SCHEDUAL: EAA-Session on Archaeometallurgy (2021)

#EAA2021 501 WIDENING THE HORIZONS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL METALWORKING STUDIES ARCHAEOMETALLURGY@EAA, PART 2 Time: 9:00 - 16:30 CEST, 11 September 2021 Theme: 1. Widening horizons through human-environment interconnections Format: Regular session Organisers: Wärmländer, Sebastian (Dept. of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University; UCLA/Getty conservation programme, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA) - Saage, Ragnar - Roxburgh, Adrian (University of Tartu) - Neiss, Michael (Uppsala University) - van der Stok, Janneke (Metals Inc.; University of Amsterdam) ABSTRACTS 9:00 INTRODUCTION 9:15 A LOST TECHNIQUE OF ORNAMENTATION FROM 12TH-13TH CENTURY ESTONIA Saage, Ragnar - Rammo, Riina (University of Tartu) 9:30 WROCŁAW, GDAŃSK- TWO MEDIEVAL HANSEATIC TOWNS. COMPARISON OF THE QUALITY OF PROTECTIVE WEAPONS ON THE BASIS OF THE ARCHAEOMETRIC RESEARCH Miazga, Beata - Marek, Lech (University of Wroclaw) 9:45 TIME MACHINES; A PXRF EXPLORATION OF COPPER-ALLOY OBJECTS FROM THE STONE ENCLOSURE GRAVES OF NORTH-EAST ESTONIA (C.200BC-200AD) Roxburgh, Marcus Adrian (Tartu University) 10:00 DISCUSSION SLOT 10:15 „THE ITALIAN CONNECTION“– LONG DISTANCE METAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE SOUTHEASTERN ALPS AND THE WESTERN BALKAN DURING THE 2ND MILLENNIUM BC. Mehofer, Mathias (Vienna Institute for Archaeolgical Science, University Vienna) - Gavranović, Mario (Austrian Archeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences) 10:30 SHIFTING NETWORKS AND MIXING METALS: CHANGING METAL-TRADING ROUTES TO SCANDINAVIA CORRELATE WITH NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE TRANSFORMATIONS Noergaard, Heide (Moesgaard Museum, Department of Archaeology; Aarhus University, School of Culture and Society) - Pernicka, Ernst (Curt-Engelhorn-Centre for Archaeometry, CEZA) - Vandkilde, Helle (Aarhus University, School of Culture and Society) 10:45 COPPER PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY AT THE MID-LATE BRONZE AGE TALDYSAI WORKSHOP (KAZAKHSTAN): ITS PLACE IN THE WIDER EURASIAN METALMAKING FRAMEWORK Calgaro, Ilaria - Veronesi, Umberto (Institute of Archaeology, University College London) - Yermolaeva, Antonina (Margulan Institute of Archaeology) - Radivojević, Miljana (Institute of Archaeology, University College London) 11:00 DISCUSSION SLOT 11:15 COPPER AND TIN BRONZE METALLURGY AT THE LATE BRONZE AGE SITE OF SEMIYARKA (KAZAKHSTAN) Amirova, Saltanat (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge) - Radivojević, Miljana (Institute of Archaeology, UCL) - Mertz, Ilya (S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University) - Lawrence, Dan (Archaeology Department, Durham University) - Mertz, Victor (S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University) 11:30 NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MANUFACTURE OF HIGH-LEADED BRONZE PALSTAVES THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL CASTING AND NEUTRON TECHNIQUES Armada, Xose-Lois (Institute of Heritage Sciences - Incipit, Spanish National Research Council - CSIC) - Arcidiacono, Laura (ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source) - Comendador, Beatriz (Grupo de Estudos de Arqueoloxía, Antigüidade e Territorio, Universidade de Vigo) - Faro, María G. (Institute of Heritage Sciences - Incipit, Spanish National Research Council - CSIC) - Lackinger, Aaron (Grupo de Estudos de Arqueoloxía, Antigüidade e Territorio, Universidade de Vigo) Martinón-Torres, Marcos (Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge) - Silva-Sánchez, Noemí - Sureda, Pau (Institute of Heritage Sciences - Incipit, Spanish National Research Council - CSIC) Please note that the schedule is indicative only - session organisers may alter the runnig order and introduce breaks as relevant. #EAA2021 11:45 SHIFT IN THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF COPPER ALLOYS AND METALWORKING TRADITIONS IN LITHUANIA IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM AD Bliujiene, Audrone (Klaipėda University, Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology) - Bagdzevičienė, Jurga (Klaipėda University, Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology; Lithuanian National Museum of Art, Pranas Gudynas Centre for Restorationation) - Petrauskas, Gediminas (Klaipėda University, Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology; National Museum of Lithuania) - Vybernaitė-Lubienė, Irma (Klaipėda University, Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology; Klaipėda University, Marine Research Institute) 12:00 DISCUSSION SLOT 12:15 METALLURGICAL ANALYSIS OF IRON BARS FROM BALTIC SEA SHIP WRECKS Wärmländer, Sebastian (Stockholm University) 12:30 IRONWORKING AT THE SCYTHIANS Zavyalov, Vladimir - Terekhova, Nataliya (Institute of Archaeology, Moscow) 12:45 DISCUSSION SLOT 14:30 FROM THE ASHES: UNPRECEDENTED ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NOTRE-DAME-DE-PARIS FOLLOWING THE FIRE L’Héritier, Maxime (Université Paris 8 - ArScAn UMR 7041) - Azéma, Aurélia - Syvilay, Delphine (Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Monuments Historiques) - Delqué-Kolic, Emmanuelle (Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 - LSCE) - Ivan, Guillot (Université Paris Est Créteil - ICMPE) - Sarah, Guillaume (IRAMAT CNRS UMR 5060) - Baron, Sandrine (TRACES CNRS UMR 5608) - Dillmann, Philippe (Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l’Altération : LMC IRAMAT UMR5060 CNRS et NIMBE UMR3685 CEA/CNRS) 14:45 USE OF COAL IN FLEMISH FORGES DURING LATE MIDDLE AGES Jagou, Benjamin (INRAP; UMR 5060 IRAMAT - LMC; UMR 7041 ArScan TranSphères) 15:00 COMPARISONS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF SLAGS RECOVERED IN RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN THE ROGALAND REGION, NORWAY Gebremariam, Kidane (University of Stavanger) 15:15 METALWORKING OF THE YENISEI KYRGYZ OF THE US RIVER VALLEY BASED ON RESEARCH MATERIALS OF IRON TOREUTICS AND SMITH TOOLS Davydov, Roman (Humanities Research Laboratory, Novosibirsk state university) - Kuleshov, Dmitry (Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS) 15:30 DISCUSSION SLOT POSTERS: A. BRONZE AGE METAL: METALLOGRAPHIC AND ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF BRONZE WEAPONS FROM BOHEMIA, MORAVIA AND SW SLOVAKIA Havlíková, Markéta (Masaryk University) Please note that the schedule is indicative only - session organisers may alter the runnig order and introduce breaks as relevant. 501 WIDENING THE HORIZONS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL METALWORKING STUDIES ARCHAEOMETALLURGY@EAA, PART 2 Theme: 1. Widening horizons through human-environment interconnections Organisers: Wärmländer, Sebastian (Dept. of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University; UCLA/Getty conservation programme, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA) - Saage, Ragnar - Roxburgh, Adrian (University of Tartu) - Neiss, Michael (Uppsala University) - van der Stok, Janneke (Metals Inc.; University of Amsterdam) Format: Regular session Archaeometallurgy is a multidisciplinary field where researchers from different fields come together to answer a range of different questions related to ancient metalworking. In this session we welcome full-length papers on archaeometallurgy that relate to the two main themes of the 2021 EAA meeting, i.e. “widening horizons” and “environment”. Large-scale metalworking can have large effects on the surrounding environment, but the local environment – including the locally available resources as well as social environment – may dictate which metal-working activities can be carried out. On a smaller scale, microenvironments and microclimates – in a workshop or in a burial - influence how metal objects are created but also how they deteriorate. Some of the best research on ancient metalworking has been done as collaborations between different disciplines, such as engineering, field archaeology, and social sciences. In order to widen the horizons of archaeometallurgy, we encourage presenters to involve in their research projects novel ideas and methods from other academic fields. The horizons of ancient metalworking can be expanded also by demonstrating long-distance trade networks, or technological similarities between cultures of different time periods or geographic regions. To encourage such comparisons, the papers in this session are not limited to a particular time period or culture. We especially welcome contributions from young researchers. ABSTRACTS: 1 A LOST TECHNIQUE OF ORNAMENTATION FROM 12TH-13TH CENTURY ESTONIA Abstract author(s): Saage, Ragnar - Rammo, Riina (University of Tartu) Abstract format: Oral The cemetery of Kukruse in North Estonia has richly decorated burials dating to the 12th-13th century. A central part of a woman’s burial dress included a chain assembly, which is composed of two decorated pins that attach to the dress, and two chain holders that hang from the pins and supported the chain itself. Elemental analysis from the copper alloy chain holders has revealed an ornamentation technique that only preserves in certain depositional environments. In the best cases, the tin-rich decoration layer is corroded on the copper alloy, while the worst examples show no visible traces of it. The most interesting example has a tinned surface with a silver inlay, which is an unknown way of ornamentation that is very susceptible to the environment. Hence, there are two primary questions to answer: what did this technique look like before the artefacts were deposited, and how not to miss the use of this technique. 