Administrative History

it translated into Italian and into Croatian. I was not then attracted to the idea. In the first place I believed that other historical writings in the two languages had already satisfied, with works o f greater weight, the demands o f readers who were interested in Istran historical topics. But the many positive responses and the acknowledgment o f objectivity in the approach adopted -not so always found in scholars who had dealt with this subject in the past -persuadeded me that I should accept with pleasure the challenge o f translating the book first into Italian and then into Croatian. Both o f these translations have given me great enjoyment, but I am particularly honoured that this present English edition has been accepted into the series Archive o f the Littoral o f the Adriatic (Archivio del Littorale Adriático, or ALA). This third edition, which has undergone some revisions, will make it possible fo r the global public to become more easily acquainted with the interesting history, tradition and culture o f the multi-layered Istran peninsula.

Küresel piyasa ilişkilerinin iktisadi ve toplumsal örgütlenmeye egemen olmasının istendiği bir düzende amaç, ulusal siyasetten/yönetimden bağımsız bir devlettoprak ilişkisi yaratmaktır. İl yönetimi/mülki idare sisteminde değişim, şimdiye kadar valiliklerin emrinde "yetki genişliği" esasına göre, merkez adına yönetilen işlerin, bundan böyle "özerklik" esasına göre çalışan ve merkezi yönetim adına değil, doğrudan kendi tüzel kişiliği adına hareket eden yerel/bölgesel yönetimlerce yürütülmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Güncel kamu reformları, merkezi yönetimin taşra örgütlenmesi (il ve ilçe yönetimi) için kolluk işlevleriyle sınırlı bir yapı öngörmektedir. Bu yazı, il genel yönetimi sisteminin 1980'den sonra geçirdiği dönüşümü konu almaktadır.

By the end of the 19th century, the Prussian censuses registered regularly the nationality of the population according to a standard criterion: the mother tongue. The background to this institutionalization could be mapped out in terms of the early creation of the statistical office, the reform of the bureaucracy, and the political challenge following the annexation of the western part of the former Polish state. However, this paper gives a different account of that goes beyond a state‐level history of a statistical institution. At the beginning of the 19th century, nationality was already registered in some localities. The purpose was to measure the use of German in schools and churches and hence the effectiveness of the Germanization of the Poles. Although the statistical office was in existence, it had little influence on these local practices, and their heterogeneity prevailed for decades. This situation was modified by the centralization of the census in the 1860s in the hands of the statistical office, and the emergence of a demographic approach. This change occurred in the context of discussions with local authorities regarding their use of language statistics. The census has to be seen therefore as an integration on multiple levels of statistical practices.

In the "Rise of a Capital: Al-Fusṭāṭ and Its Hinterland, 18/639-132/750", Jelle Bruning maps al-Fusṭāṭ’s development from a garrison town founded by Muslim conquerors near modern Cairo (Egypt) in c. 640 C.E. into a bustling provincial capital a century later. Synthesising contemporary papyri, archaeology and narrative sources, this book argues that al-Fusṭāṭ’s position in Egypt changed with the different policies of the Rightly-Guided and Umayyad caliphs and their provincial representatives. Because these policies affected the town’s centrality in the administration as well as in commercial and legal networks throughout Egypt, from Alexandria in the north to Aswan in the south, "The Rise of a Capital" offers valuable new insights into Egypt’s society during the first century of Muslim rule.

15 Knowles, David: Th e monastic order in England. A history of its development from the times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran council 940-1214 (dále jen Th e monastic order in England). Cambridge 1966, s. 134-136, 687. Přitom práce R. Nevilla Hadcocka, věnovaná středověkých klášterům Anglie a Walesu, ukázala celly a prepozitury jako významnou součást monastické mapy středověké Anglie. Srov. Hadcock, R. Neville: Medieval religious religious houses: England and Wales. London 1971, s. 52-82, 137-180. 16 Knowles, David: Th e religious orders in England. Volume II. Cambridge 1961, s. 164; Burton, Janet: Monastic and religious orders in Britain 1000-1300. Cambridge 1994, s. 30. 17 Jako proboštství Knowles označil klášter s nejméně čtyřmi řeholníky, jako cellu (priory cell) dům tvořený méně než čtyřmi mnichy. Srov. Knowles, David -Brooke, Christopher N. L. -London, Vera C. M.: Th e heads of religious houses: England and Wales 940-1216. London -New York 1972, s. 1. 18 Knowles, D.: Th e monastic order in England, s. 134-135. Ostatně ještě před Davidem Knowlesem se pokusil klášterní fundace kategorizovat Chester William New, a to na konventní domy, malé celly zcela závislé na mateřském klášteře a správní jednotky, tzv. bailiwick. Viz New, Chester William: Th e history of the alien priories in England to the confi scation of the Henry V.

