Cycling

Integrated rice-shrimp ponds (IRSPs) have periods of low oxygen and high nutrient loads which may have a critical effect on both shrimp survival and water quality in adjacent waterways. To understand drivers of poor water quality, this study examined sediment nutrient pathways at two IRSPs. The study showed that the IRSPs had low denitrification efficiency. However, denitrification rates were significantly positively correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations, suggesting carbon availability was a key driver of denitrification. Dissolved nutrient concentrations in the water column were relatively high despite low sediment nutrient effluxes. Given the low sediment nutrient effluxes, and low nitrogen (N) removal by denitrification, the high nutrient loads were likely derived from incoming water. Therefore, the IRSPs were net nutrient removal mechanisms, rather than contributing to eutrophication in adjacent waterways. There also appears to be scope to enhance denitrification for increased N removal, via carbon addition, and hence improve water quality.

We report our discovery of utilizing perhydroxylated dodecaborate clusters ([B12(OH)12]2-) as a molecular cross-linker to generate a hybrid tungsten oxide material. We further demonstrate how these robust B12-based clusters in the resulting hybrid tungsten oxide material can effectively preserve the specific capacitance up to 4000 cycles and reduce the charge transfer resistance as well as the response time compared to that of pristine tungsten oxide.

The purpose of this study was to explore the respiratory response of acute interval and continuous exercise of low and high intensity. Fourteen recreational athletes (7 men and 7 women; VO 2 max= 35.7 ± 6.1 ml/kg/min) performed a bout of continuous and a bout of interval exercise both consisted of 5 min cycling at low intensity [80% of the power output (W) of the predetermined gas exchange threshold (GET) (80%W GET )] and 5 min cycling at high intensity {W GET plus the work rate corresponding to 50% of the difference between peak power output (PPO) at oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) test and the W GET [W GET + 0.50 Δ(PPO -W GET )]}. Continuous exercise compared to interval exercise induced significant higher heart rate and ventilation as well as significant higher levels of mouth occlusion pressure for 0.1 sec (P 0.1 ) (P<0.05) during low and high intensities. Our results indicate that continuous exercise stimulates respiration more than interval exercise when the exercise is performed at the same relative intensity.

The present work provides new insight into the long-term cycling stability of biomass-derived activated carbons as electrodes in symmetric supercapacitors on the basis of ex-situ and post-mortem spectroscopic and microscopic analyses. The physicochemical characterization of activated carbons is carried out by DTA/TG, XPS spectroscopy, SEM, AFM and BET analyses. The surface functional groups and pore size distribution are determined by Böhm titration method and Barett-Joyner-Halenda analysis, respectively. The supercapacitor performance of the composite electrodes is tested by charge/discharge galvanostatic experiments. To go inside into surface and bulk electrode changes during electrode cycling, the post-mortem XPS, SEM/EDS and AFM experiments are undertaken. It is found that activated carbon having higher content of acidic groups and narrow pore size distribution displays an impressive cycling stability in alkaline electrolyte solution. The observed changes in electrode morphology during cycling are discussed on the basis of electrode-electrolyte interaction.

Background: Security perception significantly affects women's intention to use bikes. This area is underresearched in a context where female cyclists face harassment in a setting of low-or middle-Income countries. Objectives: This study aims to contribute to understanding the determinants of security perception as a latent construct by establishing the relationship between perceived security, individual attributes, and built environment features.

In 1960 the Tour made a detour to pass through the village of Colombey-les-deux-Eglises where General de Gaulle (then President of the new Fifth Republic) had his private home. Although the Tour that year was won by the Italian Nencini, as the riders cruised past the crowds containing the President, one national myth -de Gaulleencountered another, the Tour de France. 1 Whether or not the Tour de France is a properly 'international' sporting event, or still remains in some ways a 'national' competition, despite the presence of riders from many countries, it often appears that in the Tour, French heroes are defined more by reference to France and other French riders than to foreigners. This chapter outlines the nature of the status of a number of French champions whose careers have been inseparable from the story of the Tour de France in the post-war era. In so doing, it approaches the 'heroic' status of riders from a number of perspectives, including the 'reality' of their sporting achievements and behaviour, the nature of their media presentations, and their cultural significance in different periods of French post-war society.

