Bird and Mammals

Amaç: 2007 - 2015 yılları arasında arazide karşılaşılan, hakkında kısıtlı da olsa veriler edinilen memelilere ilişkin bilginin paylaşılması mevcut çalışmanın amacını teşkil etmektedir. Bu veriler, fotoğraflar, kısmen düzenli olarak kaydedilmiş veriler ve kısa notlar olarak sunulmuştur. Bildiriye numaralandırılmış bir isim verilmesi sayesinde çalışmaların tekrarlı hale getirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
    Gereçler ve Yöntemler: Çalışma kapsamında, karşılaşılmış 9 memeli organizmanın (Sciurus vulgaris, Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes, Martes sp., Tursiops truncatus, bir Chiroptera üyesi, Erinaceus concolor, Lutra lutra ve Meles meles), 3 ilde (Aydın, Denizli ve Muğla) bulundukları yerler harita üzerinde gösterilmiş, karşılaşma tarihleri, koordinatları, bulunuş şekilleri ve birey sayıları kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca her organizmaya ait görsellerle çalışma zenginleştirilmiştir. İhbarlarla gelen bilgiler sayesinde veriler desteklenmiştir. Aktif saha çalışmalarının gerçekleştirilmesinde hem profesyonel fotoğraf makinalarından hem de fotokapan kullanım yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır.
    Sonuç: Çalışmanın çıktıları değerlendirildiğinde, türlerin bulunuşlarının zorluğu dikkat çekmektedir. Ayrıca Meles meles gibi bazı türlerin ölü olarak bulunması gibi sorunların varlığı göze çarpmaktadır. Bu bakış açısı geliştirildiğinde, ülkemizde yapılacak kapsamlı mamalojik çalışmaların önemi ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmalara ait sonuçların, söz konusu organizmalarla iç içe yaşam süren yöre insanları ile paylaşılması bilim insanlarının yükümlülüğüdür.

Le Chott de Djendli (3700 ha) appartient au complexe des zones humides Sud-constantinoises. L’étude menée de février 2006 à mars 2007 nous a permis la caractérisation bioécologique des éléments tant biotiques qu’abiotiques du site. Elle nous a également permis d’avoir un aperçu sur son importance, en étudiant et en suivant plusieurs paramètres physico-chimiques du sol et de l’eau ainsi que la richesse floristique et faunistique. En effet, nous avons déterminé le…

ECOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN LAKE AYATA (OUED RIGH VALLEY: NORTHERN ALGERIAN SAHARA).
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ABSTRACT: Ayata Lake (155 ha) belongs to the complex of wetlands of Oued Righ Valley in Algerian Lower-Sahara. This study conducted between October 2009 and June 2010 has allowed a bioecological characterization of both biotic and abiotic elements of the site.
Flora and fauna Inventories have revealed existence of 13 plant species, 03 fish, 02 amphibians, 06 reptiles, 55 birds and 07 mammals. The flora of the site is mapped then the dynamics of dominant plant species is assessed by GIS software. Bio-ecological Statuses (faunal, trophic, phenological and protection) are attributed to the species surveyed and they are discussed. The spatiotemporal occupation of the lake by birds is mapped and detailed. Furthermore, this study includes a general review on wetlands ecosystems. Wetlands of the Lower-Sahara region (Ziban, Souf, valley of Oued Righ, and Ouargla) are inventoried, classified and mapped. This approach helped to highlight the biological resources of Ayata Lake and determine its actual ecological value. This can lead to propose suggestions for management and conservation close to its socioeconomic status in a sustainable development view.