A strand of recent German historiography on the kingdom of Westphalia emphasizes the discrepancy between Napoleon’s reformist ambitions and the actual results of his rule. This school of thought argues that Napoleon’s continued fiscal and military exploitation of the territory discredited the newly-created state, provoking a widespread rejection of the regime and its administration. Moreover, the argument goes, only a small section of the population was ever prepared to cooperate with the French.
In fact, public opinion varied widely within the kingdom and across different social levels in its views of the new state. The relatively poor experience of French rule in Hesse-Cassel with its capital, on which historians have focused much of their attention, should not be generalized for the kingdom as a whole. Involvement of the wider population in administrative processes by public monitoring of the administrators proved far more effective than it is often acknowledged.
Based on many years of research in German, French and Russian archives, this chapter attempts to give a more nuanced view of this kingdom organized as it was at a decisive moment in the construction of the modern bureaucratic state.

William Gurnee Sinnigen was a Classicist and Roman historian, active in the mid-to-late 20 th century. Trained at the University of Michigan by noted Roman administrative historian Arthur E. R. Boak, Sinnigen continued his mentor's work in administrative history, producing several articles on different aspects of Roman and Byzantine administrative topics. Sinnigen was also responsible for the revision and update of Boak's acclaimed textbook on Roman history, as well as Charles Alexander Robinson's textbook on Ancient history. This article will provide a brief biography of Professor Sinnigen, along with a bibliography of his published works and reviews by other scholars of his work.

Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology Vol. 3, No. 1 (2016) pp. 47-51.

sono state realizzate da Foto Alcide. Ogni ulteriore riproduzione è vietata. «I sAvJ deL PALAzzo sAntInI» INDICE 7 Matteo Garzella, Centocinquant'anni di governo rappresentativo della città 10 Nota introduttiva 11 Gian Luca Fruci, Prima e dopo la «città bianca» I. StorIa deI ComunI e StorIa d'ItalIa 27 Piero Aimo, Il Consiglio comunale: breve profilo storico di un'istituzione rappresentativa 39 Luca Baldissara, Storia d'Italia e questione municipale II. una rappreSentanza munICIpale lunga CentoCInquant'annI 57 Marco Paoli, «I Savj del Palazzo Santini». Storia di un fortunato sintagma politico 63 Pietro Finelli, Elezioni e Consiglio comunale nella Lucca liberale (1865-1923) 91 Marco Manfredi, Consiglieri, partiti ed elettori nella Lucca repubblicana (1946-2012) 125 Cristina Marinari, La sala del Consiglio comunale fra continuità e trasformazioni III. per una StorIa polItICo-ammInIStratIva dI luCCa 149 Matteo Garzella, «A voi che cominciate oggi la vostra attività». Le sedute di insediamento del Consiglio comunale (1865-2012) 231 Marco Manfredi, Da una fine secolo all'altra. Le discontinuità politico-amministrative della «città bianca» in una storia lineare appendICI 296 Nota sulle fonti Lucca liberale (1865-1923), a cura di G.L. Fruci e M. Chiarlo con la collaborazione di P. Finelli e A. Mariani 298 Le elezioni parziali e generali 300 Sindaci, facenti funzione e commissari 303 I consiglieri comunali Lucca repubblicana (1946-2012), a cura di M. Garzella e M. Chiarlo con la collaborazione di A. Mariani e C. simonetti 316 Elezioni, elettori e votanti 326 Sindaci, commissari e presidenti del Consiglio comunale 331 I consiglieri comunali 342 Curatori e autori 344 Indice dei nomi MAtteo GARzeLLA Presidente del Consiglio comunale

