Communication Networks

There is a certain “blind spot” in the agglomeration development
policy that is not obvious to managers, who mainly focus on economic
potential. It is the cultivation of territorial identity, which allows people—even those who have arrived in the agglomeration not long ago and primarily see it as an opportunity to solve their financial issues or a springboard for their further careers—to sense the locality as a homeland, as their “own land”. Existing identity-building initiatives concentrate on the city and neighborhood levels. Studies of open online communication on social networks is an important source for assessing resident engagement with these politics, regardless of who initiated them: governmental or non-governmental actors, or residents themselves. Analysis of thematic focus, activity levels, and sentiment related to discussing identity politics projects and events within VKontakte groups
representing Moscow agglomeration communities yielded positive results. Employing Big Data techniques, the study identified twelve key event types
effectively promoting territorial identity on the city level, as well as neighborhood level, fostering a sense of shared belonging to both the locality and its
community. Ranking various aspects of online discussions surrounding the implemented projects reveals which types of events deserve greater governmental attention for maximizing their impact on public perception.

В политике развития агломераций есть некоторое «слепое пятно», не очевидное для управленцев, концентрирующих свои
усилия на раскрытии экономического потенциала этого типа территориальных образований. Речь идет о формировании территориальной идентичности, которая позволяет ощутить населенный пункт проживания «родным», «своим» даже тем людям, которые приехали в агломерацию недавно и рассматривают проживание в ней как, скорее, возможность решения своих финансовых вопросов или трамплин для дальнейшей карьеры. Политика территориальной идентичности в агломерациях проводится, она концентрируется на городском и локальном уровнях. Изучение свободной коммуникации в социальных сетях в онлайн-пространстве позволяет понять, насколько внимание жителей сосредоточено на направлениях такой деятельности, инициируемой как управленческими политическими и неполитическими акторами, так и самими жителями агломерации. Исследование тематической направленности, активности и тональности обсуждения связанных с политикой идентичности проектов и мероприятий в группах, созданных в «ВКонтакте» жителями входящих в Московскую агломерацию населенных пунктов, дало хорошие результаты (использовались технологии Big Data). Были выявлены 12 основных типов мероприятий, способствующих формированию территориальной идентичности на городском и локальном уровнях, когда «нашими» становятся в равной степени и населенный пункт, и другие проживающие в нем люди. Проведенные процедуры ранжирования различных характеристик онлайн-обсуждения населением реализуемых проектов позволяют понять, на какие типы мероприятий властям необходимо обратить особое внимание
с целью повышения эффективности воздействия на массовое сознание.

The spectral gap of the graph Laplacian with Dirichlet boundary conditions is computed for the graphs of several communication networks at the IP-layer, which are subgraphs of the much larger global IP-layer network. We show that the Dirichlet spectral gap of these networks is substantially larger than the standard spectral gap and is likely to remain non-zero in the infinite graph limit. We first prove this result for finite regular trees, and show that the Dirichlet spectral gap in the infinite tree limit converges to the spectral gap of the infinite tree. We also perform Dirichlet spectral clustering on the IP-layer networks and show that it often yields cuts near the network core that create genuine single-component clusters. This is much better than traditional spectral clustering where several disjoint fragments near the periphery are liable to be misleadingly classified as a single cluster. Spectral clustering is often used to identify bottlenecks or congestion; since congestion in these networks is known to peak at the core, our results suggest that Dirichlet spectral clustering may be better at finding bona-fide bottlenecks.

The energy consumed by communication networks can be reduced in several ways. A promising technique consists in concentrating the workload of an infrastructure on a reduced set of devices, while switching off the others. This technique, called "resource consolidation", is particularly appealing when routing data traffic over a lightly loaded network. However, deciding on the set of routers that can be safely switched off requires an accurate evaluation of their criticality in the network. In this work, we define a measure of criticality that does not only take into account the network topology, but also the traffic matrix. Employing a game theoretic approach, we model the scenario as a coalitional game, and show the effectiveness of the Shapley value as a criticality index. Shapley value ranking is used to drive the resource consolidation procedure, and is compared with other classical indexes on a real network scenario. Numerical results confirm that the proposed index provides a robust and relevant criticality measure, yielding a good tradeoff between energy efficiency and network robustness.

