ile kumlanan
numune için 0.0264 mm3, zımparalandıktan sonra kaplanan numune için 0.0241 mm3,
parlatıldıktan sonra kaplanan numune için 0.0371 mm3 ve kumlama sonrası kaplanan numune
için 0.0446 mm3 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yüzey pürüzlülüğünün maksimum olduğu çelik bilye
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ile kumlanmış numune grubunda fazla pürüzlülüğün abraziv aşınmayı tetiklemesi nedeni ile
(Liang et al., 2018) daha büyük parçaların koparak kaplama tabakasından ayrıldığı
düşünülmektedir. Bu durum aşınma sonrası hacim kayıplarının daha büyük boyutta olmasına
neden olmuş ve kumlanmış ve parlatılmış numunede minimum aşınma dayanımı
gözlemlenmesine neden olmuştur.
Sonuçlar ve Öneriler - Conclusion and Recommendations
7075 alüminyum alaşım plaka numuneler, DYMET K714 kodlu Ni, Zn ve Al2O3 içerikli ticari
tozlar kullanılarak soğuk sprey yöntemi ile başarılı bir şekilde kaplanmıştır. Cam bilye ile
kumlama, zımparalama, çelik bilye ile kumlama ve parlatma yüzey işlemleri sonrası aynı
parametreler kullanılarak aynı ortam koşullarında kaplamalar gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu
kaplamaların morfolojik özellikleri ve aşınma dayanımları arasındaki farklılıklar incelenmiştir.
Gerçekleştirilen çalışma sonucunda en yüksek yüzey pürüzlülüğü çelik bilye ile kumlama
sonrası kaplanan numunede gözlemlenmiştir. Tüm yüzeylerde homojen bir kaplama tabakası
elde edilebilmiş olup zımparalama sonrası kaplanan numunede diğer numune gruplarına göre
yaklaşık 2,5 kat kadar daha kalın bir kaplama tabakası elde edilebilmiştir. Yapılan tüm analizler
sonrasında sertlik ve aşınma dayanımı en yüksek olan numune zımparaladıktan sonra kaplanan
numune olmuştur.
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Referanslar - References
Assadi, H., Kreye, H., Gartner, F. & Klassen, T. (2016). Cold spraying – a materials
perspective, Acta Materialia, 116, 382-407.
Chen, W., Yu, Y., Ma, J., Zhu,S., Liu, W. & Yang, J. (2019). Low-Pressure Cold Spraying of
Copper–Graphite Solid Lubricating Coatings on Aluminum Alloy 7075-T651, J Therm
Spray Tech, 2019, 28, 1688–1698.
Duan, Z.J., Li, C.H., Ding, W.F., Zhang, Y.B., Yang, M., Gao, T., Cao, H.J., et al. (2021).
Milling Force Model for Aviation Aluminum Alloy: Academic Insight and Perspective
Analysis, Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 34(1), 18.
Dursun, T., & Soutis, C. (2014). Recent Developments in Advanced Aircraft Aluminium
Alloys, Mater. Des., 56, 862-871.
Gül, C., Albayrak, S., Çömez, N. & Durmuş, H. (2022) Al/Zn/Al2O3 and Zn/Al2O3 coatings
by cold spray coating method of WE43 magnesium alloy and investigation of its wear
behaviors, Journal of Polytechnic, 25(4), 1791-1798.
Kim, M., Brewer, L.N. & Kubacki, G.W. (2023). Microstructure and corrosion resistance of
chromate conversion coating on cold sprayed aluminum alloy 2024, Surface and
Coatings Technology, 460, 129423.
Li, Q., Wen, L.Y., Tan Y.N., Huang, B., Xie Z.H. et al. (2022) Review on Improvement
Methods for Wear Resistance of Aluminum Alloys, Rare Metal Materials and
Engineering, 51(11), 4093-4102.
Liang, G., Schmauder, S., Lyu, M., Schneider, Y., Zhang, C., & Han, Y. (2018). An
investigation of the influence of initial roughness on the friction and wear behavior of
ground surface, Materials, 11(2), 237.
Peng, J., Jin, X., Xu, Z., Zhang, J., Cai, Z., Luo, Z., & Zhu, M. (2018) Study on the Damage
Evolution of Torsional Fretting Fatigue in 7075 Aluminum Alloy, Wear, 402-403, 160168.
Vaz, R.F., Garfias, A., Albaladejo, V., Sanchez, J. & Cano, I.G. (2023). A Review of
Advances in Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing, Coatings, 13, 267.
Vinay, G., Chavan, N.M., Kumar, S., Jyothirmayi, A. & Bodapati, B.R. (2022). Improved
microstructure and properties of cold sprayed zinc coatings in the as sprayed condition,
Surface and Coatings Technology, 438, 128392.
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2024 AL ALAŞIMLARINA UYGULANAN SOĞUK SPREY ÖNCESİ YÜZEY
İŞLEMLERİNİN AŞINMA DAYANIMINA ETKİLERİ
Prof. Dr. Hülya DURMUŞ (ORCID: 0000-0002-7270-562X)
Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği,
Manisa-Türkiye
Arş. Gör. Canser GÜL* (ORCID: 0000-0002-1339-936X)
Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği,
Manisa-Türkiye
Email: canser.gul@cbu.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Nilay ÇÖMEZ (ORCID: 0000-0002-6432-6582)
Ege Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Makine Mühendisliği, İzmir- Türkiye
Arş. Gör. Sevda ALBAYRAK (ORCID: 0000-0002-1504-8061)
Gazi Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği, AnkaraTürkiye
Özet
Alüminyum alaşımları, hafifliklerinden dolayı pek çok sektörde geniş bir uygulama alanında
kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bazı uygulamalar alüminyum alaşımlarının aşınma
direncinin iyileştirilmesini gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, başlangıç yüzey
koşullarının 2024 alüminyum alaşımı üzerindeki soğuk püskürtmeli kaplamaların aşınma
direnci üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Farklı yüzey işlemleri uygulanmış (zımparalanmış,
parlatılmış ve kumlanmış) parçaların üzerine ticari K-20-11 tozları 500 °C de püskürtülerek
kaplanmıştır. Kaplamaların uygulanmasında N2 gazı kullanılmış ve kaplama öncesi yüzey
işlemleri farklılık gösteren tüm bu numuneler aynı şartlar altında kaplanmıştır. Yüzey
pürüzlülükleri kaplama öncesi ve sonrası olacak şekilde yüzey profilmetresi kullanılarak
incelenmiştir. Kaplama kalınlıkları kesitlerden alınan mikroskop görüntüleri üzerinden
ölçülmüş ve yüzey pürüzlülüğünün kaplama kalınlığına etkisi tartışılmıştır. Numunelere kuru
kayma koşullarında ball-on disk aşınma testi uygulanmış ve aşınma sonrası tüm numunelerin
aşınma profilleri oluşturulmuştur. Aşınma profilleri kullanılarak hacim kayıpları hesaplanmış
ve sürtünme katsayısı değişiklikleri ve aşınma profilleri birlikte tartışılmıştır. Numunelerin
kaplama kalınlıkları parlatılmış, zımparalanmış ve kumlanmış numunelerde sırasıyla ortalama
87 µm, 228 µm ve 147 µm olarak ölçülmüştür. Aşınma direnci en yüksek olan numune
kumlama işlemi sonrası kaplanan numune olmuştur. Sonuç olarak soğuk sprey kaplama
uygulaması ile Al, Zn ve Al2O3 içerikli K-2011 ticari kodlu kaplama uygulaması ile 2024
alüminyum alaşımlarının kuru kayma koşullarındaki aşınma direnci geliştirilmiştir. Kumlama
sonrası kaplanmış numunelerde parlatılmış ve sonrasında kaplanmış numuneler ile
karşılaştırma yapıldığında gözlemlenen yaklaşık %33’lük bir aşınma dayanımı artışı mevcuttur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: 2024 Al Alaşımı, aşınma, kaplama, soğuk sprey.
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EFFECTS OF SURFACE TREATMENTS PRIOR TO COLD SPRAY ON THE WEAR
RESISTANCE OF 2024 ALLOYS
Abstract
Aluminum alloys are widely used in various industries due to their lightweight properties.
However, certain applications require the improvement of the wear resistance of aluminum
alloys. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of initial surface conditions on the wear
resistance of cold-sprayed coatings on 2024 aluminum alloy. Parts with different surface
treatments (sanded, polished, and shot-blasted) were coated with commercial K-20-11 powders
at 500 °C using cold spraying. Nitrogen gas was used in the coating process, and all these
samples with varying pre-coating surface treatments were coated under the same conditions.
Surface roughness was examined using a surface profilometer before and after coating. Coating
thicknesses were measured from microscope images of cross-sections, and the impact of surface
roughness on coating thickness was discussed. Dry sliding ball-on-disk wear tests were
conducted on the samples, and wear profiles of all samples were generated after the wear tests.
Volume losses were calculated using the wear profiles, and changes in friction coefficients and
wear profiles were discussed together. Coating thicknesses of the samples were measured as 87
µm, 228 µm, and 147 µm for polished, sanded, and shot-blasted samples, respectively. The
sample with the highest wear resistance was the one coated after shot blasting. In conclusion,
cold spray coating application with K-2011 commercial code, containing Al, Zn, and Al2O3,
improved the wear resistance of 2024 aluminum alloys under dry sliding conditions. When
compared to polished and subsequently coated samples, a significant increase of approximately
33% in wear resistance was observed in the samples coated after shot blasting.
Keywords: 2024 Al alloy, wear, coating, cold spray.
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Giriş - Introduction
Alüminyum alaşımlarının sahip olduğu düşük yoğunluk, yüksek şekillendirilebilme kolaylığı,
yüksek korozyon dayanımı, fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin iyileştirilebilmesi özellikleri
sayesinde endüstride yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır (İpekoğlu, 2011). Tüm alüminyum
alaşımları arasında Al/Cu (2XXX-serisi) alaşımları, uçak endüstrisinde sıklıkla gövde ve kapı
kaplamaları, sırt yüzgeçleri ve pervaneler olarak kullanılan yüksek dayanımlı alaşımlardır.
Ayrıca, alüminyum alaşımları, kuru sürtünme koşulları altında büyük sürtünme katsayılarına
ve zayıf aşınma direncine yol açan adheziv aşınmaya eğilimlidir (Mehta et al., 2004). Hafiflik
avantajı ve yüksek spesifik mukavemet özelliklerine karşın, gerçek koşullar altında, 2XXX
serisi alüminyum alaşımlarının korozyon ve aşınma direnci düşük olarak nitelendirilmektedir
(Long et al., 2017). Çeşitli yüzey işlemleri, alüminyum alaşımlarının yüzey özelliklerini
iyileştirmenin etkili bir yoludur. Anotlama (Abdel-Gawad et al., 2019), fiziksel buhar biriktirme
(PVD) (Bashir et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2018), elektrolitik biriktirme (Yin et al., 2016), sol-jel
biriktirme (Yu et al., 2019), lazer kaplama (Ravnikar et al., 2013) ve plazma nitrürleme (da
Silva Savonov et al., 2019) gibi teknikler kullanılarak Al alaşımları üzerinde koruyucu
kaplamalar hazırlanmıştır.ğ Ancak bu yöntemlerin yüksek maliyet, karmaşık süreç, zayıf
kontrol edilebilirlik ve uygulama zorluğu gibi çeşitli eksiklikleri vardır. Ayrıca çoğunda yüksek
sıcaklıklar gerekir ve bu sıcaklıkların çoğu yapıda termal gerilmelere neden olmakta ve dikey
ve yatay çatlak oluşumları nedeniyle kaplama-altlık ara-yüzeyini ve hatta kaplamanın kendisini
negatif etkilemektedir.Soğuk sprey prosesi özellikle metalik toz parçacıkların çok yüksek hızla
(süpersonik) ivmelendirilerek yüzeye çarpmaları sonucunda parçacıkların deformasyon
kabiliyetine bağlı olarak yüzeyde birikmesine olanak sağlayan yeni bir kaplama prosesidir. Bu
yüksek ivmelenme proses gazlarının (hava, azot, helyum ve karışım kombinasyonu) önce
ısıtılması ve basınç altında sıkıştırılmasını takiben nozülden genleşerek çıkışı ile
sağlanmaktadır (da Silva et al., 2017). Eklemeli imalat proseslerinden biri olarak da kabul
edilen bu yöntem, diğer termal sprey kaplama yöntemlerine göre daha düşük sıcaklıklarda
gerçekleştiği için zararlı termal etkilerin azaltılmasını sağlar. Kaplama tabakasını oluşturacak
parçacıklar ve altlık malzeme arası arayüzlerdeki şiddetli plastik deformasyona atfedilen
metalurjik bağlanma ve mekanik kilitleme, altlık üzerinde çökelme mekanizmaları ile
gerçekleşir (Kim et al., 2023). Bu yöntemde diğer püskürtme yöntemlerinden farklı olarak
yüksek kinetik enerji ve düşük termal enerji kullanılır. Böylece, kaplamalar daha kalın, termal
gerilimler daha az olduğu için çatlaksız ve minimum oksidasyonla elde edilebilir. Püskürtme
işlemi sırasında kullanılan sıcaklıklar, termal bozulmanın yanı sıra hammadde malzemesinin
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oksidasyonunu da önler; Böylece kaplamalar pratik olarak oksitsizdir ve yeni fazların
oluşumuna yol açabilecek kimyasal reaksiyonlar oluşmaz (da Silva et al., 2017; Kim et al.,
2023). Şekil 1’de soğuk sprey prosesi şematik olarak gösterilmiştir.
Şekil 1. Soğuk Sprey Prosesi (da Silva et al., 2017)
Soğuk sprey prosesinde kullanılan kaplama malzemeleri metal ve alaşımları, sermetler,
kompozitler ve polimer esaslı malzemelerdir. Sistem üreticileri tarafından endüstriyel açıdan
yaygın olarak kullanılan malzemeler: WC-Co, CrC-NiCr, Al, Cu, Al2O3, SiO2, SiC, Ni, Cr,
Fe,B, C, Ti, Cr2O3, Zn, B2O, TiO2, WC, ZnB2, (Ti+Ni), (C, Co, Fe, W), (C, Cr, Ni), (Al, Ni),
(Al,Hf, Fe, Mg, Si, Ti, Y, Zr), epoksi reçineler, poliüretan ve bir çok termoplastik malzemeler
olup altlık malzeme olarak metal ve alaşımlar,seramikler, cam, kağıt ve polimerler
kullanılabilmektedir (Üstel and Altuncu, 2017)Yapılan çalışmada 2024 alüminyum alaşımları
yüzeylerine farklı yüzey işlemleri uygulandıktan sonra aynı şartlar altında Al, Zn ve Al 2O3
karışım tozları ile soğuk sprey kaplama işlemi uygulanmıştır. Yüzey işlemlerinin yüzey
pürüzlülüğüne, kaplama kalınlıklarına ve numunelerin aşınma dayanımlarına etkileri
incelenmiştir.
Malzeme ve Metot - Materials and Methods
Altlık numune olarak kimyasal bileşimi Tablo 1’de verilen 2024 alüminyum alaşımları
kullanılmıştır. Alaşımlar 10x30 mm2 yüzey alanı ve 4 mm kalınlıkta numunelere kesildikten
sonra üç farklı gruba ayrılmıştır. Yüzeyleri parlatma, zımparalama ve kumlama işlemleri her
bir gruba sırasıyla uygulanmıştır. Parlatma işlemi uygulanan grup numuneleri 1200 gride kadar
zımparalanmış ve 3 µm’ye kadar parlatılmıştır. Zımparalama işlemi uygulanan grup 120 gride
kadar zımparalanmıştır. Tüm zımpara izlerinin paralel ve tek yönde olması sağlanmıştır.
Kumlama işlemi uygulanan numuneler 0,5 MPa basınç ile S330 ticari kodlu çelik kumlama
bilyeleri kullanılarak kumlanmıştır. En son tüm numuneler ultrasonik temizleyici kullanılarak
etanol ile 20 dakika temizlenmiştir.
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Tablo 1. 2024 Al alaşımının kimyasal içeriği
Element
Fe
ağ.%
0,5
Si
3,84,9
Cu
0,1
Cr
Mn
0,3- 1,20,9
1,8
Mg
Zn
Diğer
Al
0,5
0,25
0,30
Kalan
Yüzey hazırlıkları tamamlanan numuneler aynı koşullar altında kaplanmıştır. Tüm numunelerin
kaplanmasında içeriği ağ.%33- 37 Al, ağ.%38-42 Zn, ağ.%23-27Al2O3 olan K-20-11 ticari
kodlu karışım tozlar kullanılmıştır. Sıcaklık 500 °C olarak ayarlanmış ve karışım toz besleme
hızı dakikada 6g seçilmiştir. Kaplanmış numune yüzey ve kesitleri stereo mikroskopta
incelenmiştir. Dikey kesitleri incelenen numunelerin kaplama kalınlıkları ölçülmüştür. Stereo
mikroskop incelemelerinde Clemex yazılımlı Nikon optik mikroskop kullanılmıştır.
Numunelerin kaplama öncesi ve sonrası yüzey pürüzlülükleri Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-310
kullanarak incelenmiştir. Numunelerin aşınma testleri CSM tribometre ball-on disk aşınma
cihazı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aşındırıcı eleman olarak 6mm çapında Al2O3 bilyeler
kullanılmıştır. Yük 2N ve mesafe 50 m olacak şekilde belirlenmiş ve bilye kayma hızı 10cm/s
olarak ayarlanmıştır. İz çapı 5mm’dir. Aşınma testleri sonrası oluşan aşınma iz profilleri stereo
mikroskop ve pürüzlülük ölçüm cihazı ile incelenmiştir. Hacim kayıpları hesaplamaları için
aşınma yolu dik kesilecek şekilde ölçüm yapılmış ve hesaplanmıştır.
Bulgular ve Tartışma - Findings and Discussion
Kaplama işlemi sonrası numunelerin yüzey morfolojileri Şekil 2’deki gibidir. Tüm numune
yüzeyleri homojen bir şekilde kaplanmış olup kumlama işlemi sonrasında kaplanan c
numunesinde yükselti farkları nedeni ile oluşan bir kontrast farkı mevcuttur. Bu durum kaplama
tabakasının daha pürüzlü elde edildiğinin bir göstergesi olarak düşünülebilir.
Şekil 2. a)Parlatma b)Zımparalama c)Kumlama işlemleri sonrası kaplanan numunelerin yüzeyi
Kaplama öncesi ve sonrası yüzey pürüzlülük ölçüm grafikleri Şekil 3’te verilmiş olup stereo
mikroskop ile elde edilen bulguları destekler niteliktedir. Beklenen şekilde en düşük yüzey
pürüzlülüğü parlatılmış numunede elde edilmiştir. En yüksek yüzey pürüzlülüğü ise kumlanmış
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numunededir. Kaplama işlemi sonrası yüzey pürüzlülükleri kaplama öncesine paralellik
göstermektedir.
Şekil 3. Yüzey pürüzlülüğü grafiği
Numunelerin dikey kesitleri ve kaplama kalınlık ölçümleri Şekil 4’te verilmiştir. Kaplama
kalınlıkları ortalaması grafiği ise Şekil 5’tedir. Parlatılmış numune arayüzeyi zımparalanmış ve
kumlanmış numune ara yüzeylerine göre daha keskindir. Net bir geçiş bölgesi görülmemiştir.
Yüzeyin parlatılmış olması sebebi ile yüzeyin kaplama parçacıklarına tutulumu diğer
numunelere kıyasla daha az olmuş ve bu durum en düşük kaplama kalınlığının parlatılmış
numunede gözlemlenmesine neden olmuştur. Yüzey pürüzlülüğünün en çok gözlemlendiği
kumlama sonrası kaplanan numunelerde kalınlığı ortalama 33,5 µm olarak ölçülen bir geçiş
bölgesi gözlemlenmiştir. Zımparalanmış ve kumlanmış numunelerin her ikisinde de altlık ve
kaplama tabakası arasında keskin bir geçiş olmadığı ve bir geçiş bölgesi mevcut olduğu
görülebilir. Bu durum metalurjik bağın daha kuvvetli olduğunun bir göstergesidir (Winnicki et
al., 2015). Ayrıca uygulanan yüzey işlemleri kaplamaların yüzeye tutunabilirliğini
kolaylaştırmış ve birikme verimliliğini de arttırarak kaplama kalınlığının parlatılmış numuneye
göre daha fazla olmasını sağlamıştır. Parlatılmış numunedeki ortalama kaplama kalınlığı 83,9
µm olarak ölçülürken, zımparalanmış numune için bu değer 227,3 µm ve kumlanmış numune
için 174,8 µm olarak ölçülmüştür.
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Şekil 4. a)Parlatma b)Zımparalama c)Kumlama işlemleri sonrası kaplanan numunelerin
kaplama kalınlıkları
Şekil 5. Kaplama kalınlıkları grafiği
Aşınma sonrası numunelerin aşınma izleri profilometre ile ölçülmüş ve her bir yüzey işlemine
ait numuneden üç farklı ölçüm alınarak aşınma izi profilleri çizilmiştir. Aşınma izi profil
grafikleri Şekil 6’da verilmiştir. Aşınma iz derinliğinin en fazla gözlemlendiği profil parlatılmış
ve kaplanmış numune yüzeyleri olmuştur. Aşınma iz genişlikleri de parlatılmış ve kaplanmış
numunelerde daha fazla gözlemlenmiştir. Zımparalama ve kumlama yüzey işlemleri sonrası
kaplanan numunelerde iz derinlik ve genişlikleri daha az gözlemlenmiştir.
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Şekil 6. Aşınma profilleri
Hacim kaybı hesaplamaları yapılmış ve Şekil 7’deki grafikte tüm numuneler için bir
karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Kaplama kalınlıklarının düşük olduğu gözlemlenen ve metalurjik
bağın daha zayıf kurulduğu düşünülen parlatma sonrası kaplanmış numunelerde maksimum
hacim kaybı gözlemlenmiştir. Her ne kadar kumlanmış numunelerin hacim kaybı hesaplamaları
daha geniş bir aralıkta seyretse de, en az hacim kaybı ortalaması kumlanmış numunede ve
sonrasında
zımparalanmış
numunede
gözlemlenmiştir.
Uygulanan
yüzey
işlemleri
kaplamaların daha etkili olmasını sağlamış ve aşınma dayanımını arttırmıştır. Tek yönde
yönlenmiş zımpara izlerinin aşınma dayanımına etkisine göre kumlama etkisi daha yüksek
olmuş ve kumlama işlemi aşınmaya karşı daha dayanıklı kaplamaların elde edilmesini
sağlamıştır.
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Şekil 7. Hacim kaybı grafiği
Aşınma sırasında ölçülen sürtünme katsayıları grafiği Şekil 8’de verilmiştir. Grafik
incelendiğinde tüm aşınma sonuçları ile de uyumlu olacak şekilde parlatılmış ve kaplanmış
numune aşınmaya karşı yeterli direnci gösterememiş ve diğer yüzey işlemlerine göre daha
düşük sürtünme katsayısı eldesine neden olmuştur. Maksimum sürtünme katsayısı kumlama
sonrasında kaplanmış numunede gözlemlenmiştir ve bu durumda maksimum dayanımı
kumlanmış numunenin sergilediği söylenebilir.
Şekil 8. Sürtünme katsayıları değişimi
Sonuçlar ve Öneriler - Conclusion and Recommendations
Gerçekleştirilen çalışma kapsamında zımparalama, parlatma ve kumlama yüzey işlemleri
uygulanan 2024 Al alaşım numuneler üzerine Al, Zn ve Al2O3 içeren ticari K-20-11 karışım
tozu 500 °C de soğuk sprey yöntemi kullanılarak kaplanmıştır. Kaplamaların yüzey
pürüzlülüğü, kalınlığı ve aşınma direnci incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda kumlama ve
zımparalama sonrası kaplanan numunelerde sırasıyla 3 ve 4 kata kadar daha fazla kaplama
kalınlığı elde edilmiş ve bu durum uygulanan yüzey işlemlerinin kaplamaların yüzeye
tutunabilirliğini arttırması ile açıklanmıştır. Tüm numuneler içinde hem kaplama öncesi hem
de kaplama sonrası maksimum yüzey pürüzlülüğü kumlanmış numunelerde elde edilmiştir.
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Maksimum aşınma derinliği ve genişliği ve dolayısıyla maksimum hacim kaybı parlatma işlemi
sonrasında kaplanan numunede gözlemlenmiştir. Sürtünme katsayısı değişimi de bunu
desteklemektedir ve minimum sürtünme katsayısı parlatma sonrası kaplanan numunede
gözlemlenirken maksimum sürtünme katsayısı kumlama işlemi sonrası kaplanan numunede
gözlemlenmiştir. Tüm sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde aşınma dayanımı en yüksek olan numune
kumlandıktan sonra kaplanan numune olmuştur.
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Referanslar - References
Abdel-Gawad, S.A., Osman, W.M. & Fekry, A.M. (2019). Characterization and corrosion
behavior of anodized aluminum alloys for military industries applications in artificial
seawater, Surf. Interfaces, 14, 314-323.
Bashir, M.I., Shafiq, M., Naeem, M., Zaka-ul-Islam, M., Díaz-Guillén, J.C., Lopez-Badillo,
C.M. & Zakaullah M. (2017). Enhanced surface properties of aluminum by PVD-TiN
coating combined with cathodic cage plasma nitriding, Surf. Coat. Technol., 327, 59-65.
da Silva Savonov, G., Camarinha, M.G.G., Rocha, L.O., Barboza, M.J.R., Martins, G.V. &
Reis, D.A.P. (2019). Study of the influence of the RRA thermal treatment and plasma
nitriding on corrosion behavior of 7075–T6 aluminum alloy, Surf. Coat. Technol., 374,
736-744.
İpekoğlu, G. (2011). Kaynak sonrası ısıl işlemin sürtünme karıştırma kaynaklı AA6061 ve
AA7075 alüminyum alaşımı levhalarda içyapı ve mekanik özelliklere etkisinin
incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
Kim, M., Brewer, L.N. & Kubacki, G.W. (2023). Microstructure and corrosion resistance of
chromate conversion coating on cold sprayed aluminum alloy 2024, Surface and
Coatings Technology, 460, 129423.
Long, R.S., Boettcher, E. & Crawford. D. (2017). Current and Future Uses of Aluminum in the
Automotive Industry, JOM, 69, 2635-2639
Lu, C., Yao, J.W., Wang, Y.X., Zhu, Y.D., Guo, J.H., Wang, Y., Fu, H.Y., Chen, Z.B. & Yan,
M.F. (2018). A novel anti-frictional multiphase layer produced by plasma nitriding of
PVD titanium coated ZL205A aluminum alloy, Appl. Surf. Sci., 431, 32-38.
Mehta, D., Masood, S. & Song, W. (2004). Investigation of wear properties of magnesium and
aluminum alloys for automotive applications, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 155,15261531
Ravnikar, D., Dahotre, N.B. & Grum, J. (2013). Laser coating of aluminum alloy EN AW
6082–T651 with TiB2 and TiC: microstructure and mechanical properties, Appl. Surf.
Sci., 282, 914-922.
Santos da Silva, F., Cinca i Luis, N., Dosta Parras, S., García Cano, I., Guilemany, J. M., &
Benedetti, A. V. (2017). Cold gas spray coatings: basic principles, corrosion protection
and applications. Eclética Química Journal, 42(1), 9-32.
Terada, M., Queiroz, F.M., Aguiar, D.B.S., Ayusso, V.H., Costenaro, H., Olivier, M.G., de
Melo, H.G. & Costa, I. (2019) Corrosion resistance of tartaric-sulfuric acid anodized
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AA2024-T3 sealed with Ce and protected with hybrid sol–gel coating, Surf. Coat.
Technol., 372, 422-426.
Üstel, F. & Altuncu, E. (2010). Soğuk Sprey (Cold SprayY) Teknolojisi ve Uygulama Alanları,
Türk Mühendis ve Mimar Odaları Birliği Metalurji Mühendisleri Odası Metalurji
Dergisi, 157, 29-38.
Winnicki, M., Malachowska, A., Rutkowska-Gorczyca, M., Sokolowski, P., Ambroziak, A. &
Pawlowski, L. (2015) Characterization of cermet coatings deposited by low-pressure cold
spraying, Surface and Coatings Technology, 268, 108-114.
Yin, L., Jin, Y., Leygraf, C. & Pan. J. (2016). A FEM model for investigation of micro-galvanic
corrosion of Al alloys and effects of deposition of corrosion products, Electrochimica
Acta, 192, 310-318.
Yu, M., Dong, H., Shi, H., Xiong, L., He, C., Liu, J. & Li, S. (2019). Effects of graphene oxidefilled sol-gel sealing on the corrosion resistance and paint adhesion of anodized aluminum
Appl. Surf. Sci., 479, 105-113.
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THE ROLE OF ESTROGEN RECEPTORS IN MALIGNITIES
Dr. Esra BİLİCİ (ORCID: 0000-0001-6636-5975)
Uşak Üniversitesi, Eşme Meslek Yüksek Okulu, Laborant ve Veteriner Sağlık Programı
Email:esra.bilici@usak.edu.tr
Abstract
The main female sex hormone, estrogen, is in charge of secondary sexual traits that emerge
during puberty and sexual maturity as well as the regulation of female reproductive system
processes. In order to influence gene expression, estrogens attach to specialized receptors called
estrogen receptors (ERs), which then trigger transcriptional processes and signaling events.
These effects could be mediated by processes other than direct binding to DNA, such as the
direct binding of estrogen receptor complexes to certain regions in gene promoters. In humans,
estrogen receptors control a wide range of intricate physiological functions. Numerous
conditions, such as those pertaining to reproduction, abnormalities of the bones, lung cancer,
cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal problems, urogenital tract diseases, neurological
disorders, and cutaneous melanoma, can be brought on by aberrant ER signaling. The three
most well-known ERs are ER alpha, ER beta, and novel G-protein coupled estrogen receptor
1. Differential expression of estrogen receptors in different cell lines, species differences, varied
experimental methods, and indirect effects of estrogens can all account for the findings of
experimental investigations. Estrogens have been linked to an increased risk of disease overall,
elevated concerns around environmental estrogen exposure, and the pathophysiology of a
number of malignancies. An overview of estrogen and its receptors is given in this text.
Keywords: Cancer, Antiandrogen, Malignancy, estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor
beta, signaling pathway, mediation, G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1
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Introduction
One of the most significant female sex hormones is estrogen, a fat-soluble steroid hormone
(Pepermans et al, 2021). It also affects a wide range of other physiological systems, such as the
immunological, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems. It performs numerous vital
physiological roles and is primarily produced by the adrenal cortex, testes, and ovaries. Since
it has been established that estrogens and estrogen receptors contribute to the development and
spread of several tumor types, including breast, ovarian, kidney, adrenal, prostate, testicular,
lung, and colon cancers, interest in estrogens and estrogen receptors has grown (Aitken et al.
2004). In both sexes, the effects of estrogens and associated estrogenic compounds are intricate
and varied.It is widely known to have a key part in the development of estrogen receptorexpressing breast cancers, but it also plays a significant role in a variety of other malignancies.
It directly impacts tumor cells as well as the activity of other cells, including fibroblasts, in the
tumor microenvironment. Numerous synthetic, natural, and medicinal compounds target the
pathways that generate and react to estrogen (Arterburn and Prossnitz, 2024). In around 80%
of cases of breast cancer, estrogen is also a major factor since it stimulates the growth of tumors,
which is mostly estrogen-dependent (McDonnell et al, 2021; Haines et al, 2021). According to
Soares et al. (2023), estrogens are also crucial in the occurrence and progression of several
cancers, including ovarian, endometrial, and breast cancer.
Estrogens and ERs
Estrogen receptor α (ER-α) and estrogen receptor β (ER-β) are the two types of receptors that
estrogens work on to carry out their physiological functions. Two distinct genes on separate
chromosomes encode the proteins ER-α and ER-β (Ghodbane et al, 2013). The most prevalent
estrogen receptor in the skin, ER-β is also present in the brain, colon, prostate, and other wellknown estrogen-sensitive tissues such the uterus and mammary glands (Aitken et al, 2004). The
antiproliferative effects of ER-β activation seem to be counterbalanced by ER-α's opposite
action. According to Caruntu et al. (2016), recent research has determined that the balance
between ER-α and ER-β expression is the primary determinant of estrogen signaling. It is well
recognized that certain malignancies, like breast cancer, are estrogen-dependent. Hormones
including progesterone and estrogen are known to be crucial in the development of this cancer
(Hilton et al, 2018). Melatonin has been shown to suppress breast cancer cell growth in vivo as
well as in vitro (Laborda et al., 2023). Eventually, it was discovered that melatonin caused
cancer cells to undergo programmed cell death, or apoptosis, and decreased the growth of breast
cancer cells (Bushra et al, 2011). Melatonin is believed to have this impact because it can lower
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inflammation and oxidative stress, two things that are known to have a role in the development
of cancer. A hormone with many oncostatin actions, melatonin is particularly useful in treating
breast cancer (Gutic et al., 2023). By scavenging free radicals, it demonstrates antioxidant
qualities and shields cells from oxidative damage caused by carcinogen-mediated
deoxyribonucleic acid alterations. This delays the beginning of malignant transformation
(Hilton et al, 2017). Melanoma incidence rates in females are comparable to those of breast
cancer, indicating a potential involvement for female sex hormones in the development of
melanoma in females (Ramadan et al, 2002). Simultaneously, a second study revealed that
patients with melanoma were also at risk for breast cancer, and that women who had previously
been diagnosed with breast cancer were more likely to develop melanoma (Hong et al, 2005).
The association between ERs and melanoma is confirmed by the expression of ER-βs in several
melanoma cell lines investigated (BLM, WM115, A375, WM1552) (Hamada et al., 2011).
Estrogen Receptor Signaling Mechanisms
Estrogen functions as a steroid hormone and has the ability to cross the plasma membrane to
directly affect DNA sequences through interaction with intracellular ERα and ERβ. On the other
hand, estrogen can work with GPER1, ERα, and ERβ to initiate intracellular signaling cascades.
Because of differences in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control gene expression,
estrogen-mediated signaling events can be categorized as either genomic or non-genomic.
Direct or indirect DNA binding can occur between estrogen-receptor complexes (Fuentes &
Silveyla, 2019). Examples of genomic implications include the translocation of estrogenreceptor complexes into the cell nucleus and direct interaction with chromatin at specific DNA
sequences known as estrogen response elements (EREs). More than one-third of human genes
controlled by estrogen receptors have been reported to lack ERE sequence elements, despite
the fact that EREs have been found in a variety of gene promoters and regulatory regions
(O'Lone, Frith, Karlsson, & Hansen, 2004). Conversely, non-genomic impacts entail the
indirect control of gene expression via a variety of intracellular signaling pathways.
Estrogens and Their Effects on Carcinogenesis
Over the world, 18.1 million new instances of cancer have been found; according to reports,
breast cancer is the most common form to be identified, with more cases than colon cancer (2.3
million cases, 11.7%) (Hall and Filardo, 2023). The International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization recorded 685,000 deaths from breast cancer
in 2020 and projects that by 2040, there would be 1 million fatalities and 3 million new cases
(Arnold et al., 2022). It is noteworthy that the number of instances of breast cancer is rising
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quickly in transitioning nations, despite the fact that the disease's death rate is still quite high
(Abancens et al, 2020). The sharp rise in colon cancer, which has been linked to a significant
hereditary component and a bias towards men, is equally worrisome (White et al, 2018).
Although the exact causes of colon cancer in young adults are unknown, environmental factors
such as inflammation, nutrition, and microbiome have been proposed (Sinicrope, 2022). The
fact that this trend is in line with rising human exposure to environmental estrogens and rising
rates of obesity in young people is equally worrisome (Newbold et al, 2009). Metabolic
syndrome is linked to increased exposure to environmental estrogens (Agnoli et al, 2010; Zheng
et al, 2023). A group of illnesses known as metabolic syndrome are known to have a role in the
development of cancer, particularly malignancies of the breast and colon (Esposito et al., 2012;
Chan et al., 2014). Estrogens have been linked to the pathogenesis of several cancers (Sun et
al, 2018; Schouten et al, 2022), including colon and kidney cancer (Mori et al, 2021). They are
effective against female reproductive cancer (Miyamoto and Shiozawa, 2019; Johansson et al.,
2022), as well as lung (Chakraborty et al., 2010; Hsu et al., 2017), liver (Shi et al., 2014;
Sukocheva, 2018; Carruba, 2021). Understanding the receptor-based processes by which
endogenous and environmental estrogens promote their biochemical and biological effects is
fundamentally required, regardless of the specific nature of the model underlying estrogeninduced carcinogenesis (Hall and Filardo, 2023).
Effects of Estrogen-Induced Carcinogenesis through Exposure to Environmental
Estrogens
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances found in our environment that mimic
estrogen. These compounds are referred to as xenoestrogens. Foods, plastics, food containers,
cosmetics, and skin care items are common sources of xenoestrogens (Lóránd et al, 2010).
Dietary phytoestrogens like genistein and daidzein, artificial environmental contaminants like
bisphenol A, and 4-hydroxytamoxifen are a few specific instances of xenoestrogens (Hall and
Filardo, 2023). Although EDCs have long been linked to carcinogenesis, there is disagreement
regarding how much of a role they play in cancer (Morgan et al, 2017; Gonzalez et al, 2019).
Bisphenols are widely utilized in the manufacturing of dental sealants, thermal invoice sheets,
polycarbonate plastics, and plasticized linings in packaged foods (Porras et al, 2014; Russo et
al, 2017). Research has demonstrated that BPA seeps into the environment and is found in over
95% of the population, with newborns and children having the greatest quantities found (Calafat
et al, 2005; Lehmler et al, 2018). According to experimental data from a number of lab
investigations, BPA has a "provocative effect" on the development of breast cancer (Seachrist
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et al, 2016; Wang et al, 2017). Toxicologists' mechanistic hypotheses for monotonicity include
the impact of high hormone concentrations on desensitized, weakened, or inactivated receptors.
Conclusion
Estrogens are important for both health and illness. There are sex hormones everywhere. Both
sexes exhibit a balance of male and female hormones. It seems that estrogens have a significant
impact on the growth and metastasis of many neoplasms. Many tumors contain estrogens,
which are produced locally. The role of estrogen receptors in oncogenesis is not negligible.
Hormones, receptors, and enzymes interact intricately in the complex process of estrogen
activity; it is neither simple nor unidirectional. Numerous signaling channels are activated. Not
just malignant tumors known to be hormone-dependent, such lung cancer, but also many other
malignant tumors that are oncogenesis- and progression-related are influenced by sex
hormones. The most often prescribed and successful cancer treatment is endocrine therapy.
Additional reasons for the development of GPER-targeted cancer therapies include the rise in
cancer cases worldwide, the known carcinogenic effect of environmental estrogens, their
abundance in economically developed countries, and the significant role that GPER plays in
metabolic syndrome, a health condition that promotes cancer. With great and exciting potential
to offer a more comprehensive approach to endocrine therapy for breast cancer and other solid
malignancies, GPER is still a "drug-free" therapeutic target in this field. Positive outcomes from
these clinical trials should supplement current antiestrogen therapy techniques and maybe
broaden our understanding of the patients who may benefit from it.
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KAMU EĞİTİM YAPILARININ (OKUL BİNALARININ) YAKLAŞIK
MALİYETLERİ VE SÖZLEŞME BEDELLERİNİN TAHMİNİ İÇİN BİR MODEL
ÖNERİSİ
Servet KESİM* (ORCID: 0009-0005-4109-8862)
Sakarya Büyükşehir Belediyesi, Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü, SakaryaTürkiye
Email: servetkesim@gmail.com
Doç. Dr. Latif Onur UĞUR (ORCID: 0000-0001-6428-9788)
Düzce University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Düzce-Türkiye
Email: latifugur@duzce.edu.tr
Özet
Bu çalışmada, okul binası maliyetlerinin ön tahmini için bir yöntem önerisinde bulunulmuştur.
Bu amaçla, Kamu Kurumları tarafından ihaleye çıkılmış ve sonuç ilanı yayınlanmış 96 adet
okul binasına ait projeler Elektronik Kamu Alımları Platformu (EKAP)’tan sağlanmıştır. Bu
projeler 81 adet eğitim, 15 adet test verisi olacak şekilde ayrılmıştır. Projeler üzerinden eğitim
yapılarının inşaat maliyeti çıktı vektörlerini etkileyebilecek; “Derslik Sayısı, Yapım Süresi,
Toplam Kat Sayısı, Kat Yüksekliği, Bina Yüksekliği, Bina Yükseklik Sınıfı (BYS), Bodrum
Yüksekliği, Deprem Tasarım Sınıfı (DTS), Zemin Sınıfı, Zemin Emniyet Gerilmesi, Yatak
Katsayısı, Beton Sınıfı, Asansör Sayısı, Islak Alan, Radye Temel Yüksekliği, Kat Alanı,
Bodrum Alanı, Toplam Alan” parametreleri belirlenerek modelleme ve analizlerde
kullanılmıştır. Analizler “SPSS Statistics 26” yazılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu parametreler
kullanılarak Regresyon Analizleri (RA) yapılmış ve eğitim yapılarının maliyetlerini tahmin
etmek için denklemler geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen modellerle Yaklaşık Maliyetleri ve Sözleşme
Bedelleri tahmin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Oluşturulan denklemlerle tüm parametrelerin
kullanıldığı model Yaklaşık Maliyet Bedeli için determinasyon katsayısı R²=0.900, Sözleşme
Bedeli için ise R²=0.927 ile en iyi ilişki düzeyine sahip model olmuştur. Modelin kullanılması
ile elde edilen yaklaşık maliyet tahminleri ve gerçek maliyetler arasında %17,5 düzeyinde hata
oranı saptanmıştır. Tahmin edilen sözleşme bedelleri ile gerçek sözleşme bedelleri arasında ise
%18,2 hata olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tahmin edilen sonuçlar ile gerçek sonuçlar arasındaki
tutarlılığı kontrol etmek amacıyla Durbin-Watson kriteri kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, farklı tip
ve katsayılarına sahip okul yapılarının yaklaşık maliyetlerini ve sözleşme bedellerini %20’den
düşük hata oranları ile tahmin edebilen bir yaklaşım oluşturulmuştur. Gerek kamu kuruluşları
gerekse taahhütçü yapım firmaları bu modellemelerden istifade ederek zamansal tasarrufler
sağlayarak gerçekçi maliyet tahminlerinde bulunabileceklerdir. Benzer çalışmaların veri
adetleri arttırılarak yapılması, daha sonraki modellemelerde hata oranı minimizasyonu için bir
çözüm olabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yapı Maliyeti Modeli, Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Modeli, Okul Binaları,
Yapı Maliyeti Tahmini
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A MODEL PROPOSAL FOR ESTIMATE THE APPROXIMATE COSTS AND
CONTRACT FEES OF PUBLIC EDUCATION BUILDINGS (SCHOOL BUILDINGS)
Abstract
In this study, a method is proposed for the preliminary estimation of school building costs. For
this purpose, the projects of 96 school buildings, which were put out to tender by public
institutions and the result announcement was published, were provided from the Electronic
Public Procurement Platform (EKAP). These projects are divided into 81 training data and 15
test data. The construction cost of educational buildings through projects may affect the output
vectors; “Number of Classrooms, Construction Duration, Total Number of Floors, Floor
Height, Building Height, Building Height Class (BYS), Basement Height, Earthquake Design
Class (DTS), Floor Class, Ground Safety Stress, Bed Coefficient, Concrete Class, Number of
Elevators, "Wet Area, Raft Foundation Height, Floor Area, Basement Area, Total Area"
parameters were determined and used in modeling and analysis. Analyzes were carried out with
“SPSS Statistics 26” software. Using these parameters, Regression Analyzes (RA) were
performed and equations were developed to estimate the costs of educational structures.
Approximate Costs and Contract Prices were tried to be estimated with the developed models.
The model in which all parameters were used with the created equations was the model with
the best correlation level, with the determination coefficient R²=0.900 for the Approximate Cost
Price and R²=0.927 for the Contract Price. An error rate of 17.5% was found between the
approximate cost estimates obtained using the model and the actual costs. It was determined
that there was an 18.2% error between the estimated contract prices and the actual contract
prices. The Durbin-Watson criterion was used to check the consistency between predicted
results and actual results. As a result, an approach that can estimate the approximate costs and
contract prices of school buildings of different types and coefficients with error rates lower than
20% has been created. Both public institutions and contracting construction companies will be
able to make realistic cost estimates by benefiting from these modeling, providing time savings.
Conducting similar studies by increasing the number of data may be a solution to minimize the
error rate in subsequent modeling.
Keywords: Building Cost Model, Multiple Linear Regression Model, School Buildings,
Building Cost Estimation
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GİRİŞ
Maliyet, bir ürünün ortaya çıkması için yapılan harcamaların tümü olarak ifade edilmektedir.
Yapı maliyeti ise, yapı ihtiyacının oluşmasından itibaren başlayan, yapımın inşa sürecindeki
harcamaların toplamı olarak değerlendirilmektedir (Akınbingöl ve Gültekin, 2005).Maliyet
tahminindeki en önemli amaç, kıt kaynakları en etkin şekilde kullanarak, değerlendirerek
istenilen kalitede hizmet ya da ürünün sağlanması için gereken maliyeti belirleyebilmektir.
Maksimum üretimin elde edilmesi ve projenin öngörülen kalitede tamamlanabilmesi için
oluşacak harcamaların önceden doğru tahmin edilmesi ve aynı zamanda belirlenen maliyet
limitleri içerisinde etkin bir maliyet kontrol sistemi ile denetlenmesi gereklidir (Kuruoğlu,
Yönez, Topkaya ve Çelik, 2012). Yatırım kaynaklarının kısıtlı olduğu düşünüldüğünde, maliyet
hesabının
çok
titiz
çalışmalarla
belirlenmesi,
planlanması
ve
kontrol
edilmesi
gerekmektedir. Maliyet hesabının eksik ya da fazla tahmin edilmesi, bir inşaat projesinin
uygulamasının maliyet açısından başarısız olmasına yol açabilir (Uğur,2007).İhale, birden çok
istekli arasından bir hizmetin veya bir malın en uygun istekliye bırakma işlemidir. İşi oluşturan
kalemlerin piyasa fiyatının tam olarak bilinmediği veya belirsiz olduğu durumlar için ihale,
fiyat oluşturma sürecinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır (Emek, 2002). Kamu ihalesi, devletin
idari kurumlarının taleplerini karşılamak ve halkın ihtiyacını gidermek için mal, hizmet ve
yapım işlerinin satın alınmasıdır. Bu ihaleler, ülkelerin ekonomilerini yakından ilgilendirdiği
için ülkelerin geleceğinde önemli bir yer kaplamaktadır (Kömürcü, 2006). Türkiye’de, kamu
hukukuna tâbi olan veya kamunun denetimi altında bulunan veya kamu kaynağı kullanan kamu
kurum ve kuruluşlarının yapacakları ihaleler de uygulanacak esas ve usulleri belirlemek
amacıyla 2002 yılında 4734 sayılı Kamu İhale Kanunu yürürlüğe girmiştir (www.ihale.gov.tr).
2.YAPI MALİYETİ HESAPLAMA YÖNTEMLERİ
Yapının inşa sürecindeki her aşamada maliyet tahmini için kullanılan maliyet modelleri,
kullanım amaçları doğrultusunda farklı sınıflara ayrılabilirler. İlk olarak 1950’li yıllarda,
Avrupa’da konut ve kamu yapıları üzerinde basit bir planlama şeklinde ortaya çıkan model
kavramı, 1970 ve 1980’li yıllardan sonra yapılan çalışmalar neticesinde sınıflandırılmaya
başlanmıştır. Bunlar; geleneksel modeller, tanımlayıcı modeller, gerçekçi modeller,
enformasyon sistemi yaklaşım modelleridir (Akınbingöl ve Gültekin, 2005).
2.1. Geleneksel modeller
Geleneksel modeller; Analitik modeller, fonksiyonel elemanlara dayalı modeller, kaynaklara
dayalı modeller, yapım birimlerine dayalı modeller olarak sıralanabilir (Akınbingöl ve
Gültekin, 2005).
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
2.1.1. Analitik modeller
Yapı üretim sürecinde eldeki bilgilerin kapsamının çok düşük olduğu ilk çalışmalardan ön
tasarıma kadar ki aşamalarda kullanılan modellerdir. Amaç, en hızlı şekilde en doğru maliyet
hesaplaması yapılması ve kullanıcılara sunulmasıdır (Akınbingöl ve Gültekin, 2005).
2.1.2. Fonksiyonel elemanlara dayalı modeller
Elemanlara dayalı maliyet hesabı, yapı üretim sürecinin tasarım evresinde, maliyet planlaması
ve kontrolünün yapılabilmesi için kullanılan bir maliyet hesabı türüdür (Uğur,2007).
2.1.3. Kaynaklara dayalı maliyet modelleri
Yapı üretim sürecinin yapım aşamasında kullanılan bu modeller yardımıyla şantiye
organizasyonu
sağlanarak,
yapılan
organizasyonlarla
etkin
bir
şantiye
yönetimi
gerçekleştirilebilir. Modeller, yapılacak olan her bir işe ait işgücü, malzeme ve araç gereç
listesinin oluşumunu belirleyerek bunların maliyetlerinin bulunmasını sağlamaktadır
(Uğur,2007).
2.1.4. Yapım birimlerine dayalı modeller
Yapı üretim sürecinin yapım evresinde yapıyı oluşturmak için gerekli olan üretim birimleri ve
işlemler yapım birimlerini oluşturmaktadır. Yapım birimlerine dayalı maliyet modeli de yapım
birimlerinin uygulama projesi üzerinden ölçülen miktarlarıyla her birim için daha önceden
belirlenmiş olan birim fiyatlarının çarpılıp elde edilen sonuçların alt alta toplanması ile yapının
toplam maliyetinin hesaplanması ilkesine dayanır (Uğur,2007).
2.2. Gerçekçi modeller
Gerçekçi modellerin tahmin doğruluğunun miktarlara dayalı modellere göre daha azdır. Buna
rağmen, miktarlara dayalı modeller gelişmelerini neredeyse tamamladıkları halde, gerçekçi
modellerin gelişme potansiyellerinin çok yüksek olduğu ileri sürülmektedir (Akınbingöl ve
Gültekin, 2005).
2. 3. Uzman sistemler
Bu modeller ile maliyet tahmini yapabilmek için veri tabanı ve bilgisayardan yararlanılır.
Maliyet tahmininde başarılı olabilmek için de bu sistemlerin mutlaka uzman kişiler tarafından
yönlendirilmesi gerekir(Akınbingöl ve Gültekin, 2005).
2.4. Tanımlayıcı modeller
Bu yaklaşım, maliyetleri miktarlar yerine tasarımın tanımlayıcı özelliklerine bağlamak fikrini
temel alır. Tanımlayıcı modeller regresyon analizleri kullanılarak geliştirilmiştir. Regresyon
analizini kullanma fikri, yapının maliyetini hem tasarım aşamasında belirlemek için hem de
yüklenicinin yaklaşık maliyeti kestirebilmesi için geliştirilmiştir (Uğur,2007).
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2.4.1. Regresyon Analizi
Regresyon; aralarında neden-sonuç ilişkisi olan iki veya daha çok sayıdaki değişkenin bir
denklem yardımıyla ifade edilmesidir. Herhangi iki veya daha çok sayıda değişken arasındaki
ilişkinin yönü veya büyüklüğü ise regresyon analizi ile belirlenir. Regresyon analizinde,
kurulan regresyon denkleminin tahmini yapılarak modelde yer alan değişkenlere dair
parametreler tahmin edilir ve bu şekilde bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler
matematiksel olarak ortaya konur. Burada bağımlı değişken bir tane olmasına karşın bağımsız
değişkenlerin sayısı değişebilir. Tek bağımlı ve tek bağımsız değişkenden oluşan modellere
basit regresyon modeli, tek bağımlı ve birden çok bağımsız değişkenin oluşturduğu modellere
ise çoklu regresyon modeli adı verilir.Regresyon analizinde modeli oluşturan değişkenlere dair
katsayılar tahmin edilir. Bu katsayılar ise bağımlı değişken ile bağımsız değişken arasındaki
ilişkilerin yönünü ve büyüklüğünü gösterir. Regresyon analizi kısaca, aralarında neden-sonuç
ilişkisi bulunan iki veya daha çok sayıda değişken arasındaki matematiksel ilişkileri ortaya
koyan yöntemdir (Temurlenk ve Yıldız, 2020).
2.4.1.1. Doğrusal Regresyon Modeli
Regresyon analizi, temel olarak bir değişkenin başka değişkenler tarafından açıklandığı
varsayımına dayanır. Burada bir değişken, aralarında neden-sonuç ilişkisi bulunan diğer
değişkenler ile birlikte matematiksel olarak modellenir ve bu modele regresyon modeli adı
verilir. Regresyon modeli fonksiyonel formda şu şekilde ifade edilebilir:
Y = β0 + β1X
(1. 1)
Eşitlik (1. 1)’de iki değişken arasındaki ilişkinin fonksiyonel formu gösterilmektedir. Bu
değişkenler Y ve X değişkenleridir. Burada Y açıklanan veya bağımlı değişken olarak
adlandırılırken X değişkeni açıklayıcı veya bağımsız değişken olarak isimlendirilmektedir. β0
sabit katsayısını, β1 ise Y ve X değişkeni arasındaki ilişkinin yönünü ve büyüklüğünü gösteren
katsayısı temsil etmektedir (Temurlenk ve Yıldız, 2020).
2.4.1.1.1. Bağımlı ve Bağımsız Değişken
Bağımlı değişken kısaca bağımsız değişkenlere bağlı olarak değişen yani bağımsız değişkenler
tarafından açıklanan değişkendir. Bağımsız değişken ise bağımlı değişkeni açıklayan
değişkendir ve değişimi herhangi bir değişkene bağlı değildir. Eşitlik (1. 1)’de yer alan Y ve X
sırasıyla bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenleri temsil etmektedir. Yani bağımlı değişken olan Y
bağımsız değişken olan X tarafından açıklanmaktadır (Temurlenk ve Yıldız, 2020).
1599
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
2.4.1.1.2. β0 ve β1 Katsayıları
Modelde yer alan β0 katsayısı sabit katsayıyı temsil etmektedir. Sabit katsayı temel olarak
bağımsız değişkenin sıfır olduğu durumda bağımlı değişkenin alacağı değerdir. β0 katsayısı
güçlü teorik gerekçeler bulunmadığı takdirde doğrusal regresyon modellerinde yaygın
biçiminde yer almaktadır. Öte yandan modelde yer alan β1 katsayısı bağımsız değişken
katsayısıdır ve bağımsız değişkendeki değişimin bağımlı değişkeni ne yönde ve ne düzeyde
etkilediğini gösterir (Temurlenk ve Yıldız, 2020).
2.4.1.2. Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Modeli
Doğrusal regresyon analizi bağımlı ve bağımsız değişken/değişkenlerden oluşur. Eğer tek
bağımsız değişken var ise basit doğrusal regresyon, iki ya da daha fazla bağımsız değişken var
ise çoklu doğrusal regresyon adı verilmektedir. Regresyon analizinde değişkenler arasındaki
ilişkinin fonksiyonel olarak anlamlandırılması ve modellenmesi hedeflenmektedir (Narin,
Doğan, Bande, ve Genç,2023). Değişkenlerden birini veya değişkenin kategorisini önceden
belirlenmiş düzeylerde tutma ve diğer değişkenin o düzeye göre nasıl değiştiğini inceleme
kuralına dayanır. Regresyon, modern istatistiklerde bilinen değerleri kullanarak bilinmeyen
değerleri bulmak olarak da yorumlanmaktadır (Akış, 2013). Çoklu regresyon eşitliğinde 𝑦
bağımlı değişkeni, 𝑎 sabit katsayıyı, 𝑥1…𝑛 bağımsız değişkenleri ve 𝛽1…𝑛 her bağımsız
değişkenin katsayısını ifade eder.
𝑦=𝑎+ 𝛽1𝑥1+ 𝛽2𝑥2 +⋯ +𝛽𝑛𝑥𝑛
(1. 2)
3.ARAŞTIRMA VE BULGULAR
3.1. Amaç ve Yöntem
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’deki kamu eğitim yapıları yapım ihalelerinde, mimari ve statik
projelerden seçilen, belirli sayıdaki parametre ile yaklaşık maliyet ve sözleşme bedelini hızlı
ve kolay tahmin eden bir regresyon denkleminin bulunması ve parametre seçiminin önemini
araştırmaktır.
Bu çalışma, yaklaşık maliyet ve sözleşme bedelinin gerçeğe yakın olarak tahmin edilmesi,
uzun süren metraj yükünün hafifletilmesi konularında literatüre de katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu
bağlamda bu çalışmanın yöntemi, iki adımdan oluşmaktadır ve aşağıda sıralanmıştır:
1. Birbirine benzer ve çok sayıda projelerin Elektronik Kamu Alımları Platformu (EKAP)
üzerinden temin edilmesi.
2. Metraj çalışmalarının yapılması ve yaklaşık maliyet ve sözleşme bedellerinin
güncellenmesi.
a. 96 adet kamu eğitim projeleri üzerinden metraj çalışmalarının yapılması
1600
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
b. Projelerin yaklaşık maliyet bedellerinin ve sözleşme bedellerinin TÜİK verilerine
göre güncellenmesi.
3. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon yöntemi ile yaklaşık maliyet bedeli ve sözleşme bedelinin
tahmin denkleminin bulunması:
a. Bağımsız değişkenlerin bir birleri ile olan ilişkilerinin korelasyon analizleri ile
incelenmesi ve regresyon veri setlerinin belirlenmesi,
b. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda elde edilen veri setleri ile yaklaşık maliyet bedelleri
ve sözleşme bedellerinin regresyon analizi ile tahmin edilmesi.
c. Korelasyon analizleri sonucunda farklı değişkenler seçimi ile maliyet tahmininde
yaklaşık maliyet bedeli ve sözleşme bedeli tahminlerinin hata oranının incelenmesi.
3.2.
Bulgular
Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde Elektronik Kamu Alımları Platformu (EKAP) üzerinden temin
edilen 2020 ile 2022 yılları arasında kamu kurumlarınca ihale edilmiş ve sözleşmesi imzalanmış
96 adet eğitim binası incelenmiştir. Yapılacak regresyon analizinde eğitim serisi olarak 81 adet
proje, test amaçlı kullanılmak üzere 15 adet proje ayrılmıştır.
Her yıl gerçekleşen birim fiyat değişikliklerinden dolayı ihalesi yapılmış projeler arasında
zamana bağlı maliyet farkı oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada zamana bağlı farkın ortadan
kaldırılması adına her yıl TÜİK tarafından yayınlanan ve Tablo 1. ’de gösterilen bina inşaatı
maliyet endeksi ve değişim oranları değişim oranları tablosu kullanılmıştır.Tablo 1. ’e göre
2023 yılı Ocak ayı ortalama maliyet oranı referans alınarak 2020-2022 yılları arasındaki her ay
için ayrı ayrı katsayılar belirlenmiştir. Veri setindeki bütün projeler yaklaşık maliyet ve
sözleşme bedelleri ihale edildikleri yıl ve aya göre bu katsayılar kullanılarak güncellenmiştir.
Bu projelerin ihale yapıldığı yıllardaki ve güncellenmiş yaklaşık maliyet ve sözleşme bedeli
rakamları Tablo 2. ve Tablo 3.’ de gösterilmiştir.
1601
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tablo 1. Bina inşaatı maliyet endeksi ve değişim oranları (www.tuik.gov.tr )
Yıl
Ocak
Şubat
Mart
Mayıs
Nisan
Haziran
Temmuz
Ağustos
Eylül
Ekim
Kasım
Aralık
2015
97,13
97,65
98,27
99,14
100,17
100,03
100,83
101,35
102,25
101,56
101,01
100,60
2016
108,19
108,12
109,39
110,26
112,11
111,60
111,52
111,90
112,19
113,06
115,83
118,90
2017
124,69
125,09
126,43
126,84
127,26
127,06
128,16
129,51
130,94
132,76
136,09
138,14
2018
144,92
146,60
149,08
152,10
156,58
160,17
162,78
172,71
182,87
182,57
176,85
173,57
2019
184,83
186,51
189,25
192,27
195,51
193,97
192,76
191,35
190,23
190,36
190,32
192,25
2020
202,04
202,34
202,34
204,08
206,85
208,46
210,43
216,30
220,87
227,47
234,07
240,35
2021
258,24
258,16
267,03
276,48
288,67
297,02
304,61
307,43
308,20
322,84
348,46
403,16
2022
464,60
491,20
538,26
571,22
593,87
614,46
654,13
667,06
677,52
700,80
709,02
719,25
2023
829,42
846,70
864,96
873,91
878,63
917,53
1061,35
1110,41
Maliyet (TL)
Güncellenmiş
Endeks - Index
1
2
3
2020/
Yapım işi
329035
Mersin Tarsus Günyurdu Ortaokulu
2020/
16 Derslikli Bina İnşaatı
342776
Bozkır 8 Derslikli Okul Binası
Derslikli Halk Eğitim Merkezi
Yapım İşi
5
8
9
10
11
12
2020/
399854
2020/
Lisesi Yapım İşi
472257
Mesleki Teknik Anadolu Lisesi
Yapım İşi
7
2020/
383719
Altınekin İlçesi 16 Derslik Anadolu
Nevşehir Merkez 16 Derslikli
6
2020/
681344
Manisa Saruhanlı Azimli (B+Z+1)
2021/
İlkokulu Yapım İşi
651850
Sorgun 12 Derslikli Bilim Sanat
2021/
Merkezi Binası Yapım İşi
662228
Ilgın Atatürk 24 Derslik İlkokul
2021/
Yapım İşi
672352
Kavak Anadolu Lisesi Yapımı
2021/
697755
Selçuklu Öğretmen Fethiye Onsun
2021/
32 Derslik İlkokul Yapım İşi
718485
Tuzlukçu 8 Derslik Ortaokul
2021/
Yapım İşi
739104
(TL)
(2023 Ocak)
Sözleşme Bedeli
(2023 Ocak)
Yaklaşık
Güncellenmiş
(TL)
Sözleşme Bedeli
Yaklaşık
Maliyet (TL)
EKAP
Selim Bozkuş 2 Derslikli Okul
İstanbul İli Küçükçekmece İlçesi 12
4
Numarası
Projenin İsmi
Sıra No
Tablo 2. Eğitim Seti
₺1,021,314.10
₺729,700.00
₺4.025.558,81
₺2.876.147,76
₺6,322,113.59
₺4,103,796.00
₺24.918.915,81
₺16.175.309,98
₺3,774,808.69
₺2,869,000.00
₺14.474.811,94
₺11.001.414,61
₺11,092,394.94
₺7,862,000.00
₺41.654.612,27
₺29.523.701,91
₺4,957,008.20
₺4,093,000.00
₺18.074.654,86
₺14.924.236,43
₺11,337,320.39
₺9,139,000.00
₺36.413.414,95
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₺9,636,299.46
₺7,177,000.00
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₺10,370,741.86
₺10,488,000.00
₺24.684.901,32
₺24.964.004,36
₺14,248,394.86
₺10,397,000.00
₺29.313.185,00
₺21.389.720,56
₺14,200,647.79
₺15,480,000.00
₺29.214.955,08
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₺5,512,081.77
₺6,150,000.00
₺11.339.991,22
₺12.652.378,71
1602
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Aydın İli Didim İlçesi 24 Derslikli
13
Atatürk İlkokulu Ek Bina Yapım
İşi
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2021/
Ortaokulu(16 Derslik) Yapım İşi
781382
Artvin Kemalpaşa İlçesi İlkokul ve
2021/
Ortaokul Yapım İnşaatı
900450
Manisa Köprübaşı 8 Derslikli Halk
2022/
Eğitim Merkezi Yapım İşi
74214
Ağrı İli Eleşkirt İlçesi Yanıkdere
2022/
Köyü 4 Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
76912
Ağrı Merkez Taştekne Köyü 4
2022/
Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
77623
İlkadım İstasyon Ortaokulu Yapım
2022/
İşi
85979
Antalya Kepez Esentepe 24
2022/
Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
90520
Dazkırı İlçesi Kızılören Köyü 4
2022/
Derslikli Ortaokul Yapım İşi
104707
Hamur İlçesi Karakozan Köyü 8
2022/
Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
139925
Tuğgeneral Hikmet Akıncı
İlkokulu Yapım İşi
24
2022/
Yapımı
552400
Merkez 12 Derslikli Ortaokulu
Yapım İşi
Ağrı İli Patnos İlçesi Alparslan
26
Mahallesi 12 Derslikli İmamhatip
Ortaokulu Yapım İşi
Isparta Gönen Güneykent Yunus
27
Emre 8 Derslikli İlkokul İnşaatı
Yapım işi
Ağrı İli Patnos İlçesi İnönü
28
Mahallesi 16 Derslikli 75. Yıl
Ortaokulu Yapım İşi
Afyonkarahisar Sandıklı Miralay
29
Reşat Bey 16 Derslikli İlkokul
Yapım İşi
30
31
32
2022/
510058
Yomra Merkez İlkokul İnşaatı
Malatya Doğanşehir Karşıyaka
25
744558
Sinop Türkeli İmam Hatip
Amasya Merkez 12 Derslikli
23
2021/
2022/
555268
2022/
573373
2022/
578065
2022/
580323
2022/
599172
Antalya Konyaaltı Çakırlar 16
2022/
Derslik İlkokul Yapım İşi
623726
Antalya Kepez General Şadi
2022/
ÇETİNKAYA İlkokulu Yapım İşi
625536
Antalya Kepez Yeni Mahalle 32
2022/
Derslik İlkokul Yapım İşi
635162
₺13,064,889.41
₺12,913,000.00
₺26.878.362,37
₺26.565.880,69
₺10,833,936.25
₺12,656,936.25
₺22.288.628,35
₺26.039.081,42
₺34,750,666.37
₺31,500,000.00
₺62.038.092,34
₺56.234.890,23
₺17,762,641.35
₺15,549,000.00
₺27.370.954,54
₺23.959.892,21
₺2,956,400.85
₺2,311,000.00
₺4.555.601,37
₺3.561.085,01
₺2,733,603.94
₺2,076,760.00
₺4.615.850,53
₺3.506.731,02
₺21,227,950.37
₺16,870,000.00
₺32.710.746,84
₺25.995.458,33
₺28,850,368.32
₺28,230,000.00
₺44.456.345,43
₺43.500.402,41
₺2,609,234.35
₺2,175,000.00
₺4.405.845,18
₺3.672.615,02
₺7,917,781.10
₺7,815,000.00
₺12.200.731,99
₺12.042.353,70
₺14,075,742.45
₺17,000,000.00
₺18.999.938,65
₺22.947.205,68
₺28,043,333.11
₺31,416,000.00
₺43.212.762,14
₺48.409.799,58
₺21,248,716.02
₺18,444,000.00
₺32.742.745,22
₺28.420.879,28
₺19,271,467.82
₺18,790,000.00
₺29.695.947,76
₺28.954.040,43
₺13,625,023.08
₺12,723,777.00
₺20.995.181,96
₺19.606.426,48
₺23,284,974.69
₺21,289,000.00
₺35.880.473,58
₺32.804.819,94
₺16,592,094.02
₺16,283,000.00
₺25.567.225,17
₺25.090.933,49
₺24,732,702.37
₺23,749,000.00
₺38.111.317,95
₺36.595.503,25
₺ 45,588,409.64
₺ 45,487,000.00
₺57.804.929,79
₺57.676.344,98
₺ 47,466,964.79
₺ 46,919,660.00
₺60.186.889,36
₺59.492.920,97
1603
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Gaziantep İli Şahinbey İlçesi Dayı
33
Ahmet Ağa İlkokulu Ek Bina
2022/
Şahintepe Mah. 349 ada 1 parsele
636291
₺ 21,903,191.66
₺ 19,456,000.00
₺27.772.683,15
₺24.669.707,12
₺ 31,748,903.66
₺ 27,378,378.78
₺48.922.780,21
₺42.188.115,27
₺ 18,791,425.85
₺ 16,717,000.00
₺28.956.237,56
₺25.759.696,32
₺ 16,040,560.04
₺ 12,253,000.00
₺20.339.017,18
₺15.536.488,56
₺ 20,158,630.32
₺ 18,545,000.00
₺25.065.168,29
₺23.058.786,17
₺ 17,599,626.62
₺ 16,225,700.00
₺21.883.312,31
₺20.174.976,90
₺ 19,579,105.78
₺ 19,579,105.78
₺24.344.589,57
₺23.624.531,53
₺ 20,054,438.30
₺ 19,400,000.00
₺24.935.616,31
₺24.121.890,08
₺ 35,019,324.53
₺ 33,033,000.00
₺43.542.901,92
₺41.073.113,15
₺ 38,419,956.94
₺ 32,545,000.00
₺47.771.236,00
₺40.466.335,10
₺ 19,289,958.49
₺ 15,730,000.00
₺23.985.064,87
₺19.558.625,31
₺ 55,637,918.72
₺ 47,407,000.00
₺69.179.987,62
₺58.945.692,95
₺ 30,502,947.97
₺ 28,433,000.00
₺37.341.709,63
₺34.807.679,27
₺ 39,172,466.01
₺ 32,700,000.00
₺47.954.933,81
₺40.031.340,77
₺11,696,327.44
₺11,619,000.00
₺13.682.502,48
₺13.592.043,92
₺22,843,656.56
₺22,344,600.00
₺26.722.780,21
₺26.138.977,93
₺14,731,171.57
₺12,355,000.00
₺17.232.699,11
₺14.453.025,44
₺18,623,901.98
₺16,713,000.00
₺21.786.461,28
₺19.551.065,50
24 Derslik İlkokul Yapım İşi
34
İlimiz Merkez Atatürk Anadolu
2022/
Lisesi Binası Yapım İşi
638323
Malatya Doğanşehir Gedikağzı 8
35
Derslikli Mustafa Kemal İmam
Hatip Ortaokulu Yapım İşi
2022/
643647
Diyarbakır İli Kulp İlçesi Uzunova
36
Mahallesi 212 Ada 21 Nolu
2022/
Parselde 8 Derslikli Ortaokul
658379
yapım İşi
37
38
39
40
41
Elazığ Merkez 24 Derslikli İmam
2022/
Hatip Lisesi Yapım İşi
685257
Hafik 12 Derslikli Okul Yapım İşi
Altıeylül İlçesine 24 Derslikli
2022/
İlkokul Yapım İşi
693431
Sivas Merkez Kurtlapa 12 Derslikli
2022/
Okul Yapım işi
695001
Bandırma İlçesine 24 Derslikli
2022/
İlkokul Yapım İşi
712397
İzmir İli Bergama İlçesi 643 Ada 7
42
Parsel 24 Derslik Ortaokul Yapım
İşi
Şırnak İli Silopi İlçesi 111 Ada 49
43
Parsel 24 Derslikli Ortaokul Yapım
İşi
Yenimahalle İlçesi, (Yenibatı Mh
44
13384 Ada 28 Parsel) Ortaokul (32
Derslik) Yapım İşi
45
2022/
691992
2022/
724543
2022/
752039
2022/
761112
Bilecik Merkez 24 Derslikli İlkokul
2022/
Bina Yapım İşi
777106
Gaziantep İli Nizip İlçesi Fatih
46
Sultan Mah Ortaokulu Fatih Sultan
2022/
MAH 1538 ada 94 parsel 32 derslik
800074
ortaokul Yapım İşi
47
48
49
50
Çaykara Karaçam İlkokul ve
2022/
Ortaokul İnşaatı Yapım İşi
1112069
Akyazı Kuzuluk İlkokulu 16
2022/
Derslik Yeni Bina Yapım İşi
1129907
Sinop Durağan İlçesi 4 Derslikli
2022/
İlkokul Binası Yapım İşi
1145373
Altıeylül 12 Derslikli Edip Gürcün
2022/
İlkokulu Yapım İşi
1147319
1604
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
51
52
53
54
Elazığ Merkez 24 Derslikli Fatih
2022/
Anadolu Lisesi Yapım İşi
1150115
Malatya Üçbağlar Hacı İbrahim
2022/
Işık 32 Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
1151197
Karatay Fevzi Çakmak 32 Derslikli
2022/
İlkokul Yapım İşi
1159441
Meram Kalfalar 32 Derslik
2022/
Ortaokulu Yapım İşi
1159448
₺36,198,279.01
₺26,417,000.00
₺42.345.175,84
₺30.902.919,72
₺41,288,031.82
₺38,418,999.00
₺47.612.261,87
₺44.303.769,41
₺35,434,674.06
₺34,400,000.00
₺41.451.901,72
₺40.241.527,74
₺35,532,274.56
₺32,305,000.00
₺40.974.875,45
₺37.253.268,13
₺21,120,484.73
₺15,421,000.00
₺24.355.582,13
₺17.783.087,69
₺16,088,016.29
₺11,058,000.00
₺18.819.952,15
₺12.935.779,47
₺17,828,680.69
₺16,813,000.00
₺20.559.561,12
₺19.388.305,12
₺19,062,193.70
₺16,667,000.00
₺21.982.015,57
₺19.219.941,80
₺47,702,294.86
₺45,813,061.00
₺55.009.019,68
₺52.830.405,36
₺52,764,920.28
₺46,912,000.00
₺60.847.104,87
₺54.097.672,63
₺36,704,767.18
₺32,363,000.00
₺42.326.962,80
₺37.320.152,19
₺32,993,060.65
₺30,887,000.00
₺38.046.721,40
₺35.618.068,18
₺37,702,698.91
₺33,000,000.00
₺43.477.751,17
₺38.054.723,67
₺23,038,739.40
₺22,366,000.00
₺26.567.662,47
₺25.791.877,26
₺20,727,363.51
₺20,621,000.00
₺23.902.245,18
₺23.779.589,60
₺17,322,391.55
₺16,360,660.00
₺19.975.721,93
₺18.866.678,65
₺37,042,028.46
₺38,732,000.00
₺42.715.883,55
₺44.664.713,85
₺30,306,745.60
₺28,880,000.00
₺34.948.934,22
₺33.303.649,08
₺46,044,311.83
₺37,370,049.00
₺53.097.077,68
₺43.094.148,13
Diyarbakır İli Kayapınar İlçesi
55
Taban Mahallesi 154 Ada 4
2022/
Parselde 12 Derslikli İlkokul
1163306
Yapım İşi
Diyarbakır İli Kayapınar İlçesi
56
Kaldırım Mahallesi 101 Ada 431
2022/
Parselde 8 Derslikli İlkokul Yapım
1163671
İşi
57
58
Susurluk 12 Derslikli Şerafettin
2022/
Tunalı İlkokulu Yapım İşi
1182770
Sındırgı 12 Derslikli Kurtuluş
2022/
İlkokulu Yapım İşi
1182883
Bursa İli Osmangazi İlçesi
59
Yunuseli Mahallesi 8849 Ada 19
2022/
Parsel 32 Derslikli İlkokul Yapım
1199194
İşi
Bursa İli Yıldırım İlçesi Millet
60
Mahallesi 3086 Ada 1 Parsel 32
Derslikli Ortaokul Yapım İşi
Bursa İli Osmangazi İlçesi Emek
61
Mahallesi 518 Ada 1 Parsel 32
Derslik İlkokul Yapım İşi
62
65
66
67
68
69
2022/
1201929
2022/
32 Derslikli Ortaokul Yapım İşi
1202204
Mahallesi 3065 Ada 5 Parsel 32
Derslikli Ortaokul Yapım İşi
64
1200774
Bursa İli Yıldırım İlçesi Şirinevler
Bursa İli Yıldırım İlçesi Millet
63
2022/
2022/
1202463
Bingöl Altınçağ 16 Derslikli
2022/
Ortaokul Yapım İşi
1206460
Hanönü 8 Derslikli Ortaokulu
2022/
Binası Yapım İşi
1208747
Başçiftlik Çok Programlı Anadolu
2022/
Lisesi Yapım İşi
1219402
Karatay Hacısadık Ortaokulu 32
2022/
Derslik Yapım İşi
1230517
Tarsus 100 Yıl İlkokulu Yapım İşi
2022/
1247968
Mersin Akdeniz Fevzi Çakmak 32
2022/
Derslik Okul İnşaatı Yapım
1248332
1605
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
70
71
Gönen 16 Derslikli Mehmet
2022/
Çanakçı İlkokulu Yapım İşi
1250375
Erdek 12 Derslikli Kapıdağ MTAL
2022/
Yapım İşi
1264907
Siirt İli Kurtalan İlçesi Aksöğüt
72
Köyü 8 Derslik İlk-Orta Okulu
Yapım İşi
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Mersin Toroslar Arpaçsakarlar 32
2022/
Derslik Ortaokul İnşaatı
1295596
Mersin Yenişehir Cumhuriyet
2022/
İlkokulu Bina
1296202
Ereğli Aziziye 24 Derslik İlkokulu
2022/
Yapım İşi
1298030
Karesi 24 Derslikli Atatürk MTAL
2022/
Lise Yapım İşi
1298485
Bandırma 24 Derslikli İmam Hatip
2022/
Lisesi Yapım İşi
1298510
Çorum İskilip İlçesi Ebussud
2022/
Efendi İlkokulu Yapımı İnşaatı
1299346
Mersin Tarsus 100. Yıl Ortaokulu
2022/
Yapım İşi
1336676
Ordu İli Kumru İlçesi Şehit Neşe
80
Eryetim İmam Hatip Ortaokulu
Yapım İşi
81
2022/
1284341
2022/
1339580
Mersin Yenişehir Dr.Kamil
2022/
TARHAN Orta Okulu Yapım İşi
1352397
₺19,270,325.27
₺17,733,000.00
₺22.222.027,37
₺20.449.224,69
₺19,062,178.42
₺18,213,000.00
₺21.981.997,95
₺21.002.747,95
₺9,349,630.19
₺7,273,000.00
₺10.781.745,25
₺8.387.030,46
₺50,507,014.25
₺41,821,000.00
₺58.243.347,60
₺48.226.866,62
₺46,257,833.94
₺36,940,000.00
₺53.343.305,70
₺42.598.227,04
₺24,245,858.84
₺23,260,000.00
₺27.959.680,55
₺26.822.814,32
₺32,722,272.37
₺29,940,000.00
₺37.734.455,54
₺34.526.012,93
₺32,969,222.65
₺29,250,000.00
₺38.019.232,05
₺33.730.323,25
₺18,029,054.38
₺19,376,000.00
₺20.790.626,74
₺22.343.888,66
₺30,001,902.75
₺29,990,000.00
₺34.597.397,54
₺34.583.671,60
₺17,441,476.32
₺17,647,000.00
₺17.441.476,32
₺17.647.000,00
₺30,240,371.36
₺25,921,000.00
₺34.872.393,21
₺29.891.408,86
1606
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
1
2
3
4
5
6
2020/
İlköğretim Okulu Yapım İşi
652247
Seyhan İlçesi Fatih Mehmet 24
2021/
Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
678349
Tunceli Merkez 12 Derslikli
2021/
Ortaokulu Yapımı
788903
Akyazı Alaağaç İlkokulu-Ortaokulu
2021/
8 Derslikli Yeni Bina
872200
Dazkırı İlçesi Şerife Memiş UÇAR
2022/
4 Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
103527
Ağrı Merkez Cumhuriyet Mahallesi
2022/
12 Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
571617
Hasan 24 Derslikli Ortaokul Bina
İnşaatı
Malatya İli Battalgazi İlçesi
8
Hatunsuyu Saray 4 Derslikli İlkokul
Yapım İşi
Bursa İli İnegöl İlçesi 1767 Ada 1
9
Parsel 32 Derslik Ortaokul Yapım
İşi
Bursa İli Gürsu İlçesi 217 Ada 5
10
Parsel 32 Derslik Ortaokul Yapım
İşi
Gürpınar İlçesi Atatürk İlkokulu 8
11
Derslik Yapımı ve Çevre
Düzenleme İşi
12
13
14
15
3.3.