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RÉSUMÉ: Le Lac Ayata (155 ha) appartient au complexe des zones humides de la Vallée d’Oued Righ au Bas-Sahara algérien. L’étude menée entre octobre 2009 et juin 2010 a permis une caractérisation bioécologique des éléments tant biotiques qu’abiotiques du site. Les inventaires de la flore et de la faune ont révélé l’existence de 13 espèces végétales, 03 poissons, 02 amphibiens, 06 reptiles, 55 oiseaux et 07 mammifères. La flore du site est cartographiée et la dynamique saisonnière des espèces dominantes est estimée par un logiciel de SIG. Des statuts bioécologiques (fauniques, trophiques, phénologiques et de protection) sont attribués aux espèces animales inventoriées puis ils sont discutés. L’occupation spatiotemporelle du lac par l’avifaune est cartographiée et détaillée. Par ailleurs, cette étude comporte des connaissances générales sur les des zones humides. Celles-ci sont inventoriées, classifiées puis cartographies dans la région du Bas-Sahara (Ziban, Souf, Vallée d’Oued Righ et Ouargla). Cette approche a permis de mettre en valeur les ressources biologiques du site et de déterminer son importance écologique. Ceci peut aboutir à des suggestions de gestion et de conservation étroites à son état socioéconomique dans une prospection d’un développement durable.

Introduction: Banbhore situated at bank of Charo creek and 65km from the Karachi in the district Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan. The main objectives of research were to observe the avian diversity of coastline of Banbhore, Sindh, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: During the research two transects lines were selected; each transects line consists of 1 km long selected. Linear count method was used while direct and indirect methods were applied. For the statistical analysis PAST software was used to find out the diversity indices. Results: A total of 51 avian species and 960 individuals were noted from coastline of Banbhore (Gharo creek), district Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan. Dominance Index (0.03134), Evenness Index (0.7575), Margalef Index (7.268), Simpson diversity Index (0.9687) and Shannon-wiener diversity Index (3.654) were recorded form the study area. Conclusion: 51 avian species were documented from the Banbhore (district Thatta) during the research and is documented that Banbhore (Gharo creek) having rich avian diversity.

The assessment of feeding conditions and variations in diet composition over the pre-breeding period of birds plays a key-role in the understanding of reproductive performance. Pellets regurgitated by the Little Owl, Athene noctua, were collected from Boulhilet (Batna, northeast Algeria). The analysis of 48 pellets resulted in the identification of 471 prey-items of 38 different species classified into 6 classes, 7 orders, 21 families and 35 genera. The diet of the Little Owl is very diverse (Food Niche Breadth = 14.5, Shannon index = 4.4 bits), a variety of arthropods account for this diversity. Although insects made up 90% of the food consumed, they accounted only for 8% of the total biomass. Seventy two percent of diet biomass consisted of small mammal prey, which constitute a rich source of energy during the pre-breeding period when other prey are not available due to cold conditions. We found no significant change in rodent availability in the diet (number of prey-individuals, biomass, prey-species richness, prey-species occurrence) among study months and years. Meanwhile, the other identified prey-categories, principally invertebrates (characterized by prey frequency, composition, and biomass) showed significant variations between months and/or years of the study. We suggest that these prey categories represent a food supplement when conditions become severe.

The inscriptions on the rocks show that the purpose of the primitive Egyptians is not only for the purpose of entertaining, but in self-defense, or as a means of obtaining the tools they have (ostrich feathers), or to get what they intend to eat. To me that the ancient Egyptian has worked hard to appeal to birds of large size such as ostrich. Which appeared heavily photographed on pottery from the era of the civilization of his second critics, which probably the Egyptian was able to use its feathers in that early period, where the use of feathers since the deep eras was known in most of the ancient times He flew, and in Egypt, which did not deviate from this rule, can be traced back to the periods of Tasa and Bada Re, where a bird feather was found next to a dead head from the era of the civilization of The Tasa.

