Legislation

issues signals a clear warning for the future sustainability of this global industry. The linking together of global experts in the culture, capture and trading of crustaceans with pathologists, epidemiologists, ecologists, therapeutics specialists and policy makers in the field of food security will allow these issues to be better identified and addressed.

El trabajo analiza la creación en la Argentina, entre los años 1930 y 1954, de una
estructura administrativa nacional, orientada a la prevención y el tratamiento de las enfermedades
venéreas. Dicho esfuerzo responde a un proyecto político de un grupo de médicos,
quienes intentaron dar respuesta a los problemas sociales desde el ámbito de la higiene y
colonizar la estructura burocrática del Estado en su calidad de expertos. Por otro lado,
indaga acerca del proceso de especialización de las disciplinas encargadas de estas enfermedades
y su reconocimiento oficial como especialidades médicas.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Enfermedades venéreas, profilaxis, legislación, burocracia, especialidades médicas.

INTRODUÇÃO Prometemos, cumprimos. É com o sentimento de dever cumprido que o PS se apresenta perante os portugueses. Quatro anos depois, a maior série de criação de emprego de que há registo reduziu o desemprego para metade, as desigualdades reduziram-se e Portugal apresenta contas públicas equilibradas pela primeira vez na sua história democrática. Prometemos virar a página da austeridade e devolver rendimentos. O resultado foi a recuperação da confiança e a dinamização da procura interna que permitiram relançar o crescimento económico, registando em 2017 e 2018 os dois únicos anos de convergência com a Zona Euro desde que Portugal aderiu à moeda única. Prometemos mais e melhor emprego como elemento central da nossa política económica, mas também da estratégia de ajustamento orçamental. O resultado foi uma criação de emprego sem precedentes e uma valorização salarial que foram decisivas para o crescimento das receitas fiscais e das contribuições sociais e, por essa via, para o equilíbrio das contas públicas. Prometemos combater as desigualdades e promover a coesão social por considerarmos a coesão social ferramenta indispensável ao desenvolvimento de um país moderno. O resultado foi uma redução significativa da privação material e a saída de mais de 180 mil pessoas da pobreza, com a desigualdade a atingir os mais baixos valores de sempre. Prometemos respeitar os nossos compromissos internacionais em matéria de consolidação orçamental e temos há três anos os défices mais baixos da nossa democracia, baixámos a dívida para 118% do PIB e com isso libertámo-nos do pagamento mais de 2 000 milhões de euros em juros. Antes das últimas eleições legislativas, o PS -num exercício inédito -apresentou três documentos que estruturaram a sua ação política nos últimos quatro anos: a Agenda para a Década 2015-2024; Uma década para Portugal, com os princípios de governação económica; e o Recentemente, a Administração Eleitoral portuguesa foi considerada a mais fiável do mundo. O PS honrará esse legado, prosseguindo o esforço de modernização e reforço da credibilidade  Privilegiar as relações com os países mais próximos, como a Espanha, o Reino Unido, a França, a Alemanha e os Estados Unidos, afirmando o papel indispensável de Portugal na ligação entre a Europa, o Atlântico Norte e o resto do mundo;

Purpose – To draw the frontiers of the functional food universe, to identify concepts that should be included in a broadly accepted functional food definition and to propose a definition. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a review of the literature and the Delphi technique with a group of North American and European experts. Findings – Four concepts were identified: the nature

The challenges of implementing federal system of governance in Somalia in Somalia As a result of new federal system in Somalia, there are important questions to ask, these include: how can a penniless country like Somalia, which has been undergoing a seemingly endless civil war in the past two decades, and whose governmental institutions have all been destroyed, afford to run such a bloated and huge administrative structure? How can the state make up the planned federal government of Somalia be successful? How will resources be shared equally among the federal states since this has been a problem in the unitary system of governance? The following pages will focus on main questions asked about existing challenges in the implementation of the federal system in Somalia, in particular, the south central zones. Federal system of government is difficult to manage properly, because to become a real federal nation, requires the central federal administration and state governments each having its own three branches of government, namely; the executive, the parliamentary and the judiciary often additional units in the form of regions, provinces and districts. 23 In the case of Somalia's new federal system, the country is planned to be composed of: (a) The federal government; (b) State governments which are two or more regions may federate as mentioned in the new constitution, 2012. (c) Regional administrations; and (d) District administrations. In this regard, each state will have its own governor or president, its own parliament and its own courts (first level, appeal, and supreme courts). Besides, the constituent states will face and manage separately their own internal affairs i.e., internal security, education, health, agriculture/animal husbandry, water resources, etc.; and they will basically share, among themselves, foreign relations and defense arrangements only. Key

