Global Warming and Outdoor Design Temperature

Annals of DAAAM for ... & proceedings of the ... International DAAAM Symposium .., 2022

Designers of heating systems and planners of the district heating consider large number of variables that influence the final proposal of the system which will meet the heating needs. Size of the system and investment costs depends on different parameters but are mostly influenced by the outside design temperature. Engineers are aware of the climate change influence but during design process they need either legal or scientific proof that they can use new/updated values of the design temperatures at the specific location. In this paper, an analysis of hourly air temperature values for the city of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) was conducted in the latest available 20 years dataset. Data on the outside air temperature were obtained by the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Five different methods were briefly explained and used for determination of the new design temperature for Sarajevo based on the period 2001-2020. Results of the analysis demonstrate that the currently valid and official outside design temperature was low and needs to be revised. As a small-scale example, calculation of the heating needs of one residential unit was made in order to demonstrate the influence of different design outside temperature on the heating needs. These numbers were then extrapolated on the district heating system and the benefits of the proposed approach were underlined. Performed analysis suggest an urgent change in the design temperature for all cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina as it was demonstrated on the example of Sarajevo in this paper.

European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2021

The growth of urban population as the result of economic and industrial development has changed our place of living from a prosperous place to where the resources are carelessly consumed. On the other hand, long-term climate change, i.e. global warming, has had adverse impact on our resources. Certain resources are on the verge of depletion as the consequence of climate change and inconsiderate consumption of resources, unless serious measures are implemented immediately. The building sector, whose share in the municipal energy consumption is considerably high, is a key player that may successfully solve the problem. This paper aims to study the effects of climate change on the energy consumption of buildings and analyze its magnitude to increase the awareness of how construction can reduce the overall global energy consumption. A descriptive-analytical method has been applied to analyze valid models of energy consumption according to different scenarios and to interpret the conditi...

Last decades witnessed rise in global average temperature for cities, consequently with the problem of rising needs for energy results from the growth of populations in cities. Recent studies concentrated on degree days method to calculate energy consumption for buildings, the main problem of this research is the role of cooling degree days on determining insulation of buildings envelope in a hot climate and for Iraqi cities as an example. The research aims to determine insulation of buildings envelope according to cooling degree days which reduce energy consumption; the results showed that there were differences in cooling degree days for main Iraqis cities, and there was an effect of buildings envelope insulation on cooling energy lost, the insulation for walls reduced consumption energy by 70-80%. Also, the insulation for ceiling reduced consumption energy by 65%, as compared to the same building materials without insulation. 1. Introduction These Global temperatures had raised at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the high record temperatures was one of the most prominent indicators of global warming. That affected buildings cooling energy loads especially in a hot arid climate [1]. There were many ways to calculate the energy usage for cooling and heating buildings, but the method of calculating the degree of days was one of the main types. Degree days depended on calculation temperature of the external environment, and its association with the internal temperature of buildings. The previous studies did not adequately address this indicator in Iraq, but the international studies highlighted many aspects of research and the latest of these studies. Indraganti et al. (2016) [2] examined the effect of increasing the degree days whether in cooling or heating in five different climatic zones in Saudi Arabia and for nine years with difference of the basic comparison class in the case of heating between (14, 16, 18 o C) in the case of cooling between (18, 20, 22, 24, 28 o C) and control of energy consumption (for cooling and heating) of buildings for the same cities. The study showed increase energy consumption in recent years with rising temperatures degree days. Mishra, et al., (2012) [3] studied the effect of degree days on determined the thickness of thermal insulation for walls and ceiling for buildings that minimize loss of heat through external walls, window, and ceiling, for four different climatic zones in India. The research found that optimum insulation thickness varies between 0.1446m and 0.2077 m, and energy reduction between 500.03 Rs/m 2 and 1014.27 Rs/m 2 , and Payback period varies between 0.87 to 1.2374 years for External walls. Yuan, et al., (2017) [4] studied the relationship between insulation for the exterior walls of buildings and energy and CO2 emissions in different places in China. Using life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and degree-days (DD) method.. The research found that thermal insulation of exterior walls is more effective in Severe Cold and Hot Summer & Cold Winter climatic zones of China for both total energy cost saving and CO2 emissions reduction per unit area of the exterior building walls. Melo, et al., (2015) [5] Studied the effects of insulation materials on energy performance for Brazil commercial

