Cryptology

In this paper we address the issue of privacy preserving data mining. Specifically, we consider a scenario in which two parties owning confidential databases wish to run a data mining algorithm on the union of their databases, without revealing any unnecessary information. Our work is motivated by the need both to protect privileged information and to enable its use for research or other purposes.

The purpose of this paper is to show that there exist DESlike iterated ciphers, which are provably resistant against di erential attacks. The main result on the security of a DES-like cipher with independent round keys is Theorem 1, which gives an upper bound to the probability o f s-round di erentials, as de ned in 4 and this upper bound depends only on the round function of the iterated cipher. Moreover, it is shown that there exist functions such that the probabilities of differentials are less than or equal to 2 3,n , where n is the length of the plaintext block. We also show a prototype of an iterated block cipher, which is compatible with DES and has proven security against di erential attacks.

Abstract. The security of many recently proposed cryptosystems is based on the difficulty of solving large systems of quadratic multivariate polynomial equations. This problem is NP-hard over any field. When the number of equations m is the same as the number of unknowns n the best ...

Cryptography, Steganography and Digital watermarking are widely used for Image Encryption and
Textual Data Encryption and also we have various classification of these techniques. In this paper we study of Hybrid
Cryptographic Encryption Techniques and also use of other encryption techniques to enhance their level of security
and also study of their combination of Hybrid Techniques which is included of combination of cryptographic and
Digital Watermarking Technique‟s.Hybrid approach for encryption gives more and strictly secured information, it‟s
very difficult to find out anyhow any information, none of hacker easy to detect even truly they failed to decrypt
information little bit.

In this era of information technology and e-commerce security is the key aspect while transmitting confidential information over insecure network like internet. In order to protect the information, various security mechanisms are used. Cryptography is a technique of protecting secure information from unwanted individuals by converting it into unintelligible form. It is an emerging technology in the area of network security. In this paper critical analysis of some of the symmetric key block cipher algorithms DES, 3DES, AES, IDEA, Blowfish and RC2 is presented.

The research examined the effect of international business on SMEs growth in a competitive environment, particularly Nigeria. The secondary data were gathered from the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) annual report. This study adopted ordinary least square method of data analyses. The finding revealed that trade openness as a measure of competitiveness and FDI has no significant effect on SMEs growth in Nigeria. It was also revealed that the exchange rate has a significant effect on SMEs growth in Nigeria, and the level at which exchange rate affects SMEs growth is relatively high. It was further showed that the exchange rate has a negative coefficient indicating that, as the exchange rate reduces SMEs growth increases. It is concluded that trade competitiveness had no significant effect on SMEs growth in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that government should formulate policies, which will encourage the reduction of exchange rate in the countr...

A common trend in applications of block ciphers over the past decades has been to employ block ciphers as one piece of a "mode of operation"-possibly, a way to make a secure symmetric-key cryptosystem, but more generally, any cryptographic application. Most of the time, these modes of operation use a wide variety of techniques to achieve a subgoal necessary for their main goal: instantiation of "essentially different" instances of the block cipher.

With the advent of the World Wide Web and the emergence of e-commerce applications and social networks, organizations across the world generate a large amount of data daily. Data security is the utmost critical issue in ensuring safe transmission of information through the internet. Also network security issues are now becoming important as society is moving towards digital information age. As more and more users connect to the internet it attracts a lot of cyber-criminals. It comprises authorization of access to information in a network, controlled by the network administrator. The task of network security not only requires ensuring the security of end systems but of the entire network. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the various Network Security and Cryptographic concepts. This paper discusses the state of the art for a broad range of cryptographic algorithms that are used in networking applications.

This article provides a general introduction to the subject of Cryptology, Crytography and Crytoanalysis and explains the terminology and the practical application of security techniques… In recorded History , technological innovations have revolutionized societies. The printing press is an often-cited example of the great impact one humble person’s invention can have on ruling dynasties, world religions, and personal life.. Quantum encryption could rival Guttenberg’s printing press in its impact. Cryptology has a fascinating History., In Warfare Cryptography is a broad, sticky, and mathematically complex, but interesting subject and an integral part of the evolution of warfare. So let’s get some definitions out of the way first. Cryptology is the study of codes, both creating and solving them. Cryptography is the art of creating codes. Cryptanalysis is the art of surreptitiously revealing the contents of coded messages, breaking codes, that were not intended for you as a recipient....

