Air traffic control

Airport infrastructures play an important role in the heart of the regions in which they are located, as well as in certain sectors of activity, such as tourism. In recent years, their positioning has been altered from a passive attitude to an active attitude due to new market demands and new trends which have arisen in associated sectors, such as the air transport sector. The 1997 deregulation of air transport in Europe led to major changes on the way people travel, with the inception of low cost and an increase in destinations in European air services. One of the most interesting results of deregulation, was caused by the fact that the low cost airlines appeared on the market with a business model distinct from the traditional scheduled and charter airlines, allowing for the opening up of new airports and new tourist destinations. Those airlines are also responsible for some of the main changes in the airports operations and market positioning. The increase in routes and frequencies offered by these airlines enabled the emergence of new tourist destinations in Europe that spread, later on, to other places all over the world. The ease of purchasing an airline ticket online, and the availability of attractive routes at affordable prices has allowed the development of new market segments, such as second home tourism. One of the main impacts of low cost operations has been the changing of airport's structures, mainly to the ones that traditionally received charter flights. Faro airport is an excellent example of this. During the last decades Faro's main operations depended on charter flights, operating on a seasonal basis and few frequencies a week. In 1996 charter passengers represented about 85,3% of Faro airport's users but in 2010 this came down to represent less than 20%. In contrast, low cost passengers represented in 1996 about 1,2% of Faro airport's users and almost 70% in 2010.

We consider the problems of conflict detection and resolution in air traffic management (ATM) from the perspective of computational geometry and give algo-rithms for solving these problems efficiently. For con-flict resolution, we propose a simple method that can route ...

Formations of multi-agent systems, such as satellites and aircraft, require that individual agents satisfy their kinematic equations while constantly maintaining inter-agent constraints. In this paper, we develop a systematic framework for studying formations of multiagent systems. In particular, we consider undirected formations for centralized formations and directed formations for decentralized formations. In each case, we determine differential geometric conditions that guarantee formation feasibility given the individual agent kinematics. Our framework also enables us to extract a smaller control system that describes the formation kinematics while maintaining all formation constraints.

Requirements Engineering has become inescapable for industrial projects. But in every day life, project actors (acquirers, systems engineers, software engineers, information system analysts, domain experts, etc…) are facing multiple constraints: to meet project or company goals (quality, delays, costs), to define and balance requirements from various stakeholders, to use dedicated tools, to create traceability… And one of the key remaining questions is still: how to implement Requirements Engineering in the most efficient way ?

Multitasking performance is relevant in everyday life and job analyses highlight the influence of multitasking over several diverse occupations. Intelligence is the best single predictor of overall job performance and it is also related to individual differences in multitasking. However, it has been shown that working memory capacity (WMC) is related to both intelligence and multitasking performance. Here we consider the simultaneous relationship among intelligence, WMC, and multitasking. The sample comprised three hundred and two applicants for air traffic control training courses. The main finding shows that intelligence and WMC are both related to multitasking, but only WMC predicts multitasking when their simultaneous relationship is considered. Furthermore, the processing and storage components of WMC predict multitasking performance. From an applied perspective it is suggested that WMC might be a relevant measure for personnel selection settings involving multitasking requirements.

The differential effects of four task selection methods on training efficiency and transfer in computer-based training for Air Traffic Control were investigated. A non-dynamic condition, in which the learning tasks were presented to the participants in a fixed, predetermined sequence, was compared to three dynamic conditions, in which learning tasks were selected on the basis of performance, mental effort, and a combination of both (i.e., mental efficiency). Using the 3-factor mental efficiency formula of Tuovinen and Paas (2004, this issue), the hypothesis that dynamic task selection leads to more efficient training than nondynamic task selection was confirmed. However, the hypothesis that dynamic task selection based on mental efficiency leads to more efficient training than dynamic task selection based on performance or mental effort alone was not supported. The results are discussed in light of the theoretical framework and suggestions are given for future research.