The energy consumption of network devices, and, as a consequence, of communication networks, is generally independent from their level of utilization, which results in a waste of energy when the network is lightly loaded. Ideally the consumption of a network should be proportional to the amount of traffic it conveys. The most straightforward way to enforce such a proportionality between the network energy consumption and its utilization level, is to dynamically adapt the status of network devices to the load, forcing a subset of them to enter a sleep state during the low activity periods. We present in this paper an algorithm to dynamically put links into a sleep state, based on a cooperative-game approach, named "L-Game". Our approach decides which links can be switched off based on a measure of the criticality of each link expressed as its Shapley value. This measure combines topological aspects and traffic conditions. Simulation results on real network scenarios show that our solution achieves a better trade off between energy saving and Traffic Engineering than other legacy approaches.

Filiz Balıkçı Derekaya , İkbal Ay Department of Advanced Technologies, Graduate School Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, 06500, Turkey Highlights: Graphical/Tabular Abstract  The CeO2 and ZrO2 were obtained in 3DOM structures of which pore diameters change in between 204-321 nm  Th mesopores were obtained within the macropore walls  The 18.6% NH3 conversions was observed over NiO/3DOM CeO2 catalysts at 600°C The 3DOM ZrO2 and 3DOM CeO2 supported nickel composed catalysts were synthesizd, characterized and tested for the hydrogen production from ammonia. Characterization results indicates that CeO2 and ZrO2 were obtained in three dimensionally ordered macroporous structures of which pore diameters change in between 204-321 nm. SEM results also showed that NiO was successfully impregranted in to the 3 DOM pore structures. The desired crystal phases were obtained over the catalysts and supports. All supports and catalysts have mesopores besides macropores. Th...

The aim of this paper is to determine the wind energy potential for electricity generation in Tirana. The wind characteristics and wind energy potential are analyzed using the data collected during a period of four years (April 2008-March 2012). The Weibull parameters (k and c) were determined based on the wind distribution statistics calculated from the measured data, using the Maximum Likelihood Method. The wind data in relative frequency format is obtained from these calculated Weibull parameters. Both time-series format and Weibull representative wind speed data are used to calculate the wind energy output of three specific wind turbines. The monthly mean wind speed and the power density were computed. Results obtained show that the annual mean wind speed varies between 2.910 m/s to 6.356 m/s. The results show that this site is good for small-scale application wind turbines.

Thriving at work is closely related to the way employees are embedded in their social contexts, such as the structure of their communication relations with coworkers. In previous research, communication relations have been found to negatively relate to thriving at work. However, social network theory suggests that communication relations are beneficial in obtaining resources in the workplace, which might increase thriving at work. To reconcile the seemingly conflicting mechanisms, we draw on social network theory to unpack the mechanisms underlying communication relations by considering the instrumental and expressive roles. Using a structural equation model, we investigate the indirect effects of communication networks on thriving at work via advice-seeking networks (instrumental) and friendship networks (expressive). Our findings indicate communication relations are negatively related to thriving at work via advice-seeking relations, but are positively related to thriving at work via friendship relations.

We consider a discrete time Markov Decision Process with infinite horizon. The criterion to be maximized is the sum of a number of standard discounted rewards, each with a different discount factor. Situations in which such criteria arise include modeling investments, production, modeling projects of different durations and systems with multiple criteria, and some axiomatic formulations of multi-attribute preference theory. We show that for this criterion for some positive ε there need not exist an ε-optimal (randomized) stationary strategy, even when the state and action sets are finite. However, ε-optimal Markov (nonrandomized) strategies and optimal Markov strategies exist under weak conditions. We exhibit ε-optimal Markov strategies which are stationary from some time onward. When both state and action spaces are finite, there exists an optimal Markov strategy with this property. We provide an explicit algorithm for the computation of such strategies and give a description of th...

PurposeTo provide a formal framework based on the action and reaction model that allows us to cover the dynamics of multi‐agent systems (MAS) made up of mobile software agents suitable for scalable networks.Design/methodology/approachThis model is based on the operation of the human nervous centers. In the case of systems based on mobile agents, the main problem is the different vision the agents have of the world and the impossibility of being aware of and synchronizing all the influences brought by the different agents acting on it.FindingsThis proposal has been compared with the conventional MAS by solving an extension of the predator‐prey problem. The results show the advantages of mobility, as the size of the problem grows in a distributed system.Practical implicationsAt the present time, the model is being applied in works related to the control of biological systems and also in those related to the network management.Originality/valueFrom this formulation, a set of refinement...