In  these days communication technology is very advanced. Digital communication has become very important to secure transmission of information between the sender and the receiver. Security for exchange is a very important feature because it protects information from interloper. In this paper we present a hierarchy of network security technologies such as privacy, authentication, non-rejection and honesty control. There are two popular security mechanisms, namely cryptography and steganography. Both are well known and widely used techniques. Cryptography is used to send data in an encrypted form using the encryption key. Encrypted data is transmitted through unsafe public media. Decryption algorithms are also used to decrypt messages when using decryption keys. Steganography is used to hide data in other cover media.

With the advent of the World Wide Web and the emergence of e-commerce applications and social networks, organizations across the world generate a large amount of data daily. Data security is the utmost critical issue in ensuring safe transmission of information through the internet. Also network security issues are now becoming important as society is moving towards digital information age. As more and more users connect to the internet it attracts a lot of cyber-criminals. It comprises authorization of access to information in a network, controlled by the network administrator. The task of network security not only requires ensuring the security of end systems but of the entire network. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the various Network Security and Cryptographic concepts. This paper discusses the state of the art for a broad range of cryptographic algorithms that are used in networking applications.

Elliptic curves were being used only for mathematical studies until Miller and Koblitz introduced elliptic curves to
crypto-community in 1985 with independent works. Since then, elliptic curves became one of the most
significant tools in cryptography. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) started to be used for commercial purposes
after 1990's.
It provides a better level of security with the same key size than the widely used public key crypto-systems such as
RSA. Nevertheless, time complexity is not at the desired stage. Hence, there have been several studies so far that aims
to increase the time efficiency.
The curve forms that are being used for speed oriented operations came a long way in terms of gathering lower degree
formulas for scalar multiplication which is the core operation of ECC. However, one of the curve forms which is
called Huff curve could not get competitive with the other forms such as Twisted Edwards, Jacobi Quartic,
despite the studies have been made so far. This thesis focuses on increasing the efficiency of Huff form of elliptic
curve by making use of mathematical and computational primitives.

Inversion-free point addition and doubling formulas which are being used in scalar multiplication algorithms, are
proposed for the Huff curve which is defined as
y (1+a x^2) = c x (1+d y^2).
First idea is rather to embed the curve into a different projective space than the preferred for Huff curve previously.
Thus, $\mathbb{P}^1 \times \mathbb{P}^1$ embedding is used instead of $\mathbb{P}^2$ embedding. The second idea is to
make the use of isogenies in order to obtain an alternative doubling formula. Thanks to these two ideas, an improvement
is achieved.

The best algorithm for point doubling on Huff curve was computed with 6M + 5S. The proposed doubling formula in this thesis can be computed with 8M.
Also, operation count of mixed addition is decreased from 10M to 8M. Both sets of formulas are leading to an
effective cost of 2M. Furthermore, they are shown to be 4-way parallel.

This is a comined book review of

Katherine Ellison, Susan Kim (eds.), A Material History of Medieval and Early Modern Ciphers. Cryptography and the History of Literacy, Routledge: Oxford 2018.
&&

Katherine Ellison, A Cultural History of Early Modern English Cryptography Manuals, Routledge: Oxford 2017.

As customary for JIPSS journal book reviews, the style is a digest-like review which focuses primarly on aspects relevant to the audience of JIPSS (Intelligence, Propaganda and Security Studies).

Este diccionario, el más completo en el campo de la inteligencia y de la seguridad, cuenta con 1.500 términos definidos en español y con sus correspondientes traducciones al inglés, francés y portugués. Incluye también unos prácticos diccionarios inversos del inglés, francés y portugués al español, además de gráficos y tablas de uso frecuente. Un equipo multidisciplinar de una veintena de especialistas en activo ha definido cada concepto de forma sencilla y fácil de entender, cubriendo los términos especializados de estructuras de inteligencia, fuentes, análisis, diseminación y operaciones encubiertas, inteligencia económica, inteligencia competitiva, inteligencia militar, diplomacia, espionaje, terrorismo, seguridad, ética, guerra fría, recursos humanos, aspectos legales, criptografía y criptología.