2022/
1123063
2022/
1151194
2022/
1191537
2022/
1201569
2022/
1211745
Burhaniye 12 Derslikli Şehit
2022/
Yılmaz Kobak İlkokulu Yapım İşi
1259556
Ereğli Mehmet Akif Mahallesi 24
2022/
Derslik İlkokulu Yapım İşi
1297609
Bandırma 24 Derslikli Haydar
2022/
Çavuş MTAL Lise Yapım İşi
1298507
Ayvalık Altınova 12 Derslikli
2022/
İlkokulu Yapım İşi
1333690
(2023 Ocak)
(TL)
Sözleşme Bedeli
Güncellenmiş
(2023 Ocak)
Yaklaşık
Maliyet (TL)
Güncellenmiş
(TL)
Sözleşme Bedeli
Yaklaşık
Maliyet (TL)
Numarası
Yalova Teşfikiye 8 Derslikli
Mersin İli Akdeniz İlçesi Ulubatlı
7
EKAP
Projenin İsmi
Sıra No
Tablo 3. Test Seti
₺5,144,773.67
₺4,145,000.00
₺17.754.017,80
₺14.303.914,71
₺11,549,480.83
₺9,645,600.00
₺27.490.588,27
₺22.958.886,39
₺14,732,311.59
₺12,289,000.00
₺30.308.745,61
₺25.282.127,15
₺5,732,314.68
₺6,329,000.00
₺10.233.526,56
₺11.298.749,85
₺2,753,214.86
₺2,594,800.00
₺4.648.964,72
₺4.381.471,94
₺20,821,311.83
₺18,485,000.00
₺32.084.146,06
₺28.484.057,33
₺29,920,269.76
₺25,965,000.00
₺34.503.260,54
₺29.942.148,49
₺14,882,398.57
₺12,144,444.00
₺17.409.606,25
₺14.206.714,54
₺39,678,634.50
₺36,780,000.00
₺45.756.347,62
₺42.413.719,29
₺40,502,163.31
₺34,850,000.00
₺46.706.019,18
₺40.188.094,54
₺21,570,694.37
₺15,365,000.00
₺24.874.751,93
₺17.718.509,98
₺20,764,093.35
₺18,649,000.00
₺23.944.601,05
₺21.505.531,57
₺22,539,471.31
₺22,342,000.00
₺25.991.919,77
₺25.764.201,10
₺32,454,585.73
₺30,942,000.00
₺37.425.766,42
₺35.681.492,72
₺20,099,949.64
₺17,182,000.00
₺23.178.728,16
₺19.813.826,12
Veri Setinin Oluşturulması
Bu bölümde 4734 sayılı Kamu İhale Kanununa göre ihale edilmiş Eğitim yapıları yapım
projeleri hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.
1607
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
3.3.1. Analizlerde Kullanılan Projelerin Özellikleri
Bu çalışmada, 4734 sayılı Kamu İhale Kanununa tabi kurumlar tarafından 2020 ile 2022 yılları
arasında ihale edilmiş ve sözleşmesi imzalanmış 96 adet eğitim yapısı yapım projesi
kullanılmıştır.
3.3.2. Metraj Hesabı
Metraj hesabı, uygulama projelerinden her bir iş kalemi için ölçülen ölçümlerin yapılarak
miktarların belirlenmesi işlemidir. Hem işi ihale eden kamu kurumu, hem de işi almak isteyen
istekli tarafından yapının maliyetinin belirlenmesi için yapılan metraj çalışması, uzun zaman
alan ve detaylı hesapların yapıldığı aşamadır.
Bu bölümde çalışmada kullanılacak veri setinin oluşturulması için yapılan metraj çalışmaları
anlatılmıştır. Veri setinin oluşturulmasında, eğitim binaları maliyet modellemesi için uygun
olduğu düşünülen metraj kalemleri seçilmiştir. Bu çalışma için yapı maliyetini etkilediği bilinen
18 adet ana metraj kalemi seçilmiş olup seçilen bu kalemler, veri setinin bağımsız
değişkenlerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu bağımsız değişkenlerin özellikleri aşağıda anlatılmıştır.
3.3.2.1. Derslik Sayısı
Eğitim projelerindeki oluşacak yapılarda bulunan derslik sayılarıdır. Veri setinde en düşük 2
derslikli, en yüksek 32 derslikli yapı bulunmaktadır.
3.3.2.2. Yapım Süresi
Projelerin ihale dosyalarında bulunan ve ihaleyi yapan kurum tarafından inşaatın tamamlanması
için öngörülen süresidir. Veri setindeki proje sürelerinin en azı 100 gün, en fazlası ise 750
gündür.
3.3.2.3. Toplam Kat sayısı
Projelerde tek bloktan oluşan binalar tercih edilmiştir. Veri setindeki projeler arasında bodrum
kat dâhil minimum kat sayısı 1, maksimum kat sayısı ise 5’dir.
3.3.2.4. Kat yüksekliği
Bu bağımsız değişken projedeki bir binanın normal katları için belirtilen kat yüksekliğidir.
Burada yüksekliğin ölçümü katların döşeme üstlerinden döşeme üstüne yapılmıştır. Veri
setindeki projelerde minimum kat yüksekliği 3,20 m, maksimum kat yüksekliği 4,00 m’dir.
3.3.2.5. Bina yüksekliği
Bu bağımsız değişken binaların +0,00 kotu ile en üst katın döşeme üst kotu (çatı yüksekliği
hariç) arasındaki farkı ifade etmektedir. Veri setindeki projelerde minimum bina yüksekliği
3,20 m, maksimum bina yüksekliği 20,50 m’dir.
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3.3.2.6. Bina yükseklik sınıfı (BYS)
Bu bağımsız değişken, 2018 Deprem yönetmeliğine göre; Deprem etkisi altında tasarımda
binalar yükseklikleri bakımından sekiz Bina Yükseklik Sınıfı’na (BYS) ayrılmıştır. Bu sınıflara
giren binalar için tanımlanan yükseklik aralıkları, Deprem Tasarım Sınıflarına bağlı olarak
belirlenmektedir. Veri setinde Bina Yükseklik Sınıfının sayısına göre isimlendirilmiştir. Veri
setindeki en düşük değer 5, en yüksek değer 8’dir.
Tablo 4. Bina Yükseklik Sınıfları ve Deprem Tasarım Sınıflarına Göre Tanımlanan Bina
Yükseklik Aralıkları(https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr)
Bina Yükseklik
Sınıfı
Bina Yükseklik Sınıfları ve Deprem Tasarım Sınıflarına Göre
Tanımlanan Bina Yükseklik Aralıkları [m]
DTS = 1, 1a, 2, 2a
DTS = 3, 3a
DTS = 4, 4a
BYS=1
HN >70
HN > 91
HN >70
BYS=2
56 > HN >70
70 > HN > 91
HN >70
BYS=3
42 > HN >56
56 > HN > 70
HN >70
BYS=4
28 > HN >42
42 > HN > 56
BYS=5
17.5 > HN >28
28 > HN > 42
BYS=6
10.5 > HN >17.5
17.5 > HN > 28
BYS=7
7 > HN >10.5
10.5 > HN > 17.5
BYS=8
HN <7
HN < 10.5
3.3.2.7.Bodrum kat yüksekliği
Bu bağımsız değişken, projelerde doğal zemin kodu olan sıfır kotunun altında yer alan katların
sayısını ifade etmektedir. Toplamda 16 adet yapının bodrum katı bulunmamaktadır. 80 adet
yapının ise bodrum katı vardır. Veri setindeki projelerde minimum bodrum kat yüksekliği 0.00
m, maksimum bodrum yüksekliği ise 5,15 m’ dir.
3.3.2.8.Deprem tasarım sınıfı
Bu bağımsız değişken, 2018 deprem yönetmeliğine göre tanımlanan Bina Kullanım Sınıflarına
ve DD-2 deprem yer hareketi düzeyi için Kısa Periyot Tasarım Spektral İvme Katsayısına bağlı
olarak, bu Yönetmelik’te deprem etkisi altında tasarımda esas alınacak Deprem Tasarım
Sınıfları (DTS) belirlenecektir.
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Tablo 5. DD-2 Deprem Yer Hareketi Düzeyinde Kısa Periyot Tasarım Spektral İvme
Katsayısı (https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr)
DD-2 Deprem Yer Hareketi Düzeyinde Kısa Periyot Tasarım
Bina Kullanım Sınıfı
Spektral İvme Katsayısı ( SDS )
BKS = 1
BKS = 2, 3
SDS < 0.33
DTS = 4a
DTS = 4
0.33 < SDS < 0.50
DTS = 3a
DTS = 3
0.50 < SDS < 0.75
DTS = 2a
DTS = 2
0.75 < SDS
DTS = 1a
DTS = 1
Tablo 6. Veri Setinde Deprem Tasarım Sınıfına göre tanımlanan değerler
Deprem Tasarım
Tanımlanan
Sınıfı (DTS)
Değer
1a
1
2a
2
3a
3
4a
4
1
5
2
6
3
7
4
8
Veri setindeki en düşük değer 1, en yüksek değer 5’dir
3.3.2.9. Zemin sınıfı
Bu bağımsız değişken, zeminin dane çapı ve kıvamı esas alınarak belirlenen ve ZA ile ZF
arasında değişen değerdir. Bu çalışmadaki projelerin zemin sınıfları, statik projelerde veya
geoteknik raporlarda yer alan bilgilere göre belirlenmiştir. Veri setinde ZB ile ZE arasında
değişen bütün zemin sınıflarını temsil eden projeler bulunmaktadır.
1610
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Tablo 7. Zemin Sınıfı Değerleri(https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr)
Üst 30 metrede ortalama
Yerel
Zemin
Zemin Cinsi
(VS)30
(N60)30
(Cu)30
[m/s]
[darbe/30 cm]
[kPa]
Sınıfı
ZA
Sağlam, sert kayalar
> 1500
-
-
ZB
Az ayrışmış, orta sağlam kayalar
760 - 1500
-
-
360 - 760
> 50
> 250
180 - 360
15 - 50
70 - 250
< 180
< 15
< 70
ZC
ZD
Çok sıkı kum, çakıl ve sert kil tabakaları veya
ayrışmış, çok çatlaklı zayıf kayalar
Orta sıkı-sıkı kum, çakıl veya çok katı kil
tabakaları
Gevşek kum, çakıl veya yumuşak-katı kil
tabakaları PI > 20 ve w>% 40 koşullarını
ZE
sağlayan toplamda 3 metreden daha kalın
yumuşak kil tabakası (cu < 25 kPa) içeren
profiller.
ZF Sahaya özel araştırma ve değerlendirme gerektiren zeminler:
1) Deprem etkisi altında çökme ve potansiyel göçme riskine sahip zeminler (sıvılaşabilir zeminler,
ZF
yüksek derecede hassas killer, göçebilir zayıf çimentolu zeminler vb.),
2) Toplam kalınlığı 3 metreden fazla turba ve/veya organik içeriği yüksek killer,
3) Toplam kalınlığı 8 metreden fazla olan yüksek plastisiteli (PI > 50) killer,
4) Çok kalın (> 35 m) yumuşak veya orta katı killer.
Tablo 8. Veri Setinde Zemin Sınıfına göre tanımlanan değerler
Zemin Sınıfı
Tanımlanan
Değer
ZA
1
ZB
2
ZC
3
ZD
4
ZE
5
ZF
6
Veri setindeki en düşük değer 2, en yüksek değer 5’dür
3.3.2.10.Zemin emniyet gerilmesi
Bu bağımsız değişken, zemin sınıfı değişkeninde olduğu gibi projelerin yapılacağı zeminin
yapısına göre farklılık gösteren, zeminin emniyetle taşıyabileceği en yüksek gerilme değeridir.
Bu çalışmada zemin emniyet gerilmesi değerleri, statik projelerde veya geoteknik raporlarda
bulunan bilgilere göre belirlenmiştir. Veri setinde maksimum 116 t/m2, minimum 8,50 t/m2
zemin emniyet gerilmesine sahip projeler yer almaktadır.
1611
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3.3.2.11.Yatak katsayısı
Projelerin yapılacağı zeminin yapısının belirlenmesi amacıyla hesap edilen bir diğer bağımsız
değişken de yatak katsayısıdır. Bu değişken, binanın yapılması sonucunda zemine etki edecek
ağırlığa karşı zeminde oluşan hacimsel değişim miktarını ifade eden değerdir. Bu çalışmada
yatak katsayısı statik projelerde veya geoteknik raporlarda bulunan bilgilere göre belirlenmiştir.
Veri setinde, yatak katsayısı maksimum 15000 t/m3, minimum 1100 t/m3 olarak değişmektedir.
3.3.2.12.Beton sınıfı
Bu bağımsız değişken, statik hesap ve projelerde yer alan beton sınıfı değeridir. Beton sınıfı
statik hesaplarda kullanılan, küp ve silindir numuneler üzerinde yapılan deney sonuçları ile
belirlenen ve betonun basınç dayanımını ifade eden bir değerdir. Veri setinde beton sınıfı C25,
C30, C35 ve C40 olarak değişen projeler yer almaktadır. Analizlerde 25 değeri C25’i, 30 değeri
C30’u, 35 değeri C35’i ve 40 değeri C40’ı ifade etmektedir.
3.3.2.13.Asansör sayısı
Bu bağımsız değişken, projedeki asansör sayısını göstermektedir. Analizlerde asansörü
bulunmayan 7 adet yapı bulunmaktadır. 70 adet yapıda 1 asansör, 19 adet yapıda 2 asansör
bulunmaktadır.
3.3.2.14.Islak alan
Mimari projelerde yer alan banyo ve WC alanları, “Islak Alan” olarak isimlendirilmektir. Bu
bağımsız değişken, projede her bir katta yer alan ıslak alanların toplamı ile belirlenmiştir. Veri
setindeki projelerde minimum ıslak alan 22,62 m2, maksimum ıslak alan ise 387,91 m2’dir.
3.3.2.15. Radye Temel tipi yüksekliği
Bu bağımsız değişken, statik projelerde yer alan temel çizim ve detayları esas alınarak
belirlenmiştir. Veri setindeki en düşük değer 0,30 m, en yüksek değer ise 1,20 m’dir.
3.3.2.16.Kat alanı
Bu bağımsız değişken, veri setini oluşturan projelerin normal bir kata ait alanı ifade etmektedir.
Bir binada farklı normal kat alanlarının olması durumunda en çok ortak olan normal katlardan
birinin değeri alınmıştır. Veri setindeki projelerde minimum kat alanı 413,29 m2, maksimum
kat alanı ise 1270,32 m2’dir.
3.3.2.17.Bodrum alanı
Bu bağımsız değişken, projelerin mimari ve statik hesapları sonucu belirlenen projelerde doğal
zemin kodu olan sıfır kotunun altında yer alan katların alanını ifade etmektedir. Veri setinde
bulunan projelerde bina oturum alanı minimum 0 m2, maksimum 1427,60 m2’dir.
1612
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3.3.2.18.Toplam inşaat alanı
Bu bağımsız değişken projede yer alan katların toplam inşaat alanını ifade etmektedir. Veri
setinde kat alanı minimum 325,00 m2, maksimum 9113,12 m2’dır.
Yukarıdaki hesaplanmış 18 adet değişken kullanılarak Sözleşme Bedeli ve Yaklaşık Maliyet
tahmini analizi yapılmıştır.
3.4.
Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon ile Model Oluşturulması
Yapılan modelleme çalışmasında; Derslik Sayısı, Yapım Süresi(Gün), Toplam Kat Sayısı, Kat
Yüksekliği(metre), Bina Yüksekliği(+0,00 Kotundan itibaren (metre)), Bina Yükseklik
Sınıfı(BYS), Bodrum Yüksekliği(metre), Deprem Tasarım Sınıfı(DTS), Zemin Sınıfı, Zemin
Emniyet Gerilmesi(t/m²), Yatak Katsayısı(t/m³), Beton Sınıfı, Asansör Sayısı, Islak Alan(m²),
Radye Temel Yüksekliği(metre), Kat Alanı(m²), Bodrum Alanı(m²), Toplam Alan(m²)
değerleri bağımsız değişken olarak alınmış ve bu değişkenler ile projenin sözleşme Bedeli ve
yaklaşık maliyet değerleri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada SPSS paket programı
ile çoklu regresyon modeli kullanılmıştır. 81 adet Okul projesine ait regresyon analizi
sonucunda aşağıdaki veriler elde edilmiştir.
Sözleşme Bedeli Regresyon Modeli
Sözleşme Bedeli = - 2349012.559 + 46452.464 * (Derslik Sayısı) - 277.169 * (Yapım Süresi)
+ 496947.262 * (Toplam Kat Sayısı) + 2021313.907 * (Kat Yüksekliği) - 445038.095(Bina
Yüksekliği) - 2020336.669 * (BYS) - 2413730.060 * (Bodrum Yüksekliği) + 21079.829 *
(DTS) + 196257.334 * (Zemin Sınıfı) - 34217.334 * (Zemin Emniyet Gerilmesi) + 207.823
* (Yatak Katsayısı) + 427461.327 * (Beton Sınıfı) + 5537494.092 * (Asansör Sayısı) +
16687.841 * (Islak Alan) + 9752894.338 * (Radye Temel Yüksekliği) - 2534.565 * (Kat
Alanı) + 12246.067 * (Bodrum Alanı) + 3711.671 * (Toplam Alan)
1613
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Yalova Teşfikiye 8 Derslikli İlköğretim Okulu Yapım
İşi
Seyhan İlçesi Fatih Mehmet 24 Derslikli İlkokul
Yapım İşi
Tunceli Merkez 12 Derslikli Ortaokulu Yapımı
Akyazı Alaağaç İlkokulu-Ortaokulu 8 Derslikli Yeni
Bina
Dazkırı İlçesi Şerife Memiş UÇAR 4 Derslikli İlkokul
Yapım İşi
Ağrı Merkez Cumhuriyet Mahallesi 12 Derslikli
İlkokul Yapım İşi
Mersin İli Akdeniz İlçesi Ulubatlı Hasan 24 Derslikli
Ortaokul Bina İnşaatı
Malatya İli Battalgazi İlçesi Hatunsuyu Saray 4
Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
Bursa İli İnegöl İlçesi 1767 Ada 1 Parsel 32 Derslik
Ortaokul Yapım İşi
Bursa İli Gürsu İlçesi 217 Ada 5 Parsel 32 Derslik
Ortaokul Yapım İşi
Gürpınar İlçesi Atatürk İlkokulu 8 Derslik Yapımı ve
Çevre Düzenleme İşi
Burhaniye 12 Derslikli Şehit Yılmaz Kobak İlkokulu
Yapım İşi
Ereğli Mehmet Akif Mahallesi 24 Derslik İlkokulu
Yapım İşi
Bandırma 24 Derslikli Haydar Çavuş MTAL Lise
Yapım İşi
Ayvalık Altınova 12 Derslikli İlkokulu Yapım İşi
1614
Hata Oranı
Bedeli
Sözleşme
Denklemi ile
tahmin edilen
Regresyon
Bedeli (TL)
Sözleşme
Güncellenmiş
Projenin İsmi
Sıra No
Tablo 9. Eğitim yapılarına ait Regresyon modeli tahmin sonuçları
₺14.303.914,71
₺19.749.333.37
38.1%
₺22.958.886,39
₺30.063.223.09
30.9%
₺25.282.127,15
₺22.520.388.60
10.9%
₺11.298.749,85
₺16.064.295.08
42.2%
₺4.381.471,94
₺2.569.036.56
41.4%
₺28.484.057,33
₺30.083.289.02
5.6%
₺29.942.148,49
₺28.215.690.19
5.8%
₺14.206.714,54
₺15.463.565.98
8.8%
₺42.413.719,29
₺47.098.209.85
11.0%
₺40.188.094,54
₺44.822.007.71
11.5%
₺17.718.509,98
₺18.507.047.52
4.5%
₺21.505.531,57
₺24.547.419.40
14.1%
₺25.764.201,10
₺23.973.879.22
6.9%
₺35.681.492,72
₺29.420.229.43
17.5%
₺19.813.826,12
₺24.386.985.98
23.1%
ORTALAMA HATA DEĞERİ
18,20%
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Tablo 10. Eğitim Yapılarına ait İstatistiki veriler
Serbestlik
Kareler Toplamı
Model
Derecesi
Kareler Ortalaması
F
p
43,620
,000b
Regresyon
Kareler
13408311421886500,000
18
744906190104806,000
1058793525979290,000
62
17077314935149,900
14467104947865800,000
80
Toplamı
Artık
Kareler
Toplamı
Genel
Kareler
Toplamı
Hesaplamalar sonucunda F istatistiği değeri 43,620 olarak hesaplanmış. F tablosu yardım ile p
değerinin p<0,05 olduğundan oluşturulan modelin anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür.
Toplam Kat Sayısı
Kat Yüksekliği (mt)
Bina Yüksekliği (m) (+0,00
Kotundan)
Bina Yükseklik Sınıfı
(BYS)
Bodrum Yüksekliği (mt)
Deprem Tasarım Sınıfı
(DTS)
Zemin Sınıfı
Zemin Emniyet Gerilmesi
(t/m²)
Yatak Katsayısı (t/m³)
Beton Sınıfı
Asansör Sayısı
Islak Alan (m²)
Radye Temel Yüksekliği (mt)
Kat Alanı (m²)
Bodrum Alanı (m²)
Toplam Alan (m²)
(TL)
Yapım Süresi (Gün)
r
Derslik Sayısı
Güncellenmiş
Sözleşme Bedeli
Güncellenmiş Sözleşme
Bedeli (TL)
Tablo 11. Eğitim yapılarına ait istatistiki veriler (Bağımsız Değişkenler Arasındaki İlişkiler)
1,00
0,84
0,46
0,67
0,40
0,66
-0,49
0,49
0,12
-0,04
-0,03
-0,02
0,28
0,75
0,86
0,71
0,81
0,81
0,93
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,15
0,37
0,38
0,45
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,39
0,75
0,25
0,71
-0,42
0,51
0,15
0,00
-0,09
-0,08
0,31
0,64
0,77
0,63
0,68
0,76
0,89
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,09
0,48
0,21
0,25
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,52
0,29
0,47
-0,41
0,45
-0,01
0,09
-0,05
0,20
0,06
0,45
0,34
0,25
0,27
0,42
0,43
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,48
0,22
0,34
0,04
0,30
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,01
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,37
0,93
-0,68
0,77
0,18
0,01
-0,13
-0,12
0,25
0,60
0,64
0,59
0,35
0,68
0,72
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,05
0,45
0,12
0,15
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,48
-0,45
0,38
0,12
-0,16
-0,11
-0,04
0,24
0,46
0,30
0,27
0,34
0,37
0,34
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,14
0,08
0,17
0,38
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
-0,71
0,67
0,11
-0,05
-0,09
-0,12
0,28
0,62
0,62
0,56
0,38
0,63
0,70
0,00
0,00
0,17
0,33
0,21
0,14
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
-0,49
0,09
-0,02
0,19
0,18
-0,41
-0,34
-0,49
-0,43
-0,15
-0,39
-0,42
0,00
0,22
0,44
0,04
0,05
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,09
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,19
-0,07
-0,05
-0,06
0,29
0,47
0,53
0,47
0,30
0,79
0,55
0,04
0,26
0,32
0,28
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
-0,39
0,07
0,27
-0,17
0,17
0,08
0,10
0,19
0,22
0,18
p
r
0,84
p
0,00
Yapım Süresi
r
0,46
0,39
(Gün)
p
0,00
0,00
Toplam Kat
r
0,67
0,75
0,52
Sayısı
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
Kat Yüksekliği
r
0,40
0,25
0,29
0,37
(mt)
p
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
Bina Yüksekliği
r
0,66
0,71
0,47
0,93
0,48
(m)
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Bina Yükseklik
r
0,49
-0,42
-0,41
-0,68
-0,45
0,71
Sınıfı (BYS)
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Bodrum
r
0,49
0,51
0,45
0,77
0,38
0,67
-0,49
Yüksekliği (mt)
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Deprem Tasarım
r
0,12
0,15
-0,01
0,18
0,12
0,11
0,09
Sınıfı (DTS)
p
0,15
0,09
0,48
0,05
0,14
0,17
0,22
0,04
r
0,04
0,00
0,09
0,01
-0,16
0,05
-0,02
-0,07
-0,39
Derslik Sayısı
Zemin Sınıfı
0,19
0,00
0,27
0,01
0,06
0,06
0,24
0,18
0,05
0,03
0,05
1,00
-0,33
-0,48
0,07
-0,17
-0,09
-0,08
-0,12
-0,07
-0,05
0,00
0,00
0,26
0,07
0,21
0,25
0,14
0,26
0,34
1,00
0,45
-0,01
-0,01
0,02
0,04
0,02
-0,01
-0,06
0,00
0,45
0,46
0,42
0,37
0,42
0,46
0,29
1,00
-0,31
0,09
-0,13
-0,12
0,03
-0,04
-0,05
0,00
0,21
0,12
0,13
0,38
0,37
0,34
1,00
0,01
0,31
0,38
0,11
0,29
0,23
p
0,37
0,48
0,22
0,45
0,08
0,33
0,44
0,26
0,00
Zemin Emniyet
r
0,03
-0,09
-0,05
-0,13
-0,11
0,09
0,19
-0,05
0,07
-0,33
Gerilmesi
p
0,38
0,21
0,34
0,12
0,17
0,21
0,04
0,32
0,27
0,00
Yatak Katsayısı
r
0,02
-0,08
0,20
-0,12
-0,04
0,12
0,18
-0,06
0,27
-0,48
0,45
(t/m³)
p
0,45
0,25
0,04
0,15
0,38
0,14
0,05
0,28
0,01
0,00
0,00
Beton Sınıfı
r
0,28
0,31
0,06
0,25
0,24
0,28
-0,41
0,29
-0,17
0,07
-0,01
1615
-0,31
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
p
0,01
0,00
0,30
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,06
0,26
0,45
0,00
r
0,75
0,64
0,45
0,60
0,46
0,62
-0,34
0,47
0,17
-0,17
-0,01
0,09
0,01
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,06
0,07
0,46
0,21
0,45
r
0,86
0,77
0,34
0,64
0,30
0,62
-0,49
0,53
0,08
-0,09
0,02
-0,13
0,31
0,63
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,24
0,21
0,42
0,12
0,00
0,00
Radye Temel
r
0,71
0,63
0,25
0,59
0,27
0,56
-0,43
0,47
0,10
-0,08
0,04
-0,12
0,38
0,47
0,69
Yüksekliği (mt)
p
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,18
0,25
0,37
0,13
0,00
0,00
0,00
r
0,81
0,68
0,27
0,35
0,34
0,38
-0,15
0,30
0,19
-0,12
0,02
0,03
0,11
0,73
0,72
0,47
p
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,09
0,00
0,05
0,14
0,42
0,38
0,15
0,00
0,00
0,00
Bodrum Alanı
r
0,81
0,76
0,42
0,68
0,37
0,63
-0,39
0,79
0,22
-0,07
-0,01
-0,04
0,29
0,66
0,76
0,65
0,71
(m²)
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,03
0,26
0,46
0,37
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Toplam Alan
r
0,93
0,89
0,43
0,72
0,34
0,70
-0,42
0,55
0,18
-0,05
-0,06
-0,05
0,23
0,78
0,87
0,65
0,88
0,85
(m²)
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,05
0,34
0,29
0,34
0,02
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Asansör Sayısı
Islak Alan (m²)
Kat Alanı (m²)
0,45
0,00
0,00
0,15
0,00
0,02
1,00
0,63
0,47
0,73
0,66
0,78
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,69
0,72
0,76
0,87
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,47
0,65
0,65
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,71
0,88
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,85
0,00
1,00
Tabloya göre bazı değişkenler arasında yüksek güçte ilişkiler bulunmaktadır. Bu değişkenlerin
aynı anda modele alınması çoklu bağıntı sorunu yaşanmasına neden olabilir. Bu nedenle
oluşturulan modelde çoklu bağıntı kontrolleri yapılması gerekecektir.
Tablo 12. Eğitim yapılarına ait istatistiki veriler (Otokorelasyon ve Çoklu Bağıntı
Varsayımlarının Kontrolleri)
Durbin-Watson
1,523
Collinearity (VIF)
Derslik Sayısı
7.524
Yapım Süresi (Gün)
1.889
Toplam Kat Sayısı
32.216
Kat Yüksekliği (mt)
2.179
Bina Yüksekliği (m)
10.897
Bina Yükseklik Sınıfı(BYS)
3.301
Bodrum Yüksekliği (m)
10.720
Deprem Tasarım Sınıfı (DTS)
1.632
Zemin Sınıfı
1.981
Zemin Emniyet Gerilmesi
1.698
(t/m²)
Yatak Katsayısı (t/m³)
2.340
Beton Sınıfı
1.913
Asansör Sayısı
3.905
Islak Alan (m²)
6.505
Radye Temel Yüksekliği (mt)
2.551
Kat Alanı (m²)
24.326
Bodrum Alanı (m²)
14.567
Toplam Alan (m²)
73.277
1616
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Otokorelasyon, oluşturulan modeldeki hatalar arasında ilişki olması durumudur. Regresyon
modelinde otokorelasyon olmamalı, oluşturulan modeldeki hatalar rastgele olmalıdır. Bu
durum Durbin-Watson testi ile kontrol edilir. Durbin-Watson testi sonucunun 2 civarında
çıkması modelde otokorelasyon problemi olmadığını göstermektedir. Yapılan inceleme
sonucunda 1,523 olarak tespit edilen Durbin- Watson sonucuna göre oluşturduğumuz modelde
otokorelasyon probleminin olmadığı görülmektedir. Modelde çoklu bağıntı problemi olup
olmadığını ise değişkenlere ait VIF değerine bakılarak incelenmektedir. VIF değerinin 10’un
üzerinde olmaması gerekmektedir. Modele alınan 18 bağımsız değişken içinde VIF değerinin
12 değişkenin 10’un altında kaldığı görülmektedir. Bu sonuca göre modele alınan değişkenler
arasında 12 değişken için çoklu bağıntı problemi olmadığı söylenebilir. Toplam Kat Sayısı,
Bina Yüksekliği, Bodrum Yüksekliği, Kat Alanı, Bodrum Alanı ve Toplam Alan
değişkenlerinde çoklu bağıntı problemi olduğu görülmektedir.
Tablo 13. Eğitim yapılarına ait istatistiki veriler(Model anlamlılığı)
Düzeltilmiş
F
p
43,620
,000b
R²
0.927
,000b :p<0,05 olduğunu ifade eder.
Sözleşme Bedeli değişkenini açıklamak için oluşturulan modelin anlamlı bir model olduğu
görülmektedir (F:43,620, p<0,05). Anlamlı olan bu modelde bağımsız değişkenler, bağımlı
değişkendeki değişimin %92,7 ’sini açıklayabilmektedir.
Yaklaşık Maliyet Bedeli için Regresyon Modeli
Yaklaşık Maliyet Bedeli = - 2349012.559 + 46452.464 * (Derslik Sayısı) - 277.169 * (Yapım
Süresi) + 496947.262 * (Toplam Kat Sayısı) + 2021313.907 * (Kat Yüksekliği) - 445038.095
* (Bina Yüksekliği) - 2020336.669 * (BYS) - 2413730.060 * (Bodrum Yüksekliği) +
21079.829 * (DTS) + 196257.334 * (Zemin Sınıfı) - 34217.334 * (Zemin Emniyet Gerilmesi)
+ 207.823 * (Yatak Katsayısı) + 427461.327 * (Beton Sınıfı) + 5537494.092 * (Asansör
Sayısı) + 16687.841 * (Islak Alan) + 9752894.338 * (Radye Temel Yüksekliği) - 2534.565 *
(Kat Alanı) + 12246.067 * (Bodrum Alanı) + 3711.671 * (Toplam Alan)
1617
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Yalova Teşfikiye 8 Derslikli İlköğretim Okulu Yapım
İşi
Seyhan İlçesi Fatih Mehmet 24 Derslikli İlkokul
Yapım İşi
Tunceli Merkez 12 Derslikli Ortaokulu Yapımı
Akyazı Alaağaç İlkokulu-Ortaokulu 8 Derslikli Yeni
Bina
Dazkırı İlçesi Şerife Memiş UÇAR 4 Derslikli İlkokul
Yapım İşi
Ağrı Merkez Cumhuriyet Mahallesi 12 Derslikli
İlkokul Yapım İşi
Mersin İli Akdeniz İlçesi Ulubatlı Hasan 24 Derslikli
Ortaokul Bina İnşaatı
Malatya İli Battalgazi İlçesi Hatunsuyu Saray 4
Derslikli İlkokul Yapım İşi
Bursa İli İnegöl İlçesi 1767 Ada 1 Parsel 32 Derslik
Ortaokul Yapım İşi
Bursa İli Gürsu İlçesi 217 Ada 5 Parsel 32 Derslik
Ortaokul Yapım İşi
Gürpınar İlçesi Atatürk İlkokulu 8 Derslik Yapımı ve
Çevre Düzenleme İşi
Burhaniye 12 Derslikli Şehit Yılmaz Kobak İlkokulu
Yapım İşi
Ereğli Mehmet Akif Mahallesi 24 Derslik İlkokulu
Yapım İşi
Bandırma 24 Derslikli Haydar Çavuş MTAL Lise
Yapım İşi
Ayvalık Altınova 12 Derslikli İlkokulu Yapım İşi
Hata Oranı
Yaklaşık
Maliyet Bedeli
Denklemi ile
tahmin edilen
Regresyon
Maliyet (TL)
Yaklaşık
Güncellenmiş
Sıra No
Projenin İsmi
Tablo 14. Eğitim yapılarına ait Regresyon modeli tahmin sonuçları
₺17.754.017,80
₺21.922.242.40
23.5%
₺27.490.588,27
₺32.098.337.10
16.8%
₺30.308.745,61
₺25.447.991.92
16.0%
₺10.233.526,56
₺18.925.837.07
84.9%
₺4.648.964,72
₺3.599.820.94
22.6%
₺32.084.146,06
₺31.063.351.51
3.2%
₺34.503.260,54
₺31.371.867.31
9.1%
₺17.409.606,25
₺19.396.878.43
11.4%
₺45.756.347,62
₺50.840.134.38
11.1%
₺46.706.019,18
₺48.573.590.66
4.0%
₺24.874.751,93
₺20.487.483.32
17.6%
₺23.944.601,05
₺26.439.331.02
10.4%
₺25.991.919,77
₺26.703.014.36
2.7%
₺37.425.766,42
₺31.760.801.94
15.1%
₺23.178.728,16
₺26.294.332.91
13.4%
ORTALAMA HATA DEĞERİ
17.50%
Tablo 15. Eğitim Yapılarına ait İstatistiki veriler
Model
1
Regresyon Kareler Toplamı
Artık Kareler Toplamı
Genel Kareler Toplamı
Kareler Toplamı
15804502379673800,00
1379190948240060,00
17183693327913800,00
1618
Serbestlik
Derecesi
18
62
80
Kareler Ortalaması
F
p
878027909981875,00
22245015294194,60
39,47
,000b
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Hesaplamalar sonucunda F istatistiği değeri 39,47 olarak hesaplanmış. F tablosu yardım ile p
değerinin p<0,05 olduğundan oluşturulan modelin anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür.
Yatak Katsayısı (t/m³)
Beton Sınıfı
Asansör Sayısı
Islak Alan (m²)
Radye Temel Yüksekliği
Kat Alanı (m²)
Bodrum Alanı (m²)
Toplam Alan (m²)
-0,47
0,50
0,14
-0,06
-0,06
-0,05
0,31
0,77
0,84
0,72
0,81
0,82
0,93
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,11
0,30
0,29
0,32
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,39
0,75
0,25
0,71
-0,42
0,51
0,15
0,00
-0,09
-0,08
0,31
0,64
0,77
0,63
0,68
0,76
0,89
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,09
0,48
0,21
0,25
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,52
0,29
0,47
-0,41
0,45
-0,01
0,09
-0,05
0,20
0,06
0,45
0,34
0,25
0,27
0,42
0,43
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,48
0,22
0,34
0,04
0,30
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,01
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,37
0,93
-0,68
0,77
0,18
0,01
-0,13
-0,12
0,25
0,60
0,64
0,59
0,35
0,68
0,72
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,05
0,45
0,12
0,15
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,48
-0,45
0,38
0,12
-0,16
-0,11
-0,04
0,24
0,46
0,30
0,27
0,34
0,37
0,34
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,14
0,08
0,17
0,38
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
-0,71
0,67
0,11
-0,05
-0,09
-0,12
0,28
0,62
0,62
0,56
0,38
0,63
0,70
0,00
0,00
0,17
0,33
0,21
0,14
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
-0,49
0,09
-0,02
0,19
0,18
-0,41
-0,34
-0,49
-0,43
-0,15
-0,39
-0,42
0,00
0,22
0,44
0,04
0,05
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,09
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,19
-0,07
-0,05
-0,06
0,29
0,47
0,53
0,47
0,30
0,79
0,55
0,04
0,26
0,32
0,28
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
-0,39
0,07
0,27
-0,17
0,17
0,08
0,10
0,19
0,22
0,18
0,00
0,27
0,01
0,06
0,06
0,24
0,18
0,05
0,03
0,05
1,00
-0,33
-0,48
0,07
-0,17
-0,09
-0,08
-0,12
-0,07
-0,05
0,00
0,00
0,26
0,07
0,21
0,25
0,14
0,26
0,34
1,00
0,45
-0,01
-0,01
0,02
0,04
0,02
-0,01
-0,06
0,00
0,45
0,46
0,42
0,37
0,42
0,46
0,29
1,00
-0,31
0,09
-0,13
-0,12
0,03
-0,04
-0,05
0,00
0,21
0,12
0,13
0,38
0,37
0,34
1,00
0,01
0,31
0,38
0,11
0,29
0,23
0,45
0,00
0,00
0,15
0,00
0,02
1,00
0,63
0,47
0,73
0,66
0,78
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,69
0,72
0,76
0,87
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,47
0,65
0,65
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,71
0,88
0,00
0,00
1,00
0,85
Derslik
r
0,83
Sayısı
p
0,00
Yapım Süresi
r
0,41
0,39
(Gün)
p
0,00
0,00
Toplam Kat
r
0,66
0,75
0,52
Sayısı
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
Kat
r
0,39
0,25
0,29
0,37
p
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
r
0,65
0,71
0,47
0,93
0,48
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
r
-0,47
-0,42
-0,41
-0,68
-0,45
-0,71
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
r
0,50
0,51
0,45
0,77
0,38
0,67
-0,49
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
r
0,14
0,15
-0,01
0,18
0,12
0,11
0,09
0,19
p
0,11
0,09
0,48
0,05
0,14
0,17
0,22
0,04
r
-0,06
0,00
0,09
0,01
-0,16
-0,05
-0,02
-0,07
-0,39
Yüksekliği
(mt)
Bina
Yüksekliği
(m)
Bina
Yükseklik
Sınıfı (BYS)
Bodrum
Yüksekliği
(mt)
Deprem
Tasarım
Sınıfı (DTS)
(mt)
Zemin Emniyet Gerilmesi
0,65
0,00
(t/m²)
Zemin Sınıfı
0,39
0,00
(DTS)
Deprem Tasarım Sınıfı
0,66
0,00
(BYS)
0,41
0,00
Bina Yükseklik Sınıfı
0,83
Kotundan)
Bodrum Yüksekliği (mt)
Bina Yüksekliği (m) (+0,00
Kat Yüksekliği (mt)
1,00
Toplam Kat Sayısı
Bedeli (TL)
r
p
Yapım Süresi (Gün)
Sözleşme
Derslik Sayısı
Güncellenmiş
Bedeli (TL)
Güncellenmiş Sözleşme
Tablo 16. Eğitim yapılarına ait istatistiki veriler (Bağımsız Değişkenler Arasındaki İlişkiler)
Zemin Sınıfı
Zemin
Emniyet
p
0,30
0,48
0,22
0,45
0,08
0,33
0,44
0,26
0,00
r
-0,06
-0,09
-0,05
-0,13
-0,11
-0,09
0,19
-0,05
0,07
-0,33
p
0,29
0,21
0,34
0,12
0,17
0,21
0,04
0,32
0,27
0,00
r
-0,05
-0,08
0,20
-0,12
-0,04
-0,12
0,18
-0,06
0,27
-0,48
p
0,32
0,25
0,04
0,15
0,38
0,14
0,05
0,28
0,01
0,00
0,00
r
0,31
0,31
0,06
0,25
0,24
0,28
-0,41
0,29
-0,17
0,07
-0,01
-0,31
p
0,00
0,00
0,30
0,01
0,01
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,06
0,26
0,45
0,00
Asansör
r
0,77
0,64
0,45
0,60
0,46
0,62
-0,34
0,47
0,17
-0,17
-0,01
0,09
0,01
Sayısı
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,06
0,07
0,46
0,21
0,45
Islak Alan
r
0,84
0,77
0,34
0,64
0,30
0,62
-0,49
0,53
0,08
-0,09
0,02
-0,13
0,31
0,63
(m²)
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,24
0,21
0,42
0,12
0,00
0,00
Radye Temel
r
0,72
0,63
0,25
0,59
0,27
0,56
-0,43
0,47
0,10
-0,08
0,04
-0,12
0,38
0,47
0,69
p
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,18
0,25
0,37
0,13
0,00
0,00
0,00
Kat Alanı
r
0,81
0,68
0,27
0,35
0,34
0,38
-0,15
0,30
0,19
-0,12
0,02
0,03
0,11
0,73
0,72
0,47
(m²)
p
0,00
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,09
0,00
0,05
0,14
0,42
0,38
0,15
0,00
0,00
0,00
Bodrum
r
0,82
0,76
0,42
0,68
0,37
0,63
-0,39
0,79
0,22
-0,07
-0,01
-0,04
0,29
0,66
0,76
0,65
0,71
Alanı (m²)
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,03
0,26
0,46
0,37
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Toplam Alan
r
0,93
0,89
0,43
0,72
0,34
0,70
-0,42
0,55
0,18
-0,05
-0,06
-0,05
0,23
0,78
0,87
0,65
0,88
0,85
(m²)
p
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,05
0,34
0,29
0,34
0,02
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
Gerilmesi
Yatak
Katsayısı
(t/m³)
0,45
Beton Sınıfı
Yüksekliği
(mt)
0,00
1,00
Tabloya göre bazı değişkenler arasında yüksek güçte ilişkiler bulunmaktadır. Bu değişkenlerin
aynı anda modele alınması çoklu bağıntı sorunu yaşanmasına neden olabilir. Bu nedenle
oluşturulan modelde çoklu bağıntı kontrolleri yapılması gerekecektir.
1619
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tablo 17. Eğitim yapılarına ait istatistiki veriler (Otokorelasyon ve Çoklu Bağıntı
Varsayımlarının Kontrolleri)
Durbin-Watson
1,950
Collinearity (VIF)
Derslik Sayısı
7.524
Yapım Süresi (Gün)
1.889
Toplam Kat Sayısı
32.216
Kat Yüksekliği (mt)
2.179
Bina Yüksekliği (m)
10.897
Bina Yükseklik Sınıfı(BYS)
3.301
Bodrum Yüksekliği (m)
10.720
Deprem Tasarım Sınıfı (DTS)
1.632
Zemin Sınıfı
1.981
Zemin Emniyet Gerilmesi
1.698
(t/m²)
Yatak Katsayısı (t/m³)
2.340
Beton Sınıfı
1.913
Asansör Sayısı
3.905
Islak Alan (m²)
6.505
Radye Temel Yüksekliği (mt)
2.551
Kat Alanı (m²)
24.326
Bodrum Alanı (m²)
14.567
Toplam Alan (m²)
73.277
Otokorelasyon, oluşturulan modeldeki hatalar arasında ilişki olması durumudur. Regresyon
modelinde otokorelasyon olmamalı, oluşturulan modeldeki hatalar rastgele olmalıdır. Bu
durum Durbin-Watson testi ile kontrol edilir. Durbin-Watson testi sonucunun 2 civarında
çıkması modelde otokorelasyon problemi olmadığını göstermektedir. Yapılan inceleme
sonucunda 1,950 olarak tespit edilen Durbin- Watson sonucuna göre oluşturduğumuz modelde
otokorelasyon probleminin olmadığı görülmektedir. Modelde çoklu bağıntı problemi olup
olmadığını ise değişkenlere ait VIF değerine bakılarak incelenmektedir. VIF değerinin 10’un
üzerinde olmaması gerekmektedir. Modele alınan 18 bağımsız değişken içinde VIF değerinin
12 değişkenin 10’un altında kaldığı görülmektedir. Bu sonuca göre modele alınan değişkenler
arasında 12 değişken için çoklu bağıntı problemi olmadığı söylenebilir. Toplam Kat Sayısı,
Bina Yüksekliği, Bodrum Yüksekliği, Kat Alanı, Bodrum Alanı ve Toplam Alan
değişkenlerinde çoklu bağıntı problemi olduğu görülmektedir.
1620
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Tablo 18. Eğitim yapılarına ait istatistiki veriler(Model anlamlılığı)
Düzeltilmiş
R²
0.900
F
p
39,470
,000b
,000b :p<0,05 olduğunu ifade eder.
Sözleşme Bedeli değişkenini açıklamak için oluşturulan modelin anlamlı bir model olduğu
görülmektedir (F:43,620, p<0,05). Anlamlı olan bu modelde bağımsız değişkenler, bağımlı
değişkendeki değişimin %90 ’ını açıklayabilmektedir.
Tablo 19. Eğitim yapılarına ait istatistiki sonuç verileri
Yaklaşık Maliyet
Sözleşme Bedeli
Hata Oranı
%17,50
%18,20
Düzeltilmiş R²
0,900
0,927
1,950
1,523
Durbin-Watson
değeri
SONUÇ
Bu çalışmada, Kamu Kurumları tarafından ihaleye çıkılmış ve sonuç ilanı yayınlanmış 96 adet
okul binasına ait projeler Elektronik Kamu Alımları Platformu(EKAP)’ tan indirilmiştir.
Projeler 81 adet eğitim, 15 adet test verisi olacak şekilde ayrılmıştır. Yapım yılı maliyetleri
TÜİK’ ten elde edilen Bina inşaatı maliyet endeksi ve değişim oranları tablosuna göre 2023
yılı Ocak ayına çevrilmiş Yaklaşık Maliyet Bedeli ve Sözleşme Bedeli güncellenmiştir. Projeler
üzerinden eğitim yapısının inşaat maliyeti çıktı değişkenini etkilediği bilinen; Derslik Sayısı,
Yapım Süresi, Toplam Kat Sayısı, Kat Yüksekliği, Bina Yüksekliği, Bina Yükseklik
Sınıfı(BYS), Bodrum Yüksekliği, Deprem Tasarım Sınıfı(DTS), Zemin Sınıfı, Zemin Emniyet
Gerilmesi, Yatak Katsayısı, Beton Sınıfı, Asansör Sayısı, Islak Alan, Radye Temel Yüksekliği,
Kat Alanı, Bodrum Alanı, Toplam Alan parametreleri belirlenmiş ve regresyon analizinde
kullanılmıştır. Regresyon analizi “SPSS Statistics 26” yazılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu
parametreler kullanılarak Regresyon Analizleri (RA) yapılmış ve eğitim yapılarının
maliyetlerini tahmin etmek için formüller geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen formüllerle Sözleşme
Bedeli ve Yaklaşık Maliyet Bedeli tahmin edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen formüller ile test
verisi olarak seçilen 15 eğitim projesinde hata oranları tespit edilmiştir. Geliştirilen
1621
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
formüllerden tüm parametrelerin kullanıldığı model Sözleşme Bedeli için R²=0.927, Yaklaşık
Maliyet Bedeli için ise R²=0.900 katsayısı ile en iyi ilişki düzeyine sahip modeller oluşmuştur.
Tahmin edilen sonuçlar ile gerçek sonuçlar arasındaki tutarlılığı kontrol etmek amacıyla
Durbin-Watson kriteri kullanılmıştır.Çoklu regresyon analizi için verilerin normal dağılması
koşulu sağlanmış, çoklu bağlantı ve otokorelasyon sorunları olmadığı tespit edilmiştir(p<0,05).
Yaklaşık Maliyet Bedeli tahmini için yapılan regresyon modelinin sonucunda hesaplanan hata
değeri ortalama % 17,50 hata oranı olarak bulunmuştur. Sözleşme Bedeli tahmini için yapılan
regresyon modelinin sonucunda hesaplanan hata değeri ortalama % 18,20 hata oranı olarak
bulunmuştur. Ancak farklılıkları da temsil edecek yeter sayıda örnekle çalışılması durumunda
daha sağlıklı sonuç almak mümkündür.Sonuç olarak, farklı tip ve katsayılarına sahip okul
yapılarının yaklaşık maliyetlerini ve sözleşme bedellerini %20’den düşük hata oranları ile
tahmin edebilen bir yaklaşım oluşturulmuştur. Gerek kamu kuruluşları gerekse taahhüt eden
yapım firmaları bu modellemelerden istifade ederek zamansal tasarruflar sağlayarak gerçekçi
maliyet tahminlerinde bulunabileceklerdir. Benzer çalışmaların veri adetleri arttırılarak
yapılması, daha sonraki modellemelerde hata oranı minimizasyonu için bir çözüm olabilir.
1622
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
KAYNAKÇA
Akınbingöl, M. ve Gültekin, A.T. , (2005), “Bina üretimi evresinde maliyet planlama ve
denetimine yönelik bir maliyet yönetim modeli önerisi” Gazi Üniversitesi, Müh. Mim.
Fak. Dergisi, cilt: 20, no: 4, pp: 449-505.
Akış, B. (2013). İstatistiki yöntemlerle değer belirleme ve değer haritası üretimi - Selçuklu
örneği (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Konya.
Emek, U., 2002. Kamu ihalelerinde rekabetin sağlanması ve korunması. T.C. Devlet Planlama
Teşkilatı, DPT 2657:1-69.
Kömürcü, G., 2006. 4734 sayılı kamu ihale kanunun uygulanmasında karşılaşılan sorunlar,
Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
Uğur, L. O. (2007). Yapı Maliyetinin Yapay Sinir Ağı ile Analizi, Doktora Tezi, Gazi
Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
Kuruoğlu, M., Yönez, E., Topkaya, E., Çelik, L. Y. (2012). İnşaat Sektöründe Kullanılan Ön
Maliyet Tahmin Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması, e-Journal of New World Sciences
Academy,1A0298, 7, (1), 263-272.
Narin, S., Doğan, O., Bande, N., Genç, Y., (2023). “Keçiören/Ankara Özelinde Konut Rayiç
Değerlerinin Tahmininde Çoklu Regresyon Analizi ve Yapay Sinir Ağları
Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması” Uluslararası Mühendislik Araştırma ve Geliştirme
Dergisi, 15, (2), 828-839.
Temurlenk, M., S., Yıldız, Ü., (2020), Ekonometrinin Temelleri, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayını,
Eskişehir.
www.ihale.gov.tr., 4734 sayılı Kamu İhale Kanunu, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2023.
www.tuik.gov.tr., Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2024.
www.resmigazete.gov.tr, Erişim Tarihi:20.03.2024.
1623
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DİJİTAL YAŞLILIK: YAŞLILARDA DİJİTAL OKURYAZARLIK VE
TEKNOLOJİYE ADAPTASYON
Öğr. Gör. Özge KUTLU* (ORCID: 0000-0002-4774-7326)
Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Çavdır Meslek Yüksekokulu, Yaşlı Bakım
Programı, Burdur-Türkiye/ Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Yaşlılık Çalışmaları
Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Burdur-Türkiye
Email: okutlu@mehmetakif.edu.tr
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Sevinç SÜTLÜ (ORCID: 0000-0001-6847-1798)
Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Gerontoloji Bölümü,
Burdur-Türkiye/ Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Yaşlılık Çalışmaları Uygulama ve
Araştırma Merkezi, Burdur-Türkiye
Email: ssutlu@mehmetakif.edu.tr
Özet
Ditijal teknoloji, günümüzde topluma katılımın önemli bir bileşeni haline gelmiştir. Yaşlı
bireylerin bağımsızlıklarını korumalarına, bilgiye kolayca erişmelerine ve sosyal çevreleri ile
bağlantıda kalmalarına yardımcı olması, dijital teknolojiyi yaşlı bireylerin toplumsal hayata
katılımı için güçlü bir kolaylaştırıcı kılmaktadır. Yaşlı bireylerin sosyal katılımını teşvik eden
teknoloji, zihinsel uyarımı artırarak yaşlı bireylerin bilişsel becerilerini sürdürmesine destek
olmaktadır. Bir başka ifadeyle teknolojiye adapte olmanın yaşlı bireylerde sağlığın farklı
boyutları üzerinde iyileştirici etkisi bulunmaktadır. Her ne kadar dijital teknoloji, yaşlı
bireylerin yaşam kalitesini artırarak toplumda daha aktif bir rol oynamalarına yardımcı olsa da
yaşlılar yeni teknolojileri öğrenmede zorluklarla karşılaşmakta ve daha fazla eğitime ihtiyaç
duyabilmektedir. Yaşlıların teknolojiye adaptasyonunun önündeki zorluklar yaşlanmayla
ilişkilendirilen bir dizi fiziksel, bilişsel, algısal ve psikolojik sorunu içermektedir. Bu zorluklar,
yaşlı bireylerin teknolojiye adaptasyonunu güçleştirmekte, bu durum ise dijital uçurumun
büyümesine neden olmaktadır. Yeni teknolojiler aynı zamanda, kişiler arası iletişimde ileri
yaştaki bireyler ile gençler arasındaki en büyük iletişim engelini oluşturmaktadır. Dijital
teknolojilerin yaşlı bireyler için barındırdığı potensiyel ve teknolojiye adapte olamamanın
beraberinde getirdiği olumsuzluklar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda dijital okuryazarlığın
yaşlılar için önemli bir ihtiyaç olduğu aşikardır. Bu bağlamda çeşitli dijital okuryazarlık
aktiviteleri ile yaşlı bireylerin teknolojiye adaptasyonun desteklenmesi ve teknoloji
kullanımının teşvik edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu derleme bildirinin amacı, literatürdeki
çalışmalar ışığında yaşlı bireyler arasında teknoloji kullanım yaygınlığının, yaşlı bireylerde
teknoloji kullanmanın fırsatlar ile zorluklarının incelenmesi ve yaşlılara yönelik dijital
okuryazarlık aktivitelerinin tartışılmasıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dijital okuryazarlık, yaşlılar, sosyal katılım, teknoloji kullanımı
1624
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
DIGITAL OLD AGE: DIGITAL LITERACY AND ADAPTATION TO
TECHNOLOGY IN THE ELDERLY
Abstract
Ditijal technology has become an important component of participation in society today.
Helping older adults maintain their independence, easily access information, and stay connected
to their social environment makes digital technology a powerful facilitator for older adults'
participation in social life. Technology that encourages the social participation of older adults
helps them maintain their cognitive skills by increasing mental stimulation. In other words,
adapting to technology has a healing effect on different dimensions of health in older adults.
Although digital technology helps older adults play a more active role in society by improving
their quality of life, older adults face difficulties in learning new technologies and may need
more training. Challenges to older adults 's adaptation to technology include a number of
physical, cognitive, perceptual and psychological problems associated with aging. These
difficulties make it difficult for older adults to adapt to technology, which causes the digital
divide to widen. New technologies also create the biggest communication barrier between older
adults and young people in interpersonal communication. Considering the potential of digital
technologies for older adults and the negativities brought about by not being able to adapt to
technology, it is obvious that digital literacy is an important need for the elderly. In this context,
it is necessary to support older adults’ adaptation to technology and encourage their use of
technology through various digital literacy activities. The purpose of this review paper is to
examine the prevalence of technology use among older adults, the opportunities and difficulties
of using technology in older adults, and to discuss digital literacy activities for the elderly in
the light of studies in the literature.
Keywords: Digital literacy, elderly, social participation, technology use
1625
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Teknolojinin hızla gelişmesi toplumsal, ekonomik, kültürel ve sosyal dinamikleri etkilemiştir.
Günümüzde birçok eylem dijital teknoloji kullanımına bağımlı hale gelmiştir. Bu durum,
teknolojiyi bir ihtiyaçtan ziyade zorunluluk haline getirmiştir. Dünyanın demografik olarak
yaşlandığı günümüzde, dijital teknoloji yaşlılık deneyimini dönüştürmekte ve yaşlı bireyler için
birçok fırsat sunmaktadır. Sağlığın fiziksel, ruhsal ve sosyal boyutlarına sağladığı faydanın
yanında dijital teknolojiler yaşlı bireylerin yaşam kalitesini artırmakta ve bağımsızlıklarını
desteklemektedir. Diğer yandan teknoloji kullanımı yaşlılık döneminde bir zorluk olarak ortaya
çıkmaktadır. Bu fırsatlar ve zorluklar ikileminde yaşlı bireylerin dijital teknolojiye adaptasyonu
önemli bir araştırma ve tartışma konusu haline gelmektedir.
Dijital Dönüşümün Yaşlılar Üzerindeki Etkisi
Dijital teknoloji gelişimindeki baş döndürücü hız toplumun her kesimini etkilemektedir. Yaşlı
nüfusun giderek artması, yaşlı bireylerin teknoloji ile etkileşimini ve dijital dönüşümün yaşlılar
üzerindeki etkisini daha önemli hale getirmektedir. Yaşlanma ile azalan fiziksel ve bilişsel
işlevlerin iyileştirilmesine yardımcı olmak, yaşlı bireylerin sosyal ilişkilerini sürdürmelerini
sağlamak, bağımsız yaşamı desteklemek, bireylerin iyilik halini ve refahlarını korumak dijital
teknolojinin yaşlanan dünya için barındırdığı fırsatlardandır. Yaşlı bireyleri dijital teknoloji
kullanması, bireyin refahını iyileştirmekte, çevrimiçi etkinliklere katılma yaşlı bireylerin sosyal
katılımını teşvik etmekte, böylelikle sosyal izolasyon ve yalnızlık duygusunu minimize
etmektedir. Zira sosyal medya platformları ve video konferans ile görüşme uygulamaları yaşlı
bireylerin aileleri, torunları, sosyal çevreleri ile etkileşim halinde olmalarını sağlamaktadır.
Bilhassa bakım kurumunda kalan yaşlı bireyler aileleri ile daha az iletişimde kalma eğiliminde
olabilmektedir. Bu noktada teknoloji, yaşlı bireylerin aileleri ile bağlantıda kalmaları için bir
araç olabilmektedir. Yaşlı bireylerin sosyal izolasyonunu azaltarak aile bağlarını güçlendiren
teknolojik ürün ve uygulamaları kullanmak, aynı zamanda yaşlı bireylerin teknolojiyi kullanma
konusundaki özgüvenlerini artırabilmekte ve teknolojinin günlük yaşamın bir parçası olarak
benimsenmesine katkı sunmaktadır. Dijital ortamda oyun oynanması yaşlıların motor
becerilerini,
algısal/bilişsel
yeteneklerini
ve
duygusal/motivasyonel
durumlarını
geliştirmektedir (Nimrod, 2019; Szabo, Allen, Stephens, & Alpass, 2019; Wang, Hou, & Tsai,
2020). Bu fırsatlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda dijital teknolojiyi kullanan yaşlı nüfusun
katlanarak artması şaşırtıcı değildir (Anderson & Perrin, 2017). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu
tarafından gerçekleştirilen Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması verilerine
göre 2017 yılında internet kullanan 65-74 yaş aralığındaki birey oranı %11,3 iken bu oran 2022
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yılında %36,6’ya yükselmiştir (Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2023). Her ne kadar yaşlılar arasında
teknoloji kullanımı yaygınlaşsa da bu oran genç nüfusa kıyasla düşük kalmakta ve dijital bir
uçuruma neden olmaktadır.
Yaşlıların Teknolojiye Adaptasyonunda Engeller
Yaşlı bireylerin teknoloji kullanımının önünde bir dizi güçlükler bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki
yaşa bağlı engellerdir. Yaşa bağlı engeller olarak nitelendirilebilecek olan görme problemleri,
el becerisi ve hareketliliği ile ilişkili sorunlar, anlama güçlüğü, algılama sınırlılığı yaşlı bireyleri
teknolojiyi kullanırken karşı karşıya kalabileceği engellerdendir. Bununla birlikte teknolojinin
karmaşık olduğu algısı, teknik terimler, küçük yazılar bu engelleri artırabilmektedir. Bu
engeller yaşlı bireyler ile teknoloji arasında bir bariyere neden olmaktayken diğer yandan
teknoloji, yaşla ilişkili olan bu olumsuzlukların giderilmesinde önemli bir destek sunmaktadır.
Yaşlı bireylerin güvenliğini ve bağımsız yaşamını kolaylaştıran teknoloji, yaşlı bireylerin
sağlığını da desteklemektedir (Rogers, Stronge, & Fisk, 2005).Yaşlı bireylerin teknolojiye
yönelik tutumları, bir diğer engeli oluşturmaktadır. Teknolojinin tehlikeli, güvensiz, pahalı,
karmaşık, öğrenilmesi zor olarak algılanması yaşlı bireylerin teknolojiye adapte olma
motivasyonunu düşürmektedir. Yaşlı bireylerin teknolojik ürünleri ve teknoloji kullanımı için
eğitim almasına yönelik mali engeller, yeterli eğitim ve destek olanaklarının sınırlılığı yaşlı
bireylerin teknolojiyi etkin bir biçimde kullanmalarının önündeki engellerden bir diğeridir.
Ekonomik kısıtlılık nedeniyle teknolojik ürünlere erişememe, ekonomik engeller kapsamında
değerlendirilebilmekte ve yaşlı bireylerde teknoloji kullanımını güçleştirmektedir (Özkan &
Purutçuoğlu, 2010). İngiltere’de yapılan bir araştırmada 60-69 yaş aralığındaki bireylerin
yarısında evde internet erişimi bulunurken bu oranın 70 yaş ve üstü kişilerde %17’ye düştüğü
saptanmıştır. Yaşın artmasıyla birlikte evde internet erişim oranını düşüren tek unsur ekonomik
maliyetler değildir. Yaşlı bireylerin bu tür dijital teknolojilerin kendileri ile ilgili olmadığı ve
bu teknolojileri kullanarak herhangi bir kazanım sağlamayacaklarına yönelik algı ve tutumları
da oranın düşmesi üzerinde etkilidir (Tuna Uysal, 2020).
Yaşlıların Teknolojiyle İlişkisini Güçlendirme: Dijital Okuryazarlık
Dijital okuryazarlık, teknolojiyi kullanmak için gerekli teknik bilginin ötesinde teknolojiye
bilişsel, kültürel ve sosyal olarak uyum sağlamayı da içeren bir kavramdır. Kavramı ilk defa
kullanan araştırmacı Paul Gilster, dijital okuryazarlığın sadece teknik becerilerle değil, aynı
zamanda derinlemesine düşünme, eleştirel analiz yapma ve bilgiyi etkili bir şekilde kullanma
yeteneğiyle ilişkili özel bir tür zihniyet olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Ona göre, dijital okuryazarlık
sadece tuşlara basmayı öğrenmekle değil, aynı zamanda dijital ortamlarda bulunan bilgiyi
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
değerlendirme, yorumlama ve sentezleme becerisini içeren bir düşünce tarzını ifade etmektedir
(Gilster, 1997).
Teknolojinin hızla geliştiği ve değiştiği günümüzde, bireylerin bu değişimlere uyum sağlamak
amacıyla geliştirdiği beceriler dijital okuryazarlık olarak tanımlanmaktadır (Yıldırım, 2021).
Dijital okuryazarlık becerileri, bireylerin teknolojiyi doğru ve faydalı bir biçimde
kullanmalarını, böylelikle dijitalleşen dünyaya aktif bir şekilde katılmalarını olanaklı hale
getirmektedir. Burada yola çıkarak dijital okuryazarlık, dijital çağda hayatta kalma becerisi
olarak nitelendirilmektedir (Eshet-Alkalai, 2004). Yaşlı bireylerin teknolojinin faydalarından
daha geniş anlamda yararlanabilmeleri ve dijital dünyaya entegre olabilmeleri için dijital
okuryazarlık becerilerinin geliştirilmesi önemli bir önkoşuldur. Bu bağlamda öncelikli olarak
yaşlı bireylerin temel teknoloji becerilerini öğrenmesi gerekmektedir. Telefon kullanma,
bilgisayar kullanma, tablet kullanma temel düzeyde teknoloji becerilerini kapsamaktadır.
Çevrimiçi güvenlik ve gizlilik ile ilgili konular da dijital okuryazarlık kapsamında yaşlı
bireylere aktarılmalıdır. Yaşlı bireylerin aileleri ve sosyal çevreleri ile bağlantıda kalmasını
sağlayan sosyal medya platformları, video konferans uygulamaları, çevrimiçi gruplar gibi
araçların kullanılması da dijital okuryazarlık kapsamında desteklenmelidir.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Yaşlı bireyler için teknolojiye adapte olmak ve buna olanak sağlayan dijital okuryazarlık,
toplumların yaşlanma sürecinin beraberinde getirdiği zorluklarla başa çıkma ve yaşlı bireylerin
refahını iyileştirme için kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Yaşlı bireylerin dijital okuryazarlık
becerilerinin geliştirilmesi için yaşlı bireylere özel, eğitim programları geliştirilmelidir. Bu
eğitim programları ile birlikte yaşlı dostu teknolojik arayüzler geliştirilmelidir. Büyük yazı
boyutunu, kolay okunabilir metin boşluklarını içeren bu arayüzler ile yaşlı bireylerin teknolojik
uygulama ve ürünleri kullanmaları kolaylaşmaktadır. Yaşlı bireylere teknoloji kullanımı
konusunda bireysel destek sunulmalıdır. Teknoloji ile ilgili soruları yanıtlamak, pratik
becerilerin kazandırılmasına yardımcı olmak, güvenliğe ilişkin kazanımları sağlamak amacıyla
bireysel destek sunulması önem arz etmektedir. Yaşlı bireylerin teknoloji kullanımına ilişkin
araştırmalar oldukça kısıtlıdır. Dijital okuryazarlık ve teknoloji kullanımı ile ilgili araştırmalar
ağırlıklı olarak genç popülasyon ile yürütülmektedir. Dünya nüfusunun hızla yaşlandığı ve
teknolojinin yaşlanan nüfus için barındırdığı fırsatlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda konunun
yaşlı bireyler özelinde ele alınması gerekmektedir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Kaynakça
Anderson, M., & Perrin, A. (2017). Tech adoption climbs among older adults. Pew research
center, 1-22.
