Burkina Faso

, Nous souhaitons par cet écrit contribué au débat sur l"article 37 qui sera à coup sûr le débat politique majeur de la première moitié du 21 e siècle burkinabé. Cela se comprend aisément dans un pays où l"on compte sur la force du droit et des institutions pour suppléer la faiblesse de la compétence politique du peuple. Bien plus, droit et institutions qui existent dans toute société ont de tout temps eu le souci de se démarquer de leurs sujets en s"élevant au dessus d"eux pour les unir dans des dispositions communes qui s"adressent à tous uniquement dans l"intérêt de chacun. Ils jouent dans cette optique, un rôle d"éducateur. C"est en cela que HEGEL a eu raison de voir dans l"État la réalisation parfaite de l"idée morale, l"universel dans lequel doit s"absorber et se perdre l"égoïsme des particuliers. Quelque soit ce qu"en a dit MARX et al. , il faut reconnaitre qu"aucune société aujourd"hui ne fait délibérément des désirs de ses membres ou de certains de ses membres, l"unique fondement de son ordre juridique. Il y a toujours quelque part un code pénal, des sanctions disciplinaires, des restrictions légales et règlementaires, en somme le besoin d"un minimum d"ordre indispensable à la survie de la société et qui profite à tous ses membres dans tous les cas. « Le droit et la justice, c"est un mode de régulation des conflits qui, référant le singulier à de l"universel, tente de sauver la possibilité de faire monde commun » 2 Le débat sur l"article 37 est donc un débat qui crée deux camps dans lesquels chaque burkinabé devrait se ranger : le camp de ceux qui veulent que le peuple se lève et marche grâce aux béquilles du droit et des institutions et celui de ceux qui veulent lui ravir ses instruments afin qu"il reste couché tant qu"ils vivront ; le camp de ceux qui veulent que la culture démocratique citoyenne advienne grâce à une volonté déjà formellement affirmée juridiquement, et celui de ceux qui veulent l"abandonner en brousse comme un mauvais berger qui refuse d"aller chercher la brebis égarée, en prétendant que les fauves et les carnivores peuvent aussi être pour lui de bons bergers.

This is a working paper presented at Consolfood 2018 in University of Algarve, Portugal.

Abstract: There has been a recent boom in renewable energy programs in African refugee settlements. Solar cookers are being disseminated with many-promised health, environmental and socio-economic benefits for women, including a decrease in smoke intake and drudgery. While solar energy initiatives for water pumping and lighting are widely used by refugees, the case for solar cookers has not been evident. This dissertation presents a case study of the introduction of the Blazing Tube solar cooker in Goudoubo Camp, Burkina Faso between 2013 and 2016. By using the energy ladder hypothesis as a theoretical framework, this dissertation identified and assessed the energy needs, preferences, behaviors, and adoption patterns among refugee women. Results from 37 interviews and 2 focus groups indicated that the Blazing Tube cooker failed to meet many of the participating women’s needs and expectations. These findings go beyond those put forward by the energy ladder hypothesis and provide practitioners with a more holistic understanding of refugee women’s energy behavior.