2 WROCŁAW, GDAŃSK- TWO MEDIEVAL HANSEATIC TOWNS. COMPARISON OF THE QUALITY OF PROTECTIVE WEAPONS ON THE BASIS OF THE ARCHAEOMETRIC RESEARCH Abstract author(s): Miazga, Beata - Marek, Lech (University of Wroclaw) Abstract format: Oral Mail and brigandine, as universal forms of body protection, often recycled and reused over long periods of time, are not unusual finds in medieval towns. Small scraps of mail and single brigandine plates, which are the most common, could have been lost during tailoring or repairs of armor. Although modest in size, their careful archaeometric analysis gives us invaluable insights into everyday activities of our ancestors, their customs, prevailing fashions and, above all, their technical culture (in terms of raw materials and the technology). The quality of these items varies. If we take mail as an example, it turns out that not only is it made of wire or sheet metal, riveted or not, but most of all it has different properties, including hardness - a parameter very important not only from a functional point of view, but also in ascertaining the age of a given mail fragment. So the question is whether the quality of mail is an accident or a conscious activity of the craftsman? This presentation will be an attempt to resolve this issue. The results of archaeometric research on elements of armor, obtained during archaeological investigations in Wrocław and Gdańsk will be shown. The data from the microscopic studies in visible light and SEM, microhardness tests or spectrometric analyzes (ED-XRF, EDS) will be discussed. The other important fact is that most of the artifacts were conserved before sampling, which also affects the results obtained. 3 TIME MACHINES; A PXRF EXPLORATION OF COPPER-ALLOY OBJECTS FROM THE STONE ENCLOSURE GRAVES OF NORTH-EAST ESTONIA (C.200BC-200AD) Abstract author(s): Roxburgh, Marcus Adrian (Tartu University) Abstract format: Oral Rome had been a republic for over 500 years before Augustus became its first Emperor in 27 BC. In Estonia, in the North Eastern reaches of the Baltic, this period is still defined as the Pre-Roman Iron-Age, a period of time and geographic space set aside from 797 the intensifying “Roman” world far to the south. For Estonia, the Roman Iron-Age only begins in the middle of the 1st Century AD, with a change that is traditionally defined by a surge in imported objects being deposited in the regions communal stone enclosure graves. This period also coincides with the ‘Roman industrialisation’ and widespread distribution of brass, a new type of copper-alloy containing zinc. A great many of the new objects in these graves were made of copper-alloy and as these objects tend to survive rather well in the archaeological record, they have received much typological attention. But for these objects, especially for those recovered in the cemeteries of the Eastern Baltic, the nature of the raw material choice is less well understood. This short talk presents an innovative use of pXRF, whereby copper-alloy artifacts from well documented graves are qualitatively sorted into basic categories, in turn allowing for innovative new geo-temporal analyses. 4 „THE ITALIAN CONNECTION“– LONG DISTANCE METAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE SOUTHEASTERN ALPS AND THE WESTERN BALKAN DURING THE 2ND MILLENNIUM BC Abstract author(s): Mehofer, Mathias (Vienna Institute for Archaeolgical Science, University Vienna) - Gavranović, Mario (Austrian Archeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences) Abstract format: Oral In the last decades numerous archaeological and archaeometallurgical publications focused on the examination of copper ore deposits, slags and metal artefacts in order to investigate the copper exchange systems during the Bronze Age. In this context, the Balkan peninsula with its rich copper ore deposits delivered remarkable new insights into the beginning of metallurgy during the Copper Age. Unfortunately, for the Bronze Age one has to state that there was a lack of such systematic analytical research in the region. This lecture will present new archaeometric data, which was obtained within the research project “Bronze Age metal producing societies in western and central Balkans” (FWF, pr. no. P32095). Ores, slags and approximately 560 copper and bronze samples from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Northern Macedonia and Croatia. were investigated by chemical (SEM-EDS, ED-XRF, XRD) and lead isotope analyses (MC-ICP-MS). Special emphasis was laid on the examination of the exchange networks that provided copper for the local workshops during the 2nd millennium BC. Our analyses confirmed the production of copper around 1800 calBC near Bor in Eastern Serbia and the use of this metal in regional casting workshops. During the Middle and Late Bronze Age the picture changes fundamentally. Now, copper with a geochemical signature comparable to the South Eastern Alpine mining regions (Trentino) became the dominate metal in the analysed ingots and finished products. How the underlying metal exchange systems which are centered around the mining regions e.g. in the Alps, the Slovakian ore mountains as well as the Mediterranean are interwoven and which role the copper ore deposits in the Eastern Alps played for the metal consumption on the Balkan peninsula will be in the focus of the presented archaeological research. 