Canary Islands

Beginning around 6000 BCE, significant temples were built in Malta and Gozo coinciding with the Sicilian migration to both the islands. Malta and Gozo are located on the most “southern part of the large area designated as Old Europe, yet it is considered as a Megalithic culture because of its astounding stone temples.” (MG: 101.) More than 43 temples were constructed, 34 on Malta and 9 on the neighboring island of Gozo. Calibrated dates are c. 5200-1500 BCE. These temples including dark mothers, represent the “goddess as round as the earth, lying on her side” (BLM: 7) including the sleeping Hypogeum goddess. (It should be noted that numerous Malta/Gozo goddesses also show a strong resemblance to the deities from Çatal Hüyük and the Canary Islands, * even though the latter are earlier and later respectively.)
* According to Peter Mitchell, the Canaries “were settled from the Maghreb by people speaking a largely Berber–like language.” (ACA: 176-178.)

The diversity of local Mediterranean food elements is not known in detail, but offers itself to search for new vegetables, salads, fruits and spices which could be used in to enrich diets outside their region of origin. Most amid those interesting local elements are edible wild plants and weeds. Ethnobotanical research has identified ca. 2,300 different plant and fungi taxa, which are gathered and consumed in the Mediterranean. Among these,
1,000 are only consumed in one single zone, therefore are strictly local. The percentage of local gathered food plant (GFP) taxa (present in 5 samples), is higher in the main centers of diversity at the periphery of the Mediterranean (Sahara, Alps, Caucasus, Canary Islands, the Levant). Islands (Sicily, Sardinia, Crete, Cyprus) also show a high proportion. Endemism of GFP taxa only accounts for a limited number of these ‘ethnobotanical endemics’ (only ca. 350 are endemic/ endangered species). On the other hand, only a few taxa – 30 occurring in...

This study reports hydrographic and biological observations from three cruises where cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies were observed downstream of Gran Canaria island. Based on field data and remote sensing images (AVHRR and CZCS), two mechanisms associated with islandgenerated eddies, largely responsible for the formation and distribution of chlorophyll around the Canary Islands, are proposed. First, nutrient pumping and vertical uplifting of the deep chlorophyll maximum by cyclonic eddies might represent important sources of primary production in the oligotrophic waters of the Canary region. Second, eddies are responsible for the horizontal transport and distribution of chlorophyll originating near the islands or off the African coast. Water with high chlorophyll content, resulting from island stirring or local upwelling at the flanks of the islands, is incorporated into cyclonic eddies in their development and subsequently transported downstream. On the other hand, anticyclonic eddies can also entrain water rich in chlorophyll when interacting with the offshore boundary of the African coastal upwelling. This chlorophyll will be advected southward as the eddy drifts. The recurrence of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, together with the presence of upwelling filaments throughout the year, must have important biological consequences in the formation and transport of organic matter in the Canary region. 0 1997

The European Pollutant Emission Register in Spain (EPER-Spain) is a public inventory of pollutant industries created by decision of the European Union. The location of these industries is geocoded and the first published data correspond to 2001. Publication of these data will allow for quantification of the effect of proximity to one or more such plant on cancer and all-cause mortality observed in nearby towns. However, as errors have been detected in the geocoding of many of the pollutant foci shown in the EPER, it was decided that a validation study should be conducted into the accuracy of these co-ordinates. EPER-Spain geographic co-ordinates were drawn from the European Environment Agency (EEA) server and the Spanish Ministry of the Environment (MOE). The Farm Plot Geographic Information System (Sistema de Información Geográfica de Parcelas Agrícolas) (SIGPAC) enables orthophotos (digitalized aerial images) of any territorial point across Spain to be obtained. Through a search of co-ordinates in the SIGPAC, all the industrial foci (except farms) were located. The quality criteria used to ascertain possible errors in industrial location were high, medium and low quality, where industries were situated at a distance of less than 500 metres, more than 500 metres but less than 1 kilometre, and more than 1 kilometre from their real locations, respectively.

