Cleaning

New techniques for cleaning acrylic emulsion paint surfaces continue to emerge in the practice of contemporary conservation. The discipline is currently in the process of identifying problematic first-generation practices, pursuing improved and alternative treatments, and framing a dialogue to guide future innovations. This paper will present four case studies that illustrate a new aqueous cleaning system for acrylic paint films on paper supports. It will also address this system’s potential to treat discolored paper and board. Driving this evolution in practice is acrylic works’ sensitivity to aqueous cleaning methods. Paint film swelling and surfactant or pigment disruption are two primary risks conservators regularly face when cleaning acrylic works of art on paper. The aqueous cleaning system discussed in this paper mitigates these risks by using pH and conductivity meters to test acrylic paint surfaces and to create customized aqueous cleaning solutions—a technique demonstrated...

Roy Lichtenstein’s Whaam! (1963) is an iconic artwork in Tate’s collection (T00897). Over the past 50 years, the painting has been on almost continuous display and had accrued a layer of deposited soiling, which resulted in the dampening of Lichtenstein’s vibrant colours and the masking of numerous subtleties across the painting surface. This paper outlines the design and execution of an optimal soiling removal strategy for this challenging work; utilising collaborative, practice-based research. The conservation treatment employed was derived through an iterative process that reflected and supported the conservation decision-making process. The research strands included: technical and art historical investigations to determine the materials and construction of Whaam! and to define the aims of the conservation treatment; preparation of accelerated aged and artificially soiled test (mock-up) paint samples based on contemporary equivalent materials and a comparative evaluation of a ran...

Granite Features
One of the biggest fears people may have about natural stone is the maintenance it requires. With the public increasingly turning to the use of natural materials in the home, granite has become the counter-top of choice for today’s home owners. Synthetic solid surface materials are no match for the richness, depth, and incredible performance of real granite. Unlike laminates and solid-surface materials, a hot pot or frying pan has no effect on granite’s mirror-like finish.
The diamond-like hardness of granite makes it virtually impervious to abrasions, stains and heat. (It’s important to note that granite won’t stand temperature stress such as fireplaces where the stone expands and contracts in very short period of time. The seams, however, will prevent cracks.) Most importantly, by choosing a granite counter-top you not only give your kitchen everlasting performance and beauty, but you also increase the value of your home.
You’ll find caring for your natural stone is easy. Warm water, mild dishwashing liquid, and soft clean cloth are generally all that’s needed to maintain your granite counter-top surface. The best care you can give your natural stone is preventive care. By following a few suggestions, your counter-tops will last a lifetime while maintaining a brand-new appearance.
Basic Cleaning and Maintenance

1. Avoid using cleaning products with any kind of acid or abrasive; they may cause de-colorations or scratches.
2. Do not stand , kneel down on or sit on your counter-tops, as they could crack or break.
3. Do not place hot pans or other objects directly on your counter-tops. This may cause discoloration (mainly in dark granites) and/or cracking. Always use a protective barrier between any hot object and granite such as trivet or mat.

Read more on www.palladiostone.co.za under section Granite.

Palladio Stone - Quartz, Granite & Marble counter tops Specialist.
93 B, Kyalami Drive
Killarney Gardens - Cape Town
021 556 6306

In this presentation Dr. Tim Sandle will outline the importance of contamination control for cleanrooms. The presentation will centre on the use of detergents and disinfectants as part of the control strategy. The presentation will discuss the differences between different types of disinfectants (including those intended to be sporicidal) and the steps to be followed for their selection. Key GMP topics will also be addressed, including disinfectant rotation, qualification and the importance of examine microbial counts and the types of microorganisms recovered from an environmental monitoring programme.