In tasks requiring sustained attention, human alertness varies on a minute time scale. This can have serious consequences in occupations ranging from air tra c control to monitoring of nuclear power plants. Changes in the electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum accompany these uctuations in the level of alertness, as assessed by measuring simultaneous changes in EEG and performance on an auditory monitoring task. By combining power spectrum estimation, principal component analysis and arti cial neural networks, we show that continuous, accurate, noninvasive, and near real-time estimation of an operator's global level of alertness is feasible using EEG measures recorded from as few as two central scalp sites. This demonstration could lead to a practical system for noninvasive monitoring of the cognitive state of human operators in attention-critical settings.

The increasing span of control of Air Traffic Control enterprise automation (e.g. Flight Schedule Monitor, Departure Flow Management), along with lean-processes and pay-for-performance business models, has placed increased emphasis on operator training time and error rates. There are two traditional approaches to the design of human-computer interaction (HCI) to minimize training time and reduce error rates: (1) experimental user testing provides the most accurate assessment of training time and error rates, but occurs too late in the development cycle and is cost prohibitive, (2) manual review methods (e.g. cognitive walkthrough) can be used earlier in the development cycle, but suffer from poor accuracy and poor inter-rater reliability. Recent development of ''affordable" human performance models provide the basis for the automation of task analysis and HCI design to obtain low cost, accurate, estimates of training time and error rates early in the development cycle. This paper describes a usability/HCI analysis tool that this intended for use by design engineers in the course of their software engineering duties. The tool computes estimates of trials-to-mastery (i.e. time to competence for training) and the probability of failure-tocomplete for each task. The HCI required to complete a task on the automation under development is entered into the web-based tool via a form. Assessments of the salience of visual cues to prompt operator actions for the proposed design are used to compute training time and error rates. The web-based tool enables designers in multiple locations to review and contribute to the design. An example analysis is provided along with a discussion of the limitations of the tool and directions for future research.

Large numbers of bats are killed by collisions with wind turbines, and there is at present no direct method of reducing or preventing this mortality. We therefore determine whether the electromagnetic radiation associated with radar installations can elicit an aversive behavioural response in foraging bats. Four civil air traffic control (ATC) radar stations, three military ATC radars and three weather radars were selected, each surrounded by heterogeneous habitat. Three sampling points matched for habitat type and structure, dominant vegetation species, altitude and surrounding land class were located at increasing distances from each station. A portable electromagnetic field meter measured the field strength of the radar at three distances from the source: in close proximity (<200 m) with a high electromagnetic field (EMF) strength >2 volts/metre, an intermediate point within line of sight of the radar (200-400 m) and with an EMF strength <2 v/m, and a control site out of...

In the present article the author demonstrates the basic elements related to remote towers, such as the remote control, its developement, types and logic. The concept and content of remote sensing is being determined and also its relation to the core topic will be demonstrated. The possible services of the remote tower and the area of responsibility will be identified. In the last chapter a review of atypical air traffic control tower solutions is presented also mentioning the remote, virtual air traffic control.

A szerző a publikációban bemutatja a távoli repülőtéri toronyirányításhoz kötődő alapfogalmakat úgy, mint a távirányítást, ennek fejlődését, fajtáit és logikáját. Meghatározásra kerül a távérzékelés fogalma és tartalma, illetve kapcsolódása a fő témához. Megtörténik a lehetséges távoli repülőtéri irányító torony szolgáltatások és felelősségi terület beazonosítása. Utolsó fejezetként az atipikus repülőtéri irányítótorony megoldások ismertetése történik, benne a távoli, virtuális repülőtéri irányítótoronnyal. Kulcsszavak: távirányítás, távoli érzékelés, repülőtéri irányítótorony, távoli repülő-téri irányítótorony, irányító, irányított

Fog is a significant factor affecting the Air Traffic Control (ATC). Significant limitations of the airport capacity are due to fog that causes the reduction of the visibility (Runway Visual Range, RVR). Today METAR (Meteorological Aviation Report

An algorithm for detecting and analyzing potential enroute conflicts has been designed and implemented within the Center-TRACON Automation System (CTAS). The design uses the 4D trajectories provided by CTAS to produce a set of probable future conflicts, and assists the enroute sector controller in efficiently resolving these conflicts. Conflicts are detected via comparisons of trajectories at closely spaced time instants, with measures taken to limit the computations required to complete the search. Performance tests indicate more than 800 aircraft can be processed by the conflict detection and analysis algorithm within a search cycle of 10 seconds. This suggests that the search algorithm easily meets the performance requirements for an automated conflict detection and resolution tool in the current air traffic system. The algorithm includes a trial resolution functionality which automatically detects conflicts o f proposed resolutions, and gives near instantaneous feedback to controller input. Field evaluation of the Conflict Probe will be conducted at the Denver and Fort Worth Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) beginning in September, 1997.