Eshet-Alkalai, Y. (2004). Digital Literacy: A Conceptual Framework For Survival Skills in the
Digital Era. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 93-106.
Gilster, P. (1997). Digital Literacy. New York: John Wiley.
Nimrod, G. (2019). Aging Well in the Digital Age: Technology in Processes of Selective
Optimization with Compensation. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 1-10.
Özkan, Y., & Purutçuoğlu, E. (2010). Yaşlılıkta Teknolojik Yeniliklerin Kabulünü Etkileyen
Sosyalizasyon Süreci. Aile ve Toplum, 37-46.
Rogers, W., Stronge, A., & Fisk, A. (2005). Technology and aging. Reviews of Human Factors
and Ergonomics, 130-171.
Szabo, A., Allen, J., Stephens, C., & Alpass, F. (2019). Longitudinal Analysis of the
Relationship Between Purposes of Internet Use and Well-being Among Older Adults.
Gerontologist, 58-68.
Tuna Uysal, M. (2020). Yaşlı Bireylerin Sosyalleşmesinde Dijital Teknolojinin Rolü: Dijital
Yaşlılar Üzerine Bir Çalışma. SDÜ Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4359.
Türkiye
İstatistik
Kurumu.
(2023,
Mart
17).
İstatistiklerle
Yaşlılar,
2022.
https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Yaslilar-202249667#:~:text=Hanehalk%C4%B1%20bili%C5%9Fim%20teknolojileri%20kullan%C
4%B1m%20ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1,daha%20fazla%20%C4%B0nterne
t%20kulland%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1%20g%C3%B6r%C3%BCld%C3%B
adresinden alındı
Wang, Y., Hou, H., & Tsai, C. (2020). A systematic literature review of the impacts of digital
games designed for older adults. Educational Gerontology, 1-17.
Yıldırım, G. (2021). Endüstri devrimleri ve dijital okuryazarlığın temel kavramları. S. Yıldırım,
D. Çakmak Karapınar, & L. Bayındır içinde, Dijital Okuryazarlık (s. 7-23). Erzurum:
Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
YAŞLI HAKLARI PERSPEKTİFİNDEN GÜVENLİ KONUT
Öğr. Gör. Özge KUTLU* (ORCID: 0000-0002-4774-7326)
Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Çavdır Meslek Yüksekokulu, Yaşlı Bakım
Programı, Burdur-Türkiye/ Yaşlılık Çalışmaları Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, BurdurTürkiye
Email: okutlu@mehmetakif.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Deniz SAY ŞAHİN (ORCID: 0000-0001-8171-9743)
Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Sosyal Hizmet
Bölümü, Burdur-Türkiye/ Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Yaşlılık Çalışmaları
Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Burdur-Türkiye
Email: saysahind@mehmetakif.edu.tr
Özet
İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi’nin 25. Maddesine göre “herkesin kendisinin ve ailesinin
sağlık ve refahı için beslenme, giyim, konut ve tıbbi bakım hakkı vardır.” Barınma hakkı, insan
hakları kapsamında kabul gören temel bir haktır. Bu hak, her bireyin yaşam kalitesini artırmak
ve insan onuruna yakışır bir yaşam sürmesini sağlamak için temel bir ihtiyaç olan barınma ve
konut edinme hakkını içermektedir. Günümüzde uluslararası arenada konut hakkı bir adım
öteye taşınmış olup elverişli konut hakkı söylemi ön plana çıkmaktadır. Elverişli konut hakkı,
her birey için önemli olsa da güvenli, erişilebilir ve uygun konut koşullarına sahip olmak yaşlı
bireylerin yaşam kalitesi için oldukça önemlidir. Zira yaşlılık döneminde, yaralanma ve
düşmelerin ağırlıklı olarak evde meydana geldiği, yaşın ilerlemesiyle birlikte karşılaşılan sağlık
sorunları ve fiziksel kısıtlamalar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda konut güvenliğini yaşlı
bireyler için daha hayati hale getirmektedir. Yaşlıların, bihassa yalnız yaşayan yaşlıların
yaşadığı konutların yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel, bilişsel ve zihinsel fonskiyonları dikkate alınarak
düzenlenmesi gerekmektedir. Konutu güvenli hale getirmek, yalnızca fiziksel güvenliği
sağlamakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda yaşlı bireyin psikolojik ve sosyal iyilik halini
desteklemektedir. Bu bildirinin amacı elverişli konut hakkını yaşlı hakları perspektifinden ele
almak ve konutları yaşlı bireyler için güvenli hale getirmek amacıyla yapılabilecek ev içi
düzenlenmelere ilişkin öneriler sunmaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Yaşlı hakları, konut hakkı, konut güvenliği, erişilebilir konut
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SAFE. HOUSING FROM ELDERLY RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE
Abstract
According to Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “everyone has the right
to food, clothing, housing and medical care for the health and well-being of herself/himself and
her/his family.” The right to shelter is a fundamental right accepted within the scope of human
rights. This right includes the right to shelter and housing, which is a basic need to improve the
quality of life of every individual and to enable them to live a life worthy of human dignity.
Today, the right to housing has moved one step further in the international arena and the
discourse of the right to adequate housing comes to the fore. Although the right to adequate
housing is important for every individual, having safe, accessible and suitable housing
conditions is very important for the quality of life of older adults. Considering that in old age,
injuries and falls mainly occur at home, and the health problems and physical limitations
encountered with advancing age, home security becomes more vital for older adults. The
residences where the elderly, especially the elderly living alone, live should be arranged taking
into account the physical, cognitive and mental functions of the older adults. Making the home
safe not only ensures physical safety but also supports the psychological and social well-being
of older adults. The aim of this paper is to discuss the right to adequate housing from the
perspective of older adults’ rights and to offer suggestions on domestic arrangements that can
be made to make homes safe for older adults.
Keywords: Elderly rights, right to housing, housing security, accessible housing
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Demografik dönüşümün yaşandığı günümüzde yaşlı nüfusu giderek artmaktadır. Artan yaşlı
nüfusu ile birlikte yaşlı bireylerin yaşam kalitesini ve refahını iyileştirmek için müdahale
edilmesi gereken temel alanlardan birisini konut oluşturmaktadır. Yaşlı bireylerin konutları,
güvenliklerini, sağlıklarını ve refahlarını doğrudan etkileyen bir faktördür. Bu bağlamda ele
alındığında, güvenli konutlar yaşlıların sağlıklı ve mutlu bir yaşlılık dönemi sürmeleri için
vazgeçilmez bir gerekliliktir. Yaşlı bireyler için güvenli konut, fiziksel ve sosyal olarak yaşlı
bireylerin ihtiyaçlarına uygun, erişilebilir bir yaşam alanını ifade etmektedir. Fiziksel, sosyal
ve duygusal ihtiyaçları göz önünde bulundurularak tasarlanmış güvenli konutlar, yaşlı
bireylerin bağımsızlıklarını korumalarını ve yaşam kalitelerini artırmalarını sağlamaktadır.
Yaşlanan Dünya ve Konut Güvenliği
Konut, yaşlı bireyler için yalnızca barınmanın gerçekleştiği mekân değil, aynı zamanda yaşlı
bireyin alışkanlık sağladığı, güven duyulması ve rahat edilmesi gereken bir yerdir. Konutun
kalitesi yaşlı bireye sağladığı bağımsızlık ve gizlilikle ölçülmektedir (Topgül, 2023).
Bağımsızlık yaşlı bireylerde konut planlamasında dikkat edilmesi gereken en önemli
unsurlardan biridir. Nitekim konut düzenlemesinde, yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel yetenekleri göz
önünde bulundurulmadıkça geleneksel uygulamalar yaşlı bireyler için bağımsızlık sağlamaya
yetmemektedir (Kalınkara, 2016). Yaşlı bireylerin ihtiyaçları gözetilerek yapılan evlerin,
yaşlanma sürecini destekleyecek biçimde yapılması önem arz etmektedir. Konut, yaşlı bireyler
için önemli bir alandır. Yaşlılık döneminde sık rastlanan fiziksel kısıtlılıklar, sosyal izolasyon
bireylerin bu yaşam döneminde evde daha fazla vakit geçirmesine neden olmaktadır.
Konutların, yaşlı bireylerin değişen koşullarına erişilebilirlik, güvenlik ve bağımsızlık
konusunda cevap vermesi gerekmektedir. Ev içinde bulunan soğuk, rutubet gibi çevresel
tehditler ve uygun olmayan barınma ortamı yaşlı bireylerin sağlığını daha da
kötüleştirmektedir. Bununla birlikte yaşlıların işlevsel kısıtlamaları ile ev içinde günlük yaşamı
sürdürmede güçlükler ortaya çıkmakta, bu durum bağımsız yaşamı engellemektedir. Konut
içindeki fiziksel uygunsuzluklar yaşlı bireylerde ev kazaları ve yaralanma riskini de
artırmaktadır. Yaşlı bireylerin ev içinde dolaşırken veya tuvalet ya da banyoda kayma, düşme,
merdivenlerden inip çıkarken düşme, günlük yaşam aktivitelerini yerine getirirken kaza
geçirme ihtimalleri artmaktadır. Bu ihtimaller yaşlı bireyin evde bakım ihtiyacını veya kurum
bakımına taşınmasını beraberinde getirmektedir (Topgül, 2023; Braubach & Power, 2011).
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Temel Bir Hak Olarak Elverişli Konut Hakkı
Barınma hakkı, İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi’nin 25. Maddesinde yer alan “yeterli
yaşam standardı” hakkının bir bileşeni olarak tanınmıştır. İlgili maddede, herkesin kendisine ve
ailesine sağlıklı ve yeterli bir yaşam standardını sağlayacak bir barınma hakkına sahip olduğunu
belirtilmektedir. Barınma hakkı yalnızca barınacak bir yerin olması değil aynı zamanda
konutun kalitesi, uygun maliyeti, erişilebilirliği, güvenliği gibi birçok unsuru içermektedir.
Bireylerin barınma imkânı olsa bile eğer konut güvenli barınma imkanlarından yoksunsa
bireyler ciddi sağlık sorunları başta olmak üzere çeşitli zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmaktadır.
Bu bağlamda elverişli konut hakkı, tüm ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel haklardan yararlanılması
için merkezi öneme sahiptir. Bir başka ifadeyle elverişli konut hakkı, çalışma, sağlık, sosyal
güvenlik, oy kullanma, mahremiyet veya eğitim hakları da dahil olmak üzere çeşitli insan
haklarından yararlanmanın bir önkoşulu olarak değerlendirilmektedir (Gutterman , 2023).
Elverişli konut temel bir insan hakkı olmakla birlikte refahın önemli bir belirleyicisidir. Bu
nedenle yaşlı bireylerin konut ve konut çevresinin iyileştirilmesi önemlidir. Konutun
değerlendirilmesi ve yaşlı bireye uygun hale getirilmesi oldukça komplike bir durumdur. Zira
bu değerlendirme ve düzenleme beklentilere, ihtiyaçlara ve ekonomik duruma göre farklılık
göstermektedir. Yaşlı bireylerin birçoğunun uzun süre kendi evinde yaşamak istemesi
nedeniyle, gerekli değerlendirme ve düzenlemelerin yapılarak konutun yaşlı bireye uygun hale
getirilmesi gerekmektedir.
Güvenli Konut: Yaşlı Dostu Evlerin Özellikleri
Sağlıklı yaşlanma, ilerleyen yaşlarda bireyleri işlevselliklerini devam ettirmesi ile
gerçekleşebilmektedir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından yayınlanan Avrupa’da Yaş Dostu
Ortamlar Politika Eylem Alanları El Kitabı’na göre yaş dostu ortamların üç bileşenin bir araya
gelmesi ile oluşmaktadır. Bu bileşenler belediye hizmetleri, sosyal ortam ve fiziksel ortamdır.
Topluluk, sağlık hizmetleri, iletişim ve bilgilendirme belediye hizmetlerinin kapsamına
girerken; sivil katılım, istihdam, sosyal içerme, ayrımcılığın önlenmesi, sosyal katılım başlıkları
sosyal ortam kapsamında değerlendirilmektedir. Fiziksel ortam ise dış ortamları, ulaşımı,
hareketliliği, konutu kapsamaktadır (World Health Organization, 2017).
Dezavantajlı bir grup olarak nitelendirilen yaşlı bireylerin işlevsel kapasitelerini desteklemek
üzere tasarlanmış yaşlı dostu konutlar, yaşam alanlarının yaşlıların işlevsel kapasitelerini göz
önünde bulundurarak ve yeterli ulaşım araçlarının sağlanması yoluyla hareketliliklerini ve
iletişimlerini kolaylaştıracak şekilde dizayn edilmektedir. Ev içinde yapılabilecek basit
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düzenlemeler yaşlı bireylerin yerinde yaşlanma süresini uzatarak bağımsız yaşamını
desteklemektedir (Rowles, 2018).
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Barınma hakkı, barınmayla eşit tutulan dar veya kısıtlayıcı bir anlamda yorumlanmamalıdır.
Barınma hakkı, başını sokacak bir çatı ya da barınmayı yalnızca bir meta olarak görmek yerine
bir yerde güvenlik, barış ve onur içinde yaşama hakkı olarak görülmelidir. Bu da konut değil
aynı zamanda elverişli konut hakkına işaret etmektedir. Yaşlı dostu konutlar, yalnızca yaşlı
bireylerin yerinde yaşlanmasını desteklemekle kalmayıp aynı zamanda yaşlı bireylerin
ekonomik ve sosyal refahına katkı sunacaktır (Pynoos & Nishita, 2006). Yaşlıların mümkün
olduğu kadar uzun süre kendi evlerinde yaşamaya devam etmelerine yardımcı olmak, bunun
için gerekli konut düzenlemelerini yapmak, gerekli önlemleri almak, konutun yaşlıların
işlevselliklerine uygun hale getirilmesi elverişli konut hakkına erişim için öncelikli eylem
alanları olmalıdır. Yaşlı bireylerin sosyoekonomik durumları ve bağımsızlık derecelerine
uygun çeşitli konut türlerinin geliştirilmesi amacıyla kamu finansmanı ve özel sektörle
anlaşmalar sağlanmalıdır.
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Kaynakça
Braubach, M., & Power, A. (2011). Housing conditions and risk: reporting on a European study
of housing qualitymand risk of accidents for older people. Journal of Housing For the
Elderly, 288-235.
Gutterman , A. (2023, Haziran 13). Older Persons' Right to Adequate Housing. Gutterman,
Alan, Older Persons' Right to Adequate Housing (July 13, 2023). Available at SSRN:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=4250574 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4250574 adresinden
alındı
Kalınkara, V. (2016). Temel Gerontoloji Yaşlılık Birimi. Ankara: Nobel.
Pynoos, J., & Nishita, C. (2006). The Elderly and a Right to Housing. R. Bratt, M. Stone, & C.
Hartman içinde, A Right to Housing Foundation for a New Social Agenda (s. 279-295).
Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Rowles, G. (2018). Housing for Older Adults. Environmental Psychology and Human WellBeing, 77-106.
Topgül, S. (2023). Konut Politikasından İkamet Politikasına. İ. Tufan içinde, İkinci Türkiye
Yaşlılık Raporu 2023 (s. 101-120). Ankara: Nobel Akademik.
World Health Organization. (2017). Age-friendly environments in Europe A handbook of
domains
for
policy
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/334251/9789289052887eng.pdf?sequence=1 adresinden alındı
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SEMANTIC AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGE OF SHOPPING AND FASHION IN THE
AGE OF CONSUMER CULTURE
Prof. Dr. Celalettin VATANDAŞ* (ORCID: 0000-0003-1431-3553)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü, TekirdağTürkiye
Email: cvatandas@nku.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Saniye VATANDAŞ (ORCID: 0000-0001-9075-0152)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü, TekirdağTürkiye
Email: svatandas@nku.edu.tr
Abstract
The general course of consumption behaviour and shopping behaviour has undergone a
significant change following the Industrial Revolution. Towards the end of the 19th century,
when production was prioritised, consumption became the main paradigm, and practices that
encourage consumption and create new needs became widespread. The culture industry, which
has become dominant thanks to mass media, has prioritised the creation of new needs, and this
has led to the formation of a sector called fashion. Fashion, which was previously only in a
narrow framework and for those with high socio-economic opportunities, has become a
phenomenon that shapes and directs the consumption behaviour of the masses through mass
media. The most characteristic feature of fashion, which determines the creation of new needs
and the way these needs are met, is change. Change is a value glorified by today's dominant
mentality. Clothes, automobiles, houses, mobile phones, white goods, furniture, physical
appearance and even people, friendships, values, emotions, beliefs, which are indicators of an
individual's tastes and material power, are the objects of change. Therefore, fashion is about
everything. In the context of all these, fashion, in the shortest terms, is what is temporary.
Something becomes fashionable only for a certain/limited period of time and then quickly
becomes obsolete. Essentially, the process of becoming obsolete begins with something
becoming fashionable. The idea of obsolescence is what enables something to be fashionable
and unfashionable, that is, the rapid change that takes place in this process, in other words, the
fashion trend to start the next trend. With this research, the semantic change, formation and
functioning of the concept of fashion will be discussed.
Keywords: Fashion, Obsolescence, Obsolescence, Consumption.
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Introduction
Capitalism, culture industry, consumer culture, fashion, advertising... all these are situations
and phenomena that have a direct and strong relationship with each other. They have enveloped
individual and collective mentalities and all areas of individual and social life. Capitalism
represents the most dominant phenomenon among them all. The others fulfil their functions
under the influence and control of capitalism in a cause-and-effect relationship or in support of
each other. To make a statement on fashion, the subject of this chapter, fashion cannot exist in
its present meaning and function without capitalist mentality and practices. The culture
industry, which is a sub-element of capitalism, makes use of advertising while creating and
popularising fashion. The ultimate goal of all these is the culture of consumption. Consumption
culture motivates capitalist mentality and practices.
Fashion And Consumption
Now we can ask our main question: What is fashion? There is no standard defınition of fashion
that is accepted by everyone. Because it can have different defınitions according to its scope
and function. For this reason, many defınitions have been made. New defınitions continue to
be made. The meaning and function of fashion may differ in different social structures
according to the dominant mentality and lifestyles there. For example, socioeconomic status
and situations can significantly change the meaning and function attributed to fashion.
Similarly, changes in the acceptance and understanding of "consumption" can lead to changes
in the meaning and function of fashion. Nevertheless, by taking into account the common
features and commonly accepted meanings of the definitions, some determinations can be made
about what fashion is, even in a general sense. Fashion, in the most general sense, refers to what
is accepted and/or used by a certain group of people at a certain time and in a certain place. For
this reason, the definition of style and form in force in dictionaries is meaningful. The
determination of the rule that temporarily regulates the use and shapes of ornaments, clothing,
furniture, etc. expressed by another definition expresses one of the common views on the scope
of fashion. Many more definitions can be expressed based on different dictionaries and
encyclopaedias. The origin of the word fashion can be seen as the right starting point to
determine the meaning of fashion in order to reach the result in a short way without wandering
between definitions. According to the common opinion, the origin of fashion is mod, which is
a statistical term. Mode refers to the most repeated number among the numbers in a certain
sequence. Therefore, fashion refers to the most repeated thing, the common thing. It is important
that fashion expresses the state of "prevalence". While a work, behaviour or appearance that is
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done by a person or a few people in a society and is out of the ordinary may be considered
strange, the fact that that thing becomes widespread and is done/adopted by many people can
lead to the normalisation of that thing. This situation points to fashion. Of course, there are
some important criteria that shape the transformation of something from being considered
strange to being liked and widely adopted. Personalities who are respected by the society/mass
and therefore are models are the most important tools of this transformation. For this reason,
the culture industry, since it is the shortest and easiest way to include a product in the
consumption process, first of all produces model personalities or "star" individuals with popular
nomenclature, and through these, it puts its products on the consumption market. The product
is easily accepted through "stars". There are significant differences between being a person
respected by society in the traditional sense and being a "star", which is a phenomenon of
modern times. In traditional society, reputation is a requirement of being an exceptional
personality that is appreciated and admired by the members of the society in line with the value
judgements of the society. For example, a person can be a respected artist of the society with
his/her long-standing and outstanding achievements. In the traditional mentality and society,
being an artist is a characteristic that is a combination of special talent, great labour and
outstanding achievement. Today, however, being a "star" does not require special talent, labour
and success. When mass media advertise a person as a "star", it is possible to become a "star".
In fact, most of the time, a person with no special talent, labour and achievement can suddenly
be remembered as a "musician", "singer", "voice artist", "model", "mannequin" .... However,
this in no way means that the "artist" or other titles of that person will have a long-lasting
continuity. A person can shine in one moment and fade away in the next. For example, a person
chosen by the culture industry can become a "star" with a song and then disappear after fulfilling
the functions expected of him/her by the culture industry. As no one knew before, no one
remembers him/her after he/she fades out. This "star's" being remembered and continuing
his/her "stardom" is related to and limited to what the culture industry expects from him/her.
There is a linear relationship between the role of the culture industry in producing "stars" and
fashion, which is the most important motivational tool of consumption that capitalism wants to
make uninterrupted. Because there is a strong relationship between fashion and being
widespread. However, although the fact that something is preferred by many people is
important for it to be fashionable, this feature may not be enough to ensure that what is desired
to be widely consumed is fashionable. An example of this is the torn/worn jeans that are in
fashion today. When the blouse was first invented in the USA, it was used by mine workers.
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The blousins used by the workers and worn out during long periods of hard labour were not
considered fashionable in any way. Moreover, despite the fact that they were worn by a large
mass of workers. However, as relatively high status groups, especially young people, began to
dress more widely, the torn jeans became fashionable. This was done through "star"
personalities who were modelled. Through them, young people and even non-young people
started to wear torn/worn jeans and this became a widespread consumption behaviour. People
could be directed to the desire of owning torn/worn jeans by paying more for them than for the
good ones. A similar situation can be said for "old" clothes. In the old times, the torn, worn,
partially dismantled clothes that the poor had to wear were not fashionable although they were
worn by the poor on a mass level. This condition of those items was a result of unfavourable
economic conditions. Today, however, torn, frayed and partially dismantled clothes have
become fashionable through role models and individuals with high socio-economic conditions
have been made to wear torn and dismantled clothes. Perhaps patched clothes will soon face a
similar situation. Of course, if the people or businesses who decide what is fashionable decide
to do so.If one of the important references in determining the meaning of fashion is "mod", the
other is modus, which means "unformed border" in Latin. Modus contributes to understanding
the meaning of fashion as well as its function. As it is known, fashion is something that changes
easily and does not remain fixed/the same in any way. In the shortest terms, fashion is
something that is temporary. Something becomes fashionab/e only for a certain/limited period
of time and then quickly becomes obso/ete. In fact, when something becomes fashionable, the
process of becoming obsolete also begins. The idea of obso/escence is what enables a thing to
become fashionable and unfashionable, that is, the rapid change that takes place in this process,
in other words, the fashion trend to start the next trend. For example, objects physically wear
out over time depending on their qualities and usage. This is an expected and familiar situation.
However, the traditional mentality and the modern mentality's understanding of obso/escence
do not refer to the same meaning. From the point of view of the traditional mentality, the
obsolescence of an object is due to the fact that it is physically unable to fulfil its basic function
and deteriorates. However, from the point of view of this mentality, the obsolescence of an item
does not require that the item be immediately thrown away or considered as "rubbish". The old
item can be repaired and used again and again. Understandings that control consumption, such
as waste and saving with the limited means available, can contribute to transforming the wornout item and maintaining its functionality, even if it has completed its actual useful life. In this
respect, some familiar examples are clothes that are patched and worn, furniture that is repaired
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and sweaters that are dismantled and put back into use by mopping. It is understandable for
elderly individuals with a traditional mentality to continue to keep any item that has lost its
function with the understanding that "it will be needed one day". Because from the point of
view of this mentality, throwing away items that can be repaired or throwing away objects that
have economic value is considered as "rubbish" and is considered as waste. Waste is a
behaviour that should be avoided. Therefore, according to this view, every item, even if it is
old, has a use value. This is the requirement of the mentality in which consumption is not a
value, instead saving is recognised as a value.On the other hand, the meaning attributed to
"obsolescence" by the modern mentality, which represents the transition from the old to the
new and makes change a fundamental value in this context, is completely different from the
meaning attributed by the traditional mentality. In the modern mentality, it is not the case that
things lose their physical function, wear out and become unusable. The meaning attributed to
obsolescence by the modern mentality is directly related to the course of development of the
capitalist mentality. In the early 20th century, as a result of the replacement of the principle of
production with the principle of consumption, "spending" rather than "saving" or "preserving"
was encouraged, while values such as "frugality" began to be perceived as stinginess. The
thrifty, wasteful individuals of the past have been replaced by individuals with the mentality of
"I consume, therefore Iexist" and the masses formed by these individuals. Instead of stability,
permanence and order, transience and change have become the basic principle. The idea of
impermanence and disposability has been developed and reinforced through adverts that
manifest themselves at every corner of daily life with calls to bring the old and take the new.
Being "disposable" and "discontinuous", which comes with the idea of obsolescence, has
become a feature that reveals itself in its full form not only in clothes, household appliances,
cars, accessories, furniture and houses, but also in human relations and preferences. The minds
are now dominated by a distinction between what is appropriate and inappropriate for the times
and conditions. When this idea is engraved in the consciousness with the concepts of "new" and
"change", individuals who are motivated by the discourses of infinite freedom of choice can,
for a small reason, remove friends, people or relationships that they do not like or that are no
longer useful from their agenda and minds, and continue their lives as if they had never
happened by opening a new page. As in the Greek philosopher Heraclitus' statement that the
only thing that does not change is change itself, change/abandonment is at the centre of the
mentality of today's individuals and life in today's societies.
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Fashion And Change
Change is a value glorified by today's dominant mentality. Clothes, automobiles, houses,
mobile phones, white goods, furniture, physical appearance and even people, friendships,
values, emotions, beliefs, which are indicators of the individual's tastes and material power, are
objects of change. For today's individual, none of these have the importance and meaning to
deserve to stay for a long time. Fashion is an important motivational tool that manages the
process. Fashion keeps the desire for change alive through the understanding of obsolescence
in a way that can be called continuous. Sociologist Roland Robertson (1938-2022) considered
the adoption and spread of fashion as a five-stage process supported by social motivations.
These stages consist of the following:
1) The adoption of what will become fashionable by agents, i.e. change leaders,
2) Social visibility and communicability,
3) Harmony within and between social systems,
4) Social cohesion and the market,
5) Becoming obsolete with the emergence of new fashion alternatives.
In addition, fashion represents the logic of planned obsolescence. Fashion is not only a necessity
for the survival of the capitalist market, but also an important tool for the expansion of capital.
Werner Sombart (1863-1941), who analysed the economic dimension of fashion within the
capitalist system, defined fashion as the favourite child of capitalism in his work Economy and
Fashion (Wirthschaft und Mode) published in 1902. According to him, fashion is a necessity
to offer new fields and products to the capitalist market. It is a highly functional mechanism for
making profit by making things, ideas, values, lifestyles, attitudes and behaviours, personalities,
identities... constantly "obsolete". Within the scope of all these, the main characteristics of the
fashion sector can be expressed under fıve headings:Being short-lived: Fashion products are
generally short-lived. The life of a fashion product is expressed in weeks or months. Fashion is
recognised as a temporary and cyclical phenomenon. For this reason, it is known that the life
curve of fashion clothing products is shorter than other industries.High variability: The demand
trend for fashion products is rarely constant or linear. Fashion products can be affected by
seasons, famous people, trends.Lowpredictability: Due to the variability of demand, it is
difficult to make sales and demand projections.Highly motivated buying tendency: Most of the
purchasing decisions of consumers are made at the point of purchase. When the consumer
encounters the product, he/she is encouraged to buy it.Being similarising: Today, although the
fashion industry is multidimensional, multicultural, multicoloured and multivocal, as a result
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of globalisation, clothing and fashion culture has evolved into a similar structure among
countries. In this respect, brands such as Zara, Berschka, Pull&Bear, H&M, Stradivarius,
Mango, Vero Moda, TopShop, Koton and Batik function as actors of similarity of
appearance.Attitudes and behaviours, preferences and tendencies that can be considered within
the scope of fashion have been one of the unchanging features of social life. In all societies,
senior executives and the people around them, especially family members, members of the
socio- economically high class, and especially women have had different and variable
preferences from the majority of the society. Fashion is a sociological phenomenon related to
power holders and rich people before the 19th century. In the first quarter of the 20th century,
it gained a mass character with a form and scope unprecedented in history. Class fashion has
been replaced by consumer fashion. Instead of a single type of fashion determined by the upper
classes, a fashion understanding that tends to include all layers of society has emerged. In the
20th century, developments in mass communication technologies led fashion to become
widespread and prestigious in a way never seen in any period of history. In the 20th century,
the phenomenon of dressing has covered the whole social life in a way that goes beyond culture
and has become a part of the material and spiritual dimension of consumer culture. Through
mass media, it has become an element that mobilises social change as well as a mirror of social
life. However, in addition to fashion shows, fashion blogs and fashion magazines, other
channels that are as effective as them have emerged in the dissemination of fashion. One of
these channels is fashion magazines. In addition, the internet and social media platforms have
assumed important functions in terms of the opportunity to spread fashion trends rapidly and to
deliver visual images to wider audiences. Fashion influencers and celebrities who are effective
on platforms such as Instagram, YouTube and TikTok popularise a certain body type, clothing
style and beauty standards in a short time and have a strong influence on their followers to adopt
these idealised images.
Scope of Fashion
The most basic expression of fashion is recognised as clothing, dress and ornamentation.
Clothes are the most classic and basic product of fashion. Being a manifestation of people's
personality and character, clothes are an observable form of behaviour. However, although
clothes are the most visible form of fashion, fashion is a broader phenomenon. It is related to
many different material and non-material contexts. The most important tool and even lever of
fashion is advertising. Every day people are bombarded by visual advertisements that encourage
them to buy certain products or services, which in turn creates and popularises fashion.
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However, these images also function as factors that influence attitudes, values, beliefs and
behaviour. Fashion is inherently related to material contexts (furniture, architecture and
automobiles, etc.) as well as non-material contexts (child-rearing techniques, art appreciation,
etc.). In essence, fashion is not only concerned with the appearance of a person's body, but also
with their behaviour, thoughts, feelings, emotions, knowledge, speech, agenda, interests... in
short, the way they present themselves. For example, making personality analyses based on
horoscopes, using slang words or gesticulating while speaking under the influence of some TV
series and films can be things that are encountered as fashion elements. In this respect, the
words of the famous fashion designer Coco Chanel (1883-1971) are important in terms of
expressing the scope of fashion: Fashion is not something that exists only in clothes, fashion is
something in the air we breathe. It is a wind, you feel it coming, you smell it. Fashion is about
ideas, lifestyles, what is happening. The basis of fashion culture is capitalism, which is driven
by an unlimited and irresponsible drive for material profit. The rulers of the capitalist mentality,
who deliberately declare the contents of existing wardrobes obsolete and outdated, have
succeeded in turning people into slaves dependent on themselves through fashion; they have
first and foremost influenced young people and women. Nowadays, even young people who do
not have enough money for a bagel to fill their bellies consider following fashion as an
indispensable condition and try to follow fashion as much as possible. Young people with no
economic means walk around hungry, they feel cold because they have no clothes to protect
themselves from the cold, but they try to have something fashionable; sometimes it is perfume,
sometimes it is a branded clothing, and lately most of the time it is a mobile phone. Because it
is through these that the young person feels his/her existence and makes his/her peers feel it.
The modern mentality and lifestyle has placed the human being as the "subject" at the centre of
the "God-centred" existence and lifestyle of the previous, traditional period. This subject, on
the other hand, manifests the things constructed and characterised by the culture industry in all
the units of the system at the centre of which it sits. For this reason, the mass society and its
individuals value fragmentation instead of unity and harmony, pleasure and desire instead of
reason. In addition, modernity prefers not the sacred but the profane embodied in itself. In this
respect, while entering into a conflict with the sacred, it also presents itself as a taboo. This
presentation manifests itself most clearly in fashion rituals. For example, the fact that fashion
shows are presented in a ritual/ritual atmosphere, that fashion provides its followers with a
belonging with transcendental references, that the members of this belonging display the
appearance of a "faith community", that they think, dress and live in the same style... points to
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fashion's effort to create a sacred space around itself. Through fashion, the profane is given a
sacred spirit and appearance. For this reason, Barnard's definition that fashionable clothing and
clothing items are the most fetishproductsproducedandconsumedin capitalist society is very
meaningful. According to Andrew Greeley, an American clergyman, it is enough to visit any
car fair today to watch a religious ritual. When one goes to the place where automobiles are
exhibited, it will be seen that fashion presenters are treated as people with immunity like
clergymen, and the products are treated as aesthetically and ethically indisputable taboos.
Conclusion
In addition to all these, the following should also be stated: The planned rapid obsolescence of
consumer goods through fashion provides capitalist capital with billions of dollars every year.
This makes capitalism always strong and effective. It is possible to clearly see how this process
works in the individuals of the consumer society who see consumption as the only way of
expressing themselves and use the brands they use instead of their identity. It would be
misleading to see this as merely a situation that enables consumers to prefer the products they
need. This operates through an idea/value that is embedded in the consciousness of consumers
in their human relations and perspectives on life, and is reflected in their behaviour. The
philosophy of carpe diem, which invites individuals to cut their ties with the past, not to take
the future into account and to turn towards the present moment, and to enjoy the moment, drags
consumers to further stages and contributes to the establishment of the disposable logic from
products to human relations, from nature to working life.
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Worsley, H. (2000). Decades of Fashion. Köln: Könemann.
Zaltman, G. (2003). Tüketici Nasıl Düşünür?. İstanbul: Kapital Medya Hizmetleri.
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TRANSFORMATION PROCESS OF SHOPPING SPACES AND SHOPPING
CENTRES
Prof. Dr. Celalettin VATANDAŞ* (ORCID: 0000-0003-1431-3553)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü, TekirdağTürkiye
Email: cvatandas@nku.edu.tr
Doç. Dr. Saniye VATANDAŞ (ORCID: 0000-0001-9075-0152)
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü, TekirdağTürkiye
Email: svatandas@nku.edu.tr
Abstract
Among the places where people's shopping activities were shaped before the Industrial
Revolution, the agora of Ancient Greece, the market area or city squares of the Middle Ages
are important in terms of the functions they fulfil. In addition to being places where commercial
activities were carried out and shopping was carried out to meet needs, they were also places
where political or cultural activities were carried out and where individuals socialised
extensively. They were the heart of social life. In fact, this situation has never completely ended,
and especially city squares, with their increasingly narrower and shallower functions, have
maintained the features they inherited from history until today, albeit in a diminishing form.
However, with the Industrial Revolution, the first signs of change began to be seen in the
primary space of production-consumption relations. In the first stage, department stores, which
can be considered as the pioneers of shopping centres, started to be seen. These stores fulfilled
important functions for a while as places where comfortable shopping could be done, where the
products offered for sale were offered to the consumer under favourable conditions and
exhibited to encourage consumption. As of today, shopping malls, which have become a centre
of attraction with their many elements, are living centres that host many of the activities that
individuals and masses feel the need for or feel the need for. These places have become places
where the heart of urban life beats with their multifaceted functionality such as shopping,
entertainment, eating and drinking, worshipping, doing sports, leisure time, watching movies
in the cinema, spending time with friends, spending the weekend with the family, window
shopping, socialising, following fashion with their units such as shops, cinema, bank,
restaurant, patisserie, cafeteria, hairdresser, pharmacy, place of worship, entertainment or sports
venue, playground. With these multifaceted functions, they appeal to all segments of the society
from the highest income level to the lowest income level and attract everyone's attention. In
this respect, they are micro spaces of daily life. With this research, the meaning and functions
of shopping centres, which represent the last stage of the change process of shopping spaces, in
the context of consumption culture will be discussed and evaluations will be made regarding
the process.
Keywords: Shopping, Consumption, Shopping places, Shopping centres.
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Introduction
The Industrial Revolution has an important place in the formation of the modern mentality and
lifestyle, to put it in terms of shaping the process, disregarding the philosophical and scientific
heritage of several centuries. The Industrial Revolution, which led to many changes in people's
mentality and in their individual and social lives, and the urban life that accelerated and
intensified thanks to it, significantly changed the production-consumption relations and caused
these relations to be reflected in other areas of individual and social life, rather than being
limited to the economic fıeld as before. Changes in working life, the emergence of the traffıc
problem, new meanings attributed to consumption, the emergence of the concept of "leisure
time" and proposals and initiatives regarding its content, the search for alternative spaces for
the needs shaped by the new mentality and lifestyle... have been the determinants of radical
changes and innovations in the course of humanity.
Emergence of Shopping Centres
Before the Industrial Revolution, among the places where people's shopping activities were
shaped, the agora of Ancient Greece, the market area of the Middle Ages or the city squares are
important in terms of the functions they fulfil. In addition to being places where commercial
activities were carried out and shopping was carried out to meet needs, they were also places
where political or cultural activities were carried out and where individuals socialised
extensively. They were the heart of social life. In fact, this situation has never completely ended,
and especially city squares, with their increasingly narrower and shallower functions, have
maintained their features inherited from history until today, albeit in a diminishing form.
However, with the Industrial Revolution, the first signs of change began to be seen in the
primary space of production-consumption relations. In the fırst stage, department stores, which
can be considered as the pioneers of shopping centres, started to be seen. These stores fulfilled
important functions for a while as places where comfortable shopping could be done, where the
products offered for sale were offered to the consumer under favourable conditions and
exhibited to encourage consumption. The growth of cities, the increase and intensification of
the population, the emergence of the traffic problem, the emergence of the concept of leisure
time in general and holidays in particular due to the regulations in working life, the emergence
of the need to engage in as many activities as possible in limited free time... all these have led
to the inadequacy of city centres and the search for alternative spaces has emerged. Although
the spaces that were the product of these searches responded to the needs, albeit with difficulty,
until the 1950s, this was not found sufficient. Victor Gruen (1903-1980) was the planner of the
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first shopping centre with its present form and function in the United States based on the
existing problems and demands. According to him, there was a need for a place of escape for
people who were overwhelmed by the traffic problem and the boredom of daily life. Due to the
fact that the city centres had lost their functions to a great extent with the division of life and
spatial construction into different activity areas in cities, he thought that there was a need for
places where new social activities were concentrated and designed the first shopping mall. In
1954, he designed the first suburban open-air shopping facility called Northland Mall. In
addition to shops, it was designed as a complex of apartment blocks, schools and health
facilities, with its own large park and lake. This complex was never completed, but the idea of
this complex space design was original. Victor Gruen continued to design new spaces with
some additions and subtractions. The second mall Gruen designed was the Southdale Shopping
Centre in Minnesota. He designed it as an enclosed space for both vendors and consumers,
where social activities were carried out together, going beyond mere shopping activities. Others
followed. By the mid-1970s he had designed more than fifty shopping centres in the USA. Each
space was planned in more detail than the previous ones. Thus, he reached the shopping centre
design that brings together the functions that the busy and complex lifestyle of today's modern
city makes individuals feel the need or desired to feel in their daily lives under a single
homogeneous roof.
Structural Features of Shopping Centres
As of today, shopping malls, which have become centres of attraction with their many elements,
are living centres that host many of the activities that individuals and masses need or feel the
need for. These places have become places where the heart of urban life beats with their
multifaceted functionality such as shopping, entertainment, eating and drinking, worshipping,
doing sports, leisure time, watching movies in the cinema, spending time with friends, spending
the weekend with the family, window shopping, socialising, following fashion with their units
such as shops, cinema, bank, restaurant, patisserie, cafeteria, hairdresser, pharmacy, place of
worship, entertainment or sports venue, playground. With these multifaceted functions, they
appeal to all segments of the society from the highest income level to the lowest income level
and attract everyone's attention. In this respect, they are micro spaces of daily life.The main
factor that is often unrecognised in the functioning of shopping malls is the phenomenon of
leisure time, which is a product of the Industrial Revolution. Whileproduction and work were
at the forefront in the early days of the Industrial Revolution, leisure time based on consumption
was built as an important living space in the following period. Following the Industrial
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Revolution, working time and rest time were completely separated from each other as two
separate living spaces. However, in traditional life, working life and rest time were intertwined;
there was no such separation. With this separation, the social structure based on production and
work was replaced by a new social structure based on consumption and leisure time. Capitalism,
which is the subject of the process, while reshaping production and consumption through its
own paradigm, has designed that individuals who use their time for production should also have
private time for consumption. Non-working time, which is created through regulations on
working life, is designed as a fıeld of activity based on consumption. For this reason, leisure
time activities have been commodifıed and functioned as a tool of hegemonic planning rather
than being seen as a time to spend leisure time resting. Consumption became the main activity
of the process. In this respect, thanks to the institution of leisure time built under the conditions
of the Industrial Revolution, consumption has ceased to be a means of sustaining life and has
become an end in itself. This has functioned as an important means of dominating the
understanding that people should live to consume rather than consume to live.Today, the act of
shopping and consumption has social and symbolic contents such as having fun, leisure time,
acquiring status, achieving an idealised lifestyle and obtaining prestige. In terms of the modern
mentality, consumption has emphasised the meanings attributed to products rather than their
properties and functions, and in some cases even completely. The "mass society", which is
constructed with the help of mass media and is open to all kinds of manipulation, and whose
sociality is questionable in every respect, has been transformed into a society of consumption.
The consumer society, which is constructed with the desires of large companies engaged in
mass production and through the advertising-fashion tools of mass media, gains meaning as the
name of an extremely shallow and largely formal structure compared to the natural/real social
structure. This structure is a structure whose main function is to consume, where not only
consumption commodities but also identities, spaces, lifestyles, cultural elements, images,
meanings, values, time and almost everything else are perceived as objects of consumption.
Consumption has ceased to be the result of an act of shopping to satisfy mostly physiological
needs and has become a phenomenon that is supported and directed through fashion and
advertisements in line with the aims of the capitalist economy, and in which consumed objects
are used as identity and status indicators. Both the constructor and the supporter of this
phenomenon is the capitalist mentality. Just as every society has a culture, a culture has been
invented for the consumption society, and unlimited consumption tendencies to obtain the
symbols dressed in consumption objects, and the lifestyle shaped around consumption
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behaviours that diversify every day have formed the basis of this culture. The modern urban
individual has become the ideal type of consumption society and consumption culture. This
individual consumes in order to have the sense of identity offered to him/her and to live
according to who he/she wants to be perceived as.Consumption culture is a necessity of not
seeing consumption activity only as the consumption of commodities. Consumption culture
refers to a mentality and lifestyle related to the purpose and manner of obtaining the
commodities consumed, the way they are used and the norms and value system emerging in
this process. The use of an object because of its ability to satisfy a need and being found
valuable in this respect is a very normal and routine feature in terms of human behaviour. Here,
the subject is the human and the object is the product consumed. However, consumer culture
gains meaning as the name of a situation that disrupts this hierarchy. In this case, people become
objectified and things become subjectifıed. Karl Marx's (1818-1883) conceptualisations of
alienation and fetishism are important as one of the first to recognise this situation. Another
social scientist György Lukacs (1885-1971) made a similar evaluation while reaching the
concept of reification through what Marx expressed with alienation and fetishism. Whatever
the conceptualisations expressing the subversion of the hierarchy in question, what is expressed
expresses the differentiation of the connection that should be in the relationship between man
and things. In other words, while the thing produced for use becomes the basic reference of a
system of values, the human being, who should be the subject, becomes objectified and
ordinary. However, the thing that becomes subjective in consumer culture is essentially the
thing produced by human beings for human beings. To give an example of how this happens;
when a person sees a state-of-the-art technological product, if he starts to see that technological
product as a value in itself, as a basic reference that will increase his own value if he owns it,
rather than the feature related to the function of that product, this is a problematic relationship
and corresponds to the culture of consumption. In Marx's conceptualisation, the person in this
situation becomes "alienated" from his/her own essence/humanity, and the object that enables
this alienation gains the quality of a fetish. In the same way, the fact that money, which is an
intermediary in the purchase of commodities, becomes a measure of value is shaped according
to the functioning of the process envisaged by the consumption culture. At this stage, it is
meaningful that Ivan Illich (1926-2002) defines consumer society as a type of society in which
life is organised around commodities and social progress is measured by the power of access to
these commodities, or Zygmunt Bauman considers consumer culture as a type of society in
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which the exchange value of commodities disappears and the function of commodities as
indicators comes to the fore instead of their utility function.
Consumption Culture and Shopping Centres
For the modern and therefore urban individual, being different from everyone else, and
demonstrating this difference with his appearance, especially in terms of clothing and attire,
eating and drinking places, the tools and equipment he uses, and the social environment he is
in contact with, constitutes one of the targeted goals of the idealised lifestyle. He strives to be
different from those around him with the visible brand name of his clothing, the neighbourhood
of his residence, the brand and model of his car, the country and region he goes on holiday, the
popularity of the food he eats, the subjects he is interested in, his circle of "friends", the way he
speaks... This situation leads to an endless struggle to be recognisable, and all their efforts are
shaped on the axis of being different and staying different. As a result of the increased
accessibility of consumption commodities and the tendency to spread to all segments of the
society, the current situation of the socioeconomically upper segments has become
questionable, which has necessitated the continuous reconstruction of differentiation tendencies
through fashion, which triggers and accelerates being different. The widespread access to all
kinds of clothes as a stage of this situation has pushed the privileged segments who tend to be
different to expose themselves with a nudity in which only the genitals are covered, or to exhibit
behaviours that reveal their differences through appearing in such art activities. The paradox of
differentiation and sameness leads to an endless consumption motivation. In this respect,
shopping malls function as spaces of the capitalist commodity system cycle that both segregates
and replicates.As places where an ostentatious lifestyle is embodied in all its dimensions in
accordance with the requirements of the consumption culture, shopping malls make life easier
for the members of the consumption culture by offering all the products required by ostentatious
symbolic consumption as well as products that will meet all the needs that can be considered as
compulsory such as food and clothing. Offering a wide variety of products in different stores
that meet all kinds of needs together allows people to shop in accordance with their lifestyles,
identities and status. Special security personnel, devices and inspections create a safe
environment and provide protection from external factors that may harm individuals. People
have the understanding and confidence that they breathe in a highly controlled and disciplined
life during their stay there. In shopping centres, it is clear where to enter and exit and what to
do. These are dictated to individuals in the form of unwritten rules. In these places where
individuals stay as long as they can, showcases create a visual space that they cannot break
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away from. The perception that the individual can spend his whole life if he wants is
successfully dictated. There is something for everyone. People's interests, feelings of pleasure
and desires are constantly provoked. In addition to these, the fact that shopping malls offer
colourful brands and different lives causes people to be psychologically affected; shopping
malls function as a means to get away from external problems. Individuals numb their problems
or take a break by visiting the colourful showcases in the shopping malls. In shopping centres,
there is virtually "nothing to find", all stores and "needs" are waiting for their customers in
magical boxes.
Shopping Centres and Religious Rituals
The fact that shopping malls have become a centre of attraction of consumption that constantly
renews itself and does not lose anything from its attractiveness in this respect has been possible
thanks to planning carried out in a highly rational manner. Among the objective, emotional and
functional elements that make shopping malls the centres of attraction of consumption culture,
the fact that they are gigantic and easily accessible places, their eye- catching showcases that
stimulate feelings of need, the fact that they are offered with opportunities to meet many
different needs at the same time, and the use of credit card shopping facilities that facilitate
spending and transfer payments to the future are important attraction features. In a sense, the
roads in shopping centres, which have the appearance and function of a micro city, constantly
direct people to the stores depending on the architectural tricks that highlight the showcases of
the stores and present them to the attention of the consumer. The arrangement of the space is
realised in such a way that the individual will increase the time he/she will spend in the shopping
mall and thus, he/she will feel the need by seeing what he/she does not need. The internal flow
in the space is realised through labyrinth-like circulation areas, enabling consumers to
encounter the maximum number of products and shopping opportunities. The escalators, which
are located in the same direction but not end-to-end and used for vertical connection, are
planned to allow people to walk around and thus see more stores. What is more important and
interesting is that consumption is not directly presented in these spaces. Entertaining activities
and shows are attached before and next to the consumption activity, and campaigns presented
as special opportunities successfully fulfil the functions of directing consumption. Shopping in
shopping centres is no longer just an act of purchasing. Entertainment, aesthetics, image and
belonging have become effective elements of purchasing. With the addition of entertainment to
the meaning of shopping, the distinction between shopping and entertainment has almost
disappeared. Thus, consumption is transformed into an act of pleasure, a recreational activity.
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With the establishment of shopping centres, shopping has become an effective element of
purchases such as entertainment, aesthetics, image and belonging. With the addition of
entertainment to the meaning of shopping, the distinction between shopping and entertainment
has almost disappeared.
A lifestyle is offered to individuals in shopping centres. This is a lifestyle envisaged by
capitalism and designed by the culture industry. The masses are directed towards the modern
mentality and lifestyle through these places, the relations and transactions in these places. These
spaces of production-consumption relations, which seem to put the human being at the centre,
but where the intellectuals and representatives of the consumer culture are the subjects and the
masses are the objects, are places where rationalism, hedonism, change, individualism,
materialism, secularism... appear in accordance with the requirements of modernity. With these
characteristics, they are concrete and functional examples of modernity's function of being an
"anti-religion religion". Modernity, which is built on anti-religion (Catholicism/Church) and
presents itself as a religion in many respects by taking its "enemy" as a model, transforms itself
into a "religion of science" in educational institutions, a "religion of pleasure/entertainment" in
daily life, or a belief/religion system of "sexuality", "violence", "physical power" ... in different
places and environments. In this respect, Ivan Illich was one of the first and important figures
to draw attention to the functions of shopping centres outside the production-consumption
relationship. While defining the consumer society as a type of society in which life is organised
around commodities and social progress is measured by the ability to access these commodities,
he emphasised the "slavery of consumption", although the implication of "religion" is also quite
strong in this determination. The American sociologist George Ritzer, on the other hand, used
the term "religion" directly. As Ritzer expressed in his book Enchanting the Disenchanted
World, shopping centres are the "cathedrals" of the "religion of consumption". He had no
difficulty in finding traces of the forms and worship of the Abrahamic religions (JudaismChristianity-Islam) in shopping centres. He likened shopping centres to places of pilgrimage.
To extend his metaphor a bit; shopping malls function as the place of worship of the
modern/secular individual. In the standardised rituals here, it is possible to find traces of the
weekly prayers and pilgrimages of the three Abrahamic religions. Individuals who are believers
of the religion of consumption have a feeling of spiritual emptiness if they do not visit the
shopping centre one day a week, similar to the worship of Jews on Saturday, Christians on
Sunday and Muslims on Friday. Due to the conditions of working life, this is usually at the
weekend. This situation is important in terms of giving the shopping centre "visit" the form of
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weekly worship. However, the similarity in question is by no means due to the fact that the visit
in question is made once a week, but due to the meaning and function attributed to that "visit".
The modern/secular individual, who is restless when he/she does not perform his/her "weekly
worshipM, returns home after his/her "worship" in a state of "peace of mind". The relationship
of the modern individual with shopping centres is also reminiscent of the pilgrimage rituals of
the three Abrahamic religions. In the pilgrimage worship of all three religions, there are rituals
such as walking around (tawaf) the object/place of pilgrimage (e.g. the Kaaba), venerating a
certain building or object in the centre of the pilgrimage site with respect and love
(contemplation/zikr), anointing the building or object in the centre of the pilgrimage site (Hajar
al-Aswad) .... The modern individual also walks around the shops in shopping centres, which
are the "cathedrals" of the "religion of consumption", admires the shop windows/items
(reverence), anoints the objects (touching them, trying them on...) and leaves the place in a
"purified" way.
Conclusion
Shopping centres are the magical places of today. It represents an association in which "magic",
which is thrown out of life due to rationality and secularism, the basic principle of modernism,
is also activated where necessary. Those who look into its "eyes" fall under its influence and
follow it unconsciously. For this reason, George Ritzer (b.1940) likened being in places of
consumption such as shopping malls to the situation of a child who imagines himself in a place
where everything is made of sugar and can easily reach those candies, and emphasised the
fascinating aspect of shopping malls. However, there is also a negative side to this; just like the
spooky things, ghosts and witches in the child's imaginary space, there are things in this space
that have the potential to turn beautiful dreams into nightmares. These are personal
impossibilities that exceed the means and power of purchase and therefore can only be watched,
which in turn leads to the destruction of the integrity of the psyche. This castle of dreams, where
almost every product and service of the world of consumption can be accessed, represents the
realm of nightmares with its unaffordability as well as its accessibility.
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APN POLİMERİ ÜZERİNDE PH ETKİSİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI
Nalan ŞAHİN (ORCID: 0009-0002-8978-3875)
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Polimer Malzemeler Anabilim Dalı, Bursa,
Türkiye
Email:nalansahin1668@gmail.com
Petek BALCI (ORCID: 0009-0009-0981-1647)
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Polimer Malzemeler Anabilim Dalı, Bursa,
Türkiye
Email:petekbalci@outlook.com
Prof. Dr. Ali KARA (ORCID:0000-0003-2457-6314)
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Polimer Malzemeler Anabilim Dalı, Bursa,
Türkiye
Email:akara@uludag.edu.tr
ÖZET
Ağır metallerin toksik özelliklerinden dolayı, atık sulardan uzaklaştırılması çevre ve insan
sağlığı için oldukça önemlidir. Sulu ortamda ağır metal iyonlarının uzaklaştırılmasında
kimyasal çöktürme, membran ile filtrasyon, iyon değişimi ve absorpsiyon gibi yöntemler
kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde çevre kirliliğinin nedenlerinden biri olan sulu ortamlardaki ağır
metaller genellikle maden, metal ve kimya endüstrisi atık sularında bulunur. Zamanla doğal
kaynak sularına karışan bu atık suların, ekolojik dengeyi bozduğu ve canlı organizma üzerinde
zararlı etkiler bıraktığı gözlenmiştir. Ağır metaller içerisinde bakır, oldukça fazla çalışma
yapılan toksik özelliğe sahip bir ağır metaldir.Bu çalışmada bakır (II) nitrat trihidrat
‘Cu(NO3)2.3(H2O)’ katısı ile hazırlanan ana stok çözelti kullanılmıştır. Stok çözelti 1000 ppm
250 mL olarak hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan stok çözelti seyreltilerek balon jojelere alınmıştır ve
kalibrasyon grafikleri hazırlanmıştır. Cu(II) adsorpsiyonu APN polimeri kullanılarak
incelenmiştir. 20 mL viallere 0,01 g APN polimeri tartılmıştır. Üzerlerine 1000 ppm Cu +2
çözeltisi eklenerek oda sıcaklığında 24 saat bekletilen çözeltiler UV-VIS absorpsiyon
spektroskopisi kullanılarak 312 nm’de ölçüm alınmıştır. Ölçüm sonuçlarına bakıldığında APN
polimerinin en iyi pH 4’te çalıştığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Ağır metaller, Cu(II), APN polimeri, Adsorpsiyon, UV-VIS
spektroskopisi, pH
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INVESTIGATION OF THE PH EFFECT ON APN POLYMER
ABSTRACT
The toxic properties of heavy metals necessitate their removal from wastewater for the
protection of both the environment and human health. Various methods, including chemical
precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, and absorption, are employed for the removal
of heavy metal ions in aqueous environments. Heavy metals in aquatic environments, which
are a significant contributor to environmental pollution, are commonly found in wastewater
from mining, metal, and chemical industries. It has been observed that the mixing of wastewater
streams with natural water sources can disrupt the ecological balance and have harmful effects
on living organisms. Among heavy metals, copper is a metal that has been extensively
researched due to its toxic properties.In this study, a main stock solution was prepared using
copper (II) nitrate trihydrate, which is also known as Cu(NO3)2.3(H2O). The stock solution was
prepared at a concentration of 1000 ppm in 250 mL. The prepared stock solution was diluted
and transferred into volumetric flasks, and calibration curves were prepared. The adsorption of
Cu(II) was investigated using APN polymer. 0.01 g of APN polymer was weighed into 20 mL
vials. Subsequently, 1000 ppm Cu2+ solution was added to the vials, and the solutions were left
at room temperature for 24 hours. Measurements were taken at 312 nm using UV-VIS
absorption spectroscopy. The results indicated that the optimal pH for APN polymer was 4.
Key words: Heavy metals, Cu(II), APN polymer, Adsorption, UV-VIS spectroscopy, pH
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GİRİŞ
Atık sularda tespit edilen her türlü madde kimi zaman eser miktarda kimi zaman da belirli bir
derişim üzerinde sağlık için zararlıdır. Zehirlilik etkisine sahip maddeler düşük
konsantrasyonlarda bulunmaları halinde bile insan sağlığına zarar vererek hastalıklara ve hatta
ölümlere neden olabilirler. Eser miktarda bile riskli olan bu maddeler arasında en önemli grubu
ağır metaller oluşturur. Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Pb ve Zn elementleri ağır metallere örnek olarak
verilebilir.Doğadaki su kaynaklarının ağır metal kirliliği; insanlara, çevredeki diğer hayvanlara
ve bitkilere toksik etkisi nedeniyle zarar vermektedir. Ağır metal numunelerinin ana kaynakları
genellikle madencilik, metal kaplama, tekstil, kimya, otomotiv ve elektrikli cihaz imalatı gibi
birçok
endüstriden
gelmektedir
(Zalloum
ve
ark.,
2008).
adsorpsiyon,
kimyasal
çökeltme,
Şekil 1.1: Atık sularda bulunan ağır metaller
Toksik
metal
iyonlarının
uzaklaştırılmasında
fitoekstraksiyon, ters ozmoz, ultrafiltrasyon, elektrodiyaliz, solvent ekstraksiyonu ve iyon
değişimi gibi birçok yöntem kullanılmaktadır. Adsorpsiyon, atık suların arıtımında
uygulanabilen yüksek verimliliği, uygun hızı ve çalışma kolaylığı nedeniyle ağır metallerin
gideriminde en çok tercih edilen yöntemlerden biridir. Çalışmamızda, atık sularda sıkça
karşılaşılan ağır metallerden biri olan Cu(II) iyonunun giderimi adsorpsiyon yöntemiyle
gerçekleştirilmiştir.Cu(II) iyonları canlı organizmaların yapısında ve vücut fonksiyonlarında
önemli yere sahiptir. Fakat fazla miktarda Cu(II) iyonuna maruz kalınması durumunda olumsuz
etkiler gözlemlenir. Aşırı Cu(II) iyonu alımı olumsuz etkileri; hepatit, karaciğer sirozu, böbrek
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hastalığı, anemi, kemik bozuklukları ve parkinson gibi bir dizi hastalıkla ilişkilendirilir. USEPA
tarafından belirlenen içme suyunda izin verilen maksimum limit 1,30 mg/L'dir. WHO'nun içme
suyundaki Cu(II) iyonları için kısıtlaması ise 0,05 mg/L'dir. Bu nedenle Cu(II) iyonlarının
tespiti ve uzaklaştırılması, su kalitesinin ve insan sağlığının kontrolünün sağlanması açısından
önemlidir (ABD Çevre Koruma Ajansı Raporu, 2004). Atık su örneklerindeki Cu(II)
iyonlarının incelenmesi ve adsorplanmasında uygulanabilecek yöntemlerin geliştirilmesi büyük
önem taşımaktadır. Özellikle bu örneklerin spektrofotometrik yöntemler kullanılarak
belirlenmesi; basitliği, kolay kullanımı ve düşük maliyetli teknolojilerin kullanılması nedeniyle
pratik açıdan birçok avantaja sahiptir (Bereli ve ark., 2021). Tüm bunlar göz önüne alındığında
sulardaki atık maddelerin temizlenmesi düşüncesi daha da yaygınlaşmaktadır. Çalışmamızda
APN polimeri ile Cu+2 elementinin adsorpsiyonunu inceleyerek pH bağlı olarak nasıl çalıştığı
gözlemlenmiştir.
2.ARAŞTIRMA VE BULGULAR
2.1. Deneysel Çalışmalar
Bu deneyde Cu(NO3)2 .3(H2O) (Bakır (II) nitrat trihidrat) kullanılarak stok çözelti
hazırlanmıştır.
Şekil 2.1.1: Bakır (II) nitrat trihidrat katısı
Stok çözelti hazırlamada kullanılacak pH 2,3,4 suları distile suya; asit(HCl) ve baz(NaOH)
çözeltileri eklenerek hazırlanmıştır. Stok çözeltimiz 1000 ppm 250 mL olarak hazırlanmıştır.
Bakır (II) nitrat trihidrat katısı beherde çözüldükten sonra 250 mL’lik balon jojede hazırlanan
pH suları ile tamamlanmıştır. Hazırlanan stok çözeltiden balon jojelere çeşitli derişimlerde
seyreltilerek kalibrasyon grafikleri incelenmiştir.
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Şekil 2.1.2: Stok çözelti hazırlama aşaması
20 mL viallere 0,01 g APN polimeri tartılmıştır. pH 2, 3 ve 4 sularından 10 mL eklenerek oda
sıcaklığında ve karanlık ortamda 24 saat bekletilen çözeltiler UV-VIS absorpsiyon
spektroskopisi kullanılarak 312 nm’de ölçüm alınmıştır. pH 2,3 ve 4 için
absorbans-
konsantrasyon kalibrasyon grafikleri çizilmiştir.
Şekil 2.1.3: APN polimeri UV-VIS absorpsiyon deney basamakları
2.2. Deneysel Bulgular
Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda pH 2, 3 ve 4 için elde edilen değerler ile çizilen Absorbans –
Konsantrasyon grafikleri aşağıda verilmiştir.
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Absorbans-Konsantrasyon Grafiği pH 2
0,2
y = 0,0002x + 0,0269
R² = 0,9952
0,18
0,16
Absorbaans
0,14
0,12
0,1
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Konsantrasyon(ppm)
Şekil 2.2.1: pH 2 için kalibrasyon grafiği
Absorbans-Konsantrasyon Grafiği pH 3
Absorbans
0,18
y = 0,0001x + 0,0221
R² = 0,9963
0,16
0,14
0,12
0,1
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0
0
200
400
600
Konsantrasyon(ppm)
Şekil 2.2.2: pH 3 için kalibrasyon grafiği
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Absorbans-Konsantrasyon Grafiği pH 4
0,18
y = 0,0002x + 0,0118
R² = 0,9925
0,16
0,14
Absorbans
0,12
0,1
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Konsantrasyon(ppm)
Şekil 2.2.3: pH 4 için kalibrasyon grafiği
3.SONUÇ
Yapılan çalışma sonucunda elde edilen değerler ile oluşturulan pH – Qe grafiğine bakıldığında
APN polimerinin Cu(II) iyonları adsorpsiyonunda optimum pH 4’te çalıştığı gözlenmiştir.
Qe=((C0-Cson).V)/m
Qe=C0-Cson
Bu denklemde;
Co: Başlangıç konsantrasyonunu (mg/L),
Cson: Çözeltinin son konsantrasyonunu (mg/L),
v : Çözeltinin hacmini (mL)
m: Kullanılan polimer miktarını (g) , temsil etmektedir.
Absorbans değeri
C0 (ppm)
2
1000
0,189
810,5
0,01
189,5
3
1000
0,085
629
0,01
371
4
1000
0,098
431
0,01
569
(24 Saat)
Cson (ppm)
Polimer
pH değeri
Tablo 1: 1000 ppm için 312 nm de 24 saatlik süre sonucu
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Miktarı(g)
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APN Polimeri pH-Qe Grafiği
600
500
Qe
400
300
200
100
0
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
pH
Şekil 3.1: Adsorpsiyon kapasitesinin pH etkisi
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KAYNAKÇA
1.
Cao, Z., Guo, J., Fan, X., Xu, J., Fan. Z., Du, B. (2011). Detection Of Heavy Metal Ions
In Aqueous Solution By P(MBTVBC-co-VIM)-coated QCM Sensor. Sensors
Actuators:B Chemical, 157:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.03.023
2.
Kim, H., Jang, G., Yoon, Y. (2019). Specific Heavy Metal/Metalloid Sensors: Current
State
And
Perspectives.
Microbiology
Biotechnology,
104,
907-914.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10261-y
3.
Gutierrez, L.G., Gabas, A.G., Guntero, V.A., Ferretti, C.A. (2024). Development Of a
Polymeric Test Kit Based On The Release Of a Selective Chemosensor For The
Quantitative Analysis Of Cu(ıı) İn Aqueous Samples. Materials Science and
Engineering:B, 299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2023.116926
4.
Zalloum, H.M., Al-Qodah, Z., Mubarak, M.S. (2008). Copper Adsorption on ChitosanDerived Schiff Bases. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, 46, 46-57.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10601320802515225
5.
Bereli, N., Çimen, D., Yavuz, H., Denizli, A. (2021). Sensors for the detection of heavy
metal contaminants in water and environment. Nanosensors for Environment, Food and
Agriculture Vol. 1. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, 60, 1–21.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63245-8_1
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APN POLİMERİ ÜZERİNDE SICAKLIK ETKİSİNİN ARAŞTIRILMASI
Nalan ŞAHİN (ORCID: 0009-0002-8978-3875)
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Polimer Malzemeler Anabilim Dalı, Bursa,
Türkiye
Email:nalansahin1668@gmail.com
Petek BALCI (ORCID: 0009-0009-0981-1647)
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Polimer Malzemeler Anabilim Dalı, Bursa,
Türkiye
Email:petekbalci@outlook.com
Prof. Dr. Ali KARA (ORCID:0000-0003-2457-6314)
Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Polimer Malzemeler Anabilim Dalı, Bursa,
Türkiye
Email:akara@uludag.edu.tr
ÖZET
Çevre kirliliği temiz ve sağlıklı bir gelecek açısından dünyada ortak endişe haline gelmiştir.
Yaşamakta olduğumuz sanayi ve teknoloji çağında mevcut üretim döngüleri, nüfus artışındaki
yoğunluk, çarpık kentleşme, doğal alanların tahribi gibi faaliyetler sonucunda su kaynakları da
hızla kirlenmektedir. İnsanların ihtiyaçlarının artması ile sanayileşmedeki gelişmeler, atık su
miktarını ve buna bağlı olarak da ağır metal yükünü artırmıştır. Madencilik, metal sanayi, petrol
rafinerileri, deri sanayi, tekstil sanayi ve otomotiv sanayi ağır metal kirliliğine katkıda bulunan
başlıca kaynaklardan bazılarıdır. Bunların yanı sıra evsel atık sular, çöp depolama alanları
sızıntı suları ve asit yağmurları da atık sulardaki ağır metal konsantrasyonlarında artışa neden
olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bakır (II) nitrat trihidrat katısı ile hazırladığımız ana stok çözelti
kullanılmıştır. Deneyde kullanılan Cu(II) için Cu(NO3)2·3(H2O) (Bakır(II) nitrat trihidrat)
kullanılarak stok çözeltisi hazırlanmıştır. Stok çözelti, 1000 ppm konsantrasyonunda ve 250
mL hacminde olacak şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Cu(NO3)2·3(H2O) katısı beher içinde çözündükten
sonra, 250 mL'lik balon jojede hazırlanan pH 4 suyu ile tamamlanmıştır. 20 mL'lik viallere 0,01
gram APN polimeri tartılarak üzerlerine hazırlanan stok çözeltisinden 10 mL eklenmiştir. APN
polimerinin çalışması, sıcaklığa bağlı olarak 4°C, 25°C, 45°C ve 65°C'de zamanla
incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, APN polimerinin en iyi performansını 25°C'de sergilediğini
göstermektedir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Ağır metaller, Cu(II), APN polimeri, Adsorpsiyon, UV-VIS
spektroskopisi, Sıcaklık
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INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON APN POLYMER
ABSTRACT
The issue of environmental pollution has become a significant global concern, particularly in
relation to the need for a clean and healthy future. In the context of the industrial and
technological era, a number of factors have contributed to the contamination of water sources,
including existing production cycles, population density increases, unplanned urbanisation, and
the destruction of natural areas. The growing needs of people and advancements in
industrialisation have also led to an increase in the amount of wastewater, which in turn has
placed a greater burden on the environment in terms of heavy metals. Mining, metal industry,
petroleum refineries, leather industry, textile industry, and automotive industry are among the
primary sources contributing to heavy metal pollution. Additionally, domestic wastewater,
leachate from landfills, and acid rain also contribute to increased concentrations of heavy metals
in wastewater. In this study, a main stock solution was prepared using copper (II) nitrate
trihydrate solid. The copper(II) nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2·3(H2O)) was employed to prepare
the stock solution, which was prepared at a concentration of 1000 ppm and a volume of 250
mL. Once the Cu(NO3)2·3(H2O) solid had been dissolved in a beaker, the pH 4 water prepared
in a 250 mL volumetric flask was added. Subsequently, 0.01 grams of APN polymer were
weighed into 20 mL vials, and 10 mL of the prepared stock solution was added to them. The
performance of the APN polymer was evaluated over time at temperatures of 4°C, 25°C, 45°C,
and 65°C. The results demonstrated that the APN polymer exhibited optimal performance at
25°C.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Cu(II), APN polymer, Adsorption, UV-VIS spectroscopy,
Temperature
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GİRİŞ
Son zamanlarda, atık su arıtma sistemleri, endüstriyel atıklardaki toksik ve kanserojen ağır
metallerle ilişkili sağlık ve çevre risklerini azaltmak ve ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla
geliştirilmiştir. Endüstriyel işlemler sonucunda ortaya çıkan atık suları temizlemek için en
yaygın tercih edilen yöntem, yüksek etkinlik, düşük maliyetler ve kolay işletilebilirlik gibi
özellikleri nedeniyle adsorpsiyon yöntemidir (Hamis ve ark., 2024). Endüstriyel atık sulardaki
zehirli ağır metaller hem insan sağlığı hem de su ekosistemi için önemli bir tehdit oluşturabilir.
Atık sular genellikle tekstil, kimya, petrol, kozmetik, plastik, gıda ve kâğıt imalatı gibi çeşitli
endüstriler tarafından üretilmektedir (Lan ve ark., 2022). Polimer malzemeler (akıllı
adsorbanlar) ağır metallerin sudan gideriminde önemli yere sahiptir. Bunlar sıcaklık, pH, ışık
şiddeti, çözeltinin iyonik kuvveti ve manyetik alan gibi çeşitli çalışma koşullarına farklı tepki
verir. Yoğunluğu 4,5 g/ cm3'ten fazla olan metaller (altın (Au), gümüş (Ag), bakır (Cu), cıva
(Hg), kurşun (Pb), kadmiyum (Cd) vb.) ağır metal olarak adlandırılır. İnsan vücudunda her ne
kadar Cu(II) gerekli bir iyon olsa da, vücuttaki fazla Cu(II) yavaş tepki, anemi, akciğer ödemi,
halsizlik, sarılık ve ülser gibi semptomlara neden olabilir. Ağır metal iyonları insan vücudunda
dolaşım sistemine girdikten sonra bazı proteinler, enzimler ve biyomoleküller ile etkileşime
girerek bunların inaktivasyonuna neden olurlar (Ma ve ark., 2023). Ayrıca bazı organlarda
zamanla birikebilir ve sonuçta insan vücudunda ağır metal iyonlarının kronik zehirlenmesine
neden olabilir. Bu yüzden sulardaki atık maddelerin temizlenmesi düşüncesi daha da
yaygınlaşmakta ve önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada APN polimeri ile Cu elementinin
adsorpsiyonunu sıcaklığa bağlı olarak nasıl çalıştığı araştırılmıştır.
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Yöntem
Avantajlar
Dezavantajlar
Kimyasal Çöktürme
Kullanımı kolay ve maliyeti düşük
ve Filtrasyon
Yüksek derişimlerde ayrılma güçlüğü ve performans
etkinliğinin yetersizliği, toksik çamur üretimi.
Elektrokimyasal
Yöntemler
Metalik giderimi yüksek
Maliyeti yüksek malzeme (elektrot) kullanımı ve
yalnızca yüksek derişimlerde etkili olması.
Ters Osmoz
Kullanımı kolay ve maliyeti düşük
Yüksek basınçlı sistemler gerektirir.