The field of public policy involves two fields of study: "producing knowledge for public policy" and "producing knowledge of public policy". This distinction, which leads to defining public policy on the dualities of politics-knowledge, value-decision, participation-interference, goal-means, depends on the separate consideration of the state's regulatory functions and politics/political structure. While giving the causality of the genesis of the field, the approaches based on this distinction have endeavored to find a historical moment that explains their theoretical positions rather than discovering historical and theoretical roots. The denial of this distinction and the reception of public policy as the product of social relations occurred in a particular conjuncture that would have changed the determinations about the causality of the genesis. The field of public policy is an answer to be given to the political and administrative problems of the US during the period of the Second World War. The reflection of this problem oil the government as the strengthening of execution has realized the definition of public policy as political planning.

LACKO, Miroslav. Mária Terézia, Karol Ferdinand Königsegg von Erps a reformy štátnej banskej správy v habsburskej monarchii [Maria Theresia, Karl Ferdinand Königsegg von Erps und die Reformen der staatlichen Montanverwaltung in der Habsburgermonarchie]. In VAŘEKA, Marek - ZÁŘICKÝ, Aleš (edd.). Císařovna Marie Terezie a střední Evropa. 300 let od narození reformátorky. Hodonín : Město Hodonín; Masarykovo muzeum v Hodoníně; Filozofická fakulta Ostravské univerzity; Pedagogická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity; Real Academia Sancti Ambrosii Martyris, 2019, pp. 135-173. ISBN 978-80-87375-12-9

My dissertation discusses the activity of a Middle Assyrian government agency tasked with supplying the daily Gināu offering in the Assyrian capital. In particular it focuses on the various methods of risk management this agency used to handle sudden supply shocks.