Almost every night, lasers pointed at an aircraft/ATC tower can lead to hazards.
Especially, during critical phases of flight such as approach, landing and takeoff.
Laser beam can cause distraction, or glare or temporary flash blindness, causing
Loss of Control In-flight (LOC-I) or going around. The major incidents categories
for the MID Region based on reports received directly from airlines was laser
attacks As mentioned in MID Region Annual Safety Report 2014. And because
laser incidents arise every year all over the world, we established an updated
data base including a case study and trends in the period 2013-2015 at
Cairo/Sharm El Sheikh/Luxor airports. Which identifies gaps, hazards, risk
assessment. And finally implement a plan which will allow us to mitigate and
control risks to reach acceptable level of safety.


*The objectives of the Laser Attack Safety guideline case study are:
a. provide effective coordination between all stakeholders by establishing Local
Laser Working Group (LLWG);
b. managing and controlling risk by identifying hazards and assesse risk with Root
cause and gap analysis;
c. establishing data base to provide trends for targeted airports;
d. finally, to provide Mitigation Measures and Safety recommendations to achieve
Safe operations at airports, rolling out the plan progressively to airports across
country;
RGS WG/4-WP13
-3-
e. provide guidance material for CAA to establish training campaign for pilots,
awareness campaign for ATCO and Public awareness campaign; and
f. could be used as an oversight audit tool by CAA.

"Formal methods aim to apply mathematically-based techniques to the development of computer-based systems, especially at the specification level, but also down to the implementation level. This aids early detection and avoidance of errors through increased understanding. It is also beneficial for more rigorous testing coverage. This talk presents the use of formal methods on a real project. The Z notation has been used to specify a large-scale high integrity system to aid in air traffic control. The system has been implemented directly from the Z specification using SPARK Ada, an annotated subset of the Ada programming language that includes assertions and tool support for proofs. The Z specification has been used to direct the testing of the software through additional test design documents using tables and fragments of Z. In addition, Mathematica has been used as a test oracle for algorithmic aspects of the system. In summary, formal methods can be used successfully in all phases of the lifecycle for a large software project with suitably trained engineers, despite limited tool support.
"

On Friday 15 March 2013, Clean Sky organized two workshops on Clean Sky 2. The morning session was dedicated to Academia and the afternoon session to Clusters. The purpose of these workshops was to discuss the present experience in Clean Sky and the expectations for the future Clean Sky 2. During each workshop, participants were invited to share their Clean SKy experience and to participate in an open discussion. The Greener Aircraft Trajectories under ATM Constraints (GATAC) framework is developed as part of the Systems for Green Operations (SGO) - Integrated Technology Demonstrators (ITD) of the Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative for Aeronautics and Air Transport programme based on the requirements set by the Advisory Council for Aviation Research and Innovation in Europe (ACARE). European Union websites: http://www.cleansky.eu/sites/default/files/documents/events/cs2-20130315/A4%20-Presentation%20for%20CS2%20Workshops%20-%20Academia%20%26%20Clusters%20(Dr%20R%20Sabatini%20-%2015%20March%202013).pdf http://www.cleansky.eu/content/event/workshops-clean-sky-2-dedicated-academia-and-clusters

Robust and early detection of oscillatory failures in the electrical flight control system of an aircraft is a crucial issue. Oscillatory failures, if not detected and passivated in time, can lead to strong interactions with loads and aeroelasticity and may potentially lead to structural damages. A nonlinear observer-based solution to detect such failures with small amplitude at a very early stage is presented. The stability and convergence proofs are given and experimental results with real A380 flight data are presented.