Ce mémoire étudie les rapports entre sciences et politiques institutionnelles au Burkina Faso. Il investit donc une problématique qui relève de l’ensemble plus vaste qu’est l’approche cognitive des politiques publiques. Mais, s’inspirant d’un écrit de J.-L Quermonne (Les politiques institutionnelles. Essai d’interprétation et de typologie, in M. Grawitz ET J Leca, Traité de science politique, Tome IV, Les politiques publiques. PUF 1985) ainsi que des travaux de penseurs comme, entre autres, J. Habermas (La technique et la science comme idéologie, Gallimard, 1990), il s’attache spécifiquement à démêler les rapports entre sciences et politiques institutionnelles à un niveau beaucoup plus restreint : le domaine des politiques constitutionnelles et des politiques réformatrices de la constitution au Burkina Faso. Il s’agit en effet d’une étude systématique des rapports entre les différentes formes scientifiques du savoir et les politiques institutionnelles d’élaboration et de réformes de la constitution sous la IVème République burkinabé (c’est-à-dire, la République en cours : 1990 à nos jours). Cette étude exploratoire, qui n’a pas posé d’hypothèses à l’avance, entendait surtout déterminer la nature des rapports entre les différentes formes de savoir et les politiques publiques en question. Plus précisément, elle a cherché ultimement à qualifier le modèle de rapports entre sciences et politique qui prévaut dans le contexte burkinabé : technocratie, décisionnisme ou pragmatisme ? Au terme des analyses effectuées, l’étude a révélé que les modèles technocratique et pragmatique sont quasi-inexistants. Le modèle de rapport dominant dans le domaine des politiques institutionnelles abordées est sans conteste le décisionnisme qui, en temps de crise, peut momentanément être remplacé par ce que nous avons appelé « modèle pragmatique provisoire réversible» ou « pragmatisme provisoire réversible» ou encore « pragmatisme provisoire » tout court. Ce nouveau concept désigne en effet une ruse des « groupes au pouvoir » qui, acculés par une crise, s’ouvrent dans un premier temps aux critiques et aux propositions de réformes portées par les autres acteurs politiques, et produites par les « groupes de savoir », avant de remettre en cause dans un deuxième temps, les résultats de cette ouverture une fois la crise terminée. Cette étude aboutit ainsi à la conclusion (déjà tirée par d’autres études effectuées dans des pays en développement concernant d’autres domaines de la science), que les voies de rapports entre sciences et société sont généralement obstruées dans les sociétés faiblement démocratiques, ce qui peut retarder leur entrée dans la modernité politique.

Works on the political and economic thoughts of Thomas Sankara have gained recent currency in the light of the resurgence of decolonization of knowledge in both the global North and South. This chapter works from the wide-ranging and pluriversal political and socioeconomic imaginaries elaborated upon by Sankara (through his speeches and actions) to tease out his particular political economy as one insistent upon building a society in which each person could work toward self-liberation and dignity. I consider some of the lessons learned from the implementation of these political philosophies during the revolution of August 1983 to October 1987. Finally, I conclude by sketching some of the ways in which contemporary pan-Africanists, decolonial thinkers, green socialists, and others have revived aspects of Sankara’s political economy of justice and “revolution [as] happiness.”

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are health conditions that cannot be transmitted from one patient to another, and usually manifest a prolonged, persistent, and slow pathology. NCDs are responsible for over 70% of all deaths, with nearly 80% of these deaths occurring in low-and middle-income countries. In addition, NCDs constitute approximately 80% of all years lived with disability globally. With the global population aging, rises in multi-morbidity, longer life expectancies, and increasing survival rates, more and more people are expected to live with the health burden of NCDs (WHO, 2020).
COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic that emerged at the end of 2019 in China and spread quickly to the rest of the world, affecting, both directly and indirectly, the health and life of the global population. This research attempts to understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on NCDs in Burkina Faso, Bangladesh, Colombia, DRC, Nigeria, and Syria. All six countries are included in the iMMAP COVID-19 Situational Analysis Program, as they are affected by humanitarian crises and conflicts. The report covers the effects of COVID-19 on access to health services, resources allocations, and the medical status of the patients with NCDs.
The research relies on the data collected from trusted academic and institutional sources stored in the DEEP Platform, or directly from World Health Organization (WHO), Centre for Disease Control (CDC), British Medical Journal (BMJ), and ELSEVIER. This secondary data review was complemented with primary data, collected through a key informants’ survey conducted using Kobo Toolbox. For the complete questionnaire.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

RESUME L'étude des conséquences de la sécheresse sur les écoulements des petits bassins versants d'Afrique soudanosahélienne nécessite la constitution de chroniques de ruissellement. A cet effet, un modèle pluie-lame ruisselée a été mis au point et appliqué sur deux bassins de quelques dizaines de km. Ce modèle est basé sur la cartographie des états de surface qui ont évolué sous l'effet conjugué de la modification climatique et de l'extension des surfaces cultivées. Les séries ainsi obtenues pour la période humide 1950-1968 et la période sèche 1969-1984 ont pu être comparées. Il en ressort que les conditions de ruissellement favorisées par une dégradation des bassins dans la seconde période compensent globalement le déficit pluviométrique. Ponctuellement un événement pluviométrique fort qui a la même probabilité d'occurrence avant et après 1969 engendre une crue plus forte dans la période actuelle.