Cryptologia Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: Abstract In 1967's The Broken Seal: The Story of ''Operation Magic'' and the Pearl Harbor Disaster, Ladislas Farago claimed that Herbert Yardley betrayed his country by selling decrypted Japanese diplomatic messages and the techniques used in their solution to agents of the Japanese Foreign Ministry for $7,000 [8, p. 57]. For more than four decades, the evidence Farago used to back up this claim has been interpreted differently by different researchers. We examine Farago's allegation and attempt to bring together all the evidence that references it.

With the advent of the World Wide Web and the emergence of e-commerce applications and social networks, organizations across the world generate a large amount of data daily. Data security is the utmost critical issue in ensuring safe transmission of information through the internet. Also network security issues are now becoming important as society is moving towards digital information age. As more and more users connect to the internet it attracts a lot of cyber-criminals. It comprises authorization of access to information in a network, controlled by the network administrator. The task of network security not only requires ensuring the security of end systems but of the entire network. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the various Network Security and Cryptographic concepts. This paper discusses the state of the art for a broad range of cryptographic algorithms that are used in networking applications.

Abstract—Growing in cyber attacks has driven a growth in demand for network security. Cryptology is the science of secret communication systems including cryptography and cryptanalysis. Different heuristic and meta heuristic algorithms has been used for ...

This article examines the evolution of cryptology as a business trait and a distinct state-controlled and -regulated profession in sixteenth-century Venice. It begins by briefly discussing the systematic development of cryptology in the Renaissance. Following an examination of the amateur use of codes and ciphers by members of the Venetian merchant and ruling class, and subsequently by members of all layers of Venetian society, the article moves on to discuss the professionalization of cryptology in sixteenth-century Venice. This was premised on specialist skills formation, a shared professional identity, and an emerging professional ethos. The article explores a potential link between the amateur use of cryptology, especially as it had been instigated by merchants in the form of merchant-style codes, and its professional use by the Venetian authorities. It also adds the profession of the cifrista—the professional cipher secretary—to the list of more “conventional” early modern professions.

Today we regard cryptology, the mathematical and technical science of ciphers and codes, and philology, the humanistic study of natural or human languages and documents, as separate domains of activity. But the contiguity, even intimacy of these two domains is a historical fact with an institutional history. From the earliest documented techniques for the statistical analysis of text and experiments with mechanized literary analysis, to electromechanical and electronic code-breaking and machine translation, early literary data processing, and the computational philology of late twentieth-century humanities computing and early twenty-first-century “digital humanities,” what I call cryptophilology has flourished alongside imperial jingoism and war — and occasionally served them. In this book I argue that while computing’s humanistic applications are as every bit as historically important as its mathematical and technical origins, they are no less marked and no less constrained by the priorities of national security agencies and institutions devoted to both offensive signals intelligence and mass surveillance — and that our hope for human progress must be tempered by that, so far as even (or especially) in modern democracies, the proliferation of security institutions and the scale of their operations can be justified only by and through programmatically sustained insecurity.

This article provides a general introduction to the subject of Cryptology, Crytography and Crytoanalysis and explains the terminology and the practical application of security techniques… In recorded History , technological innovations have revolutionized societies. The printing press is an often-cited example of the great impact one humble person's invention can have on ruling dynasties, world religions, and personal life.. Quantum encryption could rival Guttenberg's printing press in its impact. Cryptology has a fascinating History., In Warfare Cryptography is a broad, sticky, and mathematically complex, but interesting subject and an integral part of the evolution of warfare. So let's get some definitions out of the way first. Cryptology is the study of codes, both creating and solving them. Cryptography is the art of creating codes. Cryptanalysis is the art of surreptitiously revealing the contents of coded messages, breaking codes, that were not intended for you as a recipient.. Secondly, there are nomenclators and enciphers. Nomenclators are letters or numbers that represent words or phrases, like 103A means "meet me at 4PM". Ciphers are alphabetical letters or numbers that are encrypted using some sequential coding process and a key. For this essay, we will refer to both as codes. Also, enciphered, encrypted and encoded mean the same thing….Additionally, there is plain text. This is the original message that is readable and understandable, uncoded or unencrypted. Once it goes through the coding process and is encrypted, the output is readable but not understandable. There are a bunch of other terms like steganography, homophones, polyphones, digraphs, bigrams, and polygrams, but they are just variations of coding and decoding techniques. KEYWORDS Network Protocols, Mathematical Cryptology, encryption, decription 1. CRYPTOLOGY The study of cryptography and cryptanalysis. Cryptology is the mathematics, such as number theory, and the application of formulas and algorithms, that underpin cryptography and cryptanalysis. Since the cryptanalysis concepts are highly specialized and complex, we concentrate here only on some of the key mathematical concepts behind cryptography. cryptology is made up of cryptography and cryptanalysis. 1) Crytography-The art and science of making ciphers. Which concerns with the design of the cryptosystems and cryptography, is the actual securing, control, and identification of digital data. 2) Crytoanalysis-The art and science of breaking ciphers. In other words, the extraction of mm given cc, EE, DD, and possibly keke. which aims at studies relating to breaking of cryptosystems. cryptanalysis, is made up of all the attempts one might develop to undermine, circumvent, and/or break what the first part, cryptography, is attempting to accomplish. 3) Cryptosystems:-A particular suite of algorithms and protocols for encryption, decryption, and key generation. Examples: Cramer-Shoup cryptosystem, Rabin cryptosystem, Benaloh cryptosystem, RSA cryptosystem.