The current review addresses emerging issues that arise from the creation of safe, beneficial, and trusted artificial intelligence–air traffic controller (AI-ATCO) systems for air traffic management (ATM). These issues concern trust between the human user and automated or AI tools of interest, resilience, safety, and transparency. To tackle these issues, we advocate the development of practical AI-ATCO teaming frameworks by bringing together concepts and theories from neuroscience and explainable AI (XAI). By pooling together knowledge from both ATCO and AI perspectives, we seek to establish confidence in AI-enabled technologies for ATCOs. In this review, we present an overview of the extant studies that shed light on the research and development of trusted human-AI systems, and discuss the prospects of extending such works to building better trusted ATCO-AI systems. This paper contains three sections elucidating trust-related human performance, AI and explainable AI (XAI), and human-AI teaming. [COPYRIGHT CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, J. Y. ZHONG 2021, NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY]

CITATION: Zhong, J. Y., Goh, S. K., & Woo, C. J. (2021, Aug). Heading toward trusted ATCO-AI systems: A literature review (Technical Report No. ATMRI-P1-ATP3_AI-NEURO), engrXiv, 1-31. Air Traffic Management Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.31224/osf.io/t769b

The goal of this research was to describe the ability of human operators to interact with adaptive automation (AA) applied to various stages of complex systems information processing, defined in a model of human-automation interaction. Forty participants operated a simulation of an air traffic control task. Automated assistance was adaptively applied to information acquisition, information analysis, decision making, and action implementation aspects of the task based on operator workload states, which were measured using a secondary task. The differential effects of the forms of automation were determined and compared with a manual control condition. Results of two 20-min trials of AA or manual control revealed a significant effect of the type of automation on performance, particularly during manual control periods as part of the adaptive conditions. Humans appear to better adapt to AA applied to sensory and psychomotor information-processing functions (action implementation) than t...

Due to the inherent complexity of nowadays Air Traffic Management (ATM) system, standard methods looking at an event as a linear sequence of failures might become inappropriate. For this purpose, adopting a systemic perspective, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) originally developed by Hollnagel, helps in identifying nonlinear combinations of events and interrelationships. This paper aims to enhance the strength of FRAM-based accident analyses, discussing the Resilience Analysis Matrix (RAM), a user-friendly tool that supports the analyst during the analysis, in order to reduce the complexity of representation of FRAM. The RAM offers a two-dimensional representation which systematically highlights the connections among couplings, and thus even the highly connected group of couplings. As an illustrative case study, this paper develops a systemic accident analysis for the runway incursion happened in February 1991 at LAX airport, involving SkyWest Flight 5569 and USAir F...

This article describes the evaluation of 6 different computer-based training modules created to teach skills that underlie the development and maintenance of situation awareness, a competency shown to be critical in pilot decision-making performance. The modules targeted basic skills training for low-time pilots (checklist completion, air traffic control comprehension, psychomotor skills) as well as training on higher order cognitive skills (attention sharing, contingency planning) and intensive preflight planning. Overall, the training modules improved participants' performance on these targeted skills. Results also provided promising albeit limited support for the effect of the training modules in improving situation awareness.

The long-term growth of air traffic requires integrated audio and data services to improve the support of air traffic controllers in maintaining safety despite increased capacity. The use of an IP (Internet Protocol) based network for voice and data communication will ease this integration but on the other hand causes new challenges when facing the characteristics of packet based networks. The presented software architecture combines audio services with basic data services and offers interfaces to integrate them with other air traffic control systems. Air traffic control uses radio based air/ground communication. We use the session initiation protocol (SIP) for setting up audio sessions and the SIP specific event notification to control radios. We implemented a prototype to measure notification delays. Compared with air traffic control requirements the concept is proven in general, but implementation details have to be improved to reach the performance requirements for large systems.

The Contract of Objectives (CoO), which is based on Target Windows (TWs), constitutes a new concept of operations for Air Traffic Management. TWs are represented by 4-D windows to be respected during the flight execution. They are negotiated and formally agreed by all the different actors involved in the execution of a flight and are located at the transfer of responsibility areas between them. This paper focuses on the TW modelling process which is at the base of the operational assessment carried on in the framework of the CATS project to investigate the impact of this concept on Air Traffic Controllers and pilots' working methods. In particular in this paper we focus on the TW model which has been developed for the first Human In the Loop (HIL) experiment, a real time simulation carried on to assess the impact of the concept on air traffic controllers working methods. A different work by CATS project elaborates instead on the specific indicators measured during this experiment, regarding both system performances and human performances observed during the HIL.