Since physical inactivity especially prevails during winter months, we set out to identify outdoor alternatives to indoor cycling (IC) by comparing the metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses during alpine skiing (AS), cross-country skiing (XCS) and IC and analyse the effects of sex, age and fitness level in this comparison. Twenty one healthy subjects performed alpine skiing (AS), cross-country skiing (XCS), and IC. Oxygen uptake (VO2), total energy expenditure (EE), heart rate (HR), lactate, blood glucose and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined during three 4-min stages of low, moderate and high intensity. During XCS and IC VO2max and EE were higher than during AS. At least 2½ hours of AS are necessary to reach the same EE as during one hour of XCS or IC. HR, VO2, lactate, and RPEarms were highest during XCS, whereas RPEwhole-body was similar and RPElegs lower than during AS and IC, respectively. Weight adjusted VO2 and EE were higher in men than in women while fitn...

Iron, phosphate, and nitrate are essential nutrients for phytoplankton growth, and hence, their supply into the surface ocean controls oceanic primary production. Here we present a GEOTRACES zonal section (GP13; 30-33°S, 153°E-150°W) extending eastward from Australia to the oligotrophic South Pacific Ocean gyre outlining the concentrations of these key nutrients. Surface dissolved iron concentrations are elevated at >0.4 nmol L À1 near continental Australia (west of 165°E) and decreased eastward to ≤0.2 nmol L À1 (170°W-150°W). The supply of dissolved iron into the upper ocean (<100 m) from the atmosphere and vertical diffusivity averaged 11 ± 10 nmol m À2 d À1 . In the remote South Pacific Ocean (170°W-150°W), atmospherically sourced iron is a significant contributor to the surface dissolved iron pool with average supply contribution of 23 ± 17% (range 3% to 55%). Surface water nitrate concentrations averaged 5 ± 4 nmol L À1 between 170°W and 150°W, while surface water phosphate concentrations averaged 58 ± 30 nmol L À1 . The supply of nitrogen into the upper ocean is primarily from deeper waters (24-1647 μmol m À2 d À1 ) with atmospheric deposition and nitrogen fixation contributing <1% to the overall flux along the eastern part of the transect. The deep water N:P ratio averaged 14.5 ± 0.5 but declined to <1 above the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) indicating a high N:P assimilation ratio by phytoplankton leading to almost quantitative removal of nitrate. The supply stoichiometry for iron and nitrogen relative to phosphate at and above the DCM declines eastward leading to two biogeographical provinces: one with diazotroph production and the other without diazotroph production.

Background Walking or cycling regularly instead of using motorised vehicles returns benefits not only to our health but also to the environment: in Europe, during 2020 a spotlight has also been put on the importance of accessibility to zero-emission transport, for promoting an inclusive framework that involves everyone. Policies in favour of a diffused active mobility in the general population encourage also to take steps effectively in order to achieve the longer-term goal of a European continent that is carbon-neutral. Methods In the Italian Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance System PASSI, active mobility identifies both adults (aged 18-69) who cycle or walk to go to work or to school or for their usual commuting and those who, thanks to this habit, reach out recommended levels of physical activity to gain health benefits. Basing on their own active mobility levels, people are classified in: physically active (they reach out at least 150 minutes per week by walking or cycling fo...