This paper provides an introduction to the sanitization and bio-decontamination of pharmaceutical facilities. Pharmaceutical facilities are made up of a series of rooms called cleanrooms. Cleanrooms are also found in many healthcare facilities. Cleanrooms and zones are typically classified according to their use (the main activity within each room or zone) and are confirmed by the cleanliness of the air by the measurement of particles. Cleanrooms are used in several industries, including the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and in the electronics industry. For pharmaceutical cleanrooms, air cleanliness is either based on EU GMP guidance for aseptically filled products, and
the EU GMP alphabetic notations are adopted; or by using the International Standard ISO14644, where numerical classes are adopted. The cleanliness of the air is controlled by an HVAC system (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning).

The unique properties of clay and clay minerals had made them valuable in the wide range of industrial applications. Low cost, local availability and effectiveness are the prevailing factors that have made clay and clay mineral to be used extensively as adsorbent in the purification of vegetable oils. The textural characteristics and surface chemistry play important roles in the bleaching earth performance. These two factors can be modified by various techniques including acid, basic, organic, thermal and pillaring activation. In these reviews, a comprehensive list of literatures on chemical and physical modification techniques of the bleaching earth was compiled and reviewed in relation to its effect on the structure, surface chemistry and adsorption capacity.

This paper has discusses the implications of the process hold times on microbial growth during pharmaceutical manufacturing. Microbiological risk exists -- especially with biological products. If microbial contamination occurs where microorganisms enter a product in sufficient numbers and if the process hold time is long enough, the process hold time may be problematic.

Active (volumetric) air-sampling is an important component of the environmental monitoring of cleanrooms. It is important that the results of such monitoring are accurate. One aspect of ensuring that the result is ‘valid’ is through minimising cross-contamination. The ‘at risk’ part of the sampler is the head. There are three alternatives to control cross-contamination during active air sampling contamination control: using multiple air sampler, autoclaving the sampler head in-between samples, or disinfecting the sampler head intermittently. This paper summarises a study where a disinfectant (70% isopropyl alcohol) was used to disinfect the head of an impaction air sampler between sampling sessions (spray-and-wipe technique). The study examined two factors: disinfectant decontamination effectiveness and the potential for the inhibition of microbial growth. With decontamination effectiveness, successive operations of an air sampler were examined within different cleanroom grades; with microbial growth inhibition studies, different disinfection time points were assessed. The paper concludes that this method of contamination control is effective and applicable to most cleanroom monitoring situations: it is unlikely to allow carry-over of microbial contamination and it is not shown to cause inhibition of microbial growth.

One of the more difficult tasks facing pharmaceutical organisations is with the selection of disinfectants, particularly in ensuring that those chosen are appropriate and that their effectiveness is periodically assessed. This paper outlines the main considerations.

Pharmaceutical facilities are made up of a series of rooms called cleanrooms. Cleanrooms and zones are typically classified according to their use (the main activity within each room or zone) and are confirmed by the cleanliness of the air by the measurement of particles. Cleanrooms are used in several industries, including the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and in the electronics industry.

This paper describes the methodology and practice-based research underpinning the development of a successful cleaning strategy for Eva Hesse's sculpture Addendum (1967, Tate Collection T02394). Research strands included: technical and art historical investigations to determine the materials and construction of the work of art and to define the aims of the conservation treatment; the production, soiling and accelerated ageing of mock-up samples using contemporary equivalent materials; and the systematic, iterative evaluation of soiling removal systems, which were further refined for appropriate use on the work of art. The comparative cleaning system evaluation was employed to determine options which offered optimal soiling removal efficacy and posed minimal risk to the work of art. Newly developed Nanorestore Gel ® Peggy series (i.e. polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVA/PVP)-based hydrogels), designed for the cleaning of modern and contemporary art, were evaluated with a range of other gels, emulsifiers and cosmetic sponges and assessed through a combination of empirical observation, microscopy and spectroscopic techniques. Promising options, combined with tailored aqueous phases derived from trials on mock-up samples, were then evaluated on discreet areas of the sculpture. After extensive testing, the top papier mâché section of Addendum was surface cleaned using an aqueous solution applied with cosmetic sponges, and the ropes were surface cleaned using a modified version of Nanorestore Gel ® Peggy 5 (PVA/PVP) loaded with a tailored aqueous solution. The optimisation of this hydrogel, combined with the extensive supporting research, enabled the successful, low-risk, conservation treatment of Addendum for the first time since acquisition.