Bu makale, birinci yazar tarafından İTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Moleküler Biyoloji-Genetik ve Biyoteknoloji Programı'nda tamamlanmış olan "Effects of various carbohydrates on electricity generation in microbial fuel cells" adlı doktora tezinden hazırlanmıştır. Makale metni 05.08.2008 tarihinde dergiye ulaşmış, 10.09.2008 tarihinde basım kararı alınmıştır. Makale ile ilgili tartışmalar 31.03.2010 tarihine kadar dergiye gönderilmelidir. Özet Bu çalışmada, lignoselülozik biyokütlelerin asit hidrolizatlarında yaygın olarak bulunan disakkaritlerden elektrik üretimi, tek odalı, hava-katot mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Başlıca iki disakkariti (D-sellobiyoz, D-maltoz) kapsayan karbon kaynakları ile elektrik üretimi gözlenmiştir. Sodyum asetat ile zenginleştirilmiş karışık bakteri kültürü, test edilen bütün disakkaritlere kolayca adapte olmuştur. Yeni karbon kaynağına adaptasyon için gerekli süre de benzerlik gösterdi. Test edilen disakkaritler için elde edilen en yüksek güç yoğunluğu, 0.44-0.66 mA cm-2 direnç yoğunluğunda, sellobiyoz için 1262±5 mW m-2 , maltoz içinse 1893±67 mW m-2 olarak bulunmuştur. Kolombik yeterlik sellobiyoz için yüzde 18, maltoz içinse yüzde 30 olarak bulunmuştur. Test edilen disakkaritler için, en yüksek volt eldesi ve substrat konsantrasyonu arasındaki ilişki 120 ohm dış dirençte doygunluk kinetiği sonuçları ile uyumluluk göstermiştir. Ön görülen en yüksek volt üretimi substratın çeşidine bağlı olarak, sellobiyoz için 0.34 V, yarı doygunluk kinetik sabiti, 626 mg L-(R 2 = 0.971), maltoz için ise 0.40 V ve yarı doygunluk kinetik sabiti 733 mg L-1 (R 2 = 0.998) olarak bulunmuştur. Test edilen disakkaritler için yüzde 81'nin üzerinde kimyasal oksijen talebinde azalma sağlanmıştır. Test edilen disakkaritlerin elektrik üretiminde karbon kaynağı olarak kullanılabileceği keşfedilmiştir. Çalışmamızın sonuçları, lignoselülozik maddelerden türevli disakkaritlerin ve lignoselüloz türevli maddelerin ön muamele ile mikrobiyal yakıt hücreleri için uygun birer karbon kaynağı olabileceklerini göstermiştir.

Security is essential to communication between entities in the internet. Delay tolerant and disconnected Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) are a class of networks characterized by high end-to-end path latency and frequent end-to-end disconnections and are often termed as challenged networks. In these networks nodes are sparsely populated and without the existence of a central server, acquiring global information is difficult and impractical if not impossible and therefore traditional security schemes proposed for MANETs cannot be applied. This thesis reports trust management schemes for peer to peer (P2P) application in delay tolerant disconnected MANETs. Properties of a profile based file sharing application are analyzed and a framework for structured P2P overlay over delay tolerant disconnected MANETs is proposed. The framework is implemented and tested on J2ME based smart phones using Bluetooth communication protocol. A light weight Content Driven Data Propagation Protocol (CDDPP) for content based data delivery in MANETs is presented. The CDDPP implements a user profile based content driven P2P file sharing application in disconnected MANETs. The CDDPP protocol is further enhanced by proposing an adaptive opportunistic multihop content based routing protocol (ORP). ORP protocol considers the store-carry-forward paradigm for multi-hop packet delivery in delay tolerant MANETs and allows multi-casting to selected number of nodes. Performance of ORP is compared with a similar autonomous gossiping (A/G) protocol using simulations. This work also presents a framework for trust management based on dynamicity aware graph re-labelling system (DA-GRS) for trust management in mobile P2P applications. The DA-GRS uses a distributed algorithm to identify trustworthy nodes and generate trustable groups while isolating misleading or untrustworthy nodes. Several simulations in various environment settings show the effectiveness of the proposed framework in creating trust based communities. This work also extends the FIRE distributed trust model for MANET applications by incorporating witness based interactions for acquiring trust ratings. A witness graph building mechanism in FIRE+ is provided with several trust building policies to identify malicious nodes and detect collusive behaviour in nodes. This technique not only allows trust computation based on witness trust ratings but also provides protection against a collusion attack. Finally, Mtrust, a light weight trust management scheme based on FIRE+ trust model is presented.