Perhaps a little earlier, where large quantities of ostrich egg shells were found, the ancient Egyptian succeeded in using it in the manufacture of ornaments, decorations and cutlery in the era of the Fayoum civilization (a). It is possible to confirm that the ancient Egyptian has used bird feathers in general and ostrich feathers in particular since the earliest ages. Because of the link of that bird to the sun where they noticed that they are performing a liturgical dance in the salute of the sunrise
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The research dealt with:
- The names and linguistic states of the feather in ancient Egypt
- The beginning of knowing the ancient Egyptian to use it.
- Types of feathers
- Sources of access to feathers
- Stages of use of feathers
- Different areas for the use of feathers: as in:

* First: Worldly fields:-
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1- Social fields: such as the manufacture of furniture, cushions, pillows, mattresses, carpets, fans and mattresses, decoration of clothes, head decorations and crowns of all kindsز

2- In the political fields: as in: Symbols and decals of the provinces and regions of Upper and Lower Egypt, Badges of kings and queens, Royal titles, Badges of the country's foreign peoples.

3- In the military fields: as in: the campaign of brigades and military flags, decoration of the war-horses's heads, decoration of the rear of arrows, badges of Egyptian army teams and foreign armies

4- In the economic fields: such as the sale and purchase of feathers in the markets, feathers within the views of the Tax, feathers in the views of offerings and advances of kings.

5- In the literary fields: as in the use of feathers as a tool for writing, feathers appear as a custom in many ancient Egyptian vocabulary,

6- In the fields of entertainment, games and entertainment

7- In the artistic fields: such as playing with a feather on string musical instruments, in the decoration of musical instruments.

8- In the medical and therapeutic fields: such as the use of feathers in the treatment of diseases of the eyes and skin.

* Second: The religious fields:-
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1- In the insignia of gods and gods.
2- In the decoration of the clothes of the gods and the divine wings.
3- In the divine titles
4- In religious symbols and insignia.
5- In religious texts and spells.
6- In gin furniture
7. In processions of religious ceremonies

Resumen La meteorización es una variable ampliamente utilizada en los análisis zooarqueo-lógicos y tafonómicos, dada su utilidad para evaluar la integridad y el contexto de depositación de los materiales arqueológicos. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio experimental de largo plazo sobre huesos de guanaco de tres categorías etarias y de un ñandú adulto luego de ocho años de exposición. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar si la meteorización afecta diferencialmente a los huesos de estos dos taxones, a las categorías etarias y a los distintos elementos del esqueleto. En términos generales nuestros resultados indican que la mayoría de los huesos del ñandú adulto se meteorizan más rápido que los del guanaco de la misma edad; los individuos inmaduros de guanaco registran tasas más altas de meteorización que el adulto; todos los huesos de los guanacos presentan algún grado de meteorización a los dos años de exposición; cráneos y dientes fueron los elementos más afectados por la meteorización para los guanacos de las tres clases de edad; y el esqueleto axial de guanaco presenta estadios de meteoriza-ción ligeramente superiores al del apendicular a medida que aumenta el tiem-po de exposición. Estos resultados preliminares contribuyen a mejorar nuestro entendimiento sobre la complejidad del proceso de meteorización, así como a la conformación de un cuerpo de información relevante para la generación de expectativas arqueológicas.

Official site of session: https://tagdeva.wordpress.com/sessions/Abstract: In the Early Middle Ages (the period from 6th to 12th century) animals accompanied human societies. Birds started every day with a choir of their songs, big mammals were hunted (or bred) for meat and skins, and dogs were kept for protection. Several animal species held important roles during the various pre-Christian rituals, and after the conversion some of them become symbols linked to Christian religion.

Bone fragments of a young and an adult Grey Dwarf Hamsters (Cricetulus migratorius (Pallas, 1773)) were found
in Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo (Linn aeus, 1758)) diets in South-East Bulgaria (UTM squares MH 91/92 and NH 21/22).
These new localities in the foot of Hisar hills range predominantly field crops, lightly grazed pastures and thorny
shrubs. They lie remote almost 30 km from each other. The Grey Dwarf Hamsters exists with low population density
in the small mammals’ communities in the new localities according to its very low presents in the Eagle Owl diets
(3.03%, n = 33 Ind. and 0.22%, n = 452 Ind. by number of mammals weighted below 50 g).