New techniques for cleaning acrylic emulsion paint surfaces
continue to emerge in the practice of contemporary
conservation. The discipline is currently in the process of
identifying problematic first-generation practices, pursuing
improved and alternative treatments, and framing a dialogue
to guide future innovations. This paper will present four
case studies that illustrate a new aqueous cleaning system for
acrylic paint films on paper supports. It will also address this
system’s potential to treat discolored paper and board.
Driving this evolution in practice is acrylic works’ sensitivity
to aqueous cleaning methods. Paint film swelling and
surfactant or pigment disruption are two primary risks conservators
regularly face when cleaning acrylic works of art on
paper. The aqueous cleaning system discussed in this paper
mitigates these risks by using pH and conductivity meters to
test acrylic paint surfaces and to create customized aqueous
cleaning solutions—a technique demonstrated at the 2011
Cleaning of Acrylic Painted Surfaces workshop.
Examples of this system will be presented in the treatment
of four works. The first case study uses Paula Rego’s In the
Garden (1986), an acrylic painting on paper with embedded
dust and dirt. This study will demonstrate the necessity of
adapting the cleaning system to diverse pigments and color
mixtures, due to their idiosyncratic responses to water. The
second case study, Maquette for Smoking Cigarette Relief (1983),
by Tom Wesselmann, will demonstrate the technique as
applied to the removal of active mold growth and associated
staining. The final two studies will present successful treatment
of stained and discolored paper supports through the
use of conductivity and pH adjustment.

One of the more difficult tasks facing pharmaceutical organisations is with the  selection of disinfectants, particularly in  ensuring that the disinfectants selected are  appropriate and that the effectiveness of the disinfectants are periodically assessed. The need for a scientific rationale for the selection of disinfectant is outlined in the USP chapter Chapter <1072> ‘Selection of a Disinfectant for Use in a Pharmaceutical  Manufacturing Environment’. Disinfectant suppliers like schülke can work with  pharmaceutical companies to help them to select the most suitable types of  disinfectants. The selection of a disinfectant involves the careful consideration of a  number of factors and this article outlines the most important factors which need to be  taken into account.

Corrosion crusts, composed mainly of calcium salts, are one of the main problems that can be found on the surface of stained glass. In this study, chemical characterization of corrosion products was performed on the 15th-century stained-glass panel S07c, Figura Aureolada, from the Monastery of Santa Maria da Vitória, in Batalha, Portugal, and the use of ionic liquids was assessed as an alternative to conventional cleaning methods. For better characterization and analysis of the experimental procedures, several analytical techniques were used, including optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‑AES). The experiments revealed that some of the ionic liquids studied can be a good alternative to current cleaning methods applied to stained glass, as they reveal good properties in the removal of corrosion crusts. N...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%CA%BBoponopono

Hoʻoponopono (ho-o-pono-pono) is an ancient Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness. Similar forgiveness practices were performed on islands throughout the South Pacific, including Samoa, Tahiti and New Zealand. Traditionally hoʻoponopono is practiced by healing priests or kahuna lapaʻau among family members of a person who is physically ill. Modern versions are performed within the family by a family elder, or by the individual alone.

Este artículo ofrece un ejemplo de colaboración interdisciplinar para la conservación y puesta en valor de un modelo anatómico en cera perteneciente a la colección del Museo de Anatomía de la Facultad de Medicina (Universidad Complutense de Madrid). Con objeto de conocer los procesos técnicos de creación, el origen de la producción de la pieza seleccionada y el modo en que se ha ido deteriorando por causa de manipulaciones, acción de agentes de degradación biológicos y químicos, así como intervenciones de restauración inadecuadas efectuadas en un tiempo pasado, se ha procedido a la identificación caracterológica de los materiales constitutivos, originales y añadidos, y a partir de los resultados obtenidos se ha establecido un protocolo de actuación en materia de limpieza, con un seguimiento y control del proceso de eliminación tanto de las sustancias contaminantes como de la película de recubrimiento. Todo ello ha permitido planificar una correcta intervención de restauración, alejada de un carácter de inmediatez nada deseable para nuestro patrimonio.