In this paper, we present meteorological and photometric studies of the Oukaimeden astronomical site in Morocco. The meteorological measurements were obtained over 537 days. The photometric data were measured by both FIP and GONG instruments over 1182 days. We have also analysed the weather parameters at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM) in the Canary Islands. More than ten years of measurements with the Carlsberg Automatic Meridian Circle (CAMC) are included, corresponding to 2931 nights of atmospheric extinction measurements.

Haliotis tuberculata coccinea Reeve (1846), is a target species for diversification of European aquaculture production. Taking into account that sustainable, eco-friendly production methods are to be a part of future expansion of the abalone industry, growth performance of juvenile abalone reared in an integrated culture system was evaluated and compared with that of abalone fed non-enriched macroalgae. Four macroalgae treatments, three monospecific: Ulva rigida (UN), Hypnea spinella (HN) and Gracilaria cornea (GN) and a composite one (MN), were produced out of fishpond wastewater effluents, while other four control treatments consisted of the same species reared in fresh seawater (U; H; G; M). Seaweeds reared in fishpond wastewater effluents increased their protein content from 11-17% to 29-34%. Lipids consisted mainly of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (43-60%), palmitic acid being the most abundant fatty acid (40-47%). Highest EPA percentage was found in red algae H. spinella (6.9%), being ten times higher than that of U. rigida (0.7%). All the algae tested contained very low levels of arachinodic acid (0.1-1.6%) and docosahexaenoic acid (0.5-3%). Protein levels in foot muscle (74-76%) did not differ significantly (Pb 0.05) among treatments. Survival was generally high, ranging from 85 to 100%. Weight gain (17-561%) and SGR (0.2-2.3%) were positively related to protein content; whereas, protein efficiency ratio (PER) (0.5-3.7) was negative correlated. PE ratios increased by 82-159% (DW) as a function of the enrichment among the different diets. Food conversion ratio (FCR) (7-188) improved according to the increase in PER. Overall, biofilter-produced macroalgae showed a significantly higher dietary value compared to the control treatments. Similarly, animals fed the mixed diets performed significantly better than those fed a single algal diet. Feeding G. cornea led to the lowest growth performance probably due to the lowest feed intake. The results clearly indicate that H. tuberculata coccinea growout can efficiently take place in an integrated-culture system suggesting that on-farm seaweed-abalone production could be part of future development of the abalone industry in the Canary Islands.

A sample of 6237 adult inhabitants of the Canary Islands (Spain) was randomly divided into two subgroups: one yielded data used to develop the instrument, and the other yielded data used for validation testing. Performance of the instrument was compared in persons with ...

