Avionics (Control and Communication)

Last four/five decades have seen revolutionary development in the field of electronics, computer and automation. Naturally avionics and C.N.S facilities also have adopted these technologies to the best of their advantage. The present paper shows how these technologies have modernized the aircraft cockpit and how C.N.S facilities have been modernised to give smooth and safe flying. The description is based on author's observation of the development in civil aviation for the last more than four decades and future trends in this field.

A control system is a collection of mechanical and electronic equipment that allows an aircraft to be flown with exceptional precision and reliability.



A control system consists of cockpit controls, sensors, actuators (hydraulic, mechanical or electrical) and computers.

The research presented in this paper focuses on the conceptual design of an innovative Air Traffic Management (ATM) system featuring automated 4-Dimensional Trajectory (4DT) Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) functionalities to enable Intent Based Operations (IBO). In order to meet the demanding requirements set by national and
international organisations for the efficiency and environmental sustainability of air transport operations, a multi-objective 4DT optimization algorithm is introduced that represents the core element of the 4DT planning functionality. The 4-PNV system interacts with airborne avionics also developed for 4DT-IBO such as the Next Generation Flight Management System (NG-FMS) on-board manned aircraft and Next Generation Mission Management System (NG-MMS) for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). In this article we focus on the 4-PNV algorithms, and specifically on the multi-objective 4DT optimization algorithm for strategic and tactical online operations. Simulation case studies are carried out to test the key system performance metrics such as 4DT computational time in online tactical Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) operations.

This paper presents a novel Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Avionics Based Integrity Augmentation (ABIA) system architecture suitable for civil and military air platforms, including Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Taking the
move from previous research on high-accuracy Differential GNSS (DGNSS) systems design, integration and experimental flight test activities conducted at the Italian Air Force Flight Test Centre (CSVRSV), our research focused on the development of a novel approach to the problem of GNSS ABIA for mission- and safety-critical air
vehicle applications and for multi-sensor avionics architectures based on GNSS. Detailed mathematical models were developed to describe the main causes of GNSS signal outages and degradation in flight, namely: antenna obscuration, multipath, fading due to adverse
geometry and Doppler shift. Adopting these models in association with suitable integrity thresholds and guidance algorithms, the ABIA system is able to generate integrity cautions (predictive flags) and warnings (reactive flags), as well as providing steering information to the pilot and electronic commands to the aircraft/UAS flight control systems. These features allow real-time avoidance of safety-critical flight conditions and fast recovery of the required navigation performance in case of GNSS data losses. In other words, this novel ABIA system addresses all three cornerstones of GNSS integrity augmentation in mission- and safety-critical  applications: prediction (caution flags), reaction (warning flags) and correction (alternate flight path computation).

This paper presents Multi Objective Trajectory Optimization (MOTO) algorithms that were developed for integration in state-of-the-art Air Traffic Management (ATM) and Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) systems. The MOTO algorithms are conceived for the automation-assisted replanning of 4-Dimensional Trajectories (4DT) when unforeseen perturbations arise at strategic and tactical online operational timeframes. The MOTO algorithms take into account updated weather and neighbouring traffic data, as well as the related forecasts from selected sources. Multiple user-defined operational, economic and environmental objectives can be integrated as necessary. Two different MOTO algorithms are developed for future implementation in ATM systems: an en-route variant and a Terminal Manoeuvring Area (TMA) variant. In particular, the automated optimal 4DT replanning algorithm for en-route airspace operations is restricted to constant flight level to avoid violating the current vertical airspace structure. As such, the complexity of the generated trajectories reduces to 2 dimensions plus time (2D+T), which are optimally represented in the present 2D ATM display formats. Departing traffic operations will also significantly benefit from MOTO-4D by enabling steep/continuous climb operations with optimal throttle, reducing perceived noise and gaseous emissions.