In the vision of increasing global pressure to minimise environmental pollution and promote a
green nation, green cane harvesting will probably soon become the norm worldwide. The
effects of harvesting, delivering, and crushing green cane, which contains all of the associated
extraneous matter at kinyara, on the cost of production and the quality of sugar are well known.
Confirm by the company not being ISO certified, this case study analyses the threatening
problems above and provide a combination of additional machinery that the factory can install
in place to save it from the dangerous properties of its only raw material. With the objectives
of the cleaning solution and utilization as to separate plant (trash) and mineral (soil) impurities
from the manually-harvested sugar cane at the mill. A series of manufacturing companies
worldwide provide for the purchase, the cleaning machines that can be used. For this case study,
the machine will have the requirements and specification analysed in here. The core interest is
to achieve a clean cane stalk that escalates sugar production efficiency, its related products
, and by-products.

Roy Lichtenstein's Whaam! (1963) is an iconic artwork in Tate's collection (T00897). Over the past 50 years, the painting has been on almost continuous display and had accrued a layer of deposited soiling, which resulted in the dampening of Lichtenstein's vibrant colours and the masking of numerous subtleties across the painting surface. This paper outlines the design and execution of an optimal soiling removal strategy for this challenging work; utilising collabora-tive, practice-based research. The conservation treatment employed was derived through an iterative process that reflected and supported the conservation decision-making process. The research strands included: technical and art historical investigations to determine the materials and construction of Whaam! and to define the aims of the conservation treatment; preparation of accelerated aged and artificially soiled test (mock-up) paint samples based on contemporary equivalent materials and a comparative evaluation of a range of established and novel soil-removal systems, followed by further tailoring for use on the work of art. The range of cleaning systems evaluated included free-solvents, gels and emulsifiers; which were documented using star diagrams, digital microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. After a rigorous process of assessment and refinement, the strategy taken forward to Whaam! included the use of a polyvinyl alcohol-based polymeric hydrogel (Nanorestore Gel ® Peggy 6), uploaded with tailored aqueous solutions. This process facilitated a low risk, controlled and even-removal of the soiling layer, enabling the successful treatment of this sensitive painting for the first time in the painting's history.

RESUMO
Esta tese teve como principal objetivo melhor compreender o processo de trabalho,
as relações laborais e as principais características do ramo de atividade da limpeza
no Brasil. Para isto, foram empregadas duas metodologias: i) uma abordagem
qualitativa, baseada no trabalho de campo com entrevistas, observações
sistemáticas e participantes, vivências e diálogos com os trabalhadores e
trabalhadoras de duas empresas terceirizadas que prestam serviços de limpeza
predial e hospitalar, respectivamente, para a Universidade Estadual de Campinas
(Unicamp); ii) uma abordagem quantitativa baseada na avaliação de informações
presentes em banco de dados governamentais acerca do trabalho e contemplando
estatísticas relativas ao trabalho no Brasil. Observou-se também diversas
disparidades entre o salário em relação ao gênero, raça e regiões do Brasil.
Concluímos que os trabalhadores e trabalhadoras das áreas de limpeza estão
constantemente expostos a condições que não são favoráveis ao bom
desenvolvimento das funções das quais foram contratados, os proventos não são
suficientes para reprodução da vida e verificamos a existência de superexploração
da força de trabalho no setor.
ABSTRACT
This thesis aimed a better comprehension is the work process, labour relations and
the main characteristics of the janitorial field of activity in Brazil. To that end, the
research was conducted in two different approaches: i) qualitative: field work with
interviews, observations, experiences and dialogues with male and female workers in
two third-party companies providing janitorial services in buildings and the hospital at
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp); ii) we also based our assessment
on government databases on work and statistics about work in Brazil. Pay gaps
related to age, race and geographical regions in Brazil were also observed.
Therefore, we concluded that male and female workers who work in the janitorial field
are constantly exposed to unfavorable conditions to the development of their jobs,
the salaries are not enough for basic support of life and we also verified that there is
an over exploitation of the work force in this field.