Several distributed real-time applications (e.g., medical imaging, air traffic control, and video conferencing) demand hard guarantees on the message delivery latency and the recovery delay from component failures. As these demands cannot be met in traditional datagram services, special schemes have been proposed to provide timely recovery for real-time communications in multihop networks. These schemes reserve additional network resources (spare resources) a priori along a backup channel that is disjoint with the primary. Upon a failure in the primary channel, its backup is activated, making the real-time connection dependable. In this paper, we propose a new method of providing backups called segmented backups, in which backup paths are provided for partial segments of the primary path rather than for its entire length, as is done in the existing schemes. We show that our method offers: 1) improved network resource utilization; 2) higher average call acceptance rate; 3) better quality-of-service guarantees on propagation delays and failure-recovery times; and 4) increased flexibility to control the level of fault tolerance of each connection separately. We provide an algorithm for routing the segmented backups and prove its optimality with respect to spare resource reservation. We detail necessary extensions to resource reservation protocol (RSVP) to support our scheme and argue that they increase the implementation complexity of RSVP minimally. Our simulation studies on various network topologies demonstrate that spare resource aggregation methods such as backup multiplexing are more effective when applied to our scheme than to earlier schemes.

„Gdy już posmakowałeś lotu, zawsze będziesz chodzić po ziemi z oczami utkwionymi w niebo, bo tam właśnie byłeś i tam zawsze będziesz pragnął powrócić” - te słowa Leonarda da Vinci towarzyszą autorom niniejszej publikacji przez cały czas . Chcąc zachęcić Czytelnika do „posmakowania” tego niezwykłego podniebnego świata, postanowiliśmy oddać w jego ręce książkę na temat podstaw funkcjonowania lotnictwa cywilnego – prawa i procedur. Zdaniem autorów, istotnym walorem publikacji jest właśnie szczegółowy opis procedur lotniczych stanowiący doskonałe źródło wiedzy dla osób przygotowujących się do uzyskania lotniczych licencji i świadectw, jak również dla prawników czy pracowników przedsiębiorstw lotniczych.
W rozdziale 1 zaprezentowano genezę i krótki rys historyczny międzynarodowego prawa lotniczego. Uwzględniono jego podstawowe źródła oraz poszczególne reżimy i systemy prawne. Przedstawiono rozwój prawa lotniczego Unii Europejskiej, będącego w istocie jednym z najistotniejszych dla funkcjonowania polskiego transportu lotniczego. Opisano zarówno kompetencje unijnych organów, jak i jeden z efektów ich działalności, czyli rodzaje wydawanych aktów prawnych.
Rozdział 2 zawiera charakterystyki najważniejszych konwencji lotniczych, zaś rozdział 3 – międzynarodowych rządowych i pozarządowych organizacji lotniczych. Część 4 poświęcono polskiemu prawu lotniczemu: ustawie oraz stosownym rozporządzeniom. W kolejnych rozdziałach przedstawiono niezbędne w procesie przygotowania do lotu, podstawowe dokumenty lotnicze, takie jak m.in.: Zbiór Informacji Lotniczej, Biuletyn Informacji Lotniczych, plan lotu, mapy, wiele depeszy meteorologicznych czy książkę pilota. Służby ruchu lotniczego, ich podział, strukturę, a także związane z nimi procedury opisano w rozdziale 7. Rozdział 8 z kolei poświęcono dokumentom normującym tworzenie linii lotniczych i świadczenie usług przewozów lotniczych. Ostatnie rozdziały obejmują swym zakresem nieprawidłowości w ruchu lotniczym oraz podstawy funkcjonowania służb SAR. Całość wieńczy krótkie podsumowanie. Uzupełnieniem opracowania jest zestaw załączników bazujący na dokumentach Organizacji Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego (International Civil Aviation Organization - ICAO) stan ratyfikacji międzynarodowych konwencji lotniczych w wybranych państwach i organizacjach (stan na 31.10.2014 r.), wybrane konwencje lotnicze oraz tzw. marsz lotników będący hymnem polskiego lotnictwa.
Reasumując, publikacja zawiera przegląd najważniejszych międzynarodowych dokumentów prawa lotniczego i ich modyfikacji, krajowych aktów prawnych regulujących funkcjonowanie lotnictwa cywilnego oraz dokumentów operacyjnych międzynarodowych organizacji lotniczych. Uwzględnia ponadto kolejne nowelizacje ustawy Prawo lotnicze oraz jej tekst jednolity z 2014 r., co czyni ją najbardziej aktualną pozycją wydawniczą poświęconą tematyce prawno-lotniczej na rynku. Autorzy nie ukrywają, że ze względu na szczegółowe omówienie w literaturze naukowej problematyki świadczenia przez porty lotnicze usług, inwestycji w infrastrukturę czy uwarunkowań antymonopolowo-prawnych , powyższe kwestie zostały pominięte w niniejszym opracowaniu. Niektóre aspekty prawa lotniczego i wynikające z niego procedury zostały natomiast omówione skrótowo, by zachęcić czytelnika do samodzielnego studiowania materiałów źródłowych – ustaw, rozporządzeń i konwencji.