Methacholine challenge testing (MCCT) has been proposed in the evaluation of dyspnea but has limitations. Running has been proposed as alternative method to diagnose exercise induced asthma (EIA). To evaluate the utility of a portable cardiopulmonary exercise testing system during running challenges (indoor vs outdoor) in 2 different environments to evaluate EIA. METHODS: 26 patients with dyspnea on exertion and negative MCCT randomly performed both indoor & outdoor run challenge while wearing a Jaeger Oxycon™ Mobile CPX system. Baseline pulmonary function testing (PFTs) followed by exercise challenge testing using ATS guidelines was used. Serial PFTs were measured 5, 10, 15, 20 mins. A B2 agonist was then administered followed by one final spirometry PFT at 10 minutes post bronchodilator. Run testing in 2 environments was standardized by measuring CPX varibles. Environmental conditions measured included humidity, temperature, particulate matter, pollen counts, carbon dioxide levels, microbiological and fungal spores. Percent Change FEV1 Post Run Challenge. No statistically significant differences in any cardiopulmonary variables measured (VO2, VCO2, RR, HR, RER, VE, VE/VO2 & VE/VCO2) at any time point verifying that the exercise testing was of equal intensity both for indoor & outdoor testing conditions. There was no signifcant difference in FEV1 post exericse indoor vs outdoor run testing. Stepwise linear regression did not show signifcant environmental effect. MCCT testing for our patient population proved robust in that further exercise testing with respect to both test location and environmental factors did not result in any significant changes in measured performance.

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Based on the project experience, we discuss ways to improve future cycling campaigns and their evaluation, for example by allocating sufficient resources for establishing a strong partnership among cross-sectional partners and for a more detailed documentation of campaign activities.

Caves formed by sulfuric acid dissolution have been identified worldwide. These caves can host diverse microbial communities that are responsible for speleogenesis and speleothem formation. It is not well understood how microbial communities change in response to surface water entering caves. Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatic tools were used to determine the impact of surface water on the microbial community diversity and function within a spring pool found deep in the Monte Conca Cave system in Sicily, Italy. Sulfur oxidizers comprised more than 90% of the microbial community during the dry season and were replaced by potential anthropogenic contaminants such as Escherichia and Lysinibacillus species after heavy rains. One sampling date appeared to show a transition between the wet and dry seasons when potential anthropogenic contaminants (67.3%), sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (13.6%), and nitrogen-fixing bacteria (6.5%) were all present within the spring pool.

At the root of the multiple, diverse and multi-scalar challenges facing the living systems we call cities likes a single enormous knot: figuring out how to live together very differently, in light of climate crisis, pandemics, loss of biodiversity and other life-threatening conditions. Active transport has an important role to play in showing ways of living better with lower consumption, improving health and, in many contexts, social equality. This requires more attention to interdisciplinary methodologies, social movements and civil society, and the governance arrangements necessary to facilitate or at least permit significant social change.

The present study aimed to provide an in-depth assessment of the commuting patterns of scholar communities of southwestern European countries and to identify measures to improve their sustainable performance regarding mobility. The adopted methodology characterised the mobility pattern of students as a sustainability indicator and the availability of related infrastructures and local public transport network. Data were gathered by qualitative (behavioural questionnaires) and quantitative (technical audits) approaches, based on measurable indicators (key performance indicators and scores (ranging between 0–5)). Overall, French schools showed the best sustainable performance regarding mobility (2.0) and Gibraltar had the lowest (1.2). The existence of bike parking and electric car charging points were the main weaknesses founds (with their related mean scores being 0.6 and 0.2, respectively). The score associated with annual CO2 emissions due to students’ mobility had the best perform...

The nodulation potential of legume components in annual grass-legume forage mixtures was investigated. Pea and vetch sown alone (100%), in double mixtures with oat in the legume: grass ratio (70:30%), and in triple mixtures in the legume: legume: grass ratio (35:35:30%) were tested in a pot trial under semi-controlled conditions. Spring forage pea variety Crystal and spring vetch variety Obrazets 666 were used. Based on plant
morphometry - root mass, nodule characteristics, some biometric indicators of nodule formation were calculated. Pea plants (100%) showed greater specific nodule-forming ability compared to vetch (100%). The same tendency was found for the mixtures with oat (70:30%). In the triple mixtures (pea-vetch-oat - 35:35:30%), the specific nodule forming
ability of both leguminous crops decreased, weaker for pea (5.22%) versus vetch (13.66%).