Integrated Navigation and Guidance Systems (NGS) based only on satellite and other low-cost navigation sensors (e.g., Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) based inertial sensors) cannot guarantee the Required Navigation Performance (RNP) in all flight phases of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). In this paper, a novel NGS for a small-to-medium size RPAS is presented, which is based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Vision Based Navigation (VBN) and other low-cost avionics sensors. Additionally, Aircraft Dynamics Model (ADM) is used to compensate for the MEMS based Inertial Measuring Unit (IMU) sensor shortcomings in high-dynamics attitude determination tasks. Two multi-sensor architectures are compared that are based on an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) approach for data fusion. The ADM measurements are pre-filtered by an UKF to increase the ADM attitude solution validity time. The EKF based VBN-IMU-GNSS-ADM (E-VIGA) system and...

In this paper, trajectory optimisation algorithms developed specifically for the Global Navigation satellite System (GNSS) Avionics-Based Integrity Augmentation (ABIA) system are presented. The ABIA system is designed to increase the levels of integrity and accuracy (as well as continuity in multi-sensor data fusion architectures) of GNSS in a variety of mission-and safety-critical aviation applications. The trajectory optimisation algorithms can be employed both for flight planning as well as real-time optimisation of manned and unmanned aircraft for all flight phases. Three and six Degrees-of-Freedom (3-DoF/6-DoF) aircraft dynamics models are adopted to generate a number of feasible flight trajectories that also satisfy the GNSS constraints. A detailed simulation case study is presented to evaluate the performance of trajectory optimisation algorithms for GNSS integrity augmentation using an AIRBUS A320 3-DoF aircraft dynamics model. Results confirm that the employed trajectory optimisation algorithms are capable of supporting high-integrity tasks when GNSS is used as the primary source of navigation data.

We would like to invite you to join this exciting new project as a chapter contributor on one of the topics listed below. Since this is a textbook, a great deal of this chapter entails a survey on the topic under the paradigm of cyber-physical systems, what can be done onboard and remotely, the distributed nature of the system and some exercises on futurology (anticipating trends can shed some light on upcoming designs). IET will bring great visibility to your work. Each chapter should be around 20-25 pages each and can be submitted as a Word or Latex File. The IET will send you additional info (formatting, permission form, etc.) with the contributor's agreement once you have decided to contribute to the book. Visit http://www.theiet.org/resources/author-hub/books/index.cfm to get all contributor's information to an IET research-level book. Each book is expected to have a total number of 500 printed pages (with approximately 550 words per page and a 20% allowance for figures and tables). We have included a tentative schedule and list of topics below. If this is something you would consider, please send us the title of your chapter, a short description/abstract of the chapter content, and your full contact details. We will expect original content and new insights for this book. You can, of course, reuse published material but the percentage of material reuse for the chapter should be less than 40%. The IET will run a piracy software on the full manuscript to control that you are including original material and will reject chapters who contain a large amount of already-published material so please do take this into consideration. We would appreciate your feedback by December 31, 2017. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any queries. We look forward to working with you towards the successful publication.

W pracy zaprezentowano koncepcję systemu sterowania samolotem asystującego pilotowi. System różni się od tradycyjnie stosowanych tym, że sterowanie odbywa się za pomocą poleceń wydawanych głosem. W pracy przeanalizowano możliwości wykonania systemu sterowania z wbudowanym modułem automatycznego rozpoznawania mowy dla samolotów ogólnego przeznaczenia. Podjęto próbę zdefiniowania głównych reguł, którymi powinien kierować się projektant systemu. Zdefiniowano i przedyskutowano główne poziomy funkcjonalności prezentowanego systemu sterowania. Szczegółowo omówiono zastosowanie wybranych komend do bezpośredniego sterowania lotem samolotu. Podano również podstawowe wymagania, jakie powinny spełniać komendy głosowe. Ostatnia część zawiera krótki opis eksperymentalnego systemu sterowania stanowiącego bazę do rozwijania systemów głosowego sterowania samolotami ogólnego przeznaczenia.

This article presents the conceptual design of an innovative ground-based Air Traffic Management (ATM) system providing automated 4-Dimensional Trajectory (4DT) Planning, Negotiation and Validation (4-PNV) functionalitities. The 4-PNV system is conceived to operationally deploy the multi-objective optimisation, negotiation and validation of 4DT intents in combination with Next Generation Flight Management Systems (NG-FMS) on board manned aircraft and Next-Generation Mission Management Systems (NG-MMS) for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). In this article we focus on the 4-PNV functionalities required for mixed fleet optimized Arrival Management (AMAN) operations. Simulation case studies in representative complex scenarios show that the adopted negotiation algorithms achieve feasible, efficient and safe 4DT solutions well within the timeframe of online tactical rerouting tasks, meeting the set design requirements.