5 SHIFTING NETWORKS AND MIXING METALS: CHANGING METAL-TRADING ROUTES TO SCANDINAVIA CORRELATE WITH NEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE TRANSFORMATIONS Abstract author(s): Noergaard, Heide (Moesgaard Museum, Department of Archaeology; Aarhus University, School of Culture and Society) - Pernicka, Ernst (Curt-Engelhorn-Centre for Archaeometry, CEZA) - Vandkilde, Helle (Aarhus University, School of Culture and Society) Abstract format: Oral 550 metal analyses shed decisive light on how the Nordic Bronze Age was founded on metal from shifting ore sources in correlation with altered trading routes. It was shown that an on-and-off presence of copper characterised the Neolithic. A continuous rise in metals to southern Scandinavia began around 2100-2000 BC. First, high-impurity metal from the Austrian Inn Valley and Slovakia arrived via central German Únětician hubs complemented by high-tin British metal allowing for early local production of tin bronzes. Metal growth locally fuelled leadership competitions visible in the metal-led material culture. The Únětice downfall 1600 BC resulted in raw materials shortage during a short period visible in the reuse of existing resources; however, brought direct Nordic access to the Carpathian Basin. This expedited metalwork innovations, relying on chalcopyrite from Slovakia and the opening of new sources in the eastern Alps along an eastern route, also bringing Baltic amber as far as the Aegean. During this period, British metal played a central role. Finally, from c.1500 BC British copper had ceased while the predominance of novel north Italian copper coincides with the full establishment of the NBA and highlighting a western route connecting the NBA with the southern German Tumulus culture and the first trans-Alpine amber traffic. This presentation will lead you through the scientific and archaeological analyses behind the presented results concerning the metal trading networks that promoted the Nordic Bronze Age’s establishment to its peak around 1300 BC. A threefold approach, using source-critical artefact classification analyses, trace-element analyses, together with and lead-isotope analyses, allowed to create a realistic assumption regarding the alliances and networks around the metal trade towards Scandinavia. 798 6 COPPER PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY AT THE MID-LATE BRONZE AGE TALDYSAI WORKSHOP (KAZAKHSTAN): ITS PLACE IN THE WIDER EURASIAN METALMAKING FRAMEWORK Abstract author(s): Calgaro, Ilaria - Veronesi, Umberto (Institute of Archaeology, University College London) - Yermolaeva, Antonina (Margulan Institute of Archaeology) - Radivojević, Miljana (Institute of Archaeology, University College London) Abstract format: Oral Second millennium BC Eurasian copper extractive metallurgy is widely assumed as large-scale and standardised, with its highest technological peak reached during the Mid-Late Bronze Age. Present-day Kazakhstan and Southern Urals host among the richest polymetallic ore deposits of Eurasia, massively exploited since the Early Bronze Age by the Steppe pastoralist communities. The metallurgical workshop of Taldysai in the steppes of central Kazakhstan was one of these production centres and represents the focus of this study. Extensive evidence of metalmaking has been unearthed at this site, including complex smelting furnaces, production debris, mining and beneficiation tools and finished metal artefacts. Out of these, seven copper smelting slags were chemically and microstructurally analysed by Optical and Energy Dispersive Scanning Electron Microscope and provided a first insight into the multi-step metallurgical chaîne opératoire carried out onsite. Then, in order to test the estimated uniformity of Mid-Late Bronze Age copper extractive metallurgy, data collected from Taldysai were integrated with a comparative reference database of thirteen coeval metalmaking sites located between Eastern Alps and Central China and analysed through multivariate statistics in form of principal component analysis (PCA) and ternary diagrams. Chemical data were interpreted paying attention to the function of the comparative sites entered in database, i.e. extractive centres, workshops, settlements. Overall, this study sheds light on the metallurgical process carried out at Taldysai and presents preliminary elements to fit in the wider second millennium BC narrative. Results highlight how specific choices dictated by local/regional-scale inventiveness, the exploitation of different mineral ores and the technological solutions adopted by Bronze Age metalsmiths determined variations in smelting steps, technological parameters and efficiency of copper production across Eurasia. 