Afrotropical malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae), particularly An. gambiae sensu stricto, are attracted mainly to human hosts. A major source of human volatile emissions is sweat, from which key human-speci®c components are the carboxylic acids (E)-and (Z)-3-methyl-2hexenoic acid and 7-octenoic acid. Electrophysiological studies on the antennae of An. gambiae s.s. showed selective sensitivity to these compounds, with a threshold at 10 ±6 g comparable to that of known olfactory stimulants 1-octen-3-ol, p-cresol, isovaleric acid, and lower than threshold sensitivity to L-lactic acid and the synthetic mosquito repellent N,N-diethyltoluamide (DEET). A combination of the acids released at concentrations > 10 ±5 g in wind tunnel bioassays signi®cantly reduced the response to CO 2 , the major attractant released by human hosts, for strains of An. gambiae s.s. originating from East and West Africa. Field trials with odour-baited entry traps (OBETs) in Burkina Faso showed that 7-octenoic acid signi®cantly increased (by 1.7-fold) the catch of females of An. gambiae sensu lato (comprising two sibling species: An. arabiensis Patton and An. gambiae s.s.) in OBETs baited with CO 2 , whereas combinations of the acids signi®cantly reduced the catch in CO 2baited traps (by 2.1-fold) and in whole human odour-baited traps (by 1.5-fold). The pure (E) and (Z) geometric isomers of 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid gave comparable results to the (E/Z) isomer mixture. These results provide the ®rst experimental evidence that human-speci®c compounds affect the behaviour of highly anthropophilic An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes. The compounds appear to inhibit thè upwind¯ight' response to known long-range attractants, and may serve either tò mask' the attractants present or, more probably, to`arrest' upwind¯ight when mosquitoes arrive at a host under natural conditions. In the ®nal approach to hosts, vectors are known to reduce their¯ight speed and increase their turning rate, to avoid overshooting the source. In our experimental apparatus, these changes in¯ight behaviour would reduce the number of mosquitoes entering the ports of the collection devices.

Riverine tsetse flies such as Glossina palpalis gambiensis and G. tachinoides are the vectors of human and animal trypanosomoses in West Africa. Despite intimate links between tsetse and water, to our knowledge there has never been any attempt to design trapping devices that would catch tsetse on water. In mangrove (Guinea) one challenging issue is the tide, because height above the ground for a trap is a key factor affecting tsetse catches. The trap was mounted on the remains of an old wooden dugout, and attached with rope to nearby branches, thereby allowing it to rise and fall with the tide. Catches showed a very high density of 93.9 flies/"water-trap"/day, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than all the catches from other habitats where the classical trap had been used. In savannah, on the Comoe river of South Burkina Faso, the biconical trap was mounted on a small wooden raft anchored to a stone, and catches were compared with the classical biconical trap put on the shores. G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides densities were not significantly different from those from the classical biconical one. The adaptations described here have allowed to efficiently catch tsetse on the water, which to our knowledge is reported here for the first time. This represents a great progress and opens new opportunities to undertake studies on the vectors of trypanosomoses in mangrove areas of Guinea, which are currently the areas showing the highest prevalences of sleeping sickness in West Africa. It also has huge potential for tsetse control using insecticide impregnated traps in savannah areas where traps become less efficient in rainy season. The Guinean National control programme has already expressed its willingness to use such modified traps in its control campaigns in Guinea, as has the national PATTEC programme in Burkina Faso during rainy season.

The past decade has recorded remarkable interest in socioeconomic inequalities in health care. A multivariate analysis of the World Health Survey data for Burkina Faso was conducted using STATA. This included questions on household economic factors, perceived need, and access to health care. Poverty was defined using Principal Components Analysis. There was no significant difference in perceived need on the basis of poverty or gender. The less poor accessed health care more than the poor, but this difference was significant only among males. Respondents who lived in urban areas accessed health care more than those in rural areas, but this difference was significant only among females. We argue that health care financing arrangements affect self-reported need and access to health care. Even when they perceive need, the poor do not access care, probably because of cost, exacerbated by non-availability of readily accessible health care facilities.