Some of Law and Economics’ basic claims have come to be criticized as a result of empirical findings that question their viability. Particularly, the premise that agents consistently act rationally and with their self-interest in mind seems problematic. What the consequences of the criticism mean for Law and Economics’ tenability depends largely on the questions whether (1) some elements are unassailable to the alternative’s objections and (2) the alternative is a systematic whole. It is argued that Law and Economics may be salvaged, if it is minimized and its ambitions are tempered. This means focusing on the stable, a priori, elements inherent to it.

Minimisation of municipal solid waste and diversion from landfill are necessary for the UK to manage waste sustainably and achieve legislative compliance. A survey of householder attitudes and experiences of a trial for minimising household food waste from waste collection in the county of West Sussex, UK is described. The minimisation method used the Green Cone food digester, designed for garden installation. A postal questionnaire was distributed to 1000 householders who had bought a cone during the trial and a total of 433 responses were received. The main reason for people buying the Green Cone had been concerns about waste (88%), with 78% and 67% of respondents, respectively, claiming to have participated in recycling and home composting in the last 30 days. The waste material most frequently put in the digester was cooked food (91%), followed by fruit waste, vegetable matter and bones/meat. Some respondents were using it for garden and animal waste from pets. Most users found the Green Cone performed satisfactorily. Approximately, 60% of respondents had seen a reduction of 25-50% in the amount of waste they normally put out for collection, with analysis showing reported levels of reduction to be significant (p < 0.05). Additional weight surveys by householders recorded an average of 2.7 kg/(h week) diverted to the food digester.

The legislative modifications, both in accounting/book-keeping and fiscal manner, influenced the leasing which is known in our country as a modern financing technique for investments, beeing thus an alternative of economical entities financing. Starting from the rules imposed to nobanking financial institutions which evolve the credit activity through leasing, related to organization and their operation, in this work i will try to do a parallel between the topic registration accounting system and the system used before the 1 st january 2006, both to lodger and to owner, by studing the influence made on the balance sheet situations and the account of profit and loss, pointing also the taxing dificulties appeared same time with Romania adherence to European Union, related to profit taxation, value added tax, and the local duties, to the entities level which achieve leasing operations or acquire fixed assets in leasing conditions.

Autologous fascial and synthetic materials have been widely used to repair the stress form of urinary incontinence (SUI) as well as pelvic floor prolapse. The safety and long-term durability of cadaveric fascia lata in orthopedic and ophthalmologic surgery have encouraged urogynecologists to use this material for a sling material. The rationale of placement of a sling from cadaveric fascia lata

A one of a kind project based on the concept of aging in place is in progress at the University of Missouri (MU). This project required legislation in 1999 and 2001 to be fully realized. A specialized home health agency was developed by the MU Sinclair School of Nursing specifically to help older adults age in place. In 2004, TigerPlace,

The purpose of this research is to assess the effects of major tax legislation on the stock prices of firms in the oil and gas industry. Event study methodology is used to examine the behavior of security prices of oil and gas firms in response to the Joint Conference Committee vote in August 1986. Event studies have been used extensively over the past twenty years to determine the impact of both firm-specific events (such as stock splits and bond downgrades) and industry-wide events (such as new regulations) on common stock prices. The major objective in these studies has been to determine the extent to which security returns around the event were different from expected returns based on a prediction model. These studies have shown that capital markets are highly efficient, i.e., stock prices adjust quickly to publicly available information as investors act in response to new expectations of risk and returns (Hill and Schneeweis 1983).