This investigation addresses two related questions about the origins and biological affinities of the Canary Islands' aboriginal inhabitants. First: With which North African populations do the pre-conquest inhabitants of the Canary Islands have their greatest affinities? Second: Does inter-island biological variability among the Canary Islanders, as has been suggested by other researchers (Hooton 1925, Schwidetzky 1963), imply that potentially different founding populations remained distinct during the pre-conquest period? This study employs dental morphology data derived from pre-conquest skeletons to answer these questions. Non-metric dental traits appear to be controlled by polygenic systems with a low to moderate environmental contribution to the resulting phenotype (Berry 1978, Harris & Bailit 1980, Nichol 1990) and can thus be assumed to reflect genetic relationships. The dental morphology of a sample of Canary Islanders (n = 397) is compared to that of Northwest African samples of Algerian Shawia Berbers (n = 26), Kabyle Berbers (n = 32), Bedouin Arabs (n = 49) and Punic Carthaginians (n = 28) as well as to six samples from Northeast Africa (n = 307) included for the purpose of understanding Canary Islanders' affinities within a wider context. The analysis employs 28 dental traits, quantifying differences in their expression among the various samples through a summary statistic, CAB Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD). The MMD analysis indicates that the Canary Island sample is most similar to the four samples from Northwest Africa: the Shawia Berbers, Kabyle Berbers, Bedouin Arabs and Carthaginians, less similar to the three Egyptian samples and least like the three Nubian samples. An intra-island comparison among samples from La Gomera, Gran Canaria and Tenerife reveals low, insignificant MMD values in all cases, implying that inter-island dental morphology differences are not so great as to require hypotheses of separate founding populations. Resumen Esta investigación estudia dos cuestiones relacionadas entre sí acerca del origen y afinidades biológicas de los aborígenes de las Islas Canarias. En primer lugar, ¿Qué poblaciones del norte de Africa tienen mayores afinidades con los pobladores prehispánicos de las Islas Canarias? Por otra parte, ¿Implica la variablidad biológica observada entre las poblaciones de las diferentes islas que distintos tipos de poblaciones fundadoras permanecieron diferenciadas durante el periodo anterior a la conquista de las islas, como ha sido sugerido por otros investigadores (Hooton 1925, Schwidetzky 1963). Para responder a estas cuestiones, el presente trabajo analiza los datos de la morfología dental observados en esqueletos de individuos de las poblaciones prehispánicas de Canarias. Los rasgos dentales no-métricos parecen estar controlados por sistemas poligénicos, con una moderada o baja contribución ambiental al fenotipo (

Two diseased young white-tailed laurel-pigeons (Columba junoniae), an endemic and endangered species of the Canary Islands (Spain), were found in La Palma. They were very depressed and had severe cutaneous yellowish nodular lesions in feathered and unfeathered areas on the bodies of both birds. Necropsy and histopathologic analyses were conducted. The presence of epidermal hypertrophy and hyperplasia in cutaneous lesions, as well as several acidophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions in affected epithelial cells (Bollinger bodies), confirmed avian poxvirus infection. This is the first report of avian pox in whitetailed laurel-pigeons or in any other free-ranging bird in the Canaries, and it might indicate that other threatened birds of the Canarian Archipelago may be affected by this viral disease.

Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson is the most common seagrass in the Canary Islands. Data about its insular distribution as well as observations on its flowering, fruiting and seed germination are shown. Cymodocea nodosa forms scattered meadows mainly along the southeastern coasts of these islands. The reproductive phenology was studied in meadows at E1 M6dano, south of Tenerife. Flowering was detected from March to July, when fertile shoots were observed. Fruiting began in April and fruits were observed attached to shoots until December. Throughout the year numerous fruits were detected buried in the sediment. Seed germination was observed from February to September.

RESUMEN En esta contribución abordamos algunas cuestiones concernientes a la tradición grecolatina (mitología-dioses, héroes, geografía mítica-, autores griegos, autores latinos, figuras histó-ricas, nombres de las islas, aborígenes) en relación con las Islas Canarias. PALABRAS CLAVE: Tradición Clásica. Leonardo Torriani. Islas Canarias. ABSTRACT «The Classical Tradition in Leonard Torriani's work Description of the Canary Islands (1592)». In this contribution we will address some issues concerning the Greco-Roman tradition (mythology-gods, heroes, mythical geography-, Greek authors, Latin authors, historical figures, names of the islands, aborigines) with regard to the Canary Islands. KEY WORDS: Classical Tradition. Leonard Torriani. Canary Islands. 1. Desde hace varios años venimos ocupándonos de una revisión de las primeras noticias sobre las Islas Canarias en su historiografía correspondiente desde la óptica de un filólogo clásico. A este respecto hemos publicado ya varios trabajos y en uno de los últimos (2012) hemos abordado nuestro tema en las primeras historias genera-les de Canarias del siglo XVI. En este estudio pasamos lista, analizamos y explicamos fehacientemente los aspectos del mundo clásico que se mencionan en las obras de Thomas Nichols y Fray Alonso de Espinosa, que junto con la de Leonardo Torriani constituyen la tríada de las historias generales específicamente dedicadas al Archipié-lago en ese siglo. En este merecido Homenaje al amigo José González Luis queremos completar la visión de esa tríada con el estudio de la tradición clásica en el autor italiano. Ahora bien, de los tres historiadores citados, Torriani, como buen renacen-tista culto, es el que ofrece mayor documentación en su obra sobre nuestra temática. Hubiera sido precisa una monografía entera para abarcar las innumerables cuestiones del mundo grecolatino que se mencionan en su obra. Dada la limitación de páginas impuesta a nuestra colaboración solo vamos a referirnos a algunos temas del inmen-so mundo de la Tradición Clásica que encontramos en nuestro autor. Para nuestro