In the French-speaking countries of Africa, strategies of conservation, inherited from the colonial time, exclude the bordering people in the management of the national parks plant resources. Today, policies and legislation try to reconcile forest conservation and development by associating local people. As a consequence, approaches of participatory planning of forest management schemes have become necessary. A major challenge has been the issue of how to (use?) scientific knowledge and local knowledge in the most appropriate way. This article provides an account of a contribution to addressing this issue in the case of the "Parc National Kaboré Tambi" in Burkina Faso, by proposing a combination of ethno-botanical surveys and botanical inventories. The article analyses the importance of the park plant species, identify the constraints faced by local people to harvest the park plant products, analyse the park vegetation structure and assess the degree of regeneration of the main useful species. The surveys reveal that bordering people consider the park as their granary, their pharmacy, their pasture, their place of religious worship, and the source of the strength of their territory. They harvest in the park Non Wood Forest Products (NWFPs), although the Forest Code bans free access. About one hundred plants species are used, but the pattern of extraction of the products or some plant parts could destroy the resource base. Technically, conservation by domestication of the source species and improved harvest of Non Wood Forest Products could be combined for sustainable management of the park. Finally, the process toward an integration of ecology, silviculture, law, economy and decentralisation in order to achieve the park sustainable forest management is of great importance. The success of this process will depend on all actors including policy makers, technicians, local people, researchers and funding agencies.

The antimalarial drug piperaquine is associated with delayed ventricular depolarization, causing prolonged QT interval (time taken for ventricular de-polarisation and re-polarisation). There is a lack of safety data regarding dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine (DHA/PPQ) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, which has limited its use. We created a platform where electrocardiograms (ECG) were performed in public hospitals for the safety assessment of DHA/PPQ, at baseline before the use of dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine (Eurartesim®), and on day 3 (before and after administration of the final dose) and day 7 post-administration. Laboratory analyses included haematology and clinical chemistry. The main objective of the ECG assessment in this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of DHA/PPQ on QTc intervals and the association of QTc intervals with changes in blood biochemistry, full and differential blood count over time after the DHA/PPQ administration. A total of 1315 p...

Pour citer cet article : Aristide Kaboré F, et al. Aspects épidémiologiques, étiologiques et impact psychosocial des fistules urogénitales dans une cohorte de 170 patientes consécutives, prises en charge dans trois centres du Burkina Faso de 2010 à 2012. Prog Urol (2014),

It is now widely recognized that local farmers possess an important body of knowledge concerning soils and their use for agriculture. This article argues that in order for that knowledge to be useful for sustainable development interventions, it is necessary to go beyond the collection of indigenous soil taxonomies and also explore the theories farmers have on soil formation and degradation processes. Based on field research in eastern Burkina Faso, the article demonstrates that farmers' theories of soil go beyond practical rules of thumb and include complex concepts about soil processes and fertility. In this sense they are similar to scientific theories of soil. It is argued that understanding the similarities and differences in soil related concepts, such as that of soil fertility, could do much more to improve communication between farmers, researchers and development workers than only comparing taxonomies. Furthermore, capturing the grammar (theories) rather than the sentences (taxonomies) provides a much clearer insight to how farmers will deal with changing circumstances and new crops than the static way in which local taxonomies are often treated. Finally, local soil theories are a better point of departure in terms of creating the necessary comprehension of farmer practices required for effective collaboration towards sustainable development.

Qui sont les comptables nationaux et prévisionnistes, quels sont leurs cadres de pensée et à quelles contraintes se heurtent-ils dans les travaux quotidiens des administrations africaines ? Quel rôle jouent les organisations internationales dans l'élaboration des comptes depuis l'ajustement structurel ? Etudiant deux pays ouest-africains, la Mauritanie et le Burkina Faso, cet article montre que le calcul d'un même agrégat, le PIB, peut renvoyer à une pluralité de techniques et de logiques de calcul qui coexistent, s'affrontent ou se succèdent. Dans ces deux pays, les programmes de renouvellement des comptes nationaux menés dans les années 2000 avec l'appui d'Afristat ont permis de renouveler et de moderniser les comptes, tout en contribuant à l'empilement de différentes approches des comptes nationaux, et en ravivant des luttes entre individus, corps administratifs, et conceptions de la macroéconomie.