The decade preceding the Greek Revolution of 1821 was one of transition on Crete. The Empire-wide political changes initiated during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II acted as a catalyst for the redistribution of local power on the island and led to a series of developments in the field of politics and the economy which influenced every strata of Cretan society. The inhabitants and institutions of the island reacted to these changes in various ways. Some fought for the old order and others claimed a more privileged position in what they perceived as a new regime. In light of the new information provided by a recently discovered Ottoman source, the KK.d.827 register, the main objective of this book is to sketch out these dynamics and to establish a historical analysis that places them in their imperial and local context. At the same time, the book constitutes an attempt to help historians exploit the potential offered by Ottoman sources for the study of the Empire’s provinces that would later form the Greek state.
The book consists of two parts; the first part is a study of the history of western Crete before the eruption of the Revolution of 1821 and the second is the Greek translation of the KK.d.827 register, which records the decisions made during the years 1817-1819 by the governor (sancakbeği) of the administrative divisions (sancaks) of Hanya (mod. Chania) and Resmo (mod. Rethymno). Both the scarcity of Ottoman registers regarding western Crete, and the fact that it constitutes, to the best of our knowledge, the only extant official record produced by a paşa’s council in Crete, render the KK.d.827 register a source of profound importance for the island’s history. Its entries form a long uninterrupted sequence of administrative decisions that cover a multitude of issues, such as taxation, censuses of the personnel of local fortresses, management of cereal provisions, enforcement of penal sentences and imperial orders, maintenance of public order, resolving of inter-communal conflicts, construction and maintenance of water supply networks, governmental buildings, and fortifications, imposition of commercial bans, handling of diplomatic issues concerning foreign merchants, etc. Moreover, it refers to not only one, but to both of the sancaks of western Crete and it covers a period that stops just one and a half year before the outbreak of the Greek Revolution on the island, providing valuable information on the events that led to it.
The register was discovered at the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul (Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi) in 2009 and a digital copy of the source was acquired two years later by the Rethymno branch of the General State Archives of Greece (Γενικά Αρχεία του Κράτους), under the auspices of which the present study is being published. The main purpose of the translations provided in the second part of the book is to make the register’s content accessible to all researchers, and especially for those not trained in reading Ottoman paleography. The first part of the book, on the other hand, constitutes a comprehensive analysis of the Ottoman administrative institutions, economy, and society in the prerevolutionary western Crete based on the information provided by the register KK.d.827 and various unpublished sources from the Ottoman and French archives in Istanbul, Herakleion, Paris, and Nantes.
The first part of the book comprises an introduction, three main chapters, and an epilogue. The introduction aims to put the historical information provided by the study into context. Through an analysis of the impact of various decentralization processes in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries on the island’s administration, it sketches out the developments that led the government of Istanbul to a direct confrontation with Crete’s local elites in the decade preceding the Revolution. After the 1720s, the introduction of malikâne tax-farms on Crete and the subsequent localization of the island’s imperial janissaries (dergâh-ı âli yeniçerileri) greatly contributed to the creation of financial and political loci of power that effectively limited the authority of the centrally appointed Ottoman officials. Four years after his ascension to the throne, Mahmud II, deeply inspired by the idea of a centralizing, authoritarian Ottoman polity that left little space for centrifugal powers to evolve, decided to deal with the issue through the appointment of a series of disciplinarian governors with direct orders to violently interfere into local politics. As a result, the period from 1812 to 1821 was characterized by successive military revolts and center-periphery struggles over the island’s political and financial life. These developments shook the foundations of the early modern Cretan economy and administration and had a great impact on the life of both Muslims and Christians, forming the bedrock of conditions and events that led to the outbreak of the 1821 Revolution.
Following the introduction, the book’s first chapter deals with the different layers of institutions found in prerevolutionary western Crete. It describes the role of the paşas and their councils, the island’s judicial system, and the organization of the local and imperial military corps stationed in the capital cities and the fortresses of the province’s western sancaks. It then continues with an analysis of the liaisons between Crete’s tax-farming and administrative systems. The chapter focuses on the complex mechanisms that connected the financing of local state offices with the island’s revenues, and stresses the impact of the blurring of boundaries between private initiative and officialdom on Crete’s administration. It subsequently attempts to detect the role of various collective forms of representation in such a system. Underlining the predominantly economic functions of these entities in the framework of the Ottoman tax-farming apparatus, it proceeds with the identification of various types of communal institutions that existed in the cities and countryside of Crete and traces down their interaction with the administration, assessing the different roles of local Christians and Muslims in them.
The second chapter consists of an analysis of the impact of Ottoman state policies, both at a central and local level, in the economy of western Crete. Taxes in Crete were divided into two main categories, those collected by the local governors (tekâlif) and those imposed on local tax payers by the central state through the island’s treasury (deftedarlık). The former were collected irregularly several times a year to meet the needs of the local administration at a sancak level. Those centrally imposed, on the other hand, formed regular taxes, collected yearly in both cash and wheat, and allocated between the Empire’s central fisc and the state’s permanent local ʻcivilian’ and military personnel.
The chapter argues that, despite the great amount of taxes paid by the locals to the Ottoman authorities western Crete’s economy ran deficits right before the 1821 Revolution and was incapable of supporting the administration without the financial contribution of the island’s more affluent eastern part. This was mainly the outcome of the province’s swollen military organization resulting from its frontier-land (serhad) status and of a gradual shift of the area’s production from cereals to olive oil. Moreover, the local economy’s condition was exacerbated in the second half of the eighteenth century by the increasing conversion of the local population to Islam and its enrollment to the army, which notably reduced the number of local tax payers. Yet, all of the above did not mean that there were no other reasons behind western Crete’s financial problems, or that its economy did not have its strong points. To elaborate on these strengths and weaknesses, the chapter continues with an analysis of grain provisions and the area’s thriving olive-oil and soap industry, discussing at the same time the ways in which local corruption and the centralizing Mahmudian financial policies affected the economy.
Finally, the third chapter deals with the issue of violence in Cretan society. The theme of Muslim atrocities against the Christian populations before the Revolution of 1821 has been repeatedly used in Greek nationalist historiography as a means of historical legitimization of a series of Christian purges against the local Muslims that took place in the course the nineteenth century and of the latter’s final expulsion from the island in 1924. Consequently, prerevolutionary violence has not been studied in its complexity as a sociopolitical phenomenon related to both religious groups or as a manifestation of a common local culture. Chapter 3 maintains that violence in prerevolutionary Crete was not just a religious, but also a cultural, social, and political phenomenon that affected both Christians and Muslims. It was strongly influenced by local traditions that perceived crimes of honor and blood feuds as acts of bravery, while its intensity and scope changed according to the political circumstances. The chapter focuses on the cases of the Christian communities of Sphakia and of the island’s janissaries, and maintains that Istanbul’s aggressive centralization scheme played an important role in redirecting local Christian and Muslim violence towards collective political initiatives that were destined to change Crete’s history.