The distinction between the Domain of Natural Numbers and the Domain of Line gets highlighted. This division provides the new perception to the Fermat's Conjecture, where to place it and how to prove it. The reasons why the Fermat's Conjecture remained unproven for 382 years are examined. The Fermat's Conjecture receives the proof in the Domain of Natural Numbers only. The equation a n + b n = c n with positive integers a, b, c, n is not the Fermat's Conjecture in the Domain of Line.

For over sixty years deluded Bacon and Shakespeare scholars supported by universities around the four corners of the globe, fanned by the international news media, have deceived the rest of the world into believing that the Friedmans, the two greatest cryptographers of the twentieth century, had once and for all in their book The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined put an end to the notion of Baconian ciphers being present in the Shakespeare plays, a falsehood which continues to deceive the world to the present day.

This is a story about one of the greatest literary frauds of all time fully revealed here for the first time that will absolutely shock Shakespeare scholarship and the rest of the world and necessitate a complete re-assessment of Francis Bacon’s true authorship of the Shakespeare works.
From a very early age Francis Bacon was given a baptism into ciphers and codes and other arcane cryptic devices for concealing and communicating secret and hidden information. His father Lord Keeper and de facto Lord Chancellor of England Sir Nicholas Bacon and his uncle Secretary of State Sir William Cecil were the twin pillars of the Elizabethan Reformation and effectively the heads of the secret state. The lifeblood of the Elizabethan state and the English Secret Service headed by Sir Francis Walsingham were secret ciphers and codes and its three principal pillars Bacon, Cecil and Walsingham went to extraordinary lengths to maintain a cryptographic hegemony over their dangerous European rivals and the domestic enemies of the English government.

In 1576 a fifteen year old Francis Bacon travelled in the train of the Ambassador-elect Sir Amias Paulet for a three year stay at the English Embassy in Paris which stood at the very centre of European intrigue and espionage where he was joined by the great English cryptographer Thomas Phelippes with the two of them occupied with ciphers and other areas of cryptography on an almost daily basis. It was during his time in Paris that Bacon later recalled how he invented his famous bi-literal cipher, a cipher system he later secretly inserted into his Shakespeare works

In 1591 there appeared in London a Latin edition of a milestone work on cryptology by the Italian polymath and playwright Giambattista della Porta entitled De Fvtivis Literarvm Notis printed by John Wolfe, and dedicated to Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland. Some two centuries later there was discovered at Northumberland House (at the time in the ownership of his ancestor Earl Percy, afterwards the Duke of Northumberland) what has come to be known as the Northumberland MSS that originally contained several of Bacon’s writings among them his Shakespeare plays Richard II and Richard III. On the outer-cover of The Northumberland Manuscript the name of Bacon/Francis Bacon and his pseudonym Shakespeare/William Shakespeare are scribbled on more than a dozen occasions. In particular above the entry for Bacon’s Shakespeare play Richard II appears the entry ‘By Mr. ffrauncis William Shakespeare’ and further down the word ‘Your’ is twice written across his pseudonym William Shakespeare-so it reads ‘Your William Shakespeare’.