İyon Değişimi
Metal giderim etkinliği yüksek ve saf atık geri Partiküllere karşı hassasiyet ve yüksek maliyetli
kazanımı
reçine.
Buharlaştırma
Saf atık kazanımı
Yüksek enerji ihtiyacı, yüksek maliyet gereksinimi,
toksik çamur üretimi.
Membran
Saf atık kazanımı
Yüksek basınçlı sistemler, membran boyutu ve
uygulanabilirlik için yüksek maliyetler.
Adsorpsiyon
Ucuz, etkin kullanılabilirlik
metallerde uygulanabilirlik
ve
bütün
Düşük derişimlerde etkin olmama.
Tablo: Atık Su arıtım yöntemlerine ait avantajlar ve dezavantajlar tablosu (Acar, B.Ç. & Acar,
M. B., 2022)
2.ARAŞTIRMA VE BULGULAR
2.1. Deneysel Çalışmalar
Bu çalışmada bakır (II) nitrat trihidrat katısı ile hazırladığımız ana stok çözelti kullanılmıştır.
Deneyde kullanılacak Cu (II) için Cu(NO3)2 .3(H2O) (Bakır (II) nitrat trihidrat) kullanılarak
stok çözelti hazırlanmıştır.
Molekül Formülü: Cu(NO3)2 .3(H2O)
Molekül Ağırlığı: 241.6 g/mol
Şekil 2.1.1: Bakır (II) nitrat trihidrat katısı
Stok çözeltimiz 1000 ppm 250 ml olarak hesaplanmıştır. 0,6737 g Bakır (II) nitrat trihidrat
tartılmıştır. Beherde çözüldükten sonra 250 ml’lik balon jojede hazırlanan pH 4 suyu ile
tamamlanmıştır.
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Şekil 2.1.2: Stok çözelti hazırlama
20 ml’lik viallere 0,01 gram APN polimeri tartılarak üzerlerine hazırlanan stok çözeltiden 10
ml eklenmiştir. Sıcaklığa bağlı olarak APN polimerinin çalışması 4 0C, 25 0C, 45 0C ve 65 0C’de
zamana göre incelenmiştir.
Şekil 2.1.3: APN polimeri farklı sıcaklıkta UV- VIS absorpsiyonu
2.2. Deneysel Bulgular
Uygun koşullarda bekletilen numunelerden 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 dk’larda 312
nm’de ölçüm alınmıştır. Ölçüm sonucu elde edilen değerler pH 4 kalibrasyon grafiğinden
yararlanılarak Zaman-Qe grafikleri çizilmiştir.
Şekil 2.2.1: pH 4 için kalibrasyon grafiği
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4 0C için yapılan çalışma;
Şekil 2.2.2: 4 0C için APN polimeri UV- VIS absorpsiyon
Absorbans(nm)
Polimer miktarı(g)
C0(ppm)
Cson(ppm)
Qe
0
0
0
0
0
0,162
0,01
1000
751
249
0,158
0,01
1000
731
269
0,156
0,01
1000
721
279
0,154
0,01
1000
711
289
0,15
0,01
1000
691
309
0,147
0,01
1000
676
324
0,142
0,01
1000
651
349
0,14
0,01
1000
641
359
0,139
0,01
1000
636
364
0,138
0,01
1000
631
369
Tablo 1: 4 0C’de 1000 ppm için 312 nm de 24 saatlik süre sonucu
Şekil 2.2.3: Adsorpsiyon kapasitesinin sıcaklık etkisi
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25 0C için yapılan çalışma;
Şekil 2.2.4: 25 0C için APN polimeri UV- VIS absorpsiyon
Absorbans(nm)
Polimer miktarı(g)
C0(ppm)
Cson(ppm)
Qe
0
0
0
0
0
0,157
0,01
1000
726
274
0,152
0,01
1000
701
299
0,148
0,01
1000
681
319
0,145
0,01
1000
666
334
0,137
0,01
1000
626
374
0,13
0,01
1000
591
409
0,127
0,01
1000
576
424
0,122
0,01
1000
551
449
0,12
0,01
1000
541
459
0,111
0,01
1000
496
504
Tablo 2: 25 0C’de 1000 ppm için 312 nm de 24 saatlik süre sonucu
Şekil 2.2.5: Adsorpsiyon kapasitesinin sıcaklık etkisi
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45 0C için yapılan çalışma;
Şekil 2.2.6: 45 0C için APN polimeri UV- VIS absorpsiyon
Absorbans(nm)
Polimer miktarı(g)
C0(ppm)
Cson(ppm)
Qe
0
0
0
0
0
0,176
0,01
1000
821
179
0,174
0,01
1000
811
189
0,172
0,01
1000
801
199
0,167
0,01
1000
776
224
0,165
0,01
1000
766
234
0,16
0,01
1000
741
259
0,157
0,01
1000
726
274
0,15
0,01
1000
691
309
0,148
0,01
1000
681
319
0,14
0,01
1000
641
359
Tablo 3: 45 0C’de 1000 ppm için 312 nm de 24 saatlik süre sonucu
Şekil 2.2.7: Adsorpsiyon kapasitesinin sıcaklık etkisi
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65 0C için yapılan çalışma;
Şekil 2.2.8: 65 0C için APN polimeri UV- VIS absorpsiyon
Absorbans(nm)
Polimer miktarı(g)
C0(ppm)
Cson(ppm)
Qe
0
0
0
0
0
0,182
0,01
1000
851
149
0,179
0,01
1000
836
164
0,177
0,01
1000
826
174
0,175
0,01
1000
816
184
0,173
0,01
1000
806
194
0,172
0,01
1000
801
199
0,168
0,01
1000
781
219
0,167
0,01
1000
776
224
0,165
0,01
1000
766
234
0,01
1000
751
249
0,162
Tablo 4: 65 C’de 1000 ppm için 312 nm de 24 saatlik süre sonucu
0
Şekil 2.2.9: Adsorpsiyon kapasitesinin sıcaklık etkisi
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3.SONUÇ
Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen sıcaklık zaman grafiklerinden APN polimerinin en iyi çalışma
koşulunun 25 0C’de olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Bu denklemde; Co: Başlangıç konsantrasyonunu (mg/L),
Cson: Çözeltinin son konsantrasyonunu (mg/L),
v: Çözeltinin hacmini (mL)
m: Kullanılan polimer miktarını (g) , temsil etmektedir.
40C=277K Qe
250C=298K Qe
450C=318K Qe
650C=338K Qe
0
0
0
0
249
274
179
149
269
299
189
164
279
319
199
174
289
334
224
184
309
374
234
194
324
409
259
199
349
424
274
219
359
449
309
224
364
459
319
234
369
504
359
249
Tablo 5: Farklı sıcaklıklarda 1000 ppm için 312 nm de 24 saatlik süre sonucu
Şekil 3.1: Adsorpsiyon kapasitesinin sıcaklık etkisi
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KAYNAKÇA
1.
Lan, D., Zhu, H., Zhang, J., Li, S., Chen, Q., Wang, C., , Wu, T., Xu, M. (2022).
Adsorptive Removal Of Organic Dyes Via Porous Materials For Wastewater Treatment
In Recent Decades: A Review On Species, Mechanisms And Perspectives. Chemosphere,
293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133464
2.
Khamis, F., Hegab, H.M., Banat, F., Arafat, H.A., Hasan, S.W. (2024). Comprehensive
Review On Ph And Temperature-Responsive Polymeric Adsorbents: Mechanisms,
Equilibrium, Kinetics, And Thermodynamics Of Adsorption Processes For Heavy Metals
And
Organic
Dyes.
Chemosphere,
349.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140801
3.
Cao, Z., Guo, J., Fan, X., Xu, J., Fan. Z., Du, B. (2011). Detection Of Heavy Metal Ions
In Aqueous Solution By P(MBTVBC-co-VIM)-coated QCM Sensor. Sensors
Actuators:B Chemical, 157:34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.03.023
4.
Kim, H., Jang, G., Yoon, Y. (2019). Specific Heavy Metal/Metalloid Sensors: Current
State
And
Perspectives.
Microbiology
Biotechnology,
104,
907-914.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10261-y
5.
Gutierrez, L.G., Gabas, A.G., Guntero, V.A., Ferretti, C.A. (2024). Development Of a
Polymeric Test Kit Based On The Release Of a Selective Chemosensor For The
Quantitative Analysis Of Cu(ıı) İn Aqueous Samples. Materials Science and
Engineering:B, 299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2023.116926
6.
Çınar Acar, B., & Acar, M. B. (2022). Kimyasal Yöntemlerle Atık Sulardan Ağır Metal
Giderimi. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1), 1-13. ISSN 2757-5543. http://scifac-j.gazi.edu.tr/
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AKCİĞER, MEME VE GASTROİNTESTİNAL KANSER HASTALARINDA HTERT
GENİ MNS16A VNTR VARYANTININ ARAŞTIRILMASI
Sevde HASANOĞLU SAYIN * (ORCID: 0000-0003-2378-1535)
Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
Email: sevde.hasanoglu@hotmail.com
Prof. Dr. Fatih KARATAŞ (ORCID: 0000-0003-4022-7923)
Karabuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Oncology, Karabuk,
Turkey
Email: fatihkaratas@karabuk.edu.tr
Fatıma Ceren TUNÇEL (ORCID: 0000-0001-6787-2565)
Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
Email: fatimaceren.tuncel@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Meral GÜNALDI (ORCID: 0000-0002-5496-9824)
Istanbul Aydin University VM Medical Park Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology,
Istanbul, Turkey
Email: meralgunaldi@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Sacide PEHLİVAN (ORCID: 0000-0003-1272-5845)
Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul,
Turkey
Email: sacide.pehlivan@istanbul.edu.tr
Özet
Akciğer kanseri (AK) dünya çapında kansere bağlı ölümlerin önde gelen nedenidir. Akciğer
karsinomu olarak da bilinen ve epitelyal hücrelerden köken alarak akciğer dokularında
kontrolsüz hücre büyümesi ile karakterize edilen kötü huylu bir akciğer tümörüdür. Meme
kanseri (MK) kadınlar arasında hem en sık görülen hem de kanserden ölümlerin en yaygın
nedeni olup insidansı ve mortalitesi yaşla orantılı olarak artmaktadır. Bu vakaların yaklaşık %5
ile %10' unun kalıtsal olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Gastrointestinal sistem (GİS) kanserleri
küresel kanser vakalarının dörtte birinden fazlasını temsil etmekte olup kolon, rektum, mide,
pankreas, yemek borusu, anüs, safra kesesi, karaciğer ve safra kanalı tümörlerini içermektedir.
Telomeraz reaktivasyonu ve insan telomeraz ters transkriptaz (hTERT) gen ekspresyonu kanser
hücrelerinin sınırsız çoğalma potansiyelinin ayırt edici özelliğidir. Bu gen hTERT geni 5p15.33
bölgesinde bulunur ve hücre bölünmesiyle kısalan kromozom uçlarını uzatan bir
ribonükleoprotein enzimini kodlar. hTERT geninin kodlama bölgelerinde meydana gelen
mutasyonların telomeraz aktivitesi ve telomer uzunluğu üzerinde önemli etkileri bildirilmiştir.
Bu çalışmada hTERT geninin MNS16A değişken sayı tandem tekrarı (VNTR) varyantının Türk
popülasyonundaki solid tümörlerde (AK, MK ve GİS) bir ilişkilisinin olup olmadığının
belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 95 AK, 36 MK, 48 GİS kanseri tanısı almış hasta ile
85 sağlıklı kontrol olmak üzere toplam 264 gönüllü birey dahil edilmiştir. hTERT-MNS16AVNTR analizi PCR yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiş ve agaroz jel elektroforezde analiz edilmiştir.
AK, MK ve GİS tanısı almış kanser hastaları ile sağlıklı kontroller genotip ve allel frekansları
açısından karşılaştırıldığında hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR varyantının genotip ve allel frekansında
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istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmamıştır. Çalışmamız üç farklı kanser türünde
hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR ilişkisinin incelendiği literatürdeki ilk çalışma olup bu varyantın
Türk popülasyonunda AK, MK ve GİS ile ilişkili olmayabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak,
daha büyük çalışma grupları ve farklı etnik kökenli hasta gruplarında yapılacak çalışmalar
kanser ile hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR ilişkisinin daha ayrıntılı olarak aydınlatılmasını
sağlayacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Akciğer, Meme, GİS, hTERT geni, VNTR, PCR.
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INVESTIGATION OF THE HTERT GENE MNS16A VNTR VARIANT IN LUNG,
BREAST AND GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER PATIENTS
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is a malignant
lung tumor, also known as lung carcinoma, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in lung
tissues originating from epithelial cells. Breast cancer (BC) is both the most common and the
most common cause of cancer deaths among women, and its incidence and mortality increase
with age. Approximately 5% to 10% of these cases are considered to be hereditary.
Gastrointestinal system (GIS) cancers represent more than a quarter of global cancer cases and
include tumors of the colon, rectum, stomach, pancreas, esophagus, anus, gall bladder, liver
and bile duct. Telomerase reactivation and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)
gene expression are hallmarks of the unlimited proliferative potential of cancer cells. The
hTERT gene is located in the 5p15.33 region and encodes a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that
elongates chromosome ends that shorten during cell division. Mutations occurring in the coding
regions of the hTERT gene have significant effects on telomerase activity and telomere length.
This study aimed to determine whether the MNS16A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)
variant of the hTERT gene is associated with solid tumors (LC, BC and GIS cancers) in the
Turkish population. A total of 264 volunteers, including 95 patients with LC, 36 BC, 48 patients
diagnosed with GIS cancer, and 85 healthy controls, were included in the study. hTERTMNS16A-VNTR analysis was performed by PCR method and analyzed in agarose gel
electrophoresis. When cancer patients diagnosed with LC, BC and GIS and healthy controls
were compared in terms of genotype and allele frequencies, no statistically significant
difference was detected in the genotype and allele frequency of the hTERT -MNS16A-VNTR
variant. Our study is the first study in the literature to examine the hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR
relationship in three different cancer types and shows that this variant may not be associated
with LC, BC and GIS in the Turkish population. However, studies to be conducted in larger
study groups and patient groups of different ethnicities will provide a more detailed elucidation
of the relationship between cancer and hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR.
Keywords: Lung, Breast, GIS, hTERT gene, VNTR, PCR.
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Giriş
Akciğer kanseri (AK) dünya çapında kansere bağlı ölümlerin önde gelen nedenidir. AK için en
önemli risk faktörü, akciğer kanserine bağlı ölümlerin %75-80'inden sorumlu olan sigaradır
(Cersosimo R. J.,2002). Akciğer karsinomu olarak da bilinen ve epitelyal hücrelerden köken
alarak akciğer dokularında kontrolsüz hücre büyümesi ile karakterize edilen kötü huylu bir
akciğer tümörüdür. Küçük hücreli akciğer kanseri ve küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanseri olmak
üzere iki geniş kategoriye ayrılır. Küçük hücreli akciğer kanseri, nöroendokrin özellikler
sergileyen hücrelerden türetilen oldukça kötü huylu bir tümördür ve akciğer kanseri vakalarının
%15' ini oluşturur. Vakaların geri kalan %85' ini oluşturan küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanseri,
adenokarsinom, skuamöz hücreli karsinom ve büyük hücreli karsinom olmak üzere 3 ana
patolojik alt tipe ayrılır. Adenokarsinom tek başına tüm akciğer kanseri vakalarının %38,5'ini
oluşturmaktadır (Dela Cruz et al., 2011). Çevresel faktörler ve somatik olaylar, sporadik akciğer
kanserinin gelişimine katkıda bulunan başlıca faktörlerdir. Ayrıca aile öyküsü ve genetik
faktörlerde akciğer kanserinin gelişiminde rol oynamaktadır (Kanwal et al., 2017).
Meme kanseri (MK), kadınlarda en sık görülen kanserdir ve küresel olarak kadınlar arasında
kansere bağlı ölümlerin önde gelen nedenidir (Fisusi et al., 2019). MK genetik ve çevresel
faktörlerin rol oynadığı heterojen bir hastalıktır (Barzaman et al., 2020). MK vakalarının
çoğunluğu adenokarsinomlardır; adenokarsinom vakalarının %85'i göğüs kanallarından ve
%15'i lobüler epitelden kaynaklanmaktadır (Katsura et al., 2022). MK vakalarının yaklaşık %510'u kalıtsal olarak kabul edilmekte ve bilinen meme kanseri genleri bunların %3-4'ünü
oluşturmaktadır. Bilinen meme kanseri genlerinin yanı sıra, genom çapında ilişkilendirme
çalışmaları (GWAS'ler) ile meme kanseri riskiyle ilişkili 170'den fazla genetik varyant
tanımlamıştır (Huss et al., 2018).
Gastrointestinal sistem (GİS) kanserleri tüm kanser teşhislerinin yaklaşık %20'sini oluşturur ve
dünya çapında kanser ölümlerinin %22,5'inden sorumludur (Kuntz et al., 2021). GİS kanserleri
kolon, rektum, mide, pankreas, yemek borusu, anüs, safra kesesi, karaciğer ve safra kanalı
tümörlerini içermektedir. GİS kanserlerinin farklı türlerinin altında yatan nedenler farklılık
göstermekle birlikte temel risk faktörlerinden bazıları arasında sigara içmek, aşırı alkol
tüketimi, artan yaş, viral ve bakteriyel enfeksiyonlar, kronik pankreatit ve obezite yer
almaktadır (Link et al., 2013). Bu kanserlerin çoğu sporadiktir. Ancak bazı hastalar ailede GİS
kanser öyküsü olması nedeniyle yüksek risk altındadır (Malkani et al., 2023).
Telomeraz reaktivasyonu ve insan telomeraz ters transkriptaz (hTERT) gen ekspresyonu kanser
hücrelerinin sınırsız çoğalma potansiyelinin ayırt edici özelliğidir (Hofer et al., 2011). hTERT
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geni 5p15.33 bölgesinde bulunur ve hücre bölünmesiyle kısalan kromozom uçlarını uzatan bir
ribonükleoprotein enzimini kodlar. hTERT geninin kodlama bölgelerinde meydana gelen
mutasyonların telomeraz aktivitesi ve telomer uzunluğu üzerinde önemli etkileri vardır (Anwar
et al., 2021). MNS16A gen varyantı, hTERT genindeki ekson 16'nın aşağısında bulunur ve bir
transkripsiyon faktörü bağlama bölgesini barındıran CAT trinükleotidi ile ayrılan 23 bp'lik
çekirdek tandem tekrarlarını oluşturur. VNTR alellerine göre MNS16A varyantları, farklı
kanser türlerine sahip bireylerde incelenmiştir (Huda et al., 2021).
Bu çalışmada hTERT geninin MNS16A değişken sayı tandem tekrarı (VNTR) varyantının Türk
popülasyonundaki solid tümörlerde (AK, MK ve GİS Kanseri) bir ilişkisinin olup olmadığının
belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve Metod
Çalışmaya 95 AK, 36 MK, 48 GİS Kanseri tanısı almış hasta ile 85 sağlıklı kontrol olmak üzere
toplam 264 gönüllü birey dahil edilmiştir. Bireylerden alınan periferik kandan lökosit
izolasyonu gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen lökositlerden ticari kit ile üreticinin yönergeleri
doğrultusunda genomik DNA izolasyonu yapılmıştır. (ELK Biotech DNA izolasyon kiti).
hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR analizi PCR yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz edilecek olan
bölge için uygun primerler kullanılarak uygun PCR koşullarında DNA örnekleri çoğaltılmıştır.
Ardından örnekler jel elektroforezinde yürütülerek, UV ışık altında genotiplemeleri yapılmıştır.
L alleli 302 bp ve 332 bp, S alleli ise 243 bp ve 272 bp uzunluklarında bantlar göstermiştir
(Anwar et al., 2021).
İstatistiksel analizler SPSS (versiyon 29.0) istatistiksel analiz yazılımı kullanılarak yapılmıştır.
İncelenen varyantın genotip dağılımları, Hardy-Weinberg dengesi (HWE) açısından ve ki-kare
testleri ile analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular
AK, MK ve GİS kanseri tanısı almış hastalar ile sağlıklı kontroller genotip ve allel frekansları
açısından karşılaştırıldığında hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR varyantının genotip ve allel frekansında
istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmamıştır. Bu varyant için hem hasta hem de
sağlıklı kontrol grubunda HWE’den (Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium) sapma bulunmamaktadır.
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Tablo 1. Akciğer kanseri hastaları ile sağlıklı kontroller arasındaki hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR
varyantının genotip ve allel frekanslarının karşılaştırılması
Genotip
hTERT VNTR
Akciğer CA
Kontrol
n:95 (%)
n:85 (%)
LL
43 (%45,3)
LS
43 (%45,3)
41 (%48,2)
SS
9 (%9,4)
8 (%9,4)
P
36 (%42,4)
0,9177
Allel
L
S
HWEp
129 (%67,9)
113 (%66,5)
61 (%32,1)
0.709276
57 (%33,5)
0,7738
0.448929
Tablo 2. Meme kanseri hastaları ile sağlıklı kontroller arasındaki hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR
varyantının genotip ve allel frekanslarının karşılaştırılması
Genotip
Meme CA
Kontrol
n:36 (%)
n:85 (%)
LL
10 (%27,8)
36 (%42,4)
LS
23 (%63,9)
41 (%48,2)
SS
3 (%8,3)
8 (%9,4)
L
43 (%59,7)
113 (%66,5)
S
29 (%40,3)
57 (%33,5)
0.049077
0.448929
hTERT VNTR
P
0,2702
Allel
HWEp
0,316
Tablo 3. GİS kanseri hastaları ile sağlıklı kontroller arasındaki hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR
varyantının genotip ve allel frekanslarının karşılaştırılması
Genotip
GİS
Kontrol
n:48 (%)
n:85 (%)
LL
19 (%39,6)
36 (%42,4)
LS
20 (%41,7)
41 (%48,2)
SS
9 (%18,7)
8 (%9,4)
L
58 (%60,4)
113 (%66,5)
S
38 (%39,6)
57 (%33,5)
0.371994
0.448929
hTERT VNTR
P
0,2955
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Şekil 1. hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR varyantının örnek genotip analizi agaroz jel görüntüleri.
1: Ladder; LS genotipi:2,7,8; SS genotipi:3; LL genotipi:4,5,6
Tartışma ve Sonuç
Çalışmamızda AK, MK ve GİS tanısı almış kanser hastalarında ve sağlıklı kontrol grubunda
hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR varyantı analizi gerçekleştirdi. Hastalar ve sağlıklı kontroller
genotip/allel frekansları açısından karşılaştırıldığında; hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR varyantının
genotip ve allel frekansında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı saptandı.
Akciğer kanserinde yapılan bir çalışmada 53 akciğer kanseri hastası ve 72 sağlıklı kontrolde
hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR varyantı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada LL genotipi SS+LS genotipi
ile karşılaştırıldığında yaş, cinsiyet, etnik köken ve sigara içme durumuna göre iki kattan fazla
akciğer kanseri riskiyle ilişkilendirilmiş fakat genel olarak akciğer kanseri hastaları sağlıklı
kontroller ile kıyaslandığında genotip frekansı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı
bulunmamıştır (Wang et al., 2003). Güneydoğu İran popülasyonunda 266 meme kanseri hastası
ve 225 sağlıklı kontrolün dahil edildiği bir çalışmada ise LS genotipinin, LL ile
karşılaştırıldığında meme kanseri riskini azalttığı gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca tümör evresi, tümör
derecesi, östrojen ve progesteron reseptörleri, tümör boyutu ve insan büyüme faktörü reseptörü
2 dahil olmak üzere klinikopatolojik parametreler arasında anlamlı bir ilişki gözlenmemiştir
(Hashemi et al., 2014). Hofer ve ark. Kafkas kökenli 1330 kolorektal kanser hastası ve 1822
sağlıklı kontrolü dahil ettikleri çalışmalarında SS alelini kolorektal kanser riski ile
ilişkilendirmişlerdir. hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR SS alelinin kolorektal kanser riskinin
değerlendirilmesi için potansiyel bir biyobelirteç olabileceğini belirtmişlerdir ( Hofer et al.,
2011). Çalışmamız üç farklı kanser türünde hTERT-MNS16A-VNTR ilişkisinin incelendiği
literatürdeki ilk çalışma olup bu varyantın Türk popülasyonunda AK, MK ve GİS kanseri ile
ilişkili olmayabileceğini göstermektedir. Ancak, daha büyük çalışma grupları ve farklı etnik
kökenli hasta gruplarında yapılacak çalışmalar kanser ile Htert-MNS16A-VNTR ilişkisinin
daha ayrıntılı olarak aydınlatılmasını sağlayacaktır.
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Kaynaklar
Anwar, I., Pandith, A. A., Wani, M. S., Mir, H., Godha, M., Koul, A., Shah, Z. A., Manzoor,
U., Amin, I., & Qasim, I. (2021). Analysis of MNS16A VNTR polymorphic sequence
variations of the TERT gene and associated risk for development of bladder cancer.
Current urology, 15(4), 225–230.
Barzaman, K., Karami, J., Zarei, Z., Hosseinzadeh, A., Kazemi, M. H., Moradi-Kalbolandi, S.,
Safari, E., & Farahmand, L. (2020). Breast cancer: Biology, biomarkers, and treatments.
International immunopharmacology, 84, 106535.
Cersosimo R. J. (2002). Lung cancer: a review. American journal of health-system pharmacy
: AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 59(7),
611–642.
Dela Cruz, C. S., Tanoue, L. T., & Matthay, R. A. (2011). Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology,
and prevention. Clinics in chest medicine, 32(4), 605–644.
Fisusi, F. A., & Akala, E. O. (2019). Drug Combinations in Breast Cancer Therapy.
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, 7(1), 3–23.
Hashemi, M., Amininia, S., Ebrahimi, M., Hashemi, S. M., Taheri, M., & Ghavami, S. (2014).
Association between hTERT polymorphisms and the risk of breast cancer in a sample of
Southeast Iranian population. BMC research notes, 7, 895.
Hofer, P., Baierl, A., Feik, E., Führlinger, G., Leeb, G., Mach, K., Holzmann, K., Micksche,
M., & Gsur, A. (2011). MNS16A tandem repeats minisatellite of human telomerase gene:
a risk factor for colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis, 32(6), 866–871.
Huda, N., Yasmin, T., & Nabi, A. H. M. N. (2021). MNS16A VNTR polymorphism of human
telomerase gene: Elucidation of a gender specific potential allele associated with type 2
diabetes in Bangladeshi population. Journal of diabetes and its complications, 35(10),
108018.
Huss, L., Butt, S. T., Almgren, P., Borgquist, S., Brandt, J., Försti, A., Melander, O., & Manjer,
J. (2018). SNPs related to vitamin D and breast cancer risk: a case-control study. Breast
cancer research : BCR, 20(1), 1.
Kanwal, M., Ding, X. J., & Cao, Y. (2017). Familial risk for lung cancer. Oncology letters,
13(2), 535–542.
Katsura, C., Ogunmwonyi, I., Kankam, H. K., & Saha, S. (2022). Breast cancer: presentation,
investigation and management. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England :
2005), 83(2), 1–7.
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Kuntz, S., Krieghoff-Henning, E., Kather, J. N., Jutzi, T., Höhn, J., Kiehl, L., Hekler, A.,
Alwers, E., von Kalle, C., Fröhling, S., Utikal, J. S., Brenner, H., Hoffmeister, M., &
Brinker, T. J. (2021). Gastrointestinal cancer classification and prognostication from
histology using deep learning: Systematic review. European journal of cancer (Oxford,
England : 1990), 155, 200–215.
Link, A., & Goel, A. (2013). MicroRNA in gastrointestinal cancer: a step closer to reality.
Advances in clinical chemistry, 62, 221–268.
Wang, L., Soria, J. C., Chang, Y. S., Lee, H. Y., Wei, Q., & Mao, L. (2003). Association of a
functional tandem repeats in the downstream of human telomerase gene and lung cancer.
Oncogene, 22(46), 7123–7129.
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PİROPTOZUN MOLEKÜLER MEKANİZMALARI VE HASTALIKLARLA
İLİŞKİSİ
Sevde HASANOĞLU SAYIN* (ORCID: 0000 0003-2378-1535)
Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
Email: sevde.hasanoglu@hotmail.com
Prof. Dr. Sacide PEHLİVAN (ORCID: 0000-0003-1272-5845)
Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul,
Turkey
Email: sacide.pehlivan@istanbul.edu.tr
Özet
Piroptoz; bağışıklık ve hastalıkla yakın ilişkisi nedeniyle yeni öğrenilen bir programlanmış
hücre ölümü çeşididir. İnflamasyondan kaynaklanan ateş anlamına gelen “pyro” ve
programlanmış diğer hücre ölümlerinde olduğu gibi dökülme/düşme anlamına gelen “ptosis”
kelimelerinden oluşmaktadır. Apoptoz ile benzer bazı karakteristik özellikler göstermesine
rağmen sahip olduğu bazı morfolojik özellikler ile diğer programlanmış hücre ölümlerinden
ayrılmaktadır. Piroptoz inflamatuar kaspazlara bağlıdır ve inflamatuar hastalıklardan
kaynaklanan hücre ölümlerinde görülür. İnflamatuar hastalıklar dışında piroptoz
kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, merkezi sinir sistemi hastalıkları ve kanserde de kullanılan bir
hücre ölüm çeşididir. Piroptoz yolaklarına bakıldığında hem doğal hem de adaptif bağışıklık
sistemleri ile kullanılmaktadır. Gasdermin ailesi üyelerinin farklı dokulardaki fonksiyonları
üzerine yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda Gasdermin D (GSDMD) piroptozun en önemli
yürütücüsü olarak tanımlanmıştır. Piroptoz mekanizmalarının aktivasyonunda en az iki yolak
bulunmaktadır. Piroptoz süreçlerinin yürütülmesinde hem kanonik hem de kanonik olmayan
yolaklar üzerinde inhibitör ve aktivatör etkisi bulunan bileşenler mevcuttur. Ayrıca piroptozun
kendi olumsuz geri bildirim düzenleme mekanizması, inflamasyon meydana gelmesini
zamanında önleyebilmektedir. Piroptozun aktivasyonunda gasdermin ailesinden GSDMD’ nin
parçalanmasıyla hücre membranında oluşan porlardan inflamatuar sitokinler salgılanmaktadır.
Hücre döngüsü kontrol yolaklarıyla da etkileşim içinde olan bu mekanizmanın bozukluklarında
hücre ölümü gerçekleşememekte ve inflamatuar hastalıklar ile kanser gibi progresif hastalıklar
tetiklenebilmektedir. Son literatürlerde, piroptozun kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, kanser,
nörolojik hastalıklar ve metabolik hastalıklar gibi inflamatuar durumlarda çok önemli bir rolü
olduğu gösterilmekte ve bu durum da hücre ölümünü hedeflemenin tedavi için potansiyel bir
müdahale olabileceği bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, piroptozun moleküler mekanizmaları ve
çeşitli hastalıklarla ilişkisinde son gelişmeler gözden geçirilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Piroptoz, Moleküler Mekanizması, İnsan Hastalıkları.
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MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF PYROPTOSIS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH
DISEASES
Abstract
Pyroptosis; It is a newly learned type of programmed cell death due to its close relationship
with immunity and disease. It consists of the words "pyro", which means fever caused by
inflammation, and "ptosis", which means shedding/falling, as in other programmed cell deaths.
Although it shows some similar characteristics with apoptosis, it differs from other programmed
cell deaths with some morphological features. Pyroptosis depends on inflammatory caspases
and is seen in cell death resulting from inflammatory diseases. Apart from inflammatory
diseases, pyroptosis is a type of cell death used in cardiovascular diseases, central nervous
system diseases and cancer. Considering the pyroptosis pathways, it is used by both innate and
adaptive immune systems. As a result of studies on the functions of Gasdermin family members
in different tissues, Gasdermin-D (GSDMD) was identified as the most important executor of
pyroptosis. There are at least two pathways in the activation of pyroptosis -mechanisms. There
are components that have inhibitory and activating effects on both canonical and non-canonical
pathways in the execution of pyroptosis processes. In addition, the own negative feedback
regulation mechanism of pyroptosis can prevent inflammation from occurring in time In the
activation of pyroptosis, inflammatory cytokines are secreted from the pores formed in the cell
membrane by the breakdown of GSDMD from the gasdermin family. In disorders of this
mechanism, which also interacts with cell cycle control pathways, cell death cannot occur and
progressive diseases such as inflammatory diseases and cancer may be triggered. Recent
literature has shown that pyroptosis has a very important role in inflammatory conditions such
as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurological diseases and metabolic diseases, suggesting
that targeting cell death may be a potential intervention for treatment. In this study, the
molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis and the latest developments in its relationship with various
diseases will be reviewed.
Keywords: Pyroptosis, Molecular Mechanism, Human Disease.
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Giriş
Piroptoz
Piroptoz; inflamasyondan kaynaklanan ateş anlamına gelen “pyro” ve dökülme/düşme
anlamına gelen “ptosis”’den oluşmaktadır. Piroptoz ve apoptoz arasında DNA hasarı ve
kromatin yoğunlaşması gibi bazı benzerlikler vardır (Yu et al.,2021). Piroptoz, apoptoz ile
benzer bazı karakteristik özellikler (DNA hasarı, nükleer yoğunlaşma ve kaspaz bağımsızlığı)
göstermesine rağmen sahip olduğu bazı morfolojik özellikler ile diğer programlanmış hücre
ölümlerinden ayrılmaktadır. Piroptotik hücrelerde, DNA parçalanması rastgele olurken
çekirdek sağlam kalmaktadır (Fang et al.,2020). İnflamatuar programlanmış hücre ölümünün
bir biçimi olarak piroptozun birincil özelliği, gasdermin protein ailesinin N-terminal alanlarına
bağlı olan membran gözenek oluşumudur. Bu alanlar sıklıkla aktive edilmiş kaspaz ailesi
tarafından bölünmekte, bu da hücre şişmesine, yırtılmaya ve IL-1β (interlökin-1β), IL-18
(interlökin-18) ve sitoplazmik içeriklerin dışarı akışına yol açmaktadır. Gasdermin ailesi
üyelerinin farklı dokulardaki fonksiyonları üzerine yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda Gasdermin D
(GSDMD) piroptozun en önemli yürütücüsü olarak tanımlanmıştır (You et al.,2022).
Piroptoz Mekanizmaları
Piroptoz yolakları hem doğal hem de adaptif bağışıklık sistemleri ile ilişkilidir. Piroptoz
mekanizmalarının tetikleyicisi olarak görülen iki yolak vardır. Bunlar; Kaspaz-1’e bağımlı
NLR (nükleotid oligomerizasyon alanı benzeri reseptör) aile üyelerinin katıldığı kanonik yolak
ve Kaspaz-11/4/5’in aracılık ettiği kanonik olmayan yolaktır (Şekil 1) (Zheng et a.,2021).
Şekil 1. Piroptozda kanonik ve kanonik olmayan yolak (Lin et al., 2020).
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Kanonik Yolak
Kaspaz-1'in aktivasyonu, klasik yolak olarak da bilinen kanonik yolağın özelliğidir. Kaspaz-1
aracılı piroptozun kanonik inflamatuar yolu, doğuştan gelen bağışıklık sisteminde kritik bir
mekanizmayı temsil eder (Xu et al., 2022). Kaspaz-1, patojenik mikroorganizmaların
enfeksiyonuna karşı bir savunma mekanizması olarak doğal bağışıklık sisteminin önemli bir
parçasıdır. Kanonik piroptotik ölüm yolağına aktif kaspaz-1’in GSDMD’i bölmesi ve IL-1β ile
IL-18 salınımının gerçekleşmesiyle oluşan inflamazom yapısı aracılık etmektedir. Kaspaz-1,
çoklu kanonik inflamatuar ligandlar tarafından başlatılır ve piroptozu tetikler. İnflammasomlar,
inflamatuar yanıtları düzenleyen ve konakçının antimikrobiyal savunmasını koordine eden
çoklu protein sinyal platformlarıdır. Ek olarak, inflamatuarların mikrobiyal olmayan
hastalıklarla da ilişkilendirildiği görülmüştür. Önemli kanıtlar, inflamatuar ve bununla ilişkili
sitokinlerin, tümör oluşumunda proliferasyon, istila ve metastaz gibi kritik roller oynadığını
göstermektedir. İnflamatuar düzenek, patojenle ilişkili moleküler modelleri (PAMP'ler) ve
tehlikeyle ilişkili moleküler modelleri (DAMP'ler) tanıyan sitoplazmik model tanıma
reseptörleri (PRR'ler) ile başlar (Pan et al., 2022).
Kanonik Olmayan Yolak
Gram-negatif bakterilerin çoğu kanonik olmayan inflamatuar yolu aktive eder. Klasik olmayan
sinyal yoluna insanlarda kaspaz-4 ve kaspaz-5 ve farelerde kaspaz-11 aracılığı ile gerçekleşir.
Bu kaspazlar doğrudan lipopolisakarite (LPS) bağlanarak aktive edilebilir. Aktive edilmiş
kaspaz-4/5/11, piroptozu teşvik etmek için GSDMD'yi ayırır. Bununla birlikte kaspaz-4/5/11,
pro-IL-18/pro-IL-1β'yı parçalayamaz ancak GSDMD'yi parçalayabilir, bu da K+ akışına ve
NLRP3/kaspaz-1 yolu aktivasyonuna neden olabilir ve sonuçta olgunlaşmasına ve IL-18 ve IL1β salınmasına yol açabilir (Liu et al., 2024). Ek olarak, kanonik olmayan inflamatuarın NLRP3
inflamatuarını da aktive edebilmesi, kanonik olmayan yolun kanonik yolla ilişkili olduğunu
düşündürmektedir (Huang et al., 2023).
Piroptoz ve Hastalıklarla İlişkisi
İnflamatuar hastalıklar dışında piroptoz; kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, merkezi sinir sistemi
hastalıkları, metabolik hastalıklar ve tümörler ile de ilişkilendirilmiştir (Yu et al.,2021).
Kardiyovasküler Hastalıklarda Piroptoz
Yapılan çalışmalar, kardiyovasküler hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasının hücre ölümüyle yakından
ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir; bu da hücre ölümünü hedeflemenin kardiyovasküler hastalıkların
tedavisi için etkili bir müdahale olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Piroptoz çoklu kardiyovasküler
hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasını teşvik eder. Enflamatuar aracılı piroptoz, ateroskleroz, miyokard
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enfarktüsü, hipertansiyon ve kalp hipertrofisi dahil olmak üzere birçok kardiyovasküler
hastalığın patogenez süreçlerinde rol oynar (Şekil 2) (Jin et al., 2023).
Şekil 2. Piroptoz ve kardiyovasküler hastalıklar (Jin et al., 2023).
1.) Piroptoz ve Ateroskleroz
Ateroskleroz, esas olarak endotel hasarını, lipid birikimini, makrofaj aktivasyonunu,
fagositozu, inflamatuar yanıtı, köpük hücre oluşumunu, oksidatif modifikasyonları ve düz kas
hücre göçünü içeren inflamatuar bir hastalıktır (Song et al., 2022). Aterosklerozun oluşması ve
gelişmesi ve plakların yırtılması, endotel hücreleri, düz kas hücreleri ve makrofajlar dahil
olmak üzere vasküler hücrelerin yaralanmasıyla ilişkilidir. Ateroskleroz gelişiminde birçok risk
faktörü rol oynamaktadır, ancak mekanizmalar tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Son araştırmalar,
endotelyal hücreler, makrofajlar ve düz kas hücreleri dahil olmak üzere aterosklerozla ilişkili
hücrelerde piroptozu tetikleyen çoklu risk faktörlerinin olduğunu göstermiştir. (Lin et al.,
2022). Çok sayıda çalışma piroptozun aterosklerozun gelişiminde ve ilerlemesinde rol
oynadığını ve aterosklerozdaki üç temel hücrenin (vasküler endotel hücreleri, makrofajlar ve
vasküler düz kas hücreleri) piroptozuyla yakından ilişkili olduğunu ortaya çıkarmıştır (Yu et
al., 2021).Endotel hücreler kardiyovasküler homeostazın korunması için gereklidir ve piroptoz,
endotel fonksiyon bozukluğuna ve bütünlük kaybına yol açarak ateroskleroz patogenezine
katkıda bulunur. Kolesterol kristali, oksitlenmiş düşük yoğunluklu lipoprotein (ox-LDL) gibi
aterosklerotikle ilişkili çok sayıda risk faktörünün endorel hücre piroptozuna neden olduğu
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bulunmuştur. Kolesterol kristalleri, aterosklerotik plak hassasiyetinin iyi bilinen önemli bir
patolojik belirtecidir; çalışmalar, kolesterol kristalinin, endotel hücrelerde inflamasyonun
aktivasyonunu ve ardından piroptozu indükleyerek aterosklerozu desteklediğini göstermiştir.
Ox-LDL, hem ateroskleroz hem de piroptozda yer alan bir risk faktörüdür ve ateroskleroz ile
piroptoz arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterir (Song et al., 2022).
2.) Piroptoz ve Miyokard Enfarktüsü
Miyokard enfarktüsü, miyokard dokusunun ani iskemik ölümü olarak tanımlanır. Klinik
bağlamda, miyokard enfarktüsü genellikle hassas bir plağın yırtılmasının neden olduğu koroner
damarın trombotik tıkanmasından kaynaklanır (Frangogiannis, 2015). Çalışmalar piroptozun
miyokard ölümüne katkıda bulunduğunu ve miyokard enfarktüsü patolojik sürecine dahil
olduğunu göstermiştir (Liu et al., 2021). İnterferon düzenleyici faktör (IRF) 2, GSDMD)
kaynaklı piroptoz için gerekli olan, IRF ailesine ait bir transkripsiyon faktörüdür. Miyokardiyal
hücre piroptozunun azaltılması, miyokard enfarktüsünün neden olduğu kalp hasarına ve kalp
fonksiyon bozukluğuna karşı koruma sağlar. GSDMD aracılı kardiyomiyositlerin ve kardiyak
fibroblast piroptozunun miyokard enfarktüsü patogenezinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır (Li et
al., 2022).
Kanserde Piroptoz
Piroptoz, IL-1 ve IL-18 gibi inflamatuar sitokinlerin salınımını indükler; bu da tümör
infiltrasyonunu arttırarak tümör oluşumu ve metastaz olasılığını teşvik ederek inflamatuar bir
ortamı indükleyebilir (Xia et al.,2019). Ortaya çıkan kanıtlar piroptoz ve kanser arasında
karmaşık bir ilişkiyi ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bir yandan inflamatuar hücre ölümü olarak piroptoz,
tümörün çoğalması için rahat bir ortam sağlarken öte yandan piroptozun aşırı aktivasyonu,
tümör hücrelerinin gelişimini engelleyebilir. Piroptoz hemen hemen tüm kanser türlerinde
meydana gelir ve kanserlere karşı, tümör oluşumunu güçlendirebilen veya kısıtlayabilen etki
gösterir (Wang et al., 2021).
1.) Piroptoz ve Kolorektal Kanser
Kolorektal kanser, dünyadaki ikinci en ölümcül kanser ve üçüncü en kötü huylu tümördür (Liu
et al., 2022). Kronik inflamasyonun kolorektal kanserin kritik patojenik faktörlerinden biri
olduğu, yani bunun inflamatuar ile ilişkili bir tümör olduğu bilinmektedir. Yüksek inflamatuar
belirteçlere sahip inflamatuar bağırsak hastalığı olan hastalarda kolorektal kanser riski önemli
ölçüde artmaktadır (Tang et al., 2020). GSDMC' nin down regülasyonu, kolorektal kanser
hücrelerinin proliferasyonunda ve kolorektal kanser hücrelerinde önemli azalmalara yol
açarken, GSDMC aşırı ekspresyonu hücre proliferasyonunu teşvik etmektedir. Tümör oluşumu,
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GSDMC' nin kolorektal kanserde umut verici bir terapötik hedef olabileceğini
düşündürmektedir (Yang et al., 2023). GSDMD ise, karsinoma hücrelerinde down regüle
edilirken, normal kolorektal epitelyal hücrelerde aşırı eksprese edilmiştir (You et al., 2021).
2.) Piroptoz ve Meme Kanseri
Meme kanseri dünya çapında kadınlarda kanser morbidite ve mortalitesinin önde gelen
nedenidir (Chen et al., 2023). Son çalışmalar, NLRP3 inflamatuar aracılı hücre ölümünün
meme kanserinde meydana geldiğini göstermiştir. Tümör baskılayıcı DRD2' nin meme
kanserinde piroptozu tetiklediği gösterilmiştir. Ayrıca Sisplatin gibi bazı yaygın kemoterapötik
ajanların da meme kanserinde piroptozu indüklediği bulunmuştur (You et al., 2022). Meme
kanserlerinde yüksek düzeyde GSDMB, tümörün ilerlemesi ile ilişkilidir ve GSDMB' nin aşırı
ekspresyonu, HER-2 (epidermal büyüme faktörü reseptörü 2) 'nin hedefe yönelik tedavisine
zayıf yanıtın göstergesidir. Bu, GSDMB' nin tümörler için yeni bir prognostik belirteç
olabileceği anlamına gelmektedir (Gámez-Chiachi et al., 2022). Ayrıca yapılan başka
çalışmalar ile yukarı regüle edilmiş GSDMC ekspresyonu, meme kanseri hastalarında genel
sağkalımın kötü olmasıyla ilişkilendirilmiştir (Yang et al., 2023).
3.) Piroptoz ve Akciğer Kanseri
Akciğer neoplazmaları dünya çapında kanser insidansı ve mortalitesinin önde gelen nedenidir
(Thandra et al., 2021). Piroptoz sürecine katılan birçok molekül, akciğer kanserinin oluşumu
ve gelişimi ile yakından ilişkilidir. Çalışmalar, küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanserinde GSDMD'
nin ekspresyon seviyesinin çevredeki akciğer dokularından önemli ölçüde daha yüksek
olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, GSDMD ekspresyonu tümör boyutu, metastaz evresi ve yüksek
agresif özelliklerle ilişkilidir. GSDMD' nin akciğer adenokarsinomunun bağımsız bir
prognostik belirteci olduğu düşünülmektedir (Liu et al., 2023). Ayrıca GSDMD' nin
susturulması, küçük hücreli dışı akciğer kanserinde EGFR/Akt sinyal yolunu zayıflatarak tümör
proliferasyonunu inhibe etmektedir (Gao et al., 2018).
4.) Piroptoz ve Mide Kanseri
Mide kanseri, dünya çapında en sık görülen malignitelerden biridir ve kansere bağlı ölümlerin
dördüncü önde gelen nedenidir. Mide kanseri hem çevresel hem de genetik faktörlerin oluşumu
ve gelişimi üzerinde etkili olabildiği çok faktörlü bir hastalıktır (Machlowska et al., 2020).
Piroptoz, enfeksiyonun ve endojen tehlike sinyallerinin antagonize edilmesinde önemli bir rol
oynar. H. pylori gibi patojenler veya kemoterapi ilaçları mide kanserli hastalarda piroptoza
neden olabilir (Shao et al., 2021). Yapılan bir çalışmada GSDMA’ nın mide kanserinde tümör
baskılayıcı bir gen olduğu, ancak GSDMB' nin bazı mide kanseri hücrelerinde aşırı eksprese
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edildiği ve bir onkogen görevi görebileceği gösterilmiştir. GSDMB, çoğu kanserli doku
örneğinde yüksek düzeyde eksprese edilmektedir, ancak normal mide örneklerinin çoğunda
eksprese edilmemiştir. Ayrıca GSDMC’ nin mide kanserinde down regüle edilmesi, bunun
tümör önleyici bir faktör olarak işlev görebileceğini göstermektedir (Saeki et al., 2009).
Nörodejeneratif Hastalıklarda Piroptoz
Nörodejeneratif hastalıklar, nöronların dejeneratif dejenerasyonu ve işlevlerinin kaybıyla
karakterize edilen bozukluklardır. Nörodejeneratif hastalıkların nöroinflamasyon ve nöron
ölümünün önemli faktörler olduğu karmaşık bir patofizyolojisi vardır (Liao et al., 2023).
Alzheimer hastalığı, Parkinson hastalığı, felç ve amyotrofik lateral skleroz gibi nörodejeneratif
hastalıklarda NLRP3 inflamatuarının neden olduğu nöroinflamasyonun kanıtlandığı
gösterilmiştir (Jin et al., 2023).
1.) Piroptoz ve Alzheimer Hastalığı
Alzheimer hastalığı ana patolojik özellikleri arasında β-amiloid (Aβ) birikimi, Tau proteini
hiperfosforilasyonu ve nöron kaybı yer almaktadır (Zhang et al., 2021). Yapılan çalışmalar,
Alzheimer
hastalığının
patogenezinde
inflamatuarların
önemli
bir
rol
oynadığını
desteklemektedir (Liu et al., 2024). Alzheimer hastalığında Aβ peptidinin birikmesi,
mikroglia'nın aktive edilmesinin aracılık ettiği bir serebral nöroinflamasyon spektrumunu
başlatır. Aktive edilmiş mikroglia, çevredeki beyin dokusunu etkileyen IL-1β, IL-6 ve tümör
nekroz faktörü-α (TNF-α) gibi proinflamatuar sitokinlerin ekspresyonunu ortaya çıkararak
potansiyel olarak zararlı bir rol oynayabilir (Wang et al., 2015). Yapılan bir çalışma ile hafif
unutkanlık ve Alzheimer hastalığı olan hastaların periferik kan mononükleer hücrelerinde
GSDMD aracılı inflamatuarların ve piroptozun aktive edildiği gösterilmiştir (Ju et al., 2023).
IL-18 mikroglia ve astrositlerde eksprese edilmiştir, mikrogliadan türetilmiş proinflamatuar
sitokinlerin Alzheimer hastalığında rol oynadığı ve IL-1β ve IL-18'in hastalığı ağırlaştırdığı
düşünülmektedir (Jin et al., 2023). Aβ, tau kaynaklı mikroglia piroptozu ve nöroinflamasyona
yol açan polarizasyon, Alzheimer hastalığının patogenezinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır
(Huang et al., 2022).
2.) Piroptoz ve Parkinson Hastalığı
Parkinson hastalığı, orta beyin dopamin nöronlarının ilerleyici kaybının, bazal ganglionlarda
dopaminerjik nöronların dejenerasyonuyla sonuçlanan karakteristik semptomlara yol açan
nörodejeneratif bir hastalıktır. Parkinson hastalığı gelişimine dopaminerjik nöronların kaybı ve
görünümü eşlik eder (Alexander G. E., 2004). Enflamasyonun aktivasyonunun Parkinson
hastalığında rol oynadığı gösterilmiştir (Pajares et al., 2020). Yapılan çalışmalar ile, IL-1β, IL-
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2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-a, ve NLRP3 dahil olmak üzere çeşitli piroptoz proteinlerinin Parkinson
hastalarında periferik inflamatuar biyobelirteçler olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca
piroptoz oluşumunun engellenmesi ile davranış bozukluklarının iyileştirebilir, nigrostriatal
dopaminerjik dejenerasyonu ve nöroinflamasyonun azaltabilir olduğu gösterilmiştir (Liang et
al., 2024).
3.) Piroptoz ve Amyotrofik Lateral Skleroz
Amyotrofik lateral skleroz (ALS), motor korteks, beyin sapı ve omurilikteki motor nöronların
dejenerasyonu ile karakterizedir. ALS bir motor nöron hastalığı olarak görülse de
nöroinflamasyon da önemli bir rol oynar. ALS hastalığı modellerindeki son kanıtlar,
inflamatuar hücre ölümünün aktivasyonunu ve ardından inflamatuar bir hücre ölümü türü olan
piroptozun başladığını göstermektedir (Van Schoor et al., 2022). ALS'nin geç evresinde
GSDMD, NLRP3, aktif kaspaz-1 ve IL-1β esas olarak reaktif astrositler ve mikroglialarda
eksprese edilir. NLRP3 inflamatuarının aktivasyonu, ALS hastalarında ventral boynuz
nöronlarının piroptozuna yol açabilir ve bu durum ALS'de motor nöron dejenerasyonu ve
hastalığın ilerlemesinde rol oynayabilir (Zhang et al., 2022).
Metabolik Hastalıklarda Piroptoz
Metabolik hastalıklara metabolik bozukluklar dahil olmak üzere metabolik problemler neden
olmaktadır. Metabolik hastalıklar arasında başlıca diyabet, obezite ve gut yer alır (Jin et al.,
2023).
1.)Piroptoz ve Diyabet
Diyabet, hiperglisemi ve insülin direnci ile karakterize metabolik bir hastalıktır. Piroptoz
vücudun homeostazisi için iki farklı etki göstermektedir. Bir yandan çok hücreli organizmaların
bakteriyel enfeksiyonlardan korunmasına yardımcı olurken öte yandan aşırı piroptoz da kronik
inflamasyona yol açabilir. Aşırı piroptozun, plazma zarının hızlı yırtılmasına ve TNF-a, IL-1β
ve IL-6 gibi proinflamatuar sitokinlerin ve kemokinlerin aşırı salınmasına yol açtığı
gösterilmiştir (Xu et al., 2021). Hiperglisemi, diyabetik periodontal hastalığın patogenezinde
önemli bir rol oynayan makrofaj GSDMD aktivasyonunu ve piroptozunu indükleyebilir ve
NLRC4 fosforilasyonu anahtar rol oynayabilir (Zhao et al., 2021). Piroptoz, diyabetin
patogenezinde önemli bir araştırma perspektifi haline gelmiştir, ancak diyabette piroptozun
mekanizması hala belirsizdir (Jin et al., 2023)
2.)Piroptoz ve Obezite
Obezite, genetik ve yaşam tarzı etkileşimlerinden kaynaklanan heterojen bir durumdur ve
önemli yansımaları olan çeşitli patolojik işlev bozukluklarıyla ilişkilidir (Zatterale et al., 2020).
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Obezite sıklıkla birçok dokudaki metabolik infiltrasyonla ilişkilidir ve obez bireylerden alınan
monositler sıklıkla yüksek inflamatuar kaspaz aktivitesi sergiler. Doymuş yağ asidi kaspaz-4/5
yoluyla monosit piroptozunu aktive edebilir, bu da inflamatuar mediatörlerin salınmasına ve
inflamatuar aktivasyona yol açar. Bu kaspazlar, obezite ile ilişkili inflamasyonu azaltmaya
yönelik potansiyel terapötik hedefler olabilir (Pillon et al., 2016). NLRP3 inflamatuarının,
obezite ile ilişkili kaspaz-1 aktivasyonu indükleyicilerinin algılanmasında önemli bir rol
oynadığı ve bu nedenle inflamasyonun büyüklüğünü ve bunun insülin sinyalleşmesi üzerindeki
aşağı yönlü etkilerini düzenlediği gösterilmiştir (Vandanmagsar et al., 2011).
Sonuç
Piroptoz, inflamatuar kaspaz ve gasdermin proteinleri tarafından tetiklenen yeni bir inflamatuar
programlı hücre ölümü türüdür. Son kanıtlar piroptozun hastalıkların ortaya çıkmasında önemli
bir rol oynadığını ve hastalık gelişimiyle yakından ilişkili olduğunu doğrulamıştır. Birçok
hastalığın patogenez süreçlerinde piroptozun bulunduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu durum da hücre
ölümünü hedeflemenin tedavi için potansiyel bir müdahale olabileceği bildirilmiştir.
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ARICILIĞA TÜRKİYE’DEN KÜRESEL BİR BAKIŞ
Assoc. Prof. Alamettin BAYAV (ORCID:0000-0002-8093-2988)
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Isparta-Türkiye
Email: alamettinbayav@hotmail.com
Research Asst. Bektaş KADAKOĞLU (ORCID:0000-0002-3810-1718)
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Isparta-Türkiye
Email: bektaskadakoglu@isparta.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Bahri KARLI (ORCID:0000-0001-9734-1781)
Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural
Economics, Isparta-Türkiye
Email: bahrikarli@isparta.edu.tr
Özet
Arıcılık bir taraftan insan beslenmesinde önemli bir yer tutan bal üretimini sağlayan, diğer
taraftan tarımsal üretimin sürdürülebilirliği açısından arıların polinasyon sürecine aktif rol
almasıyla biyoçeşitlilik ve verimliliğe önemli katkılar sunan bir faaliyettir. Bu çalışma arıcılığın
dünya ve Türkiye’deki durumunu yıllar itibariyle ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Bu amaç için
2008-2022 yıllarını kapsayan verilerle son 15 yıllık değişimler incelenmiştir. Veriler arıcılık
sektörü küresel üretim değerinin 9,2 milyar doları geçtiğini göstermektedir. 2020-2022
döneminde Çin, 1.800.089 ton olan dünya bal üretiminin %25,79’unu karşılayarak ilk sırada
yer alırken, Türkiye 106.239 tonluk üretimiyle ikinci sırada yer almıştır. Türkiye’yi İran,
Hindistan, Arjantin ve Rusya Federasyonu takip etmiştir. Koloni varlığı bakımından Hindistan,
Çin ve Türkiye ilk üç sırayı paylaşmaktadır. Türkiye 12,31 kg ile 18,02 kg olan dünya kovan
bal verimi ortalamasının altında bir verimliliğe sahiptir. Üretimde olduğu gibi ihracatta da Çin
lider konumdadır. Türkiye 11.051 ton ihracatıyla dünya ihracat sıralamasında 11. sırada yer
almıştır. Türkiye ihracatının %43,55’ini ABD’ye yaparken, ihracat yaptığı başlıca ülkeler
ABD, İspanya, Almanya ve Suudi Arabistan’dır. ABD dünyada en fazla ithalat yapan ülkedir.
ABD’yi Almanya, İngiltere, Japonya, Polonya ve Belçika takip etmektedir. Türkiye’de 81 ilde
bal üretimi yapılabilmekle birlikte Ordu, Adana, Muğla, Sivas ve Kocaeli illeri üretimin en
fazla yapıldığı illerdir. Farklı iklim ve coğrafi özelliklere sahip olması Türkiye’yi arıcılık
açısından avantajlı konuma getirse de arıcılıktaki düşük verimlilik çözülmesi gereken en önemli
sorun olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu konuda yapılacak Ar-Ge çalışmalarına öncelik verilerek
gerekli destek sağlanmalıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Arıcılık sektörü, Bal, Biyoçeşitlilik, Tarım Ekonomisi
1701
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
A GLOBAL VIEW OF BEEKEEPING FROM TURKEY
Abstract
Beekeeping is an activity that, on the one hand, provides honey production, which has an
important place in human nutrition, and on the other hand, it is an activity that makes significant
contributions to biodiversity and productivity with the active role of bees in the pollination
process in terms of the sustainability of agricultural production. This study aimed to reveal the
status of beekeeping in the world and Türkiye. For this purpose, the changes in the last 15 years
were analyzed with data from 2008-2022. The data showed that the global production value of
the beekeeping sector exceeds 9.2 billion dollars. In the 2020-2022 period, China ranked first
with 25.79% of the world's honey production of 1,800,089 tons, while Türkiye ranked second
with 106,239 tons. Türkiye was followed by Iran, India, Argentina, and the Russian Federation.
India, China, and Türkiye share the first three places regarding colony size. Türkiye has a
productivity of 12.31 kg, which is below the world hive yield average of 18.02 kg. China is the
leader in exports as in production. Türkiye ranked 11th in the world export ranking with 11,051
tons of exports. Türkiye exported 43.55% of its exports to the USA, while the main export
destinations were the USA, Spain, Germany, and Saudi Arabia. The USA was the country that
imports the most in the world. The USA was followed by Germany, the UK, Japan, Poland and
Belgium. Although honey is produced in 81 provinces Türkiye, Ordu, Adana, Muğla, Sivas and
Kocaeli are the provinces with the highest production. Although having different climatic and
geographical characteristics makes Türkiye advantageous in terms of beekeeping, low
productivity in beekeeping is considered the most important problem to be solved. R&D studies
on this issue should be prioritized and necessary support should be provided.
Keywords: Beekeeping Industry, Honey, Biodiversity, Agricultural Economics
1702
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Arılar, dünyada ekonomiler ve ekosistemler için vazgeçilmez unsurların başında gelmekte,
bitkilerin tozlaşmasından, bal ve balmumu üretimine kadar birçok konuda önemli görevleri
üslenmektedir. Arıcılığın tarımsal faaliyetler içinde ayrıcalıklı bir yere sahip olmasının en
önemli nedenlerinin başında bitkisel üretimin devamlılığı açısından tozlaşmada oynadığı rol,
yatırımın geri dönüş süresinin kısalığı, düşük sermaye ihtiyacı ve toprağa bağımlı olmaması
gelmektedir (Uzundumlu vd., 2011; Ceyhan vd., 2016). Bu özellikleri ile arıcılık uğraşı MÖ’ye
ait kanıtlarla insanlık tarihinde eski bir geçmişe sahiptir (Koday & Karadağ, 2020). Arıcılık
sadece bal, polen, balmumu, propolis ve arı sütü gibi ürünler aracılığıyla gelir artışına katkıda
bulunmamakta, aynı zamanda tarımsal ürünlerin verimini artırmakta, biyoçeşitliliği korumakta
ve ekosistem hizmetlerine ekonomik değer katmaktadır (Gratzer vd., 2021; Vrabcová & Hájek,
2020). Üretilen ürünlerin hammadde kaynağının doğanın kendisi olması ve arıların yetiştirilme
şekli dikkate alındığında arıcılık doğaya en fazla bağımlı ve ekstrem hava koşullarından en fazla
etkilenen
hayvancılık
faaliyetidir
(Ceyhan
vd.,
2016).
Arıcılık
küresel
olarak
değerlendirildiğinde milyonlarca insan için bir geçim kaynağıdır. Dünyada yaygın olarak
yapılan arıcılık, genel yapısı itibarıyla küçük aile işletmesi olarak göze çarpmakta ve ana
tarımsal faaliyetlerin yanında gelir getirici ikincil bir faaliyet olarak yapılmaktadır (Erdal &
Tipi, 2022). Ayrıca, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin kırsal nüfusu için iş, gelir ve beslenme kaynağı
olup ekonomiye önemli katkılar sunmaktadır (Uysal, 2022). Arıcılık Türkiye, İran ve Rusya
Federasyonu gibi ülkede kırsal geliri artırıcı bir faaliyet iken, Çin, Yeni Zelenda, Arjantin ve
Hindistan gibi ülkeler için de önemli bir gelir kaynağıdır. Arıcılık genel olarak
değerlendirildiğinde; gelir desteği, ekolojik katkılar, sürdürülebilir kalkınma, yoksulluğun
azaltılması ve koruma çabalarını kapsayan çok yönlü faydalarının olduğu önemli bir faaliyettir.
Türkiye sahip olduğu farklı iklim koşulları, florası, kovan sayısı ve genetik olarak çeşitli bal
arısı varlığı açısından önemli bir arıcılık potansiyeline sahiptir. Özellikle bal üretiminde hayati
öneme sahip ballı bitki türlerinin büyük bir çoğunluğunun Türkiye’de mevcut olması ve bu
bitkilerin farklı bölgelerde farklı zamanlarda çiçeklenmesi, Türkiye arıcılığının gelişimi için
büyük bir şans olarak değerlendirilmektedir (Sıralı, 2010).Bu çalışma küresel bal üretimi ve
ticaretinde söz sahibi ülkelerin mevcut durumundan hareketle Türkiye’nin bu sektördeki yerini
belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bal üretimi, bal verimi, koloni sayısı, ihracat
ve ithalat değerlerinin 2008-2022 yıllarındaki değişimi incelenmiştir.
1703
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Materyal ve Metot
Bu araştırmada bal üretim miktarı, koloni sayıları, ithalat ve ihracat değer ve miktarları materyal
olarak kullanılmıştır. Analizler için kullanılan veriler Birleşmiş Milletler Tarım ve Gıda Örgütü
(FAO) ve Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada bal
üretiminin dünya ve Türkiye açısından potansiyeli genel olarak ele alınmış, bu çerçevede son
15 yıllık verilerin (2008-2022) üçer yıllık ortalamaları alınarak; üretim miktarları, koloni
sayıları, verim, ihracat ve ithalat değerleri amaca uygun olarak düzenlenmiş, basit indeksler
oluşturulmuş ve elde edilen bulgular yorumlanmıştır.
Bulgular ve Tartışma
Dünya Bal Üretimindeki Gelişmeler
Binlerce yıl boyunca insanlar arıcılığın potansiyelini fark etmiş ve kullanmış, onu ilkel bir
uygulamadan gelişmiş bir endüstriye dönüştürmüştür. Balın son yıllarda talep artışı ile birlikte
yüksek fiyatlardan alıcı bulması, kolay depolanabilir olması ve diğer arı ürünlerinin (balmumu,
polen, arı sütü, propolis ve arı zehiri) farklı amaçlarla kullanılıyor olması arıcılık faaliyetinin
gelişmesinde rol oynayan en önemli faktörlerdir. 2020-2022 yılı ortalamasına göre dünya
ortalama bal üretimi 1.800.089 ton olarak gerçekleşmiştir (Çizelge 1). Bu üretimin yaklaşık
%48’i Asya kıtasında yapılmaktadır. Asya kıtasının iklimsel olarak uygunluğu ve dünyada en
fazla bal üreten Çin’in kıtada bulunması bu sonucu doğurmuştur. Asya kıtasını %22,6’lık payla
Avrupa ve %19,9’luk üretim payıyla Amerika takip etmiştir.Dünya bal üretimi son 15 yılda
%18,41 artmış, bu artışın %22,6’sı Çin’deki, %11,9’u İran’daki ve %8,8’i Türkiye’deki üretim
artışından kaynaklanmıştır. Ukrayna ve ABD hariç tutulduğunda dünyada en fazla bal üreten
ilk on ülkenin üretimlerinin belli oranda artırdığı Çizelge 1’den görülmektedir. Özellikle İran,
Türkiye ve Hindistan’daki üretim artış oranları dikkat çekicidir.Çin, Türkiye ve İran dünya bal
üretiminde ilk üç sırayı paylaşırken Çin’in toplam üretimden aldığı pay %25,79’dur. Türkiye
ortalama 106.239 tonluk üretimiyle %5,9’luk bir pay alarak dünyada en fazla bal üreten ikinci
ülke konumundadır. Dünyada en fazla bal üreten on ülke dünya bal üretiminin %61,17’sini
gerçekleştirmiştir (Çizelge 1).Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) verilerine göre Türkiye’de
2023 yılında 114.886 ton bal üretilmiştir. Bu üretim 81 ilde gerçekleştirilmekle beraber en fazla
üretim yapılan iller Ordu (%16,54), Adana (%10,69), Muğla (%7,03), Sivas (%5,56), Kocaeli
(%3,69), İzmir (%3,16), Mersin (%2,98) ve Aydın (%2,97)’dır (TÜİK, 2024).
1704
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 1. Ülkelere göre bal üretim miktarları (ton) ve değişimleri (%) (FAO, 2024)
2008-
2011-
2014-
2017-
2020-
Pay
Değişim
2010a
2013a
2016a
2019a
2022a
(%)
(%)b
401.000
443.100
496.676
477.825
464.233
25,79
15,77
Türkiye
81.494
92.700
105.794
110.574
106.239
5,90
30,36
İran
44.033
65.467
72.816
73.046
77.302
4,29
75,55
Hindistan
56.667
60.333
62.138
65.228
72.662
4,04
28,23
Arjantin
64.333
71.833
65.574
78.329
71.112
3,95
10,54
54.191
64.451
70.789
64.566
65.972
3,66
21,74
Meksika
57.146
57.764
59.288
59.102
60.188
3,34
5,32
Ukrayna
73.291
71.382
63.143
69.149
66.555
3,70
-9,19
Brezilya
38.313
37.030
38.672
43.255
56.379
3,13
47,15
ABD
73.583
66.550
75.100
69.544
60.429
3,36
-17,88
944.051
1.030.611
1.109.991
1.110.617
1101.072
61,17
16,63
576.220
615.837
705.021
715.253
699.016
38,83
21,31
1.520.271
1.646.448
1.815.011
1.825.871
1.800.089
100,00
18,41
Ülkeler
Çin
Rusya
Federasyonu
İlk 10 Ülke
Toplamı
Diğer Ülkeler
Dünya
a
Üç yılın ortalaması
b
2008-2010 dönemine göre 2020-2022 dönemindeki değişimi ifade etmektedir.
Koloni varlığı bakımından karşılaştırıldığında Hindistan en fazla arı kolonisine sahip ülkedir
(Çizelge 2). Etiyopya, Tanzanya ve İspanya dünya bal üretiminde ilk on ülke arasında yer
almamasına rağmen koloni varlığı bakımından ilk on ülke içinde olması dikkat çekicidir. Bu
durum söz konusu ülkelerin verimliliğinin düşük olduğunun göstergesidir. Son 15 yıllık veriler
ışığında koloni varlığında dünyada %27,11’lik artışın olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Rusya
Federasyonu’nda koloni sayısının azalmasına rağmen üretimin artması en önemli bulgulardan
biridir. Türkiye’de ise koloni sayısının artış oranı üretim artış oranından daha yüksek
gerçekleşmiştir. Son 15 yılda koloni sayısında 21 milyon adetten fazla bir artış söz konusudur.
Bu artışın %15,75’i Türkiye’deki artıştan kaynaklanmıştır.
1705
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 2. Ülkelere göre koloni varlığı (adet) ve değişimleri (%) (FAO, 2024)
Ülkeler
Hindistan
2011-
2014-
2017-
2020-
Pay
Değişim
2010a
2013a
2016a
2019a
2022a
(%)
(%)b
12,52
14,80
10.900.000 11.550.000 11.927.760 12.223.347 12.512.918
Çin
8.750.000
8.873.333
8.998.985
9.144.236
9.223.803
9,23
5,41
Türkiye
5.276.951
6.333.563
7.577.128
8.075.952
8.632.385
8,64
63,59
İran
4.388.013
5.809.818
7.133.802
7.019.446
7.386.822
7,39
68,34
Etiyopya
4.958.513
5.108.448
5.996.897
6.852.387
6.392.157
6,40
28,91
Tanzanya
2.783.333
2.823.333
2.927.194
2.991.793
3.057.281
3,06
9,84
Arjantin
2.970.000
2.980.000
2.957.352
2.940.479
2.973.088
2,98
0,10
İspanya
2.405.750
2.437.787
2.707.171
2.968.176
2.960.000
2,96
23,04
3.040.012
3.194.532
3.413.624
3.197.745
2.887.376
2,89
-5,02
2.510.667
2.556.667
2.725.000
2.774.667
2.690.000
2,69
7,14
47.983.238 51.667.481 56.364.913 58.188.227 58.715.831
58,77
22,37
Diğer Ülkeler
30.615.221 32.157.321 34.006.528 37.631.851 41.191.828
41,23
34,55
Dünya
78.598.460 83.824.802 90.371.441 95.820.078 99.907.659
100,00
27,11
Rusya
Federasyonu
ABD
İlk 10 Ülke
Toplamı
a
2008-
Üç yılın ortalaması
b
2008-2010 dönemine göre 2020-2022 dönemindeki değişimi ifade etmektedir.
Kovan başına bal verimi, çeşitli faktörlerden etkilenen kritik bir ölçüttür. Arı türleri, kovan yeri,
nektar kaynakları, kovanın genel sağlık durumu ve arıcılık teknikleri gibi faktörler kovan başına
bal veriminin belirlenmesinde önemli rol oynar (Akyol vd., 2014). Bal üretiminde önde gelen
ülkelerin kovan başına bal verimleri Çizelge 3’te sunulmuştur. Dünya ortalamasına göre kovan
başına yaklaşık 18 kg bal üretilmektedir. Çin verimlilikte başı çeken ülkedir. Bal üretiminde ilk
ona giren ülkeler arasında kovan başına bal veriminde Hindistan, İran ve Türkiye dünya
ortalamasının altında kalan ülkeler olmuştur. Türkiye’de zaten düşük olan kovan başı verim son
15 yılda %20’den fazla düşmüştür. Bu verim düşüklüğünün nedenlerini tespit etmek ve gerekli
önlemleri almak arıcılık sektörünün gelişmesi açısından en önemli konulardır.
1706
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 3. Ülkelere göre bal verimi (kg/kovan) ve değişimleri (%) (FAO, 2024)
2008-
2011-
2014-
2017-
2020-
Değişim
2010a
2013a
2016a
2019a
2022a
(%)b
Çin
45,83
49,94
55,19
52,25
50,33
9,82
Türkiye
15,44
14,64
13,96
13,69
12,31
-20,31
İran
10,03
11,27
10,21
10,41
10,46
4,28
Hindistan
5,20
5,22
5,21
5,34
5,81
11,70
Arjantin
21,66
24,11
22,17
26,64
23,92
10,42
17,83
20,18
20,74
20,19
22,85
28,17
Meksika
31,66
30,51
30,36
28,67
26,97
-14,81
Ukrayna
22,39
24,48
23,18
26,84
25,23
12,72
Brezilya
38,07
37,89
38,14
42,69
55,53
45,84
ABD
29,31
26,03
27,56
25,06
22,46
-23,35
21,49
21,89
22,01
21,77
21,10
-1,85
Diğer Ülkeler
16,62
16,76
17,65
15,97
14,65
-11,84
Dünya
19,34
19,64
20,08
19,06
18,02
-6,85
Ülkeler
Rusya
Federasyonu
İlk 10 Ülke
Toplamı
a
Üç yılın ortalaması
b
2008-2010 dönemine göre 2020-2022 dönemindeki değişimi ifade etmektedir.