The biggest producers and exporters of agricultural products have been adopting the genetic engineering in order to improve the factors productivity and the firms profits In the last decade, the United States of America (US) and the European Union (EU) have established a high divergent regulation on production, distribution and consumption of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Apparently, the EU´s complex legislative framework related to GMOs was intend to satisfy the European consumers which are concerned about food safety and whish to make more informed choice about the food they eat. The aim of this paper is to understand the potential motivations behind the different policies on GM products adopted by US and EU.

Background: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is a major threat to public health. Greece, having the highest smoking prevalence in the European Union is seriously affected by passive smoking. The purpose of this study was to measure environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in the non smoking areas of hospitality venues and offices in Greece and to compare the levels of exposure to levels in the US, UK and Ireland before and after the implementation of a smoking ban. Methods: Experimental measurements of particulate matter 2.5 µm (PM 2.5), performed during a cross sectional study of 49 hospitality venues and offices in Athens and Crete, Greece during February-March 2006. Results: Levels of ETS ranged from 19 µg/m 3 to 612 µg/m 3 , differing according to the place of measurement. The average exposure in hospitality venues was 268 µg/m 3 with ETS levels found to be highest in restaurants with a mean value of 298 µg/m 3 followed by bars and cafes with 271 µg/ m 3. ETS levels were 76% lower in venues in which smoking was not observed compared to all other venues (p < 0.001). ETS levels in Greek designated non-smoking areas are similar to those found in the smoking sections of UK hospitality venues while levels in Ireland with a total smoking ban are 89% lower and smoke-free communities in the US are 91-96% lower than levels in Greece. Conclusion: Designated non-smoking areas of hospitality venues in Greece are significantly more polluted with ETS than outdoor air and similar venues in Europe and the United States. The implementation of a total indoor smoking ban in hospitality venues has been shown to have a positive effect on workers and patrons' health. The necessity of such legislation in Greece is thus warranted.

The practice of prescribing opioid drugs for opioid dependent patients in the U.S. has been subjected to special government scrutiny for almost 100 years. From 1920 until 1964, doctors who used opioids to treat addicts risked federal and/or state criminal prosecution. Although that period ended when oral methadone maintenance was established as legitimate medical practice, public concern about methadone diversion

Background: Since the early 1990s, a concerted effort has been made to develop community-and state-based immunization registries. A 1995 survey showed that nine states had laws specifically authorizing immunization registries. This survey was conducted to describe the current status of legislation and policies addressing immunization registries and the sharing of immunization information. Methods: A telephone survey was administered from September 1997 to February 1998 to immunization program managers and/or their designees within the state health department of each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Some of the survey items were later updated through follow-up interviews and informal communications. Copies of legislation, administrative rules and regulations, and immunization registry policies were collected for review. Results: As of October 2000, 24 of 51 states (47%) had laws (21) or rules (3) specifically authorizing an immunization registry. Nine additional states (18%) have laws specifically addressing the sharing of immunization information. Conclusions: Over half of the states have enacted legislation or rules addressing registries or the sharing of immunization information. Further research should be conducted to assess the impact of this legislation on immunization registries.

We analyse the effects of regulations prohibiting the use of information to risk-rate premiums in a life insurance market. New information derived from genetic tests is likely to become increasingly relevant in the future. Many governments prohibit the use of this information, thereby generating Ôregulatory adverse selectionÕ. In our model, individuals early in their lives know neither their desired level of life insurance later in life nor their mortality risk, but learn both over time. We obtain both positive and normative results that differ qualitatively from those in standard, static models. Legislation prohibiting the use of genetic tests for ratemaking may increase welfare. * We thank two anonymous referees and David DeMeza (the editor) for very helpful comments, as well as seminar participants at the

Wastewater treatment sludge contains valuable nutrients, yet represents a residue problem due to the amount of heavy metals, which is one of the factors preventing the use of sludge as fertilizer. In Sweden, the government has a declared aim of closing the ecocycles of nutrients to arable land, while at the same time the existing limit values are among the lowest in the world. This paper focuses on the opportunities for Swedish wastewater utilities (WWUs) to manage and reduce sources of heavy metals in order to get sludge approved and recycled.