Component Based Software Development is a growing discipline, developing software based component assembly. The proposal uses to improve the architecture, and a library of Rich Internet Applications components that call IRLCOO, for the development of educational materials under the paradigm of Web Based Education. The fundamental technologies used in our proposal are: components, software design patterns, RIA, and agents. Software components were fundamental to the design and implementation of the proposal due to three advantages: conquering complexity, managing change, and maximizing reusability. Software design patterns provide a robust architecture that allows us to maintain the code over the life of the project, and maximize the reusability of parts of the project. Integrating RIA technologies allow us: integrated multimedia players, multimedia handling and interactivity and an asynchronous bidirectional communication channel. Intelligent software agents are exceptional software of information society tools that independently perform various tasks autonomously, allowing us a high degree of tailoring at runtime for students.

In this paper, a central power source architecture is applied to a realize power saving wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON). Parametric study isevaluated to extend the transmission distance up to 60 and80 km. Optical launched power is optimized through the parametric study. A full duplex 16 optical channels WDM-PON system are experimentally simulated and analyzed. Successful transmission achieved maximum bit error rate (BER) of 10 -13 .A return-to-zero differential phase shift keying (RZ-DPSK) modulation technique isutilized for downlink direction, and then the downlink signal is re-modulated for the uplink direction using intensity modulation technique of on-off keying (OOK) with a data rates of 5 and 1 Gbit/s per channel.

6th International Conference on Cloud and Internet of Things (ICCIoT 2025) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Cloud and IoT. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.

Wind energy is a renewable source of power that harnesses the energy created by wind turbines. This form of energy has gained increasing importance in the energy sector due to its numerous advantages. The historical overview of wind energy demonstrates its long-standing presence, with modern wind turbines dating back to the 1980s.

With the ability to generate electricity without greenhouse gas emissions, wind energy offers several advantages, including sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and a virtually unlimited supply. However, it also has disadvantages, such as intermittent generation and visual impact.

Understanding the components and types of wind turbines is crucial for comprehending wind turbine technology. The components include the rotor, generator, tower, and control system, all of which work together to convert wind energy into electricity. Different types of wind turbines, such as horizontal-axis and vertical-axis, have their own advantages and applications.
Despite its advantages, wind energy faces several challenges, including land and resource limitations and the need for electricity grid integration. However, the future outlook of wind energy is promising, as advancements in technology and increased investment contribute to its growth. There is a strong potential for wind energy to play a significant role in meeting the world's energy demands in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way

Abstract–Rapid technological advances in areas like wireless communications, embedded systems, networking and software engineering are in the course of incurring dramatic changes in the way that mobile services are being developed, delivered as well as their impact on end-user activities and business processes. Research and industrial efforts worldwide are progressing towards the goal of supporting anywhere, context-conscious provision of ubiquitous, personalized multimedia services. Adaptability, an issue that was ...

Scope & Topics

14th International Conference on Information Theory (IT 2025) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Information Theory. The goal of this conference is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding modern Information Theory concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Information Theory and applications.

The improvement in the management capabilities and available bandwidth offered by next generation of networks is accelerating the development of a new kind of applications, interfaces and services. The ultimate goal of such networks is to automatically adapt their services and resources in accordance with changing environmental conditions and user needs. Such 'autonomic' capabilities imply the usage of sophisticated technologies in order to integrate every object of our environment that would be enabled with important computational power and storage capabilities. The challenge behind such implementation is to simplify the administrators' task by automating the decision making process, and enabling the users to seamlessly find their way in such pervasive environments. This paper gives an overview of the different architectures that support the design, implementation and deployment of autonomic systems.