Integrated Navigation and Guidance Systems (NGS) based only on satellite and other low-cost navigation sensors (e.g., Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) based inertial sensors) cannot guarantee the Required Navigation Performance (RNP) in all flight phases of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS). In this paper, a novel NGS for a small-to-medium size RPAS is presented, which is based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Vision Based Navigation (VBN) and other low-cost avionics sensors. Additionally, Aircraft Dynamics Model (ADM) is used to compensate for the MEMS based Inertial Measuring Unit (IMU) sensor shortcomings in high-dynamics attitude determination tasks. Two multi-sensor architectures are compared that are based on an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) approach for data fusion. The ADM measurements are pre-filtered by an UKF to increase the ADM attitude solution validity time. The EKF based VBN-IMU-GNSS-ADM (E-VIGA) system and the UKF based system (U-VIGA) performances are evaluated in a small RPAS integration scheme (i.e., AEROSONDE RPAS platform) by exploring a representative cross-section of this RPAS operational flight envelope. Additionally, an error covariance analysis is performed on the Aircraft Dynamics Filter (ADF) using Monte Carlo simulation. The position and attitude accuracy comparison shows that the E-VIGA and U-VIGA systems fulfill the relevant RNP criteria, including precision approach down to CAT-II.

This paper presents a novel Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Avionics Based Integrity Augmentation (ABIA) system architecture suitable for civil and military air platforms, including Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS). Taking the move from previous research on high-accuracy Differential GNSS (DGNSS) systems design, integration and experimental flight test activities conducted at the Italian Air Force Flight Test Centre (CSVRSV), our research focused on the development of a novel approach to the problem of GNSS ABIA for mission- and safety-critical air vehicle applications and for multi-sensor avionics architectures based on GNSS. Detailed mathematical models were developed to describe the main causes of GNSS signal outages and degradation in flight, namely: antenna obscuration, multipath, fading due to adverse geometry and Doppler shift. Adopting these models in association with suitable integrity thresholds and guidance algorithms, the ABIA system is able to generate integrity cautions (predictive flags) and warnings (reactive flags), as well as providing steering information to the pilot and electronic commands to the aircraft/UAS flight control systems. These features allow real-time avoidance of safety-critical flight conditions and fast recovery of the required navigation performance in case of GNSS data losses. In other words, this novel ABIA system addresses all three cornerstones of GNSS integrity augmentation in mission- and safety-critical applications: prediction (caution flags), reaction (warning flags) and correction (alternate flight path computation).