Dünya Bal Ticaretindeki Gelişmeler
Dış ticarete konu olan bal miktarının üretime oranı diğer hayvansal ürünlerle karşılaştırıldığında
oldukça yüksektir. Son 15 yıllık veriler incelendiğinde yıldan yıla değişmekle beraber dünya
bal üretiminin %28-42’si uluslararası ticarete konu olmuştur (FAO, 2024).
Dünya bal ihracatında önde gelen ilk on ülke ve Türkiye’ye ait ihracat istatistikleri Çizelge 4’te
verilmiştir. Bal üretiminde olduğu gibi ihracatında da Çin lider ülkedir. Dünya bal ihracat
miktarı 2008-2010 döneminde 444.543 ton iken 2020-2022 döneminde %70,50 artarak 757.929
tona ulaşmıştır. İhracata konu olan bal miktarı bakımından Çin %19,10’luk pay alırken Çin’i
sırasıyla %9,30’luk payla Hindistan, %8,85’lik payla Arjantin takip etmiştir. İhracatta ilk on
ülkenin küresel ihracatın yaklaşık %70’ini gerçekleştirmiştir. Türkiye üretimdeki potansiyelini
ihracata yansıtamamıştır. Türkiye’nin dünya bal ihracatındaki payı %1,46 olurken arzu edilen
seviyede olmadığını belirtmek gerekir. Son 15 yıllık ihracat verilerine göre ihracat miktarını
mutlak olarak en fazla artıran ülkeler Çin, Ukrayna ve Hindistan’dır.
1707
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Türkiye 2020-2022 döneminde ortalama 11.051 ton balı yaklaşık 34 milyon dolara ihraç
etmiştir. Çok sayıda ülkeye ihracatımız söz konusu olmakla birlikte en fazla ihracat yaptığımız
ülkeler Almanya, ABD, İspanya ve Suudi Arabistan’dır.
Çizelge 4. Önemli bal ihracatçı ülkelerin ihracat istatistikleri (FAO, 2024)
2008-2010a
Ülkeler
Miktar
Değer (1000
Miktar
Değer (1000
(ton)
$)
(ton)
$)
Pay
Değişim
(%)
(%)b
Çin
85.945
151.783
144.786
263.921
19,10
68,46
Hindistan
17.183
40.327
70.510
149.774
9,30
310,36
Arjantin
61.505
171.676
67.043
203.349
8,85
9,00
Ukrayna
5.336
13.500
63.470
140.572
8,37
1.089,40
Brezilya
20.962
54.794
43.268
133.267
5,71
106,41
Vietnam
12.000
22.667
32.859
68.319
4,34
173,82
Almanya
23.382
113.728
28.688
143.709
3,79
22,69
İspanya
18.120
69.376
28.478
120.336
3,76
57,16
Meksika
27.714
83.257
25.046
85.984
3,30
-9,63
Belçika
13.928
38.984
24.935
80.020
3,29
79,03
286.075
760.091
529.083
1.389.252
69,81
84,95
854
4.197
11.051
34.321
1,46
1.194,06
157.614
568.831
217.795
1.121.145
28,74
38,18
444.543
1.333.120
757.929
2.544.718
100,00
70,50
İlk 10 Ülke
Türkiye
Diğer
Ülkeler
Dünya
a
2020-2022a
Üç yılın ortalaması
b
2008-2010 dönemine göre 2020-2022 dönemindeki değişimi ifade etmektedir.
Dünya bal ithalatında önde gelen ilk on ülke ve Türkiye’ye ait ithalat istatistikleri Çizelge 5’te
verilmiştir. ABD en fazla bal ithalatı ülke konumundadır. Almanya, Birleşik Krallık ve Japonya
ABD’yi takip eden ülkelerdir. Son 15 yıllık veriler ithalatını mutlak olarak en fazla artıran
ülkenin ABD (102.489 ton) olduğunu göstermiştir. ABD bal ithalatının yaklaşık %80’ini
Hindistan, Arjantin, Brezilya, Vietnam ve Meksika’dan yapmaktadır. Almanya ise ithalatının
yaklaşık yarısını Ukrayna, Arjantin, Meksika, Romanya ve Brezilya’dan karşılamaktadır.
Türkiye ABD pazarından %3,22, Almanya pazarından %1,12 pay alabilmiştir.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çizelge 5. Önemli bal ithalatçı ülkelerin ithalat istatistikleri (FAO, 2024)
2008-2010a
Ülkeler
2020-2022a
Miktar
Değer (1000
Miktar
Değer (1000
(ton)
$)
(ton)
$)
ABD
Pay
Değişim
(%)
(%)b
104.854
255.978
207.343
634.084
27,29
97,74
Almanya
88.015
264.430
80.696
295.588
10,62
-8,32
Birleşik Krallık
30.741
104.489
50.353
127.472
6,63
63,80
Japonya
39.517
90.927
47.919
170.373
6,31
21,26
Polonya
7.031
19.660
35.569
79.792
4,68
405,86
Belçika
19.006
46.373
33.260
85.914
4,38
75,00
Fransa
25.589
91.934
33.178
129.271
4,37
29,66
İspanya
16.422
38.247
33.107
80.365
4,36
101,61
İtalya
14.370
49.720
24.312
97.009
3,20
69,19
9.949
37.355
20.980
89.044
2,76
110,87
355.495
999.114
566.716
1.788.912
74,59
59,42
419
1.372
57
278
0,01
-86,43
105.959
345.039
192.991
786.871
25,40
82,14
Suudi
Arabistan
İlk 10 Ülke
Türkiye
Diğer Ülkeler
a
Üç yılın ortalaması
b
2008-2010 dönemine göre 2020-2022 dönemindeki değişimi ifade etmektedir.
Sonuç ve Öneriler
Arıcılık, insanlar için önemli bir gıda olan balın üretimi ve bitkisel üretimin sürekliliği açısından
hayati öneme sahip bir sektördür. Bu çalışmada, dünya ve Türkiye bal üretim ve ticaretindeki
son 15 yıldaki gelişmeler değerlendirilmiştir. Nitekim son 15 yıllık veriler değerlendirildiğinde
bal üretim ve ticaretinde önemli gelişmelerin olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu artış
beraberinde küresel anlamda bal ticaretinin de gelişimini sağlamıştır.Türkiye iklimi ve coğrafi
konumu nedeniyle önemli bir arıcılık potansiyeline sahip olmasına ve bal üretiminde dünya
sıralamasında önemli bir konumda olmasına rağmen, sektörde önemli sorunlarla karşı
karşıyadır. Özellikle bal üretimindeki düşük verimlilik en önemli sorundur. Verimliliğin
artırılmasına yönelik eğitim, bilinçlendirme ve Ar-Ge çalışmalarına hız verilmeli, modern
tekniklerin ve teknolojik yeniliklerin benimsenmesi teşvik edilmelidir.
Türkiye potansiyelinin aksine küresel bal ticaretinde arzu edilen seviyede değildir. Bal ihraç
ettiğimiz ülkelerin pazarından aldığımız pay çok düşük oranlarda kalmaktadır. Bunun en büyük
nedenlerinden biri dış pazarın istediği kalitede bal üretimimizin olmamasıdır. Bu nedenle
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kaliteli bal üretiminin artırılmasına yönelik inisiyatiflerin harekete geçirilmesi, beraberinde
coğrafi işaret ve kalite standartlarının devreye alınması, bal ihracatının değerini artırmada en
önemli konular olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Kaynaklar
Akyol, E., Ünalan, A., Yeninar, H., Özkök, D., & Öztürk, C. (2014). Comparison of colony
performances of anatolian, caucasian and carniolan honeybee (apis melliferal.) genotypes
in temperate climate conditions. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 13(3), 3409.
https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.3409
Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (FAO). (2024). Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım
Örgütü. Erişim Adresi (10.04.2024): http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data
Ceyhan, V., Cinemre, H. A., Yeninar, H., Demiryürek, K., Bozoğlu, M., Kılıç, O., Öztürk, A.,
İ., Emir, M., Canan, S., Yıldırım, Ç, & Başer, U. (2016). Türkiye Arıcılığının Mevcut
Durumu, Sorunları ve Geleceği (Editörler Ceyhan V. ve Emir, M.). Erol Ofset, Samsun.
Erdal, B., & Tipi, T. (2022). Time Series Forecasting of Honey Production in Turkey. Avrupa
Bilim Ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 35, 417-423. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1066665
Gratzer, K., Wakjira, K., Fiedler, S., & Brodschneider, R. (2021). Challenges and perspectives
for beekeeping in Ethiopia. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 41(46).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-021-00702-2
Koday, Z., & Karadağ, H. (2020). Türkiye’deki Arıcılık Faaliyetleri ve Bal Üretiminin Bölgesel
Dağılımı (2007-2018). Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1),
495-510.
Sıralı, R. (2010). Arıcılığın Türkiye İçin Önemi. Arıcılık Araştırma, 4(2), 3-4.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2024). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. Erişim Adresi
(10.04.2024): https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr.
Uysal, O. (2022). An evaluation of the efficiency of beekeeping enterprises in Turkey: The case
of Mersin City. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 69(3), 329-336.
https://doi.org/10.33988/auvfd.865840
Uzundumlu, A., Aksoy, A., & Işık, H. B. (2013). Arıcılık İşletmelerinde Mevcut Yapı ve Temel
Sorunlar; Bingöl İli Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 42(1), 49-55.
Vrabcová, P. and Hájek, M. (2020). The economic value of the ecosystem services of
beekeeping
in
the
Czech
Republic.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310179
1711
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12(23),
10179.
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE TIBBİ VE AROMATİK BİTKİLER
Doğan ARSLAN*(ORCID: 0000-0001-7156-5269)
Siirt Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Kezer Kampüsü, Siirt
Email:doganarslan@siirt.edu.tr
Aynur BİLMEZ ÖZÇINAR (ORCID:0000-0002-3173-6147)
Siirt Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Kezer Kampüsü, Siirt
ÖZET
Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler kavramı hem bitkileri, hem bitkilerde ki etken maddeleri ve hem de
bunların kullanım alanları bakımından çok büyük bir alanı kapsamaktadır. Tıbbi aromatik
bitkiler, beslenme, kozmetik, vücut bakımı, tütsü veya dini törenler, gıdalara güzel koku ve tat
vermek için kullanılmaktadır. Gıdaların depolama ve raf ömürlerini uzatma, gıdaların ve doğal
liflerin boyanması gibi daha pek çok alanda da kullanım sahası vardır. Bitkilerin tedavide
kullanımları insanlık tarihiyle birlikte başlamıştır. Binlerce yıl önce insan, bitkilerin tedavi edici
gücünü tanımış ve sağlıklı yasayabilmek için ondan yararlanmıştır. İnsanlık tarihi boyunca
birçok hastalığı tedavi amacıyla bitkiler kullanılarak tedavi edilmeye çalışılmış ve
çalışılmaktadır. WHO (Dünya sağlık örgütü) raporuna göre dünyada 70000 bitkinin 21000
kadarı ilaç sanayinde kullanılmakta, ülkemizde yetişen ve çoğunluğu doğal olarak bulunan
türlerin sadece 1000 kadarı tıbbi amaçla kullanılmaktadır.
Anahtar kelimeler: tıbbi bitkiler, aromatik bitkiler, baharat, geçmişten günümüze
1712
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS FROM PAST TO PRESENT
ABSTRACT
When medicinal and aromatic plants are mentioned, they cover a very large area in terms of
plants, active ingredients and consumption areas. While medicinal plants are used in areas such
as nutrition, cosmetics, body care, incense or religious ceremonies, aromatic plants are used to
give pleasant smell and taste. Aromatic plants also have wide usage areas in the food, cosmetics
and perfumery industries. The use of plants in treatment began with the history of humanity.
Thousands of years ago, people recognized the therapeutic power of plants and used them to
live a healthy life. Throughout human history, many diseases have been tried and are being
treated using plants. According to the WHO (World Health Organization) report, approximately
21,000 of the 70,000 plants in the world are used in the pharmaceutical industry, and only about
1,000 of the species that grow in our country, most of which occur naturally, are used for
medicinal purposes.
Keywords: medidicinal plants, aromatic plants, spice, from past to present
1713
VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
INTRODUCTION
All living and non-living entities on Earth maintain their existence as a product of an
extraordinary balance. Perhaps the most significant among these entities are undoubtedly
plants. So much so that plants have an indispensable place, especially for human and animal
life. This indispensability has continued without losing its importance since the first day humans
appeared on Earth. Throughout history, humans have benefited from plants in various ways,
such as for shelter, clothing, nutrition, and treatment.The beginning of the relationship between
plants and humans is considered to be the findings in a Neanderthal grave at Shanidar Cave in
Northern Iraq, during excavations between 1957 and 1961. Dating back 60,000 years and
believed to belong to a shaman, this grave contained types of plants like yarrow, canary grass,
purple hyacinth, rose mallow, passionflower, and ephedra. In a society that had begun burying
its dead, it is thought that these plants were placed in the grave with the idea that the deceased
might use them upon returning to life. This might indicate the beginning of differentiating
between edible and medicinal plants since these plant types are still important today, especially
as medicinal plants (Lewin, 2000; Heinrich et al., 2004).The bond between humans and plants
over the centuries has given rise to the field of ethnobotany, which is recognized and researched
worldwide today (Koçyiğit, 2005). The knowledge of ethnobotany, gained through trial and
error over a long period and transmitted from generation to generation, contributes significantly
to the scientific evaluation of plants.In France, Chauvet Cave contains Paleolithic period
archaeological findings and remnants from around 30,000 BCE, including fossil remnants of
some medicinal plants used today. The well-preserved "Ice Man Ötzi," discovered accidentally
in the Austrian Alps in the 1990s and dating back to 3,300 BCE, had plants with him that are
thought to have been used for protective and medicinal purposes (Megep, 2010).Among the
earliest written texts about the uses of plants are agricultural and medicinal recipes inscribed in
cuneiform on clay tablets by the Sumerians around 3,500-3,000 BCE. It is claimed that the roots
of traditional Chinese medicine originate from the legendary Chinese Emperor Shennong, who
lived around 3,000-2,700 BCE. His writings on medicinal plants and agriculture have been
handed down through the centuries. Around 1,700 BCE, Hammurabi, the king of Babylon,
immortalized health-related laws and information about medicinal and aromatic plants on a
monumental stone inscription. The Ebers Papyrus, believed to be written around 1,500 BCE
and containing information from at least 1,000-1,500 years earlier, is one of the oldest and most
important written sources on medicinal and aromatic plants (Bayramoğlu and Toksoy, 2008).
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
The term "Phytotherapy," meaning treatment with medicinal plants, was first used by French
physician Henri Leclerc (1870-1955) (Faydaoğlu and Sürücüoğlu, 2011).
Throughout human history, many diseases such as diabetes, jaundice, and respiratory issues
have been treated using plants. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
approximately 4 billion people (80% of the world's population) initially address health
problems using herbal drugs. Additionally, about 25% of prescription medications in developed
countries are made up of active ingredients derived from plants (Farnsworth et al., 1985).
CONCLUSION
Medicinal and aromatic plants have been an essential component of health since the existence
of humanity. They continue to be a vital source of compounds capable of treating many
diseases, even amidst modern medical advancements. Despite the development of medical
drugs and treatment methods, the treatment with medicinal plants still retains its importance.
Traditional treatment methods are preferred before medical treatment, especially during the fall
and winter seasons when flu, colds, and respiratory diseases caused by viruses are more
common. Additionally, people who want to strengthen their immune system or mitigate the
symptoms of diseases often prioritize herbal treatments over medical drugs. Extensive studies
have been conducted and continue to be necessary worldwide on the antimicrobial activities of
extracts obtained from various plant species belonging to many families against various
pathogens.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
REFERENCES
Gezgin, D. 2006. Bitki Mitosları. Sel Yayıncılık.
Koçyiğit, M. 2005. Yalova İlinde Etnobotanik Bir Araştırma, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul
Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
Lewin, R. 2000. Modern İnsanın Kökeni, TÜBİTAK Popüler Bilim Kitapları, Çeviri: N.
Özüaydın, 7. basım, TÜBİTAK, Ankara.
Heinrich, M., Barnes, J., Gibbons, S., Williamson, E.M. 2004. Fundementals of
Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.
Craker, L.E., Z. Gardner, S.C. Etter, 2003. Herbs in American Fields: A Horticultural
Perspective of Herb and Medical Plant Production in the United Sates, 1903–2003.
HortScience 38:977–983.
Khan, I.A., Smillie, T.J. Craker, L.E., 2005. Quality and Safety Issues Related to Botanicals.
Z.E. Gardner (eds.), Acta Hort. 720.
L’amar–Herbal Products, 2006. Skin Care (advertisement listing ingredients of skin care
products).
www.mall.coimbatore.com/bnh/lamar/skincare.htm.
Faydaoğlu, E., Sürücüoğlu, M.S., 2011. Geçmisten Günümüze Tıbbi Ve Aromatik Bitkilerin
Kullanılması Ve Ekonomik Önemi. Kastamonu Üni., Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 2011, 11
(1): 52 – 67.
Farnsworth, N. R., Akerev, O. Bingel, A.S. 1985. The Bullettion of WHO., 63: 9865-9871.
Gezgin, D. 2006. Bitki Mitosları. Sel Yayıncılık.
Megep, 2010. Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler. Anadolu Üniversitesi. Sf: 2-5.
Özbek, H., 2005. Cinsel ve Jinekolojik Sorunların Tedavisinde Bitkilerin Kullanımı. Van Tıp
Dergisi: 12 (2):170 174.
Limet, H. 1978. Pharmacopee et Pharmacie Sumeriennes- Rev. Hist. Pharm. 25 (238): 147.
Levey, M. 1973. Early Arabic Pharmocology 173, Leiden.
Saber, A.H. 1982. Chronological Notes On Medicinal Plants, Hamdard 25(1-4):57.
Levey, M. 1973. Early Arabic Pharmocology 173, Leiden.
Baytop, T.1990. Anadolu’da Bitkisel Drog Ticaretinin Tarihi. Tarım Orman ve Köyisleri
Bakanlığı Dergisi, Sayı: 53,ss 6.
Baytop, T. 1999. Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi, Geçmiste ve Bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, II.
Baskı ISBN: 975-420 021-1.İstanbul, 480s.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Baydar, H. 2009. Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Bilimi ve Teknolojisi. SDÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın
No: 51, ss.122-123.
Bayramoğlu, M.M., Toksoy., D. 2008. Aktarlar ve Tıbbi Bitki Ticareti Üzerine Bir Arastırma
(Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi Örneği) TMMOB Orman Mühendisleri Odası Dergisi. Yıl: 45
Sayı: 4-5-6.
Özhatay, N., Koyuncu, M., Atay, S., Byfield, A. 1997. Türkiye'nin Doğal Tıbbi Bitkilerinin
Ticareti Hakkında Bir Çalısma. Wwfuk/Stanley Smith Horticultural Trust. Doğal Hayatı
Koruma Derneği, Đstanbul, Türkiye I.S.B.N. 975 96081-9-7.
Craker, L.E., Z. Gardner, 2005. Sustaining the Harvest: Challenges in MAP Production and
Markets. Acta Horticulturae. 676 : 25–30.
Başer, K.H.C. (2008). Uçucu yağlar ve hayvanlar.
http://www.tarim.gen.tr/haber/koseyazilaridetay.asp?yazar=14&yazi=92, Erişim tarihi:
16/06/2008.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
SÜREKLİ GÜVENCE DENETİMİ VE BİLGİSAYAR DESTEKLİ MUHASEBE
DENETİM SÜREÇLERİ
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ayşe İrem KESKİN* (ORCID: 0000-0002-9435-9801)
Kadir Has University, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Department
of Banking and Insurance, İstanbul-Türkiye
Email:airem@khas.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Cevdet KIZIL (ORCID: 0000-0003-0196-2386)
İstanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Political Sciences, Department of Management,
İstanbul-Türkiye,
Email:cevdet.kizil@medeniyet.edu.tr
Özet
İşletmeler, küresel ekonomi ve bilgi teknolojilerindeki ilerlemeler sebebi ile muhasebe denetim
süreçlerini geliştirmişlerdir. Hatta, iç kontrol de bu durumdan etkilenmiştir. Günümüzde,
muhasebe ile teknolojinin entegrasyonu daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar yüksektir ve ivme devam
etmektedir. Covid-19 salgını ise bu süreci daha da hızlandırmıştır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikli
olarak sürekli güvence denetimi (Continuous Assurance Auditing - CAA) kavramı açıklanmış
ve bilgisayar destekli muhasebe denetim süreçleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Aynı zamanda, sürekli
güvence denetimi (Continuous Assurance Auditing - CAA) kavramının uygulanmasını
sağlayan ve süreci kolaylaştıran Bilgisayar Destekli Denetim Araç ve Teknikleri (ComputerAssisted Audit Tools - CAATs) incelenmiştir. Bahse konu olan teknikler, muhasebe hata ve
hilelerinin önlenmesinde önemli araçlardır. Ek olarak, riski azaltıcı ve işletme performansını
artırıcı etkiye sahiptirler. Araştırma, sürekli güvence denetimi (Continuous Assurance Auditing
- CAA) ve bilgisayar destekli muhasebe denetim süreçlerinin ayrıntılı ile derin bir yapı arz
ettiğini göstermektedir. Aynı zamanda denetimde sorgulama ve analiz araçları kapsamında
programlar (yazılımlar), programlama dilleri ve denetime yönelik araç setleri de çeşitliliğe
sahiptir. İşletmeler muhasebe denetiminde kullanılmak üzere büyük veri analiz tekniklerine ve
yapay zeka uygulamalarına yatırım yapmak zorundadırlar. Bunun yanında muhasebe, denetim
ve iç kontrolün geleneksel yapılarından sıyrılarak yeniden şekillenmeleri, işletmelerin genel
olarak entelektüel sermayeye, spesifik olarak ise insan sermayesine de yatırım yapmalarını
zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Gelecek çalışmalarda iç ve dış (bağımsız) denetimde robotik, makine
öğrenmesi veya derin öğrenme tekniklerinin denetime etkileri incelenebilir. Güncel programlar
(yazılımlar), programlama dilleri ve denetime yönelik araç setleri mercek altına alınabilir. Aynı
zamanda, işletmeler üzerinde uygulama ve örneklere odaklanılabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Muhasebe, Denetim, Teknoloji, Sürekli Güvence Denetimi, Bilgisayar
Destekli Muhasebe Denetim Süreçleri
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
CONTINOUS ASSURANCE AUDITING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED
ACCOUNTING AUDUTING PROCESSES
Abstract
Businesses have improved their accounting audit processes due to advances in the global
economy and information technologies (IT). In fact, internal controls were also affected by this
situation. Today, the integration of accounting and technology is higher than ever before and
the momentum continues. The Covid-19 epidemic has accelerated this process even further. In
this study, primarily the concept of Continuous Assurance Auditing (CAA) is explained and
computer-aided accounting auditing processes are emphasized. At the same time, ComputerAssisted Audit Tools and Techniques (CAATs), which enable the implementation of the CAA
and facilitate the process, were examined. The techniques in question are important tools in
preventing accounting errors and frauds. In addition, they have the effect of reducing risk and
increasing business performance. The research shows that CAA and computer-aided accounting
auditing processes have a detailed and deep structure. At the same time, programs (software),
programming languages and audit tool sets within the scope of auditing investigation and
analysis tools also have diversity. Businesses must invest in big data analysis techniques and
artificial intelligence (AI) applications to be used in accounting auditing. In addition, the
reshaping of accounting, auditing and internal controls by breaking away from their traditional
structures has made it necessary for businesses to invest in intellectual capital in general and
human capital specifically. In future studies, the effects of robotics, machine learning or deep
learning techniques on internal and external (independent) auditing can be examined. Current
programs (software), programming languages and control tool sets can be taken into
consideration. At the same time, the focus can be on applications and examples on businesses.
Keywords: Accounting, Auditing, Technology, Continuous Assurance Auditing, ComputerAssisted Accounting Auditing Processes
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Giriş
Küreselleşme ve bilgi teknolojilerinde (informaton technologies - IT) yaşanan gelişmeler,
klasik işletme kavramından dijital işletme kavramına geçişe yol açmıştır (Aksel ve diğ, 2013).
Hiç şüphesiz, muhasebe ve denetim de tecrübe edilen bu değişimden etkilenmiştir. Muhasebe
zaman içerisinde çok daha kapsayıcı bir karaktere sahip olmuş, paydaşlar nezdinde daha da
önemli bir konuma yükselmiştir.Muhasebe, denetim ve iç kontrolde teknoloji ile entegrasyon
hızlanmıştır. Covid-19 döneminin ise bu bağlamda katalizör görevi gördüğünü ifade etmek
yanlış olmayacaktır. Covid-19 salgını, aslında muhasebe, denetim ve iç kontrolde
gerçekleşmekte olan değişim ile yeniden şekillenmeleri daha erken bir tarihe çekmiştir.Bu
çalışmada Giriş bölümünden sonra Sürekli Güvence Denetimi (Continuous Assurance Auditing
- CAA) bölümü yer almıştır. Bu kısmı Bilgisayar Destekli Denetim Araç ve Teknikleri
(Computer-Assisted Audit Tools - CAATs) bölümü takip etmiştir. Araştırma, Sonuç ve
Öneriler bölümü ile noktalanmıştır.
Sürekli Güvence Denetimi (Continuous Assurance Auditing - CAA)
Sürekli güvence denetimi, kontrolle ilgili sistemlerin bilgi teknolojileri (information
technologies - IT) içerisinde kurulmasıdır. Bu sistemler genellikle iç denetçi olmak üzere,
denetçiye herhangi bir denetim limiti veya parametresinden sapma meydana gelirse denetimle
ilgili mesaj veya uyarı gönderirler. Günümüzde, iç denetimin riskleri minimize etme ve
fırsatlardan yararlanma hususlarındaki etkisi göz ardı edilemez (Deloitte, 2024). Teknoloji ise,
sürekli denetimin uygulanmasını çok daha kolay bir hale getirmiştir (Moeller, 2016).Çağımızda
işletmelerin, bilgi sistemleri veri tabanlarında depolanan her türlü operasyonel ve geçmişe
yönelik bilgiyi saklamaya ihtiyacı vardır. Eğer bu depolanmış veri büyük, karmaşık ve birbirleri
ile ilişkili veri tabanlarında saklanıyorsa bu kavram veri ambarı (data warehouse) olarak
tanımlanmaktadır. Veri ambarı, veri madenciliği ve çevrimiçi analitik işlem araçları gibi,
sürekli güvence denetimini uygulamak için gerekli bir unsurdur (Moeller, 2016).Bilgisayar
destekli muhasebe denetim süreçlerinin etkin olarak işleyebilmesi için yeterli bilgiye sahip
denetçiler istihdam edilmeli ve teknik altyapı oluşturulmalıdır (Gönen ve Rasgen, 2015).
İşletmelerin, bilgisayar teknolojileri altyapılarının kurulmasına ve denetçilerin bu teknolojileri
kullanmalarına yönelik eğitimlerine bütçelerinde pay ayırmaları önemli bir gerekliliktir. (Orhan
ve Serçemeli, 2015). Denetimde kullanılan bilgi teknolojilerinin denetçilerin iş tatmini ve
motivasyonlarını arttırdığı ve deneyimli denetçilerin riskli ile teknik konulara daha iyi
odaklanabildikleri belirlenmiştir (Ertaş ve Güven, 2008). Bu noktada, günümüzde hem bir alt
küme olarak insan sermayesine, hem de bu bağlamda insan sermayesini de kapsayan bir üst
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
küme olarak entelektüel sermayeye değinilmelidir. Hiç şüphesiz, insan sermayesi ve genel
anlamda entelektüel sermaye, işletmelerin gerçek değerlerinin farkına varıp bunları
yansıtabilmeleri için kritik bir faktördür (Arslan ve Kızıl, 2019).
Sürekli Güvence Denetiminin (Continuous Assurance Auditing - CAA) Özellikleri
•
Tekrarlanan yazılım denetim monitörleri (izleyici programlar) bilgi teknolojileri
uygulamalarına yerleştirilmiştir. Örneğin, eğer işletmenin iç denetim departmanı,
özellikle bir büyük defter (defteri kebir) hesabındaki belirli bir limitin üzerindeki
finansal işlemlerle ilgileniyorsa, bu durumu karşılayan her aktiviteyi izleyecek bir
yazılım değişikliğini sisteme yükleyebilir.
•
İşletmenin bir alanını gözden geçirmek için periyodik iç denetimler planlamak yerine,
sürekli güvence denetimi (Continuous Assurance Auditing - CAA) iç denetimin
dikkatini çekebilecek potansiyel ilgi alanlarını kaydeder. Daha sonra ise bunları takip
etmek, iç denetimin sorumluluğundadır (Moeller, 2016).
Şekil 1. Ödeme Sistemi Sürekli Denetim İzleme Örneği (Moeller, 2010)
Şekil 1’de ödeme sistemi sürekli denetim izleme örneği yer almaktadır. Sürekli izleme
uygulaması, tüm ödemeler işlem dosyasındaki faaliyetleri periyodik olarak izleyen, ayrı ve
paralel yazılım setlerinden oluşmaktadır. Faaliyet özetleri periyodik olarak raporlanır ve
herhangi bir olağandışı öge, bir sapma raporuyla e-posta şeklinde iletilir. Bu sistem birçok
işletmede bulunan şifre güvenlik izleme sistemlerine çok benzerdir. Sapma faaliyeti düzenli
aralıklarda rapor edilir, aynı zamanda herhangi bir kırmızı bayrak ihlali hemen dikkate alınacak
şekilde denetçiye bildirilmektedir (Moeller, 2010).Sürekli İzleme (Continous Monitor - CM)
ve Sürekli Güvence Denetimi (Continuous Assurance Auditing - CAA) kavramları benzerdir,
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ancak amaçlarında farklılar mevcuttur. Bir bilişim teknolojileri denetçisi, sürekli izleme
hakkında temel bir anlayışa ve sürekli güvence denetimi temel özellikleri hakkında bilgiye
sahip olmalıdır. Sürekli izleme bir risk ve kontrol izleme sistemi iken, en temel tasarımında
sürekli güvence denetimi diğer kritik uygulamaları izleyen bağımsız bir uygulamadır. CM
uygulaması bir ödeme işlem dosyasındaki etkinliği, ayrı ve periyodik incelemeler yoluyla tüm
ödeme faaliyetleri bazında izleyen paralel yazılım setidir. Faaliyet özetleri periyodik olarak
raporlanmaktadır ve fark edilen olağandışı öğeler, bir e-posta aracılığıyla bir istisna raporunda
vurgulanmaktadır (Moeller, 2010).
Bilgisayar Destekli Denetim Araç ve Teknikleri (Computer-Assisted Audit Tools CAATs)
Bilgisayar Destekli Denetim Araç ve Teknikleri, iç veya dış (bağımsız) denetçiler tarafından
kullanılmaktadır ve bir işletmeninin bilgi sistemi içerisinde bulunan, denetim için önemli olan
verinin işlenmesine yönelik denetim prosedürlerinin bir parçası olarak bilinmektedir.
Denetçiler tarafından en çok kullanılan teknik ve araçlar literatürde, elektronik çalışma
belgeleri, hile tespiti, bilgi toplama ve analiz için destekleyici görevi bulunan genel denetim
yazılımı, ağ güvenlik testi, sürekli izleme, denetim raporlaması, denetim geçmişi veri tabanları,
bilgisayar tabanlı eğitim, elektronik ticaret ve internet güvenliği olarak yer almaktadır (Mahzan
ve Lymer, 2014). Denetimin konusunu ise artık sadece finansal veriler oluşturmamaktadır.
Bahse konu olan değişim, denetim teknoloji ve metotlarında da değişime sebep olmuştur. Şekil
2’de bilgisayar destekli denetim teknikleri (teknolojileri), uygulama durumlarına göre
sınıflandırılmıştır (Jiang, 2019).
Şekil 2. Bilgisayar Destekli Denetim Tekniklerinin (Teknolojilerinin) Sınıflandırılması (Jiang,
2019)Bilgisayar destekli denetim teknikleri (teknolojileri) ile gerçekleştirilen bazı faaliyetler
ise aşağıda sıralanmıştır: (Handoko, Lindawati ve Mustapha, 2020)
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•
Denetim örneklemesinden bilgisayar parametrelerinin seçilmesinde, hesaplanmasında
ve örnek sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesinde yararlanılması
•
Simülasyon ve yazılımların değerlendirilmesinde bilgisayar kullanımı
•
Test edilecek verinin toplanması
•
Denetim çalışma kağıtlarının hazırlanması
•
Verinin hesaplanması ve karşılaştırılması
•
Hesaplamaların analizi
•
Bütçe ve zaman takibi
•
Standart denetim yazışmaları
•
Verilerin eksiksizliğinin, tutarlılığının, tahsisinin ve doğruluğunun kontrolü
•
Formüllerin kontrolü
•
Veri bütünlüğünün karşılaştırılması
•
Veri analizi için genel gözden geçirme, sıralama, birleştirme, bölme ve oranlama
•
Gerçekleştirilen çeşitli denetim prosedürleri arasındaki verilerin karşılaştırılması
Genelleştirilmiş denetim yazılımları (Generalized audit software - GAS) olarak bilinen ve
kolayca erişilebilen, denetçinin bilgi teknolojileri konusunda uzmanlığımı gerektirmeyen
bilgisayar denetim programları da sıkça kullanılmaktadır. Genelleştirilmiş denetim yazılımları,
bilgisayar depolama ortamında tutulan verilere erişim elde etmek ve bunları değiştirmek için
bir araç sunan tamamlanmış programlardır. Bu yazılımlar, matematiksel hesaplamalar,
tabakalandırma, istatistiksel analiz, sıra denetimi, çift kontrol, yeniden hesaplamalar vb. tüm
özelliklere sahiptir. Denetçiler, başvuru sistemleri tarafından üretilen ve tutulan kayıtların
kalitesi hakkında doğrudan onay alabilirler. Buna karşılık, kayıtların kalitesine ilişkin vardıkları
sonuçlar, bu kayıtları işleyen başvuru sisteminin kalitesi hakkında yargıda bulunmalarını da
sağlayacaktır. Genelleştirilmiş denetim yazılımları (GAS), denetimi gerçekleştiremez. Fakat,
müşterilerin gereksinimlerine göre bilgilerin seçilmesini ve işlenmesini kolaylaştırabilir. En sık
kullanılan iki GAS ise, ACL (Audit Command Language) ve IDEA'dır (Interactive Data
Extraction Analysis). ACL aslında bir programlama dili ve denetime yönelik araçlar setidir.
IDEA ise aslında denetime yönelik bir veri analiz yazılımı ve teknolojisidir. Denetimde
sorgulama ve analiz araçları örnekleri Tablo 1'de belirtilmiştir (Serpeninova, Makarenko,
Litvinova, 2020). Hile denetiminde kullanılan yazılımlar ve programlama dillerine de örnek
olarak ACL, IDEA ve Excel gösterilebilir. Yapılacak hile denetim testlerini ana başlıklara
ayıracak olursak ticari alacaklar, ticari borçlar, büyük defter, maaş ve ödemeler ile satın alma
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
emirleri yönetimi şeklinde sınıflandırmak mümkündür. Hiç şüphesiz, hile denetimi testlerinin
aslında daha kapsamlı olduğunu da bu noktada vurgulamak gereklidir (Coderre,
2009).Genelleştirilmiş denetim yazılımlarının yanı sıra denetçiler, verilere erişmek ve bu
verileri işlemek için bir programlama dili kullanabilirler. Özellikle birçok denetçi, sistem
güvenilirliğine ilişkin kanıt toplamak için C, C++, JAVA, SQL, Pyton, PHP gibi programlama
dillerini ve ACL ile IDEA’yı kullanmaktadır. Genel destek araçlarından bazıları ise şunlardır:
MS Office, Oracle, Webmetrics 3.0, MS Access ve MS Excel (Serpeninova, Makarenko,
Litvinova, 2020).
Tablo 1. Denetimde Sorgulama ve Analiz Araçları Örnekleri (Serpeninova,Y., Makarenko,
S., Litvinova, M., 2020)
Program / Programlama Dili / Denetime
Yönelik Araç Seti
MS Access
ACL
MS Excel
CA-Examine
CA-Easytrieve
C, C++, JAVA, SQL, Pyton, PHP
SAS, SPSS
Özellikler
Veri seçimi, analizi ve raporlaması sağlayan Microsoft’a ait bir
veri tabanı programı.
Çoğu formattan (Örnek: EBCDIC, TXT) dosyaları okuyan ve
veri seçimi, analizi ve raporlaması sağlayan programlama dili ile
denetime yönelik araçlar seti.
Analiz, hesaplama, grafik ve raporlama sağlayan Microsoft’a ait
elektronik tablo yazılımı.
Veri seçimi, analizi ve değerlendirmesi sağlayan interaktif bir
yazılım.
Veri seçimi, analizi ve değerlendirmesi sağlayan rapor oluşturma
yazılımı.
Veri seçimi, analizi ve değerlendirmesi sağlayan programlama
dilleri.
Veri seçimi, analizi ve değerlendirmesi sağlayan istatistik
programları.
Bilgisayar destekli denetim teknolojisi, ortaya çıkan bilgi sistemleri ve denetim risklerini
azaltmak için önemli bir araçtır. Audit Command Language (ACL) gibi programlama dilleri ve
denetime yönelik araç setlerinin kullanımı, işletmelerin performanslarını arttırmaktadır. İç
Denetçiler Enstitüsü'ne (Institute of Internal Auditors - IIA) göre, bilgisayar destekli denetim
yazılımları, birçok denetçinin denetim prosedürünü yürütmesi için bir araç haline gelmiştir
(Chou, 2018). İç denetimde bilgisayar destekli denetim araçlarının kullanmanın ise, satın
almadan ödemeye kadar olan işletme süreçlerinde yaşanabilecek hileli işlemlerin tespitinde çok
önemli bir rolü bulunmaktadır (Samagaio ve Diogo, 2020). Bilgisayar destekli muhasebe
denetim süreçlerinin, özellikle Covid-19 döneminde de ön plana çıktığını vurgulamak gerekir.
Hatta, Covid-19 döneminde iç kontrol süreçleri dahi yeniden şekillenmiştir (Kızıl, Kızıl ve
Dolaz, 2021).
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Sonuç ve Öneriler
Günümüzde muhasebe ve denetimin teknoloji ile entegrasyonu geçmiş yıllara göre çok daha
hızlı bir şekilde devam etmektedir. Sürekli güvence denetimi ve bilgisayar destekli muhasebe
denetim süreçleri ise, iç ve dış (bağımsız) denetim faaliyetleri sırasında işletmelerde olabilecek
hata ile hilelerin belirlenip önlenmesinde büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Sürekli güvence denetimi
ve bilgisayar destekli muhasebe denetim süreçleri, hataları ile hileleri sıfırlayamaz ve riskleri
tamamen bertaraf edemez. Fakat, bu hususlarda büyük avantajlar sunmaktadır.Bilgisayar
destekli muhasebe denetim süreçlerinin son yıllarda daha da işlerlik kazanarak uygulama
sahasının genişlemesi, teknolojinin hızla gelişimi ile küreselleşmenin bir sonucudur. Covid-19
dönemi ise bu süreci hızlandırmıştır. Muhasebe ve denetimin yanında, iç kontrol de her geçen
gün klasik kimliğinden uzaklaşarak yeniden şekillenmektedir. Muhasebe, denetim ve iç kontrol
alanlarında yeni trendler gözlemlenmektedir.Son olarak, günümüzde işletmeler denetimde
büyük veri analizine yönelik çalışmalara yatırım yapmak ve veri analistlerine istihdam
sağlamak zorundadırlar. Gelecek çalışmalarda, yapay zeka uygulamalarının gelişmesi sebebi
ile iç ve dış (bağımsız) denetimde robotik, makine öğrenmesi veya derin öğrenme tekniklerinin
denetim kalitesi ile güvencesine etkileri incelenebilir. Güncel programlar (yazılımlar),
programlama dilleri ve denetime yönelik araç setleri mercek altına alınabilir. Aynı zamanda,
işletmeler üzerinde uygulama ve örneklere odaklanılabilir.
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Kaynakça
Aksel, İ., Arslan, M. L., Kızıl, C., Okur, M. E., Şeker, Ş. E. (2013). Dijital İşletme, İstanbul,
Cinius Yayınları.
Arslan, M. L., Kızıl, C. (2019). Measuring Intellectual Capital of Turkish Banks Listed on
Borsa Istanbul Banking Index (BIST XBANK) with the Market Value / Book Value
Method and Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) Model. Emerging Markets
Journal, 9(1), 100-116.
Chou, LY. (2018). The Effect of Flipped Classroom on Self-efficacy and Satisfaction of
Computer Auditing. Barolli, L., Enokido, T. (Eds.), Innovative Mobile and Internet
Services in Ubiquitous Computing . IMIS 2017. Advances in Intelligent Systems and
Computing, 612, 841-845. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61542-4_86.
Coderre, D. G. (2009). Computer-aided fraud prevention and detection : a step-by-step guide,
Wiley.
Coşkun, F. E., Güven, P., (2008). Bilgi teknolojilerinin denetim sürecine etkileri. Muhasebe ve
Finansman Dergisi, 37, 50-58.
Deloitte (2024). Inter audit top topics: 2024 risks and opportunities. Deloitte. Retrieved from
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/il/Documents/risk/Global%20IA%20H
ot%20Topics%20POV%20Final.pdf
Gönen, S. Rasgen, M. (2015). Sürekli Denetim Sisteminin Bir Yazılım Programında
Uygulanabilirliğine İlişkin Örnek Olay Çalışması. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi
Dergisi, 7 (1). Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/uaifd/issue/21602/232017
Handoko, B. L., Lindawati, A. S. L., Mustapha, M.,(2020). Application of Computer Assisted
Audit Techniques in Public Accounting Firm. International Journal of Management, 11
(5), 222-229. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=5
Jiang, L. (2019). Research on the Application of Computer Aided Audit Technology. In:
Abawajy, J., Choo, KK., Islam, R., Xu, Z., Atiquzzaman, M. (eds) International
Conference on Applications and Techniques in Cyber Security and Intelligence ATCI
2018. ATCI 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 842. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98776-7_110
Kızıl C., Kızıl, F., Dolaz, B. (2021). Reconsidering the Role of Internal Controls in the COVID19 Era. The Institute for Internal Controls (IIC) e-Magazine, 2021, 2(2): 9-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.20331.67365
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Mahzan, N., Lymer, A. (2014). Examining the adoption of computer-assisted audit tools and
techniques: Cases of generalized audit software use by internal auditors, Managerial
Auditing Journal, 29(4), 327-349. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-05-2013-0877
Moeller, R. R. (2016). Brink’s modern internal auditing : A common body of knowledge (8th
ed.). Wiley.
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Orhan, M. Suphi, Serçemeli, M. (2015). İç denetim stratejisinde sürekli denetimin
uygulanabilirliğine ilişkin bir araştırma. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
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Sustainability. Sustainability, 14, 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020705
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classification and implementation by auditor. Public Policy and Accounting, 1(1), 44-49.
https://doi.org/10.26642/ppa-2020-1(1)-44-49
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KADINLARIN JİNEKOLOJİK KANSERLERE YÖNELİK FARKINDALIKLARI:
DENİZLİ İLİ ÖRNEĞİ
Melike KARABAŞ (ORCID:0000-0002-5865-3499)
Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ebelik Bölümü, Aydın,
Türkiye.
Email:melike.karabas@saglık.gov.tr
Ayden ÇOBAN (ORCID:0000-0002-2189-2488)
Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Aydın, Türkiye.
Email:ayden.coban@adu.edu.tr
Özet
Amaç: Araştırma kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalıklarını belirlemek
amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma analitik-kesitsel olarak, Aralık 2020-Aralık
2021 tarihleri arasında, Denizli il merkezine bağlı 65 adet Aile Sağlığı Merkezine kayıtlı olan
20-65 yaşları arasındaki 650 kadınla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın verileri Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu
ve Jinekolojik Kanserler Farkındalık Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma verileri
Statistical Package For Social Science (SPSS) 25.0 paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir.
Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, değişkenlerin karşılaştırılmasında
Pearson ki-kare, Mann Whitney U, One Way ANOVA ve Kruskal Wallis testleri ile post-hoc
analizinde Bonferroni testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Kadınların yaş ortalaması 41,06±12,15,
%37,80’i ilkokul mezunu, %57,70’i bir işte çalışmaktadır. Jinekolojik Kanserler Farkındalık
Ölçeği toplam puan ortalaması 158,34±16,84, “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Erken Tanı ve Bilgi
Farkındalığı” alt ölçek puan ortalaması 17,30±2,09, “Jinekolojik Kanser Riskleri Farkındalığı”
alt ölçek puan ortalaması 29,97±4,93, “Jinekolojik Kanserlerden Korunma Farkındalığı” alt
ölçek puan ortalaması 23,80±3,32, “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Rutin Kontrol ve Ciddi Hastalık
Algısı Farkındalığı” alt ölçek puan ortalaması 87,28±12,10 olarak bulunmuştur. Kadınların
jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalıklarını yaş, eğitim, çalışma durumu, sosyal güvence,
gebelik sayısı, menopoz durumu, kanserlere ilişkin bilgi sahibi olması, tarama testi yaptırma
durumunun etkilediği tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). Sonuç: Bu çalışmadaki kadınların jinekolojik
kanserlere yönelik farkındalıklarının sosyo-demografik ve jinekolojik-obstetrik özelliklerinden
etkilendiği tespit edilmiştir. Kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalığını artırmak
için toplumdaki kadınların statüsünün artırılması ve sağlıklı yaşama yönelik davranışların
kazandırılması gerekmektedir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Ebe, Farkındalık, Jinekolojik kanser, Kadın, Kanser tarama.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
WOMEN'S AWARENESS TOWARDS GYNECOLOGICAL CANCERS: THE
EXAMPLE OF DENIZLI PROVINCE
Abstract
Objective: The research was conducted to determine women's awareness of gynecological
cancers. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted analytically-cross-sectionally
with 650 women aged 20-65 who were registered in 65 Family Health Centers in Denizli city
center between December 2020 and December 2021. The data of the study were collected using
the Introductory Information Form and the Gynecological Cancers Awareness Scale. Research
data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 25.0 package
program. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data, Pearson chi-square, Mann
Whitney U, One Way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare variables, and
Bonferroni test was used for post-hoc analysis. Results: The mean age of women is
41,06±12,15, %37,80 of them are primary school graduates, %57,70 of them are working in
any job. Gynecological Cancers Awareness Scale total score average is 158,34±16,84, “Early
Diagnosis and Information Awareness in Gynecological Cancers” subscale score average is
17,30±2,09, “Gynecological Cancer Risk Awareness” subscale score average is 29,97±4,93
The mean score of “Awareness of Prevention from Gynecological Cancers” was 23,80±3,32,
and the mean score of “Awareness of Routine Control in Gynecological Cancers and Perception
of Severe Disease Perception” was 87,28±12,10. It has been determined that women's
awareness of gynecological cancers is affected by age, education, employment status, social
security, number of pregnancies, menopause status, having knowledge about cancers, and
having a screening test (p<0.05). Conclusion: The women in this study's awareness of
gynecological cancers ıt has been determined that socio-demographic and gynecologicalobstetric characteristics affect. In order to increase women's awareness of gynecological
cancers, it is necessary to increase the status of women in the society and to gain healthy
lifestyle behaviors.
Keywords: Awareness, Cancer screening, Gynecological cancer, Midwife, Woman.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Giriş
Kadınları etkileyen sağlık ile ilgili problemler sadece kadınları değil aile bireylerini ve içinde
yaşadığı toplumu da yakından etkilemektedir. Jinekolojik kanserler tıpta bilimsel ilerlemeler
olmasına rağmen dünyanın ve ülkemizin en önemli sağlık sorunlarından biri olup, insidans
hızının artış göstermesi ile gündemdeki yerini korumaktadır (Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı, 2020;
THSK Kanser Daire Başkanlığı, 2021). Jinekolojik kanserler kadınların mortalite ve morbidite
hızını etkilemektedir. Jinekolojik kanserler bireylerde sakatlıklara, ekstremite kayıplarına,
ruhsal çöküntülere neden olmakta ve iş veriminin düşmesini etkilemektedir. Jinekolojik kanser
tedavilerinin pahalı olması ve sürecin uzun sürmesi ise ülke ekonomisi açısından önemli bir
sorun teşkil etmektedir (Erdem ve diğerleri, 2017; Ismail ve diğerleri, 2017). Jinekolojik
kanserlerin prevalansının belirlenmesi, neden olan risk faktörlerinin bilinerek saptanması,
korunma yolları ve uygun tedavi protokollerinin geliştirilmesinin önemi gün geçtikçe
artmaktadır (Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı, 2020; THSK Kanser Daire Başkanlığı, 2021; The
Global Cancer Observatory, 2021).Dünyada jinekolojik kanser yükü giderek artmakta olup,
orta ve düşük gelirli ülkeleri daha fazla etkilemektedir. Bu durumda orta ve düşük gelirli
ülkelerde jinekolojik kanserlerin önüne geçmek daha da önemli hale gelmektedir (THSK
Kanser Daire Başkanlığı, 2021). Uluslararası Kanser Araştırma Ajansı (IARC) tarafından
yayınlanan Global Cancer Statistics (GLOBOCAN) 2020 verilerine göre dünyada kadınlarda
jinekolojik kanserlerin görülme sıklığı en fazla serviks, uterus ve over kanseri şeklinde
bulunmuştur (The Global Cancer Observatory, 2021). Ülkemizde beş yılda bir yayınlanan 2017
yılında yapılan “Türkiye Kanser İstatistikleri” verilerine göre kadınlarda jinekolojik
kanserlerden uterus korpusu % 5,6 ile 5. sırada, over kanseri % 3,3 ile 7. sırada, serviks kanseri
%2,3 ile 9. sırada yer almaktadır (Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı, 2020). Jinekolojik kanserlerdeki
risk faktörleri kanserin türüne ve kişiye göre farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Yaş, zararlı madde
kullanımı (alkol, sigara vb.), hormonal, çevresel ve bireysel faktörler, kilolu olmak, aile öyküsü,
sedanter (hareketsiz) yaşam, Human Papilloma Virüs (HPV) enfeksiyonu, onkolojik virüsler,
sosyo-ekonomik düzey kişilerde jinekolojik kanserlere zemin hazırlamaktadır (Alp Dal ve
Ertem, 2017; Aydoğdu ve Özsoy, 2018; Rieck ve Fiander, 2006). Yaş kontrol edilemeyecek bir
risk faktörü iken diğer risklerden korunabilmek ise mümkündür (Alp Dal ve Ertem, 2017).
Jinekolojik kanserlerin önlenmesinde birincil, ikincil ve üçüncül koruma yöntemleri dikkate
alınmalıdır. Birincil korunmada jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik bireylere farkındalık
kazandırmak önemlidir. Kanser kontrol programında ebeler jinekolojik kanserlerden
korunmada, taramalarda, erken tanıda aktif rol oynamaktadır. Ebelerin birincil korumadaki
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
görevi jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalık oluşturarak kadınlara davranış değişikliği
kazandırmaktır (Dal ve diğerleri, 2020). Ebeler kadınlara farkındalık oluşturmak için eğitici,
danışman, rahatlatıcı, bakım verici, araştırmacı rollerini aktif kullanmalıdır (Gedük, 2018). Bu
rollerin ışığında ebeler gerekli eğitimleri planlayarak jinekolojik kanserlerden korunmak için
neler yapılacağı, risk faktörleri, sağlıklı yaşam şekli, erken tanı ve tedavinin önemini
vurgulamalıdır (Dal ve diğerleri, 2020; Eroğlu ve Koç, 2014).Jinekolojik kanserden
korunmada, risk altındaki kadınların saptanması ve erken tanı önemlidir. Erken tanı, hastalığın
klinik belirtileri görülmediği dönemde teşhis edilmesidir. Erken tanının amacı, hastalığın erken
teşhisi ile vücutta yayılmanın önüne geçilerek, tedavinin başarılı olması için zaman kazanmayı
sağlamaktadır. Ebeler risk altındaki kadınları daha dikkatli gözlemleyerek kendi sağlığı ile ilgili
sorumluluk almasını, vücudundaki değişimleri erken fark etmesini sağlamalıdır (Açıkgöz ve
diğerleri, 2011; Özçam ve diğerleri, 2014). Jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik risk faktörlerinin
değiştirilebilenler (sağlıklı beslenmek, aile planlaması yöntemi kullanmak, HPV enfeksiyonu,
sigara ve alkol kullanmamak) ve değiştirilemeyenler (yaş, genetik, aile geçmişi) üzerine
odaklanmak farkındalık için önemlidir. Jinekolojik kanserden korumak için değiştirilebilen risk
faktörlerine yönelik sağlık algısının arttırılması gereklidir. Değiştirilemeyecek risk faktörlerini
bilmek jinekolojik kanserlerin erken tespitinde ve jinekolojik kanser taramalarında önemli yer
tutmaktadır (Kaya ve diğerleri, 2021). Kadınların jinekolojik kanserlerden korunmalarının en
etkin yolu erken tanı ve taramalarını zamanında yaptırmalarıdır. Literatürde, kadınların
jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalıklarını etkileyen faktörler konusu ile ilgili sınırlı sayıda
çalışma olduğu görülmüş ve yapılan çalışmaların çoğunlukla serviks kanseriyle ilgili çalışmalar
olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalıklarının
belirlenmesi ve farkındalıklarını artırmaya yönelik öneriler sunulmasını amaçlayan çalışmalara
ihtiyaç olduğu saptanmış ve bu çalışmanın yapılmasına karar verilmiştir. Çalışmamızın
sonucundaki verilerin bilime katkı sağlayarak ebelerin eğitici ve danışman rollerini tekrar
gözden geçirmelerini ve sağlık kurumlarındaki yöneticilerin kararlarına yardımcı olabileceği
düşünülmektedir.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Araştırmanın Tipi
Araştırma analitik-kesitsel olarak yapılmıştır.
Araştırmanın Evreni ve Örneklemi
Araştırma evrenini, Denizli ili merkezinde yaşayan 20-65 yaşları arasındaki 199 877 kadın
oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise evreni belirli örneklem yöntemine göre %99
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
güven aralığında, kabul edilebilir hata 0,05 ve N=199877 evren sayısı ile hesaplandığında 540
bulunmuştur. Araştırma olası vaka kayıpları (yaklaşık %15) dikkate alınarak 650 kadın ile
tamamlanmıştır.Araştırma Aralık 2020- Aralık 2021 tarihleri arasında, Denizli İl Sağlık
Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı 65 adet Aile Sağlığı Merkezine (ASM) kayıtlı, 20-65 yaşları arasında,
ilkokul ve daha fazla eğitimi olan 650 kadınla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın tüm Denizli il
merkezini kapsaması bakımından her ASM’den 10’ar kadına ulaşılmıştır.
Araştırma Verilerinin Toplanması
Veri Toplama Araçları
Araştırmada kadınların özelliklerini belirlemek için Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu ve Jinekolojik
Kanserlere Yönelik Farkındalık Ölçeği (JİKFÖ) kullanılmıştır.
1. Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu
Araştırmada konu ile ilgili literatürden faydalanılarak “Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu” oluşturulmuştur.
Bu form araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanmıştır. Formda kadınların sosyo-demografik
özelliklerini içeren 8 soru, (yaş, eğitim durumu, çalışma durumu, mesleği, eşinin eğitim
durumu, eşinin mesleği, gelir gider durumu, sosyal güvencesi) obstetrik öykülerini içeren 12
soru, (gebelik sayısı, doğum sayısı, kaçıncı evliliği, evlilik süresi, ilk evlenme yaşı, ilk cinsel
ilişki yaşı, ilk adet yaşı, ilk gebelik yaşı, menopoz durumu, kullandığı aile planlaması yöntemi)
kanserlere yönelik 11 soru olmak üzere toplam 39 sorudan oluşmaktadır
(Dal ve Ertem, 2017;
Şirin ve Kavlak, 2015; Taşkın, 2016). Bu form araştırmaya katılan kadınlarla yüz yüze
görüşülerek araştırmacı tarafından doldurulmuştur.
2. Jinekolojik Kanserler Farkındalık Ölçeği
Jinekolojik Kanserler Farkındalık Ölçeği (JİKFÖ) Dal ve Ertem (2017) tarafından 20-65 yaş
arası evli kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere ilişkin farkındalıklarını değerlendirmek amacıyla
geliştirilmiştir (Dal ve Ertem, 2017). Geçerli, güvenilir olduğu saptanan JİKFÖ 41 maddeden
ve dört alt boyuttan oluşan 5’li likert tipte bir ölçektir. Ölçekte her soru maddesi için kadınların
“Kesinlikle Katılmıyorum”, “Katılmıyorum”, “Kararsızım”, “Katılıyorum”, “Kesinlikle
Katılıyorum” seçeneklerinden kendisine uygun olan seçeneği işaretlenmesi beklenmektedir.
Ölçeğin alt boyutları ve ilgili maddeleri aşağıda verilmiştir:
Jinekolojik Kanser Riskleri Farkındalığı: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Maddeleri
Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Erken Tanı ve Bilgi Farkındalığı: 1, 2, 12, 13. Maddeleri
Jinekolojik Kanserlerden Korunma Farkındalığı: 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. maddeleri
Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Rutin Kontrol ve Ciddi Hastalık Algısı Farkındalığı: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41. maddeleri kapsamaktadır.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Ölçek değerlendirilirken en düşük puan 41, en yüksek puan 205’tir. Araştırmaya katılanların
ölçek puanlarının yüksek olması farkındalık düzeylerinin de yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir.
Bu ölçeğin bir kesme değeri bulunmamakta olup, kadınların JİKFÖ ‘inden aldıkları puan
arttıkça farkındalıkları artmaktadır. Bu formu araştırmaya katılanların kadınların kendileri
tarafından doldurmuştur. Dal (2017)’ın çalışmasında JİKFÖ’nin cronbach alpha değeri 0,944
olup, çalışmamızda 0,927, “Jinekolojik Kanser Riskleri Farkındalığı” alt boyutunun cronbach
alpha değeri 0,843 iken, çalışmamızda 0,753, “Jinekolojik Kanserlerden Korunma
Farkındalığı” alt boyutunun cronbach alpha değeri 0,778 çalışmamızda 0,551, “ Jinekolojik
Kanserlerde Erken Tanı ve Bilgi Farkındalığı” alt boyutunun cronbach alpha değeri 0,708,
çalışmamızda 0,676, “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Rutin Kontrol ve Ciddi Hastalık Algısı
Farkındalığı” alt boyutunun cronbach alpha değeri 0,979 çalışmamızda 0,939 olarak
bulunmuştur (Dal ve Ertem, 2017).
Verilerin Değerlendirilmesi
Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler, SPSS paket programı (Statistical Package for Social
Sciences; IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Armonk, NY) versiyon 25,0 kullanılarak analiz
edilmiştir. Çalışmada tanımlayıcı analizler; kategorik verilerde sayı (n) ve yüzde (%) olarak,
sürekli verilerde ise ortalama±standart sapma (ort±standart sapma) olarak gösterilmiştir.
Sürekli
değişkenlerin
normal
dağılıma
uygunluğu
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
testi
ile
değerlendirilmiştir. Normal dağılmayan değişkenlerin iki grupta karşılaştırılmasında Mann
Whitney U-testi kullanılmıştır. İkiden fazla grup karşılaştırılmasında parametrik değişkenlerde
One Way ANOVA testi, nonparametrik değişkenlerde Kruskal Wallis testi kullanılmıştır.
Birden fazla olan grup karşılaştırmalarında anlamlı farkın hangi gruptan kaynaklandığını
belirlemek için Bonferroni testi kullanılmıştır. Analizlerde istatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi
p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Araştırmanın Etik Yönü
Araştırma Helsinki Deklarasyonu maddeleri dikkate alınarak yapılmıştır. Araştırma için Aydın
Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik
Araştırmalar Etik Kurulundan ön onay (Sayı: 03/03/2020-E.15229, Protokol No: 2020/012)
alınmıştır. Araştırmanın Denizli İl Sağlık Müdürlüğüne bağlı Denizli merkezinde bulunan
ASM’lerde yürütülebilmesi için yazılı izin alınmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan JİKFÖ için Doç.
Dr. Nursel Alp Dal’dan e-posta yoluyla iletişime geçilerek izin alınmıştır. Araştırmaya dahil
edilen kadınlara çalışma ile ilgili bilgi verilmiş, sözlü ve yazılı onamları alınmıştır.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Araştırmanının Sınırlılıkları
Araştırma araştırmaya katılan kadınları temsil etmektedir.
Araştırmanın Güçlükleri
Araştırmanın veri toplama süreci Covid-19 pandemisinden etkilenmiş ve poliklinik
hizmetlerinde esnek mesaiye geçilmesi, formları doldururken ASM’lerin kalabalık olması,
gürültü olması, sosyal mesafeyi koruyarak iletişim kurmaya çalışmak, poliklinik sırası
gelenlerin formu doldurmak istememeleri sorulara cevap vermeyi zorlaştırmıştır.
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Bulgular
Tablo 1: Kadınların tanıtıcı özelliklerine göre dağılımı (n= 650)
Sosyo-demoğrafik özellikler
Sayı (n)
Yaş ortalaması: 41,06±12,15 (min=20 max=65)
Yaş grupları
20-29
145
30-39
162
40-49
166
50-65
177
Beden kitle indeksi
Zayıf (<18,5)
21
Normal (18,5-24,9)
247
Fazla kilolu (25,0-29,9)
256
Obez (>30)
126
Eğitim durumu
İlkokul
246
Ortaokul
93
Lise
119
Üniversite
158
Lisansüstü Eğiti
34
Çalışma durumu
Evet
375
Hayır
275
Meslek
Ev hanımı
270
İşçi
125
Memur
101
Serbest Meslek
89
Diğer (temizlikçi, kasiyer, güvenlikçi
65
vb)
Sosyal Güvence Durumu
Var
589
Yok
61
Toplam gebelik sayısı ortalaması: 2,18±1,68 (min=0 max=10)
Toplam gebelik sayısı (n=524)
1
96
2
179
3 ve üzeri
249
Menopoz yaş ortalaması (n=177): 48,33 ±3,88 (min=33 max=56)
Menopoza girme durumu
Evet
177
Hayır
473
Aile planlaması yöntemi kullanma
durumu
Evet
390
Hayır
260
Kansere ilişkin bilgi alma durumu
Evet
Hayır
Kansere ilişkin tarama testleri
yapıldığını bilme durumu
Biliyorum
Bilmiyorum
Tarama testi yaptırma durumu
Evet
Hayır
Yüzde (%)
22,30
25,00
25,50
27,20
3,20
38,00
39,40
19,40
37,80
14,30
18,30
24,30
5,30
57,70
42,30
41,50
19,20
15,60
13,70
10,00
90,60
9,40
18,32
34,16
47,52
27,20
72,80
60,00
40,00
442
208
68,00
32,00
510
140
78,50
21,50
188
462
28,90
71,10
Kadınların tanıtıcı özelliklerine göre dağılımı incelendiğinde yaş ortalamaları 41,06±12,15 yıl
ve %27,20’si 50 yaş ve üzeri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Beden kitle indeksine göre yapılan
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sınıflandırmada kadınların en çok %39,40 ile fazla kilolu grupta yer aldığı tespit edilmiştir.
Kadınların eğitim durumlarına bakıldığında %37,80’i ilkokul mezunu ve %24,30 üniversite
mezunudur. Çalışmamızdaki kadınların %57,70’i aktif olarak çalışırken, %42,30’u
çalışmamaktadır. Kadınların %90,60’nın sosyal güvencesi olup, %19,20’sinin işçi, %15,60’nın
memur olarak çalıştığı belirlenmiştir. Kadınların toplam gebelik sayısı ortalaması 2,18±1,68 yıl
olarak bulunmuştur. Kadınların %34,61’inin üç ve üzeri gebeliği bulunmaktadır. Menopoza
giren kadınların (n=177) menopoza girme yaş ortalaması 48,33±3,88 yıldır. Kadınların
%60,00’ı aile planlaması yöntemi kullanmaktadır. Kadınların, %68,00’nın kansere ilişkin
bilgilerinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Kadınların %78,50’si hangi kanser türlerine ilişkin tarama
testleri yapıldığını bildiklerini ifade etmişlerdir. Kadınların %71,10’u herhangi bir tarama
yaptırmamışken, %28,90’ı ise tarama yaptırdığını belirtmiştir.
Tablo 2: Kadınların JİKFÖ toplam ve alt ölçeklerinden almış olduğu puanlar (n= 650)
JİKFÖ ve Alt Ölçekler
Jinekolojik kanserlerde erken tanı
ve bilgi farkındalığı alt ölçeği
Jinekolojik kanser riskleri
farkındalığı alt ölçeği
Jinekolojik kanserlerden korunma
farkındalığı alt ölçeği
Çalışma
Ölçek
Cronbach’s
Min-Max
Min-Max
Alpha
2,09
10-20
4-20
0,676
29,97
4,93
14-45
9-45
0,753
23,80
3,32
9-30
6-30
0,551
87,28
12,10
52-110
22-110
0,939
158,34
16,84
108-204
41-205
0,927
Ortalama
SS*
17,30
Jinekolojik kanserlerde rutin
kontrol ve ciddi hastalık algısı
farkındalığı alt ölçeği
JİKFÖ toplam puanı
* Standart Sapma
Tablo 2’de kadınların toplam JİKFÖ ve alt ölçeklerinden almış oldukları puanlar verilmiştir.
Buna göre kadınların JİKFÖ toplam puanlarının ortalaması 158,34±16,84 olup, en düşük puan
108 en yüksek puan 204 olarak hesaplanmıştır. JİKFÖ’nin “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Erken Tanı
ve Bilgi Farkındalığı” alt ölçeğine bakıldığında ortalama puanları 17,30±2,09 ve en küçük puan
10 iken en yüksek puan 20 olduğu görülmüştür. “Jinekolojik Kanser Riskleri Farkındalığı” alt
ölçeğinde kadınların ortalama puanlarının 29,97±4,93, en küçük puan 14, en yüksek puan
45’tir. “Jinekolojik Kanserlerden Korunma Farkındalığı” alt ölçeği ortalama puanları
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23,80±3,32, en küçük puan 9, en büyük puan 30 olarak bulunmuştur. “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde
Rutin Kontrol ve Ciddi Hastalık Algısı Farkındalığı” alt ölçeği ortalama puanları 87,28±12,10
en küçük 52 iken en yüksek puanın 110 olduğu hesaplanmıştır.
Tablo 3: Kadınların Tanıtıcı Özelliklerine göre JİKFÖ Puan Ortalamalarının Karşılaştırılması
Tanıtıcı
Özellikler
Jinekolojik
kanserlerde
erken tanı ve
bilgi
farkındalığı
alt ölçek
puanı
Ort±SS
Yaş grupları
20-29 yaş
17,11±2,11
30-39 yaş
17,06±2,19
40-49 yaş
17,37±1,95
50-65 yaş
17,62±1,98
H değeri
4,278
P değeri***
0,129
Eğitim durumu
İlkokul
17,48±2,02
Ortaokul
17,38±2,26
Lise
17,27±1,91
Üniversite
16,93±2,21
Lisansüstü
17,65±1,91
H değeri
3,872
p değeri***
0,168
Çalışma durumu
Çalışıyor
17,10±2,12
Çalışmıyor
17,58±2,01
Z değeri
-9,763
P değeri***
0,009*
Sosyal güvence durumu
Var
17,40±2,05
Yok
16,39±2,25
Z değeri
-3,592
P değeri***
<0,001*
Toplam gebelik sayısı
Gebelik
17,82±2,12
yok
1 gebelik
17,67±1,84
2 gebelik
17,60±1,87
3 ve üzeri
16,69±2,16**
gebelik
H değeri
36,403
P değeri***
0,002*
Menopoz durumu
Evet
17,57±1,98
Hayır
17,20±2,12
Z değeri
-2,074
P değeri***
0,102
JİKFÖ toplam
puanı
Ort±SS
Jinekolojik
kanserlerde
rutin kontrol ve
ciddi hastalık
algısı
farkındalığı
alt ölçek puanı
Ort±SS
30,14±5,35
29,92±4,81
30,48±5,02
29,38±4,54
4,735
0,115
23,70±3,30
24,03±3,26
24,51±3,22
23,00±3,32**
16,852
0,011*
89,92±11,08
87,60±11,92
89,22±11,62
82,99±12,45**
31,908
0,001*
160,88±16,30
158,61±16,68
161,58±16,16
152,98±16,87**
34,205
0,001*
29,43±4,57
30,23±4,81
29,71±4,95
30,46±5,31
31,79±5,38
9,494
0,05
23,06±3,27**
23,99±2,98
23,93±3,04
24,30±3,52
25,82±3,22
28,761
0,001*
82,90±12,78**
87,60±9,36
88,45±9,60
92,01±11,73
91,97±12,67
59,140
0,001*
152,87±17,09**
159,19±14,82
159,35±14,01
163,70±16,83
167,24±17,28
61,943
0,001*
30,44±5,12
29,32±4,58
-2,871
0,004*
24,30±3,26
23,12±3,28
-4,467
0,001*
90,11±11,41
83,42±11,96
-7,130
0,001*
161,94±16,20
153,44±16,47
-7,465
0,001*
30,01±4,96
29,57±4,63
-6,290
<0,001*
23,93±3,19
22,51±4,15
-0,630
0,534
88,00±11,82
80,26±12,59
-2,775
0,006*
159,34±1,61
148,74±19,66
-4,136
<0,001*
29,63±5,55
23,90±3,50
89,27±12,89
160,61±19,30
30,25±5,03
30,22±4,96
23,89±2,98
24,13±3,35
88,71±11,79
88,84±11,16
160,51±17,20
160,79±17,33
29,85±4,52**
23,47±3,32
84,59±12,04
154,60±17,73**
32,442
0,001*
2,246
0,523
3,490
0,322
15,105
0,001*
29,36±4,40
30,19±5,10
-1,510
0,217
23,16±3,40
24,04±3,26
-2,944
0,013*
83,47±13,17
88,7±11,37
-4,660
0,001*
153,56±17,63
160,13±16,19
-4,985
0,001*
Jinekolojik
kanser riskleri
farkındalığı
alt ölçek puanı
Jinekolojik
kanserlerden
korunma
farkındalığı alt
ölçek puanı
Ort±SS
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Kansere ilişkin bilgi alma durumu
Evet
17,24±2,15
30,26±5,08
Hayır
17,44±1,93
29,33±4,53
Z değeri
-1,742
-2,083
P değeri***
0,284
0,037*
Kanser tarama testlerini bilme durumu
Evet
17,31±2,12
30,18±5,03
Hayır
17,27±1,97
29,19±4,46
Z değeri
0,611
-2,384
P değeri***
0,903
0,017*
Kansere yönelik tarama yaptırma durumu
Evet
17,34±2,05
30,32±4,77
Hayır
Z değeri
P değeri***
17,29±2,10
-0,374
0,921
29,82±4,99
-1,406
0,16
24,13±3,21
23,10±3,44
-3,402
0,001*
88,71±11,73
84,23±12,34
-4,160
0,001*
160,34±16,42
154,10±16,97
-4,402
0,001*
24,13±3,20
22,61±3,46
-4,551
0,001*
88,48±11,87
82,90±11,98
-4,635
0,001*
160,09±16,63
151,97±16,10
-5,012
0,001*
24,46±3,04
89,93±11,42
162,05±15,93
23,53±3,39
-2,942
0,003*
86,2±12,21
-3,291
0,001*
156,84±16,98
-3,488
0,001*
Kadınların yaş gruplarına göre yapılan karşılaştırmada JİKFÖ toplam ölçek puanı, “Jinekolojik
Kanserlerden Korunma Farkındalığı ve “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Rutin Kontrol ve Ciddi
Hastalık Algısı Farkındalığı” alt ölçek puanları arasında anlamlı farklılık mevcuttur (p değerleri
sırasıyla p= 0,001, p= 0,011 ve p= 0,001). Yaş grupları açısından anlamlı farklılık saptanan
gruplarda, farklılığın hangi gruplardan kaynaklandığını tespit etmek üzere post-hoc analiz
yapılmıştır. Buna göre JİKFÖ toplam puanı için gruplar arası farklılık, 50-65 yaşları arasındaki
kadınların aldıkları düşük puanlardan kaynaklanmıştır. Kadınların eğitim durumuna göre
yapılan karşılaştırmada kadınların eğitim durumu ilkokuldan lisansüstü eğitime doğru arttıkça
JİKFÖ toplam puanında anlamlı düzeyde artış görülmektedir (p= 0,001). Post-hoc analizi
sonucunda farklılık nedeni eğitim durumu ilkokul olan gruptaki kadınların aldıkları düşük
puanlardan kaynaklandığı görülmüştür. Çalışan gruptaki kadınların JİKFÖ toplam ve alt ölçek
puanları anlamlı oranda daha yüksek olarak bulunmuştur. Sosyal güvencesi olan kadınların
“Jinekolojik Kanserlerden Korunma Farkındalığı” alt ölçeği haricindeki bütün alt ölçekler ve
JİKFÖ toplam puanlarının sosyal güvencesi olmayan kadınlara kıyasla anlamlı oranda daha
yüksek bulunmuştur (sırasıyla p<0,001, p<0,001, p= 0,006 ve p<0,001). Gebelik sayısı arttıkça
JİKFÖ toplam puanı, ilk iki alt ölçekte “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Erken Tanı ve Bilgi
Farkındalığı” ve “Jinekolojik Kanser Riskleri Farkındalığı” puanları anlamlı oranda
azalmaktadır (p değerleri sırasıyla p= 0,001, p= 0,002, p= 0001). Post-hoc analizleri sonucunda
farklılığın üç ve üzeri gebeliği olan kadınların puanlarının düşük olmasından kaynaklandığı
saptanmıştır. Menopoza giren kadınların JİKFÖ toplam ölçek puanı, “Jinekolojik Kanserlerden
Korunma Farkındalığı” ve “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Rutin Kontrol ve Ciddi Hastalık Algısı
Farkındalığı” alt ölçek puanları, menopoza girmemiş kadınlardan anlamlı oranda daha
yüksektir (p değerleri sırasıyla p= 0,001, p= 0,013 ve p= 0,001). Kansere ilişkin bilgisi olan
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kadınların “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Erken Tanı ve Bilgi Farkındalığı” alt ölçeği hariç tüm alt
ölçek puanları ile JİKFÖ toplam ölçek puanı anlamlı olarak daha yüksek saptanmıştır.