7 COPPER AND TIN BRONZE METALLURGY AT THE LATE BRONZE AGE SITE OF SEMIYARKA (KAZAKHSTAN) Abstract author(s): Amirova, Saltanat (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge) - Radivojević, Miljana (Institute of Archaeology, UCL) - Mertz, Ilya (S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University) - Lawrence, Dan (Archaeology Department, Durham University) - Mertz, Victor (S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University) Abstract format: Oral Copper and copper alloys, especially tin bronze, played a crucial role in the development of the Eurasian Steppe region during the Bronze Age. Tens of thousands of copper and tin bronze artefacts have been found in the region, however, the vast majority originated from the burial complexes. Here we present the unique case of Semiyarka, a large mid 2nd millennium BCE settlement located in east Kazakhstan, with evidence for copper and tin bronze production. A recent survey confirmed the distribution of dwelling and materials debris across c. 100 ha, and included more than 40 remains of various metallurgical processes on this site, the analysis of which are presented here. We conducted microstructural and compositional analysis of copper ores, crucible slags, metal debris and finished artefacts in order to characterize the nature of metal making processes on this site, infer their potential scale and finally, learn about the organisation of production. The highlight of our results is detecting six crucibles for tin bronze making, alongside copper production, the combination of which has not been identified anywhere in the settlement archaeology of the Bronze Age of Eurasian Steppes. We also suggest potential resources for copper and tin exploitation, alongside routes for trade and exchange of metals during the stated period in east Kazakhstan, and across the steppes. 8 NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE MANUFACTURE OF HIGH-LEADED BRONZE PALSTAVES THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL CASTING AND NEUTRON TECHNIQUES Abstract author(s): Armada, Xose-Lois (Institute of Heritage Sciences - Incipit, Spanish National Research Council - CSIC) - Arcidiacono, Laura (ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source) - Comendador, Beatriz (Grupo de Estudos de Arqueoloxía, Antigüidade e Territorio, Universidade de Vigo) - Faro, María G. (Institute of Heritage Sciences - Incipit, Spanish National Research Council - CSIC) - Lackinger, Aaron (Grupo de Estudos de Arqueoloxía, Antigüidade e Territorio, Universidade de Vigo) - Martinón-Torres, Marcos (Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge) - Silva-Sánchez, Noemí - Sureda, Pau (Institute of Heritage Sciences - Incipit, Spanish National Research Council - CSIC) Abstract format: Oral Bronze palstaves are the most abundant metal object in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula during the Late Bronze Age and the transition to the Earliest Iron Age. They usually occur in isolated hoards and many of them contain high quantities of lead and have morphological features (such as the presence of the casting jet) that are incompatible with their use as ‘functional’ tools or weapons. Some of these palstaves have massive lead cores, which show a spherical shape in the casting sprue. Two hypotheses have been suggested to explain this phenomenon: 1) the intentional casting of pure lead inside a bronze casing; and 2) massive lead segrega- 799 tion during solidification. As the production and hoarding of these palstaves may have strong social implications, the analysis of this issue matters not only from a technological perspective. An ongoing research project, “Mass production and deposition of leaded bronzes in Atlantic Europe during the Late Bronze Age - Iron Age transition” (ATLANTAXES), focuses on these high-leaded palstaves dealing with issues such as technology, metal provenance and hoarding patterns. This contribution introduces some of the experimental and analytical work carried out within the project, aiming a better understanding of the manufacturing process of these palstaves. On the one hand, a non-invasive characterisation through neutron tomography and radiography, prompt gamma activation analysis and neutron diffraction of one of these palstaves at the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source (Oxfordshire, UK) provides unique insights about the bulk of this object. On the other, experimental casting under laboratory conditions allows a better understanding of the factors that determine the internal structure of these palstaves, suggesting that their lead cores are massive lead segregations resulting from high-leaded ternary alloys. Finally, the paper also discuss the advantages of combining such analytical and experimental approaches. 