This poster paper describes testbed for collection of BCNET Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) traffic. The BGP traffic was collected using special purpose hardware and software. Preliminary data collection was illustrated using the Wireshark and Walrus graph visualization tools.

A method has been developed for the monitoring of traffic flow behavioural dynamics in distributed communication networks and the provision of results from this process to a distributed neural control mechanism which facilitates localised adaptive traffic routing in order to maintain or regain flow stability. It has been shown by simulation how the novel method improves network performance and efficiency beyond that of conventional techniques.

& COMMUNICATION RECOVERY AND resiliency is a topic of great concern in current times as disasters have taken a greater toll on society. The current COVID-19 pandemic has made us more dependent on communications networks and this has increased the premium placed on technologies and its operations. Communications networks must be resilient, in support of various technologies during business disruptions, disaster recovery, and pandemic events. Recovery and resilience are two sides worth exploring here: 1) the needs and challenges with recovering from disasters of all types, and 2) how to enhance the resiliency of communication networks to provide better support in these difficult operations. Both sides of the communication recovery and resilience research space are covered in this special issue, with four papers covering various issues in each of these two areas of work.

Smart grid system is considered to be an important aspect in order to solve power issues and energy crisis. To explain smart grid technologies and the redistribution of smart grid in Asian region is the goal of this paper. The article gives an idea of the difficulties of present electricity grid and the possible ways of solving these difficulties using the vision of smart grid. The paper allows us to identify the comparison between the conventional grid system and the smart grid system. The essence of this vision is "a fully automated power delivery network that can ensure a two-way flow of electricity and information between the power plants and appliances and all points in between". It also provides the overview of Advance metering infrastructure, Personal energy management and Information Technology, which are the driving technological components of smart grid. The further explanation is about the comprehensive analysis of marching and upcoming projects as well as technologies on Smart Grid in Asian region. Finally, the paper concludes with the suggestions and proposals for the Regional Approach to Smart Grid Development. The article also explains the demand for Smart Grid capability within Asia which is quite diverse in nature ranging from reflecting the sophisticated nature of electricity demand in developed and developing nations of Asia.

In order to encourage rubber agribusiness activities, farmers need adequate information and reliable sources of information to achieve their goals. To meet information needs, farmers develop communication networks between farmers and their actors. This research aims to describe the sociogram of the communication network of rubber farmers in self-help patterns,and analyze the relationship between farmer characteristics and communication networks.This research conducted in Batu Bersurat Village XIII Koto Kampar District. The method used in this research is the census method and the study respondents were taken as many as 42 farmers.  The results of this research indicate that the structure of the communication network formed in rubber farmers approached the radial personal networkstructure .Based on the correlation test results indicate that the characteristics of rubber farmers related to locall centrality are, extent of land tenure, cosmopolity, intensity of counseling, and number o...

Soziale Strukturen in der Urgeschichte zu erfassen, stellt ein auf den ersten Blick schwieriges Unterfangen dar. Das Fehlen von Schriftzeugnissen und ausreichendem Datenmaterial, speziell zum Burgenland, erschwert die Rekonstruktion des
sozialen Status innerhalb der prähistorischen Gesellschaften. Grundsätzlich arbeitet die Archäologie mit zwei Arten von materiellen Hinterlassenschaften: bewussten oder unbewussten Funden oder Befunden. Unbewusst hinterlassen ist
eine Siedlung, die verlassen oder ab einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt nicht mehr genutzt wurde. Bewusst deponiert und hinterlassen sind Gräber oder Gräberfelder.
Die Bestattungen wurden von den Angehörigen und der Gemeinschaft durchgeführt. Grabrituale, die Grablegung und die Bestattung selbst wurden genauestens geplant, um der Nachwelt schließlich ein bestimmtes Bild zu vermitteln. Gräber können somit als Spiegel der prähistorischen Gesellschaften und ihrer Strukturen interpretiert werden.