Air Traffic Management (ATM) of the future allows for the possibility of free flight, in which aircraft choose their own optimal routes, altitudes, and velocities. The safe resolution of trajectory conflicts between aircraft is necessary to the success of such a distributed control system. In this paper, we present a method to synthesize provably safe conflict resolution maneuvers. The method models the aircraft and the maneuver as a hybrid control system and calculates the maximal set of safe initial conditions for each aircraft so that separation is assured in the presence of uncertainties in the actions of the other aircraft. Examples of maneuvers using both speed and heading changes are worked out in detail.

With the proliferation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in low-altitude airspace and a growing interest in new Urban Air Mobility (UAM) solutions, the Air Traffic Controller (ATCo)'s responsibility to ensure safety and efficiency of operations can no longer be fulfilled with the conventional air traffic control paradigm. Hence, a new increasingly autonomous Decision Support System (DSS) specifically designed for integrated manned/UAS Traffic Management (UTM) is of paramount importance. This DSS makes use of advanced traffic flow and airspace management concepts, but to ensure effective teaming between the human and the system in challenging situations, the nature of their roles and responsibilities is to be analysed in depth and reflected in the design of suitable Human-Machine Interfaces and Interactions (HMI 2). The task analysis presented in this paper assessed the interdependencies between the human and the machine following the Observe-Orient-Decide-Act (OODA) framework. The paper focuses on the management of urban airspace, which is partitioned based on navigation performance. The human-machine workflow is presented and discussed, highlighting the proposed interactions in each subtask. To support closed-loop interactions and enhance system integrity, the UTM DSS makes use of the Cognitive HMI 2 concept, which is also briefly outlined in this paper.

Summary - Wind speed prediction from past observations has applications in many diverse fields such as Target tracking, Missile guidance, Satellite launch, Air traffic control, Weather forecasting, Ship navigation, Electrical power generation using wind energy. The wind speed is determined by many other atmospheric variables, such as pressure, moisture content, humidity, rainfall etc. Literature reports a number of models for

— In extremely inhabited countries like Asian country, every 3.7 minutes a death swoops in. a number one explanation for the world burden of public health and fatalities is road accidents. The loss of human life attributable to accident is to be avoided. Traffic jam and current are major facts that cause delay to car, as most of the countries follow planned sequence of traffic lights. Typically the accidents also are not detected in time that conjointly in several cases results in loss of life. The thought here is to produce an intelligent stoplight System, which might facilitate the car reach the destination in minimum doable time by providing an adequate route of passage. In conjunction with this a controller is to be work on vehicles, which might facilitate in totally automatic detection of the prevalence of accident and find the vehicle similarly.

Air controlled Traffic is a facility provided by controllers in ground who direct an aircraft in ground and in air. The main purpose of ATC is to avoid aircrafts from being collided and provide info to the pilot. In Brazil ATC is mainly used in defence purpose where as in United states of America ATC is used in both security and defence.