With the spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham now dead the headquarters of the English Secret Service had been transferred to Essex House on the Strand the grand stately residence of the royal favourite Robert Devereux, the second Earl of Essex. Under the roof of Essex House, Francis and Anthony Bacon ran a vast domestic and foreign intelligence network of spies and intelligencers operating across the European continent.
Francis and Anthony Bacon were the joint heads of the foreign and domestic arms of the English Secret Service that evolved into British Intelligence in other words the equivalent of MI5 and MI6. They were in charge of gathering intelligence domestically and from all over Europe for which they employed a highly organised network of secret agents and spies whose important intelligence and information was conveyed through secret codes and ciphers and the interception of ciphered correspondence of enemy agents, deciphered by Francis, Anthony, and Thomas Phelippes.

In his first major acknowledged work The Advancement of Learning Bacon sets out a series of cipher systems which he named Simple Cipher, Kay Cipher, Wheel Cipher and his Bi-literal Cipher, that he secretly incorporated into the 1623 Shakespeare First Folio. Shortly before the publication of the First Folio in November 1623 there appeared in Latin Bacon’s truly monumental De Augmentis Scientiarum Libri IX which included a much more expansive and detailed explanation of his Bi-literal Cipher. Soon after the publication of the De Augmentis and the Shakespeare First Folio there appeared the extremely rare work on cryptology entitled Cryptomenytices et Cryptographiae Libri IX by one Gustavus Selenus, a pseudonym for Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg, a near five hundred page work published at Luneburg early in 1624. The revealing title page of the Cryptomenytices et Cryptographiae contains a pictorial cryptogram depicting Francis Bacon giving a figure holding a spear dressed in actor’s boots, representing the actor William Shakspere, a quarto or book of plays, who is shown carrying them off into the distance toward a building representing the Globe Theatre.

Some three centuries later the discovery of the presence of Bacon’s Biliteral Cipher was announced to the world in a series of volumes published by the remarkable Elizabeth Wells Gallup entitled The Bi-literal Cypher of Sir Francis Bacon Discovered in his Works. On examining the prefatory material of the 1623 Shakespeare First Folio Gallup deciphered a series of revelations about Francis Bacon’s secret life and enormous corpus of writings revealing that not only was he the secret author of the Shakespeare works but also the works published in the names of among others Spenser, Greene, and Marlowe, and that he was the concealed royal son of Queen Elizabeth and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester.

News of these revelations soon reached the ears of Colonel George Fabyan who had had set up his  Riverbank estate located west of Chicago which is still shrouded in secrecy and mystery to the present day. It was here that Colonel Fabyan provided Gallup with a staff and extensive resources to continue her investigations into the Bacon Bi-literal Cipher and its presence in the Shakespeare works and other Baconian publications set forth anonymously or in the names of others. She was afterwards joined at Riverbank by William F. Friedman and his future wife Elizebeth Smith, the widely acclaimed duo who went on to become the two greatest cryptographers of the twentieth century and the authors of The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined.

The years spent by the Friedmans at Riverbank are not well-documented and what we know or believe of their time there almost entirely derives from the story told by the Friedmans themselves in a series of unpublished manuscripts and lectures and their book The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined. 

For the next few years the Friedmans worked closely alongside Elizabeth Wells Gallup assisting her in a complex and minute study of the Bacon Bi-literal Cipher and its links to the Shakespeare First Folio and soon after the Friedmans were appointed the joints Heads of the Riverbank Department of Ciphers.

During this period the Riverbank Cipher Department headed by the Friedmans produced a series of pamphlets known as the Riverbank Laboratories Publications on Cryptography. These comprise of a series of important ground-breaking technical monographs dealing with cryptography and cryptanalysis and several dealing with Gallup’s work on the Bacon Bi-literal Cipher. A number of the volumes on the Bacon Bi-literal Cipher were issued anonymously and the identity of their author (s), who were of course known to the Friedmans, remain unknown to the world at large to the present day.