Remains of the Romanian Hamster Mesocricetus newtoni were found in Eagle Owl
(Bubo bubo) pellets in South-East Bulgaria (UTM square NG09). This new locality for the
hamster species lies 50 km south-west of the nearest previously known locality in the Aitos
Mountain. It is located in a region with a hilly relief, an altitude of 50-150 m and prevailing
open habitats. In this area the Romanian Hamster is a rare prey of the Eagle Owl (0.11%
of the total number of small mammals, n=896 ind.), which most probably reflects its low
population density. A great variety of small mammals occur in this region: 28 species or 72%
of all small mammals identified in Bulgaria. The great species richness results from the cooccurrence
of Steppe, Mediterranean, Boreal and Nemoral species in the area. The region is
suitable for inclusion in the National Ecological Net.

We highlight hitherto unreported populations of two globally threatened phalangerid species on south-east Sulawesi’s offshore islands – bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) and small Sulawesi cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis) – and observations of a third range-restricted species – Peleng cuscus (Strigocuscus pelengensis). Our data are based on records made during 11 years of seasonal surveys on Buton, and short-term expeditions to Kabaena and Manui. Our observations of S. celebensis on Buton, where it occurs in three protected areas, represent an important range extension for this species, as do our observations of A. ursinus on Kabaena, where it is also widespread. We also report the unexpected presence of S. pelengensis on Manui. Buton, in particular, appears to be an important stronghold for both A. ursinus and S. celebensis, given that forest ecosystems here remain extensive and relatively intact. Both these species may also display a previously unreported adaptability to disturbed fo...

This paper overviews the contamination caused by persistent organochlorines in endocrine system of mammals. To overcome yield loss in crops plants via pests, it is necessary to control them. There are a number of pest control strategies. But in developing and under developed countries, most of the farmers are using pesticides without a proper way and proper knowledge. Out of total applied pesticide, <0.1% of pesticides reach their target pests. Due to this reason, more than 99.9% of pesticides applied affect the public health, contaminate soil, water, and natural resources of our environment. The contamination by organochlorine residues is due to continuous usage in developing and under developed countries. In field and laboratory experiments, it was found that organochlorines are most persistent in nature which causes adverse effects on endocrine system in mammals. Endocrine disruption induces Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Thyrotoxicosis, malformation of glands and reproductive organs, histological changes in organ system and homeostasis of mammals. Therefore low persistent insecticides and plant derivatives must be applied for pest control because they are safer to our biota and ecosystem.

Prion protein (PrP) of mammals and avians has several putative Cu-binding sites. The generation of superoxide anion is catalyzed by Cu-binding motifs in mammal PrPs in the presence of certain co-factors such as H2O2 and phenolics or monoamines such as catecholamine-type neurotransmitters and related compounds [1]. Our previous study concerning the action of prion protein has revealed that the copper-binding regions in prion protein (e.g. –VNITKQHTVTTTT-) interacts with tyramine or free tyrosine in the presence of H2O2, fi nally leading to robust generation of superoxide[2]. Moreover, tyrosine-containing peptides (including tyrosine-rich sequence within prion protein) could be a target of the reaction. We found that tyrosine-residues on peptide sequences contribute as a substrate for this peroxidative ROS generating reaction [3]. In this study, we synthesized six peptides corresponding to Cu-binding region (hexa-repeat) of chicken PrP and examined its catalytic activity for the generation of superoxide. Each peptide contains both histidine residue anchoring copper ion and tyrosine residue behaving as a substrate (Fig. 1). The activity for superoxide generation was assessed with the superoxidespecific chemiluminescence of Cypridina luciferin analog. As a result, the generation of superoxide was observed in the presence of hexapeptide, copper and H2O2 without addition of any phenolic substrate since tyrosine-residue on the hexapeptide possibly behaves as a substrate for the reaction. We conclude that requirement of tyrosine residue on the peptides and certain positions of histidine binding copper are the key factors of the catalytic reaction of the PrP-mediated generation of superoxide.