Kanserlere yönelik tarama testi yapıldığını bilen kadınların, “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Erken
Tanı ve Bilgi Farkındalığı” hariç tüm alt ölçekler ile JİKFÖ toplam puanı anlamlı olarak daha
yüksek bulunmuştur. Kanser taraması yaptıran kadınların JİKFÖ puanları daha yüksektir.
4. Tartışma
Kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalıkları arttırmak için kansere neden olan risk
faktörlerini bilmeleri ve taramalara katılmaları önemlidir ((THSK Kanser Daire Başkanlığı,
2021). Yapılan çalışmada 40-49 yaşları arasındaki kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik
farkındalık puanları yüksek bulunmuştur. Yapılan araştırmaların sonucunda kadınların
jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalıklarının farklı yaş aralıklarında yüksek olduğu
saptanmıştır (Atlas, 2020; Dal, 2022; Gözüyeşil ve diğerleri, 2020; Kaya Şenol ve diğerleri,
2021). Gözüyeşil ve diğerlerinin (2020) çalışmasında 30-39 yaş aralığındaki kadınların, Kaya
Şenol ve diğerlerinin (2021) çalışmasında 36-50 yaşları arasındaki kadınların, Atlas ve Güneri
(2022)’nin çalışmasında 18-29 yaşları arasındaki kadınların, Atlas (2020)’ın çalışmasında 29
yaşından küçük kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalık puanları yüksek olarak
saptanmıştır. Teşkereci ve diğerlerinin (2021) çalışmasında jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik
farkındalık puanlarının yaş ile birlikte arttığı sonucuna ulaşmışlardır. Fonnes ve diğerlerinin
(2021) yaptığı çalışmada kadınların serviks kanserine yönelik farkındalık düzeylerinin 18-29
yaşları arasında en yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Yaşlar arasındaki jinekolojik kanserlere
yönelik farkındalık puanlarındaki değişikliğin nedeni bölgesel kaynaklı olabilir. Karşılaştırılan
çalışmalarda kadınların sosyo-demografik özelliklerinin farklı olması farklı yaş aralığındaki
kadınların farkındalıklarının yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir.
Yaptığımız çalışmada kadınların eğitim durumunun artması ile JİKFÖ puanlarının arttığı
görülmektedir. Çelebi (2021)’nin ve Dal (2022)’ın çalışması çalışmamızla benzerlik
göstermektedir. Öz (2021)’ün çalışmasında üniversite mezunu olan kadınların JİKFÖ ve alt
ölçek puanları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Yurtdışı çalışmalarında eğitim durumu ile serviks
kanseri farkındalığı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır (Gyamfua ve diğerleri, 2019;
Mbachu, ve diğerleri, 2017; Moshi ve diğerleri, 2018). Nijerya’da yapılan çalışmada yüksek
eğitim düzeyine sahip kadınların, yumurtalık kanseri risk faktörleri ve semptomları hakkında
daha bilgili olduğu bulunmuştur (Okunowo ve Adaramoye, 2018). Eğitim düzeyi yüksek
kadınların sağlıkla ilgili konuları daha fazla araştırarak doğru bilgilere ulaştığı ve ulaştığı
bilgileri daha iyi anladığı söylenilebilir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Çalışmamızdaki çalışan kadınların JİKFÖ toplam ve alt ölçek puanları anlamlı oranda yüksek
bulunmuştur. Yapılan çalışmaların sonucu benzer olup, çalışma hayatı olan kadınların JİKFÖ
toplam ve alt ölçek puanlarının yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (Atlas ve Güneri, 2022; Kaya Şenol
ve diğerleri, 2021; Öz, 2021). Nijerya’da yapılan çalışmada çalışan kadınların yumurtalık
kanseri semptomları ve risk faktörleri konusunda daha fazla bilgi sahibi olduğu görülmüştür
(Okunowo ve Adaramoye, 2018). İş ortamındaki kadınların iletişim içinde olmaları sağlık
arayışlarını arttırarak jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalık konusunda birbirlerini olumlu
yönde etkilediği düşünülebilir. Sosyo-demografik durumu iyi olan kadınların hastanelere veya
özel kliniklere kolay gidebilecek olması farkındalığı arttırabilir.
Çalışmamızda sosyal güvencesi olan kadınların JİKFÖ puanları yüksektir. Şahin (2009)’in
çalışmasında sosyal güvencesi emekli sandığı olan bireylerin jinekolojik kanserlerle ilgili bilgi
puanları yüksek bulunmuştur. Akkoyun (2020)’un çalışmasında sosyal güvencesi olan
kadınların kadın üreme organları kanserlerinden korunmaya ilişkin bilgi düzeyleri sosyal
güvencesi olmayanlardan yüksek bulunmuştur. Sosyal güvencesi olmayan kadınların ücret
karşılığı muayene olması, herhangi bir semptom varlığında direkt doktora gitmeyi ertelemesine
neden olarak farkındalığı etkileyebilir.
Sosyo-ekonomik durum jinekolojik kanserlerde insidans ve sağ kalım hızını etkilemektedir.
Sosyo-ekonomik durum, kadınların sağlık hizmetlerine ulaşımını, sağlık ve kanser hakkında
farkındalığını, belirtileri zamanında çözümleyebilmesini, yaşam şeklini, ek hastalıklarını
etkileyerek kanserler için risk faktörü oluşturmaktadır (Booth ve diğerleri, 2010).
Avustralya’da 2001-2015 yılları arasında kansere yakalanan kadınların incelendiği bir
çalışmada; kırsal kesimde yaşayan gelir durumu düşük olan kadınlarda yumurtalık, serviks,
uterus kanserlerinden ölümlerin yüksek olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır (Afshar ve diğerleri,
2020). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Yeni Zelanda ve Danimarka'da yapılan çalışmalardan elde
edilen bulgular Afshar ve diğerlerinin çalışması ile tutarlıdır (Dalton ve diğerleri, 2019; Singh
ve Jemal, 2017; Soeberg ve diğerleri, 2015). Çalışmamızda çalışan ve sosyal güvencesi olan
kadınların farkındalıkları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Gelir durumu iyi olan kadınların finansal
durum sağlık hizmetlerine erişimi attırması sebebiyle JKFÖ'nün yüksek olması ön görülen bir
durumdur.
Çalışmamızdaki toplam gebelik sayısı arttıkça JİKFÖ toplam puanı, “Jinekolojik Kanserlerde
Erken Tanı ve Bilgi Farkındalığı” ve “Jinekolojik Kanser Riskleri Farkındalığı” alt ölçek
puanları azalmaktadır. Atlas ve Güneri (2022)’nin çalışmasında gebelik sayısı 1-2 olan
kadınların JİKFÖ puanları yüksek bulunmuştur (20). Dal (2022) ve Atlas (2020)’ın çalışmaları
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
benzer olup; 2 ve altı gebeliği olan kadınların, 3 ve üstünde gebeliği bulunan kadınlara göre
JİKFÖ puanları anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Gebelik sayısının fazla olması
farkındalığı ters yönde etkilemektedir.
Çalışmamızda JİKFÖ puanı menopoza girmemiş kadınlardan anlamlı oranda daha yüksektir.
Yapılan bazı çalışmalar çalışmamızla benzerlikler göstermektedir (Atlas, 2020; Dal, 2022;
Kaya Şenol ve diğerleri, 2021). Gözüyeşil (2020)’in çalışmasında menopozdaki kadınların
puanları arasında fark bulunmamıştır. Öz (2021)’ün çalışmasında menopozda olan kadınların
“Jinekolojik Kanser Riskleri Farkındalığı” alt ölçek puanu yüksek, Gökgöz ve Aktaş (2015)’ın
çalışmasında menopozda olan kadınların serviks kanserine yönelik taramalar konusunda
farkındalıklarının yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Öztürk ve diğerlerinin (2021) çalışmasında
menopozal dönemdeki kadınların jinekolojik kanser farkındalığı yüksek olmasına rağmen
yeterli bilgi sahibi olmadıkları, tarama ve korunma yöntemlerine uymadıkları ve sağlıklı
yaşama yönelik alışkanlıkları orta düzeyde bulunmuştur. Çalışmalardaki farklılığın sebebi
bölgesel kaynaklı ve sosyo-demoğrafik özelliklerinin farklılığından kaynaklı olabilir.
Çalışmamızda kansere ilişkin bilgisi olan kadınların, Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Erken Tanı ve
Bilgi Farkındalığı alt ölçeği hariç tüm alt ölçek puanları ile JİKFÖ puanı anlamlı olarak daha
yüksek saptanmıştır. Çalışmamız Öz (2021)’ün çalışması ile benzerdir. Jinekolojik
kanserlerden korunma yolları hakkında fikri olan kadınların farkındalıkları yüksek olarak
bulunmuştur (Kaya Şenol ve diğerleri, 2021). Kadınların kansere ilişkin bilgisinin olması
farkındalığı pozitif yönde etkileyebilir.
Çalışmamızda hangi kanser türlerine yönelik tarama yapıldığını bilen kadınların “Jinekolojik
Kanserlerde Erken Tanı ve Bilgi Farkındalığı” hariç tüm alt ölçekler ile JİKFÖ puanı anlamlı
olarak daha yüksektir. Literatürde de kanserlere yönelik taramalar hakkında bilgisi bulunan
kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalık puanları anlamlı şekilde yüksek
saptanmıştır (Atlas, 2020; Çelebi, 2021; Dal, 2022). Kamboçya’da yapılan çalışmada pap smear
testini bilen kadınların serviks kanserinden korunma konusunda bilgilerinin yüksek olduğu
bulunmuştur ((Touch ve Kyoung Oh, 2018). Yapılan çalışmalardaki sonuçlar benzerdir.
Çalışmamızdaki kanser taraması yaptıran kadınların puanları daha yüksek saptanmış olup,
düzenli pap-smear taraması yaptıran kadınların, JİKFÖ toplam ve alt ölçek puanları istatistiksel
olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur (Atlas, 2020; Çelebi, 2021; Dal, 2022; Öz, 2021).
Kamboçya’da yapılan bir çalışmada pap smear tarama testini bilen kadınların serviks kanseri
konusunda farkındalık ve bilgi düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu görülmüştür (38). Kanser taraması
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yaptıran kadınların sağlıklarına dikkat ederek (pap-smear taraması yaptırmak) farkındalıklarını
davranışlara dönüştürdükleri düşünülebilir.
Çalışmamızdaki
kadınların
“Jinekolojik
Kanserler
Farkındalık
Ölçeği
Ortalaması”
158,34±16,84 iken; Alp Dal ve Ertem (2017) çalışmasında 155,8±17,5, Atlas (2020)’ın
çalışmasında 160,31±22,42’dir. Çelebi (2021)’nin çalışmasında 149,26±14,69, Öz (2021)’ün
çalışmasında 156,3±13,81, Dal (2022)’ın çalışmasında 148±25,71’dir. Çalışmamızdaki
JİKFÖ’nün, “Jinekolojik Kanser Riskleri Farkındalığı” alt ölçek puanı 29,97±4,93 diğer
çalışmalarda 28,01±6,69, 29,25±5,16, 30,1±5,1, 30,76±6,59, 29,25±5,16 bulunmuştur.
“Jinekolojik Kanserlerden Korunma Farkındalığı” alt ölçek puanı çalışmada 23,80±3,32 iken
diğer çalışmalarda 19,40±4,79, 23,02±2,97, 22,0±3,9, 23,04±4,29, 23,02±2,97 bulunmuştur.
“Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Erken Tanı ve Bilgi Farkındalığı” alt ölçek puanı 17,30± 2,09 iken,
diğer çalışmalarda 15,87±2,97, 16,35±1,88, 16,4±1,9, 16,76±3,29, 16,35±1,88 arasındadır.
“Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Rutin Kontrol ve Ciddi Hastalık Algısı Farkındalığı” alt ölçek puanı
87,28 ±12,10 iken diğer çalışmaların puanları 80,92±16,84, 87,67±7,98, 89,74±14,11,
91,1±12,6, 87,67±7,98 arasında değişmektedir. Çalışma bulgularımızla diğer çalışma bulguları
benzerlik göstermektedir.
5. Sonuç ve Öneriler
Kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalıklarını; yaş, eğitim durumu, çalışma
durumu, gelir durumu, sosyal güvencesi, gebelik sayısı, ,menopoz durumu, kanserlere ilişkin
bilgi sahibi olması, tarama testi yaptırma durumunun etkilediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Kadınların sosyo ekonomik, eğitim ve sağlıklı yaşama yönelik davranışları jinekolojik
kanserlere yönelik farkındalıklarını etkilediği sonucundan yola çıkarak; toplumdaki kadınların
statüsünün artırılması ve sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının kazandırılması önemlidir.
Jinekolojik kanser risk faktörleri, semptomları, erken tanı yöntemleri, HPV aşısı, KKVM
uygulaması, jinekolojik kanserlerden korunma konusunda eksiklikleri belirlenerek bunlara
uygun eğitimlerin planlanması,
bu eğitimlerin farklı görsel, işitsel ve yazınsal araçlarla
desteklenmesi gereklidir. Kadınlara jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalık kazandırmak için
sahada çalışan ebe ve hemşirelerin uzmanlaşarak eğitici ve danışman rolünü ön planda tutularak
özellikle 50 yaş ve üzerindeki kadınlara eğitim ve danışmanlık hizmetinin sunulmalıdır.
Kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere yönelik farkındalıklarının belirlenmesi üzerine yapılan
çalışmalar yeterli düzeyde olmayıp, yeni çalışmaların yapılması önerilebilir.
Çıkar çatışması
Yazarlar herhangi bir çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan etmişlerdir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Maddi destek
Yazarlar bu çalışma için finansal destek ve bağış almadıklarını beyan etmişlerdir.
Teşekkür
Çalışmamıza katılan tüm kadınlara teşekkür ederiz.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
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Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Erzurum.
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24. Öz, S. (2021). 20 yaş ve üzeri kadınların jinekolojik kanserlere ilişkin bilgi ve
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30. Akkoyun, H. (2020). Kadınların jinekolojik yakınmaları, çözümleri ve jinekolojik
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Denmark,
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durumlarına yönelik farkındalık düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Sağlık
Bilimleri Fakültesi Hemşirelik E-Dergisi, 3(2), 11-23.
37. Öztürk R., Bakir S., Kazankaya F., Paker S., Ertem G. (2021). Awareness about gynecologic
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38. Touch, S., Oh, J. K.(2018). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward cervical cancer
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294. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4198-8
1747
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİNDE GÖREV VE SORUMLULUKLARIN ÖNEMİ
İsmail AKŞİT (ORCID:0000-0003-4753-8505)
Kafkas Üniversitesi, Sarıkamış Meslek Yüksekokulu, Kars/Türkiye
Bahri GÜR (ORCID:0000-0003-0579-6354)
Iğdır Üniversitesi, Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyokimya Bölümü, Iğdır / Türkiye
ÖZET
İşyerleri ile ilgili stres kaynakları içerisinde yer alan görev ve sorumlulukların belirsiz olması
rol karmaşıklığa sebep olmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı görev ve sorumluluk kavramlarına vurgu
yapmak, mevzuat kapsamında yer alan hususların yetkililerce yerine getirilmesi ve
uygulanmasını sağlamaktır. Nitel araştırma metodu kapsamında literatür taraması yapılarak iş
sağlığı ve güvenliği kapsamında görev ve sorumluluk kavramlarının önemine dikkat
çekilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular yorumlanarak görev ve sorumluluğun iş güvenliğindeki rolü
üzerinde değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Kişinin rol beklentilerine ilişkin bilgi sahibi olmayışı,
diğer bir ifadeyle rol sonucunun ne yapılması gerektiği konusunda eksik bilgiye sahip olarak
tanımlanan Rol Belirsizliği ile iki veya daha fazla rol temsiline aynı anda uymak ve başka bir
rol temsiline bağlı kalmanın zor olması durumunda ortaya çıkan Rol Çatışması gibi iş güvenliği
kapsamında yer alan ve stres kaynaklarının temelini oluşturan görev ve sorumluluk terimlerinin
önemi vurgulanmıştır. Bu çalışmada rol karmaşasına neden olabilen görev ve sorumluluk
kavramlarının yetkililerce mevzuata uygun olarak yapılması ve sınırların belirlenmesi için
önerilerde bulunulmuş ve örnek bir form rehberlik etmesi için hazırlanmıştır. İş güvenliği
çerçevesinde görev ve sorumluluklarının tehlike sınıfına uygun olarak yapılması ve
belgelendirilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Sonuç olarak görev ve sorumlulukların tebliğ tebellüğ
belgeleriyle özlük dosyalarında arşivlenmesi önerilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Rol Yetersizliği, Psikososyal Risk Etmenleri, Görev ve Sorumluluk, Rol
Çatışması, Rol Belirsizliği
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
THE IMPORTANCE OF DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN THE AREA OF
HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK
ABSTRACT
Uncertainty about duties and responsibilities, among the sources of stress in the workplace,
leads to role complexity. The study aims to highlight the concepts of duty and responsibility
and to ensure that the issues are met and implemented by authorities within the framework of
legislation. Through a literature review using the qualitative research method, attention was
drawn to the importance of the concepts of duty and responsibility in occupational health and
safety. The findings were interpreted and assessments were made on the role of duty and
responsibility in occupational health and safety. Role ambiguity, which is defined as a person's
lack of knowledge about the role expectations, i.e. incomplete information about what to do
based on the role, and role conflict, which occurs when it is difficult to fulfill two or more role
representations simultaneously and to adhere to another role representation. The importance of
the concepts of duty and responsibility, which fall within the scope of safety and form the basis
of sources of stress, is emphasized. Suggestions have been made in this study to ensure that the
concepts of duty and responsibility, which may cause role confusion, are defined by the
authorities in accordance with legislation, and a model form has been produced to provide
guidance. In the context of occupational health and safety, duties and responsibilities must be
carried out and documented according to the hazard class. It is therefore recommended that the
duties and responsibilities are archived in personnel files with notification documents.
Keywords: Role Inadequacy, Psychosocial Risk Factors, Duty and Responsibility, Role
Conflict, Role Ambiguity
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
Günümüzde çalışma hayatı; çalışma koşullarındaki olumsuz değişiklikler (rekabet koşulları,
artan iş yükü ve çalışma temposu, uzun çalışma saatleri, azalan iş güvencesi ve olumsuz
yönetim politikaları gibi) çalışanların sağlığını olumsuz etkilemektedir. Çalışanların sağlığını
ve iş ortamındaki disiplin ortamını bozan temel nedenlerden biri olarak görev ve sorumluluk
formlarının imzalatılmaması veya çalışanların bu hususta bilgilendirilmemesi ön görülebilir.
Çalışma formları her bir çalışanın ne yapması gerektiğini ve işyerinde nasıl hareket etmesi
gerektiğine dair rehberlik görevi görmektedir (URL 1).Görev, kişinin yerine getirmesi gereken
bir yükümlülük iken sorumluluk, size verilen bir görevi kabul etme ve yerine getirme eylemidir.
Görev; Yasal veya ahlaki bir zorunluluk olarak görülür. Gerçekleştirilmesi gereken bir görev
olup genellikle çalışanın işinin bir parçasıdır. Yani çalışanın yapmak zorunda olduğu ve
yapmaması durumunda tepki alabileceği hususların bir bütünüdür. Sorumluluk ise; birisi veya
bir görev üzerinde kontrol sahibi olmayı, bir şeyle uğraşmayı içermektedir. Bir şeyden sorumlu
olmak ve yetki altındaki süreçlere göre doğru kararların alınması anlamını taşımaktadır.
Görev'in en yaygın kullanılan anlamı hukuki veya ahlaki yükümlülüktür. Sorumluluk aynı
zamanda bir şey üzerinde kontrol sahibi olmayı veya bir şeyle uğraşma ihtiyacını da ifade eder
(URL 2, URL 3).6331 sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu, işyerinde alınan koruyucu
tedbirler konusunda işverenlere çeşitli sorumluluk ve yükümlülükler yüklemektedir. İş sağlığı
ve güvenliği mevzuatı kapsamında işyerleri çalışan sayısına ve tehlike kategorilerine göre
sınıflandırılmaktadır. Meri mevzuat, 50'den az çalışanı olan ve az tehlikeli olarak sınıflandırılan
işyerleri için daha basit yükümlülükler tanımlarken, tehlike kategorisi veya çalışan sayısı
arttıkça işyerlerinin benimsediği iş sağlığı ve güvenliği tedbirlerinin kapsamı ve detayı
genişlemektedir. Yükümlülük ve sorumluluk biçimlerinin kapsamı da bu çerçevede
belirlenmektedir (URL 1; URL 2, URL 3; Ceylan ve Ulutürk, 2006). Bu nedenle her bir
çalışanın yapması gerekenler veya sahip olması gereken kriterlerin yer aldığı bu formların
yetkililerce doldurulması ve imzalanması gerekmektedir. İmzalanan bu formlar çalışanın
istihdam edildiği konumda çalıştığı müddetçe özlük dosyasında bulundurulması ve bir
nüshasının da çalışanda bulundurulması sağlanmalıdır. Deneyim sonucu kariyer ilerlemesinden
dolayı konumunun değiştirilmesi durumlarında yeni konuma uygun görev ve sorumluluk
formlarının mevzuata uygun şekilde yeniden doldurtulup imzalatılması sağlanmalıdır. Bu
çalışmada ileride yapılacak olan benzer çalışmalara öncülük etmek ve her bir işyerinde
bulundurulması gerekliliğine dikkat çekmek amacıyla Ek-1’de yer alan form hazırlanmış ve
ayrıca farklı iş türlerine göre geliştirilmesi önerilmiştir. Hazırlanan bu formun hem alan yazına
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kazandırılması hem de iş sağlığı ve güvenliği (İSG) uygulamaları kapsamında İSG
profesyonellerine rehberlik etmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çünkü formda yer alan bilgiler işverenlere
ve çalışanlara ilişkin tüm kural, düzenleme ve sorumlulukları içerebilir. İçerikler tehlike sınıfı
veya işyerinin özelliklerine göre şekillenebilir veya sahaya özgü hazırlanabilir. İş kanunu ve
ilgili diğer mevzuat hükümleri, çalışanların bilgi sahibi olması veya yetkililere başvurabilmesi
için her işverenin bir kopyasını çalışana vermesi ve bir nüshasının da insan kaynakları biriminde
özlük dosyasında bulundurmasını zorunlu kılmaktadır. Çalışanların İş Kanunu ve diğer
istihdam mevzuatına uygun olarak faaliyet gösterebilmeleri için yürütülen uyum süreçlerinde
iş sağlığı ve güvenliği gereklilikleri çoğu zaman ihmal edilmektedir (Ünsar ve Oğuzhan, 2009;
Adıgüzel, 2012; Ertem Eray, T., 2017; Tepe, 2018; Sayğan Tunçay ve Çıraklar, 2020; Demirci,
2021; Çivilidağ ve Durmaz, 2022; Eren Bana ve Bekaroğlu, 2022; Altan ve ark. 2022).Görev
ve sorumluluk formlarının hazırlanmaması durumunda çalışanların rollerinde psikososyal
risklere sebebiyet verebileceği düşünülmektedir. Vardiya sisteminde sorunların yaşanabileceği,
çalışanların rollerinde çatışmaların, yetersizliklerin veya belirsizliklerin yaşanabileceği
ihtimalleri bulunmaktadır. Ulusal veya uluslararası literatürde bu terimlere sık sık değinilmiş
ve açıklık kazandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu yönde kullanılan ve literatür taramalarında kayda
değer sayıda çalışmanın yürütüldüğü terimleri aşağıdaki gibi tarif etmek mümkündür.Rol
belirsizliği, Çalışanların işteki rollerini tam olarak anlamadıkları ve hedefler, beklentiler, amaç
ve sorumluluklar konusunda belirsizlik olduğu zaman ortaya çıkacağı ifade edilmiştir. İş
doyumunun azalmasına, stresin artmasına ve işten ayrılma niyetlerinde artış olabileceği ele
alınmıştır. Rol belirsizliği, kişinin rol beklentilerine ilişkin açık ve performans bilgi sahibi
olmayışı, diğer bir ifadeyle rol sonucunun ne yapılması gerektiği konusunda eksik bilgi olarak
tanımlanabilir (Pearce, 1981; King ve King, 1990; Bauer, ve Simmons, 2000; Eys ve Carron,
2001).Rol çatışması, Çalışanlardan kendi değerleriyle çatışan veya birbirleriyle uyumsuz roller
üstlenmeleri istendiğinde ortaya çıkan bir durum olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Rol çatışmalarının
artması sonucu iş tatmininin de azalacağı vurgulanmıştır. Rol çatışması, iki veya daha fazla rol
temsilinden birinin aynı anda uyulması ve başka bir rol temsiline bağlı kalmanın zor olması
durumlarında ortaya çıkacağı ifade edilmiştir. (Stouffer ve Toby, 1951; Getzels ve Guba, 1954;
King ve King, 1990; Creary ve Gordon, 2016; Ürü Şimşek, 2022).Rol Yetersizliği, Bir
kuruluşun çalışanlarının becerilerinden ve eğitiminden yararlanamaması durumunda ortaya
çıkacağı ve iş tatminini azaltıp stresi artırdığı vurgulanmıştır ( Pestonjee ve Azeem, 2001; Kurt,
2010; Rohit, Singh, Sangeetha, ve Kumbhare, 2017; Yadav, 2017; Öztürk, ve Gezer,
2021).Yapılan işlerin sürekli olarak iş görülen ve bu nedenle birbirini takip eden postalar
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
halinde çalışan çalıştıran, ya da nöbetleşe çalışan postaları ile tutulan işlemler olarak tanımlanan
vardiyalı çalışmaların da görev ve sorumlulukların belirlenmemesi durumunda işlerinde
hasassiyet gösterenlerde ağır iş yüküne sebebiyet verebileceği gibi hususlar değerlendirimiştir
(Scott, 2000; Shields, 2002; Wright ve ark. 2013).Psikososyal risk etmenlerinin kapsamının
geniş olmasından dolayı bu çalışmada sadece görev ve sorumlulukların neden olabileceği
durumlar ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. İşyerleri ile ilgili stres kaynakları içerisinde yer alan görev
ve sorumlulukların belirsiz olması rol karmaşıklığa sebep olmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı görev
ve sorumluluk kavramlarına vurgu yaparak mevzuat kapsamında yer alan hususların
sorumlularca yerine getirilmesi ve uygulanmasının sağlaması yönündedir. Nitel araştırma
metodu kapsamında literatür taraması yapılarak iş sağlığı ve güvenliği kapsamında görev ve
sorumluluk kavramlarının önemine dikkat çekilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular yorumlanarak görev
ve sorumluluğun iş güvenliğindeki rolü üzerinde değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Görev ve
sorumluluk kavramlarının belirlenmemesi durumunda rol belirsizliği, rol çatışması veya rol
yetersizliği gibi stres kaynaklarına sebep olabileceği aşikârdır. Bu yüzden iş güvenliği
çerçevesinde görev ve sorumluluklarının tehlike sınıfına uygun olarak yapılması ve
belgelendirilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir (Sabuncuoğlu, 2016; Adıgüzel ve Küçükoğlu,
2019; Gedik ve Çet, 2020; Öztürk ve Şeremet, 2021).Şekil 1’de görev ve sorumluluklarının
belirlenmemesi durumunda neden olabileceği stres kaynaklarına görsellik kazandırılmıştır.
Amaç bu çalışmaya bir bütün olarak bakmak ve stres kaynaklarının temelinde görev
tanımlarının yapılmamış olmasıdır. Görev ve sorumlulukların belirlenmesi çok çalışkan
personel(ler)in iş yükünü hafifletirken çalışmayan veya işini önemsemeyen personel(ler)e de
sorumluluklar yüklemektir. Psikososyal risk etmenleri çerçevesinde stres kaynakları geniş bir
yelpazeye sahip olmaktadır. Ayrıca stres kaynaklarında domino etkisini de görebiliriz. Yani bir
stresin veya hastalığın kaynağı bir diğer stres kaynağına bağlanabilir. Örneğin fazla çalışmanın
veya yoğun tempoda çalışılan bir ortamda personel sırt veya bel incinmeleri yaşayabileceği gibi
sosyal aktivtite gibi olanaklardan da uzak kalacağı için kendisi sigara içme, alkol tüketme,
uyuşturucu madde veya hap kullanma gibi zararlı maddeleri de tüketebilir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 1. Görev ve Sorumlulukların Neden Olabileceği Psikososyal Nedenler
Şekil 1’de görselleştirilen stres kaynaklarının iş örgütlenmesi ve yönetimi kapsamında kişisel
özelliklerin esas tutulması sonucu tedbirlerin zamanında alınması ve işyerlerinin çalışma türüne
özgü olarak kapsamının genişletilmesi gerekmektedir. İşyerinde görev ve sorumluluklarının
etkili yönetimi için; problemlerin tespit edilmesi, alınması gereken tedbir ve eylemlere karar
verilmesi, eylemlerin yerine getirilmesi ve yapılan faaliyetlerin kontrol edilmesi neticesinde
olumlu sonuçların alınabileceği düşünülebilir. Liyakat esaslı görevlerin ve sorumlulukların
belirlenmemesi durumunda Şekil 2’ de yer alan sorun ve olaylar netice verebilir. Sistematik
olarak yapılan mobbing, iş vermemek ve aşırı iş vermek, diğer çalışanlara verilen haklardan
eşit yararlanmamak gibi psikososyal baskılar çalışanları yalnızlaştırır ve meslek hastalığı, iş
kazası, hukuki, idari ve cezai sorumluluklar gibi sonuçlara sebebiyet verebilir (URL 4). Bu
yüzden hem çalışanların hem de işverenlerin bu hususta eğitim almalarının sağlanması
gerekmektedir (Akşit ve Gür, 2022). İş sağlığı ve güvenliği çerçevesinde verilmesi gereken
eğitimlerde görev ve sorumluluklar hakkında tarafların veya tüm paydaşların bilgilendirimesi
gerekmektedir. İşlerin havalecilikten kurtulması ve görev karmaşıklığına son verilmesi için bu
tarz bilgilendirmeler büyük önem arz etmektedir. Çalışanların kişisel ve sağlık özellikleri esas
alınarak görev ve sorumluluklarının belirlenmemesi durumunda yetkililerin veya gerekli
mevzuat hükümlerinin yerine getirilmesi durumunda görev ve sorumlulukları çerçevesinde
hareket etmeyen çalışanlar hukuki, idari ve cezai yaptırımlarla karşılaşabilir. Bu yüzden
tarafların bilgilendirilmesi ve belgelendirilmesi önemlidir.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 2. Kişisel özelliklere uygun görev ve sorumlulukların belirlenmemesi durumunda netice
verebileceği sorunlar
ARAŞTIRMA VE BULGULAR
Nitel araştırma, algıları ve olayları doğal ortamda gerçekçi ve bütüncül bir şekilde ortaya
çıkarmak için gözlem, görüşme, doküman analizi gibi nitel veri toplama yöntemlerini kullanan
bir süreçtir. Sosyal bilimler bağımsızlaştıkça ve kendine özgü araştırma yöntemleri geliştikçe
ve nicel araştırma yöntemleri toplumsal gerçekliği açıklamakta yetersiz kaldıkça, nicel
araştırma yöntemlerinin sosyal bilimlerdeki etkinliği azalmaya başlıyor ve nitel araştırmanın
önemi artıyor. Sosyal olgular, sosyal davranışı belirleyen genel kanunlar üretmek yerine,
durumların spesifik boyutlarının araştırılmasıyla anlaşılabilir. Nitel veri analizi, insanların
kendilerini ve çevrelerini nasıl algıladıklarını veya tanımladıklarını anlamayı amaçlayan kişi
merkezli bir yaklaşımdır. Çalışan merkezli bu çalışmada da bu yüzden nitel araştırma metodu
kullanılmıştır (Aydın, 2018; Yıldırım ve Şimşek, 2021).Nitel araştırma, çeşitli disiplinlere
dayanan sağlam bir teorik temele sahiptir. Sosyoloji, antropoloji, psikoloji, felsefe, dilbilim, iş
sağlığı ve güvenliği gibi disiplinlerin tümü nitel araştırmaya bakış açıları ve yöntemleri ile
katkıda bulunur. Tüm bu disiplinlerin ortak amacı insan davranışını ve onun içinde bulunduğu
çevresel durumu çok yönlü olarak anlamaya çalışmaktır. Nitel araştırma tasarımı, bir araştırma
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yöntemini tanımlayan ve çeşitli aşamaların bu yöntem etrafında hizalanmasına rehberlik eden
bir strateji olarak tanımlanabilir. Nitel araştırma tasarımı, araştırmacılara araştırma
faaliyetlerini tutarlı ve amaçlı bir şekilde yürütme konusunda rehberlik eder (Yıldırım ve
Şimşek, 2021).Bu çalışmada da ulusal ve uluslararası çalışmalarda yer alan görev ve
sorumluluk ile ilgili çalışmalar araştırılmıştır. Ancak yapılan literatür taramasında görev ve
sorumluluğun iş sağlığı ve güvenliği yönünden önemi hakkında yapılan her hangi bir çalışmaya
rastlanmamıştır. Araştırma neticesinde çalışanların görev ve sorumlulukları ile ilgili çalışma
bulunmazken psikososyal risk etmenlerinin temel unsurlarından sayılabilecek olan rol
belirsizliği, rol çatışması, rol yetersizliği, vardiya çalışmaları, stres gibi hususlarda çalışmaların
sıklıkla yapıldığı bulgularına rastlanmıştır. Kayda değer düzeyde yapılan bu tür çalışmalarda
görev ve sorumluluklar hakkında araştırmalara ağırlık verilmemesinden dolayı literatürde bu
yönde bir boşluk olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu yüzden çalışanların çalışmalarını belli bir plan
ve program çerçevesinde yapabilmesi için her mesleğe uygun olarak görev ve sorumluluk ile
ilgili çalışmaların yapılması literatüre katkı sunacağı düşünülmektedir.Araştırma neticesinde
mobbing veya stres’e neden olan hususlar hakkında elde edilen bulguları; çalışan(lar)ın
işyerlerinde yalnızlaştırılması, iş yapma olanaklarının zorlaştırılması, çalışanın yok sayılması
veya dikkate alınmaması, çalışan ile alay edilmesi, yaptığı işin küçümsenmesi veya
aşağılanması, statüsünün küçümsenmesi, çalışma isteğinin kırılmaya çalışılması, sürekli
suçlanması veya eleştirilmesi, arkasından konuşulması veya dedikodusunun normalleştirilmesi,
işle ilgili olmayan olağandışı taleplerde bulunulması, kariyeri hakkında tehdit edilmesi ve
çalışmamızın konusu olan görev tanımının dışında sorumluluklar veya işlerin verilmesi
şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.
SONUÇ VE ÖNERİLER
Bu çalışmada rol karmaşasına neden olabilen görev ve sorumluluk kavramlarının yetkililerce
mevzuata uygun olarak yapılması ve sınırların belirlenmesi için önerilerde bulunulmuştur
Yapılan literatür taraması ve iş güvenliği uzmanı olarak saha çalışmalarından elde edilen
deneyim sonucu, görev ve sorumluluk sorunlarıyla mücadele konusunda alınması gereken
tedbirler için aşağıda listenen tavsiyelerde bulunulabilir.
❖ Periyodik eğitimlerin verilmesi (mesleki eğitimler, kişisel gelişim eğitimleri gibi),
❖ İşin yürütüm koşullarında değişikliklere gidilmesi,
❖ Çalışma ortamının vazifenin gerektiği hale getirmek veya yeniden tasarlamak,
❖ Çalışan(lar)a özel danışmanlık hizmetleri sunmak,
❖ Çalışma koşullarında veya sürelerinde değişiklikler yapmak,
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
❖ Görev ve sorumlulukların çözümleme yönerge veya prosedürlerin iş ortamına /
şartlarına göre oluşturmak,
❖ Mesleki kariyer çerçevesinde alımlar yapmak,
❖ Görev ve sorumluluklarla ilgili sorunlarda kime veya hangi yetkililere başvuracakları
konusunda çalışanları bilgilendirmek,
❖ Geleceği emanet edebilecek meslek erbaplarının yetişmesini sağlamak,
❖ Bu çalışma kapsamında hazırlanan Ek -1 formunun sektörel bazda uygulanmasını
sağlamak ve kapsamının genişletilmesi için çalışmalar yürütmek gibi birçok öneride
bulunulabilir.
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KAYNAKÇA
1)
Adıgüzel, O. (2012). İşle İlgili Stres, Rol Çatışması ve Rol Belirsizliğinin Beklenen
Personel Devri Üzerine Etkisi: Hemşireler Üzerinde Bir Uygulama. Uluslararası Alanya
İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(3), 163-169.
2)
Adıgüzel, Z., ve Küçükoğlu, İ. (2019). Örgütlerde Çalışanların Yaşadıkları Rol
Çatışmasının Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler
Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 13-35.
3)
Akşit, İ. ve Gür, B. (2022). 8. Uluslararası iş güvenliği ve çalışan sağlığı kongresi. İş
sağlığı ve güvenliği kapsamında verilmesi gereken eğitimler üzerine bir saha çalışması (
s. 283–290). Güven Plus Grup A.Ş. Yayınları.
4)
Altan, S., Erkuş, A., ve Turunç, Ö. (2022). Örgütsel adalet ile yaratıcılık ilişkisinde rol
çatışması ve rol belirsizliğinin düzenleyici rolü. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 23(2), 129150. https://doi.org/10.31671/doujournal.1105156
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Aydın, N. (2018). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri: Etnoloji. Uluslararası Beşeri Ve Sosyal
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6)
Bauer, J. C., & Simmons, P. R. (2000). Role ambiguity: A review and integration of the
literature. Journal of Modern Business, 3(1), 41-47.
7)
Ceylan, A. ve Ulutürk, Y. H. (2006). Rol belirsizliği, rol çatışması, iş tatmini ve
performans arasındaki ilişkiler. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7(1), 48-58.
8)
Creary, SJ ve Gordon, JR (2016). Rol çatışması, aşırı rol yükü ve rol gerilimi. Aile
çalışmaları ansiklopedisi , 1-6.
9)
Çivilidağ, A., ve Durmaz, Ş. (2022). Rol Çatışması-Rol Belirsizliği ve İş Yerinde
Psikolojik Taciz, Mesleki Benlik Saygısı ve İşe Yabancılaşma Olgularının Araştırma
Görevlileri Üzerinde İncelenmesi. Akdeniz İnsani Bilimler Dergisi, 12, 25-41.
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TEKSTİL SEKTÖRÜNDE İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ KAPSAMINDA ALINMASI
GEREKEN TEDBİRLER
Özgür CENGİZ (ORCID:0000-0001-5427-6086)
Iğdır Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Iğdır/Türkiye
İsmail AKŞİT (ORCID:0000-0003-4753-8505)
Kafkas Üniversitesi, Sarıkamış Meslek Yüksekokulu, Kars/Türkiye
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Okan ÖZBAKIR (ORCID:0000-0001-8997-9451)
Iğdır Üniversitesi, Teknik Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu, Iğdır/Türkiye
ÖZET
Tekstil veya dokuma sektörü, genellikle hayvansal, bitkisel veya kimyasal liflerin
kullanılmasıyla elde edilen çeşitli ürünleri içermektedir. Bu sektör, liflerin işlenmesi ve bir
araya getirilmesi suretiyle kumaşların ve tekstil ürünlerinin üretildiği karmaşık bir süreci
kapsar. Türkiye'deki tekstil imalat sektöründe 2008-2021 döneminde kaydedilen 172.445 iş
kazası gerçekleşmiş ve söz konusu yıllar arasındaki tüm sektörlerdeki iş kazalarının %5'i tekstil
ürünleri imalatı sektöründe gerçekleşmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, tekstil sektöründe
iş sağlığı ve güvenliği uygulamalarına odaklanarak, bu alanda literatüre katkıda bulunmak ve
işverenler ile çalışanların iş kazaları ve meslek hastalıklarına karşı korunmasını sağlamaktır.
Bu doğrultuda, sektörde uygulanmakta olan iş sağlığı ve güvenliği önlemlerine dikkat
çekilerek, alınması gereken tedbirlerin önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Ulusal ve uluslararası
kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgilerle tekstil işlerinin gerçekleştirildiği ortamlardaki iş güvenliği
önlemleri incelenmektedir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma metodu kullanılarak tekstil
atölyelerindeki risklerin kapsamlı bir değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır. İş sağlığı ve güvenliği
riskleri, tekstil sektöründe de diğer sektörlerde olduğu gibi önemli bir konudur, ancak sektöre
özgü materyallerin ve işlemlerin kullanımıyla bazı riskler öne çıkmaktadır. Ergonomik, fiziksel,
kimyasal, biyolojik ve psikososyal riskler, tekstil sektöründe gözlemlenen risk kategorileridir
ve bu risklere karşı uygun önlemler alınmalıdır. Bu çalışma, iş sahasındaki risklerin kapsamlı
bir şekilde ele alınmasını sağlayarak tekstil sektöründe iş sağlığı ve güvenliği konusunda daha
bilinçli bir yaklaşımın teşvik edilmesine katkıda bulunmayı hedeflemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Risk, Tekstil, Dokumacılık, Atölye, İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği
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MEASURES TO BE TAKEN WITHIN THE SCOPE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
AND SAFETY IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT
The textile or weaving sector includes various products generally obtained using animal,
vegetable, or chemical fibers. This sector covers the complex process of producing fabrics and
textile products by processing and assembling fibers. There were 172,445 occupational
accidents recorded in the textile manufacturing sector in Turkey in the 2008-2021 period, and
5% of the occupational accidents in all sectors between these years occurred in the textile
products manufacturing sector. In this context, the study aims to contribute to the literature in
this field by focusing on occupational health and safety practices in the textile industry and to
ensure that employers and employees are protected against work accidents and occupational
diseases. In this regard, attention is drawn to the occupational health and safety measures
implemented in the sector, and the importance of the measures that need to be taken is
emphasized. Occupational safety measures in the environments where textile work is carried
out are examined with information obtained from national and international sources. In the
study, a comprehensive evaluation of the risks in textile workshops is made using the qualitative
research method. Occupational health and safety risks are an important issue in the textile
industry as in other sectors, but some risks come to the fore with the use of sector-specific
materials and processes. Ergonomic, physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial risks are
the risk categories observed in the textile industry and appropriate measures should be taken
against these risks. This study aims to contribute to promoting a more conscious approach to
occupational health and safety in the textile industry by ensuring that risks in the workplace are
comprehensively addressed.
KeyWords: Risk, Textile, Weaving, Workshop, Occupational Health and Safety
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Giriş
Tekstil sektöründe çalışanlar, iş kazalarıyla fiziksel, kimyasal, biyolojik, psikososyal ve
ergonomik risklere maruz kalabilirler. Daha sağlıklı ve güvenli bir iş ortamı sağlamak için,
risklerin belirlenmesi ve ortadan kaldırılması için tedbirler alınması gerekmektedir.Çalışma
hayatındaki öncelikler arasında iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Bu
tedbirlerin ihmal edilmesi, çalışanların hayatını tehlikeye atabilir veya ciddi yaralanmalara
yol açabilir; bunun yanı sıra işverenler için önemli maddi kayıplara sebep olabilir. İş sağlığı
ve güvenliği alanında, tedbirlerin alınması ve bunlara riayet edilmesi, öncelikle işverenin,
ardından çalışanın sorumluluğundadır. Türkiye'de en fazla istihdamın gerçekleştiği
sektörlerden biri olan tekstil endüstrisi, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği açısından bir dizi risk ve
tehlikeyi içinde barındırmaktadır. Bu risklerle başa çıkabilmek için, tekstil sektöründe iş
sağlığı ve güvenliği ile ilgili önlemlerin alınması gerekmekte olup, bu sayede sektördeki iş
kazalarının ve meslek hastalıklarının büyük ölçüde önlenebileceği vurgulanmaktadır
(Değirmenci ve Bozkurt, 2018).Ülkemizde, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği sorunlarının yaşandığı
sektörlerden biri yoğun emek ve zaman gerektiren Tekstil sektörüdür. Bu sektörde, üretim
verimliliğini artırmakla çalışanların refahını sağlamak arasında hassas bir denge bulunmaktadır
ve her iki hedefi de başarıyla elde etmek zordur. Özellikle küçük işletmelerde, iş sağlığı ve
güvenliği ile ilgili alınan önlemler maalesef yeterli seviyede değildir (Özbakır, 2023). 2008 ile
2021 yılları arasında ülkemizde tekstil imalat sektöründe toplamda 172.445 iş kazası
kaydedilmiştir. Kaza geçirenler arasında kadın çalışanların sayısının diğer sektörlere kıyasla
fazla olması, iş kazalarından etkilenen çalışanların %25'inin kadın olmasına neden olmuştur.
Bu durum, diğer sektörlerde görülmeyen bir orandır. Söz konusu dönemde, tüm sektörlerde
gerçekleşen iş kazalarının %5'i tekstil ürünleri imalat sektöründe meydana gelmiştir.İnsanoğlu
giyim, süslenme, ev tekstili gibi pek çok alanda tekstil ürünlerine ihtiyaç duyduğundan dolayı
bu alanlarda üretim yapmak zorundadır. Tekstil ürünlerine yönelik olarak özellikle son
dönemlerde talebin artmış olmasından dolayı, tekstil ürünlerinin daha hızlı bir şekilde
üretilmesi için çok sayıda makinenin yapılmasına neden olmuştur. Bu da, fabrikasyon üretim
çağını başlatmış ve bu makineler de çalışanlar için, yangın, gürültü, tozlar, tehlikeli kimyasallar,
hareketli aksamlar başta olmak üzere pek çok iş sağlığı ve güvenliği sorununu ortaya çıkarmıştır
(Özbek, 2022). Yakın gelecekte, iş güvenliği alanında geniş bir bilgiye sahip olan ve her
sektörde çalışabilecek uzmanların yanı sıra, her sektörde işe özgü uzmanların eğitimi daha da
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
önemli hale gelecektir. Bu, sadece çok tehlikeli ve tehlikeli kategorilerde değil, her sektörde
iş güvenliği standartlarının ve gereksinimlerinin karşılanmasını sağlamak için gereklidir
(Kökten ve Avinç, 2014).Kişisel koruyucu ekipmanların yeterli düzeyde kullanıldığı, ramak
kala, iş kazası ve meslek hastalıkları sayısının az olduğu, risk değerlendirmelerinin yapıldığı,
çalışan temsilcilerinin belirlendiği ve gerekli kayıtların tutulduğu ve raporlamaların yapıldığı
iş yerleri, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği tedbirlerinin üst düzeyde uygulandığı yerlerdir. Bireysel
bilgi, beceri ve yargıya göre belirlenmenin yanında, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği kurallarına uygun
hareket eden bir çalışanlar grubu oluşturulmalıdır. Kazalar önlenebilir olduğu için
işverenlerin sorumluluk alması önem arz etmektedir (Ağırgan, 2020).Tekstil fabrikalarında
makine fazlalığı ve ürün çeşitliliği farklı iş yönelimlerine yol açmaktadır. Ürünlerin ve üretim
faktörlerinin çeşitliliği, işçiler üzerinde termal baskı oluşturur. Ortaya çıkan sıcaklık stresi uzun
yıllar çalışan kişilerde meslek hastalıklarına da yol açmaktadır. İş sağlığı ve güvenliği
önlemleri, mühendislik çalışmaları ve işgücü yönetimi sayesinde çalışanları iş kazalarından ve
meslek hastalıklarından korumak mümkündür. Tekstil fabrikalarında yaz ve kış mevsiminde
çalışma ortamındaki farklılıkları etkileyen memnuniyetsizlik düzeyinin belirlenmesi, meslek
hastalıklarının ve sağlık sorunlarının azaltılmasına yönelik, önleyici tedbirlerin ve teknik
testlerin uygulanması gerekli olacaktır. Termal konfor, mesleki hijyen önlemlerine, metabolik
iş ayarlarına ve teknik standartlara göre kıyafet seçimi yapılarak düzenlenebilir (Öz ve ark.,
2018).Tekstil sektöründe ergonomi, yoğun emek ve insana dayalı, sık sık tekrarlanan
hareketlerin yer aldığı bir sektör olmasından ötürü büyük önem taşımaktadır. Oturarak
çalışmada sandalye ve masa tasarımının özellikleri önemlidir. Sandalyelerin yüksekliğinin ve
derinliğinin ayarlanabilir olması, yeterli sırt dayanağına sahip olması çalışanlar açısından
faydalı olacaktır. Sandalyeler, tercihen nefes alabilen, kaymayan ve beş noktalı teması sağlayan
yeterince yumuşak kumaşlardan yapılmış olmalıdır. Tekstil sektöründe, işlem yapılan veya
incelenen/kontrol edilen nesne ile göz arasındaki mesafe yeterli olmalıdır. İşlem yapılan
malzemenin bükülmesini ve esnemesini önlemek için kenarlıklar masalara yerleştirilebilir.
Tekrarlayan hareketlerden kaçınmak için çeşitli aktiviteler kullanılabilir. Özellikle gürültü,
aydınlatma, toz ve termal konfor açısından uygun olmayan bir çalışma ortamında, ölçümler
yapılarak çalışanlar üzerinde olumsuz etki oluşturmaması için önlemler alınmalıdır (Aksüt ve
ark., 2021). Çalışma ortamı koşulları; iş tatmini, işin verimliliği ve kalitesiyle bağlantılı bir
kavramdır. Özellikle yoğun emek harcayan çalışanlar için ergonomik uyumun sağlanması,
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
yapılan işe doğrudan etki etmektedir. Çalışma ve dinlenme sürelerine bakıldığında, çalışanların
uzun saatler çalıştıkları, molalarda ise herhangi bir fiziksel aktivite yapmadıkları görülmektedir.
Dolayısıyla çalışma koşulları, çalışanlar için tüm faktörler dikkate alınarak oluşturulmalıdır
(Efe ve Efe, 2015). Hem çalışma alanında hem de dinlenme alanında ergonomik uyum
önemlidir.Çalışanların iş güvenliği algıları, kişiden kişiye değişen ve birçok çevresel ve bireysel
faktörden etkilenen değer yargılarını temsil etmektedir. Küreselleşme ve artan rekabet, değişen
sosyo-ekonomik koşullara ayak uydurmak için yapısal değişikliklere uğrayan örgütlerde, asli
personel dışında çalışanlara sunulan iş güvencesinin kaybolmasına yol açmıştır. Ayrıca
ekonomik durgunluk ve kriz gibi durumlar işyerlerinin kapanmasına, işsizliğin artmasına,
mevcut çalışanlar için statü ve maaş kaybına, performans baskısının ve işsizlik riskinin
artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bütün bu değişiklikler; durum belirsizliğini artırmış ve iş
güvencesizliği çalışanlar için önemli bir sorun haline gelmiştir (Derin ve Şimşek Ilkım, 2017).
İş kazalarını önlemek veya azaltmak için, iş kazasına neden olan faktörlerin analiz ve
değerlendirmelerle belirlenmesi, gerekli tüm önlemlerin hassasiyetle alınması ve önlemlerin
etkin bir şekilde uygulanıp uygulanmadığının belirlenmesi için sıkı kontrollerin yapılması
gerekmektedir (Kodaloğlu, 2024).Tekstil, kapsamı geniş olduğu kadar iş güvenliği
kapsamından da riskleri de o kadar geniş bir yelpazeye sahiptir. İmalatından tasarımına mevcut
olan riskler ile üretimden lojistik hizmetlerine veya tüketiciye erişim sürecine kadar yer alan
riskler farklılık arz edebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada risklerin atölye kısmında bir bütün olarak
görülebilmesi için şekil-2’deki görsel hazırlanmış ve mevcut süreçlerin yer alması için
çalışmalar yürütülmüştür. Tüm kategoriler sığdırılamasa da risklerin bir bütün olarak görülmesi
amaç edinilmiştir. Görselde tüm risklerin ana unsurlarını tespit edebilecek başlıkların
görülmesine olanak tanıdığını söylemek mümkündür. Çalışamalarda kapsamın genişletilmesi,
tehlike ve risklerin tanımlanması için rehberlik etmektedir. Bu yüzden benzer çalışmalarda da
temsili görsellerin hazırlanması somutlaştırma adına büyük önem arz ettiği söylenebilir.
2. Çalışma Alanı:
Tekstil sektöründe çalışanların karşılaştığı farklı tehlikeler bulunmaktadır. Çalışma
ortamındaki tehlikelerin oluşmasından sorumlu olan farklı faktörler vardır. Tekstilde bunlar
Fiziksel, Biyolojik, Kimyasal ve Ergonomik (kişisel) faktörlerdir. Vardiyalı çalışma, işyerinde
sigara içme, iş yoğunluğu nedeniyle kişisel koruyucu ekipmanların uygun şekilde kullanılması
gibi işyeri ortamında tehlikeler oluşturmaktan sorumlu olan birden fazla hususlar vardır.
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Endüstride tehlikeli teknolojik cihazların kullanılmaya başlanması, meslek hastalıkları
etkenleri ve sağlıksız çalışma ortamları gibi durumlar yüksek kaza oranlarıyla sonuçlanmıştır.
Çoğu çalışan okuma yazma bilmediği için işlerinde ne gibi koruyucu önlemlerin gerekli
olduğunu öğrenemiyor. İşgücünün büyük bir kısmı imalat ve endüstriyel süreçlerin oluşturduğu
tehlikelerle başa çıkmaya hazır değil. Bu çalışma, tekstil endüstrisinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği
(İSG) konusunda tehlike kontrol önlemlerinin rolünü bilmek amacıyla tasarlanmıştır.Bu yüzden
çalışma alanı olarak tekstil sektörü seçilmiştir. Tekstil sektörü üretim sürecinden tüketim
sürecine kadar birçok işlem aşamasını içermektedir. Tasarım, kalıp hazırlama, elle kesim, elle
serim, otomatik kesim ve makine ile serim, kesimhane, dikimhane, ütüleme, paketleme,
sevkiyat, aksesuarlar gibi birden fazla süreci içermektedir. Her bir süreç kendisine özgü riskleri
içermektedir. Tekstil sektöründe en sık rastlanan sırt ve bel ağrıları, kesme veya delinme, karpal
tünel sendromu gibi şikayetlerdir. Tekstil sektöründe kullanılan iş ekipmanlarının çeşitliliği,
risklerin de çeşidini artırmaktadır. Kullanılan bazı ekipmanları şu şekilde sıralamak
mümkündür: harman hallaç makinesi, şerit birleştirme, vatka birleştirme, tarak, cer, penyöz,
fitil, ring, bobinleme, yıkama kurutma makinesi, melanjör makinesi, eğirme makinesi, ikileme
makinesi, finisör makinesi, elyaf yağlama makinesi, germe-çekme makinesi, fikse makinesi,
tekstüre makinesi, kutlama büküm aktarma, basınçla boya kazanı, boya mikseri, örme makinesi,
çözgü haşıllama, kasarlama makinesi, çözgü makinesi, haşıl sökme makinesi, merserizasyon
makinesi, termofikse makinesi, yakma (gaze) makinesi, boya makinesi, rotasyon baskı, film
baskı makinesi, rulu baskı makinesi, yaş apre halat açma makinesi, ramöz makinesi, hasırlı
kurutma makinesi, sanfor makinesi, zımpara makinesi, makas-tıraş makinesi, şardon makinesi,
kalandır makinesi vb. şeklinde sıralamak mümkündür (Yağımlı ve Erdoğan, 2021). Bu açıdan,
tekstil sektöründe riskler kapsamı geniş olmanın yanında tedbir almanın da zorluklarından
bahsetmek gerekmektedir. Bu zorluklar üretim-tüketim ve geri dönüşüm süreci çerçevesinde
ele alınabilir. Çalışma alanının tekstil seçilme sebeplerini risklerinin yoğun olmasına
bağlayabiliriz.
3. Materyal ve Yöntem
Nitel araştırma metodu kapsamında ulusal ve uluslararası literatürden faydalanılmıştır.
Materyal olarak görsel araçlar kullanılarak bir tekstil atölyesinin görseli hazırlanmıştır.
Merdiven altı tekstil atölyeleri istisnadır. Yapılan çalışmada risklerin bir bütün olarak görsel
üzerinde sağlanması ve elde edilen görselin çalışma sahalarında tüm çalışanlar tarafından
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görülmesi sağlanmalıdır. Çalışma alanına hitap edecek şekilde risklerin mevcut olduğu
görseller, birimlere hitap edecek şekilde bir yöntem kullanılarak çalışanlar bilgilendirilebilir.
Bu çalışmada tekstil sektöründe ilgili tehlikelerin türünü ve yaygınlığını, sektörürün iş gücü
kayıplarını tanımlamak için literatür araştırmasına başvurulmuştur.
4. Bulgular ve Tartışma
Yapılan çalışma kapsamında risklerin ortak olmasının yanında ergonomik risklerin ağırlık
kazandığından bahsedilebilir. Karpal tünel sendromu ve monoton çalışma temposu sağlık
açısından riskler oluşturmaktadır. Kesme-delme işlemlerinde de el kol yaralanmalarına
sebebiyet verdiği söylenebilir. Bel-sırt ağrıları ve çalışma alanındaki ekipmanların uygun
olmamasından dolayı ergonomik riskler ağırlık kazanmaktadır. Ancak iş temposu ve fazla
mesai gibi hususların bulunmasından dolayı psikososyal risklerden de bahsedilebilir. İş yeri
koşulları (özellikle ergonomik şartlar), kas-iskelet rahatsızlıklarına ve duruş bozukluklarına
neden olmaktadır. Tekstil ürünlerinde meslek hastalıklarına karşı kimyasal risklere de (boya,
toz, solvent vb.) tedbir alınmalıdır. Tekstil sektörü kimyasal ürünlerin yoğun kullanılması,
aydınlatma ve termal konfor gibi fiziksel risklerin de yoğun olduğu bir sektördür. Hijyen ve
kalabalık bir çalışma alanında çalışılmasından ötürü biyolojik risklerden de bahsedilebilir.
Tekstil endrüstrisinde işitme kaybı gibi sağlık problemleri de dahil olmak üzere, sağlık
açısından birçok tehlike barındırmaktadır. Tekstil sektöründe iş kazaları ve meslek
hastalıklarının önlenmesi kapsamında alınacak tedbirler, çok büyük maddi harcamalara gerek
kalmadan basit önlemlerle veya yöntemlerle (örneğin; maske kullanımı, korucu kıyafet-teçhizat
kullanımı, uyarı ve ikaz işaretlerinin belirgin olması, denetim ve kontrol işlemleri, makine ve
teçhizatların kullanım kılavuzlarının okunması, eğitim eksikliklerinin giderilmesi gibi) birçok
iş
kazasının-meslek
hastalığının
meydana
gelmesi
önlenebileceği
bulgularına
değinebiliriz.Hiremath ve ark. (2014) de, çalışanların çoğunun solunum problemleri, kas
tonusunda artış, göz problemleri ve kas-iskelet sistemi sorunlarından etkilendiğini bulgularını
elde etmişlerdir. Ayrıca iş güvencesinin veya düzenli çalışmanın, çalışanın uzun vadede vücut
sağlığını da olumlu yönde etkilediğini gözlemlemişlerdir. Ancak, endüstriyel tesisler, çalışma
ortamı ve iş sağlığı ve güvenliği yönergelerine ilişkin talimat ve prosedürleri içeren Hindistan
Fabrikalar Yasası (OHSAS 18001/ ILO-OSH 2001) uyarınca önlemlerin benimsenmesi ve
uygulanmasına yeterince sağlanmadığını ifade etmişlerdir.
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Akşit ve Gür (2022)’ de iş sağlığı ve güvenliği çerçevesinde verilmesi gereken eğitimler üzerine
yapmış oldukları çalışmada mesleklere özgü olan nitelikli eğitimlerin verilmesi gerektiği
hususu öne çıkmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada hazırlanan form işyerlerinin tehlike sınıfı ve üretim
sürecini de dikkate almak gerektiği sonucuna erişilmektedir. Böylece sektör bazlı eğitimlerin
verilmesi daha etkili olacağı bulgusu ortaya çıkmaktadır.Kumie ve ark. (2016) da, Mevcut hızlı
ekonomik gelişmenin Etiyopya dahil gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki işyerlerinde değişikliklere yol
açtığına değinmişlerdir. Etiyopya'daki işyerlerinde iş sağlığı hizmetlerinin boşlukları ve
ihtiyaçları hakkında sınırlı bilgi bulunduğunu, İş sağlığı ve güvenliği hizmetlerinin
organizasyonu, sanayileşme bağlamında çalışan sağlığına yönelik artan talepleri karşılayacak
kadar dayanıklı olmadığını ifade etmişlerdir.Khan ve ark. (2015), Solunum yolu hastalığı
semptomlarının (ateş, nefes darlığı, göğüste sıkışma ve öksürük) yaygınlığı genellikle pamuk
endüstrisinin dokuma bölümünde en yüksek olduğu ifade etmişlerdir. Pakistan'da pamuk
endüstrisinde işçilerin farklı mesleki tehlikelere maruz kaldığı kötü çalışma koşulları hala
mevcut olduğu ve küçük dokuma fabrikalarından (elektrikli tezgahlar) daha fazla sağlık
belirtisinin olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bu endüstriyel sektörde iş sağlığı ve güvenliği konusunda,
özellikle elektrikli tezgahlara odaklanılması konusunda ciddi iyileştirmelere ihtiyaç olduğuna
değinilmiştir.Abraha ve ark. (2018) de, İşe bağlı kas-iskelet sistemi bozukluklarının görülme
sıklığının %53,1 olduğu, bunun ise cinsiyet, yaş, hizmet yılı, fiziksel aktivite eksikliği,
ayarlanabilir sandalyenin bulunmaması, iş yükü ve yetersiz ışık gibi sorunların sırt ağrısı
riskinin artmasına neden olduğuyla ilişkilendirimiştir.Das ve Kathiresan, (2022) de,
Hindistan'daki iplik eğirme endüstrileri, kırsal alanlardan vasıfsız işgücünü çekmede çok
önemli olan, emek yoğun geleneksel endüstrilerdir. İplik sektörüyle ilgili tehlikeler ve riskler,
daha az dikkat edilmesine rağmen diğer sektörlerle karşılaştırıldığında daha ciddidir. Kazaların
büyük çoğunluğu hukuki sonuçlara yol açmıyor. İşçiler okuma yazma bilmedikleri için sağlık
ve güvenlik prosedürlerinin gerekliliğinden habersizler. Ayrıca İSG'nin (iş sağlığı ve güvenliği)
benimsenmesindeki zorluklar nedeniyle, yönetim bunu teşvik etmeye yüksek öncelik
vermemektedir. İplik endüstrileri bir takım güvenlik ve sağlık sorunlarıyla ilgilenmektedir. Das
ve Kathiresan, (2022) bu çalışmalarında Hindistan'daki iplik endüstrileriyle bağlantılı olarak bu
zorlukların her birini ve bu zorluklara yönelik potansiyel çözümleri incelemeyi
amaçlamaktadır.
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5. Sonuçlar
Tekstil alanı sürecinden geçen her bir ürünün yıkanması ve içerisinde kullanılan kimyasalların
türüne göre kullanım kılavuzlarında bu hususların bulundurulması önerilir. İçerisinde yer alan
kimyevi maddelerin sebebiyet verebileceği hususlar hakkında tüketiciler bilgilendirilmelidir.
Yetkili bir devlet kurumu tarafından denetimlerinin yapılması ve CE-TSE gibi belgelendirme
işlemlerinin tamamlanmadan piyasa arzının engellenmesi tavsiye edilir. Kâr amacı ile satılan
bu ürünlerin denetimi, eğitim almış yetkili, liyakatlı ve bağımsız personeller tarafından
yapılmalıdır. Fabrika, atölye, hastane, otel ve ev gibi ortamlar başta olmak üzere tekstil atığının
meydana geldiği ve tüm tekstil ürünlerinin kullanılamaz duruma gelmesi durumunda hem çevre
sağlığı hem de gereksiz harcama ve tüketimin önüne geçmek için şekil 1’de görsel hale getirilen
süreçte geri dönüşüm kaynaklarının tam olarak kullanılması önerilir.
Şekil 1. Tekstil Ürünlerinin Geri Dönüşüm Süreci
Yeterli vasıflara sahip sınırlı insan gücünün mevcut olduğu sektörlerden olan tekstil sektöründe
iş güvenliği, sağlık hizmetleri ve ilgili hastalıkların durumunu araştırmak için İleride yapılması
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
öngörülen çalışmalar için yapılandırılmış bir kontrol listesinin hazırlanarak kullanılması
önerilebilir.
Şekil-2: Tekstil atölyesinin çalışma sürecini ve riskleri bir bütün olarak görmek için
hazırlanan temsili görsel (URL: 1,2,3)
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Kaynakça
Abraha, T. H., Demoz, A. T., Moges, H. G., & Ahmmed, A. N. (2018). Predictors of back
disorder among Almeda textile factory workers, North Ethiopia. BMC research notes,
11(1), 304. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3440-4
Ağırgan, M. (2020). Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon Sektöründe İş Sağlığı Ve Güvenliği: Trakya
Örneği. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(37), 101-112.
Aksüt, G., Eren, T., & Tüfekçi, M. (2021). Tekstil Sektör Çalışanlarının Maruz Kaldığı
Ergonomik Risklerin Analitik Ağ Süreci ile Değerlendirilmesi. International Journal of
Engineering
Research
and
Development,
13(1),
231-242.
https://doi.org/10.29137/umagd.798215
Akşit, İ. ve Gür, B. (2022). 8. Uluslararası iş güvenliği ve çalışan sağlığı kongresi. İş sağlığı ve
güvenliği kapsamında verilmesi gereken eğitimler üzerine bir saha çalışması ( s. 283–
290). Güven Plus Grup A.Ş. Yayınları.
Das, S. ve Kathiresan, A. (2022). Pamuk eğirme endüstrisinde çevre ve sağlık tehlikeleri. Doğal
Elyaflar Dergisi , 19 (16), 13596-13608.
Değirmenci, Z., & Bozkurt, M. İ. (2018). Tekstil Sektöründe İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği
Uygulamaları. Kilis 7 Aralık Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 2(1), 1-16.
Derin, N., & Şimşek Ilkım, N. (2017). Tekstil Sektöründe İş Güvencesizliği Algısının
Demografik Özelliklere Göre İncelenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari
Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 39-51.
Efe, Ö., & Efe, B. (2015). Tekstil Sektöründe İş Kazalarının Oluşumuna Ait Ergonomik
Risklerin Değerlendirilmesi. Mühendislik Bilimleri Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 3(3), 623-629.
Hiremath, RB, Kattumuri, R., Kumar, B. ve Hiremath, GR (2014). Solapur (Hindistan) tekstil
endüstrilerindeki tekstil işçilerinin sağlık ve güvenlik yönleri. Hint toplum sağlığı dergisi
, 26 (4).
Khan, A. W., Moshammer, H. M., & Kundi, M. (2015). Industrial hygiene, occupational safety
and respiratory symptoms in the Pakistani cotton industry. BMJ open, 5(4), e007266.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007266
Kodaloğlu, M. (2024). The Effect of Thermal Conditions On Occupational Accidents
Frequency In Textile Sector. International Journal of Engineering and Innovative
Research, 6(1), 40-47. https://doi.org/10.47933/ijeir.1387522
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Kökten, M., & Avinç, O. (2014). 6331 Sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu’nda İşveren
Yükümlülükleri ve Tekstil Sektörü Açısından Bir Bakış. Tekstil Ve Mühendis, 21(93),
32-47. https://doi.org/10.7216/130075992014219305
Kumie, A., Amera, T., Berhane, K., Samet, J., Hundal, N., G/Michael, F., & Gilliland, F.
(2016). Occupational Health and Safety in Ethiopia: A review of Situational Analysis and
Needs Assessment. The Ethiopian journal of health development = Ya'Ityopya tena lemat
mashet, 30(1 Spec Iss), 17–27.
Öz, İ. O., Korcan, S. E., & Bulduk, İ. (2018). Tekstil Sektöründe Termal Konfor Ölçümleri ve
Alınacak Önlemlerin Değerlendirilmesi. Uşak Üniversitesi Fen Ve Doğa Bilimleri
Dergisi, 2(2), 21-34.
Özbakır O. (2023). Evaluating Occupational Health And Safety Risks in The Textile Sector: A
Textile Workshop Case Study in Iğdır. Iğdır Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Fakültesi Dergisi, 10, 47-58.
Özbek A., (2022). Tekstil Sektöründe İş Sağlığı Ve Güvenliği, "İş Güvenliği Ve Çalışan
Sağlığı", Prof. Dr. Mohammad ISRAR Doç. Dr. Ayhan ONAT Dr. Öğr. Üye. Senai
YALÇINKAYA, Editör, Güven Plus Grup A.Ş. Yayınları, İstanbul, ss.59-85,
URL : https://www.tekstilekipman.com/ueruen-sayfasi/z-bant-sistemleri (E.T.: 23.02.2024)
URL: https://www.freepik.com/vectors/textile-industry?log-in=google (E.T.: 23.02.2024)
URL:https://www.timtas.com/urunler/konfeksiyon-ve-tekstil-ekipmanlari/?Page=2
(E.T:
23.02.2024)
Yağımlı, M. ve Erdoğan, H., (2021). İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Sektörel Yönetimi, 8. Bölüm:
Tekstil sektöründe iş sağlığı ve güvenliği, Editör: İmran Aslan,1. Baskı, Nobel Akademik
Yayıncılık, syf. 327-380. Ankara.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GELENEKSEL YIĞMA TAŞ KİREÇ YAPILARIN ONARIMI
Öğr. Gör. Dicle ÖZAVCI (ORCID:0000-0001-9614-3871)
Siirt Üniversitesi, Güzel Sanatlar ve Tasarım Fakültesi, Mimarlık Yapı Bilgisi Anabilim Dalı,
Siirt
Email: dicle.ozavci@siirt.edu.tr
Özet
Dayanıklılığı ve ekonomikliği nedeniyle duvarcılık, antik çağlardan günümüze kadar sadece
yapılarda değil, taş kuleler ve kaleler gibi birçok yapıda da kullanılmıştır. Tarihi ve geleneksel
harçların çoğu kireçle yapılmıştır. Kireç harçları doğası ve işlevi gereği hava koşullarına maruz
kalır ve değiştirilmesi gerekir. Portland çimentosunun geleneksel yapı malzemelerine karşı
kimyasal ve fiziksel bağlayıcılığı düşüktür. Bu durum tarihi yapıların restorasyonunu ve doğal
taşın kullanıldığı modern rustik mimariyi engellemektedir. Kireç bağlayıcı teknolojileri birçok
bina koruma projesinde önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu tür bağlayıcılar, tarihi binalardaki çok
çeşitli inşaat teknolojilerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır ve bunlar arasında beton, harç,
sıva, kireç ve harçlar yer almaktadır. Doğru bakım uygulamaları, yeniden oluşturulan
bileşenlerin performansını garanti etmek ve iyi çalışan parçalara zarar gelmemesini sağlamak
için güçlendirme malzemelerinin uygun şekilde kullanılmasını gerektirir. Tarihi binaların
hassas onarımı, müdahale sonrasında daha yüksek düzeyde uyumluluk ve özgünlük sağlamak
için her zaman, yapılarını oluşturan yerel malzemelerin anlaşılmasını gerektirir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Geleneksel yapılar, restorasyon, yığma taş, kireç
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REPAIR OF TRADITIONAL MASONRY STONE LIME BUILDINGS
Abstract
Due to its durability and economy, masonry has been used not only in buildings from ancient
times to the present day, but also in many structures such as stone towers and castles. Most
historical and traditional mortars are made with lime. Lime mortars, by their nature and
function, are subject to weathering and need to be replaced. Portland cement has low chemical
and physical binding to traditional building materials. This situation prevents the restoration of
historical buildings and modern rustic architecture using natural stone. Lime binding
technologies play an important role in many building conservation projects. Such binders are
widely used in a wide range of construction technologies in historic buildings and include
concrete, mortar, plaster, lime and mortars. Proper maintenance practices require the proper use
of retrofit materials to guarantee the performance of rebuilt components and to ensure no
damage to well-functioning parts. Precision restoration of historic buildings always requires an
understanding of the local materials that make up their structures, in order to ensure a higher
level of compatibility and authenticity after intervention.