Les cardiopathies de l'enfant déterminent en Afrique un problème de santé publique difficile à prendre en charge, de part la densité de la population jeune, le faible niveau socioéconomique et l'insuffisance de plateaux techniques adaptés. Les auteurs rapportent les aspects échocardiographiques et thérapeutiques des cardiopathies de l'enfant dans le département de pédiatrie du CHUSS de Bobo-Dioulasso. Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive concernant la période de janvier 2013 à décembre 2014 (24 mois). Elle a consisté en une revue documentaire des comptes rendus d'échocardiographies réalisées chez les enfants de moins de 15 ans dans le laboratoire d'échocardiographie du CHUSS et de leurs dossiers de suivi thérapeutique. Durant la période d'étude, 184 examens écho-cardiographiques avaient été réalisés et permis la mise en évidence de 93 cas de cardiopathies de l'enfant, soit 50,50% des cas. Parmi eux, on distinguait 71% (66/93) de cardiopathies congénitales et 29% (27/93) de cardiopathies acquises. Les cardiopathies congénitales les plus fréquentes étaient : la CIV (27,2%), CIA (10,6%), CAV (7,5%), T4F (9,1%), TAC (6%), formes associées (15%). Les cardiopathies acquises étaient dominées par les valvulopathies rhumatismales (48%), la cardiomyopathie dilatée hypokinétique (33,3%) et la tamponnade péricardite (18,5%). L'indication chirurgicale était posée dans 53,7% (50/93) des cas dont 86% (43/50) de cardiopathies congénitales et 14% (7/50) de cardiopathies acquises. 21% (9/43) des cardiopathies congénitales ont bénéficié d'une chirurgie cardiaque. Aucune cardiopathie acquise d'indication thérapeutique chirurgicale n'avait été opérée. Les cardiopathies de l'enfant sont fréquentes à Bobo-Dioulasso. La conception de stratégies multidisciplinaires associées à une optimisation des moyens devraient améliorer la prise en charge de ces cardiopathies.

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À partir d’une enquête menée au Burkina Faso auprès d’individus vivant dans la rue — qui s’autodésignent par le terme «bakoroman» —, cet article pose la question des statuts communément associés aux différents âges de la vie. En plus de partager un ensemble de pratiques et de modes de sociabilité, les bakoroman se présentent en effet comme un groupe d’âge relativement homogène qui correspondrait à la période de transition entre l’enfance et l’âge adulte. Marqué par l’indétermination et l’inachèvement, cet âge recouvre à leurs yeux une capacité d’action distinctive que les bakoroman ont appris à exploiter. À l’encontre d’idées reçues et de perspectives surplombantes sur les catégories d’âge, cette ethnographie de la « jeunesse de rue » burkinabè explore la notion de liminarité appliquée à cet âge « entre-deux ». Ni enfance, ni âge adulte, la jeunesse est ici redéfinie comme une parenthèse, un « moment » de liberté et d’explorations situé entre l’insouciance de l’enfant et les responsabilités de l’adulte.

Female sex workers (FSWs) are vulnerable to violence within and beyond the workplace. Violence is associated with increased burden of HIV, possibly explained through physiologic or behavioral causal pathways. These analyses sought to determine the relationship between lifetime sexual violence with unprotected, condomless vaginal intercourse (UVI) among FSWs in West Africa. FSWs (aged ≥18 years) were recruited into a cross-sectional study through respondent-driven sampling in two West African countries, Togo and Burkina Faso. A total of 1380 participants were enrolled from January to July 2013, and completed a sociobehavioral questionnaire and HIV testing. Measures included sex work history, lifetime experiences of violence victimization, sexual practices, and UVI (past month). Crude and adjusted robust log binomial regression was conducted to estimate prevalence ratios (PrR) as a measure of association between UVI with clients and the primary exposure, forced sex. Self-reported life...

Cet ouvrage explore les systèmes médiatiques d’Afrique subsaharienne francophone et propose des clés pour aborder leurs spécificités via nombre d’éléments historiques, politiques, sociologiques, juridiques, économiques et techno- logiques, indispensables pour les replacer dans leur contexte.
Présentant la littérature de référence, enrichie par les témoignages de dizaines de journalistes africains, et puisant dans l’expérience de plusieurs ONG spécialisées, ce manuel constitue une introduction générale à des environnements médiatiques méconnus et dont les dynamiques internes sont peu explorées. Pourtant, le caractère relativement récent de la liberté de la presse, la nature semi-autoritaire ou l’instabilité chronique de plusieurs des régimes politiques de la région, la prépondérance de l’économie informelle, ainsi que les dynamiques d’appropriation et de participation des citoyens contribuent à façonner des systèmes médiatiques et des modèles professionnels particuliers qui peuvent stimuler la réflexion.