The data on activity pattern and time budget of Swamp deer (Rucervus duvauceli duvauceli) were collected through instantaneous scan sampling from Dudhwa National Park, Uttar Pradesh, India Diurnal activity pattern of Swamp deer showed marked reduction in resting in winter as compared to summer. In winter resting in adult males showed polymodal pattern with peaks occurring at different hours of the day and continued throughout the day without any break. Feeding of adult females in winter and summer seasons showed a polymodal pattern with peaks occurring at different hours of the day without break. In yearling males feeding and resting was observed to occur throughout the day during winter season with peaks occurring between 11:00 to 12:00 hours. Yearling females showed continuous feeding throughout the day with peaks in different times in both the seasons. The seasonal distribution of activity patterns of the fawns showed that feeding was slightly more in summer as compared to winter. In time budget, of the expenditure on different activities, resting accounted for 63.77% and feeding 24.70%. In both the seasons resting was the major portion of their activity. Analysis showed that in all age and sex categories of Swamp deer in the Dudhwa NP, resting dominated on all other activities. The observation on endangered Swamp deer indicates synchronization in activity only in the feeding in the morning and evening hours and resting throughout the day.

Remains of the Romanian Hamster Mesocricetus newtoni were found in Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) pellets in SouthEast Bulgaria (UTM square NG09). This new locality for the hamster species lies 50 km southwest of the nearest previously known locality in the Aitos Mountain. It is located in a region with a hilly relief, an altitude of 50-150 m and prevailing open habitats. In this area the Romanian Hamster is a rare prey of the Eagle Owl (0.11% of the total number of small mammals, n=896 ind.), which most probably reflects its low population density. A great variety of small mammals occur in this region: 28 species or 72% of all small mammals identified in Bulgaria. The great species richness results from the cooccurrence of Steppe, Mediterranean, Boreal and Nemoral species in the area. The region is suitable for inclusion in the National Ecological Net.

Bone fragments of a young and an adult Grey Dwarf Hamsters (Cricetulus migratorius (Pallas, 1773)) were found in Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo (liNNaeUs, 1758)) diets in SouthEast Bulgaria (UTM squares MH 91/92 and NH 21/22). These new localities in the foot of Hisar hills range predominantly field crops, lightly grazed pastures and thorny shrubs. They lie remote almost 30 km from each other. The Grey Dwarf Hamsters exists with low population density in the small mammals' communities in the new localities according to its very low presents in the Eagle Owl diets (3.03%, n = 33 Ind. and 0.22%, n = 452 Ind. by number of mammals weighted below 50 g).

Мартынович Н.В, Алкин С.В. Кости птиц из пещеры близ стоянки Усть-Чёрная в Восточном Забайкалье // Проблемы археологии, этнографии, антропологии Сибири и сопредельных территорий: Материалы итоговой сессии ИАЭТ СО РАН 2014 г. – Том XX. – Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭТ СО РАН, 2014. – С.209-211.

При изучении коллекции в 44 кости птиц из нового плейстоцен-голоценового местонахождения – пещеры в составе археологического микрорайона у с. Усть-Чёрная в бассейне р. Шилка, определены 10 видов. Представлены водные, лесостепные, степные и горно-тундровые обитатели. Гоголь (Bucephala clangula) и даурская куропатка (Perdix dauuricae) в субфоссильном состоянии указываются для региона впервые. Это первые публикуемые данные по позднечетвертичным птицам Забайкалья из карстовых местонахождений. Приведены краткие сведения о находках фоссильных и субфоссильных птиц в Забайкалье.