Part of effective contamination control in cleanrooms involves the use of hand disinfectants, particular as people are the primary source of microbial contamination in pharmaceutical facilities and the hands are a prime vehicle for contamination transfer. Personnel apply these as they move through changing areas, deploying products safe to be used on human skin. Such products are also applied to the gloved hands of personnel working within cleanrooms. Regular application before handling product or taking samples
forms an important part of good manufacturing practice (GMP). Within aseptic processing areas,
the application is even more important in relation to ensuring that the product does not become contaminated.

Dịch vụ quét mạng nhện, quét bụi nhà xưởng nhà máy của công ty vệ sinh TKT Cleaning.
Kỹ thuật thi công trên cao, kỹ thuật an toàn khi làm việc trên cao. Thiết bị hóa chất vệ sinh trên cao.
Chi tiết tại: http://tktg.vn/dich-vu/dich-vu-quet-bui-mang-nhen-nha-xuong-nha-may/

Solar power is probably the most important source of renewable energy available today. Solar energy is the light and radiant heat from the Sun that influences Earth's climate and weather and sustains life. Solar power installations are becoming increasingly common, especially in desert regions.
While the plentiful sunlight is a boon to solar power, the desert poses some unique challenges as well. Wind-blown dust can block sunlight and reduce ef iciency of a solar power plant because dust covers direct sun ray contact with the panel, and also these will sticks to and coats of solar reflectors and solar panels reduces its ef iciency. Due to the high volume of dust upon the solar panel during summer season, the cleaning process is necessary to obtain the required ef iciency. The cleaning process might be costlier as well as require human ef ort too.
It can be carried out with the help of blower mechanism & wiper motor mechanism. The proposed system includes a blower that powered by the motor that makes panels clean from the dust-carrying winds. So within low cost and limited human ef ort the new solar panel cleaning system can be implemented.

Water consumption is high to absorb and remove pollutants in the common life, so our company in research and innovation, has applied science to develop a product to several uses, with high action spectrum molecular inside organic acids, tensioactive nonionic, biocides to doesn't need water to clean and detox surfaces from salts and oxides. Thinking to transform the cleaning activity so easy like never was.

Wie die Tiere macht der Mensch sauber. Als Homo sanitarius bleibt er Teil der Natur. Jedoch macht er nicht nur seine natürliche Umgebung sauber, sondern organisiert seine soziale Umwelt, zieht Grenzen zwischen sich und den Mitmenschen, dem Inneren und dem Äußeren. Diese menschlichen Besonderheiten sind, was der Autor den "sanitären Diskurs" nennt und als eine Wechselbeziehung zwischen der Psychologie des Einzelnen und der Soziologie der zwischenmenschlichen Ordnung analysiert. Diese Wechselbeziehung dreht sich um das Verhältnis zum verworfenen Objekt, einem gleichzeitig inneren und äußeren Objekt, das man ausgrenzen muss, um sein Inneres einzugrenzen, um es ordentlich und sauber zu machen. Allerdings geht es auch um verleugneten Selbsthass, um einen inneren Wirrwarr und eine sadomasochistische Position zu den Mitmenschen wie auch zu sich selbst. Benyaminis kulturkritische Forschungen knüpfen an die psychoanalytischen Ansätze von Sigmund Freud und Jaques Lacan an. In dieser Studie untersucht der Autor die Spannung zwischen der persönlichen Pathologie und dem soziohistorischen Diskurs, indem er den wohl extremsten Fall analysiert, in dem der sanitäre Diskurs Mensch wurde: Adolf Hitler. Dabei geht es nicht um die bekannten Details seiner Biographie, sondern um seine eigene Wahrnehmung, seine eigene fantastische Konstruktion einer eigenen Geschichte, wie Hitler sie in den autobiographischen Kapiteln von Mein Kampf beschreibt. Besonderes Augenmerk schenkt der Autor dem Verhältnis des jungen Adolf zu seiner Mutter sowie zu seinem früh verstorbenen Vater, einem Verhältnis, das sich deutlich in Hitlers jeweils hasserfüllter oder liebevoller Beziehung zu den beiden deutschen Staatsgebilden manifestiert: der Habsburgermonarchie und dem Deutschen Reich. Was hat in alledem das seinerzeitige Gerücht zu bedeuten, dass der Großvater väterlicherseits jüdischer Herkunft gewesen sei? Welche Auswirkungen mag dies auf seinen Drang zur Selbstsäuberung gehabt haben? Diesen Fragen geht der Autor nach, während er den Fall Hitler nicht nur an sich betrachtet, sondern im soziohistorischen Kontext jener Generation nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg verortet, einer Generation, die ebenso wie der junge Adolf vom verhassten, äußerlich-inneren Objekt besessen war. Schließlich macht der Autor deutlich, wie sehr diese subjektive Position auch für unsere Gegenwart gilt, indem er seine Erkenntnisse auf eine gleichzeitig fiktive und wahre Figur anwendet, die für den westlichen Zeitgeist in den letzten Jahrzehnten steht: Vor dem Hintergrund Hitlers betrachtet Benyamini auch die Pathologie von Travis Bickle, dem Protagonisten in Martin Scorseses Film "Taxi Driver" (1976).