Given the importance of cowpea [Vignaunguiculata(L)Walp] in fighting malnutrition and poverty, a socio-economic assessment of cowpea diversity found on the Ghanaian market was conducted. The objective was to investigate emerging consumer preference for cowpea and make recommendations for the development of tailor-made varieties. Forty-seven cowpea accessions were collected from traders interviewed for morphological characterization to ascertain the degree of diversity. Data was subjected to Hierarchical Cluster Analysis using Genstat Discovery Edition 3 software and variations among the cowpea varieties based on the selected seed traits established. Cowpea varieties found on the markets were broadly categorized into foreign and local varieties and usually named after their sources. Foreign Cowpea varieties were very popular on the markets surveyed as reflected in the per cent distribution of respondents by cowpea varieties sold; Niger (52%), Burkina Faso (50%), Togo (46%), Lagos (36%) and Ghana (18-21%). At the trader level, the order of preference for cowpea characteristics was cleanliness (stone free and no dirt), colour (white seed colour), easy to cook, taste, size, less weevil damage, dryness and place of origin ranked in decreasing order of importance. At the consumer level, cleanliness that was also tied to the extent of weevil damage was ranked most important. This was followed by seed colour (preferable white), short cooking time, size and taste. From the sociological perspective, concerns are raised on the impact of past cowpea breeding activities giving the level of competitiveness and market performance of locally improved varieties observed. Recommendation is made for traders and consumers to be considered as relevant actors in all the stages of crop improvement and breeding activities. This is crucial for enhanced small-holder farmer market access and strengthened food networks in rural economies.

To ensure the acceptability of community-based insurance (CBI) by the community and its sustainability, a feasibility study of CBI was conducted in Burkina Faso, including preference for benefit package of CBI, costing of health services, costing of the benefit package and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the package. Qualitative methods were used to collect information about preferences for the benefit package. Cost per unit health services, health demand obtained from household survey and physician-judged health needs were used to estimate the cost of the benefit package. The bidding game method was used to elicit household head's WTP for the package. We found that there were strong preferences for inclusion of high-cost health services such as operation, essential drugs and consultation fees in the benefit package. It is estimated that the cost of the package per capita was 1673 CFA (demand-based) and 9630 CFA (need-based), including 58% government subsidies ( 1 = 655 CFA). The average household head with eight household members agreed to pay from 7500 (median) to 9769 CFA (mean) to join the CBI for his/her household. The WTP results were influenced by household characteristics, such as location, household size and age composition. Under certain assumptions (household as the enrolment unit, median household head's WTP as premium for the average household, 50% enrolment rate), it would be feasible to run CBI in Nouna, Burkina Faso if enrolees' health demand did not increase by more than 28% or if the underwriting of the initial losses was covered by extra funds.

Farmers in the Sahel have always been facing climatic variability at intra-and inter-annual and decadal time scales. While coping and adaptation strategies have traditionally included crop diversification, mobility, livelihood diversification, and migration, singling out climate as a direct driver of changes is not so simple. Using focus group interviews and a household survey, this study analyzes the perceptions of climate change and the strategies for coping and adaptation by sedentary farmers in the savanna zone of central Senegal. Households are aware of climate variability and identify wind and occasional excess rainfall as the most destructive climate factors. Households attribute poor livestock health, reduced crop yields and a range of other problems to climate factors, especially wind. However, when questions on land use and livelihood change are not asked directly in a climate context, households and groups assign economic, political, and social rather than climate factors as the main reasons for change. It is concluded that the communities studied have a high awareness of climate issues, but climatic narratives are likely to influence responses when questions mention climate. Change in land use and livelihood strategies is driven by adaptation to a range of factors of which climate appears not to be the most important. Implications for policymaking on agricultural and economic development will be to focus on providing flexible options rather than specific solutions to uncertain climate.

