INDURSTRIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT

Kindly Contact via aleko.mumbi@gmail.com or 0708322509 for the full copy. Rates start from as low as Kshs 100 bob. Ask for proofreading, rewriting, editing, plagiarism report (s) from as low as 50 Kshs ($0.5). Enjoy your time during the industrial attachment period. EGERTON UNIVERSITY INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT AT KENYA AGRICULTURAL LIVESTOCK AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATION (KALRO) – NJORO NAME: MUMBI K#### ALEXANDER REG.NO: S1##/2####9/### FACULTY: SCIENCE DEPARTMENT: BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULER BIOLOGY COURSE: Bsc. (BIOCHEMISTRY) SIGNATURE:________________ PURPOSE STATEMENT INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULER BIOLOGY AS A REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE IN BIOCHEMISTRY IN EGERTON UNIVERSITY. FROM: TO: SUPERVISOR’S NAME: MANAGER: DECLARATION This attachment report is my own original work and has not been presented to any examination body. It is the accurate report of my industrial attachment at Kenya Agricultural livestock and Research Organization. Student’s Name; Reg. no; Sign; Date; Approved by; Supervisor’s name; Sign; Date; DEDICATION I specially dedicate this work to The Lord God Almighty, for His grace and strength to work with CMR-KEMRI. I would also like to extent my heartfelt gratitude to my family members; My mum Margaret Mumbi, Uncles Mos... Acknowledgements I acknowledge with deep gratitude the efforts of Dr Othira .... TABLE OF CONTENTS Preliminary TITLE PAGE...................................................................................................................................1 PURPOSE STATEMENT...............................................................................................................2 DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................3 DEDICATION ...............................................................................................................................4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................5 SECTION ONE INTRODUCTION ORGANIZATION PROFILE.........................................................................................................8 ORGANIZATION HISTORY........................................................................................................8 VISION...............................................................................................................................8 MISSION .......................................................................................................................................8 OBJECTIVES OF THE CENTRE.................................................................................................9 CORE VALUES OF THE COMPANY........................................................................................10 SECTION TWO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LAB INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................11 OBJECTIVE OF CEREAL CHEM LAB...................................................................................11 HECTOLITRE.........................................................................................................................11 BASIC TESTS WHEAT AND FLOUR TESTS..................................................................................................11 MOISTURE CONTENT............................................................................................................11 FALLING NUMBER..................................................................................................................11 MILLING TEST..........................................................................................................................13 FARINOGRAGH.......................................................................................................................13 ALVEOGRAPH........................................................................................................................14 CYANIDE TEST IN CASSAVA..............................................................................................15 SECTION THREE SOIL CHEMISTRY LAB INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................16 MATERIALS AND METHOD..................................................................................................16 TEST FOR METALS..................................................................................................................17 REAGENTS...............................................................................................................................18 STANDARD FOR NITROGEN................................................................................................19 PROCEDURE...........................................................................................................................20 METAL DETERMINATION.....................................................................................................20 SECTION FOUR PATHOLOGY INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................21 SEED HEALTH RESEARCH....................................................................................................21 SCREENING OF FUNGICIDES................................................................................................22 PLANT VIRUSES RSEARCH...................................................................................................23 METEREOLOGY......................................................................................................................24 SECTION 5 MAS LAB INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................26 BACKGROUND INFORMATION.........................................................................................26 MATERIALS AND METHOD................................................................................................27 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...............................................................................................29 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................32 REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................33 SECTION ONE INTRODUCTION Organization profile Kenya Agricultural Research Institute –Njoro (KARI NJORO) is situated 200km west of Nairobi in Njoro district, Nakuru County along the Nakuru Mau Narok road, at an elevation of 2120 meters above sea level. 