9 SHIFT IN THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF COPPER ALLOYS AND METALWORKING TRADITIONS IN LITHUANIA IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM AD Abstract author(s): Bliujiene, Audrone (Klaipėda University, Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology) - Bagdzevičienė, Jurga (Klaipėda University, Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology; Lithuanian National Museum of Art, Pranas Gudynas Centre for Restorationation) - Petrauskas, Gediminas (Klaipėda University, Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology; National Museum of Lithuania) - Vybernaitė-Lubienė, Irma (Klaipėda University, Institute of Baltic Region History and Archaeology; Klaipėda University, Marine Research Institute) Abstract format: Oral The elemental analysis of copper alloy composition of almost 2,000 artefacts recovered from 151 find spots dated to the first millennium AD was performed in Lithuania between 2019 and 2020. The samples for the analysis were obtained from the surface and core of the artefacts. They were examined with the aid of portative and stationary X-ray fluorescence (XRF) devices, as well as the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method, using certified reference materials (CRM) and standards. The samples, drilled both from the surface (patina) and metal core of the finds, were analysed through the ICP-MS method. The XRF and Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) methods were employed for studying the surface of the finds, as well as shavings of the metal core and alloys compressed into tablets were also taken into analysis. The obtained results were normalised and further analysed by using simple descriptive and multidimensional statistics. The performed analyses enabled the classification of copper alloys into basic alloy groups, i.e. brass, gunmetal, leaded gunmetal, bronze, etc. Furthermore, shift in the composition of copper alloys was evaluated in regards to chronology. The distribution of copper alloys revealed certain regional differences, which led to considerations of different directions of exchange that could have been used to source raw metal. The obtained results allowed a more accurate description of corrosion processes (such as the formation of lead on the surface of artefacts), metalworking traditions (e.g., tinning of the surface), whereby the surface is not visible due to being entirely covered by corrosion. The shifting elemental composition of copper alloys is associated with changes in the sources of raw material, exchange routes, and development of metalworking technologies. 10 METALLURGICAL ANALYSIS OF IRON BARS FROM BALTIC SEA SHIP WRECKS Abstract author(s): Wärmländer, Sebastian (Stockholm University) Abstract format: Oral Iron and steel, in different stages of refinement, has been a major Swedish export good since at least the Viking Age. However, the different iron manufacturing processes employed in Sweden from the Viking Age to the modern era are not fully understood. Nor is it fully known what kind of iron qualities were exported during the centuries. Iron from cargo ship wrecks, which preserve well in the Baltic Sea, is an important source for understanding the history of iron production and iron trade in Sweden and the larger Baltic region. Here, we present the analysis of different kinds of iron, such as Osmund iron and bar iron, excavated from Baltic ship wrecks dating to the 16th and 17th centuries. The analytical results increase our understanding of the iron manufacturing technology used in these centuries, and the results are interpreted in relation to the changing patterns of iron trade during this period. 11 IRONWORKING AT THE SCYTHIANS Abstract author(s): Zavyalov, Vladimir - Terekhova, Nataliya (Institute of Archaeology, Moscow) Abstract format: Oral The Scythian period (7th-3th cc. BC) occupies a special place in the history of iron production in Northern Eurasia. It was the time when the local population started using iron in everyday life. In the context of overall iron production development, transition of nomadic steppe population to a sedentary lifestyle played an important part. The Kamenskoe hillfort is the most outstanding center in steppe Scythia of that time. It was a permanent settlement of settled metalworkers in the country of the Scythian nomads. More than 80 items (knives, sickles, chisels, awls, etc.) were examined by archaeometallographic method. These studies provide an insight into the process of the blacksmith craft development among nomadic groups during this transition to sedentary life. The results suggest that in the 5th-4th centuries BC highly developed craft centers appeared in steppe Scythia. These centers served 800 as a stable source of blacksmithing products of the Scythian population. The obtained data demonstrate that contacts between nomads and population groups which possessed technological knowledge played a key role in this process. 