Objectives: To develop scores for food variety and diversity to assess the overall dietary quality in an African rural area; and to study their relationship with the nutritional status of women of childbearing age. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Sahelian rural area in the North-East Burkina Faso (West Africa). Subjects: A total of 691 mothers with children below the age of 5 y, selected at random in 30 villages. Methods: A qualitative recall of women's food consumption during the previous 24 h made it possible to calculate a food variety score (FVS ¼ count of food items consumed) and a dietary diversity score (DDS ¼ count of food groups, among 14 groups). These scores were then divided into terciles. Body mass index (BMI), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and body fat percentage (BFP) were used to determine the women's nutritional status. Results: The overall dietary quality was poor: mean FVS (s.d.) ¼ 8.3 (2.9) food items; mean DDS ¼ 5.1 (1.7) food groups. A clear relationship was shown between both FVS and DDS (in terciles) and most nutritional indices. Women with a FVS in the lowest tercile had a mean BMI of 20.1, while those in the highest tercile had a BMI of 20.9 (P ¼ 0.009). Those in the lowest tercile of DDS had a 22.8% prevalence of underweight vs 9.8% in the highest tercile (Po0.0001). The latter relationship remained significant even when the subjects' sociodemographic and economic characteristics were accounted for. Conclusion: Dietary scores measured at the individual level are good proxies for overall dietary quality of women living in a poor rural African area. These scores were also shown to be linked with the nutritional status of women. Financing: IRD financed the study with the assistance of UNICEF for the purchase of anthropometric equipment. The first author received a research allowance from the French Ministry of Research through the doctoral school 393 of Pierre and Marie Curie University (Paris VI).

Des plantations ivoiriennes à la rue ouagalaise. Transmission silencieuse d'une tradition de mobilité Parce que je sais que dans cette famille personne ne veut prendre soin de moi. Donc à un moment, je me suis dit que je dois aller ailleurs pour me chercher, sinon c'est pas bon. Salfo, Ouagadougou, mars 2012.

À partir de l’étude d’extraits de conversations réalisées au Burkina Faso au sein de deux familles, cet article propose de questionner la circulation des catégorisations issues de la dialectologie africaniste et leur rôle dans la spatialisation des pratiques langagières qui s’opère dans de nombreux discours épilinguistiques. Après avoir dressé un état des lieux de la littérature dialectologique concernant le mooré et le bisa, j’analyse la fluctuation dont ces discours sont l’objet. Cela me permet de mettre en lumière l’importance de la spatialité et des changements d’échelle dans la mise en discours des pratiques langagières et des sujets parlants. Cette étude m’amène à présenter la notion de géographisation linguistique afin d’expliquer les processus d’identification du sujet parlant observés tout en remettant en question la légitimité des discours tendant à cartographier de manière figée les pratiques langagières.

La vie et les travaux de Thomas Sankara peuvent être évoqués comme un rappel du pouvoir et du potentiel de l'action humaine pour engendrer des transformation sociopolitiques et économiques... La transformation révolutionnaire de la Haute Volta, pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, en Burkina Faso (connue sous le terme de Révolution d'août 1983) a eu lieu au cours d'une précédente crise néolibérale, celle de la crise de la dette de l'Afrique des années 1980. Sankara a publiquement dénoncé avec véhémence la dette odieuse et encouragé les dirigeants politiques africains à faire de même. Les politiques et le leadership politique de Sankara contestaient l'idée que le système du capitalisme global ne pouvait être défait.

Pendant 4 ans, en sa qualité de président du Burkina Faso, il a travaillé avec la population pour construire des politiques émancipatrices basées sur le bien-être humain, social, écologique et planétaire. Cette révolution, centrée sur les gens, était un point de départ en direction des nouvelles sociétés du continent. Nous avons beaucoup à apprendre de la révolution burkinabé. Ce qui distingue Sankara de nombreux autres dirigeants révolutionnaire était sa confiance dans les compétences d'humains ordinaires. Il ne se voyait pas comme un prophète ou un messie, comme il l'a déclaré à la tribune de l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies en octobre 1984. Il est utile de citer Sankara en longueur lorsque, devant les délégations de 159 nations, il a dit : "Je ne prétends pas présenter une doctrine ici. Je ne suis ni le messie ni un prophète. Je ne détiens aucune vérité. Ma seule aspiration est … de parler au nom de mon peuple… de parler au nom des grands peuples déshérités du monde, ceux qui appartiennent à ce monde si ironiquement baptisé le Tiers Monde. Et de déclarer, bien que je sois pas sûr de pouvoir être compris, la raison de la révolte. "