For more than half a century the Friedmans had every opportunity to reveal the identity of the authors of these anonymous Riverbank publications on the Bacon Bi-literal Cipher but repeatedly refused to do so. The reason why, is the Friedmans themselves, were the anonymous authors of these tracts in which it is emphatically stated that the presence of Bacon’s cipher system identified by Elizabeth Wells Gallup has been repeatedly tested and dissected, and was and is, demonstrable beyond any and all doubt. For the rest of their lives the Friedmans remained silent about their authorship of The Greatest Work of Sir Francis Bacon endorsing the presence of the Bacon Bi-literal Cipher in the Shakespeare works and decades later when both Fabyan and Elizabeth Wells Gallup were long dead wrote The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined wherein they fraudulently pretended in the open plain text that no Bacon ciphers were used in the Shakespeare poems and plays in one of the greatest academic and literary frauds of all time. However revealed and demonstrated here for the first time The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined is itself one very elaborate cryptogram containing hidden secret Bacon ciphers repeatedly conveying the concealed cryptographic message that Francis Bacon, Brother of the Rosy Cross, is Shakespeare.

The Friedmans knew there were Bacon ciphers present in the Shakespeare works and that Bacon is the true secret author of the Shakespeare works, a secret which at a single stroke completely collapses the Stratfordian fiction and illusion that the illiterate/semi-illiterate William Shakspere was the author of the Shakespeare plays. It was a secret they took to the graves but not beyond it. For on the tombstone of William and Elizebeth Friedman, one designed by themselves, the two greatest cryptographers of the twentieth century, left a secret cryptographic message: FRANCIS BACON IS SHAKESPEARE.

The goal of this paper is A) to suggest topics for a peircean semeiotics of cryptology and B) to show that, especially when compared with previous attempts, peircean semeiotics  are better suited to the study of the semiotic processes in cryptology.

(this is a new version of my other paper "Some neglected arguments for the reality of Peirce’s cryptology")
(WARNING: according to at least two Peirce scholars, this is badly written; sorry about that, I do my best... I still hope this will be useful to at least a few persons...)

Peirce's interest for the science of secret communications – cryptology – has mostly past unnoticed and the aim of this paper is to describe a particular proof of his interest: Peirce's use of " deciphering " – " cryptanalysis " in the modern vocabulary – as an example of hypothesis, in two important essays on the subject, " Some Consequences of Four incapacities " and " A Theory of Probable Inference ". Section 2 discusses the role of cryptanalysis in Peirce's ideas on the art of reasoning, which introduces section 3 on the relationship between cryptanalysis and Peirce's early notion of hypothesis, in the aforementioned essays. In section 4, I do some conjectures on the possible further impact of Peirce's study of cryptanalysis on his philosophy, especially as regards the subjects of inquiry, doubt and belief. The conclusion of the paper is that not only does Peirce mentions cryptology in his works, but it is even possible that it had a pivotal importance for some of his most important theories.

Annex 1 to the paper presents a partial inventory of the references to cryptology in Peirce's works, covering the available digital versions of the Collected Papers and the Writings.

Annex 2 presents the anonymous reviews of the paper by two Peirce scholars (for the record: I agree with some of the comments and totally disagree with the tone… I get this a lot, I think reviews give scholars a chance to get their frustrations out…).

We describe results from an apparatus and protocol designed to implement quantum key distribution, by which two users, who share no secret information initially: (1) exchange a random quantum transmission, consisting of very faint flashes of polarized light; (2) by subsequent public discussion of the sent and received versions of this transmission estimate the extent of eavesdropping that might have taken place on it, and finally (3) if this estimate is small enough, distill from the sent and received versions a smaller body of shared random information, which is certifiably secret in the sense that any third party's expected information on it is an exponentially small fraction of one bit. Because the system depends on the uncertainty principle of quantum physics, instead of the usual mathematical assumptions such as the difficulty of factoring, it remains secure against an adversary with unlimited computing power.

Linear A is an ancient writing system that was used on the island of Crete and a few surrounding Aegean areas between 1750 and 1450 BC to represent the Minoan language(s). Linear A is believed to be a syllabic script, but has yet to be deciphered; consequently, little is known about the Minoan language(s). This paper provides an analysis of recurrent clusters of symbols in order to uncover aspects of the structure of the language that Linear A transcribed. From Linear A inscriptions in readily available publications, similar, frequently recurring clusters were identified, and the comparison and analysis of these clusters yielded three aspects of variation: symbol-internal variation, inter-cluster variation, as well as variants in the wider context. With the observations from the patterns in inter-cluster variation, an approximate morphological breakdown of the clusters was derived, and plausible roots and affixes were isolated. A comparison of the clusters’ immediate environments suggests that the affixes were more likely to have been semantically motivated, while the wider contextual variation provides possible interpretations of the semantic content of the affixes themselves. This internal analysis approach, with the morphological breakdown of the clusters analysed, provides further support for the current hypothesis that the language that Linear A represented was rich in affixation.