12 FROM THE ASHES: UNPRECEDENTED ARCHAEOMETALLURGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN NOTRE-DAMEDE-PARIS FOLLOWING THE FIRE Abstract author(s): L’Héritier, Maxime (Université Paris 8 - ArScAn UMR 7041) - Azéma, Aurélia - Syvilay, Delphine (Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Monuments Historiques) - Delqué-Kolic, Emmanuelle (Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 - LSCE) - Ivan, Guillot (Université Paris Est Créteil - ICMPE) - Sarah, Guillaume (IRAMAT CNRS UMR 5060) - Baron, Sandrine (TRACES CNRS UMR 5608) - Dillmann, Philippe (Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l’Altération : LMC IRAMAT UMR5060 CNRS et NIMBE UMR3685 CEA/CNRS) Abstract format: Oral Metallic structures are omnipresent in medieval great stone monuments. The newly opened restoration yard in Notre-Dame-de-Paris following the 15th April 2019 fire gives a unique opportunity to question the evolution of practices related to these metals over the centuries: quality and use for construction, provenance, recycling... This contribution aims to present the research themes and first results of the “Metal workgroup” of Notre-Dame-de-Paris scientific program coordinated by French National Research Centre and Ministry of Culture. On the one hand, the restoration works reveal various iron cramps, chains and series of hitherto unknown iron armatures. Their archaeometallurgical study enables to clarify their role in the structure of the building, their chronology, but also their quality and origin, enlightening the builders choices builders and the ancient supply circuits. More than 30 iron cramps and pins coming from diverse parts of the masonry (tribunes, upper walls…) or collected in the archaeological remains of the burnt framework were sampled and analysed by metallography. Slag inclusion were analysed by SEM-EDS to study the production processes and by LA-ICP-MS to look for iron provenance. Eight samples were also submitted to tensile tests to determine their mechanical behaviour. At last, ten artefacts were radiocarbon dated, revealing the use of iron as early as the 1160’s, almost 50 years before the earliest examples known so far for such monuments. On the other hand, the research focuses on the different uses of lead (covering, decoration, sealing...) and on the practices of craftsmen according to the period. The identification of the different sources of lead and recycling practices is conducted by means of elemental (LA-ICP-MS) and isotopic analyses (MC-ICP-MS) of more than 300 lead samples coming from lead joints still in place and from the remains of the spire and the roof. 13 USE OF COAL IN FLEMISH FORGES DURING LATE MIDDLE AGES Abstract author(s): Jagou, Benjamin (INRAP; UMR 5060 IRAMAT - LMC; UMR 7041 ArScan TranSphères) Abstract format: Oral For some time now, many operations of preventive archaeology have been conducted in the former territory of the County of Flanders. These have often allowed to discover traces of metalworking. Studies related to these late Middle Ages metallurgical spaces showed that these crafts used coal. Moreover, these studies revealed that this particular use led to specific slags. Afterwards, the first researches could determine that this early use was caused by a lack of wood in this territory. This period is known for its extensive economic and demographic growth. Indeed, this expansion led to open the landscape widely in order to gain some new farming and housing areas. Then, this brought about a shortage of forest resources and a price inflation, which forced craftsmen to choose another fuel. At this time, the English territory took a leading role in the spread of coal in Flanders. In fact, the English people had been confronted with a lack of wood earlier, so they had to use coal soon, considering that this fuel was abundant in their territory. Moreover, this transition was facilitated by numerous exchanges between Flemish and English cities, particularly related to wool trade. The use of coal had few impacts on the forge technical processes, nevertheless its combustion had many undesirable effects. Indeed, noxious smoke and bad smells produced by urban workshops had led to regular conflicts between the craftsmen and their neighbours. Therefore, the urban network of these Flemish cities was modified: blacksmiths had to move their workshops to suburban areas. 