The aviation and aerospace industry has been one that has grown exponentially in terms of traffic and technology over the last six decades. With the onset of more aircraft, better flight instruments and systems, and intricate traffic networks in order to govern the flow of this traffic across the North American continent, the air traffic management of all aviation and aerospace vehicles has become relatively complex. While growing air traffic is a major situation, the only way to ensure that the National Airspace System (NAS) is still effective in its mission of maintaining safer skies, is to implement the next generation of navigation operations, procedures and equipment to all major and airports across the United States. With ground-based navigational systems still in use, but somewhat inundated with the air traffic it presently needs to support, Satellite-Based Navigation systems have been used more frequently in order to create tighter 'air corridors' which reduce separation margins, while still allowing safer en-route, and inbound & outbound terminal operations (Nakamura & Royce, 2008). With more accurate guidance aids as well as streamlined procedures, the implementation of Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) has been revolutionary, not only for pilots, but primarily for Air Traffic Control Facilities, in creating a network of routes which can be flown precisely, accurately and repeatedly, thus improving flight operation, as well as air management operational efficiency (Timar, Hunter & Post, 2016). Throughout the course of this paper, the effectiveness of PBN methods, including RNP and RNAV, will be evaluated in order to highlight their operational compatibility and standards, in maintaining a safe and efficient NAS, while also lowering air traffic congestion and improving airspace management (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016). Examples from various major airports across the United States will be highlighted in order to corroborate with the effectiveness of PBN methods, along with a discussion about the future development of PBN and how it plans on creating a NAS inclusive of all entities capable of flight.

The paradigm change towards Trajectory Based Operations (TBO) has led to the deployment or planned deployment of many Air Traffic Management (ATM) decision support tools, across the US and Europe and improvements in airborne Flight Management Systems. Trajectory prediction is fundamental to automation, and the validation and improvement of trajectory predictors lie on the critical paths to success of TBO.

Unless extensive improvements are made, most air service providers view the future of air transport as increasing in demand faster than capacity, making it increasingly difficult to maintain yet alone improve the current levels of safety and efficiency. Decision Support Tools (DSTs) provide support to flight data processing, metering, or conflict prediction functions. The common thread to all these tools is the Trajectory Predictor (TP) that is responsible for predicting the anticipated future path of the aircraft.  As a result, the performance of the TP is critical to the success of these DST functions.

The primary purpose of Eurocontrol/FAA Action Plan 16 is to minimize duplication of effort in the many organizations involved in tool and predictor development, thereby reducing costs, reducing time to deployment, and enhancing the quality of the validation and improvement process.

Recent developments in SESAR and NextGen revealed that there is a good deal of confusion between the researchers, developers and organizations when, in many cases, the same term was used with different meanings. Therefore, a common set of terms and definitions is crucial for the specification of architecture, requirements and performance characteristics, as well as the structure for TPs and the communications of this information between related parties.
   
The objective of this white paper is to address common TP structure and terminology issues, applicable to both airborne and ground based applications, in order to be aligned with the evolution and developments in the SESAR and NextGen systems and to disseminate the proposed terminology and structure to the community, which includes TP developers, DST designers, Flight Data Processing and Flight Data Management system developers and users, Flight Object community, etc.

This paper describes the integration, evaluation, and results from a high-fidelity human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation of key NASA Air Traffic Management Technology Demonstration -1 (ATD-1) technologies implemented in an enhanced version of the FAA's Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS) platform. These ATD-1 technologies include: (1) a NASA enhanced version of the FAA's Time-Based Flow Management, (2) a NASA ground-based automation technology known as controller-managed spacing (CMS), and (3) a NASA advanced avionics airborne technology known as flight-deck intervalmanagement (FIM). These ATD-1 technologies have been extensively tested in large-scale HITL simulations using general-purpose workstations to study air transportation technologies. These generalpurpose workstations perform multiple functions and are collectively referred to as the Multi-Aircraft Control System (MACS).

In this paper a complete communication system simulation package is described, which includes digital as well as analog operations to be performed on the signal to be transmitted. The package simulates the transmitter, the communication channel, and the receiver.