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of cycling to improve function and reduce activity limitations in children with cerebral palsy; the optimal training parameters for improved function; and whether improvements in function can be retained. Method: Six databases were searched (until February 2019) and articles were screened in duplicate. Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials and pre-post studies were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Downs and Black scale. Outcomes were reported under the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health domains of body functions and activity limitations. Quantitative analyses were completed using RevMan V5.3. Results: A total of 533 articles were identified and 9 studies containing data on 282 participants met full inclusion criteria. Methodological quality ranged from low (14 of 32) to high (28 of 32). Significant improvements were reported for hamstring strength (effect size = 0.77-0.93), cardiorespiratory fitness (effect size = 1.13-1.77), balance (effect size = 1.03-1.29), 3-minute walk test distance (effect size = 1.14) and gross motor function (effect size = 0.91). Meta-analysis suggested that cycling can improve gross motor function (standardized mean difference = 0.35; 95% confidence interval = (-0.01, 0.70); P = 0.05); however, the effect was insignificant when a poor-quality study was omitted. Conclusion: Cycling can improve muscle strength, balance and gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy; however, optimal training doses are yet to be determined. There was insufficient data to determine whether functional improvements can be retained. Conclusions were limited by small sample sizes, inconsistent outcome measures and a lack of follow-up testing.

Urban street space is increasingly contested. However, it is unclear what a fair street space allocation would look like. We develop a framework of ten ethical principles and three normative perspectives on street spacestreets for transport, streets for sustainability, and streets as placeand discuss 14 derived street space allocation mechanisms. We contrast these ethically grounded allocation mechanisms with real-world allocation in 18 streets in Berlin. We find that car users, on average, had 3.5 times more space available than non-car users. While some allocation mechanisms are more plausible than others, none is without disputed normative implications. All of the ethical principles, however, suggest that on-street parking for cars is difficult to justify, and that cycling deserves more space. We argue that ethical principles should be systematically integrated into urban and transport planning.

We aimed to determine which discipline had the greater performance improvements in the history of Ironman triathlon in Hawaii and also which discipline had the greater influence in overall race time. Data from 1983 to 2018 of the top three women and men of each year who competed in the Ironman World Championship were included. In addition to exploratory data analyses, linear regressions between split times and years of achievement were performed. Further, a stepwise multiple linear regression was applied using total race time as the dependent variable and split times as the independent variables. Both women and men significantly improved their performances from 1983 to 2018 in the Ironman World Championship. Swimming had the largest difference in improvements between men and women (3.0% versus 12.1%, respectively). A negative and significant decrease in each discipline was identified for both women and men, with cycling being the discipline with the greatest reduction. The results f...

Título: El movimiento de la pelvis en las alumnas de educación primaria como base de una preparación y mejora del fortalecimiento muscular de un futuro embarazo. Target: Maestros de Educación Física de educación primaria y Personal Sanitario. Asignatura: Educación Física y Educación Sanitaria. Autores: Julián Jiménez Amor, Maestro, Especialidad en Educación Física y Francisca Carmen Sánchez Sánchez, Matrona, (Enfermera, Especialista ObstétricoGinecológica).

Exploring the benefits of organic women’s clothing reveals its eco-friendly, health-conscious advantages. Made from natural materials like organic cotton, it reduces environmental impact and provides comfort without harmful chemicals. Kuteera Clothing embraces this movement, offering stylish, durable, and ethically produced apparel that combines sustainability with modern fashion, making it an ideal choice for conscious consumers. To explore more visit: www.kuteeraclothing.com/

Different solutions present the usage of bicycles with Head Mounted Display (HMD) in which virtual scenarios are visualized as background for athletes training or as cardiac patient rehabilitation systems. However, assessments on presence, degrees of immersion and user involvement with real bicycles in those virtual scenarios still are rare. In this paper we present a haptic interface of a real bicycle using HMDs as a mixed reality display using a procedural city as a background scenario. To measure and evaluate presence, two experiments had been conducted. One that simulates a virtual reality mode and a second that corresponds to a mixed reality mode. By think aloud method, it was possible to analyze the degree of presence, through control, focus, immersion and involvement factors. Six of the seven participants described that immersion is augmented as well as the feeling of presence in the mixed reality interface, feeling a better experience with the improvement of movements. Issues related to comfort and the visual graphic were also evaluated with some results on the stimulus that also opens new possibilities for future works in different areas.