ABSTRACT Purpose – Ensuring compliance with food safety legislation and market requirements is one of the key issues facing the poultry meat industry. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how a pre-requisite programme (PRP) and key performance indicators for food safety can be developed in the poultry meat supply chain. Design/methodology/approach – The first stage of the research involved an examination of literature, which was conducted using desk research. The second stage includes a discussion on food safety management systems in primary production and the development of food safety plans with an associated PRP. Findings – Effective food safety management systems in primary production are critical to supplying food which is safe and wholesome. In order to manage food safety effectively measurable indicators of performance should be developed. These will provide data on the suitability of the food for sale, the effectiveness of the food safety management system and any potential areas of weakness which in turn will drive continuous improvement. Originality/value – This study is of benefit to the broiler industry in the further development of quality assurance standards and business improvement models.

Purpose -This study aims to investigate how an organic cotton production network learns to maintain its hybrid network and its sustainability in the face of internal and external pressures. Design/methodology/approach -A qualitative case study was conducted in Justa Trama, a Brazilian-based organic cotton production network formed by six members with different roles and organisational logics. Findings -The study contributes to the literature on hybrid organisations by suggesting that in the case of networks, a compromise strategy is required at the internal level and a manipulation strategy is required at the external level. The network has to learn how to engineer a compromise among internal members and to enforce change among external institutions to maintain its sustainability. Social implications -The study was performed in Brazil, a country with serious social and environmental problems. The study thus informs managers of social economy organisations on how to deal with internal and external pressures to maintain their organisation's sustainability as well as policy makers on the importance of these alternative organisations and the importance of specific legislation to stimulate this type of initiative. Originality/value -The body of research on how hybrid organisations learn to deal with the mutual influence of internal organisational responses and changes in external institutions is limited. Furthermore, this mutual influence has rarely been studied in the context of networks, in which multiple members have to work together to achieve organisational and network-level objectives as well as to respond to institutional pressures.

“Privatization” of public lands has been urged on the grounds that it will provide a more efficient allocation of the nation&amp;#39;s resources. However, there are some public policy objectives which private ownership and free markets are not equipped to achieve. Historically, these objectives have motivated legislation authorizing retention of some land in public ownership. Indeed, land in both forms of

This paper presents the results obtained in a study on environmental noise pollution due to industrial project proposals at four different places in Malaysia. The different projects included in this case study are Petronas refinery extension project MG-3, Janamanjung power station in Perak, RCC plant in Semenyih and Co-generation plant in Melaka. Noise level measurements and analysis for the projects were categorized in three different stages namely, existing environmental noise level, noise scenario during construction stage and noise contours predicted during operation stage. This paper presents typical environmental noise scenarios and impact analysis due to industrial project activities in Malaysia.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has the potential to revolutionize the retail industry, yet the linking of this automatic identification (auto-ID) technology to consumer goods has resulted in widespread concern over the potential privacy threats, primarily due to the aspect of traceability it could impose on consumers. As a consequence, privacy has come to be perceived as a barrier stopping RFID adoption in retail in its tracks. When investigating other complex information and communication technologies (ICT), it becomes apparent that consumers often sacrifice privacy in order to take advantage of some form of value afforded by the technology. This interplay between value and privacy is seen as a balance which must be favorable to the consumer to encourage acceptance. This study is focused on exploring this balance, with the addition of control as another important factor. The paper presents a review of literature, commencing with RFID technology itself and subsequently the value proposition that RFID offers retailers and consumers. It will investigate the privacy debate, looking at commonly expressed privacy concerns and the meaning of privacy. This will provide a basis for discussion of potential solutions that have been proposed.

Integration of conventional and complementary care in the United States is driven by the growing use of complementary therapies by patients, limitations in the effectiveness of conventional care for a variety of chronic conditions, a growing emphasis on patient satisfaction as a legitimate outcome of care, and an awareness on the part of insurers and practitioners that complementary approaches can offer a broad array of options that may significantly enhance healing and promote more active patient participation in health maintenance. Many models of integrative care are possible, ranging from the informed practitioner, to fully integrated group practices, to hospital-based and academic center systems of integration. A variety of barriers and challenges can slow the process of integration, including limited personal financial and temporal resources, negative peer opinion, legislative hindrances, and reimbursement shortfalls. This review describes seven models of integrative health car...