A thick sequence of volcaniclastic sediments drilled at site 953 during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 157 northeast of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) contains an almost complete magneto-stratigraphy back to the shield stage of the island 14.8 Ma ago. Onshore, a sequence of reversals has been identified and dated in 19 dominantly peralkaline rhyolitic ignimbrites, one rhyolitic, and one basaltic lava flow of the Mogán Group (13.35–13.95 Ma), which overlie basalt flows of the island's shield stage (>14 Ma). The magneto-stratigraphy of the ignimbrites onshore has been correlated with the marine magneto-stratigraphy at site 953, determined in syn-ignimbritic volcaniclastic turbidites, which were deposited practically synchronously immediately following the entry of the parent pyroclastic flows into the sea around the circumference of the island. The four polarity intervals recorded in the sequence of the Mogán Group ignimbrites correspond to C5ACr, C5ACn, C5ADr and C5ADn. Single crystal 40Ar/39Ar-age determinations of the ignimbrites bracketing the polarity changes gave the following ages and uncertainties for the reversals C5AD (t) (13.95±0.07 Ma), C5AC(o) (13.89±0.08 Ma), and C5AC(t) (13.47±0.09 Ma). The newly dated polarity changes fit and refine the Miocene age model proposed in the global polarity time scale.

El alcance de las navegaciones por la costa noroccidental africana en la Antigüedad es un tema enormemente controvertido.
En el siguiente trabajo se pretende analizar las posibilidades náuticas de las que gozarían los navíos antiguos en relación con el
medio, con el fin de conocer cuáles son los límites a los que sus características técnicas les permitirían acceder y las dificultades
que dichas travesías presentarían a la hora de establecer rutas. Todo ello puesto en relación con las diferentes teorías que se
han presentado para explicar el poblamiento de las islas Canarias.

A revision of the seismicity, both historical and instrumental for the Canary Islands is presented. The occurrence on May 9, 1989 of an earthquake of magnitude 5.2 between the islands Gran Canaria and Tenerife, followed by a large number of aftershocks have been interpreted on seismotectonic grounds. The main conclusion is that a horizontal compressional stress regime in NW-SE direction is present in the region which is compatible with the tectonics in the northwestern part of the African continent.

Atmospheric dust collected on filters at a coastal site in Gran Canaria has been analysed by a combination of chemical, magnetic and optical methods with the aim of determining the iron speciation. The fraction of total iron as particulate (oxyhydr)oxides, determined by the citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite method, was 0.39 AE 0.11 (mean AE s.d.); the fraction of (oxyhydr)oxide iron in ferrimagnetic form, through analysis of the saturation magnetisation, was 0.053 AE 0.038 (mean AE s.d.); and the fraction of haematite iron with respect to the iron in haematite þ goethite form, by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements, was 0.47 AE 0.12 (mean AE s.d.). Consistent with these findings, low temperature in-phase and out-of-phase AC susceptibility measurements reveal also the presence of paramagnetic iron, most likely in silicates with ionic substitution, and indicate that, while magnetite or haematite particles may be present in the dust, their particle size should be very small, as the typical magnetic transitions characteristic of large crystals of these oxides are practically impossible to detect. The comparison of the Fe/Al elemental ratios with typical crustal values indicates that the great majority of captured dust iron has a non-anthropogenic origin. Although no significant correlations have been found between the analysed dust properties and the dust provenance, the obtained magnetic data corresponding to the dust collected at this site may be useful, as a middle step, in future magnetic monitoring studies of the iron biogeochemical cycle.