Population declines among migratory Arctic-breeding birds are a growing concern for conservationists. To inform the conservation of these declining populations, we need to understand how demographic rates such as breeding success are influenced by combinations of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. In this study we examined inter-annual variation and long-term trends in two aspects of the breeding success of a migratory herbivore, the Bewick's swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii, which is currently undergoing a population decline: 1) the percentage of young within the wintering population and 2) mean brood size. We used an information-theoretic approach to test how these two measures of productivity were infl uenced over a 26 yr period by 12 potential explanatory variables, encompassing both environmental (e.g. temperature) and intrinsic (e.g. pair-bond duration) factors. Swan productivity exhibited sensitivity to both types of explanatory variable. Fewer young were observed on the wintering grounds in years in which the breeding period (May to September) was colder and predator (Arctic fox) abundance was higher. Th e percentage of young within the wintering population also showed negative density-dependence. Inter-annual variance in mean swan brood size was best explained by a model comprised of the negative degree days during the swan breeding period, mean pair-bond duration of all paired swans (i.e. mean pair duration), and an interaction between these two variables. In particular, mean pair duration had a strong positive effect on mean brood size. However, we found no long-term directional trend in either measure of breeding success, despite the recent decline in the NW European population. Our results highlight that inter-annual variability in breeding success is sensitive to the combined eff ects of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

We highlight hitherto unreported populations of two globally threatened phalangerid species on south-east Sulawesi’s offshore islands – bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) and small Sulawesi cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis) – and observations of a third range-restricted species – Peleng cuscus (Strigocuscus pelengensis). Our data are based on records made during 11 years of seasonal surveys on Buton, and short-term expeditions to Kabaena and Manui. Our observations of S. celebensis on Buton, where it occurs in three protected areas, represent an important range extension for this species, as do our observations of A. ursinus on Kabaena, where it is also widespread. We also report the unexpected presence of S. pelengensis on Manui. Buton, in particular, appears to be an important stronghold for both A. ursinus and S. celebensis, given that forest ecosystems here remain extensive and relatively intact. Both these species may also display a previously unreported adaptability to disturbed fo...

The exact anatomical location for an iron particle-based magnetic sense remains enigmatic in vertebrates. For mammals, findings from a cornea anaesthesia experiment in mole rats suggest that it carries the primary sensors for magnetoreception. Yet, this has never been tested in a free-ranging mammal. Here, we investigated whether intact corneal sensation is crucial for navigation in migrating Nathusius’ bats, Pipistrellus nathusii, translocated from their migratory corridor. We found that bats treated with corneal anaesthesia in both eyes flew in random directions after translocation and release, contrasting bats with a single eye treated, and the control group, which both oriented in the seasonally appropriate direction. Using a Ymaze test, we confirmed that light detection remained unaffected by topical anaesthesia. Therefore our results suggest the cornea as a possible site of magnetoreception in bats, although other conceivable effects of the anaesthetic are also explored. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the corneal based sense is of bilateral nature but can function in a single eye if necessary.

Genetic networks can characterize complex genetic relationships among groups of individuals, which can be used to rank nodes most important to the overall connec-tivity of the system. Ranking allows scarce resources to be guided toward nodes integral to connectivity. The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a species of conservation concern that breeds on spatially discrete leks that must remain connected by genetic exchange for population persistence. We genotyped 5,950 individuals from 1,200 greater sage-grouse leks distributed across the entire species' geographic range. We found a small-world network composed of 458 nodes connected by 14,481 edges. This network was composed of hubs—that is, nodes facilitating gene flow across the network—and spokes—that is, nodes where connectiv-ity is served by hubs. It is within these hubs that the greatest genetic diversity was housed. Using indices of network centrality, we identified hub nodes of greatest conservation importance. We also identified keystone nodes with elevated centrality despite low local population size. Hub and keystone nodes were found across the entire species' contiguous range, although nodes with elevated importance to network-wide connectivity were found more central: especially in northeastern, central , and southwestern Wyoming and eastern Idaho. Nodes among which genes are most readily exchanged were mostly located in Montana and northern Wyoming, as well as Utah and eastern Nevada. The loss of hub or keystone nodes could lead to the disintegration of the network into smaller, isolated subnetworks. Protecting both hub nodes and keystone nodes will conserve genetic diversity and should maintain network connections to ensure a resilient and viable population over time. Our analysis shows that network models can be used to model gene flow, offering insights into its pattern and process, with application to prioritizing landscapes for conservation.

