Induction, Space and Positive Ethics

The Ethics of Space Exploration, edited by James Schwartz and Tony Milligan, 2016

German Law Journal

With respect to space at least, philosophy is almost unanimous. A space comes into being as soon as a border is established and an observer looks at both sides of the border including at the border separating the sides. Without the border, no space, and the space has none. Without the observer, the same applies, even if there are only observers where distinctions are being drawn. Jacques Derrida was conscious of this. One of his questions is the perennial question of philosophy: what is space if, for a space to reveal itself, there is a boundary to be drawn, such that an observer may emerge looking at the space the boundary is brought forward in.

Humanities, 2018

This article is a review essay which discusses the inter-disciplinary collection of essays edited by Marijn Nieuwenhuis and David Crouch, titled The Question of Space: Interrogating the Spatial Turn between Disciplines (London: Rowman & Littlefield 2017). The book was published as part of the Place, Memory, Affect series, edited by Neil Campbell and Christine Berberich. As well as providing a detailed critical overview of The Question of Space, the article responds to some of the broader questions that the book poses in terms of the radical inter-disciplinary of space and spatiality, relating these firstly to ideas drawn from Henri Lefebvre's discussion of 'blind fields'. The review essay then goes on to question what we might understand by the so-called 'spatial turn' and whether this itself requires some rethinking in order to better take stock of the developments in and around the inter-disciplinary scholarship on space and spatiality. Following this, the essay engages more directly with the individual chapter contributions in The Question of Space, before drawing together some concluding remarks that speak to the concept of 'atmosphere' as an affective and phenomenological quality of space as experiential and embodied 'spacing'. 1. The Question of Blind Fields To pose space as a question—as the title of Marijn Nieuwenhuis and David Crouch's edited collection proclaims—is already to cast the problem of space and spatiality, and the inter-disciplinary confabulations that such a problem creates, to the foreground of consideration. As a problem (or set of problems) that demands the pursuit of a question (or set of questions), the question of space is at its most productive when those doing the asking resist the urge to provide a definitive answer. Those who are in the business of looking for an off-the-shelf answer would do well to steer clear of Nieuwenhuis and Crouch's illuminating collection of essays and instead hunker down in the comfort of more routine orientations towards 'space' as an object of study. That The Question of Space sets out to unsettle and cast a quizzical light on these more localised of well-trodden disciplinary precincts, makes it a timely and welcome intervention. The book's subtitle—Interrogating the Spatial Turn between Disciplines—clearly states its intent to confront the fugitive nature of space and spatiality as a discourse that, by definition, cannot be readily hemmed in without doing a fundamental disservice to an unfolding conversation that has rippled and inveigled its way across an increasingly diffuse field of practice. Space is as open and expansive, or as finite and restrictive, as the structures that are brought to bear on its study. A sense of this openness and exploratory impulse is threaded across the ten chapters of The Question of Space (twelve including the book's prelude and postlude), with each throwing its gaze partly back on the preceding chapter, inasmuch as any one elucidation of 'space' casts the other in a slightly different light, the colours and textures merging like those in the artwork adorning the book's cover (from a painting by Crouch).

of nature. It is the subsequent work on the part of the scientific community that will try to falsify the projected universality and, in case this fails, to accept the universality as an eidetic universality or law of nature. 1 Induction, in this phenomenological account, is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the scientist proceeds from awareness of specific phenomena, of the immediate results of observation and experiment, to awareness of empirical generalities. In the second stage, through a creative act, the scientist moves from awareness of empirical generality to awareness of eidetic generality. This last stage is dubbed 'mathematical induction' to describe the replacement of generalities about pure physical nature by generalities about universal mathematical relationships. However, as Kockelmans claims, "the margin between the empirical and the eidetic, mathematical generality that is in principle unbridgeable except by an infinite process of approximation, refers to the equally unbridgeable margin between the rational and the real. It is because of this unsurmountable gap between the empirical and the eidetic, i.e. universal and necessary, generalities that each 'law of nature', regardless of whether it is of higher or lower generality, has the character of a hypothesis" 2 and also why natural science continuously needs to test its final conclusions.

Astropolitics

Not only astronauts, but also many space-related scientists have made remarkable contributions to the development of a more philosophical view of society. These contributions are illustrated by numerous works produced by famous space pioneers at the end of their careers. The link between science and philosophy is well acknowledged, but the two disciplines suffered a schism some 350 years ago. Now one could ask the question of whether the time has not come to merge both disciplines again. This precise theme can be found in many works and papers written by space scientists. In attempting to create a better understanding of the relation between space and philosophy, it is worthwhile to consider some characteristics of the space workforce. Comparisons have been made between this workforce and so-called ''corporate Ronins''-independent and unconventional thinkers who are attracted by the challenging environment offered by space activities. These individuals' presence in the space workforce could therefore be a viable explanation for the philosophical dimension associated with space activities. After his historical spaceflight, Yuri Gagarin wrote in 1962 on a picture: When I circled the Earth in my space capsule, I saw how beautiful our planet in reality is. People from the planet Earth, I hope together we will manage to preserve or augment this indescribable beauty, but in any case never to destroy it. 1 Certainly, we have to put such a message-which was probably orchestrated-in its correct historical context.

Acta Astronautica, 2001

Ethical issues have for long been limited to the fields of medicine and biotechnology, whereas to-day such matters encompass a growing number of engineering activities. 21 st century citizens

Oxford University Press eBooks, 2012

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Commercial Space Exploration: Ethics, Policy, Governance , 2015

2006