Delivered at the Tudor & Stuart History Seminar at the Institute of Historical Research, London, on 13 December 2021.

English sheriffs had kept courts since the Anglo-Saxon period. Not only did the Tudor sheriff assist the justices of the peace and justices of assize with their judicial work in each county, but he was himself keeper of two ancient courts, disposing of small-scale civil litigation in the county court and hearing presentments for public trespasses and felonies in the sheriff’s tourn. Sheriffs of counties corporate administered borough courts for personal actions. This paper will analyse the business and procedure of these courts, aiming to measure their popularity as venues for litigation.

الملخص
لما قضت الدولة العثمانية على الدولة المملوكية عام 1517م، عملت على تأسيس إدارتها في الجزيرة العربية؛ للسيطرة على الأوضاع في البحر الأحمر وخليج البصرة. ونظراً لوجود الأماكن المقدسة الهامة للعالم الإسلامي في الجزيرة العربية فقد أضفى ذلك أهمية أخرى على الموضوع. ولذلك فقد أخذت الدولة العثمانية إمارة مكة المكرمة في حمايتها أولاً، ولم تغير من النظام الإداري الموجود من العهد السابق بها. ولقد تمت إدارة الحجاز من العثمانيين من مفهوم الحماية والخدمة. ولقد أسس العثمانيون إمارة (بكلربكية) في اليمن عام 1539م وفي الأحساء عام 1555م. ومع أن منطقة الأحساء تعرفت على الدولة العثمانية عام 1550م، إلا أن تنظيمها كان ضمن إمارة البصرة (بكلربكية) البصرة. وهذه الإمارات أديرت بالساليانه. ومقاومة بعض القوى المحلية للحكم العثماني ولاسيما في اليمن، أشغلت الإدارة العثمانية. وقد بقيت الإدارة العثمانية في الحجاز واليمن والأحساء في القرن العاشر الهجري.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الحجاز، اليمن، الأحساء، الجزيرة العربية، العثماني.


"The Ottoman Rule in the Arabian Peninsula in the 16th Century/Hijri 10. in Context Administrative Divisions and Appointments"
Abstract
Ottoman Empire to end the Mamluk Empire of the Red Sea in 1517 and tried to establish the administration in the Arabian Peninsula to take control of the Persian Gulf. Present in the Hijaz region of important holy places for the Islamic world, here interest had increased further. In this connettion the emirate of Makkah has taken the Makkah before this occasion the auspices of the Ottoman Empire, but the previous administrative practice did not change too much. Hjaz was with mentality directed service agent and protectionist at the Ottoman control. Ottomans founded two province in the Arabian Peninsula, in Yemen in 1539 and in Lahsa in 1555 . If Lahsa the region met in 1550 in the Ottoman domination was initially organized in Basra Province. This provinces have managed to with salyâne status. The Ottoman Empire has occupied the disobedience of the local powers in Yemen. Ottoman rules has been persistent in Hijaz, Yemen and Lahsa in the 16th century.

Keywords: Hijaz, Yemen, Lahsa, Arabian Peninsula, Ottoman

The Communization of the Romanian society in the late 40’s and early 50’s has not meant only political, economic and social changes, but also a new administrative system, including a different territorial-administrative framework. By the establishment of a three-tier system of local government – regions, districts (raioane) and communes – the communist government made a very clear distinction compared to the previous policy and demonstrated once again the dependence and loyalty to the Soviet Union. The new administrative division of the country facilitated an easier implementation of the five-year plan of Soviet economic model, and a more intensive control of rural areas. The study explores the evolution of the territorial-administrative map of Romania in the first decades of communist rule until the mid-60’s, especially how and why, the region and district divisions replaced the old judeţe.