The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) has the highest cycling participation rate in Australia; however it also has one of the highest rates of cyclist serious injury. In this study, the behaviour of cyclists and their interaction with drivers was investigated to identify ways to improve cyclist safety. A naturalistic cycling study was conducted using helmet mounted video cameras with a GPS data logger. The study included an online survey and in-depth exit interviews. In total, 36 participants completed the study from September 2011 to April 2012. Participants recorded over 460 hours of video footage of their commute to and from work over a distance of almost 9,000km. In total, 91 potential conflict events were identified that involved the cyclist and another road user. The majority of the events involved the cyclist and a driver and were due to actions by the driver. Drivers turning left across the cyclist's path and unexpectedly opened vehicle doors were the most common interactions. Cyclists recorded an average speed of 22.7km/h and a maximum speed of 56km/h. Data on cyclists' speed provides new insights into how cyclists travel, particularly on-road and when interacting with other road users. Potential countermeasures and recommendations to improve safety for cyclists in the ACT are also discussed.

Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used to enhance endurance performance but its precise mechanisms and effects remain unknown. Objective: To investigate the effect of bilateral tDCS on neuromuscular function and performance during a cycling time to task failure (TTF) test. Methods: Twelve participants in randomized order received a placebo tDCS (SHAM) or real tDCS with two cathodes (CATHODAL) or two anodes (ANODAL) over bilateral motor cortices and the opposite electrode pair over the ipsilateral shoulders. Each session lasted 10 min and current was set at 2 mA. Neuromuscular assessment was performed before and after tDCS and was followed by a cycling time to task failure (TTF) test. Heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), leg muscle pain (PAIN) and blood lactate accumulation (DB[La À ]) in response to the cycling TTF test were measured. Results: Corticospinal excitability increased in the ANODAL condition (P < 0.001) while none of the other neuromuscular parameters showed any change. Neuromuscular parameters did not change in the SHAM and CATHODAL conditions. TTF was significantly longer in the ANODAL (P ¼ 0.003) compared to CATHODAL and SHAM conditions (12.61 ± 4.65 min; 10.61 ± 4.34 min; 10.21 ± 3.47 min respectively), with significantly lower RPE and higher DB[La À ] (P < 0.001). No differences between conditions were found for HR (P ¼ 0.803) and PAIN during the cycling TTF test (P ¼ 0.305). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that tDCS with the anode over both motor cortices using a bilateral extracephalic reference improves endurance performance.

This study aims to analyze the association between perceived environmental factors and leisure-time physical activity (PA) among adolescents of both genders. Data were collected in autumn of 2011 from 866 adolescents (412 girls and 454 boys) 12- to 18-years-old, from four Portuguese cities. Perception of environmental factors was assessed by Assessing Levels of Physical Activity and Fitness (ALPHA) questionnaire (Spittaels et al., 2010, IJBNPA). PA was assessed by a questionnaire that evaluated PA during leisure-time and participants were assigned into the following categories: sedentary; low active; moderate active; and very active. Boys presented higher levels of structured PA, frequency and intensity of PA, and level of sport competition than girls ( &lt; 0.001). Distance to local facilities ( = 0.001 for girls;  &lt; 0.001 for boys) and home environment ( = 0.004 for girls;  = 0.015 for boys) were negatively associated with PA. Total, cycling and walking infrastructures ( &lt; 0...

In this study, mechanical properties of indium micro-joints exposed to low temperature cycling were investigated. The metallization structure of Ni/Cu was specially used as a substrate to form indium joints for mechanical tests. This paper focuses mainly on the tensile test of indium joints at thermal cycling from 300 K to 77 K. The Young's modulus, the ultimate strength and yield strength of the material were obtained. The failure mode after different loading histories was analyzed. The results indicate the decline of the Young's modulus with the increase in the number of thermal cycles; however, the ultimate/yield strength of indium joints did not show an obvious trend with the number of thermal cycling. It was confirmed that indium joints still maintain a high ductility even after 20 thermal cycles. Finally, the associated modeling provides an insight predicting that an interface between indium and copper could be the potential site for failure in thermal cycling.