14 COMPARISONS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF SLAGS RECOVERED IN RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN THE ROGALAND REGION, NORWAY Abstract author(s): Gebremariam, Kidane (University of Stavanger) Abstract format: Oral A number of slag and slag-like materials were recovered in recent archaeological excavations in the Rogaland region of Norway. Attempts are made to determine the compositions of these materials and characterize their micro-structural features. Such investigations, among others, help to identify whether the slag materials are associated with smelting or smithing activities. In the case of smelting slags, information about the nature of the ores and other raw materials utilized can be acquired along with the conditions under which the slags were produced. Manganese appears to be the most commonly element associated with the smelting slags acquired from different excavation sites. Could this element be used as a marker to iron ore sources available in this particular region? Some micro-structural characterizations and elemental microanalyses are conducted to trace the distribution of this element 801 in different phases of the slag micro-structures. The similarities and differences between the various slags recovered will also be highlighted. 15 METALWORKING OF THE YENISEI KYRGYZ OF THE US RIVER VALLEY BASED ON RESEARCH MATERIALS OF IRON TOREUTICS AND SMITH TOOLS Abstract author(s): Davydov, Roman (Humanities Research Laboratory, Novosibirsk State University) - Kuleshov, Dmitry (Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS) Abstract format: Oral The metalworking of the nomads has a number of peculiar features. The study of smithing and jewelry of medieval nomads allows us to fix the specifics of their production in the conditions of mobile life in steppes of Eurasia. Mass material is of great interest. It contains information on trends in blacksmithing and jewelry. For the culture of the Yenisei Kyrgyz (Southern Siberia, VI-XIV centuries AD), this is toreutics. The object of the study was iron toreutics with silver inlaid from the burial sites of the Yenisei Kyrgyz in the Us river valley (south of the Minusinsk Basin). This is a local group of burials of the X-XII centuries AD. A total of 142 things were studied using the technological-traceological method, 4 technological schemes were reconstructed. The gradual development of technology with the optimization of techniques is revealed. The items were made by a group of craftsmen, including apprentices. The results of the analysis of the elemental composition of silver and iron (104 samples) showed that artisans used metals from the Minusinsk Basin and from the Tuva. At the same time, there was a secondary processing of material, the use of scrap. Additionally, metalworking tools of the Yenisei Kyrgyz have been research in the museum collections. These are compact items for use in a mobile workshop, include multi-functional tools. The workplace of the Usinsk Kyrgyz metalworkers is a mobile workshop with some craftsmen, including apprentices. They used small and versatile tools, and the costs were extremely rational, with recycling. Such a reconstruction has parallels with ethnographic data on nomadic metalworkers. The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 20-18-00111). The analysis of the elemental composition was carried out within the framework of the State assignment in the field of scientific activity No. 0329-2019-0008. A. BRONZE AGE METAL: METALLOGRAPHIC AND ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF BRONZE WEAPONS FROM BOHEMIA, MORAVIA AND SW SLOVAKIA Abstract author(s): Havlíková, Markéta (Masaryk University) Abstract format: Poster The aim of this poster is to demonstrate the application of modern metallographic analysis on Bronze Age metal weapons from Bohemia, Moravia and SW Slovakia. My research focuses on their functional properties, as well as questions of their production and provenance. If we want to understand the social and economic role of Bronze Age weapons, then data acquired with the help of archaeological science are of tremendous importance. My analysis is based on the combination of optical and scanning electron microscopy in the modern metallography analyses (SEM/EDS, p-XRF, X-ray etc.), use-wear analysis and lead isotopes analysis (MCICP-MS method). The results of a research sample of data from this area will complement the international research data network and permit the clarification of these issues in the Czech Republic. The aim is also to obtain a comprehensive source of data for further research and discussion of Bronze Age material culture in Europe.