Keywords: Traditional buildings, restoration, masonry stone, lime
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Sürdürülebilir binalar bağlamında duvarcılık
Herhangi bir yapının en etkili ve önemli bileşeni duvardır. Kolezyum, antik Yunan ve Roma'dan
kalma binalar, Orta Amerika binaları ve Miken yapılarının tümü bu malzemeyi ana yapı
unsurlarından biri olarak kullanmıştır. En eski biçim düzensiz şekilli taşlardan oluşan kuru
duvarcılıktır. Masif duvarın çevresel kontrol kapasitesinin yanı sıra, çevre üzerinde düşük
etkiye sahip bir onarıcı malzeme olarak duvar işçiliğinin ekolojik nitelikleri, sürdürülebilirlik
konusundaki güncel kaygılar bağlamında, duvar işçiliğini sürdürülebilir bina mimarlığı için
uygun bir malzeme olarak tekrar dikkatleri üzerine çekmektedir (Almssad ve ark., 2022).Duvar,
birimlerden ve bağlantı noktalarından oluşan heterojen bir malzemedir. Birimleri tuğla, blok,
kesme taş, kerpiç, düzensiz taşlar ve diğerleridir. Harç, kil, bitüm, tebeşir, kireç/çimento bazlı
harç, yapıştırıcı veya başka bir madde olabilir. Birimlerin geometrisi, doğası ve düzeninin yanı
sıra harçların özelliklerinden kaynaklanan çok sayıda olası kombinasyon, “kagir” teriminin
doğruluğu konusunda şüpheler uyandırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, farklı duvar türlerinin
mekanik davranışı genel olarak ortak özelliklere sahiptir: yüksek özgül kütle, düşük çekme ve
kesme mukavemetleri ve düşük süneklik (kırılgan davranış). Genel olarak antik yığma yapılar,
depremlerin neden olduğu yüksek eylemsizlik yükleri dikkate alınmadan düşey statik yükler
(basınç davranışı) için tasarlanmıştır (Lourenço ve ark., 2011).Teknik olarak "Duvarcılık",
belirli bir düzende döşenen ve harçla birleştirilen duvar birimlerinin bir araya getirilmesidir.
Donatılı duvar olarak kabul edilecek kadar yeterli takviye içermeyen bir duvar "donatısız
duvar"dır. Çubukların veya ağın harç veya betona gömüldüğü ve böylece tüm malzemelerin
etkilere karşı birlikte direnç gösterdiği duvarcılık "güçlendirilmiş duvarcılık"tır. "Öngerilmeli
duvar", gerilmiş takviye ile kasıtlı olarak iç basınç gerilimlerinin oluşturulduğu bir duvardır.
"Sınırlı yığma", dikey ve yatay yönde betonarme veya güçlendirilmiş yığma sınırlayıcı
elemanlarla donatılmış bir duvardır. "Duvar bağı", ortak eylemi gerçekleştirmek için duvardaki
birimlerin düzenli bir düzende yerleştirilmesidir. Bir "yığma birim", yığma inşaatta
kullanılması amaçlanan, önceden oluşturulmuş bir bileşendir. "Duvar harcı", duvar işçiliğinin
yataklanması, birleştirilmesi ve sivriltilmesi için bir veya daha fazla inorganik bağlayıcı, agrega
ve su karışımı ve bazen ilaveler ve/veya katkılardır (AB Direktifi (2004). Harç, bina teknolojisi
açısından temel öneme sahiptir. Duvar birimlerini birbirine bağlamak ve inşaat sürecini
kolaylaştırmak için kullanılır. Harçların yapışkanlığı artırma ve sağlam yapılar oluşturma
kapasitesinden yararlanmak için çeşitli inşaat teknikleri geliştirilmiştir. Alçı harçları, yapışma
özellikleri ve çabuk sertleşmeleri nedeniyle çeşitli avantajlar sunar. Alçıtaşı açısından zengin
bölgelerde yapısal bağlayıcı madde olarak kullanımları gelişmiş ve özellikle tonoz yapımında
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
önemli olmuştur. Kireç harçları, özellikle mekanik direnç ve nemli koşullara dayanıklılık
açısından alçı harçlara göre farklı avantajlar sunuyordu. Kireç harçlarının yoğun kullanımı antik
Romalılar dönemine denk gelir ve en önemli bağlayıcı malzeme olarak yüzyıllar boyunca
kullanılmıştır. Kullanımları, on dokuzuncu yüzyılda Portland çimento harçlarının piyasaya
sürülmesine kadar devam etmiştir (Vitti, 2021).
2. Kireç harcı
Kalsiyum karbonatın çökelmesi topraklarda (özellikle kurak bölgelerde) ve regolitlerde
yaygındır. Kalkerli gözenekli kil aynı zamanda dünyanın kurak bölgelerinde de bulunur. Tuğla
duvarlar genellikle yapıların dış duvarlarını, korkulukları, iç bölmeleri, bağımsız duvarları,
istinat duvarlarını ve diğer dikey yapı elemanlarını oluşturmak için kullanılır. Duvar işçiliğini
kısaca tuğlayla inşa etme sanatı olarak tanımlayabiliriz. Bu, biri tuğla olmak üzere iki tür duvar
işçiliği olduğunu ima eder. Derzleri doldurmak ve duvar inşa etmek için kil ve çimentonun
kullanıldığı kil işi ve çimento işi olarak daha alt kategorilere ayrılabilir. Duvarın gücü,
üzerindeki yapısal elemanların uyguladığı yükü destekleme yeteneğidir. Buna karşılık yatay
yükleme altında konumunu koruyabilmesine stabilite denir. Yüklerin duvarlara uygulanması iç
gerilimlere ve deformasyonlara neden olur. Harç ve tuğlanın tipi, duvar malzemelerinin şekli
ve boyutu, harç katmanlarının kalınlığı ve yoğunluğu birlikte duvar işçiliğinin gücünü belirler
(Almssad ve ark., 2022).Kireç, çok sayıda kategori ve alt kategori olmasına rağmen, kalsiyum
hidroksite verilen genel addır. Binalarda farklı uygulamalar için farklı türdeki kireçler
kullanılabilir ve spesifik fiziksel özellikleri ve performans özelliklerine göre seçilirler. Kireç
harcının özellikleri, onu üretmek için kullanılan kireç bağlayıcının doğasına ve ayrıca karışıma
katılan katkı maddelerinin etkilerine bağlıdır (Snow ve Torney, 2014).
Kireç
harcı,
bağlayıcı olarak kullanılan kireç ve agreganın (normalde nehir kumu ve su) bir karışımıdır.
Kireç harçları çok eski çağlardan beri yapı malzemelerinde kullanılmaktadır. Bunların
kullanımının ilk örnekleri Filistin ve Türkiye'de bulunmuş ve M.Ö. 12.000 yıllarına kadar
uzanmaktadır. Daha sonra Antik Yunan ve Roma İmparatorluğu'nda rastlanılmaktadır (Degryse
ve ark., 2002; Genestar & Pons, 2003; Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki ve ark., 2003).'Yağlı kireç' veya
'hidrolik olmayan kireç' olarak da adlandırılan havada sönmüş kireçler iki kategoriye ayrılabilir:
kalsiyum kireci ve dolomitik kireç ve bunların spesifik kimyasal bileşimlerine ilişkin başka alt
bölümler. Bu kireçler, 'saf' olduğu kabul edilen, yani herhangi bir silikat veya alüminat 'kirliliği'
içermeyen kireçtaşının yakılmasıyla oluşan doğal kireçlerdir. Kalsiyum kireçtaşından oluşan
kalsiyum kirecinin aksine, dolomitik kireç, kalsiyumun bir kısmının magnezyum ile
değiştirildiği bir kireç taşı olan dolomitin (magnezyum kireçtaşı) yakılmasıyla oluşur. Bu tip
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
kireçtaşı, kalsiyum kireçtaşından daha düşük bir yanma sıcaklığı gerektirir. Bunun dikkate
alınmaması, aşırı yanmış sönmemiş kirecin oluşması riskini arttırır, bu da sönme ve olgunlaşma
sürelerini uzatabilir. Sönmemiş kirecin gecikmiş hidrasyonu, harcın döşendikten sonra
genleşmesine ve dolayısıyla başarısızlığa yol açabilir. Havada sönmüş kireç bir harç içinde
kullanıldığında yalnızca karbonatlama ve kurutma yoluyla sertleşir. Bu reaksiyonun ilerlemesi
için havadaki karbondioksit gereklidir. Az miktarda nem de gereklidir ki harçtaki ve havadaki
nem genellikle yeterlidir. Havada sönmüş kireçler ıslak koşullarda sertleşemez ve duvarın kalıcı
olarak doymuş kalması, uzun süre doygunluğa maruz kalması veya su altında kalması
muhtemel durumlarında kullanılmamalıdır. Havada sönmüş kireç üç fiziksel formda mevcuttur:
taş kireç, kuru sönmüş kireç tozu ve sulu kireç macunu. Sönmemiş kireç (topak kireç olarak da
bilinir), kireçtaşının bir fırında yakılmasının ürünüdür. Sönmemiş kireç, diğer kireç türlerini
(hidratlı
kireç,
kireç
macunu)
üretmek
için
gerçekleştirilebilecek
sonraki
değişiklikler/işlemlerden önce fırından çıkarılan malzemedir. Sönmemiş kireç, dikkatle
kullanılması gereken oldukça reaktif bir malzemedir. Erken sönmeyi önlemek için kuru ve hava
geçirmez kaplarda saklanmalıdır (Snow & Torney, 2014).Sönmüş kireç (aynı zamanda torbalı
kireç, inşaat kireci veya kuru hidrat olarak da adlandırılır), kuru bir toz üretmek için sönmemiş
kirecin yeterli suyla söndürülmesiyle üretilen bir kireçtir. Doğru şekilde saklanmadığı takdirde,
havadaki karbondioksit ve nem nedeniyle sönmüş kireç hala torbanın içindeyken
karbonatlaşmaya başlayabilir. Bu haldeki kireç kullanılmamalıdır. Sönmüş kireç, yine kuru toz
formunda da temin edilen 'hidrolik kireç' ile karıştırılmamalıdır. Sönmüş kireç, malzemenin
işlenebilirliğini arttırdığı için çimento harçlarında sıklıkla 'plastikleştirici' olarak kullanılır. Bir
çimento karışımına sönmüş kirecin eklenmesi, ortaya çıkan ürünü bir 'kireç harcı' haline
getirmez, bunun yerine kireçle işlenmiş bir çimento karışımı haline getirir (Snow ve Torney,
2014). Kireç macunu (yağlı kireç olarak da bilinir), sönmemiş kirecin aşırı su içinde
söndürülmesiyle üretilir. Kireç macunu tamamen söndürülür ve genellikle kireç harcında
kullanılmadan önce en az 48 saat "şişmesine" izin verilir. Macunun olgunlaşması veya
"şişmesi" zamanla giderek daha ince kireç parçacıklarının oluşmasıyla sonuçlanır (Hansen ve
ark., 2000).Macunu tüm kireç türleri arasında en yumuşak, geçirgen, esnek ve işlenebilir hale
getiren de bu işlemdir. Macun genellikle kuru hidratlı kireçlere göre daha üstün bir ürün olarak
kabul edilir. Kuru hidratın fazla su ile söndürülmesi yoluyla kireç macunu elde edilmesi
uygulaması tavsiye edilmez. Bu, sönmemiş kireçten oluşan kireç macununa göre daha düşük
özelliklere sahip bir malzemenin oluşmasıyla sonuçlanır. Tarihsel olarak inşaat işlerinde
kullanılan harçlar ya sıcak kireç karışımları ya da kireç macun karışımları olarak hazırlanırdı.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Torbalanmış sönmüş kireç (toz halinde), öncelikle ölçülü çimento harçlarında plastikleştirici
olarak kullanılan daha yeni bir üründür (Snow & Torney, 2014).
Yığma duvarları değerlendirme testleri
Duvarcılık, genellikle harç veya bloklar arasındaki sürtünme kuvvetleri aracılığıyla birbirine
sağlam bir şekilde yerleştirilen ve birbirine bağlanan bireysel birimlerden oluşan yapıların
inşasıdır. Betonun gelişmesinden önce, 19. yüzyıla kadar en dayanıklı mimari form duvarcılıktı.
Ancak kullanılan malzemeler, işçiliğin kalitesi ve birimlerin yerleştirildiği desen, genel yığma
yapının dayanıklılığını güçlü bir şekilde etkileyebilir. Duvar işçiliğinin direnciyle ilgili çok
sayıda parametre vardır: bileşen malzemeleri, birimlerin az çok düzenli geometrisi, bunların
yerleştirilme şekli, harç derzlerinin kalınlığı, duvar elemanının farklı yaprakları arasındaki
bağlantı vb. (Garcia ve ark., 2012). Her bir tipolojinin tanımı, coğrafi konumuna, dönemine,
orijinal amacına ve ekonomik gücüne dayanmaktadır. Bu nedenle, farklı yığma inşaat
teknikleri, yapıyı güçlendiren veya zayıflatan çeşitli faktörler sunar. Düzensiz taş duvarcılık
durumunda kesinlikle çok zor olan duvar işçiliğinin nihai mukavemetini ve deforme
olabilirliğini tahmin etmeye yönelik tüm bu çabalara rağmen, daha kesin değerler yalnızca
belirli bir duvar işçiliğinin önemli ve temsili hacimleri üzerinde yapılan, aynı düzen ve
geometrik oranlarda yapılan testlerden elde edilebilir (Oliveira, 2003). Bu verileri elde etmek
için tam boyutlu testler yapılabilir, ancak tam boyutlu test programları genellikle çok pahalıdır
ve bazı durumlarda diğer sınırlamalar nedeniyle pratik değildir. Daha büyük boyutlu
numunelerin çıkarılması genellikle çok zordur, hatta kültürel miras anıtları söz konusu
olduğunda imkansızdır. Geçmişte prizma testinin uygun maliyetli olduğu ve tam boyutlu
testlerle bir dereceye kadar korelasyon sağladığı kanıtlanmıştır (Garcia ve ark., 2012). Avrupa
Standartları (Eurocode 6 - Yığma yapıların tasarımı - Bölüm 1-1: Güçlendirilmiş ve takviyesiz
yığma yapılar için genel kurallar) ayrıca bu test yönteminin, duvar elemanının basınç
dayanımını ve elastiklik modülünü yansıttığını da belirtir.Bütün yığma duvarların davranışının
laboratuarda tahribatlı testler yoluyla değerlendirilmesinin çeşitli yolları vardır. Orijinal
yapıdan kesilmiş büyük numuneler veya çekirdekler, yeniden oluşturulmuş duvarların
numuneleri, yığın bağ prizmaları ve/veya laboratuvarda inşa edilen ölçekli duvarlar numune
olarak kullanılmaktadır. Monotonik veya döngüsel yükler kullanılarak, eksenel yer değiştirme
veya yük izlenerek ve farklı sınır koşulları uygulanarak bu tür numuneler üzerinde hem
malzeme hem de yapısal testler yapılabilir. Tüm bu olasılıklar, duvar özellikleriyle birlikte bir
hasar modunu tanımlayacaktır. Duvar prizmalarında basınç dayanımı deneyleri kolaylıkla
yapılabilir. RILEM test numunesi (RILEM, 2004) gibi yığın bağ prizmaları, duvarın tek eksenli
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VI. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON GLOBAL PRACTICE OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
basınç dayanımını değerlendirmek için sıklıkla kullanılır. Tek eksenli sıkıştırma ile yüklenen
istiflenmiş bir prizmada, harç, ilgili elastik özelliklerinden dolayı, taşa göre yanal olarak daha
fazla genleşme eğilimindedir. Taş ve harç arasındaki uyum ve sürtünme ile sağlanan süreklilik,
harcın yanal hapsolmasına yol açar. Sonuç olarak, harç-taş ara yüzeyinde kayma gerilmeleri
gelişir ve harçta üç eksenli bir basınç gerilimi durumu ve taşta tek eksenli sıkışma ile birlikte
iki taraflı gerilim meydana gelir. Sonuç olarak başarısızlık durumu genellikle taşlarda yükleme
yönüne paralel çatlakların oluşması nedeniyle meydana gelir (Oliveira ve ark., 2006).Genestar
& Pons, (2003) tarafından İspanya'da Palma de Mallorca'daki saray, manastır ve konaklardan
alınan İslami, Gotik ve daha sonraki dönemleri içeren tarihi harçların analizi yapılmıştır. Enerji
dağılımlı X-ışını spektrometresine (EDX) bağlı taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), Fourier
dönüşümü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FTIR) ve X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) teknikleri, analiz edilen
numunelerin morfolojisini ve analitik bileşimini karakterize etmek için kullanılmıştır. Genel
olarak kaplama sıva harçlarının düşük oranda küçük boyutlu agrega içerdiği görülmüştür.
İncelenen kaplama sıva harçlarının büyük çoğunluğu kireç harcı grubuna aittir. Karışık alçıkireç harçları arasında bulunan kalsit-alçıtaşı oranları, eski eserlerde belirtilen oranlarla iyi bir
uyum içindedir. 11. yüzyıl analitik kompozisyonu ile 15. yüzyıl kireç harçlarının
karşılaştırılmasında herhangi bir farklılık görülmemiştir. Alçı bakımından zengin harçların
kalsit harçlarından çok daha sert ve kompakt olduğu bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar, karışık ve kireçli
harçların kullanıldığını, dolayısıyla kullanılan harcın türü ile yaşı arasında bir ilişki kurmanın
mümkün olmadığını göstermiştir. Boyalı harçlarda çok renklilik de incelenmiştir. Bulunabilen
en yaygın pigmentler doğal topraklar olmuştur.
Tarihi yığma yapı restorasyonu
Dünyanın her yerindeki hem mimari anıtlarda hem de şehir merkezlerinde birçok tarihi yapıda
duvar işçiliği kullanımı çok yaygındır. Bu duvarcılık genellikle farklı tipolojilerle karakterize
edilen çeşitli ve çok zayıf malzemelerden yapılmıştır. Bu heterojen malzemenin kırılganlığı,
günümüzde insan yaşamının korunmasına yönelik yapısal tasarımın güvenlik ilkelerini
oluşturan enerji dağıtımına dayalı süneklik kriterleriyle çatışmaktadır (Angiollilli ve Gregori,
2020). Sismik hareketlerin yol açtığı felaketler, antik çağlardan modern çağa kadar takviyesiz
duvarların kullanımını engellemiştir. Güçlendirme sistemlerinin benimsenmesinin, geleneksel
depreme dayanıklı ahşap çerçeveler gibi ilkel uygarlıkla başladığını söylemek yeterli olacaktır
(Aloisio ve ark., 2019).Yığma yapılar için kireç harçlarının seçimi, bir onarım veya yeni inşaat
projesinin önemli bir bileşeni olabilir. Karar verme sürecinde dikkate alınması gereken
değişkenlerin sayısı ve materyallerin algılanan doğal karmaşıklığı nedeniyle bu seçimin zor
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
olduğu düşünülmektedir. Dayanıklılığa ilişkin nispeten yeni üretilmiş çeşitli veri setlerinin
kullanılması, kireç harçlarının uygun seçimine yardımcı olabilir. Ancak bu belirleyicilerin,
maruz kalma seviyelerinin, bina detaylarının ve nem tutma performansının geleneksel
değerlendirmesiyle ilişkilendirilmesi gerekir. Bu harçların seçim sürecinin iyileştirilmesini
sağlamak için mevcut yapının yapı durumu araştırması esastır (Forster ve Carter, 2011). 21.
yüzyıla kadar inşaatlarda sürekli olarak kireç harçları kullanılmıştır. 19. yüzyılın ikinci
yarısında Portland çimentosunun ortaya çıkışı, kireç harçlarının kullanımında önemli bir düşüşe
yol açmıştır; çünkü çimento, hızlı prizlenme süresi ve yüksek mekanik direnç gibi bazı önemli
avantajlar sunuyordu. Son yıllarda Portland çimentosunun bazı yetersiz özelliklere sahip
olduğu ve pek çok doğal taşla uyumsuz olduğu keşfedilince, tarihi binaların restorasyonunda
kireç harçlarının kullanımı yeniden canlanmıştır (Moropoulou ve ark., 2005). Kalsiyum
sülfatlar ve sodyum tuzları gibi çözünür tuzlar bazen Portland çimentosunda bulunur ve
zamanla sızabilir. Bu meydana gelirse, yakın çevresindeki malzemelere hızla zarar verebilir.
Kireç harçlarıyla ilgili gelenek ve teknikler, sanayi devriminden sonra birçok batı ülkesinde
neredeyse tamamen kaybolmuştur. Ayrıca, restorasyonlarda ve doğal taşın kullanıldığı modern
mimaride çimento esaslı harçların kullanımının dezavantajlarına rağmen kireç harçlarının yeni
kullanımları, Portland karışımlarıyla aynı şekilde işlendiğinden her zaman başarılı olmamıştır.
Antik çağlarda ve aslında 19. yüzyıla kadar kirecin özelliklerini iyileştirmek ve değiştirmek
için birçok farklı katkı maddesi karıştırılmıştır. İyileştirilmek istenen bu özellikler arasında
sertleşme süresi, yapışma, geçirimsizlik ve sertlik sayılabilir. Bu karışımlar, kireç harçlarının
modern "yeniden keşfi" sırasında tamamen kaybolmuş, reçineler ve sentetik organik
malzemeler içeren ticari karışımlar ise eski tekniklerin geleneksel uygulamaları etrafında çokça
"gürültülü" şekilde piyasaya çıkmıştır (Ventola ve ark., 2011).Hem kireç hem de çimento
harçları uygun şekilde kullanıldığında iyi performans gösterebilir. Çoğu durumda, geleneksel
olarak inşa edilmiş yığma yapıların onarımı için kireç harcı gerekli olacaktır. Uyumsuz
harçların kullanılması duvar çürümesinin hızlanmasına ve nem sorunlarına yol açabilir. Uygun
becerilere sahip bir bina danışmanı veya taş ustası, önlenebilir duvar çürümesinin ve ilgili
sorunların önlenmesi amacıyla doğru malzemelerin kullanıldığından emin olmak için herhangi
bir koruma çalışmasında erken bir aşamadan itibaren onarım malzemelerinin belirlenmesi
sürecine dahil edilmelidir (Mitchell & Torney, 2015).
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Şekil 1. Başarısız çimento kaplamasında kopmanın alttaki orijinal kireç harcını ortaya
çıkarması durumu (Mitchell & Torney, 2015).
Fiber bazlı güçlendirme sisteminin geliştirilmesi, beton malzemenin sünekliğini arttırmak için
çelik fiberlerin eklenmesi potansiyelinin fark edildiği 1960'lı yıllarda başlamıştır. Ancak bu
teknoloji, harç enjeksiyonu, güçlendirilmiş delme ve betonarme sıva gibi geleneksel sistemlere
alternatif olarak ancak son on yılda yığma yapıların güçlendirilmesi için yaygın olarak
benimsenmiştir. Gerçekten de, tarihi yapıların korunmasına ilişkin katı kurallar nedeniyle,
koruma komiteleri genellikle tarihi yapıları korumak için yapısal olarak verimli ancak daha az
müdahaleci teknikler talep etmektedir. Mevcut yapılara modern ve yenilikçi müdahale
çözümleri arasında, Fiber Takviyeli Polimerler (FRP) veya Fiber Takviyeli Çimentolu Matris
(FRCM) gibi kompozit malzemeler, Hem modern hem de tarihi yığma yapıların (binalar,
köprüler, kuleler) ve yapısal bileşenlerin (duvarlar, kemerler ve tonozlar, sütunlar ve sütunlar)
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güçlendirilmesi ve onarımı için giderek daha fazla dikkate alınmaktadır. Bu teknolojiler, tek
veya çift yönlü uzun liflerle karakterize edilen kompozit malzemenin kullanımından oluşur. Bu
malzemelerin, yığma elemanların yük taşıma kapasitesinin arttırılmasında ve kritik gevrek
kırılma modlarının azaltılması yoluyla yapısal davranışlarının iyileştirilmesinde etkili olduğu
kanıtlanmıştır. En önemlisi, geleneksel olanlara (örneğin betonarme sıva) kıyasla, yapısal
ağırlık artışının daha düşük olmasıyla mukavemet artışı elde edilir (Angiolilli ve ark., 2020).
FRP teknolojisi laminat ve çubukların uygulanmasından oluşur. Laminatların kullanımı,
önceden kumlama ve macunlama prosedürüyle hazırlanmış olan yığma panellerin yüzeyine
fiber levhaların manuel olarak döşenmesi yoluyla uygulanmasını içerir. Elyaflar, sertleştikten
sonra yeni oluşturulan laminatın güçlendirilmiş elemanın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelmesini
sağlayan bir epoksi reçine ile emprenye edilir. Öte yandan, pultruzyon çubukların kullanımı,
bunların güçlendirilecek elemanın yüzeyinde kesilen oluklara yerleştirilmesinden oluşur. Oluk,
epoksi bazlı bir macunla doldurulur ve daha sonra çubuk oluğun içine yerleştirilir ve macunun
çubuğun etrafında akmasını sağlamak için hafifçe bastırılır. Daha sonra oluk daha fazla
macunla doldurularak yüzey düzeltilir (Tumialan ve ark., 2001).Tarihi yapıların
restorasyonunda genellikle duvar harcının değiştirilmesi veya onarılması gerekir, ancak uygun
harcın seçimi genellikle sorunludur. Uygunsuz bir seçim, restorasyon çalışmasının başarısız
olmasına ve belki de daha fazla hasara yol açabilir. Bu nedenle, orijinal harç teknolojisinin tam
olarak anlaşılması ve uygun yedek malzemelerin üretilmesi önemli araştırma hedefleridir.
Duvar harçlarında yıllar içinde pek çok çeşit malzeme kullanılmış ve teknoloji, eski zamanların
tek bileşenli harcından, çeşitli bileşenler içeren hibrit versiyonlara doğru yavaş yavaş
gelişmiştir. Avrupa'da M.Ö. 2450'den itibaren kireç duvar harcı olarak kullanılmaya başlandı.
Roma döneminde kireç harcına öğütülmüş volkanik kül, tuğla tozu ve seramik parçacıkları
eklenerek performansı büyük ölçüde artırıldı. Üstün özellikleri nedeniyle bu hidrolik (yani su
altında priz alabilen) harcın kullanımı tüm Avrupa'da ve Batı Asya'da yaygınlaşmış ve
benimsenmiştir. Belki de antik Çin'de volkanik kül gibi doğal malzemelerin bulunmamasından
dolayı hidrolik harç teknolojisi gelişmemişti. Ancak özel bir inorganik-organik kompozit yapı
malzemesi olan yapışkan pirinç-kireç harcı geliştirilmiştir. Bu teknoloji, mezarlar gibi
binalarda, kentsel inşaatlarda ve hatta su koruma tesislerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.
Yapışkan pirinç-kireç harcı, dünyada yaygınlaşan ilk inorganik-organik kompozit harç
teknolojisi haline gelebilir (Yang ve ark., 2010).Yeterli miktarda boşluk içeren çok parçalı taş
yığma duvarlara harç enjeksiyonu, bu tür duvarların sismik güçlendirilmesi için etkili bir teknik
olabilir. Çimento-kireç enjeksiyonu kombinasyonu kullanılarak yeterli düzeyde sismik direnç
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elde edilebilir, ancak çimento enjeksiyonu daha yüksek sismik direnç sağlayabilir (Uranjek ve
ark., 2012).
1990 yılından bu yana, Roma kenti Sagalassos'ta (Türkiye'nin güneybatısı) Leuven Katolik
Üniversitesi (Belçika) tarafından düzenli arkeolojik kazılar yapılmaktadır. Sagalassos
topraklarında bulunan mineral hammaddelerin kaynağının araştırılması kapsamında,
Sagalassos'taki kireç harçlarının mineralojisi ve petrografisi ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir.
Uygun bir tamir harcı tasarlamak için numuneler ince kesitler üzerinde optik mikroskopla
analiz edilmiş ve ardından XRD analizleri yapılmıştır. Bağlayıcı olarak kullanılan kireç yerel
Triyas kireçtaşlarından yakılarak kuru söndürülerek hazırlanmıştır. Üç ana agrega türü
tanımlanmıştır: yerel Mesozoyik kireçtaşlarından elde edilen kireçtaşı, yerel olarak üretilen
kaba kırılmış seramikler ve yakındaki bir volkanik bölgeden gelen volkanik tüf. Kazıdan çıkan
kalıntıları çok sert iklim koşullarında korumak için, restorasyon harcının deneysel karışımları,
eski zamanlarda olduğu gibi benzer hammaddeler kullanılarak dayanıklılık ve dona dayanıklılık
açısından test edilmiştir. Yerinde daha fazla koruma ve restorasyon için önerilen harç, Isparta
bölgesinden gelen kırılmış volkanik kaya ile kireç karışımından oluşmaktadır. Bu bileşim
orijinal Roma malzemesine çok benzerdir ve donma-çözülme testlerinde yüksek donma direnci
göstermiştir (Degryse ve ark., 2002).Minos'tan günümüze kadar Girit'teki çeşitli dönemlere ait
anıtlardan alınan harçlar, deniz ve nemli ortamda dayanıklılıklarını değerlendirmek amacıyla
(mineralojik ve kimyasal bileşim, tane büyüklüğü dağılımı, hammaddeler, çekme mukavemeti
açısından) Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki ve ark., (2003) tarafından incelenmiştir. Kireç teknolojisi ve
hammaddeleri çeşitlidir: (a) kireç, (b) hidrolik kireç, (c) kırma tuğlalı kireç ve (d) puzolanikli
kireç malzeme. Bunlar, %22 (puzolanik harçlar) ila %29 (kireç harçları) arasında değişen
miktarlarda bağlayıcılar içerir. Kalsiyum silikat/alüminat hidratlar gibi hidrolik bileşikler ve
çekme mukavemeti puzolanik harçlarda daha yüksek olup bunu kırılmış tuğla kireci, hidrolik
kireç ve kireç harçları takip etmiştir. Kireç harçlarında tespit edilen suda çözünebilen tuzların
yüksek miktarları bunların parçalanma riskini göstermiştir. Büyük olasılıkla, hava koşullarına
bağlı olarak kalsitin sızması, düşük miktarlarda bağlayıcı malzemeyi açıklamaktadır. Harçların
ölçülen çekme mukavemeti değerleri hidroliklik düzeyleriyle doğru orantılıdır. Kireç harçları
yerel kalkerli tortul taşların kırılması veya deniz kumu kullanılmasıyla hazırlanmıştır.
Bağlayıcılar tamamen karbonatlı, ince kristalize kalsittir. Bu harçlar, ince kumların
kullanılmasıyla birlikte ortalama %30 oranında bağlayıcı malzeme sağlar. Ayrıca, bu harçların
suda çözünen kısmında tespit edilen yüksek miktarlardaki Ca2+, Cl ve SO42, bunların
bozulmaya karşı duyarlılığının yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, tam kimyasal analiz
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
sonuçlarının, harçların asitte çözünen/çözünmeyen fraksiyonunun kimyasal analizlerinin ve
toplam harçla ilişkili olarak bağlayıcının ağırlık faktörüne ilişkin mineralojik veri bilgilerinin
birleştirilerek elde edilebileceğine işaret etmektedir.
5. Sonuç
Kireç, binlerce yıldır duvar harçlarında kullanılmaktadır ve çimentoyla karşılaştırıldığında
düşük basınç dayanımına rağmen birçok eski bina, tamamen kireç teknolojisiyle bugün ayakta
kalmaktadır. Modern yaklaşımlar, onarım döngülerini ve işçilik maliyetlerini en aza indirmek
için daha güçlü ve daha dayanıklı malzemelere yöneliyor ancak bu, geleneksel binaların
zararına oluyor. Tarihi duvarların onarımında kullanılan çimento bazlı harçlar, onlarca yıldır
makul durumda olan eski binaların çürümesini hızlandırdı. Bu, koruma endüstrisinin kireç
teknolojilerini masif yığma binalar için daha uyumlu bir çözüm olarak değerlendirmeye geri
dönmesine neden oldu.Fiber bazlı güçlendirme sistemi teknolojisi, mirasın korunması için
koruma komitelerinin gerektirdiği giderek daha katı kurallar nedeniyle duvarcılıkta yaygın
olarak ancak son on yılda benimsenmiştir. Güçlendirme sisteminin verimliliği güçlendirme
çözümünün düşük invazivliği ve orijinal yapılarla yüksek uyumluluk ile birlikte gereklidir.
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Kaynaklar
Almssad, A., Almusaed, A., & Homod, R. Z. (2022). Masonry in the context of sustainable
buildings: A review of the brick role in architecture. Sustainability, 14(22), 14734.
Aloisio, A., Fragiacomo, M., & D’Alò, G. (2019). Traditional tf masonries in the city centre of
l’aquila–the baraccato aquilano. International Journal of Architectural Heritage.
Angiolilli, M., & Gregori, A. (2020). Triplet test on rubble stone masonry: Numerical
assessment of the shear mechanical parameters. Buildings, 10(3), 49.
Angiolilli, M., Gregori, A., & Vailati, M. (2020). Lime-based mortar reinforced by randomly
oriented short fibers for the retrofitting of the historical masonry structure. Materials,
13(16), 3462.
Degryse, P., Elsen, J., & Waelkens, M. (2002). Study of ancient mortars from Sagalassos
(Turkey) in view of their conservation. Cement and concrete research, 32(9), 1457-1463.
EU Directive (2004). EN 1996-1-1 (2005) (English): Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
- Part 1-1: General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures [Authority:
The European Union Per Regulation 305/2011, Directive 98/34/EC, Directive
2004/18/EC]
Forster, A. M., & Carter, K. (2011). A framework for specifying natural hydraulic lime mortars
for masonry construction. Structural Survey, 29(5), 373-396.
Garcia, D., San-José, J. T., Garmendia, L., & San-Mateos, R. (2012). Experimental study of
traditional stone masonry under compressive load and comparison of results with design
codes. Materials and structures, 45, 995-1006.
Genestar, C., & Pons, C. (2003). Ancient covering plaster mortars from several convents and
Islamic and Gothic palaces in Palma de Mallorca (Spain). Analytical characterisation.
Journal of Cultural Heritage, 4(4), 291-298.
Hansen, E. F., Tagle, A., Erder, E., Baron, S., Connell, S., Rodriguez-Navarro, C., & Van
Balen, K. (2000). Effects of ageing on lime putty. In International RILEM Workshop on
Historic Mortars: Characteristics and Tests, Cachan, France: RILEM Publications sarl
(pp. 197-206).
Lourenço, P. B., Mendes, N., Ramos, L. F., & Oliveira, D. V. (2011). Analysis of masonry
structures without box behavior. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 5(4-5),
369-382.
Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., Bakolas, A., & Moropoulou, A. (2003). Physico-chemical
study of Cretan ancient mortars. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(5), 651-661.
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Mitchell, D. & Torney, C. (2015). The Use of Lime and Cement in Traditional Builings.
Published by Historic Scotland, Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh.
Moropoulou, A., Bakolas, A., Moundoulas, P., Aggelakopoulou, E., & Anagnostopoulou, S.
(2005). Strength development and lime reaction in mortars for repairing historic
masonries. Cement and Concrete Composites, 27(2), 289-294.
Oliveira, D. V. (2003). Experimental and numerical analysis of blocky masonry structures
under cyclic loading. PhD Thesis. Escola de Engenharia Universidade do Minho.
Oliveira, D. V., Lourenço, P. B., & Roca, P. (2006). Cyclic behaviour of stone and brick
masonry under uniaxial compressive loading. Materials and structures, 39, 247-257.
RILEM. (2004). Masonry durability and on-site testing. RILEM TC 177-MDT
Snow, J., & Torney, C. (2014). Short guide: Lime mortars in traditional buildings.
Historic Scotland, Edinburgh.
Tumialan, J. G., Micelli, F., & Nanni, A. (2001). Strengthening of masonry structures with FRP
composites. In Structures 2001: A Structural Engineering Odyssey (pp. 1-8).
Uranjek, M., Bosiljkov, V., Žarnić, R., & Bokan-Bosiljkov, V. (2012). In situ tests and seismic
assessment of a stone-masonry building. Materials and structures, 45, 861-879.
Ventola, L., Vendrell, M., Giraldez, P., & Merino, L. (2011). Traditional organic additives
improve lime mortars: New old materials for restoration and building natural stone
fabrics. Construction and Building Materials, 25(8), 3313-3318.
Vitti, P. (2021). Mortars and masonry—structural lime and gypsum mortars in Antiquity and
Middle Ages. Archaeological and anthropological sciences, 13(10), 164.
Yang, F., Zhang, B., & Ma, Q. (2010). Study of sticky rice− lime mortar technology for the
restoration of historical masonry construction. Accounts of chemical research, 43(6), 936944.
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ELEKTROOKÜLOGRAFİ İŞARETİNİN ÇOKLU-FRAKTAL DAVRANIŞI
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mehmet TURHAL (ORCID: 0000-0002-1180-5651)
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Trabzon-Türkiye
Email: turhal@ktu.edu.tr
Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı, gözlerden kaynaklı elektriksel aktiviteye dayanan bir göz hareketi kayıt
tekniği olan elektrookülografi (EOG) işaretinin, çoklu-fraktal davranışını incelemektir. Bu
amaçla, elektrookülografi zaman serisinden güç yasası üslerinin çoklu-fraktal spektrumunu
belirleyebilen, çoklu-fraktal eğilimsiz dalgalanma analizi isimli yöntem kullanılmaktadır.
Elektrookülografi, insan bilgisayar arayüzlerini geliştirmek için kullanılabilecek bir
biyomedikal işarettir. Biyomedikal işaretlerin yapısal özellikleri genellikle görsel olarak
belirgindir ancak bu yapısal özellikler sinyalin ortalama genliği gibi geleneksel ölçümlerle
yakalanamaz. Biyomedikal bir işaret, işaretin alt aralıklarındaki yapılar kendini tekrarladığında
ölçekten bağımsız değişmez bir yapıya sahiptir. Fraktal analiz, biyomedikal sinyalin belirli
türde ölçekten bağımsız değişmez yapısını tanımlayan güç yasası üssünü tahmin eder. Fraktal
analizler, biyomedikal işaret işlemede (EKG, EEG, MR ve X-ışını görüntülerinde) işaretin
ölçekten bağımsız değişmez yapısını tanımlamak için sıklıkla kullanılır. Fraktal analiz, sinir
hücrelerinin aksiyon potansiyelleri arasındaki aralığı, insan yürüyüşünün adımlar arası aralığı,
insan solunumunun nefesler arası aralığı ve insan kalbinin atışlar arası aralıklarının ölçek
değişmez yapılarını, sağlıklı ve patolojik durumlar arasında ayrım yapılabilmesine imkan
sağlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte, biyomedikal işaretlerin ölçekle değişmeyen yapısında uzamsal
ve zamansal farklılıklar sıklıkla ortaya çıkar. Bu uzamsal ve zamansal değişimler, biyomedikal
işaretin, güç yasası üslerinin çoklu-fraktal spektrumu tarafından tanımlanan çoklu-fraktal bir
yapısını gösterir. Biyomedikal işaretin tek-fraktal ve çoklu-fraktal yapıları, belirli bir ölçekte
değişmez yapılardır. En yaygın olarak, biyomedikal sinyallerin tek-fraktal yapısı, tek bir kuvvet
kanunu üssü ile tanımlanır ve ölçek değişmezliğinin zaman ve mekandan bağımsız olduğunu
varsayar. Bununla birlikte, biyomedikal sinyalin ölçekle değişmeyen yapısında uzaysal ve
zamansal farklılıklar sıklıkla ortaya çıkar. Bu uzaysal ve zamansal varyasyonlar, biyomedikal
sinyalin, güç yasası üslerinin çoklu-fraktal spektrumu tarafından tanımlanan bir yapısını
gösterir. Bu çalışmada, insan deneklerden alınan EOG işareti, çeşitli ölçeklerde çoklu-fraktal
eğilimsiz dalgalanma analizi yöntemiyle incelenerek, EOG işaretinin çoklu-fraktal yapısı
gösterilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fraktal Analiz, Elektrookülografi, Biyomedikal İşaret İşleme, İnsanBilgisayar Arayüzü
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MULTI-FRACTAL BEHAVIOR OF ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY SIGN
Abstract
The aim of this study is to examine the multi-fractal behavior of the electrooculography (EOG)
signal, which is an eye movement recording technique based on electrical activity originating
from the eyes. For this purpose, the method called multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis
is used, which can determine the multi-fractal spectrum of power law exponents from the
electrooculography time series. Electrooculography is a biomedical signal that can be used to
improve human-computer interfaces. Structural features of biomedical signals are often
visually evident, but these structural features cannot be captured by traditional measurements
such as the average amplitude of the signal. A biomedical signal has a scale-invariant structure
when structures in subranges of the signal repeat themselves. Fractal analysis estimates the
power law exponent that describes certain types of scale-invariant structure of the biomedical
signal. Fractal analyzes are frequently used in biomedical signal processing (ECG, EEG, MR
and X-ray images) to define the scale-independent invariant structure of the signal. Fractal
analysis enables the discrimination between healthy and pathological conditions by using the
scale-invariant structures of the interval between action potentials of nerve cells, the interval
between steps of human walking, the interval between breaths of human respiration and the
intervals between beats of the human heart. However, spatial and temporal differences in the
scale-invariant structure of biomedical signals often occur. These spatial and temporal
variations indicate a multi-fractal structure of the biomedical signal defined by a multifractal
spectrum of power law exponents. The monofractal and multifractal structures of the
biomedical signal are invariant structures at a certain scale. Most commonly, the monofractal
structure of biomedical signals is described by a single power-law exponent and assumes scale
invariance to be independent of time and space. However, spatial and temporal differences in
the scale-invariant structure of the biomedical signal often occur. These spatial and temporal
variations indicate a structure of the biomedical signal defined by a multifractal spectrum of
power law exponents. In this study, the EOG signal taken from human subjects is examined by
the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis method at various scales and the multifractal
structure of the EOG signal is shown.
Keywords: Fractal Analysis, Electrooculography, Biomedical Signal Processing, HumanComputer Interface
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Giriş
Çoklu-fraktal analiz, ölçekleme davranışlarında değişkenlik sergileyen daha karmaşık
sistemleri tanımlamak için geleneksel fraktal analizin ötesine geçen bir matematiksel
çerçevedir. Kökeni fizik ve matematik alanlarından gelen bu yaklaşım, meteoroloji, jeofizik,
ekonomi gibi farklı disiplinlerde ve hatta insan fizyolojisinin analizinde geniş kapsamlı
uygulamalar bulmuştur. Multifraktal analiz, özünde, bir sistem içinde mevcut olan
heterojenliğin veya düzensizliğin derecesini ölçmeye, sistemin dinamik ve çoğunlukla kaotik
doğasının özünü yakalamaya çalışır.Tek bir ölçeklendirme kuralı veya fraktal boyutla
karakterize edilen basit fraktalların aksine, çoklu-fraktal sistemler, sistemin farklı bölümleriyle
ilişkili ölçeklendirme davranışları spektrumuna sahiptir. Bu çok yönlü ölçeklendirme, sistem
içinde mevcut olan ve tek bir üs veya boyutla yeterince tanımlanamayan karmaşık hiyerarşik
yapıların ve değişen derecelerdeki kendi kendine benzerliğin göstergesidir. Bu nedenle, çoklufraktal analiz, karmaşık sistemlerin daha incelikli ve ayrıntılı bir karakterizasyonunu sağlayarak
araştırmacıların, bir sistemi yöneten temel kalıpların veya dinamiklerin ortaya çıkarılmasına ve
anlamasına olanak tanır.Fraktal analizler biyomedikal işaret işlemede EKG, EEG, MR ve Xışını resimlerinde ölçek değişmez yapısını tanımlamak için sıklıkla kullanılır (Lopes ve
Betrouni, 2009). Fraktal analiz, sinir hücrelerinin aksiyon potansiyelleri arasındaki aralığı,
insan yürüyüşünün adımlar arası aralığı, insan solunumunun nefesler arası aralığı ve insan
kalbinin atışlar arası aralıklarının ölçek değişmez yapılarını, sağlıklı ve patolojik durumlar
arasında ayrım yapılabilmesine imkan sağlamaktadır (Ivanov vd., 1999; Peng vd., 2002; Zheng
vd., 2005; Hausdorff, 2007; Wang vd, 2007).Çoklu-fraktallar, fraktalların bir uzantısı olarak
görülebilir. Biyomedikal işaretin tek-fraktal ve çoklu-fraktal yapıları, belirli bir ölçekte
değişmez yapılardır. En yaygın olarak, biyomedikal işaretlerin tek-fraktal yapısı, tek bir kuvvet
kanunu üssü ile tanımlanır ve ölçek değişmezliğinin zaman ve mekandan bağımsız olduğunu
varsayar. Bununla birlikte, biyomedikal işaretin ölçekle değişmeyen yapısında uzaysal ve
zamansal farklılıklar sıklıkla ortaya çıkar. Bu uzamsal ve zamansal varyasyonlar, biyomedikal
işaretin, güç yasası üslerinin çoklu-fraktal spektrumu tarafından tanımlanan bir yapısını
gösterir.Çoklu-fraktal analizler bu nedenle biyomedikal işaret işleme bilgisayar destekli bir araç
olarak önemlidir. Son yıllarda eğilimsiz dalgalanma analizi (EDA) yöntemi (Peng vd, 1994;
Ossadnik vd, 1994), bir zaman serisinin tek-fraktal ölçeklendirme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi
ve gürültülü, durağan olmayan zaman serilerinde uzun dönemli korelasyonların tespiti için
yaygın olarak kullanılan bir teknik haline gelmiştir (Kantelhardt vd, 2001; Hu vd, 2001). DNA
dizileri (Peng vd, 1994; Ossadnik vd, 1994), kalp atış hızı dinamikleri (Ashkenazy vd, 2001),
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nöron ateşlemesi (Bahar vd, 2001) ve insan yürüyüşü (Hausdorff vd, 1997), gibi çeşitli alanlara
başarıyla uygulanmıştır. EDA yöntemini kullanmanın bir nedeni, zaman serisindeki durağan
olmayan durumların eseri olan korelasyonların sahte tespitini önlemektir.Çoğu zaman serisi,
tek bir ölçeklendirme üssüyle açıklanabilecek basit bir tek-fraktal ölçeklendirme davranışı
sergilemez. Bazı durumlarda, farklı ölçeklendirme üslerine sahip x zaman ölçekleri rejimleri
mevcuttur (Kantelhardt vd, 2001; Hu vd, 2001). Örneğin, <<x için küçük ölçeklerde uzun
dönemli korelasyonlar ve >>x için daha büyük ölçeklerde başka türde korelasyonlar veya
ilişkisiz davranışlar gözlemlenebilir. Diğer durumlarda ölçeklendirme davranışı daha
karmaşıktır ve serinin farklı bölümleri için farklı ölçeklendirme üsleri gerekir (Chen vd, 2002).
Bu, örneğin, serinin ilk yarısındaki ölçekleme davranışının ikinci yarıdaki ölçekleme
davranışından farklı olması durumunda meydana gelir. Daha da karmaşık durumlarda, zaman
serisinin birçok iç içe geçmiş fraktal alt kümesi için bu tür farklı ölçeklendirme davranışı
gözlemlenebilir. Bu durumda, ölçeklendirme davranışının tam bir açıklaması için çok sayıda
ölçeklendirme üssü gereklidir ve çoklu-fraktal bir analiz uygulanmalıdır. EDA yönteminin
genelleştirilmiş bir hali olan çoklu-fraktal eğilimsiz dalgalanma analizi (ÇF-EDA) çok sayıda
ölçeklendirme üssü kullanarak, zaman serisinin çoklu-fraktal davranışını ortaya çıkararak daha
doğru bir analizine imkan tanır (Kantelhardt vd, 2002).Göz tabanlı insan-bilgisayar arayüzünün
gelişimi temel olarak, kullanıcının hareketlerini kaydetmek ve kullanıcının oküler durumunu
tahmin etmek için bir kamera ve görüntü işleme algoritmalarının kullanımını içeren bir göz
hareketi kayıt tekniği olan video okülografiye (VOG) dayanmaktadır. Bu teknik genellikle
hesaplama açısından karmaşıktır ve diğer sınırlamaların yanı sıra değişen ortam aydınlatma
koşullarına ve kullanıcı hareketlerine karşı hassastır. Hesaplama açısından daha kolay bir
alternatif ise elektrookülografinin (EOG) kullanılmasıdır. Bu yöntem, insan gözünün ürettiği
elektriksel aktiviteyi kaydeden bir göz hareketi kayıt tekniğidir (Miyashita vd, 2013). Bu
çalışmada, gözlerden kaynaklı elektriksel aktiviteye dayanan bir göz hareketi kayıt tekniği olan
elektrookülografi
(EOG)
işaretinin
ÇF-EDA
yöntemi
ile
çoklu-fraktal
davranışı
incelenmektedir.
1. Yöntem
1.1. Çoklu-fraktal Eğilimsiz Dalgalanma Analizi (ÇF-EDA)
ÇF-EDA prosedürü beş adımdan oluşmaktadır (Kantelhardt vd, 2002). İlk üç adım aslında
geleneksel EDA prosedürüyle aynıdır (Peng vd, 1994; Ossadnik vd, 1994). xk'nin N
uzunluğunda bir zaman serisi ve bu serinin kompakt destekte olduğunu varsayılsın. Destek,
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sıfırdan farklı xk değerlerine sahip k endekslerinin kümesi olarak tanımlanır ve serinin yalnızca
önemsiz bir kısmı için xk = 0 ise kompakttır. xk = 0 değeri bu k'da hiçbir değerin olmadığı
şeklinde yorumlanır. Kantelhardt vd. (2002) tarafından geliştirilen ÇF-EDA prosedürünün
adımları ve yönteme ilişkin detaylar aşağıda verilmektedir:
•
Birinci adım, zaman serisinin profilinin tanımlanmasını içerir ve bu aşağıdaki şekilde
gösterilir.
𝑌(𝑖) = ∑𝑖𝑘=1[𝑥𝑘 − 〈𝑥〉],
𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑁
(1)
Burada x ortalamayı göstermektedir.
•
İkinci adımda, Y(i) profili, Ns ≡ int(N/s) olan s eşit uzunluğunda örtüşmeyen parçalara
bölünür. Serinin N uzunluğu, çoğu zaman dikkate alınan zaman ölçeğinin (veri
boyunun) s katı olmadığından, profilin sonunda kısa bir veri kalabilir. Serinin bu
kısmını atlamamak için aynı işlem karşı uçtan başlayarak tekrarlanır. Böylece toplam
2Ns parça elde edilmiş olur.
•
Üçüncü adımda, 2Ns 'lik bölümlerin her biri için yerel eğilim, söz konusu parçalara en
küçük kareler yöntemiyle uydurulan m dereceli polinom yardımıyla hesaplanır ve daha
sonra varyans belirlenir.
1
𝐹 2 (𝑣, 𝑠) ≡ 𝑠 ∑𝑠𝑖=1{𝑌[(𝑣 − 1)𝑠 + 𝑖] − 𝑦𝑣 (𝑖)}2
(2)
(2) eşitliğinde her v parçası için v=1,...,Ns dir. v=Ns+1,...,2Ns için aşağıdaki şekildedir.
1
𝐹 2 (𝑣, 𝑠) ≡ 𝑠 ∑𝑠𝑖=1{𝑌[𝑁 − (𝑣 − 𝑁𝑠 )𝑠 + 𝑖] − 𝑦𝑣 (𝑖)}2
(3)
Burada yv(i), v parçasındaki verilere uydurulan polinomdur. Eğri uydurma prosedüründe
doğrusal, ikinci dereceden, kübik veya daha yüksek dereceli polinomlar kullanılabilir. Zaman
serisini eğiliminden arındırma, uydurulan polinomların profilden çıkarılmasıyla yapıldığından,
farklı dereceli (m) polinomlarla uygulanan EDA 'nın serideki trendleri ortadan kaldırma
yetenekleri farklılık gösterir. Örneğin, ÇF-EDAm [m'inci dereceli ÇF-EDA] ile profildeki m
dereceli eğilimler ortadan kaldırılmış olur. Bu nedenle, EDA'nın farklı dereceleri için
sonuçların karşılaştırılması, zaman serisindeki polinom eğiliminin tipinin tahmin edilmesine
olanak sağlar (Hu vd, 2001).
•
Dördüncü adımda, q'uncu dereceden dalgalanma fonksiyonunu elde etmek için tüm
parçaların ortalaması aşağıdaki şekilde hesaplanır.
1/𝑞
1
2𝑁
𝐹𝑞 (𝑠) ≡ {2𝑁 ∑𝑣=1𝑠 [𝐹 2 (𝑣, 𝑠)]𝑞/2 }
𝑠
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Burada, genel olarak, q değişkeni herhangi bir gerçek sayı olabilir. q = 2 durumu için standart
EDA prosedürü elde edilmiş olunur. ÇF-EDA yönteminde ise genelleştirilmiş q 'ya bağlı Fq(s)
dalgalanma fonksiyonlarının, q'nun farklı değerleri için zaman ölçeği s'ye nasıl bağlı olduğuyla
ilgilenilmektedir. Bu nedenle, birkaç zaman ölçeği için 2'den 4'e kadar olan adımları
tekrarlamak gerekmektedir. Artan s ile Fq(s)'nin artacağı açıktır. Elbette Fq(s), aynı zamanda m
dereceli EDA 'ya da bağlıdır. Yapı itibariyle Fq(s) yalnızca s m + 2 için tanımlanır.
•
Beşinci adımda, Her q değeri için s 'ye karşı çizilen Fq(s) log-log grafiği analiz edilerek
dalgalanma fonksiyonlarının ölçeklendirme davranışı belirlenir. Eğer xi serisi uzun
dönemli kuvvet kanunu ile korelasyonlu ise, Fq(s), büyük s değerleri için aşağıdaki
kuvvet kanununa uyumlu olarak artar,
𝐹𝑞 (𝑠)~𝑠 ℎ(𝑞)
(5)
Çok büyük ölçekler için (s > N/4); Fq(s) istatistiksel olarak güvenilmez hale gelir çünkü 4.
adımdaki ortalama prosedürü için Ns segmentlerinin sayısı çok küçük olur. Bu nedenle, h(q)'yu
belirlemek için genellikle s > N/4 ölçekleri eğri uydurma prosedürünün dışında tutulur. Bunun
yanı sıra, (5) denklemindeki ölçeklendirme davranışından sistematik sapmalar, çok küçük
ölçekler için (s10) ortaya çıkar ve düzeltilebilirdir. Genel olarak (5) denklemindeki h(q) üssü
q 'ya bağlıdır. Durağan zaman serileri için h(q=2), iyi bilinen Hurst üssü H ile aynıdır (Feder,
1988). Böylece h(q) fonksiyonuna genelleştirilmiş Hurst üssü adı verilir.
q → 0 için h(q) limitine karşılık gelen h(0) değeri, ıraksak üs nedeniyle (4) denklemindeki
ortalama alma prosedürü kullanılarak doğrudan belirlenemez. Bunun yerine (6) denklemiyle
verilen logaritmik ortalama alma prosedürü kullanılır.
𝐹0 (𝑠) ≡ 𝑒𝑥𝑝 {
1
4𝑁𝑠
𝑠
2
ℎ(0)
∑2𝑁
𝑣=1 ln[𝐹 (𝑣, 𝑠)]} ~𝑠
(6)
h(0)'ın fraktal destekli zaman serileri için tanımlanamayacağına dikkat edilmelidir. Burada h(q)
q → 0 için ıraksar.
Kompakt destekli tek-fraktal zaman serileri için h(q), q'dan bağımsızdır, çünkü F2(v,s)
varyanslarının ölçeklendirme davranışı tüm v bölümleri için aynıdır ve (4) denklemindeki
ortalama alma prosedürü q'nun tüm değerleri için tam olarak aynı ölçeklendirme davranışını
verecektir. Ancak küçük ve büyük dalgalanmalar farklı ölçeklenirse, h(q)'nun q'ya önemli bir
bağımlılığı olacaktır: Eğer q'nun pozitif değerleri dikkate alınırsa, büyük F2(v,s) varyansına
sahip v parçaları (yani, karşılık gelen eğri uydurmadan kaynaklı büyük değişimler) ortalama
Fq(s)'i büyük oranda etkiler. Dolayısıyla q'nun pozitif değerleri için; h(q), büyük
dalgalanmalara sahip bölümlerin ölçeklenme davranışını açıklar. Tersine, q'nun negatif
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değerleri için, küçük F2(v,s) varyansına sahip v bölümleri ortalama Fq(s) üzerinde büyük etkiye
sahip olacaktır. Dolayısıyla, q'nun negatif değerleri için h(q), küçük dalgalanmalara sahip
bölümlerin ölçeklenme davranışını tanımlar.Genellikle büyük dalgalanmalar, çoklu-fraktal
seriler için küçük dalgalanmalardan daha küçük h(q) ölçeklendirme üssü ile karakterize edilir.
Maksimum ölçek s=N için dalgalanma fonksiyonu Fq(s) q'dan bağımsızdır, çünkü (4)
denklemindeki toplam yalnızca iki özdeş bölüm üzerinden çalışır (Ns ≡ [N/s] = 1). Daha küçük
ölçekler için (s<<N) ortalama alma prosedürü birkaç bölüm üzerinde uygulanır ve eğer q<0 ise,
Fq(s) ortalama değeri, küçük dalgalanmalara sahip bölümlerden kaynaklı F2(v,s) tarafından
etkilenecektir. Benzer şekilde, q>0 için, Fq(s) ortalama değeri, büyük dalgalanmalara sahip
bölümlerden kaynaklı F2(v,s) tarafından etkilenir. Bu nedenle, s<<N için; q<0 olan Fq(s) değeri,
q>0 olan Fq(s)'den daha küçük olacaktır. s=N için her ikisi de eşittir. Dolayısıyla, Fq(s)'nin (5)
denklemini takiben homojen bir ölçeklendirme davranışı olduğunu varsayılırsa, q>0'a karşılık
gelen s 'ye karşı çizilen Fq(s) log-log grafiğindeki h(q) eğimi, q>0 olan Fq(s)'nin karşılık gelen
eğiminden daha büyük olmalıdır. Böylece, q<0 için h(q), genellikle q>0 için h(q)'dan daha
büyük olacaktır.
1.2. Elektrookülografi (EOG) işareti
İnsan gözünün, kornea ve retinanın sırasıyla pozitif ve negatif kutupları oluşturduğu bir
elektriksel dipol gibi davrandığı düşünülebilir. Bu dipolün eksenleri gözün optik eksenlerine
göre yönlendirilir ve dolayısıyla gözle birlikte döner. Aslında gözün ön ve arka bölgesi arasında
korneo-retinal potansiyel adı verilen ve büyüklüğü 0,4-1,0 mV arasında değişen bir potansiyel
farkı vardır. Bu, bir elektrik alanı yaratır ve bu alan tarafından üretilen elektriksel aktivite,
gözlerin yakınına yerleştirilen elektrotlar kullanılarak invaziv olmayan bir şekilde yakalanır
(Heide vd, 1999; Bulling vd, 2011).EOG işaretleri, taban çizgisi tipik olarak sabit olmadığından
ve kaymaya maruz kaldığından, taban çizgisi gezinme etkisinden dolayı bozulmaktadır (Heide
vd, 1999; Bulling vd, 2011).Özellikle, bu kayma, edinilen EOG işaretlerine müdahale eden ve
esas olarak arka plan işaret girişiminin bir sonucu olan düşük frekanslı bir işaret olarak elektrot
polarizasyonu, değişen elektrot temas basıncı ve terlemeye bağlı olarak cilt direncindeki
değişiklikler şeklinde kendini gösterir (Heide vd, 1999; Bulling vd, 2011; Huda vd, 2015;
Marandi vd, 2015).Bu çalışmada kullanılan EOG işareti Barbara ve arkadaşlarının kaydettikleri
EOG verilerini temel almaktadır (Barbara vd, 2020). EOG işaretinin kaydedilmesi sırasında
kullanılan elektrot yerleşimi Şekil 1 'de verilmektedir.
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Şekil 1. EOG elektrot yerleşimi (Barbara vd, 2020).
Şekil 1 ile verilen elektrot yerleşimi temel alınarak kaydedilen yatay ve dikey OEG işaretleri
aşağıdaki şekilde tanımlanmaktadır. Şekil 1'de "G" ile gösterilen alın noktası işaret toprağı ve
"R" ile gösterilen referans elektrodu sol kulağın arkasına takılıdır (Barbara vd, 2020).
𝐸𝑂𝐺ℎ (𝑡) = 𝑉3 (𝑡) − 𝑉4 (𝑡)
(7)
𝐸𝑂𝐺𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑉1 (𝑡) − 𝑉2 (𝑡)
(8)
(7) ve (8) nolu ifadelerde, V1(t), V2(t), V3(t) ve V4(t) EOG gerilimleri, Şekil 1 'deki sırasıyla 1,
2, 3 ve 4 numaralı noktalardan ölçülen gerilimlerdir. Yatay olarak yerleştirilen elektrotların
farkı olan EOGh(t) gerilimi, yatay EOG işareti ve dikey olarak yerleştirilen elektrotların farkı
olan EOGv(t) gerilimi dikey EOG işareti olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Söz konusu veri seti, 256
Hz örnekleme frekansına sahiptir. EOG verilerinin kaydı sırasında Barbara vd. (2020)
deneklerden, bakış noktalarını ekranda vurgulanan bir işarete sabitlemelerini istemiştir. Buna
göre, Şekil 2'de gösterildiği gibi bir dizi 4 saniyelik denemeler kaydedilmiştir; burada önce
denekten ilk 1 saniyede ekranın ortasından rastgele bir hedef konuma doğru gözüyle bir seğirme
yapması istenmiştir ("A" olayı). Bunu, sonraki 1 saniye içinde ekranın ortasına doğru karşılık
gelen bir geri dönüş hareketi ("B" olayı) ve her denemenin son 2 saniyesinde bir göz kırpma
("C" olayı) izlemektedir. Her denek için üç ayrı oturumda bu tür toplam 300 deneme
kaydedildiği raporlanmıştır (Barbara vd, 2020).
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“B” olayı
“A” olayı
“C” olayı
Şekil 2. Deneklerden alınan EOG kayıtlarının açıklaması. "A" olayı : Ekranın ortasından bir
hedef konuma doğru seğirme, "B" olayı : Ekranın ortasına doğru karşılık gelen bir geri dönüş
hareketi, "C" olayı : Göz kırpma.
2. Sonuçlar ve Değerlendirme
"A", "B" ve "C" olaylarına karşılık gelen EOG işaretlerinden rastgele seçilen bir örnek Şekil 3
'de verilmektedir.
Şekil 3. "A", "B" ve "C" olaylarına karşılık gelen EOGh(t) ve EOGv(t) işaretlerinden bir
örnek.
EOG veri setinden rastgele seçilen ve Şekil 3'de görülen EOGh(t) ve EOGv(t) işaretlerinin Ns=1
için, (1) denklemi ile hesaplanan Y(i) profili Şekil 4 'de görülmektedir. Kaydedilen EOG
işaretlerinin sayısının çokluğu nedeniyle, basitlik adına, bu noktadan itibaren "C" olayını içeren
EOGh(t) işaretinin analizi yapılacaktır. Şekil 5 'den görüleceği üzere, (2) denklemi gereğince
"C" olayını içeren EOGh(t) işaretine, s=40 için m=1, 2 ve 3. dereceden polinomlar
uydurulmuştur. Farklı m dereceleri için varyansın değiştiği görülmektedir. Bu durum, ÇF-EDA
yönteminin doğal bir sonucudur.
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Şekil 4. Ns=1 için, (1) denklemi ile hesaplanan Y(i) profili.
Şekil 5. s=40 için, her bir örtüşmeyen v parçasına 1, 2 ve 3. dereceden polinomlarla uydurulan
yv(i) verisi (kırmızı noktalı çizgi) ile Y(i) profilindeki her bir parça için 1 F2(v,s) (kırmızı düz
çizgi).
"C" olayını içeren EOGh(t) işareti ile ilgili olarak, m=1dereceli polinom ve s=4, 8, 16, 32, 64
ve 128 parça boyutları için hesaplanan F2(v,s) değerlerinin değişimi Şekil 6 'da görülmektedir.
Şekil 6 'da görüleceği üzere, F2(v,s) genliği küçülen s için azalmaktadır.
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Şekil 6. "C" olayını içeren EOGh(t) işaretinin, m=1dereceli polinom ve s=4, 8, 16, 32, 64 ve
128 bölüm boyutları için hesaplanan F2(v,s) değerleri.
Şekil 7. "C" olayını içeren EOGh(t) işareti ile ilgili olarak; q dereceli Fq(s) ve s=8-64 değerleri
için log-log çizimi (noktalar) ve bunlara karşılık gelen doğrusal polinom regresyonu (düz
çizgiler).
Şekil 7'den görüleceği üzere, farklı s değerleri için hesaplanan q dereceli Fq(s) değerleri, loglog çiziminde, eğimleri birbirinden farklı olan doğrular üretmektedir. Bu sonuç, EOG işaretinin
durağan olmayan doğası ve çoklu-fraktal yapısının bir göstergesi durumundadır. Bu sonuçları
kullanarak elde edilen Hq(q) Hurst üstellerinin q 'ya bağlı grafiği Şekil 8 'de görülmektedir.
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Şekil 8. "C" olayını içeren EOGh(t) işareti ile ilgili olarak; q=-5 ve 5 aralığı için Hq(q) Hurst
üsteli.
Şekil 8 ile verilen Hq(q) Hurst üsteli grafiği, q 'ya bağlı olarak Hurst üstellerinin sabit olmadığını
ve azaldığını açık bir şekilde göstermektedir. Bu durum çoklu-fraktal yapıya sahip zaman
serilerinin bir özelliğidir. Dolayısıyla, "C" olayını içeren EOGh(t) işareti üzerinden yapılan
analiz, EOG işaretinin çoklu-fraktal davranışının bir delilidir. Tüm EOG işaretlerinin analizinde
benzer sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır.Bu çalışmada, ÇF-EDA yöntemi kullanılarak, farklı veri ölçekleri
için (s=4, 8, 16, 32, 64) EOG işareti eğiliminden arındırıldıktan sonra, q 'ya bağlı olarak Hq(q)
Hurst üstelleri elde edilmiştir. Hurst üstelleri q'ya bağlı olarak değiştiğinden, EEG, EKG gibi
EOG işaretinin de çoklu-fraktal bir davranışa sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir.
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Kantelhardt J.W., Koscielny-Bunde E., Rego H.H.A., Havlin S., Bunde A. (2001), Detecting
long-range correlations with detrended fluctuation analysis, Physica A, 295 441.
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H. E. (2002). Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysisof nonstationary time series,
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253–264.
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DC MAGNETRON SAÇTIRMA YÖNTEMİ İLE REAKTİF NiO İNCE FİLM
KAPLAMA UYGULAMASI
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mehmet TURHAL (ORCID: 0000-0002-1180-5651)
Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Trabzon-Türkiye
Email: turhal@ktu.edu.tr
Özet
Bu çalışma, DC Magnetron Saçtırma yöntemi ile cam alttaş üzerine reaktif NiO ince film
kaplama uygulamasını konu etmektedir. NiO, ferromanyetik malzemeler, p-tipi şeffaf iletken
film, elektrokromik görüntüleme cihazlarında ve kimyasal sensörlerde fonksiyonel bir sensör
katmanı olarak uygulama alanı bulmaktadır. Saçtırma, ince film biriktirmek amacıyla
kullanılan bir fiziksel buhar biriktirme (FBB) yöntemidir. Bu yöntem, malzemenin, biri kaynak
olan bir "hedeften" cam gibi bir "alt katmana" saçtırılmasını içerir. Saçtırma, yarı iletken
endüstrisinde, entegre devre işlemede çeşitli malzemelerin ince filmlerini biriktirmek için
yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Optik uygulamalar için cam üzerine ince yansıma önleyici
kaplamalar da saçtırma yoluyla biriktirilir. Saçtırma yönteminin en eski ticari
uygulamalarından biri bilgisayar sabit disklerinin üretimidir. Kullanılan düşük alttaş
sıcaklıkları nedeniyle saçtırma, ince film transistör üretiminde temas metallerini biriktirmek
için ideal bir yöntemdir. Reaktif saçtırmada, hedef malzemeden saçtırılan parçacıklar (Ni),
belirli bir alttaş üzerinde (cam) farklı bileşime sahip bir filmin biriktirilmesini amaçlayan
kimyasal bir reaksiyona girer. Parçacıkların maruz kaldığı kimyasal reaksiyon, saçtırma
odasına verilen oksijen gibi reaktif bir gazla gerçekleşerek oksit filmlerin üretilmesini sağlar.
Yöntemde ilave bir unsurun, yani reaktif gazın eklenmesi, arzu edilen ince film birikmesi
üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir ve ideal çalışma noktalarının bulunmasını zorlaştırır. Bu
şekilde, reaktif bazlı saçtırma işlemlerinin büyük çoğunluğu, histerezis benzeri bir davranışla
karakterize edilir, dolayısıyla ilgili ilave soygaz, basınç ve sıcaklık parametrelerinin uygun
şekilde kontrol edilmesini gerektirir. Reaktif saçtırma yoluyla ince film birikimini kontrol eden
birçok parametrenin varlığı, bunu karmaşık bir süreç haline getirir, ancak aynı zamanda oluşan
ince filmin büyümesi ve mikro yapısı üzerinde büyük ölçüde kontrol sağlar. Bu çalışmada,
hedef olarak yüksek saflıkta Ni hedef varlığında, Argon gazı ile farklı oranlarda karıştırılmış
Oksijen (reaktif gaz), NiO ince film üretimi için kullanılmıştır. Basınç, sıcaklık ve plazmanın
akım sınırı sabit tutularak üretilen NiO ince filmlerin karakterizasyonu, optik geçirgenlik,
yansıma, kaplama kalınlığı ve iletkenlik ölçümleri yapılarak optimize edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: DC Magnetron Saçtırma, NiO, Reaktif Saçtırma, İnce Film, Sensörler
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REACTIVE NiO THIN FILM COATING APPLICATION BY DC MAGNETRON
SPOTTING METHOD
Abstract
This study is about the application of reactive NiO thin film coating on glass substrate by DC
Magnetron Sputtering method. NiO finds application in ferromagnetic materials, p-type
transparent conductive film, electrochromic imaging devices and chemical sensors as a
functional sensor layer. Sputtering is a physical vapor deposition method used to deposit thin
films. This method involves sputtering material from a “target” one of which is the source, onto
a “substrate” such as glass. Sputtering is widely used in the semiconductor industry to deposit
thin films of various materials in integrated circuit processing. For optical applications, thin
anti-reflective coatings are also deposited on glass by sputtering. One of the oldest commercial
applications of the sputtering method is in the production of computer hard disks. Due to the
low substrate temperatures used, sputtering is an ideal method to deposit contact metals in thinfilm transistor fabrication. In reactive sputtering, particles sputtered from the target material
(Ni) undergo a chemical reaction aimed at the deposition of a film of different composition on
a specific substrate (glass). The chemical reaction that the particles are exposed to occurs with
a reactive gas such as oxygen supplied to the sputtering chamber, resulting in the production of
oxide films. The introduction of an additional element in the method, namely reactive gas, has
a significant impact on the desired thin film deposition and makes it difficult to find ideal
operating points. In this way, the vast majority of reactive sputtering processes are characterized
by a hysteresis-like behavior, thus requiring appropriate control of the additional inert gas,
pressure and temperature parameters involved. The existence of many parameters controlling
thin film deposition by reactive sputtering makes this a complex process, but also provides a
large degree of control over the growth and microstructure of the resulting thin film. In this
study, Oxygen (reactive gas) mixed with Argon gas in different proportions was used to produce
NiO thin film in the presence of high purity Ni target as the target. The characterization of NiO
thin films produced by keeping the pressure, temperature and plasma current limit constant was
optimized by measuring optical transmittance, reflectance, coating thickness and conductivity.