Abstrak−Pentingnya Media Pembelajaran dimanfaatkan oleh ATKP Medan untuk terus meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran, Permasalahan yang sering dijumpai dalam pembelajaran avionic adalah keterbatasan resource yang ada karena untuk mengakses pembelajaran avionic para taruna harus mengakses dari LAB CBT dan tidak bisa dari tempat lain. Hal ini disebabkan software Avionic hanya terpasang didalam lab dan tidak bisa dipelajari dari luar lab. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan proses pembelajaran avionic-Radio Theory II secara digital yang dkemas dalam animasi multimedia untuk Memudahkan para taruna untuk mempelajari avionic Radio Theory II tanpa harus akses di laboratorium. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan Dengan menggunakan metode Multimedia Development Life Cycle MDLC yaitu metode Konsep (Concept), perancangan (desain), pengumpulan bahan (material collecting), pembuatan (assembly), pengujian (testing), distribusi (distribution) Kata Kunci: Media Pembelajaran, Avionic, Radio Theory II, ATKP Medan. Abstract−The importance of Learning Media is used by ATKP Medan to continuously improve the quality of learning. The problem that is often encountered in avionic learning is the limited resources available because to access avionic learning the cadets must access from the CBT LAB and cannot be from elsewhere. This is because Avionic software is only installed inside the lab and cannot be learned from outside the lab. The purpose of this research is to improve the digital avionic-Radio Theory II learning process which is packaged in multimedia animation to make it easier for cadets to learn avionic Radio Theory II without having to access it in the laboratory. The method used in this research is to use the MDLC Multimedia Development Life Cycle method, namely the Concept concept, design, material collection, assembly, testing, distribution, distribution, The resulting output is an animated video product and publication to the ISSN journal. 1. PENDAHULUAN Media audio motion visual (media audio visual gerak) yakni media yang mempunyai suara, ada gerakan dan bentuk obyeknya dapat dilihat, media ini paling lengkap. Informasi yang disajikan melalui media ini berbentuk dokumen yang hidup, dapat dilihat dilayar monitor atau ketika diproyeksikan ke layar lebar melalui projector dapat didengar suaranya dan dapat dilihat gerakannya (video atau animasi). Media pembelajaran dapat dipahami segala sesuatu yang dapat menyampaikan dan menyalurkan pesan dari sumber secara terencana sehingga tercipta lingkungan belajar yang kondusif dimana penerimanya dapat melakukan proses belajar secara efesien dan efektif [1]. Media pembelajaran merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting dan melengkapi keberhasilan proses pendidikan [2]. Pemanfaatan media pembelajaran merupakan upaya kreatif dan sistematis untuk menciptakan pengalaman yang dapat membelajarkan siswa sehingga pada akhirnya lembaga pendidikan akan mampu menghasilkan lulusan yang berkualitas [3]. Media pembelajaran merupakan segala sesuatu yang dapat digunakan untuk mengantarkan atau menyampaikan pesan, berupa sejumlah pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap-sikap kepada peserta didik sehingga peserta didik itu dapat menangkap, memahami, dan memiliki pesan-pesan dan makna yang disampaikan[4]. Multimedia interaktif dirancang untuk proses belajar mandiri karena siswa diberikan keleluasaan dalam mengoperasikan media pembelajaran multimedia interaktif [5]. Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan ketrampilan [6], meningkatkan layanan dan kepuasan pelanggan [7] Pentingnya Media Pembelajaran juga dimanfaatkan oleh ATKP Medan untuk terus meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran, Akademi Teknik dan Keselamatan Penerbangan (ATKP) Medan merupakan institusi pendidikan kedinasan dibawah Kementrian Perhubungan yang bergerak dalam bidang penerbangan memiliki empat program studi unggulan antara lain, pemandu lalu lintas udara, teknik listrik bandara, teknik telekomunikasi dan navigasi udara, serta teknik pesawat udara. Avionic merupakan peralatan elektronik penerbangan yang mencakup seluruh sistem elektronik yang dirancang untuk digunakan di pesawat terbang. Sistem utamanya meliputi sistem komunikasi, navigasi dan indikator serta manajemen dari keseluruhan sistem. Avionik juga mencakup ratusan sistem yang berada di pesawat terbang dari yang paling sederhana seperti lampu pencari pada helikopter polisi sampai sistem yang kompleks seperti sistem taktikal pada pesawat peringatan dini [8]. Selama ini pembelajaran avionic dilakukan di LAB CBT dengan aplikasi desktop yang sudah terinstal didalamnya yang langsung terkoneksi ke server di New York. Hal ini cukup menyulitkan para taruna dalam proses pembelajaran, cukup menyulitkan dalam mengulang pembelajaran karena satu satunya akses adalah akses kedalam LAB CBT, terutama untuk materi Radio Theory II. Untuk itu dibutuhkan suatu media pembelajaran dalam bentuk rancang bangun berbasis multimedia animasi. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut maka rumusan masalah yang dapat diidentifikasi pada penelitian ini adalah : Bagaimana Rancang Bangun Media Pembelajaran Avionic Radio Theory II Berbasis Multimedia Animasi pada ATKP Medan.

Modern avionic systems are complex and employs extensive wiring that poses serious weight and safety concerns. Wires are antenna which may cause interference to radio & navigational equipment of avionics systems and in case of strategic aircrafts can generate a distinct Radar signature due to peculiar wiring patterns that can be detected by enemy radar receivers, the wires on board aircraft fuselage increases complexity of maintenance and installation procedures. Application of ultra wide band in intra avionic subsystem communications can greatly reduce the weight and safety concerns as well as lowering its radar signature.