Eberhard Crailsheim, "Aufbau und Verwaltung der iberischen Kolonialreiche," in Andreas Obenaus (ed.), Europas maritime Expansion Ideen und Innovationen, Entdeckungen und Eroberungen vom 9. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert (Vienna, Mandelbaum 2021), pp. 209-228.

Paru comme deuxième partie de l’article écrit en collaboration avec Christian Guilleré : Guido Castelnuovo, Christian Guilleré, « Les finances et l'administration de l'État savoyard au XIIIe siècle », dans Pierre II de Savoie, « le petit Charlemagne », éd. B. Andenmatten, A. Paravicini-Bagliani, E. Pibiri, Lausanne, 2000 (Cahiers Lausannois d'Histoire Médiévale, 27), ici, p. 55-106 (les pages dues à Christian Guilleré ne sont pas reproduites)

Dengan Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Purworejo Nomor 1 2019, Pemda Purworejo dalam bentuk DPRD dan bupati petahana Haji Agus Bastian MM, telah mengakui kenyataan asal-usul sang ibukota Bagelen dan jasa leluhur - artinya bahwa HUT kabupaten sekarang adalah 27 Februari 1831 (tanggal peresmian nama Purworejo sebagai nama dari pusat Keresidenan Bagelen baru dan bukan lagi 5 Oktober 901 tanggal dari  Prasasti Kayu Ara Hiwang (Mataram Pertama, Prasasti Sima) yang diakui selama 25 tahun (1994-2019) sebagai tanggal lahir Purworejo. PowerPoint 'Buku Kedung Kebo Cokronegoro I dan Masa Depan Purworejo' yang dipresentasikan secara virtual pada 24 Februari 2021 memberi tahu mengenai asal usul kabupaten, jasa dari trah bupati Cokronegaran dan proses sejarah yang membuat sebuah kota mungil (12.000 penduduk pada 1914) dan terperencil menjadi pusat pendidikan, dan gembong misionaris Kristen-Jawa dengan tokoh seperti Kiai Sadrach (Radin Abas, 1835-1924; bertugas di Purworejo, 1869-1924). Purworejo juga tempat tangsi militer infanteri yang besar pada era kolonial Hindia Belanda (1818-1942), yang menanam sebuah tradisi militer yang menghasilkan perwira sekaliber Oerip Soemohardjo (1893-1948) dan Jenderal Ahmad Yani (1922-1965). Pada akhirnya, hoofdplaats Bagelen itu  bisa sampai menyaingi kota besar seperti Yogyakarta dan Bandung [Revisi 27 Februari 2021].

Siyaset ya da politika, toplumu yönetmekle ilgili görüş ve anlayış biçiminde tanımlanabilir. Aristo, siyasetin temel tanımını "devlet işleri" olarak belirlemişti. Siyaset; iktidar mücadelesi, yöneten-yönetilen arasındaki ilişkilerin düzenlenmesi ve iktidarın elde tutulması davranışlarına yön vermektedir. Siyaset kavramı, iktidarın kaynağını-kullanımını ve yönetimin ilkelerini ortaya koyarken, kamu yönetimi bu ilkelerin ve siyasal iktidarın maddi zeminini oluşturmaktadır.

The Cairo Geniza preserved thousands of Arabic-script texts, among them documents from the Fatimid and Ayyubid government administration. This essay offers a brief overview of the state document corpus from the Geniza. It also surveys previous scholarship on the documents, attempting to push the material further in two ways: by reading it as evidence of Fatimid and Ayyubid strategies of rule, and by paying attention to its material clues and what they tell us about the production, storage, retrieval, and discard of state documents. The article concludes by suggesting areas for further research and offering an edition and translation of an official memorandum intended for palace officials.

The paper surveys the data for ‘gifts’ in the sphere of administration and officialdom in first millennium BCE Babylonia, in particularly in the
times of the Neo-Babylonian empire. Its ultimate objective is to investigate to which degree the phenomenon of gift-giving in the official sphere sheds light on the nature of Babylonia’s governmental system as a ‘patrimonial bureaucracy.’