The Resedaceae, containing 6 genera and ca. 85 species, are widely distributed in the Old World, with a major center of species diversity in the Mediterranean basin. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS and plastid trnL-trnF sequences of 66 species from all genera of the Resedaceae reveal (1) monophyly of the family, in congruence with preliminary phylogenetic studies; (2) molecular support for the traditional morphological subdivision of the Resedaceae into three tribes according to ovary and placentation types, and carpel number; (3) two monophyletic genera (Caylusea, Sesamoides), and one natural group (core Reseda), which includes the remaining four genera of the family (Ochradenus, Oligomeris, Randonia, Reseda); (4) a monophyletic origin for four of the six taxonomic sections recognized within Reseda (Leucoreseda, Luteola, Glaucoreseda, Phyteuma). Our results lead us to interpret an increment of the basic chromosome number in the family from x D 5 to x D 6 in at least two independent in...

Las Islas Canarias son un ejemplo paradigmático de espacio geográfico marcado por su condición fronteriza. La visión que el isleño tiene del mundo, de sí mismo y de su comunidad se transforma a lo largo de los siglos. El Océano Atlántico se convierte en protagonista, sustituyendo al Mediterráneo como vía principal de comunicación entre distintas culturas y pueblos. Las fronteras, la conciencia del límite pero también la perspectiva de su disolución, las dos caras del problema migratorio que viene padeciendo la humanidad
desde que los pueblos se volvieron trashumantes, es decir, prácticamente desde siempre, aparecen en la mayor parte de los procesos de construcción identitaria que se desarrollan en el planeta.

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The author describes the situation in the Canary Islands, referring first to the deities of the communities here.
The aborigines of the Canary Islands utilized sacrificial altars, locally known as pireos, to perform rituals on prominent geological locations such as mountaintops or cliffs. These are dry stone constructions shaped as an ovalcircular enclosure with one or more small cavities, where burning of food offerings was performed. It presents the construction characteristics of these sacrificial enclosures.
The shared prominent location and aspect of altars for sacrifices reflect a phenomenon on pan-insular scale, a unitary ideological system, a network of territorial connections along the entire archipelago, and a hierarchical social organization.
It is noted the southern peak of the Montaña de Tindaya (northeastern Fuerteventura Island) with 213 foot-shaped rock engravings, where different sacred activities took place. The hub of the religious, cultural and social network was the great insular-scale sanctuary on El Alto de Garajonay (La Gomera Island). In conclusion, sanctuaries were organized according to a well-established territorial hierarchy, which is easily associable with the image given by ethnohistorical sources about an aboriginal segmented and non-egalitarian society. Some of these monuments have been investigated, providing information about their age, as well as the products offered to the deities (especially parts of animals, wild fruits and cultivated cereals). A cult center with about twenty-five altars for fire sacrifices and related stone altars occurs on La Fortaleza de Chipude (The Fortress of Chipude). A hierarchical network of fire-sacrificial sanctuaries set in the different islands participated to a complex process of social segmentation-interrelation cohesion-guidance of the population.
A pan-insular organization above the tribes did not exist. A supraterritorial religious and social institute was established instead, based on the power to interpret the divine will and predict the future through sacrifices.