– Tanzania is undergoing an unprecedented boom of IT industries. But awareness of environmental issues connected with ICT is almost nonexistent in Tan-zania. ICT development without an eye on environmen-tal protection is not sustainable. As of 2009 Tumaini University’s B.Sc. program in IT has included a Green Computing course as an obligatory part of IT studies. That course aims at raising students ’ awareness of envi-ronmental issues caused by IT, at giving them knowledge about laws and regulations concerning the issue, and at equipping them with tools and knowledge for making informed choices concerning IT installations. In this paper we analyze Tanzania’s educational needs concern-ing Green Computing and present Tumaini’s Green Computing course.

The California Blue Ribbon Commission on Autism’s September, 2007 report identified Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as a ‘public health crisis’ and ‘epidemic’ recommending an “Office of ASD” under Public Health. The Commission also said that health plans should provide “full…” services for ASD. With this, the Commission set the groundwork for a potential misdirection of public health funding, increased litigation, and unnecessary competition between families and providers of children with special needs. Though the report acknowledges that honest differences exist, it then incorrectly asserts that each has equal relevance. Rather than a ‘public health crisis,’ autism should be viewed as a crisis of instruction requiring better coordination of available services and existing knowledge with targeted support for schools, families and community providers.

A consensus of the Workgroup on Community and Socioeconomic Issues was that improving and sustaining healthy rural communities depends on integrating socioeconomic development and environmental protection. The workgroup agreed that the World Health ...

Resumo: No presente artigo, é apresentada uma discussão acerca da atual estrutura dos cursos de licenciatura de universidades do Brasil, bem como algumas modificações que vêm sendo elaboradas em virtude das mudanças na legislação educacional. Por meio de um estudo exploratório, buscou-se explicitar as concepções de alguns alunos da disciplina de Prática de Ensino de dois cursos de Licenciatura em Matemática de Instituições Públicas do Estado do Paraná, acerca a formação em relação a algumas das competências expressas pelas diretrizes curriculares para a formação de professores. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de uma ampla discussão em torno dos pressupostos teóricos e princípios norteadores desses cursos, de forma a transformar a realidade das ações junto aos acadêmicos. Palavras-chave: Formação docente; educação matemática; prática de ensino. Abstract: This article presents a discussion about the current structure of the courses for obtaining the licensure degree in some B...

Law, as a set of sources including legislation, administrative regulations, custom, and judicial decisions, is one of the causes of systemic corruption, intended as the generalised practice of various forms of abuse of entrusted power for private gain as part of the culture and the institutional system of a country. This paper assesses the validity of the outcomes of the most significant research conducted in Europe on the unintended criminogenic effects of legislation and the viability of the mechanism of legislative crime proofing developed for EU law in the particular legal context of Commonwealth countries. The first objective is to offer some original theoretical perspectives and practical solutions, and, particularly, to develop a comprehensive, principled strategy capable of suiting the most disparate legal systems. A secondary objective of this paper is to stimulate further discussion and research on the crime and corruption risks of the law, as a necessary step towards the elimination of systemic corruption.

Canada's current grizzly/brown bear (Ursus arctos) population estimate is between 22,000 and 28,000. The grizzlies' range can be subdivided into 14 biophysically based zones. Banci (1991) classified the grizzly as extinct in 2, threatened in 1, vulnerable in 7, and secure in 4. This documents the need for future-oriented, proactive planning to protect grizzly bear populations in the face of development. Through a survey, all provinces, territories, and national parks having grizzly bears were contacted and their opinions were sought regarding grizzly bear status, threats, and the role of reserves for long-term conservation of viable grizzly bear populations. All respondents believed that the concept of a strictly protected core area and a surrounding region managed to allow limited, carefully regulated resource development, but planned to minimally impact grizzly bears, would be an important component of long-term grizzly bear conservation. I concluded that creation of a new system of such reserves for grizzly bears and other highly mobile species was unlikely. I suggest that the already established 10 national parks of Canada that have grizzly bears could form at least major parts of the strictly protected areas. At least enough land surrounding each park would need to be managed to protect grizzly bear habitat and populations so as to give a high probability of population viability. Canadian national parks by themselves only protect approximately 3.4-4.4% of Canada's grizzly bears so interagency cooperation would be necessary to protect viable populations in larger grizzly bear ecosystems. The need for and progress toward interagency management is discussed with respect to each Canadian national park having grizzly bears. Means of forming interagency management teams are identified. The legislative, policy, and managerial ability of the Canadian national parks to protect grizzly bear habitat and populations is discussed and found to be good enough to allow national parks to function as protected cores. Cooperation from territories and provinces in the management of grizzly ecosystems will depend on public support.