A b s t r a c t Forest plantation and plantation plays an important role to provide secondary habitat for wildlife, including birds. One of the factors that might influence the avian population is different age or vegetation structure. The purpose of this research is to compare the bird population density and diversity in 2-year and 8-year mangium plantation. The study was conducted from 1 st-21 st August 2015 at SFI in Mendulong and Lakutan Estate. Two types of surveys were conducted, i.e., bird surveys and A. mangium vegetation surveys. Bird survey and vegetation survey were conducted using point count method. For A. mangium surveys, five plots of 10 x 100 metres were established at each age class. Shannon-Weiner (H') and Simpson diversity index (1-D) were used to calculate the bird species diversity. The Population density of bird was estimated by using software Distance 6.2. The results shows that there was a very significant difference between the bird species diversity between the population at 2-year (H'= 3.24) and 8-year (H'= 2.93) mangium plantation (T-test, p=0.001). Bird population density in 8-year mangium plantation (40.37 indv/ha) has a prominently higher density compared to 2-year mangium plantation (17.71 indv/ha). The stem density, basal area and average tree height in 8-year mangium plantation was higher as compared to the 2-year mangium. Avian population density at older age class mangium plantation was significantly higher as compared to the younger age class due to the more complex vegetation in older age class mangium plantation. The avian species diversity at 2-year was higher than the 8-year due to the higher ground elevation, wider range of habitat variability and the closer proximity to the conservation SFI area. A further study is recommended to investigate the ecological interactions, between the conservation areas with the forest plantation areas.

The Moraceae family has been the theme of several ecological aproaches, their anatomy and phenology features provide a variety of interactions with wildlife, and relevant studies have highlighted the Ficus genus as an important source of food and resting resource for some animal species. The aim of the study was to investigate feeding interactions between the fig trees and animals, both the residents and the visitors at Parque Centenário in Barra Mansa south of Rio de Janeiro state. The study was carried out from August 2009 to July 2010 and the data collection involved observations of  14  fig trees in the area. Were considered target species birds and mammals that fed on any tree item, including the some fallen on the ground. On 56 sessions of observation, 12 species of birds have been recorded:  Rufous-bellied thrush (Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818), Creamy-bellied Thrush (Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850) , Sayaca Tanager (Thraupis sayaca Linnaeus, 1766) ,  Ruddy ground dove (Columbina talpacoti Temminck, 1810), Great Kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus Linnaeus, 1766), Green-barred Woodpecker(Colaptes melanochloros, Gmelin, 1788), Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819),  White-rumped Monjita (Xolmis velatus
(Lichtenstein, 1823), Grey-fronted Dove (Leptotila rufaxilla Richard & Bernard, 1792),  Burnished-buff Tanager (Tangara cayana,  Linnaeus, 1766) and  Brazilian tanager (Ramphocelus bresilius Linnaeus, 1766). We also recorded the foraging tactics and potential spreader of which are highlighted as potentially more dispersers: T. rufiventris, T. amaurochalinus and T. sayaca. Among resident mammals were found two species introduced in the park, the  Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825) which eat leaves, shoots and figs and the Red-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta agouti Linnaeus, 1766 ) that despite being feed by the keepers, supplement their diet with figs fallen. The  Ficus species are an important food source for birds and mammals residents and also for those visitors the park area, possibly due to their asynchrony for flowering and fruiting, providing food all over the year.