Little is known concerning the effects of wildfires on tree radial growth and their climatic response under contrasting regimes of fog water inputs on oceanic islands. On Tenerife, Canary Islands, windward slopes are humid with high-fog frequency due to influence of wet trade winds, while climate on leeward slopes is more arid. We used tree-ring records of Pinus canariensis Sweet ex Spreng. to quantify the effects of a fire of known date on radial growth and determine the main limiting climatic factors for growth. Radial growth patterns and their responsiveness to fire severity and climatic variation differed between windward and leeward slopes. Surface fire did not significantly impact growth, while crown fire caused short-term growth reduction, and even cessation, more pronounced on the windward slope. Growth rates, tree-ring common signal, and climate sensitivity were smaller on the windward slope, with cold winters, and summer water stress limiting growth. On the leeward slope, climate explained a greater amount of growth variation mainly due to negative effects of high October–December sea-level pressures causing dry winter conditions. Contrasting growth dynamics on both slopes may result from diverging physiological effects of water inputs and reduced radiation caused by fog drip. Our findings suggest that dating growth suppressions and absent rings are useful to date past high-severity crown fires in P. canariensis forests, in addition to ordinary fire scars dating indicative of low-severity surface fires.

The extent of mass wasting along the north flank of Tenerife has been mapped using swath bathymetry, GLORIA side-scan sonar, and 3.5-kHz echo sounder data. The marine surveys show that, north of Tenerife, a giant landslide is exposed over an area of 5500 km 2 of the seafloor, more than twice the surface area of the island. The landslide truncates an older ridge and valley topography that is associated with the shield building basalts on Tenerife. We interpret the ridge and valley topography as the result of subaerial erosion. The landslide is estimated to have a length of 100 km, a width of up to 80 km, and a volume of about 1000 km 3. It extends onshore into the Orotava and Icod valleys which have been interpreted as of landslide origin. K-Ar dating of basaltic flows in the steep headwall of Orotava suggests an age of formation for the valley is younger than 0.78 Ma and may even be younger than 0.27 Ma. The Iced valley is located immediately to the north of the most recent volcano on Tenerife, Las Cafiadas, and has been associated with the collapse of its caldera, between 1.2 and 0.2 Ma. A young age for the landslide is supported by the 3.5-kHz echo sounder data which show that the landslide is draped by a thin (< 10 m) layer of younger sediment. The landslide did not form, however, during a single catastrophic event but represents the amalgamation of a number of separate landslides. The occurrence of the ridge and valley topography in water depths of up to 2.5 km suggests that the shield-building basalts have subsided by at least this amount since they formed, 3.3-8.0 Ma. We speculate that this subsidence is caused by some form of stress relaxation that occurs in the underlying lithosphere. The giant landslide imaged in our sonar data is associated with the late stages in the development of the most recent volcano on Tenerife, Las Ca•adas, which only began at about 1.8 Ma. Thus landsliding may be a particular feature of the time soon after emplacement when because of incomplete isostatic adjustment, oceanic volcanoes have their greatest elevations above sea-level and therefore are most susceptible to slope failure. 1Now at Southhampton Oceanography Centre, Southhampton, England. Paper number 95JB02630. 0148-0227/95/95JB-02630505.00 sonar data [Masson et al., 1992] has shown that the debris flow deposit extends downslope for about 700 km from its source. The total volume of displaced material has been estimated at about 1100 km 3. The extent of landsliding froin the slopes of other sea floor features, such as seamounts, and ocean islands, banks, plateaux and aseismic ridges is not, in general, as well known. The best examples have been described by Moore et al. [1989] from the Hawaiian ridge. Other examples have been reported from Tristan da Cunha [Holcomb and Searle, 1991], La Reunion [Lenat et. al., 1989] and E1 Hiefro (western Canary Islands) [Holcomb and Searle, 1991]. Evidence for giant landslides on the slopes of the Hawaiian ridge have been apparent in echo sounder data since the 1960s, but it was not until the use of side-scan sonar techniques that the full extent of landsliding became apparent. Side-scan sonar data acquired with the GLORIA system, for example, have shown landslide deposits that are exposed over an area of some 100,000 km 2 of the ridge flank between the islands of Hawaii and Kauai. The dimensions of individual landslides are huge; some are more than 200 km in length and have estimated volumes in excess of 5000 loll 3 . In this paper we use swath bathymetry and GLORIA sidescan sonar data to show that giant landslides are also present on the flanks of the Canary Islands. Although they may not be as large as those described by Moore et al. [1989] from the Hawaiian ridge, we show that they are of great significance in 24,487 24,488 WATrS AND MASSON: GIANT LANDS• ON TENERIFE