Son yıllarda karbondioksitin (CO2) giderimi ve yapılı dolgulu kolonlarla ilgili çalışmalar ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda yapılan bu çalışmada, kendi imkanlarımızla tasarlanarak imal edilen yeni özgün bir yapılı dolgulu kolonunun hidrodinamik ve kütle transfer katsayılarının karakterizasyonu yer almaktadır. İlk olarak basınç düşüşü ölçümleri ile kolonun yükleme ve taşma noktaları tespit edilmiş ve kolona beslenecek sıvı ve gaz akış hızlarının limitleri saptanmıştır. Sıvı ve gaz akış hızları için bu aralıklar sırasıyla 0,002-0,0047 [m/s] ve 0,07-0,68 [m/s] olarak belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen gaz ve sıvı akış hızlarında, sıvı tarafıve gaz tarafı bazlı bireysel fiziksel hacimsel kütle transfer katsayıları deneysel olarak elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra iki direnç teorisi ile CO2-su sistemi için gaz tarafı bazlı toplu fiziksel hacimsel kütle transfer katsayısı  hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca belirlenen gaz ve sıvı akış hızı aralıklarında, CO2 ve sodyum hidroksit çözeltisi sistemi ile deneyler ya...

The recognition of the importance of our planet's water resources by human society increased significantly during the last decade. With a growing population and environmental degradation, an efficient management of water resources is even more vital to mankind. This article introduces a new systemic proposal for an efficient management of water treatment stations and also the entire sanitation cycle. Maximizing the efficiency of water resource management, as proposed in this article, requires the development and implementation of an automation system based on intelligent systems and communication networks. Therefore, the proposal of integrated management and optimization of the sanitation cycle presented in this article is a contribution to the improvement of sustainability for human evolution.

Bu makale, birinci yazar tarafından ĠTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Matematik Mühendisliği Programı'nda tamamlanmıĢ olan "Kabarcıklı sıvılarda kavitasyonlu daimi lüle akıĢlarının kararlılığı ve soliton oluĢumu" adlı doktora tezinden hazır-lanmıĢtır. Makale metni 21.04.2009 tarihinde dergiye ulaĢmıĢ, 09.06.2009 tarihinde basım kararı alınmıĢtır. Makale ile ilgili tartıĢmalar 30.04.2011 tarihine kadar dergiye gönderilmelidir. Özet Bu çalışmada, yakınsak-ıraksak bir lülede sanki-bir-boyutlu kavitasyonlu daimi kabarcıklı akış çözümlerinin, kabarcık/kabarcık etkileşmeleri de göz önünde bulundurularak zamana göre kararlılığı incelenmiştir. Bunun için homojen kabarcıklı sıvı akışı modeli kullanılarak sanki-bir-boyutlu daimi olmayan kavitasyonlu lüle akış denklemleri kabarcık dinamiği yasasıyla birlikte (iyileştirilmiş Rayleigh-Plesset denklemi) gözönünde bulundurulmuştur. Çekirdekleşme, kabarcık bölünme ve birleşmeleri ihmal edilmiştir. Tüm sönüm mekanizmaları, viskoz yutulma biçiminde tek bir sönüm katsayısıyla ele alınmış, kabarcıkların büyüme ve büzülmelerinde kabarcık içindeki gaz için politropik yasa kullanılmıştır. Başlangıç dağılımları, giriş koşulları ve lüle geometrisi, lülede kavitasyon oluşacak şekilde alınmıştır. Bu varsayımlar altında, model denklem sistemi, akış hızı ve kabarcık yarıçapı için iki evrim denklemine indirgenmiştir. Evrim denklemleri, daimi olmayan akışa göre pertürbe edilerek kabarcık yarıçapı ve akış hızı pertürbasyonları için kuple lineer kismi diferansiyel denklem sistemi elde edilmiştir. Bu kuple lineer denklem sistemi genelleştirilmiş özdeğer problemine dönüştürülmüş ve lülenin belli bölgeleri için özdeğerler hesaplanmıştır. Özdeğer problemindeki denklem sisteminin tüm katsayılarının hemen hemen sabit olduğu lüle giriş bölgesinde, normal mod analizi yöntemiyle problem kesin olarak çözülmüştür. Çeşitli akış parametrelerinin (kavitasyon sayısı, vs.) k pertürbasyon dalga sayısıyla değişimi için kararlılık diyagramları elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, kavitasyonlu daimi lüle akışı çözümlerinin sadece çok küçük dalga sayıları için zamana göre kararlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Lüle giriş bölgesi için kararlılık diyagramlarındaki kararlı bölgelerin, türbülanslı cidar kayma gerilmesi etkisi gözönünde bulundurulduğunda genişlediği görülmüştür.