Ever since the ancient time humans have been consuming water and using it as source to produce diferent kinds o energy. Unortunately, today we can without doubt say that water on Earth is being etensively polluted. !uring last several years there has been growing inerest in using natural materials as cheap resources in process o water puri"cation. #n this pro$ect, the aim is to use bentonite and pillar clay as water puri"ers. %lay is very widespread in our country and all around the world, what makes it inepensive and easily accessible. &entonite clays have diferent applications in environmental protection and they are rich'layered with minerals rom the group o swelling smectite. (hey are used in the protection o land, detoi"cation o drinking water, waste water treatment,etc. )ith organic modi"cation, this clay becomes very efective solvent o organic contaminants such as dyes. *urthermore, pillar clay plays important role in environmental protection as catalyst, especially in process o water puri"cation. (hese two clays have proven to be prospective solution or the removing o organic and toic contaminants rom water by catalytic oidation in the presence o hydrogen peroide +%)P-. %)P is an efective method or partial degradation o these pollutants or their complete conversion to carbondioide. # we take into account that the other water puri"cation methods lack efective degredation o pollutants and consider the act that there is an astonishingly rapid development o new catalytic techniues, clay minerals indeed can play important role in water pollution reduction.

Dental burs are a source of bacterial contamination due to its direct contact with carious teeth, saliva and blood. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the disinfecting and cleaning ability of selected commercially available disinfectants on dental burs. Method: Size 5 round stainless steel burs were used to excavate caries from freshly extracted human molars. The burs were then immediately immersed in Grotanat Drill Bath (Shülke & Mayr, Germany), Micro 10 (Unident, Swizerland), Gigasept FF (Shülke & Mayr, Germany), Lysetol AF (Shülke & Mayr, Germany) and 70% Isopropyl alcohol (J.Y. Baker, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Each test groups consisted of 10 burs. Positive and negative control groups (n=10) were also included in this study. The disinfecting ability of the disinfectants was evaluated using bacterial culture where presence and absence of bacterial colonies were noted. The cleaning ability was then assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Results: The results showed that the disinfecting ability of Grotanat Drill Bath was statistically significant when compared to all disinfectants evaluated, p<0.05. There was also a significant difference between the positive and negative groups. Examination of scanning electron micrographs showed that Grotanat Drill Bath exhibited the best cleaning ability compared to the other disinfectants evaluated. A positive correlation between bacterial growth and cleaning ability of disinfectants was also evident. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Grotanat Drill Bath is an effective disinfectant for the disinfection and cleaning of round stainless steel burs.