Transport from nutrient-rich coastal upwellings is a key factor influencing biological activity in surrounding waters and even in the open ocean. The rich upwelling in the NorthWestern African coast is known to interact strongly with the wake of the Canary islands, giving rise to filaments and other mesoscale structures of increased productivity. Motivated by this scenario, we introduce a simplified two-dimensional kinematic flow describing the wake of an island in a stream, and study the conditions under which there is a net transport of substances across the wake. For small vorticity values in the wake, it acts as a barrier, but there is a transition when increasing vorticity so that for values appropriate to the Canary area, it entrains fluid and enhances cross-wake transport.

Abstract–The Canarian Archipelago is a group of volcanic islands on a slow-moving oceanic plate, close to a continental margin. The origins of the archipelago are controversial: a hotspot or mantle plume, a zone of lithospheric deformation, a region of compressional ...

Que los antiguos habitantes de Gran Canaria sabían contar no es un secreto para los estudiosos del pasado isleño que desde hace tiempo manejan dos listas numerales distintas, ambas atribuidas a la antigua lengua de la isla 1 . A estas dos listas se las conoce como lista Recco y lista Cedeño.

RESUMEN: Siguiendo los pasos de Alexandre Cioranescu, Avelino Teixeira da Mota y Manuel Lobo Cabrera, este ensayo trata de reconstruir aspectos del tráfico de esclavos hacia las islas Canarias que proporcionan nuevas pistas sobre la historia de Sierra Leona a mediados del siglo XVI, justo después de la supuesta invasión de los Manes. Los tangomãos, intermediarios que realmente llevaron a cabo las compras de cautivos africanos, figuran en la historia africana como personajes algo misteriosos. Resulta que algunos residían en Tenerife.

El Surrealismo es una corriente artística y literaria que nace en 1924 de la mano de André Bretón. Como movimiento de vanguardia, hundía sus raíces en el inconformismo social, negando la participación en los asuntos políticos y trascendiendo de la realidad aparente, la cual estaba marcada por la II Guerra Mundial, buscando las referencias en el mundo de lo onírico. Entre los integrantes de este grupo, destaca la figura de Óscar Domínguez, considerado el artista con mayor proyección y fama de las Islas Canarias. Nacido en La Laguna en 1906, reside en Tacoronte durante su adolescencia y, aunque marcha a París en 1927, donde habitará hasta su muerte en 1957, no olvidará las playas tacoronteras, los colores y a sus amigos del pueblo. Su figura y su obra no dejan indiferentes a nadie, convirtiéndose en uno de los máximos exponentes del arte canario a nivel mundial, referente indispensable para todo aquel que se acerque al conocimiento del panorama artístico contemporáneo. Conocer a este artista es profundizar en su mundo, sus sueños, miedos, deseos, inquietudes y esperanzas.

Relaxation geospeedometry has been applied to two series of clastogenic obsidian¯ows on Tenerife to determine their thermal history across the glass transition. The phonolite¯ows investigated were both generated by lava fountaining activity followed by rheomorphism of the deposits. The detailed sampling resolution within the two series enabled an accurate quanti®cation of their thermal history. Cooling rates within the investigated spatter-fed¯ows vary over more than two orders of magnitude. The highest cooling rates of 0.39 K/min were modeled for the central vesiculated part of one¯ow. The dense basal obsidian layers of both¯ows were cooled at substantially lower rates of 0.0042 and 0.0028 K/min, respectively. There appears to be an in¯uence of in-situ vesiculation processes on the thermal budget of the investigated¯ows. In addition, the slow cooling rates for the basal portions of both¯ows seem to be associated with a stage of thermal buffering. Continual advective heat transport of hot material along a basal shear plane may sustain elevated temperatures associated with (quasi-) isothermal annealing within this ªde Âcollementº. Numerical simulations based on conductive heat loss concepts fail to resolve the cooling history quanti®ed through relaxation geospeedometry for the investigated¯ows. The effects of vesiculation and thermal annealing on the cooling behavior of the clastogenic¯ows across the glass transition are discussed in the light of these new data. In addition, viscometric data on these phonolites are used to correlate the known cooling rates to viscosities at the glass transition. q