Energies

Based on the European energy directives, the building sector has to provide comfortable levels for occupants with minimum energy consumption as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper aims to compare the impact of climate change on the energy performance of residential buildings in order to derive potential design strategies. Different climate file inputs of Madrid have been used to quantify comparatively the thermal needs of two reference residential buildings located in this city. One of them represents buildings older than 40 years built according to the applicable Spanish regulations prior to 1979. The other refers to buildings erected in the last decade under more energy-restrictive constructive regulations. Three different climate databases of Madrid have been used to assess the impact of the evolution of the climate in recent years on the thermal demands of these two reference buildings. Two of them are typical meteorological years (TMY) derived from weather da...

Journal of Engineering Science and Military Technologies

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation for (of) the results of a recent research effort concerning thermal comfort in residential buildings in Egypt. The energy performance and thermal comfort were considered based on the instructions of the Egyptian Residential Energy Code (EREC) to improve the efficiency of energy use. The conclusions of the aforementioned research on the building envelope (walls / fenestration) were tested together to make sure (prove or demonstrate or verify) that the use of what seems to be the best solutions for external walls (solid part) in addition to the best solutions for fenestration (openings), will results result in a better overall performance in energy consumption and thermal comfort, than (when) implementing (only) one of the two choices. To attain that, two (mixed-mood) [heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)] case study buildings were dynamically simulated in three dominant Egyptian climatic zones, using current climate conditions (2002) in addition to three other morphed climate change scenarios (2020, 2050 and 2080). Achieving the required rates for thermal comfort, and acquiring (securing) long term financial gains were the basic elements of the evaluation. The results provide what seems to be a functionally and financially successful combination to fulfil the evaluation elements.

Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering, 1996

This study aims to find a correlation between winter outdoor design temperature (WDT) and mass of the building envelope. The daily variations of the inside surface temperatures and heat fluxes of the walls under various climatic conditions and different wall constructions have been calculated by a computer program based on the response factor technique, which uses variable outside air temperature and solar radiation and constant inside air temperature values as input climatic data. The analysis of the relation between mass of the walls and inside surface heat fluxes resulted with the correction values for winter design temperature (WDTCV) depending on the mass of the wall and on the direction of facades for different climatic zones.

Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 2023

Research paper expresses analysis of current research involving a definite Urban expansion project for Mumbai city. The developers-builders enquired for technically supported information relating to the future microclimatic transformations in the growth area and their probabilities for the thermal behaviors of the proposed building. To deal with this inquiry, the structure’s thermal behaviors were calculated by using simulation techniques for the current and proposed climatic conditions i.e. extreme climatic conditions. Thereby, substitute structures design (exclusively, a range of façade design alternatives) were well thought-out in vision of their mitigation efficiency vis-à-vis environmental changes projections. The outcome helps in providing capable assessment of such structure design features. Keywords: urban expansion, simulation, building design feature.

A discussion of Brian Garstin's "The Liberalism of Refuge," published in the Journal of Democracy

Laprak Kimia, 2018

The value of artificial intelligence and machine learning applications for use in heritage research is increasingly appreciated. In specific areas, notably remote sensing, datasets have increased in extent and resolution to the point that manual interpretation is problematic and the availability of skilled interpreters to undertake such work is limited. Interpretation of the geophysical datasets associated with prehistoric submerged landscapes is particularly challenging. Following the Last Glacial Maximum, sea levels rose by 120 m globally, and vast, habitable landscapes were lost to the sea. These landscapes were inaccessible until extensive remote sensing datasets were provided by the offshore energy sector. In this paper, we provide the results of a research programme centred on AI applications using data from the southern North Sea. Here, an area of c. 188,000 km 2 of habitable terrestrial land was inundated between c. 20,000 BP and 7000 BP, along with the cultural heritage it contained. As part of this project, machine learning tools were applied to detect and interpret features with potential archaeological significance from shallow seismic data. The output provides a proof-of-concept model demonstrating verifiable results and the potential for a further, more complex, leveraging of AI interpretation for the study of submarine palaeolandscapes.