... The increased diversity of people in organizations provides an appearance of change in thedomestic balance of power while it supports the ... In the context of a liberalized global labour market, increased efficiency may be used to reduce the numbers of privileged positions. ...

This paper is directed at showing that there are features of accounting resistant to technical progress in legislation, auditing and accounting standards so that it is not so much that history repeats itself as that there remain elements of the practice of accounting beyond legislative reach. Such elements stem essentially from diverse and perhaps ungovernable characteristics of human nature and relationships. This situation is exemplified through two case studies documenting an extraordinary recurrence of financial mal-management in the case of the Bank of New Zealand (BNZ). Twice, the BNZ fell into the hands of forceful individuals with political connections who were able to control its management and influence lending policy with disastrous results. In both instances separated by nearly a century, creative accounting masked poor performance, and the government was persuaded to rescue what was once affectionately known as 'The People's Bank'. Such rescues represented a socialisation of losses, not least because the BNZ was shareholder-owned and those responsible escaped largely unscathed. Reliance upon the possibility of rescue may even promote riskier behaviour.

Several methodological difficulties emerge from the empirical evaluation of the impact of closeness on turnout. The most critical resides in the use of the actual electoral results to assess the impact of closeness. Important doubt therefore remains with respect to the empirical validity of the relationship between turnout and closeness. This article intends to explore this ambiguity by an econometric analysis of the two-round French legislative elections. The first ballot gives excellent information to the voters on the expected closeness of the upcoming second ballot. The results show that closeness, whatever its measure, has an important and meaningful impact on electoral participation.

Proposals for revising the principal United States law governing industrial chemicals, the Toxic Substances Control Act, have been under consideration in the US Congress for the past several years, and some version of such legislation may be passed in the near future. Concurrently, a desire to move away from current testing methods for ethical, scientific, and practical reasons has led to multi-million dollar investments in in vitro and computational toxicology methods and programs. Legislative language has the potential to endorse this transition and facilitate its fruition, or conversely enshrine in vivo testing methods for the foreseeable future. New legislation also has the potential to substantially increase the numbers of animals used in toxicity tests in the near term. However, there are a number of policies that, used effectively, can reduce the overall number of animals used in new toxicity tests. We present recent legislative proposals in the context of current testing programs and discuss their potential impacts on animal use, test method innovation, and achievement of desired legislative objectives. Discussions like these are essential to judiciously select policies that reduce the use of animals in toxicity testing and protect human health and the environment.

The need for Social Security Reform in the next years is hardly a matter of debate. Therefore, the widespread believe among Americans that Social Security will not be able to pay benefits in the long run at the level that was anticipated, does not come as a surprise. The government acknowledges the situation, and predicts that substantial benefits cuts will be necessary, yet no legislation has been passed to tackle the problem. Researchers, however, have rarely modeled the uncertainty over Social Security reform and benefit levels, and how they affect claiming behavior and retirement. The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which these perceptions of future cuts might explain the puzzle of earlier take-up despite bigger penalties to doing so in the presence of increasing longevity. By introducing a small amount of uncertainty (based on selfreported responses to questions regarding expectations over future cuts) of a relatively small cut (compared with what the government reports as necessary to solve the crisis) in a dynamic life-cycle model of retirement, we are able to match the claiming behavior observed in the data, without relying on heterogeneous preferences. Our results support the hypothesis that expectations over future benefits are affecting current behavior. We find that a mis-specified dynamic retirement model would erroneously predict that an increase in the NRA would delay claiming behavior and increase labor supply at older ages. Once the appropriate earnings test incentives are modeled, and we account for the probability of reforms to the system, an increase in the NRA has little effect on claiming behavior, and it can even increase the proportion of individuals claiming before the NRA.