En el presente artículo se pretende considerar dos cambios fonéticos en el español de Gran Canaria y sus consecuencias para el inventario de fonemas de esta variedad. Más específi camente, se describen los alófonos de las obstruyentes interruptas producidos mediante la aproximantización y la sonorización post-vocálica. Los dos procesos contribuyen al debate sobre los rasgos contrastivos en la lengua española, especialmente el rol del rasgo continuo y el uso del contraste tenso/fl ojo en vez de sordo/sonoro. Se argumenta que los cambios observados en el dialecto tienen carácter debilitante con paralelismos en los cambios históricos de las lenguas romances y, si su trayectoria sigue el mismo camino, pueden llevar a la recategorización fonemática. Palabras clave: sonorización, español canario, dialectología, cambio lingüístico, desfono-logización

This paper presents two phonetic changes taking place in the Spanish of Gran Canaria and their consequences for the phonemic inventory of this variety. More specifi cally, alophones of non-continuant obstruents produced by aproximantisation and post-vocalic voicing are described. Th e two processes contribute to the debate on contrastive features to be used with respect to Spanish obstruents, especially on the role of the feature continuant and the use of the tense/lax contrast instead of voiced/voiceless. It is argued that the changes observed in the Canary Islands are instances of lenition parallel to the historical changes experienced by Romance languages and, if their trajectory is not altered, they may lead to phonemic recategorisation.

In ihrem Buch vereint sich akademische Genauigkeit mit einem leicht zu lesenden Stil. Der Führer enthält auch eine Reihe empfohlener Routen durch unsere schon immer vorhandenen Naturräume, die wir durch die Fülle der gebrachten Infor- mationen jetzt aber völlig neu entdecken können. Die vielen Fotos helfen den weniger in Naturkunde bewanderten, Tiere und Pflanzen leichter zu identifizieren.

El conquistador Antonio Cedeño es el supuesto autor de una crónica de la conquista de Gran Canaria conservada en tres versiones distintas, denominadas A, B y C. Aunque la crónica es ampliamente conocida y ha sido publicada en distintas ocasiones, los graves problemas relacionados con la identificación de su autor y el origen de las tres versiones siguen sin resolverse a pesar de los estudios realizados hasta el momento. En este trabajo aportamos datos biográficos inéditos sobre su supuesto autor, describimos y datamos el primer manuscrito conservado de cada una de las tres versiones, establecemos la existencia de un texto base común a todas ellas producto de la refundición de dos textos distintos, y datamos la introducción a las versiones B y C. Por último, recopilamos todos los manuscritos, copias y ediciones que conocemos de las tres versiones y establecemos el esquema completo de su transmisión textual.

Cuando hablamos de " Noche de Brujas " casi todas pensamos en Halloween y en calabazas. No obstante este hecho, al fin y al cabo, es producto de la globalización y el imperialismo cultural. Aunque en mi opinión, no se trata de la apariencia ni estética de la bruja en sí misma, si vuela en escoba o en aspiradora, si usa cucurucho o sombrero de paja, sino de lo que el arquetipo, el modelo de la bruja simboliza en sí mismo y que, curiosamente, se repite en todas las culturas que las mencionan: el de ​ mujer poderosa, sabia​ ​ y, por supuesto, ​ temible​ ​ .