Sankara a placé les actions de résistance des femmes au centre de la révolution. Il a vu les luttes des femmes pour des droits égaux comme point central de politiques plus égalitaires sur le continent. Des transformations sociales significatives ne peuvent avoir lieu sans le soutien actif et la participation des femmes.

n recent years, Muslim associations in Burkina Faso have undergone a major transformation, driven by the development of the transnational dimension of Islam and a more direct involvement of this religion in the socio-political life of the country. In this paper, through the description and analysis of three different Islamic associations, we will try to understand the reasons for such an evolution, and study the strategies put in place by the religious authorities in order to restructure their zawiyas and reposition them in the public sphere. In this framework, we will also describe the personal trajectories of some religious leaders and suggest a possible classification of the aforementioned associations.

There is an increasing understanding that forests and the forestry sector are key elements in poverty reduction strategies in Africa. However, issues of equity between various forest users are becoming a major challenge to environmental development, forest management and poverty reduction. This paper presents an analysis of household representatives' socio-economic determinants and other constraints on accessing forest products, based on data collected through a questionnaire survey of 1865 respondents in seven districts of the Sissili province, southern Burkina Faso. Three logistic regression models were developed to examine determinants of access to the forest for collecting fuelwood, grazing livestock and collecting nontimber forest products (NTFPs). The results showed that access to forest products is associated with individual characteristics. Age, ethnicity, occupation and sources of income were significant determinants of access to all types of forest products. Access to the forest for grazing livestock was further influenced by gender and household size, while access to NTFPs was influenced by gender, household size and education level of the respondents. The formal forest law that precludes grazing in the forest, and customary rules and regulations pertaining to land tenure, were reported to be serious constraints to forest access for women and migrant people. Understanding the factors influencing access to products from commonly-owned forest resources could form the basis for developing, modifying and targeting policy instruments that promote equitable access. Policies should particularly encourage the direct involvement of vulnerable and marginalized groups (women and migrants) in forest management activities.

Lack of adequate nutrient supply and poor soil structure are the principal constraints to crop production under low input agriculture systems of West Africa. Experiments at two sites (Mediga and Yimtenga) were conducted in Burkina Faso to assess the impact of compost on improving crop production and soil properties. In the first experiment, compost was applied at the rate of 0 and 10 Mg ha−1 in Mediga on a Ferric Lixisol, and 5 and 0 Mg ha−1 on a Ferric-gleyic Lixisol in Yimtenga. A second experiment was conducted in Yimtenga to assess the role of compost in mitigating the effect of delay in sowing on crop performance. 0 and 5 Mg ha−1 compost plots were sown within the normal period for sowing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and with a delay of 1 month. A randomised block design was used with four replications for the two experiments.Semi-structured interviews were used to study socio-economic issues of compost technology. No significant difference in soil organic matter content was found between treatments receiving compost and no-compost. However, compost application increased soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) from 4 to 6 cmol kg−1. Soil pH was also increased by the compost application. Sorghum yield tripled on the 10 Mg ha−1 compost plots and increased by 45% on the 5 Mg ha−1 compost plots, compared to no-compost plots. Compost application mitigated the negative effects of a delay in sowing. The study showed that farmers were aware of the role of compost in sustaining yield and improving soil quality. However, lack of equipment and adequate organic material for making compost, land tenure and the intensive labour required for making compost are major constraints for the adoption of compost technology. It was concluded that compost application could contribute to increase food availability in the Sahel and therefore, efforts should be made to alleviate the socio-economic constraints to the adoption of compost technology.

Cet article présente les limites et les incohérences des innovations sociales et environnementales apportées par la nouvelle législation minière burkinabée. En s’inscrivant dans une appréhension post-coloniale fortement influencée par l’écologie politique, cette recherche détaille les dispositions demeurant favorables à l’industrie minière et favorisant le développement d’une économie de rente axée sur l’exploitation industrielle intensive et à court terme. Cette perspective de développement favorise une utilisation concurrentielle des ressources substantielles et risque d’altérer les tissus socio-économiques locaux en se heurtant aux activités de subsistance, notamment dans le sous-secteur agricole, pratiquées par une majorité de la population burkinabée.