The requirement of accession nations to adopt European Union (EU) legislation, in particular the Nitrates Directive (91/676/ EEC), has elevated the issue of nitrate pollution of water by agriculture to one of considerable political significance in Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries. This paper reports on the legislative and institutional changes made with the object of achieving compliance. Although harmonisation of Polish law with EU law has been achieved, this paper questions whether there has been sufficient institutional development to ensure the Nitrates Directive's aims are attained in practice. r

Systematic methods for improving response rates in surveys has been an area of interest for researchers for some time following the articulation of the Total Design Method (Dillman 1978) which included applying aspects of social influence and social exchange theory to encourage responses. One part of the literature focused on the idea of offering a tangible but token incentive to respondents at the time of the request for data. Subsequent research and experience has shown that appropriate incentives do improve respondent cooperation in terms of obtaining better response rates (eg Singer and Wilmot 1997; Yammarino, Skinner and Childers 1991). The focus of most work has been on using monetary or token material incentives for surveys of individuals, so little is known about the problem of how to motivate businesses and the individuals in them to respond. The situation of National Statistical Organisations (NSOs) conducting surveys of businesses is also different to that of many other s...

The Client Outcomes in Child Welfare (COCW) Project was designed to examine the state of knowledge about outcomes measurement in Canada and initiate a consensus building process for a coordinated strategy in tracking outcomes across Canada. Through interviews with key informants, reviews of the literature and analysis of legislation, policy documents, information systems, the COCW Project identified some of the challenges to outcome measurement that may explain the limited progress made in this field. These include a needs driven service delivery system, competing objectives of child welfare, definitional confusion, and differences between clinical and administrative use of outcomes. The Outcomes Indicator Matrix was developed as a first stage in a strategy that focuses initially on the administrative use of outcomes information, allowing the clinical use of outcomes measures to develop in a more gradual fashion. Indicators were selected in four domains which reflect the breadth of the child welfare mandate in Canadian jurisdictions: child protection, child functioning, permanence and continuity of care for the child, and family and community support.

Non-union forms of employee representation have become increasingly prominent in UK workplaces in the last 15 years. In addition, partnership working has been encouraged by New Labour, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, the Confederation of British Industry and the TUC as a route to higher commitment and higher individual and organisational performance. These trends have been further encouraged by recent European Union legislation. This article seeks to examine the implied linkages between non-union employee representative mechanisms and partnership working and their influence on the effectiveness of employee voice as a conduit of high performance. The article is based on a case study organisation from within the UK finance sector, and data are drawn from semistructured interviews with managers and staff and a survey of employee attitudes. The article concludes that employers' attempts to utilise a non-union partnership framework for organisational gain are severely constrained by structural limitations on effective employee voice.

The increasing demands from environmental legislations are changing the conditions that the valve system is exposed to in heavy duty engines. Increased pressures, higher temperatures and lower amounts of soot which can build up a protective film are some of the increasing challenges which the system has to endure. Three pairs of valves and valve seat inserts with the same material and design properties but with different service condition have been analyzed with a variety of analytical instruments to gain information of how the wear occurs. The wear mechanisms found were a combination of oxidation, where many different oxides were found, adhesive wear, which was seen both in form of material transfer and flow lines. On top of Sample Mild and Hard there were tribo films of thickness varying from 1 to 5 m consisting of Ca, O, P, S and Zn. The film has in all cases protected the underlying surface from wear but in some cases seems to have a corrosive impact instead.

This paper sets out to examine the facts behind the trade of long distance transportation of cattle. In particular it looks at the various welfare implications during handling and transport with examples from research work on cattle. The role of the science is explained and the methodology for assessing the welfare of animals is then presented. Finally, public concerns and legal position are presented as they play an important role to promote farm animal welfare principles during transportation.