A history of the Neo-Assyrian empire, seen mainly from the point of view of  the "everyday" documents from the state archives of the Assyrian capital cities,  analyzed by genre and function, with many textual quotes.


Reviews: Pierre VILLARD, Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 57/3 (2002), 675-677. doi:10.1017/S039526490003465X

This study, my professorial thesis, or Habilitationsschrift, focuses on administrative confusion and social disruptions in the Habsburg monarchy from the Thirty Years' War to Charles VI (r. 1711-40). I will demonstrate that these two aspects were the by-product of state formation in early modern composite monarchies. Whereas the advent of the 'fiscal-military state' (Brewer 1989) transformed our understanding of central bureaucracies over the past three decades, these days most studies of early modern state formation apply top-down perspectives.
By contrast, my study approaches the Habsburg monarchy's re-emergence after 1648 based on two distinctively different premises: First, individual actions and structural developments entail differing consequences for central institutions and the geographically more remote areas; and, second, by analysing these developments from outside the courtly and urban settings, I am arguing that state integration in the centre was accompanied by increasing state disintegration and loss of cohesion on the lower administrative levels. As the central government tried to cope with war-induced stress, its actions started to tear apart the administrative and social fabric that held traditional society together. By emphasising the crucial role of local actors, regional interlinkages, and the disintegrating consequences that warfare had on state formation, my book offers a counter-narrative to traditional interpretations in the fields of History, IR, and Historical Sociology.

The book reconstructs in detail the development of the Croatian and Slavonian Military Border in the 16th century. Special emphasis is put on the 1570s when Habsburgs and Inner-Austrian Estates profoundly reformed their military administration and financing of military affairs which significantly impacted everyday functioning of the  defensive belt on the Croatian, Slavonian and Hungarian territory in terms of overall organisation, line of command, strategy and tactics, distribution of troops, repair and maintenance of fortresses, logistics and intelligence. The defensive system that took shape in the 1570s lasted, with some revisions, until the Great Turkish War in the 1680s.

The National Archives in London holds many rolls produced by or for the Exchequer in the thirteenth century which have received little attention. These rolls were used in the process of compiling the pipe rolls, the great annual summaries of debts owing and paid.
By the mid-thirteenth century, there was a complex system of interlocking records to track the flow of cash from the agencies of government throughout the country. These preliminary records survive in sufficient quantity to provide a better understanding of how the Exchequer worked.
Each type of record is different, in format and level of detail, but they can all be related to the summarized details entered in the pipe rolls. In many cases, the locally-produced rolls have been marked up and amended, to show the process of checking and calculation at the Exchequer. This paper gives examples of: manorial records, produced by escheators and by administrators of vacant dioceses; sheriffs’ particulars, showing the revenues which made up the county farm, and the expenditure by the sheriff on behalf of central government; estreat rolls, conveying details of amercements recorded in plea rolls; and records of the exchanges, such as the rolls of silver purchases, showing how silver was acquired for minting.
The Exchequer also tried to slim down the pipe rolls, by removing detail into separate rolls, the rotulus pullorum and the rotulus de corporibus. These too can help us to understand the procedures of the Exchequer as it tried to establish a reasonably efficient and honest system of collecting and checking the government’s revenues.
This paper began as a talk at a Heidelberg university conference, the proceedings of which have now been published as an open access book.

6. L'AAI ncl Minisl(ro dall'lnlerno c lc prospetlivc tlcll'a:;sistenza sociale nella riforma regionale di Giovanna Tosatti* l. L'AAI nel Ministero dell'Interno Nel 1962, come è noto, con la legge del 12 agosto, n. 1340 I'AAI, fino a quel momento dipendente dalla Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, veniva inserita stabilmente nella struttura del Ministero dell'Interno; in questa occasione le direttive della Presidenza dell'AAI venivano comunicate agli uffici provinciali e ai servizi della Sede centrale attraverso una lettera nella quale per I'ultima volta Lodovico Montini poteva usare un tono quasi confidenziale.