Keywords: DC Magnetron Sputtering, NiO, Reactive Sputtering, Thin Film, Sensors
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Giriş
Saçtırma, ince film biriktirmek amacıyla kullanılan bir fiziksel buhar biriktirme (FBB)
yöntemidir. Bu yöntem, malzemenin, biri kaynak olan bir "hedeften" cam gibi bir "alt katmana"
saçtırılmasını içerir. Saçtırma, yarı iletken endüstrisinde, entegre devre işlemede çeşitli
malzemelerin ince filmlerini biriktirmek için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Optik
uygulamalar için cam üzerine ince yansıma önleyici kaplamalar da saçtırma yoluyla biriktirilir.
Saçtırma yönteminin en eski ticari uygulamalarından biri bilgisayar sabit disklerinin üretimidir.
Kullanılan düşük alttaş sıcaklıkları nedeniyle saçtırma, ince film transistör üretiminde temas
metallerini biriktirmek için de ideal bir yöntemdir (Frey H. ve Khan H. R. (Eds.), (2015).Reaktif
saçtırma, hem saçtırılan hedef malzemeyle hem de hedef yüzeyle kütlesel reaksiyona giren
kimyasal olarak reaktif gazların varlığında hedeflerin saçtırılması olarak tanımlanabilir. Reaktif
saçtırma, oksitler, nitrürler, karbürler, florürler veya arsenitler (Graham vd., 1994) dahil olmak
üzere çok çeşitli bileşik ve alaşım ince filmlerinin biriktirilmesi için günümüzün yeni malzeme
özellikleri arayışında çok popüler bir teknik haline gelmiştir. Reaktif olmayan saçtırma yöntemi
ile üretilen filmlerin gelişmiş özelliklerinin yanında, temel hedeflerden (yani tek bir öğeden
oluşan bir hedeften) DC reaktif saçtırmanın popülaritesinin artması, birkaç faktöre atfedilebilir:
(a) Endüstriyel ölçekte (Rizk vd., 1988; Vossen vd., 1991) yüksek biriktirme hızlarında ve
kontrol edilebilir bileşime (Larsson vd., 1988) sahip ince bileşik filmler üretme kapasitesine
sahiptir. (b) elementsel hedefler genellikle daha kolay saflaştırılır ve dolayısıyla yüksek saflıkta
filmler üretilebilir (Okamoto ve Serikawa, 1986); (c) metalik hedefler elektriksel olarak iletken
olduğundan RF sistemlerinin karmaşıklığı ve pahalılığına gerek kalmayabilir ve dolayısıyla DC
güç uygulanabilir; (d) temel hedeflerin işlenmesi genellikle kolaydır; (e) metalik hedefler
termal olarak iletkendir, bu da bu hedeflerin soğutulmasını daha verimli hale getirir. Böylece
uygulanan gücün aralığı genişletilebilir; hedefte çatlama korkusu olmadan 50 W/cm2 ve üstüne
kadar çıkılabilir; ve (f) ince filmler 300 C'nin altındaki sıcaklıklarda biriktirilebilir (Kadlec vd,
1986).Reaktif sıçratma kavramsal olarak basit olmasına rağmen aslında birbirine bağlı birçok
parametreyi içeren karmaşık ve doğrusal olmayan bir süreçtir (Tsiogas ve Avaritsiotis, 1992).
Hem katot yüzeyinde hem de alttaşta reaktif gazın varlığı, reaktif gazın yalnızca yoğunlaşan
malzemeyle değil aynı zamanda katot yüzeyiyle de güçlü etkileşimlerine neden olur; buna
"hedef zehirlenmesi" denir. Bu katot reaksiyonlarının, belirli bir reaktif gaz akışı hızında aniden
arttığı görülmektedir. Reaktif gazın akışı kontrol altında tutulursa, bu tür reaksiyonlarda,
plazmanın empedansında bir değişiklik, sistem basıncında veya daha kesin olarak reaktif gaz
basıncında ani bir artış, biriktirme oranında ciddi bir düşüş ve filmde metal açısından zenginden
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gaz açısından zengine geçiş, yani stokiyometride bir değişiklik gözlenebilir. Bu nedenle, reaktif
gazın sağlanmasıyla kontrol edilen reaktif saçtırma işlemleri oldukça karmaşık bir davranış
sergiler (Glocker ve Shah, 2018).Bu çalışma, DC Magnetron Saçtırma yöntemi ile cam alttaş
üzerine reaktif NiO ince film kaplama uygulamasını konu etmektedir. NiO, ferromanyetik
malzemeler (Fujii vd., 1996), p-tipi şeffaf iletken film (Sato vd, 1993), elektrokromik
görüntüleme cihazlarında (Yoshimura vd, 1995) ve kimyasal sensörlerde fonksiyonel bir sensör
katmanı (Bögner vd., 1998) olarak uygulama alanı bulmaktadır. Reaktif saçtırma yoluyla ince
film birikimini kontrol eden birçok parametrenin varlığı, bu yöntemi karmaşık bir süreç haline
getirir, ancak aynı zamanda oluşan ince filmin büyümesi ve mikro yapısı üzerinde büyük ölçüde
kontrol sağlar (Glocker ve Shah, 2018). Bu çalışmada, hedef olarak yüksek saflıkta Ni hedef
varlığında, Argon gazı ile karıştırılmış Oksijen (reaktif gaz), reaktif NiO ince film üretimi için
kullanılmıştır.
1. Yöntem
1.1. Reaktif Saçtırma Yöntemi
Benzerliklere rağmen reaktif saçtırma işlemi, temel soygaz saçtırma işleminden önemli ölçüde
farklı davranır. Davranıştaki bu büyük farklılığın temel nedeni, reaktif saçtırmaya dayalı
biriktirme prosesinin, reaktif gazın kısmi basıncına son derece duyarlı olmasıdır. Bu kısmi
basınç, hem katoda sağlanan elektrik gücünden hem de reaktif gazın beslenmesindeki
değişikliklerden etkilenir. İlk bakışta bu çok büyük bir sorun gibi görünmeyebilir. Bununla
birlikte, bu parametrelerin etkileşim şekli, reaktif saçtırma işleminin doğrusal olmayan bir
şekilde davranmasına ve çoğu durumda histerezis etkileri sergilemesine neden olur (Glocker ve
Shah, 2018).Reaktif saçtırmada, hedef malzemeden saçtırılan parçacıklar, belirli bir alttaş
üzerinde farklı bileşime sahip bir filmin biriktirilmesini amaçlayan kimyasal bir reaksiyona
girer. Parçacıkların maruz kaldığı kimyasal reaksiyon, saçtırma odasına verilen oksijen veya
nitrojen gibi reaktif bir gazla gerçekleşir ve sırasıyla oksit ve nitrür filmlerin üretilmesini sağlar,
Şekil 1. Proseste ilave bir unsurun, yani reaktif gazın eklenmesi, arzu edilen çökeltmeler
üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir ve ideal çalışma noktalarının bulunmasını zorlaştırır. Bu
şekilde, reaktif bazlı saçtırma işlemlerinin büyük çoğunluğu, histerezis benzeri bir davranışla
karakterize edilir ve dolayısıyla ilgili parametrelerin uygun şekilde kontrol edilmesini gerektirir
(Glocker ve Shah, 2018).
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DC Güç
Hedef
Ar
Pompa
Reaktif
Gaz
Alttaş
Şekil 1. Reaktif saçtırma yönteminin şematik çizimi.
1.2 Reaktif Saçtırma Yöntemindeki Kararsızlıklar
Şekil 2, reaktif saçtırma prosesi (işlem sırasında sabit akımla gerçekleştirilir) için saçtırma
erozyon hızına karşı reaktif gaz beslemesine ilişkin tipik bir deneysel proses eğrisini
göstermektedir. Bu eğrinin karakteristik özelliği histerezis etkisi sergilemesidir. Reaktif gazın
beslenmesi ile birikme oranı aynı değerde azalmaz ve artmaz. Azalma ve artış arasındaki ayrım
genişliği histerezis bölgesinin genişliğini belirtir (Glocker ve Shah, 2018).
Şekil 2. Reaktif saçtırma işlemi için tipik bir deneysel eğri. Saçtırılmış metal atomlarından
kaynaklanan optik emisyon (OE), saçtırma erozyon hızını temsil eder. Qtoplam, dakika başına
standart santimetreküp (sccm) cinsinden ifade edilir.
Kısmi basınç ile reaktif gazın besleme hızı arasındaki ilişki için de karşılık gelen bir histerezis
etkisi gözlemlenir, Şekil 3. Bu şekil, reaktif gaz beslemesinin arttırılması ve azaltılması
arasındaki farkı açıkça göstermektedir. Reaktif gaz beslemesinin artış dizisi sırasında reaktif
gazın kısmi basıncı, histerezis genişliğinin üst sınır değerine ulaşana kadar çok düşük bir
seviyede kalır. Reaktif gaz beslemesinin azalması sırasında kısmi basınç, histerezis bölgesinde
gazın artması durumuna göre önemli ölçüde daha yüksek kalır. Bu, artış dizisi sırasında bileşik
oluşumu için daha fazla gaz tüketildiğine işaret etmektedir. Bu, karşılık gelen diziler için
saçtırma erozyon hızı eğrisinin karşılaştırılması yoluyla anlaşılabilir. Daha yüksek saçtırma
erozyon oranı, bileşik kaplamalar oluşturmak için daha fazla reaktif gaza ihtiyaç duyar.
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Histerezis etkisi reaktif saçtırma sistemlerinde en önemli sorunlardan biridir. (Glocker ve Shah,
2018).
Şekil 3. Şekil 1'deki eğriye karşılık gelen reaktif gazın kısmi basıncı.
Bu nedenlerle, reaktif saçtırma işleminin sonucunun tahmin edilebilmesi için güvenilir bir
modele ihtiyaç vardır.
1.3 Reaktif Saçtırma Yönteminin Modellenmesi
İlk kez 1987'de Uppsala Üniversitesi'nde Berg ve çalışma arkadaşları tarafından önerilen, 'Berg
modeli' olarak adlandırılan temel reaktif saçtırma prosesi tanımlanmıştır ve aşağıda
açıklanmaktadır (Berg vd., 1987). Bu model yoluyla; biriktirme oranındaki, biriktirilen filmin
bileşimindeki, reaktif gazın kısmi basıncındaki, hedef yüzeyin reaktif gaz tarafından
'zehirlenmesini', histerezis bölgesinin genişliğini ve konumunun yanı sıra hedef yüzeydeki ciddi
değişiklikleri tahmin etmek mümkündür.
Şekil 4. Reaktif saçtırma işleminde saçtırılan malzemenin hedeften alttaşa taşınmasının
gösterimi (Berg vd., 1987).
Berg modeli Şekil 4 ile gösterilen ve aşağıda tanımlanan varsayımları içermektedir :
•
Hedef, elemental bir metal malzemedir (Ni, Al, Cu, Ti vb.).
•
Yalnızca soy gazdan gelen iyonlar hedefin saçtırma erozyonuna katkıda bulunur.
Reaktif gazdan gelen iyonların saçtırma katkısı ihmal edilmiştir.
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•
Hedef yüzeyden saçtırılan bileşik molekülleri, moleküller halinde biriktirilir.
•
Hedef akımı tamamen soy gazdaki iyonlar tarafından taşınır. Hedeften yayılan ikincil
elektronların katkısı ihmal edilir.
•
Hedefteki iyon akımı hedef yüzeyine (At) eşit olarak dağılmıştır.
•
Hedef yüzeyden saçtırılarak aşındırılan malzemenin tümü, 'toplayan' As alttaş
yüzeyinde eşit şekilde biriktirilmektedir. Bu 'toplayan' yüzey hem alttaş yüzeyini hem
de vakum odasındaki tüm diğer alıcı yüzeyleri temsil eder.
•
İşlem sırasında, hedef metal yüzeyinin bir kısmı reaktif gazla reaksiyona girecek ve
karşılık gelen metal bileşiğini oluşturacaktır. Bu bileşiğin kapsadığı hedefin kısmı t ile
gösterilir. Şekil 4'de bu durum, At hedef alanının iki parçaya bölünmesiyle
gösterilmektedir: metal bileşiğini içeren yüzey kısmı t ve reaksiyona girmemiş
metalden oluşan yüzey bölümü (1 - t).
•
Aynı reaksiyon As biriktirme alanında da gerçekleşir. Bununla birlikte, bu yüzeydeki
bileşik malzeme (reaksiyona giren hedef metal) tarafından kaplanan s bölümü, hedef
yüzeydeki t bölümünden farklı olabilir.
•
Vakum odasına sağlanan reaktif gaz, oda içinde eşit olarak dağıtılan kısmi Pr
basıncında yükselmeye sebep olur. Bu basınç, reaktif gaz moleküllerinin odadaki tüm
yüzeylere r akışına neden olur. Pr ile r arasındaki ilişki aşağıdaki gibidir.
Γ𝑟 =
(1) denkleminde; m,
𝑃𝑟
√2𝜋𝑚𝑘𝑇
(1)
reaktif gaz molekülünün kütlesi, k Boltzmann sabiti ve T mutlak
sıcaklıktır.
•
Yapışma katsayısı, reaktif bir gaz molekülünün bir yüzeye çarptığında yüzeyde kalma
olasılığı olarak tanımlanır. Bu olasılık, odanın bileşik kaplı kısımları ve hedef yüzeyleri
için sıfır olarak alınmıştır.
Yukarıdaki varsayımlara dayanarak, reaktif sıçratma biriktirme sürecini tanımlayan üç temel
denge denklemini tanımlamak mümkündür.
1.3.1 At Hedef Alanındaki Şartlar
Hedef yüzeyinde bileşik oluşumu yalnızca, reaktif gaz ve reaksiyona girmemiş hedef metali
içeren ve (1-t) ile gösterilen hedef kısım arasındaki reaksiyonlar nedeniyle gerçekleşecektir.
Hedefte bileşik oluşum hızı (birim zamandaki molekül sayısı) aşağıdaki şekilde yazılabilir:
Γ𝑟 𝛼𝑡 (1 − Θ𝑡 )𝐴𝑡 𝑏
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Burada t, reaktif gaz moleküllerinin metal yüzeyine yapışma katsayısıdır ve b, bir adet reaktif
gaz molekülünün oluşturduğu bileşik moleküllerin sayısını tanımlayan bir faktördür. Bileşik
moleküllerin hedef yüzeyden saçılma hızı şu şekilde yazılabilir:
𝐽
( ) Θ𝑡 𝐴𝑡 𝛾𝑐
𝑞
Burada J hedef yüzeydeki iyon akım yoğunluğudur (normalde argon iyonları), q temel yüktür,
tAt metal bileşik tarafından kaplanan hedef yüzey alanıdır ve c gelen enerjik iyon için
bileşiğin saçtırma verimidir ve c iyonun enerjisine bağlıdır.
Kararlı durumda bileşik oluşum hızı (metal hedef ile reaktif gaz arasındaki reaksiyonlardan
dolayı), bileşik malzemenin hedeften saçtırma erozyon hızıyla aynı olmalıdır. Bu, t 'nin kararlı
durum değerine ulaştığı anlamına gelir. Bu bize ilk temel denge denklemini verir:
𝐽
Γ𝑟 𝛼𝑡 (1 − Θ𝑡 )𝐴𝑡 𝑏 = (𝑞) Θ𝑡 𝐴𝑡 𝛾𝑐
(2)
Denklemdeki diğer tüm parametreler kullanıcı tarafından tanımlanabildiğinden, (1) ve (2)
denklemi yardımıyla herhangi bir Pr değeri için t 'yi hesaplamak mümkündür. Hedeften
saçtırma toplam erozyon oranı R şu şekilde ifade edilebilir:
𝐽
𝑅 = (𝑞) [𝛾𝑐 Θ𝑡 + 𝛾𝑚 (1 − Θ𝑡 )]𝐴𝑡
(3)
(3) denkleminde m, enerjik iyonlar aracılığı ile saçtırılma nedeniyle metal atomlarının saçtırma
verimidir. Buradaki erozyon hızı saniye başına birim parçacık (metal atomları ve bileşik
moleküller) cinsinden ifade edilir.
1.3.2 As Biriktirme Alanındaki Şartlar
Hedefteki koşullar için olana benzer bir argüman, As biriktirme alanındaki koşulları tanımlamak
için kullanılabilir. Kararlı durumda bileşik oluşum hızı, bu yüzeyden 'bileşik eliminasyon'
hızıyla aynı olmalıdır. Ancak bu yüzeyde bileşik malzemenin saçtırma erozyonu meydana
gelmez. Bunun yerine 'bileşik eliminasyonu', biriktirme yüzeyi As 'nin bileşik biriken kısmı (s)
üzerinde toplanan ve hedeften saçtırılan metal atomları tarafından gerçekleştirilir. Bu nedenle,
biriktirme yüzeyinin bileşik kaplı kısmının (s) üzerine bir miktar 'reaksiyona girmemiş metal'
eklenir ve böylece bu, bir 'metal' yüzeye dönüştürülür. Bu etki, biriktirme yüzeyi kapsama
değerinin (s) azalmasına neden olur. s 'deki bu azalmaya ilişkin ifade aşağıdaki şekilde elde
edilebilir. 'Taze hedef metal atomlarının' toplam saçtırma erozyon hızı, Rm, şu şekilde
yazılabilir:
𝐽
𝑅𝑚 = ( ) 𝛾𝑚 (1 − Θ𝑡 )𝐴𝑡
𝑞
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Bu saçtırmayla aşındırılmış metal, biriktirme yüzeyi üzerinde düzgün bir Rm/As biriktirme
oranına yol açar. Biriktirme yüzeyinin s bileşik kaplanmış bölümü üzerinde biriken Rm miktarı
Rms dir. Bu terim, reaksiyona girmemiş metal atomlarının birikmesi nedeniyle s 'deki azalma
oranını tanımlar. Rm, Rms ve Rm(1-s) terimleri Şekil 4'de oklarla gösterilmiştir.
Biriktirme alanının metal kısmına (1-s) biriken saçtırılmış metalin tamamlayıcı kısmı Rm(1s), As biriktirme yüzeyindeki metal kısmını değiştirmeyecektir. Çünkü, metalin metal üzerine
biriktirilmesi bu konumdaki bileşimi değiştirmez. Aynı durum, biriktirme yüzeyindeki s kısmı
üzerinde saçtırılan bileşik malzemenin biriktirilmesi için de geçerlidir. Benzer bir şekilde,
bileşik malzeme üzerine bileşik malzeme biriktirmek, Ass alanının bileşimini değiştirmez.
Bileşik malzeme, biriktirme yüzeyinde iki farklı işlemle oluşturulabilir. Birincisi, biriktirme
yüzeyinin taze metal kısmı (1-s) reaktif gazla reaksiyona girerek bu yüzey üzerinde bileşik
malzeme oluşturabilir. Bu işlem için toplam bileşik oluşumu oranı aşağıdaki gibidir.
Γ𝑟 𝛼𝑠 (1 − Θ𝑠 )𝐴𝑠 𝑏
Burada, s, reaktif gazın biriktirme yüzeyindeki metal yüzeye yapışma katsayısıdır ve (1-s)As,
biriktirme yüzeyinin metal kısmıdır. Bileşik oluşumuna yol açabilecek ikinci işlem, biriktirme
alanının (1-s) metal kısmı üzerinde saçtırılmış bileşik malzemenin birikmesidir. Hedeften
bileşik malzemenin toplam saçtırma erozyon oranı Rc aşağıdaki gibi verilmektedir:
𝐽
𝑅𝑐 = ( ) 𝛾𝑐 Θ𝑡 𝐴𝑡
𝑞
Bu saçtırılmış bileşik malzeme, biriktirme alanı As üzerinde eşit olarak dağılmıştır. Biriktirme
yüzeyinin (1-s) metal kısmı üzerinde biriken parça şu şekildedir:
𝑅𝑐 (1 − Θ𝑠 )
Bu terim, saçtırılan bileşik malzemenin biriktirme yüzeyinin taze metal kısmı üzerine birikmesi
nedeniyle s 'deki artış oranını tanımlar. Şekil 4 'de, Rc, Rcs ve Rc(1-s) terimleri oklarla
gösterilmiştir.
Kararlı durumda, biriktirme yüzeyindeki bileşik oluşumuna katkıda bulunan iki terim, bu
yüzeydeki bileşik eliminasyonunu tanımlayan terimi dengelemelidir. Bu, ikinci temel denge
denklemini tanımlar.
𝑅𝑚 Θ𝑠
𝑅𝑐 (1 − Θ𝑠 ) + Γ𝑟 𝛼𝑠 (1 − Θ𝑠 )𝐴𝑠 𝑏 = (
𝑑
)
(4)
Burada d, bir adet bileşik molekülündeki metal atomlarının sayısını tanımlayan bir faktördür.
(4) denklemin sağ tarafı, her iki tarafın da aynı birimde, yani zaman birimi başına bileşik
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molekül olarak ifade edilmesini sağlamak için d'ye bölünmüştür. t (2) denklemi kullanılarak
hesaplandığında, (4) denkleminden s 'yi hesaplamak mümkündür.
Genelde deney ekipmanları, işlem sırasında reaktif gazın kısmi basıncını izleyecek şekilde
donatılmamıştır. Reaktif gaz normalde bir kütle akış kontrolörü aracılığıyla vakum odasına
beslenir. Bir reaktif saçtırma işleminden bahsederken, normalde reaktif gaz beslemesinin bir
girdi parametresi olarak kullanılmasının nedeni budur. Bu nedenle modelde reaktif gazın
beslemesi için bir ifade bulmaya ihtiyaç olur.
Yukarıda açıklandığı gibi reaktif gaz, hem hedefte hem de biriktirme yüzeylerinde 'taze metal
yüzeyler' ile reaksiyona girecektir. Bu etki nedeniyle reaktif gaz molekülleri bu yüzeylerde
giderilecektir (katı bileşik molekülleri oluşturularak gaz fazından çıkacaktır). Reaktif gazın
belirli bir kısmi basıncında hedef yüzeydeki giderilme oranı Qt (birim zamandaki molekül
sayısı) şu şekilde yazılabilir:
𝑄𝑡 = Γ𝑟 𝛼𝑡 (1 − Θ𝑡 )𝐴𝑡
(5)
Biriktirme yüzeyinde karşılık gelen reaktif gaz giderme terimi Qs ise şu şekildedir:
𝑄𝑠 = Γ𝑟 𝛼𝑠 (1 − Θ𝑠 )𝐴𝑠
(6)
Deney sisteminin vakum pompası, reaktif gazın Pr kısmi basıncında Qp'yi, yani birim
zamandaki molekül sayısını, dışarı pompalayacaktır.
𝑄𝑝 = 𝑘1 𝑃𝑟 𝑆
(7)
Burada S, vakum pompasının pompalama hızıdır ve k1, ifadeyi istenen birime dönüştüren bir
faktördür. (5)-(7) denklemleri, vakum odasındaki reaktif gazın toplam tüketim oranını (Q)
belirler. Kararlı durumda (5)-( 7) denklemlerinden elde edilen katkı, reaktif gazın toplam giriş
akışı Q'yu dengelemelidir. Bu üçüncü temel denge denklemini tanımlar.
𝑄 = 𝑄𝑡 + 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝑝
(8)
r, t ve s , (1)-(4) denklemlerinden hesaplanabildiğinden, tüm Pr değerleri için, Q 'yu (8)
denkleminden hesaplamak da mümkündür. (8) denklemi, reaktif gazın sabit kısmi basıncını
korumak için (kararlı durum), (5)-(7) denklemleriyle tanımlanan üç gaz giderme mekanizması
nedeniyle bu gazın toplam Q kaybını telafi etmek amacıyla reaktif gaz vakum odasına Q
oranında sağlanması gerektiğini ifade etmektedir.
2. Sonuçlar ve Değerlendirme
Cam alttaş üzerine reaktif NiO saçtırma işlemini yapabilmek için, yukarıda açıklanan ve (1)(8) denklemleri ile ifade edilen tüm optimizasyona işlemleri yapılarak optimal çalışma şartları
elde edilmiştir.Buna göre, reaktif gaz olarak %70 O2 ve %30 Ar gaz karışımı şartları altında,
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vakum odasının optimal basıncı 25 mTorr olarak bulunmuş ve plazmanın akım sınırı 500 mA
'e ayarlanmıştır. NiO kaplamanın cam alttaş yüzeyi üzerinde eşit bir şekilde biriktirilmesi
amacıyla, alttaş 15 rpm hızında döndürülmüştür. Sıcaklık, oda sıcaklığıdır ve bu şartlar altında,
(3) denklemi gereğince hedeften saçtırma erozyon oranı ortalama olarak R=0.02 nm/s
hızındadır. 25 mTorr olan vakum odası basıncında reaktif gaz O2 'in kısmi akışı 7.2 sccm dir.
Elde edilen NiO reaktif saçtırma ince film örneği Şekil 5 'te görülmektedir. Şekil 6 'da Şekil 5
'de görülen örnek için yapılan reflektans ölçümünün grafiği verilmektedir.
Şekil 5. 25.476.2 mm boyutlarında cam alttaş üzerine 50 nm kalınlığında reaktif NiO
biriktirme.
Şekil 6. 190-1100 nm dalgaboyu aralığı için 50 nm kalınlığında reaktif NiO reflektans grafiği.
Bu çalışmada, reaktif saçtırma parametreleri optimize edilmiş ve kararlı çalışma koşulları elde
edilerek cam alttaş üzerine reaktif saçtırma yöntemiyle NiO başarıyla biriktirilmiştir.
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Referanslar
Berg S., Blom H.-O., Larsson T., Nender C., (1987), Modeling of reactive sputtering of
compound materials, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, 5, 202–207.
Bögner M., Fuchs A., Scharnagl K., Winter R., T. Doll, I. Eisele, (1998), Thin
(NiO)1−x(Al2O3)x, Al doped and Al coated NiO layers for gas detection with
HSGFET, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 47 145-152.
Frey H. ve Khan H. R. (Eds.), (2015), Handbook of Thin-Film Technology, Springer, Berlin
Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-642-05429-7.
Fujii E., Tomozawa A., Torii H., Takayama R., (1996), Preferred Orientations of NiO Films
Prepared by Plasma-Enhanced Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition, Jpn. J. Appl.
Phys., 35 L328.
Glocker D.A., Shah S.I. (Eds.), (2018), Handbook of Thin Film Process Technology 98/1
Reactive Sputtering, CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89368-6.
Graham M.E., Sproul W.D., (1994), Pulsed-DC Reactive Sputtering-New Opportunities,
Society Of Vacuum Coaters 37th Annual Technical Conference Proceedings, pp. 275279.
Kadlec S., Musil J., Vyskocil H., (1986), Hysteresis effect in reactive sputtering: a problem of
system stability, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 19 L187-L190.
Larsson T., Blom H.O., Nender C., Berg S., (1988), A physical model for eliminating
instabilities in reactive sputtering, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 6 (3), 1832-1836.
Okamoto A., Serikawa T., (1986), Reactive sputtering characteristics of silicon in an Ar N2
mixture, Thin Solid Films, 137 143-151.
Rizk A., Youssef S.B., Habib S.K., (1988), Glow discharge characteristics when magnetron
sputtering copper in different plasma atmospheres operated at low input power,
Vacuum, 38 (2) 93- 95.
Sato H., Minami T., Takata S., Yamada T., (1993), Transparent conducting p-type NiO thin
films prepared by magnetron sputtering, Thin Solid Films, 236 27.
Tsiogas C.D., Avaritsiotis J.N., (1992), Modeling reactive sputtering process in symmetrical
planar direct current magnetron systems, J. Appl. Phys., 71 10 5173-5182.
Vossen J.L., Krommenhoek S., Koss A.V., (1991), Some experiments that provide direct
visualization of reactive sputtering phenomena, J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A 9 (3) 600-603.
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Yoshimura K., Miki T., Tanemura S., (1995), Nickel Oxide Electrochromic Thin Films
Prepared by Reactive DC Magnetron Sputtering, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 34 2440.
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UÇUŞ EKİPLERİNİN İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ RİSKLERİ VE BU
RİSKLERİN YÖNETİMİNDE ÇALIŞAN KATILIMINI SAĞLAMAK İÇİN İYİ
UYGULAMA ÖRNEĞİ: İSG GÖNÜLLÜSÜ UÇUŞ EKİBİ
Muhammet Bayram TOPCU (ORCID: 0000-0002-6650-5971)
Yildiz Technical University, Graduate School of Science And Engineering, Department of
Industrial Engineering, Istanbul – Türkiye.
Email: bayram.topcu@std.yildiz.edu.tr
Prof. Dr. Ali Fuat GÜNERİ (ORCID: 0000-0003-2525-7278)
Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Machinery, Department of Industrial Engineering,
Istanbul – Türkiye.
Email: guneri@yildiz.edu.tr
Özet:
Sivil havacılık sektörü bir asrı geçen mazisi ve her geçen gün büyüyen ekonomisi ile
günümüzün parlayan sektörlerindendir. Bu sektörde yer alan farklı disiplinlerdeki milyonlarca
çalışan, sektörü ayakta tutmakta ve her yıl milyarlarca yolcunun emniyetli, güvenli ve
zamanında bir yerden bir yere ulaşmasını sağlamak için tüm gayreti ve güler yüzü ile
çalışmaktadır. Tüm bu çalışmalar süresince hiç kuşkusuz bir takım İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği
(İSG) riskleri doğmakta ve bu risklerin yönetilmesi gerekmektedir. Gerek yasal mevzuat
gereklilikleri gerek ulusal ve uluslararası otoritelerin talimatları gerekse sivil havacılık
firmaların inisiyatifleri ile pek çok çalışma yapılmaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmaların temel odağı
çalışma ortamlarının iyileştirilmesi ve geliştirilmesi olduğu için bunu çalışanın görüşünü
almadan yapmak çok mümkün değildir. Özellikle yasal mevzuat gereği çalışanın görüşünün
İSG bağlamında paylaşımı konusunda çalışan temsilcisi, destek elemanı gibi birtakım
tanımlamalar yapılsa da sivil havacılık gibi çok büyük, dağınık ve özel bir sektörde bunlar
yeterli olmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın motivasyonu tespit edilen bu eksikliğin giderilmesi ve
çalışan katkısının sağlanması adına ülkemizin bayrak taşıyıcı hava yolu firması olan Türk Hava
Yolları Anonim Ortaklığında (THY) İSG Gönüllüsü Uçuş Ekibi (İSGGUE) olarak adlandırılan
bir uygulamanın hayata geçirilmesidir. Uçuş ekibinin İSG risklerini, bu risklerin yönetimi ve
İSG bağlamındaki tüm süreçlerin içerisinde olmasını, yapılan iyileştirmelerde ve saha
uygulamalarında görüşlerini paylaşmasını ve alınacak kararlara bir fiil iştirak etmesini
amaçlayan bu çalışma ile alana pozitif katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar kelimeler: İş sağlığı, iş güvenliği, uçuş ekibi, risk, gönüllü
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ENGAGING FLIGHT CREW IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISK
MANAGEMENT: AN IMPLEMENTATION OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY VOLUNTEER FLIGHT CREW
Abstract
The civil aviation sector, with its history spanning over a century and its ever-growing
economy, stands as one of the shining industries of our time. The millions of professionals
within this sector work tirelessly, with dedication and a smile, to keep the industry thriving and
to ensure the safe, secure, and timely transportation of billions of passengers each year.
Throughout all these efforts, undoubtedly, Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) risks arise
and must be managed. Various efforts are made, driven by legal requirements, national and
international regulations, as well as initiatives from civil aviation companies. However, given
the fundamental focus of these efforts on improving and enhancing work environments, it is
hardly feasible to do so without considering the perspectives of the employees. While
designations such as employee representatives or support personnel are defined, especially as
per legal requirements, within a vast, scattered, and specialized sector like civil aviation, these
may not be sufficient. Motivated by the recognition of this inadequacy and aiming to harness
employee contributions, a practice named the Occupational Health and Safety Volunteer Flight
Team (OHSTVFT) is proposed to be implemented within our country's flagship carrier, Turkish
Airlines Inc. (THY). This initiative seeks to involve the flight team in all aspects of OHS,
including the identification and management of OHS risks, sharing their perspectives in
improvements and field applications, and actively participating in decision-making processes.
Through this initiative, the goal is to make a positive contribution to the field.
Keywords: Occupational health, occupational safety, flight crew, risk, volunteer
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
GİRİŞ
15. yy. da uçak kanatları ile ilgili çizimler yapan Leonardo Da Vinci ile ilk temelleri atılan
havacılık sektörü, 17. yy. da Lagari Hasan Çelebi ve Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebi, 18. yy. da ise
Montgolfier kardeşleri çalışmaları ile biraz daha şekillenmiştir. 20. yy. başlarında ise Henri
Giffard’un kontrol edilebilir ilk hava gemisi olan zeplin ve Wright kardeşlerin ilk motorlu uçağı
ile modern havacılığın temelleri atılmıştır (1). Günümüzde ise sadece Türkiye’de 2021 yılında
+253.000 kişinin çalıştığı havacılık sektörü 2022 yılında yaklaşık 600 uçaklık toplam filo,
12.000 kişilik pilot, +180.000.000 toplam yolcuya hizmet verilen bir sektöre dönüşmüştür (2).
ICAO’nun 2019 yılı verilerine göre Dünya’da tarifeli seferlerde taşınan toplam yolcu sayısı
yaklaşık 4,5 milyar, sefer sayısı ise 38,3 milyona ulaşmıştır (3). Devasa büyüklüklere ulaşan
havacılık sektörünün önemli dişlilerinden bir tanesi hava ulaştırma işletmeleridir. Hava
araçlarıyla ticari amaçla, belirli hatlar üzerinde, ücret karşılığında yolcu veya yük veya yolcu
ve yük taşıması yapan işletmeler ile ticari hava taşımacılığı kapsamında olmayan yolcu ve yük
taşımacılığı ile ücret karşılığı olup olmadığına bakılmaksızın yapılacak hava işi ve eğitim
faaliyetlerini yapan işletmeler hava taşıma işletmeleri olarak nitelendirilmektedir (4). Hava
ulaştırma işletmelerinin Türkiye’deki en bilindik örnekleri ise Türk Hava Yolları (5), Pegasus
(6) gibi şirketlerdir. Bu şirketlerin personel yapısına bakıldığında ise personelin yaklaşık
%65’inin genel olarak Uçuş Ekibi olarak adlandırılan Kabin Memuru ve Pilotlardan oluştuğu
görülmektedir (7). Yolcu taşımacılığı yapan hava araçlarında gerekli emniyet ve güvenlik
önlemlerinin uygulanmasından ve yolcu konforundan sorumlu görevliler “kabin memuru” ya
da “kabin görevlisi” olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Uçuşun emniyetli, güvenli ve konforlu bir
şekilde gerçekleşmesi için hava aracının kabin bölümünde görev alan Kabin Memurları; Sivil
Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü tarafından yayımlanan ilgili mevzuatlarda belirtilen gereklilikleri
sağlayarak eğitimlerini başarı ile tamamlayan ve bunun sonucunda “Kabin Memuru Sertifikası”
almaya hak kazanmış kişilerdir (8). Pilot ise; hobi, hususi veya profesyonel olarak bir hava
taşıtını kullanan, sevk ve idaresini üstlenen meslek grubunun genel adıdır. Hobi olarak uçmak
için sadece bir hususi pilot lisansına sahip olmak yeterliyken meslek olarak pilotluğu seçmek
istenmesi halinde hususi pilot lisanslarına yönelik uçuş eğitiminden veya sınavından ayrı olarak
ticari seviyede bir lisansa sahip olmak gerekmektedir (9). 20/06/2012 tarihli ve 6331 sayılı İş
Sağlığı ve Güvenliği (İSG) Kanununun 9 uncu maddesi uyarınca işyerlerinin iş sağlığı ve
güvenliği açısından yer aldığı tehlike sınıfları Ek-1’de yer alan İşyeri Tehlike Sınıfları Listesine
göre Tehlikeli Sınıfta almaktadır. Bu bağlamda 6331 sayılı Kanununun ilgili tüm hükümlerine
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
ek olarak tüm uçuş ekipleri için aşağıda belirtilen bazı İSG süreç ve hizmetleri sağlanması
gerekmektedir.
•
Her 500 uçuş ekibi için tam gün çalışacak en az bir iş güvenliği uzmanı ve kalan
her bir çalışan için en az 20 dk. ek iş güvenliği uzmanlığı hizmeti verilmelidir.
(10)
•
Her 1.000 uçuş ekibi için tam gün çalışacak en az bir işyeri hekimi ve kalan her
bir çalışan için en az 10 dk. ek işyeri hekimliği hizmeti verilmelidir. (11)
•
Her uçuş personeli işe girişlerinde ve takiben her 3 yılda bir periyodik sağlık
muayenesine tabi tutulmak zorundadır (11).
•
Her uçuş personeli işe girişlerinde ve tekraren her iki yılda bir 12 saatlik İSG
Eğitimi almak zorundadır (12).
•
İSG risk analizleri en geç 4 yılda bir yenilenmelidir (13).
•
Her 2 ay da bir İSG kurulu toplanmalıdır (14).
Uçuş Ekipleri özelinde İSG bağlamında 2016 ve 2023 yılları arasında tam zamanlı
olarak iş güvenliği hizmeti verilmiştir. Bu hizmet süresince yapılan saha gözetimleri, risk
analizleri, iş kazası araştırmaları gibi saha uygulamaları ile birlikte İSG eğitimleri, etkinlikler
ve kurullar gibi platformlarda elde edilen bilgiler ışığında Uçuş Ekipleri ile alakalı en önemli
İSG riskleri aşağıdaki gibi belirlenmiştir.
•
Hat Bazlı Riskler: Uçuş ekibinin gerçekleştirdiği uçuş hattı (rotası) farklılaştıkça
riskleri de değişecektir. Yapılan aylık planlamalara göre bir hava yolu firması kaç farklı
destinasyona uçuş gerçekleştiriyorsa bir uçuş ekibi de bu uçuşların tamamında görev
alabilmektedir. Örneğin ülkemizde Türk Hava Yolları, dünyanın en çok ülkesine uçan havayolu
şirketidir (15). Türk Hava Yollarının İstanbul- Ankara seferi ile İstanbul- Rio de Janeiro
seferinin süresi, ikram konsepti, ekip sayısı vb. parametreler farklı olduğundan bu hatların İSG
riskleri de birbirinden farklıdır. Temel olarak görev uçuş faaliyeti olsa da ilgili parametreler
riskleri ve maruziyetleri farklı boyutlara taşıyacaktır.
•
Uçak Bazlı Riskler: Hava yolu firmalarının ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda farklı marka ve
modellerdeki uçaklara sahip olduğu bilinmektedir (16). Her uçağın boyutu, uçak içi
ekipmanları, taşıyacağı yolcu sayısı, içinde çalışacak ekip sayısı (17), (18) vb. her uçak tipi
bazında farklı olacağı için uçuş ekibinin de maruz kalacağı İSG riskleri farklılaşmaktadır.
Örneğin geniş gövde uçaklarda bulunan crew rest alanları dar gövde uçaklarda
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
bulunmamaktadır. Bu alanlar uçuş ekibine oteldeki gibi dinlenme imkânı sağlar (19). Ancak bu
alan diğer uçaklarda olmadığı için uçak bazlı İSG risklerini farklılaştırmaktadır.
•
Ekipman Bazlı Riskler: Uçak içinde uçuş ekiplerinin çeşitli sebeplerle kullandığı
trolley (uçakta yiyecek ve içecek servisi için kullanılan tekerlekli araçlar), hot jug (çay ve kahve
termosları), drower, (içeceklerin trolleylere yerleştirilmesinde kullanılan çekmeceler), fırın,
kahve makinesi, su ısıtıcı, çeşitli tepsi, yemek takımları ve bardaklar gibi çok sayıda ekipman
bulunmaktadır. Bu ekipmanların her birinin kendince İSG riskleri bulunmaktadır (20).
•
Servis Süreçleri Kaynaklı Riskler: Havayolu ikram sektörü, faaliyet alanı itibariyle
havacılık ve gıda sektörünün kesiştiği bir noktada konumlanmaktadır. Uçaklarda, uçuş
sırasında ikram edilen tüm gıda ürünlerinin belirlenen standartlara uygun olarak hazırlanması
ve uçaklara sevk edilmesi en temel faaliyet alanıdır (21). Yapılan servis süreci hava yolu
firmalar bağlamında da değişiklik göstermektedir. Bazı hava yolu firmaları low cost olarak daha
çok ikramı ücret ile satarken diğer hava yolları ise sınırsız ikram sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda
servis yapan uçuş ekibi servis öncesi, sırası ve sonrasındaki süreçlerde başta yanık ve kesik
olmak üzere herhangi bir restoranda çalışan servis elemanı ile hemen hemen aynı İSG risklerine
sahiptir.
•
Uçuş Kaynaklı Riskler: Uçuş operasyonun ve uçak içerisinde çalışmanın İSG
bağlamında özel bazı riskleri bulunmaktadır. Bu risklerin başında uçağın sürekli hareket
halinde olması gerekmektedir. Özellikle kabin ekibi çalışırken üzerlerinde bulunan zemin
sürekli çeşitli yönlere hareket etmektedir. Bu durum, bir nevi standart bir personelin çalıştığı
ofisin sürekli küçük çaplı depremlere maruz kalmasına ve personelin bu depremlere rağmen
çalışmasına bir şey yokmuş gibi devam etmesine benzetilebilir. Sarsıntıların şiddetlenmesi
sonucu daha büyük risklere sebep olacak türbülans riski ile karşılaşılabilir.
Uçuş ekibi zaman zaman jet yakıtı gazlarına maruz kalabilir. Bununla birlikte hava alma sistemi
nedeniyle kabin havasına tehlikeli maddeler girebilir (22). Ayrıca kabin içerisindeki hava, kabin
ekibini enfeksiyon riskine sokacak mikrop ve virüs içerebilir. Parazitlerin yanlışlıkla
havayoluna yayılmasını azaltmak için bazı ülkelerin uçak kabinlerinin dezenfekte edilmesi
gerekmektedir (23). Uçuş Ekibi çalışma süresi boyunca sürekli ayakta durmakta, malzeme
taşımakta, indirip kaldırmakta ve çeşitli alanlara uzanmaktadır. Bu hususlarda yine İSG
bağlamında özel riskler doğurmaktadır (24). Uçuş ekibi aynı zamanda hareketli uçaktan
kaynaklanan gürültü ve titreşimlere de maruz kalır. Tüm vücut titreşimleri uçuş sırasında,
özellikle iniş ve kalkışta veya türbülans sırasında meydana gelir. Uygun olmayan şok emilimi
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
olan zayıf oturma, kas-iskelet sistemi rahatsızlıkları riskini arttırır. Basınçlı bir kabinde uzun
saatler çalışmak, uçuş sırasında barotravmaya neden olabilir. Barotravma, en sık orta kulağı
etkileyen, havacılıkta iniş ve çıkış sırasındaki basınç değişimleri ile indüklenir. Östaki borusu
tıkalı ve bu nedenle orta kulaktaki hava basıncını dış kabin basıncı ile eşitleyemediğinde oluşur.
Barotravma acı verebilir, uçuş ekibinin konsantrasyonunu ve çalışma kapasitesini ciddi şekilde
etkileyebilir (25). Uçak motorlarından, yardımcı güç birimlerinden, kara taşıtlarından ve
rampadaki ekipmandan kaynaklanan gürültü 85 desibeli geçebilir. 8 saat boyunca 85 desibel ve
üzeri bir sese maruz kalmak kalıcı işitme hasarlarına sebep olabilmektedir (26). Uçuş ekibi
hafta sonları ve resmî tatilleri de içeren, aile sorumluluklarını ve eğlence etkinliklerini olumsuz
yönde etkileyen düzensiz çalışma saatlerine sahiptirler. Bu durum strese ve yorgunluğa neden
olabilmektedir. Uzun mesafeli uçuşlarda uçan uçuş ekipleri saat değişikliklerine ve ardından
sirkadiyen ritimdeki değişikliklere maruz kalır, bu da jet lag olarak bilinen belirtiye yol açar.
Bu durum aşırı yorgunluğa ve performans düşüklüğüne sebep olabilir (27).
•
Yolcu Kaynaklı Riskler: Uçuş ekibi temel olarak yolcuların mutluluğu ve güvenliği
için uçakta bulunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda yolcular ile temas halindeyken yolcunun istemeden
teması sebebiyle çeşitli İSG riskleri ortaya çıkmakta ve ekip iş kazaları yaşayabilmektedir.
İstemsiz temaslara ek olarak sivil havacılık sektöründe uçuş emniyeti ve güvenliğini tehdit eden
kural dışı yolcu olayları, son yıllarda giderek artmakta ve sektör açısından birçok olumsuz
sonucu beraberinde getirmektedir (28). Ayrıca kabin görevlileri saldırgan ya da sıkıntılı
yolcularla da karşı karşıya kalabilmektedir. Bu yolcular emniyet ve güvenlik tehlikesi
oluşturabilirler. ICAO’ya kural dışı yolcular kaba veya küfürlü konuşmak, uçuş ekibinin
talimatları ve otoritesine karşı gelmek/uymamak, farklı ses tonu ya da yüz ifadeleri gibi
nezaketsiz davranışlar yoluyla memnuniyetsizlik belirtmek, bir tartışmayı kışkırtarak
sürdürmek, mantıksız taleplerde bulunmak veya reddedilen talebi devam ettirmek, şüpheli
davranışlar (uyuşuk, tepkisiz, heyecanlı, mesafeli vb.), herhangi bir emniyet kuralının ihlalinde
bulunabilir. Yolcular ayrıca uçuş ekibine açıktan veya saldırgan bir şekilde fiziksel temas veya
saldırı, uçuş ekibine karşı müstehcen, cinsel içerikli ve ahlaka aykırı davranmak, uçuş ekibi
veya yolcuları fiziksel şiddet uygulamakla tehdit etmek, uçaktaki herhangi bir acil durum
ekipmanını kurcalamak ve gereksiz yere oynamak, uçaktaki herhangi bir ekipmana/parçaya ve
mala kasıtlı olarak zarar vermek gibi davranışlarda da bulunabilir. Yolcular bu davranışlarını
biraz daha arttırarak silah göstererek tehdit etmek veya silah kullanımı, yaralama niyeti ile
yapılan fiziksel veya cinsel saldırı gibi ciddi hayati tehlike oluşturan davranışlarda
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
bulunabilirken ayrıca kokpite girmeye teşebbüs etmek gibi çok ciddi sonuçları olan
davranışlarda da bulunabilir (29).
•
Konaklama ve Lokasyon Bazlı Riskler: Uçuş operasyonun bir parçası olan konaklama
süreci hava yolu firmalarının işletme ve hizmet tiplerine bağlı olsa da uçuş ekipleri için zaruri
bir süreçtir. Uçuş planlamalarına uygun olarak iki uçuş arasında da uzun süreli
görevlendirmelerde uçuş ekibi çok fazla otel kullanımı yapmaktadır. Gerek yurt içi gerekse de
yurt dışındaki otellerde birçok riskin olduğu bilinmektedir (30). Genel oda içinden, kaygan
zeminlere, banyo / wc kullanımından genel otel içi ıslak / kaygan zeminlere, otel restoranından
ve otelin bahçe ve çevresine kadar pek çok faktör İSG bağlamında riskler barındırmaktadır.
Uçuş ekipleri özellikle yurt dışı konaklamalarında otel risklerine bağlı olarak ilgili ülke, kıta,
lokasyon vb. bazlı risklere de maruz kalmaktadır. Örneğin özellikle güney yarım kürede
görülen sıtma hastalığı uçuş ekibi için ciddi anlamda İSG riski doğurmaktadır (31). Bunun yanı
sıra uçuş ekiplerinin ana vatanı ile konakladıkları ülkelerdeki olası deprem, terör, yangın, sel
gibi acil durumlar, meteorolojik, kültürel, siyasi, dini, sosyolojik ve trafiğin ters yönden
aklaması bölgeye özgü farklılıklar aynı zamanda çeşitli İSG risklerini beraberinde
getirmektedir.
•
Ulaşım Süreçleri Bazlı Riskler: Uçuş ekibi gerek evlerinden havalimanlarına ulaşmak
gerek havalimanı içinde uçağa geçmek gerekse de konaklama yapakları lokasyonlarda
havalimanları ile oteller arasında çeşitli araçlar ile ulaşımlarını sağlamaktadır. Bu ulaşımlar için
kullanılan kara yolu araçların için pek çok İSG boyutu olduğu bilinmektedir (32). Bu araçlar
içinde yaşanabilecek olası trafik kazaları, yol veya şoför kaynaklı sorunlar, ilgili lokasyona
özgü trafik sorunları, ulaşım sağlandığı araca ait problemler gibi hususlar ilgili ulaşım sürecinin
İSG boyutlarını etkilemektedir.
•
Havalimanları ve Ekip Odaları Bazlı Riskler: Uçuş ekipleri uçuğa geçmeden önce
öncelikle kendilerine özgü ekip binaları /odaları ve havalimanlarını kullanmakta ve öncelikle
bu alanları kullanıp bu alanlar üzerinden uçağa geçmeleri gerekmektedir. Bu alanlarda bulunan
otopark, yürüme alanları ve kaygan yüzeyler, kullanılan merdiven, asansör, yürüme alanlarının
kendilerine özgü İSG riskleri mevcuttur. Özellikle havalimanı kullanımlarındaki yolcu ile
temas alanları ve kalabalık ortaklar ek riskler doğurmaktadır. Yine havacılık sektöründeki
emniyete verilen önem gereği sürekli kullanılması gereken x-ray cihazları ve güvenlik
aramaları da yine İSG bağlamında özel risklere sahiptir.
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•
Kişi Kaynaklı Riskler: İşletmelerde yaşanan iş kazaları incelendiğinde kazalanmaların
büyük bir kısmı kişisel hatalar olarak değerlendirilebilir (33). Uçuş ekibinin uymaları gereken
kurallara uymamaları, yapmamaları gereken faaliyetleri icra etmeleri, kişisel koruyucu
donanımlarını kullanmamaları ve anlık dikkatsizlerden kaynaklı çeşitli iş kazaları
yaşayabilmekte ve bu kişisel faktörler gerek kendileri gerek ekip arkadaşları gerekse yolcular
için İSG bağlamında çeşitli İSG risklerine sebep olmaktadır.
•
Zaman Kaynaklı Riskler: Sivil havacılık tamamıyla bir zaman çizelgesine oturtulmuş
ve gecikmeye tahammülü olmayan bir sektördür. Uçağın zamanında hazırlanması, kapı
kapatması, taxi’ye başlaması, kalkması ve inmesi gibi tüm parametreleri zamanında
gerçekleşmesi temek performans göstergeleridir. Bu bağlamda bu operasyonun en büyük
paydaşlarından biri olan uçuş ekibi içinde aynı hassasiyet geçerli olup uçuş ekibi kaynaklı
herhangi bir gecikme olmamalı, tüm süreçler zamanında eksiksiz tamamlanmalı ve hem yolcu
memnuniyeti hem de uçuş güvenliğinden taviz verilmemelidir. Bu bağlamda tüm hususların
yerine getirilmesi için uçuş ekipleri büyük bir özveri ile çalışmakta ve ellerinden geldiğince
hızlı hareket etmeye çalışmaktadır. Bu bağlamda işlerin hızlı yapılması ve dolayısıyla
üzerlerindeki zaman baskısı zaman zaman İSG riski olarak karşımıza çıkabilmektedir.
1.
METODOLOJİ
2.1.
İSG RİSKLERİNİN YÖNETİMİNDE ÇALIŞANLARIN ROLÜ
6331 Sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu gereği İşveren, iş sağlığı ve güvenliği yönünden
risk değerlendirmesi yapmak veya yaptırmakla yükümlüdür (34). Risk analizi öncesi risk
analizi ekibi kurulmalı ve bu ekibin içinde işyeri çalışan temsilcileri ve destek elemanlarının
bulunması gerekmektedir. Çalışan temsilcisi ve destek elemanına ek olarak risk değerlendirme
işyerindeki bütün birimleri temsil edecek şekilde belirlenen ve işyerinde yürütülen çalışmalar,
mevcut veya muhtemel tehlike kaynakları ile riskler konusunda bilgi sahibi çalışanlar da
bulunmalıdır. İlgili yasal mevzuatımız gereği çalışan temsilcisi; iş sağlığı ve güvenliği ile ilgili
çalışmalara katılma, çalışmaları izleme, tedbir alınmasını isteme, tekliflerde bulunma ve
benzeri konularda çalışanları temsil etmeye yetkili çalışan olarak tanımlanırken destek elemanı
ise asli görevinin yanında iş sağlığı ve güvenliği ile ilgili önleme, koruma, tahliye, yangınla
mücadele, ilk yardım ve benzeri konularda özel olarak görevlendirilmiş uygun donanım ve
yeterli eğitime sahip kişi olarak tanımlanmaktadır (34). Yerel mevzuata ek olarak Dünya’daki
uygulamalara da bakıldığında çalışan temsilcisi ya da destek elemanı gibi kavramların İSG
süreçlerine çok fazla dahil edildiğini görebiliriz. Avrupa Konseyi, Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü,
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Avrupa Birliği gibi birlikteliklere ek olarak başta Almanya, Fransa, İsveç başta olmak üzere
çok sayıda ülkede benzer uygulamaların olduğu görülmektedir (35).
2.2.
İSG GÖNÜLLÜSÜ ve ÇALIŞMA PRENSİPLERİ
THY, ülkemizin bayrak taşıyıcı firması olarak önümüzdeki 10 yıl boyunca büyük bir atılım
planlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda 2023 yılında 85 milyondan fazla taşıyan bayrak taşıyıcı firmamız
bu rakamı 171 milyona, 435 olan uçak sayısını 813’e, yaklaşık 82 bin olan grup personel
sayısını 150.000’e çıkarmayı planlarken uçuş ekibi sayısını yaklaşık 2,5 kat arttırmayı
planlamaktadır (36). Personel sayısı ve operasyonel sayısındaki artışlar İSG süreçlerini de direk
etkilemektedir. Bu bağlamda hali hazırda kendi bünyesindeki İş Güvenliği Uzmanları, İşyeri
Hekimleri, İşyeri Hemşireleri, Çalışan Temsilcileri, Destek Elemanları bulunan şirket, uçuş
ekiplerinin İSG süreçlerinin daha efektif yönetimi için İSG Gönüllüsü Uçuş Ekibi Projesini
(İSGGUEP) başlatmıştır.
İSGGUEP pilot çalışma olarak 2016 yılında başlatılmıştır. İlgili tarihte yapılacak olan İSG risk
analizi çalışması için kurulacak olan İSG Risk Değerlendirme Ekibinde görev almak isteyen
uçuş ekipleri için şirket içi bir duyuru yayınlanmış ve aktif C, B veya A sınıfı İSG Uzmanlığı
belgesine sahip ya da eğitimini almış olup bu çalışmada gönüllü olarak görev yapmak isteyen
uçuş ekibinin gönüllülük usulü ile projeye dahil olabileceği belirtilmiştir. İlgili duyuruya
yapılan başvurular arasında beş kişi seçilmiş olup ilgili kişiler öncelikli olarak şirketin İSG
Uzmanları tarafından detaylı bir eğitime tabi tutulmuşlardır. İlgili eğitim sonrası ayın yarısında
İSG risk değerlendirme ekibi tarafından icra edilen risk analizi çalışmalarına katılmışlardır.
İlgili personel, risk değerlendirme çalışmalarına pek çok katkı sağladığı görülmüş olup temelde
operasyonel süreçlere çok hâkim olmaları, ilgili süreçlerin İSG bağlamındaki etkilerini çok iyi
gözlemleyebilmeleri ve riski yaşıysan kişiler olarak riskin etkisinin azaltılabilmesi adına çok
kaliteli ve etkin risk azaltıcı tedbir önerileri sunabilmeleri ile ön plana çıkmıştır. Risk analizi
sürecinin bitmesi sonrası bu ekibin sağladığı katma değerin kaybedilmemesi adına süreç
İSGGUEP’e evrilmiş ve bu bağlamda öncelikli olarak şirket içi prosedür oluşturulup süreç kayıt
altına alınmıştır. İlgili prosedür bağlamında İSGGUE; Tercihen Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik
Bakanlığı’ndan onaylı A, B ya da C sınıfı İş Güvenliği Uzmanlığı Sertifikasına sahip ve İSG
gönüllüsü olmak isteyen uçuş personeli olarak tanımlanmıştır. Akabinde İSG birimi tarafından
şirket içi ilan yayınlanmış ve gönüllü olarak İSG süreçlerine destek vermeye hazır olan uçuş
ekibinden bu ilana başvuru yapmaları talep edilmiştir. Başvuru süreci sonrası ilgili başvurular;
kişinin CV’si ve geçmiş İSG performansı göz önüne alınarak ön değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmuş
olup ön değerlendirmeden başarı ile geçenler ile bire bir mülakat yapılmış ve nihai olarak uygun
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April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
görülen uçuş ekibi idari olarak da değerlendirildikten sonra İSGGUEP’e dahil edilmektedir. Bu
projeye dahil olan İSGGUE, aktif olarak uçuş görevine sıradan bir uçuş ekibi gibi devam
ederken aynı zamanda İSG birimi ile koordineli olarak İSG süreçlerine destek sağlamaktadır.
İSGGUEP’e dahil olan uçuş ekibi detaylı bir eğitime tabi tutulmakta ve eğitim sürecini başarı
ile tamamladıktan sonra aktif olarak göreve başlamaktadır. İlgili görev tamamıyla gönüllülük
usulüne bağlı kalarak, şirketin İSG biriminin koordinasyonunda yürütülmektedir. Öncelikle
İSGGUE’lere her ilk ayında detaylı bir İSG birimi tarafından İSG brifingi verilip ekibin İSG
bağlamındaki eksikleri tamamlanmaktadır. Ayrıca ekibin yıllık ve aylık yapacağı temel
faaliyetler yıl başlarında genel olarak ekip ile paylaşılırken yine her ayın başında ise aylık
olarak yapılacak çalışmalar paylaşılmaktadır. Her ay sonu yaptığı faaliyetleri bireysel olarak
İSG birimine raporlayan İSGGUEP üyelerinin aylık ve yıllık performans karneleri yine İSG
birimi tarafından hazırlanmaktadır. İSGGUE, dilediği zaman projeden kendi isteği ile de ayrılıp
faaliyetlerini sonlandırabilmektedir. İSGGUE, İSG performansını yüksek tutması gerekmekte
olup aksi taktirde projedeki görevine son verilebilir. İSGGUE olarak minimum üç yıl görev
almış ve İSG farkındalığı kazandırılmış ekibin yerine yeni İSGGUE kazandırmak üzere ekibin
İSG Gönüllülük süreci sonlandırılabilir. Herhangi bir sebeple görev sonlanmaları sebebiyle
projede aksaklık olmaması adına en geç iki yılda bir şirket içi İSGDUEP duyurusu
güncellenmektedir. Hali hazırda 25 Kabin Ekibi ve 10 Kokpit Personelinin aktif olarak görev
aldığı projede personel sayısının %0,2 – 0,5’i arasındaki personelin aktif olarak bulunması
adına İSG birimi tarafından süreç takip edilmektedir.
2.3.
İSG GÖNÜLLÜSÜ FAALİYETLERİ
İSGGUE’nin, göreve başladıktan sonra dört temel sorumluluğu bulunmaktadır. Bunlar temel
olarak;
•
Tespit ettiği tüm ramak kala ve İSG hususlarını İSG birimine raporlamak
•
Birlikte görev yaptığı uçuş ekibinin İSG farkındalığı ve kültürüne katkı
sağlamak
•
Güncel İSG hususlarının sahada takip edilmesini sağlamak
•
İSG birimi tarafından yapılan İSG proje ve çalışmalarına iştirak etmek
İSGGUE, çok sayıda çalışmaya imza atmıştır. Ekibin yürüttüğü faaliyetler Standart
Çalışmalar ve Proje Bazlı Çalışmalar olarak iki başlık altında toplanabilir.
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2.3.1. Standart Çalışmalar:
Bu çalışmalar tüm İSGGUE tarafından tüm uçuş ve faaliyetlerinde gerçekleştirilmesi
gereken çalışmalar olup detayları aşağıdaki gibidir.
• Ramak kala Paylaşımları: İSGGUE, evden çıkıp tekrar eve gelene kadarki tüm
süreçlerde tespit ettiği tüm ramak kalaları İSG birimi ile paylaşır. THY, Dünyada 274
noktasına uçak bir hava yolu firmasıdır (37). Buda binlerce THY uçuş ekibinin günün
herhangi bir anında havada, Dünya’nın herhangi bir havalimanında, ekip araçlarında
veya otellerde olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle İSG profesyonellerinin bulunmadığı
bu alanlardaki İSGGUE’nin paylaşımları şirketin İSG kültürünün gelişmesine çok ciddi
katma değer sağlamaktadır.
o Ev – Havalimanı arası toplu ulaşım ve ekip araçları / servisler, ulaşım yolları,
şoförler vb.
o Havalimanları ve çevreleri,
o Uçak içi süreçler ve yolcu davranışları,
o Otel konaklamaları, otel transfer araçları, genel oda şartları, yemekler vb.
Bu şekilde 2023 yılında 1.000’den fazla ramak kala paylaşımı yapılmıştır.
•
İSG Brifingleri: Uçuş ekibi her uçuş öncesi uçağın Kabin Amiri ve Kaptan Pilotu
önderliğinde brifing yapmaktadır. İSG birimi tarafından İSGGUE içinde periyodik
olarak İSG bağlamında içerik oluşturulmaktadır. İSGGUE, kendisine İSG birimi
tarafından sağlanan bu içeriği ilgili brifinglerde tüm ekibi ile paylaşmakta ve bu
paylaşım ekibin İSG farkındalığı ve kültürüne nihai olarak ise şirketin İSG kültürüne
pozitif olarak yansımaktadır. Pandemi öncesi 2019 yılında yapılan brifing çalışmaları
ile 12.000’den fazla uçuş ekibine ulaşılmıştır.
•
İSG İyileştirme Takibi: Şirket bünyesinde süreç içerisinde İSG ile alakalı pek çok
iyileştirmeler yapılmaktadır. Bu iyileştirmeler periyodik olarak İSG birimi tarafından
İSGGUE ile paylaşılmaktadır. Ekibimiz ise saha da ilgili hususları sürekli gözleyerek
süreçlerdeki bir hata olup olmadığı, sürecin reel katkısı, sürekliliği ve yeni geliştirme
önerileri ile İSG birimine geri dönüş sağlamaktadır.
2.3.2. Proje Bazlı Çalışmalar:
Bu çalışmalar rutin çalışma olmayıp İSG ekibi tarafından yapılan proje bazlı çalışmalardır.
“Riski en iyi işi yapan bilir” prensibi ile proje bağlamında İSG birimi tarafından İSGGUE’nin
tamamı ya da bir kısmı proje ekibine dahil edip İSGGUE’nin ilgili konu ile alakalı görüşleri
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
alınır ve proje bazlı saha uygulamasında desteği istenir. Bu prensip ile yürütülen çalışmaların
bazılarının detayları aşağıdaki gibidir.
•
Risk Analizleri: Gerek İSG yasal mevzuatımız gereği (13) gerekse yaşanan iş
kazaları, yeni süreçlerin gelişmesi vb. sebeplerle yapılan risk analizi revizyon
süreçlerine destek verilmektedir.
•
Teknik Bilgi Paylaşımı: Uçuş ekibi işleri itibarı ile çok teknik bir iş icra
etmektedirler. Yapılan bu işin teknik boyutunun İSG süreçleri ile eşleştirilmesinde
İSGGUE’nin İSG birimine verdiği teknik destek çok ciddi önem arz etmektedir. Bu
bağlamda İSG birimi tarafından aylık periyodik toplantılar ve özel çalışmalar icra
edilip İSGGUE bu toplantılara davet edilmekte ve ilgili konunun İSG boyutu ile
alakalı İSGGUE’nin görüşlerine başvurulmaktadır.
•
Hatların Analizi: İSG bağlamında riskli görülen hatlar vardır. Ayrıca yeni açılan
hatlarında İSG bağlamında risklerinin tespit edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu hatların
değerlendirilmesi adına bir ekip oluşturulur. Ekip; hatta görevli uçuş ekibi (bu ekip
tamamıyla İSGGUE üyelerinden seçilir), İSG Profesyoneli (İSG uzmanı ve işyeri
hekimi) ve operasyonel birimlerden oluşan bir ekip ile o hatta aktif bir uçuş
gerçekleştirilir. Bu uçuş şirket içerisinde İSG Uçuşu olarak adlandırılır ve uçuş sırası
ve sonrasında hattın riskli bir hat olmasının sebepleri proje ekibi tarafından tespit
edilmeye çalışılır. Bu aşamada o hatta sürekli uçuş gerçekleştiren çalışanlar olarak
İSGGUE, proje ekibine geri dönüş ve teknik destek sağlayarak ilgili risklerin tespiti
hususunda katma değer sağlamaktadır.
•
Uçakların Analizi: Uçaklar, uçuş ekiplerinin işyeri olup bu alanlarda çok fazla
zaman geçirmektedirler. Bu bağlamda gerek mevcut gerekse de filoya yeni katılan
uçakların İSG risk ve tehlikelerini uçuş ekibinden daha iyi kimse bilememekte ve
yorumlayamamaktadır. İSG Uçuşlarında olduğu gibi uçakların İSG değerlendirme
süreçlerinde de İSGGUE’nin destek, teknik bilgi ve yönlendirmelerine
başvurulmaktadır.
•
Konaklama ve Otel İSG Çalışmaları: Dünya’nın en çok noktasına uçak hava yolu
şirketlerinden biri olan THY’nin uçuş ekipleri yıllık milyon geceleri bulan
konaklamalar yapmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Dünya’nın dört bir tarafında olan oteller
ve otel – havalimanı arası transfer süreçleri de İSG bağlamında çok ciddi riskler
içermektedir. Bu risklerin yönetimi konusunda İSGGUE çok ciddi rol almaktadır.
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SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
April 09-16, 2024 / Lisbon, Portugal
Kendilerine İSG birimi tarafından sağlanan form ve yardımcı ekipmanlar ile otel ve
ulaşım süreçlerinin İSG boyutunu adeta bir İSG profesyoneli gibi analiz eden
İSGGUE konaklama sonrası İSG ekibine raporlama yaparak otelin İSG boyutunda
İSG birimini ve şirketini haberdar etmektedir.
•
Farkındalık Çalışmaları: Uçuş ekiplerinin İSG farkındalığını arttırmak üzere THY
bünyesinde çok çalışmalar icra edilmektedir. Bu çalışmalardan bazıları da İSG
etkinlikleridir. İSG Etkinliklerinde İSGGUE’ne bu etkinliklerde rol verilmekte olup
uçuş ekibinin İSG farkındalığının arttırılmasında kendilerinin de desteği
alınmaktadır.
SONUÇ
İSG çalışmalarında çalışan desteği olmazsa olmazdır. Sivil havacılık sektörü ise
endüstrileşmeye / makineleşmeye çok müsait olmayan, çok fazla regülasyon ve gerekliliği olan,
emniyet – güvenlik ve yolcu memnuniyeti saç ayağı üzerine kurulu, hataya toleransı olmayan
ve zaman temelli bir sektördür. Dolayısıyla çalışana diğer sektörlerden daha fazla yük binmekte
ve çalışandan daha fazla beklenti söz konusu olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda mevcut İSG riskleri
artmakta olup bu risklerin yönetiminde hali hazırdaki İSG profesyonellerinin tek başlarına
çalışmasının yeterli olmadığı görülmüştür. Bu sebeple çalışanları İSG süreçlerinin içine
çekebilmek adına İSGGUEP devreye alınmıştır.
Bu proje ile THY uçuş ekibi İSG
faaliyetlerinin içerisinde yer alarak İSG süreçlerinde söz sahibi olmuş ve sistematik bir şekilde
görüşlerini paylaşmaya başlamıştır. Bu proje bağlamında İSGGUE, aşağıdaki beş başlık altında
raporlanan hususlarda İSG birimine destek olmaktadır.
•
Öncelikli olarak risk analizi çalışmalarına dahil olup risklerin belirlenmesinde
etkin rol oynayıp risklerin etkilerinin azaltılması ya da yok edilebilmesi için
fikirlerini paylaşmıştır.
•
Herhangi bir zaman diliminde İSG profesyonellerinin orada bulunamayacağı
Dünya’nın herhangi bir alanında uçak içi, otel, ekip araçları gibi alanlardaki tüm
risk, tehlike ve ramak kalaları başta THY İSG birimi olmak üzere ilgililer ile
paylaşıp sürecin çözümünde önemli rol oynamaktadır.
•
İSG birimi ile birlikte uçuş ekibinin İSG farkındalığının arttırılmasında adına
ekibine yaptığı bilgilendirmeler ile ekibin İSG farkındalık ve kültürünün
gelişmesinde destek sağlamaktadır.
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•
Havacılık sektörü gibi kompleks, büyük ve detayların yoğun olduğu bir sektörde
İSG biriminin ihtiyaç duyduğu tüm teknik desteği sağlamaktadır.
•
İSG birimi tarafından yapılan büyük çaplı proje ve çalışmalarda İSG birimi ile
birlikte çalışarak aynı zamanda çalışmanın kalite ve büyüklüğüne etki
etmektedir.
THY bünyesinde tamamıyla gönüllülük esasına dayanan bu proje ekibi, İSG birimi tarafından
periyodik olarak yenilenmekte ve bilgi anlamında sürekli güncellenmektedir. Sürekli
geliştirilen proje katılımcılarının sayıları personel sayısının %0,5’ini geçmeyecek şekilde
sistematik olarak arttırılmaya çalışılmakla birlikte ekibin sürekli zinde tutulması
sağlanmaktadır. Farklı sektör ve çalışma gruplarında için yine farklı formatlarla
geliştirilebilecek olan bu projenin çalışanların İSG süreçlerine dahil edilebilmesi adına önemli
bir proje olduğu gerek Sivil Havacılık Sektörüne gerekse THY bünyesinde İSG bağlamında
çok önemli katma değerler sağladığı görülmektedir.
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REFERANSLAR
(1)
Barış I., Murat K. K., Aşkın Ö. (2021). Sivil Havacılıkta Uçak Kazalarının Analizi:
Türkiye Örneği. 14. Uluslararası Güncel Araştırmalarla Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Tam
Metinleri, 1430 – 1443.
(2)
Sivil
Havacılık
Genel
Müdürlüğü.
2022
Faaliyet
Raporu
https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/kurumsal/faaliyet/2022-v2.pdf.
25.02.2024
(3)
ICAO. The World of Air Transport in 2019. https://www.icao.int/annual-report2019/Pages/the-world-of-air-transport-in-2019.aspx. 25.02.2024
(4)
Sivil
Havacılık
Genel
Müdürlüğü.
Hava
Ulaştırma
İşletmeleri.
https://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/havacilik-isletmeleri/2063-hava-tasima-isletmeleri.
25.02.2024
(5)
Türk Hava Yoları A.O.. https://www.turkishairlines.com. 25.02.2024
(6)
Pegasus Hava Yolları. https://www.flypgs.com. 25.02.2024
(7)
Türk Hava Yoları A.O.. Seri:II No:14.1 Sayılı Tebliğe İstinaden Hazırlanmış Yönetim
Kurulu
Faaliyet
Raporu
https://investor.turkishairlines.com/documents/faaliyet-
raporlari/4c2022_yk_faaliyet_raporu.pdf. 25.02.2024
(8)
Sivil
Havacılık
Genel
Müdürlüğü.
Havacılık
Personeli
–
Kabin
Memuru.
https://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/havacilik-personeli/2138-kabin-memuru. 25.02.2024
(9)
Sivil
Havacılık
Genel
Müdürlüğü.
Havacılık
Personeli
–
Pilot.
https://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/havacilik-personeli/2207-pilot. 25.02.2024
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