3.2 PHYSICAL ADRESS. Kari-Njoro, Private bag 20107, Njoro, Kenya Telephone: +2545161120/61528/61720 Wireless: 35140865 Fax: +2545161576 Email: karinjoro@africaonline.ac.ke Website: www.kari.org, Kenya Organization history The history of the Centre dates back to the beginning of the century when Lord Delamare introduced wheat in Kenya and found it difficult to grow the crop due to the problem of stem rust. This work was based at the then Scott Laboratories, Nairobi (now called National Agricultural Research Laboratories) from 19... MISSION OBJECTIVES OF THE CENTRE The KARI-NJORO is guided by the following objectives in caring out its activities in process of meeting its vision and mission to their clients. * Extension service providers to Community based organizations (CBOs, FBOs CIGs, NGOs, etc) CORE VALUES OF THE COMPANY The institute embraces the following core values in pursuing the journey to leach and meet its mission, vision and objectives in c.... Section Two CEREAL CHEMISTRY LAB Introduction to the laboratory. Cereal chemistry is a major biochemistry arm in the orga... Hectolitre Using a hectolitre It is used measure mass in grams per 0.5 hectoliter of each strain. The results are then converted into grams/ HL and finally int.. Objective of the cereal chemistry lab. The main objective of the lab was to provide quality services majorly on cereals and other food tests to clients. The tests included; Basic tests, Physical tests, Milling tests, Wet gluten tests and Flour starch viscosity tests. BASIC TESTS Wheat and flour tests Moisture content During my attachment perio... Moisture content= weight f flour... d as a percentage. Importance of determining moisture content Flour millers adjust the moisture in wheat to a standard level before milling Moisture conte.. Falling number A falling number instrument ...... Wheat strains Time in seconds in first test Time in seconds in second test Average Duma 3## 3## 3## Eldoret 3## 4## 3## Njoro 2## 2## 2## Results The falling number instrument analyses viscosity by measuring the resistance of a flour and water paste to a falling stirrer. The results are recorded as an index of enzyme activity in a wheat or flour sample and the results are expressed in time as seconds. Milling tests Buhler lab flour mill test The Buhler lab flour mill test is a method followed to determine milling pro... Farinograph Farinograph is an instrument that I found in the cereal chemi... Alveograph Alveograph determines the gluten st... Pictrate test for cyanide in cassava Section Three SOIL CHEMISTRY LAB SOIL CHEMISTRY LAB Introduction Soil chemistry unit at KALRO Njoro offers soil, plant, manure and water quality analytical services. The section has experienced personnel and modern state of the art computerized equipments to carry out the analysis. Among the mostly evaluated nutrients are; Soil rea... Materials and methods Preparation of soils for analysis Air-dried, less than 2 mm If no further instructions are given in the method for preparation of the soil, air-dried less than 2 mm samples are analyzed. TESTS FOR METALS ELEMENTS DETERMINATION OF TOTAL N, P, Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn AND Mn IN SOIL AND PLANT DIGESTS The content of nutrient in soil is determined in the digest obtained by treating soil and plant sample with sulphuric acid + hydrogen peroxide + sele... STANDARDS FOR NITROGEN Stock Standard Solution (1000 ppm N): In a 1-L volumetric flask, dissolve 4.717 g of ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] that has been dried for 2 hour... DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN BY SODIUM BICARBONATE METHOD OF EXTRACTION PRINCIPLES Phosphorus is extracted from the soil with 0.5M NaHCO3 at a nearly constant pH of 8.5. In calcareous, alkaline or neutral soils containing Ca phosphates, this extract decreases the concentration of Ca in solution by causing precipitation of Ca as CaCO3; as a result, the concentration of P in solution increases. In acid soils containing Al and Fe phosphates such as variscite and strengite, P concentration in solution increases as the pH rises. Secondary precipitation reactions in acid and calcareous soils are reduced to a minimum because the concentrations of Al, Ca, and Fe remain at low level in 0.5M NaHCO3 Section Four PATHOLOGY Introduction This section deals with crop diseases and their control measures. The main crops that are dealt with are: - (I) Small seed cereal crop like- wheat, barley, triticale etc. (ii) Oil crops e.g. sunflower, rapeseed, and soybean (iii) Other crops- other crops in mandate region This is through the General Advisory Services (GAS) The section has eased its work by creating the following divisions: - (i) Seed health research (ii) Screening of fungicides (iii) Plant virus research- -BYDV (Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus) - TSWV (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus) -BSV (Banana streak virus) (iv) Meteorology The center received a new automated meteorological monitoring unit from Geneva Switzerland. The above subsections are run by a research officer assisted by the technical assistance and other members of the section Seed Health Research Some of the fungal pathogens recorded on soybeans seeds in Kenya include: - (i) Phoma spp (ii) Phomopsis sp. (iii) Fusarium moniliforme (iv) Colletotricum dematium (v) Cercospora kikuchi Screening of fungicides Table 4.2 A Flow chart on the procedure for screening fungicides. Agro-chemical company _Pesticide control board (Nairobi) _Station (National Plant Breeding Center) _Section (Pathology) screen for 3 years 1st and 2nd year- Give tentative recommendation. Usually the screening program I take 3 years. Some of the diseases controlled by the use of fungicides include: - Table 4.3 Common diseases of wheat analyzed Advisory services hence.. METEOROLOGY This is a science of weather, which started in 1873 in Italy and to Geneva in 1950. The type of weather station in the center is meteorological which has the following equipment: -Computerized weather Station. : -Anemometer for measuring wind speed/velocity : -Wind vane... Importance of meteorology 1. Agronomists are able to know the direction of wind and when to spray their c Section Five MARKERS ASSISTED SELECTION (M.A.S) LAB Introduction Started in 1994, the markers assisted selection lab is Located on the 2nd floor middle block of the KALRO lab complex. It analyses both plant and bacterial molecular markers and to some extent isoenzymes. Molecular markers are inherited DNA seque... Background information MARKER ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES RFLP Unlimited number of loc... Labor intensive Fairly ... RAPD SSR yploids Materials and methods a) Genomic DNA Extraction using Charles CTAB protocol CTAB Solution: b) DNA extraction protocol( Dellaporta et al 1983, modified by MARI) Results and discussions General Considerations and Rationale on DNA extraction Removal of Proteins Protease The most common proteolytic enzyme used in nucleic acid extractions is protease K (e.g. Sigma P4755) which is generally made up in 50 units/ml aliq... Other Extraction Buffer Components Two common reducing agents found in extraction buffers are ß-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol (DTT). EDTA is ... Ethanol and/or Isopropanol Precipitation CONCLUSION The attachment was of great importance to us the learners since we were exposed to different areas of science and also to put in practice what we learnt theoretically in the university. What fascinated was specifically in the Mol.. REFERENCES Lubert Strayer (1998) Biochemistry, W.H Freema.... 17