Surface cleaning using cavitation bubble dynamics is investigated numerically through modeling of bubble dynamics, dirt particle motion, and fluid material interaction. Three fluid dynamics models; a potential flow model, a viscous model, and a compressible model, are used to describe the flow field generated by the bubble all showing the strong effects bubble explosive growth and collapse have on a dirt particle and on a layer of material to remove. Bubble deformation and reentrant jet formation are seen to be responsible for generating concentrated pressures, shear, and lift forces on the dirt particle and high impulsive loads on a layer of material to remove. Bubble explosive growth is also an important mechanism for removal of dirt particles, since strong suction forces in addition to shear are generated around the explosively growing bubble and can exert strong forces lifting the particles from the surface to clean and sucking them toward the bubble. To model material failure a...

Abstract. Many questions rose on defining the implementation of Facilities Management (FM) in Malaysia. To date, the FM player only provided services sufficiently without the desires to enhance their services by taking into account the standard of practice which should form the basis. The extent of the services in Facilities Management based companies in Malaysia is not known and this paper aimed to identify within the context. The scope of study is limited to respondents in Klang Valley area. Literature review is used as a basis and questionnaires survey distributed to 20 companies, representing 56% of the total FM companies in Klang Valley are used to capture the data. The senior management level is assessed to represent. The results revealed that the implementation of facilities management services is limited, but still evolving. The majority of the FM based companies provides facilities services under the category of building operation and maintenance as their core business and ...

In given article versions of filtering textile cloth are considered and the significance of formations of filtering filler knitted sleeves explored. A new method of producing highly efficiently knitted composite sleeve has been created in which the fraction in the density of the mass area is achieved at 50%. The new method was tested in the production environment of the "Gani Rahimov Ishonch" (Samarkand city) by modernizing existing-equipment and samples are obtained via a pilot production.

Copper-based epoxy and ablative antifouling painted panels were exposed in natural seawater to evaluate environmental loading parameters. In situ loading factors including initial exposure, passive leaching, and surface refreshment were measured utilizing two protocols developed by the US Navy: the dome method and the in-water hull cleaning sampling method. Cleaning techniques investigated included a soft-pile carpet and a medium duty 3M ™ pad for fouling removal. Results show that the passive leach rates of copper peaked three days after both initial deployment and cleaning events (CEs), followed by a rapid decrease over about 15 days and a slow approach to asymptotic levels on approximately day 30. Additionally, copper was more bioavailable during a CE in comparison to the passive leaching that immediately followed. A paint life cycle model quantifying annual copper loading estimates for each paint and cleaning method based on a three-year cycle of painting, episodic cleaning, and passive leaching is presented.

Abstract. Many questions rose on defining the implementation of Facilities Management (FM) in Malaysia. To date, the FM player only provided services sufficiently without the desires to enhance their services by taking into account the standard of practice which should form the basis. The extent of the services in Facilities Management based companies in Malaysia is not known and this paper aimed to identify within the context. The scope of study is limited to respondents in Klang Valley area. Literature review is used as a basis and questionnaires survey distributed to 20 companies, representing 56% of the total FM companies in Klang Valley are used to capture the data. The senior management level is assessed to represent. The results revealed that the implementation of facilities management services is limited, but still evolving. The majority of the FM based companies provides facilities services under the category of building operation and maintenance as their core business and ...

This article takes the specific labour struggle of four Bulgarian janitors in Munich as a starting point. It explores the antagonistic relation between attempts of governing and the imperceptible and representational politics of migrant workers, arguing that this specific struggle for unpaid wages can only be understood as part of a chain of struggles for better living and working conditions and against racism and overexploitation. The transnational migration project of the four women spans more than twenty years and involves going through a variety of statuses (i.e. asylum, visa, undocumented, EU-citizen). Today, their struggles point to powerful governmental attempts to shape European citizenship according to the economic rationales of ‘workfare’. By stressing the ambivalence of migration and living labour, the article sheds light on the
entanglement between the European migration and border regime and the current conjuncture of capitalism while at the same time aiming to go beyond economistic and determinist logics.