Team performance has been studied in many safety-critical organizations including aviation, nuclear power plant, offshore oil platforms and health organizations. This study looks into teamwork strategies that air traffic controllers employ to manage emergencies and abnormal situations. Two field studies were carried out in the form of observations of simulator training in emergency and unusual scenarios of novices and experienced controllers. Teamwork strategies covered aspects of team orientation and coordination, information exchange, change management and error handling. Several performance metrics were used to rate the efficiency of teamwork and test the construct validity of a prototype model of teamwork. This is a companion study to an earlier investigation of taskwork strategies in the same field (part I) and contributes to the development of a generic model for Taskwork and Teamwork strategies in Emergencies in Air traffic Management (T 2 EAM). Suggestions are made on how to use T 2 EAM to develop training programs, assess team performance and improve mishap investigations.

Air traffic is doubling every 15 years and aviation systems must modernize to address sustainability challenges. The need to balance capacity, efficiency, safety and environmental requirements is reflected by the several Air Traffic Management (ATM) and avionics modernization initiatives currently underway. The major collaborative research programs today are the European Union’s Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) and the United States’ Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) led by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Other modernization initiatives include the Collaborative Action for Renovation of Air Traffic Systems (CARATS) in Japan, SIRIUS in Brazil, OneSky in Australia and similar programs in Canada, China, India and Russia. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has authorized a globally coordinated plan published as the Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP), to guide the harmonized implementation of Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Avionics (CNS+A) enhancements across regions and States. In the CNS+A context, aircraft safety is a shared responsibility between airborne and ground-based resources. Hence this is a safety challenge requiring changes to the current regulatory framework to properly capture the nature of this shared responsibility and the concept of “integrated” CNS+A systems. Certification of aircraft and ground equipment (hardware and software) together with organizational approvals are essential elements to ensure continued and enhanced safety. Certification also facilitates harmonization and interoperability of CNS+A systems across regions, sub-regions and States. Furthermore, while new ATM and avionics technologies bring with them an increased level of automation, certification would be the instrument to ensure the safe and effective introduction of these technologies to achieve their full potential benefits. The aviation regulatory framework enforces and drives the certification process, while industry standards provide a vital link by offering methods of compliance for certification. The current certification framework for CNS+A is evolving and it is required to keep pace with the global modernization efforts to ensure safety and sustainability of future aviation.

Wake turbulence is a major concern for busy airports since it limits capacity. Solutions for new aircraft staggering procedures are sought which relax the current separations but keep safety on a high level. Systems which advice air-traffic control on wakevortex behaviour under present and expected weather conditions will, hopefully, contribute to such a solution. Knowledge on transport and decay of wake vortices in the atmosphere is presented. Concepts and designs of wake-vortex advisory systems in Europe and the USA are outlined. European wake-vortex measurement and prediction campaigns are described where the components of such systems have been tested successfully. To cite this article: T. Gerz et al., C. R. Physique 6 (2005).  2005 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego. rozprawa doktorska Promotor: prof. dr hab. inż. Mirosława Dąbrowa-Bajon _____________________________________________________ Warszawa, 1997 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 2 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 3 6. Przykład zastosowania metody -wyznaczenie pojemności lotniska Warszawa-Okęcie __________ 78 6.1 Identyfikacja systemu ________________________________________________________________ 78 6.2 Założenia i postać danych wejściowych. _________________________________________________ 84 6.3 Eksperymenty symulacyjne. ___________________________________________________________ 97 7. System wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska w czasie rzeczywistym. ____________________ 106 7.1 Koncepcja systemu _________________________________________________________________ 106 7.2 Program do wyznaczania pojemności lotniska ___________________________________________ 107 7.3 Wpływ czynników zewnętrznych na parametry modelowania. ______________________________ 108 7.4 Program modyfikacji parametrów _____________________________________________________ 110 7.5 Zastosowanie systemu do prognozowania pojemności lotniska ______________________________ 112 8. Podsumowanie ____________________________________________________________________ 122 8.1 Ocena zrealizowanych zadań _________________________________________________________ 123 8.2 Kierunki dalszych badań _____________________________________________________________ 125 8.3 Wnioski końcowe ___________________________________________________________________ 126 9. Literatura ________________________________________________________________________ 128 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 4 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 5 Jacek Skorupski Metoda wyznaczania pojemności rejonu lotniska dla różnych systemów organizacji ruchu lotniczego Politechnika Warszawska Wydział Transportu 6