Key words: Linear A, libation formulas, internal analysis

The Data Encryption Standard (DES) is the best known and most widely used cryptosystem for civilian applications. It was developed at IBM and adopted by the National Buraeu of Standards in the mid 70’s, and has successfully withstood all the attacks published so far in the open literature. In this paper we develop a new type of cryptanalytic attack which can break DES with up to eight rounds in a few minutes on a PC and can break DES with up to 15 rounds faster than an exhaustive search. The new attack can be applied to a variety of DES-like substitution/permutation cryptosystems, and demonstrates the crucial role of the (unpublished) design rules.

The present world order is an invalid fallacy, a mere delusion to please the fancy of the self-styled elites – all those who plunged the entire Mankind into injustice, bias, inhumanity, falsehood, discord, bloodshed, abject poverty for the many and undeserved luxuries for the few, and an environmental doom at the end.

The much publicized "values" of this world simply are not values; the so-called wise scholars are not wise, and worse, they are not scholars properly speaking. They are mere fools who, from the peak of their monumental arrogance, appear as institutionalized swindlers, suitable outfits of a criminal establishment for which solidarity among members and fraudulence against all the rest matter more than faith, intuition and transcendence.

How could today´s "wise" scholars be truly wise? Their absolute lack of moral principles, their appalling indifference for our world´s real dramas and concerns, their chaotic distance from the indigenous peoples and ethno-religious groups, their detachment from the remote villages, the coastal and mountains towns, the favelas and the slums of the metropolises, their ominous isolation in libraries and research centers, their out-of-purpose elitism, and above all, their over-specialization in one sector and parallel ignorance of almost all the rest, all these fundamental characteristics of the so-called "wise" scholars of our times make of them truly and definitely unwise and useless, if not dangerous, individuals.
First published in AfroArticles, American Chronicle, and Buzzle on 8th May 2010
Republished here:
https://www.facebook.com/notes/juandryblogspotcom/stephen-hawking-the-foolish-wise-the-extraterrestrials-and-todays-criminal-elite/10150169034985655/

We revisit narrow-pipe designs that are in practical use, and their security against preimage attacks. Our results are the best known preimage attacks on Tiger, MD4, and reduced SHA-2, with the result on Tiger being the first cryptanalytic shortcut attack on the full hash function. Our attacks runs in time 2 188.8 for finding preimages, and 2 188.2 for second-preimages. Both have memory requirement of order 2 8 , which is much less than in any other recent preimage attacks on reduced Tiger. Using pre-computation techniques, the time complexity for finding a new preimage or second-preimage for MD4 can now be as low as 2 78.4 and 2 69.4 MD4 computations, respectively. The second-preimage attack works for all messages longer than 2 blocks. To obtain these results, we extend the meet-in-the-middle framework recently developed by Aoki and Sasaki in a series of papers. In addition to various algorithm-specific techniques, we use a number of conceptually new ideas that are applicable to a larger class of constructions. Among them are (1) incorporating multi-target scenarios into the MITM framework, leading to faster preimages from pseudo-preimages, (2) a simple precomputation technique that allows for finding new preimages at the cost of a single pseudo-preimage, and (3) probabilistic initial structures, to reduce the attack time complexity. All the techniques developed await application to other hash functions. To illustrate this, we give as another example improved preimage attacks on SHA-2 members.

The Hill cipher is a classical symmetric encryption algorithm that succumbs to the know-plaintext attack. Although its vulnerability to cryptanalysis has rendered it unusable in practice, it still serves an important pedagogical role in cryptology and linear algebra. In this paper, a variant of the Hill cipher is introduced that makes the Hill cipher secure while it retains the efficiency. The proposed scheme includes a ciphering core for which a cryptographic protocol is introduced.