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Cloud Computing has recently come to the fore as one of the most exciting and advanced paradigms in the world of computing. One of the most salient features of Cloud Computing is the ability to dynamically provision services to grow and contract in accordance with consumer demand. The use of virtualisation technologies enables service providers to optimise the use of resources (e.g. compute, storage, bandwidth, etc) whilst minimising operational costs. This paper explores the issues surrounding the optimal placement of data and associated processing algorithms in large scale on demand distributed infrastructures. In addition to critical network considerations such as bandwidth, parallelisation, co-location, etc, considerations about node performance, cost, storage, operating systems, control middleware, processors, and task interdependencies also need to be taken into account. Where data transfers involve very large files network performance considerations will ultimately determine the resource allocation.

Големи езикови модели като ChatGPT могат да се използват за много неща, но увеличаването на надеждността на по-новите версии може също да пренареди практиката на използване на знания, която е важна за обществото като цяло.  По този начин, след като чуе и други грешки от предишни версии, ChatGPT4o може надеждно да получи всички натрупани в момента знания на редица езици в рамките на минути, трябва само да го попитате за това представяне на знания с поредица от подходящи въпроси. И тъй като тази версия може да достигне до Интернет, ако не може да намери информация за отговора на въпроса, който вече е подаден по време на обучението, и по този начин може почти да запази текущите общи знания под ръка за минути. Въз основа на този модел на извличане на данни започнах да експериментирам с извличането на тези готови знания през последните месеци и резултатът е обобщение на извличането на знания в областта на социалните науки и историята (Pokol 2024).
      Но ако искаме да формулираме възможната еволюционна производителност на такива големи езикови модели на по-всеобхватно теоретично ниво, трябва да се върнем към идеята за темпорализиране на сложността, следвайки Никлас Луман. (Luhmann 1984) Според това в страните на западната цивилизация и след това разширяване оттук се е настъпила не само хоризонтална диференциация между функционални подсистеми като право, политика, наука, икономика, образование, здравна сфера, художествена сфера и т.н., но и времева диференциация в рамките на всяка подсистема, а също и във връзката между обществото като цяло и подсистемите. Луман нарича тази последна диференциация "темпоралност на сложността".

Problem statement: Wired broadband Internet access can be realized using various technologies, configurations and protocols. It is widely deployed and able to provide both high data rates and high reliability. These features are of strong importance for many advanced applications. Since the number of broadband subscribers worldwide grows exponentially, the power efficiency of access networks becomes increasingly important. Approach: The aim of this study is to study power consumption of different wired broadband access technologies including both those already widely used and those which are state-of-the-art, but not yet widely deployed. For this purpose, we developed a model for evaluating energy efficiency of wired access networks. The model is presented and applied to study energy efficiency of various access networks such as Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), 1 and 10 Gbit/s point-to-point ethernet and Passive Optical Networks (1G-PON and 10G-PON). The metric for energy efficiency we used in this study is energy consumed per bit transmitted. Results: Results of the comparative study on energy efficiency of different access networks are shown and discussed. Additionally, we estimated environmental implications of different access options by means of reductions in Green House Gas (GHG) emissions caused by the electricity consumption of access network infrastructure. Conclusion: We found out that high-speed optical access technologies providing up to 10 Gbit/s per user have the potential to achieve the highest energy efficiency when assuming future broadband Internet access and broad use of advanced services and applications. However, for lower access data rates, 1G-PONs are the most energy efficient access options. Coper-based access technologies provide generally lower energy efficiency than the fiber based solutions. For transferring a large amount of data and when network equipment is switched off during its inactivity times, optical access technologies have the highest potential to reduce GHG emissions caused by the electricity consumption of access network infrastructure.

A single-hop OSI structured network with multiple layers of sliding window flow control and packet fragmentation between layers is analyzed. An approximation algorithm is presented to hierarchically reduce the network to a single queue whose performance characteristics represent the original network. Network transmission characteristics are restricted to Erlang distributions. Validation against exact and simulation results showed that the approximation algorithm has a satisfactory error level.