Filológiai okok egy monoalfabetikus titkosírásfejtő szoftver mellett: a program működése és tapasztalatai. A monoalfabetikus -egy betűnek egy rejtjelet megfeleltető -titkosírások a régmúlt itt maradt emlékei. A kriptológia tudománya már régen komolyabb problémákkal van elfoglalva. Mind a kriptotörténeti monográfiák, mind a kortárs kódfejtő kézikönyvek gyorsan, lehetőleg még az első oldalon végeznek vele, hogy nagyobb kihívást jelentő módszerek felé forduljanak. Mára a második világháborús Enigma problémája is a múlté, az utóbbi évtizedek kutatásai a biztonságos kulcsmegosztás, az elvileg is megfejthetetlen kódok, és az átlagember számára kevéssé felfogható számítógépes titkosítások körül folynak. Az elhanyagolás oka természetesen az, hogy a monoalfabetikus titkosírásokat könnyű megfejteni, ha egyszerű próbálgatással nem sikerülne, akkor lefuttatunk egy puszta frekvencia analízist. Ha esetleg ez sem vezetne eredményre, alkalmazhatunk magánhangzó azonosító módszert vagy egy bigrammokra vonatkozó gyakoriságvizsgálatot. A monoalfabetikus titkosírások nem csak elavultak, hanem valamelyest érdektelenek is egy tapasztalt kódfejtő számára. E széles körben ismert és elfogadott jelenség ellenére azok a valódi monoalfabetikus titkosírások, amelyek a 16-17. századból maradtak fenn -abból az időből, amikor már inkább bonyolultabb, egy betűhöz három-négy jelet rendelő, úgynevezett homofonikus titkosírások domináltak, de a diplomáciai, katonai és magán levelezés egy nem elhanyagolható része még mindig monoalfabetikus volt -mégis igen komoly kihívást jelenthetnek a történész számára. Nézzünk egy konkrét példát a magyar történelem tizenhetedik század végi korszakából, a Wesselényi féle szervezkedés egy eddig ismeretlen levelét:

This paper discusses the attempt of an algorithmic approach to contribute to the decipherment of Linear A. With the assistance of software developed in Python, Linear A clusters can be compared to various dictionaries of languages respecting a certain degree of chronological and geographical compatibility, as a "brute force attack" for the reconstruction of new clusters of Linear A symbols.

Yasal Sorumluluk Reddi Bu Raporda yer alan hiçbir husus, herhangi bir token satma veya satın alma teklifi veya talebi değildir. Solana, bu Raporu yalnızca kamuoyundan geri bildirim ve yorum almak amacıyla yayınlamaktadır. Solana'nın herhangi bir token'i (veya Gelecek'teki Token'ler için Basit bir Anlaşmayı) satışa sunması durumunda, bunu bir açıklama belgesi ve risk faktörleri de dahil olmak üzere kesin teklif belgeleri aracılığıyla yapacaktır. Bu kesin belgelerin, mevcut sürümden önemli ölçüde farklı olabilecek bu Raporun güncellenmiş bir sürümünü içermesi de beklenmektedir. Solana'nın Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde böyle bir teklifte bulunması durumunda, teklif muhtemelen yalnızca akredite edilmiş yatırımcılara sunulacaktır. Bu Rapordaki hiçbir husus, Solana'nın işinin veya token'lerinin nasıl gelişeceğine veya token'lerin fayda veya değerine dair bir garanti veya vaat olarak görülmemeli veya yorumlanmamalıdır. Bu Rapor, kendi takdirine bağlı olarak değişebilecek ve başarısı başka hususların yanı sıra piyasaya dayalı faktörlerle birlikte veri ve kripto para endüstrilerindeki faktörler de dahil olmak üzere Solana'nın kontrolü dışında olan birçok faktöre bağlı olan mevcut planları özetlemektedir. Gelecekteki olaylarla ilgili açıklamalar, yalnızca bu Raporda açıklanan hususların Solana tarafından analizine dayanmaktadır. Bu analizin yanlış olduğu kanıtlanabilir.

This document contains two hidden messages from the Book of Enoch, hidden within the italicized words and also in the footnotes when written sequentially.  It appears to be from one Watcher to another. I used the Princeton, 1955 copy of the Book of Enoch available on the internet in PDF form.