The project described here seeks to answer questions regarding the role increased nitrogen (N) deposition is playing in enhanced carbon (C) sequestration in temperate mid-latitude forests, using detailed measurements from an AmeriFlux tower in southern Indiana (Morgan-Monroe State Forest, or MMSF). The measurements indicate an average atmosphere-surface N flux of approximately 6 mg-N m-2day-1during the 2000 growing season, with approximately 40% coming from dry deposition of ammonia (NH3), nitric acid (HNO3), and particle-bound N. Wet deposition and throughfall measurements indicate significant canopy uptake of N (particularly NH4+) at the site, leading to a net canopy exchange (NCE) of –6 kg-N ha-1for the growing season. These data are used in combination with data on the aboveground C:N ratio, litterfall flux, and soil net N mineralization rates to indicate the level of potential perturbation of C sequestration at this site.

cycling of exogenic components. Diopside and Ti-clinohumite are The oceanic serpentinization of peridotites and the influence of such the high-pressure minerals acting as repositories for REE and Sr, an alteration on element cycling during their subduction dewatering and for high field strength elements (HFSE), respectively. The are here investigated in a mantle slice (Erro-Tobbio peridotite), first aqueous fluid equilibrated with such an assemblage is enriched in exposed to oceanic serpentinization and later involved in alpine Cl and alkaline elements but strongly depleted in REE and subduction, partial dewatering and formation of a high-pressure HFSE (less than chondrite abundances). Sr is low [(0•2-1•6) olivine + titanian-clinohumite + diopside + antigorite assemblage × chondrites], although selectively enriched relative to light REE. in the peridotites and in veins. Previous work indicates that highpressure veins include primary brines, representing a residue after crystallization of the vein assemblage and containing recycled oceanic Cl and alkalis. To reconstruct the main changes during oceanic

Purpose: To describe cycling performance in a well-trained male a decade after Cardiac Transplantation (CTX). The patient was diagnosed with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy at 14 years of age and underwent CTX at 35 years. Exercise training began 3 weeks after CTX, and progressively increased in volume and intensity. Ten years after CTX he participated in twelve one-day cycling races over an eight-month period. Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed before the study. One race was monitored using a power meter. Results: VO 2 peak (47.2 mL/kg/min), maximal HR (161 bpm), and oxygen pulse (18.8 mL/bpm) were 113%, 92%, and 118% of age-predicted values respectively. HR, W, and relative VO 2 at the ventilatory threshold and at the respiratory compensation point were 128 bpm, 120 W, and 75% VO 2 peak, and 142 bpm, 155 W, and 86% VO 2 peak respectively. Cycling economy was ~80 W per liters per O 2 /min. The race was completed in 7 hours and 56 minutes, at an average of 141 bpm and 162 W, remaining between moderate-to-high intensity (4 h 2 min), and above high-to-severe intensity (2 h 19 min). Long-term aerobic training may result in a remarkable cycling performance a decade after CTX, likely because of cardiovascular adaptations.

Background. A few patients, after receiving solid organ transplantation, return to performing various sports and competitions; however, at present, data no study had evaluated the effects of endurance cycling races on their renal function. Methods. Race times and short form (36) health survey questionnaires of 10 kidney transplant recipients (KTR) and 8 liver transplant recipients (LTR) transplanted recipients involved in a road cycling race (130 km) were compared with 35 healthy control subjects (HCS), also taking laboratory blood and urine tests the day before the race, at the end of the race, and 18 to 24 hours after competing. Results. The 3 groups showed similar race times (KTR, 5 hours 59 minutes ± 0 hours 39 minutes; LTR, 6 hours 20 minutes ± 1 hour 11 minutes; HCS, 5 hours 40 minutes ± 1 hour 28 minutes), similar short form (36) health survey scores, and similar trend of laboratory parameters which returned to baseline after 18 to 24 hours. After the race, there was an increase in creatinine (0.24 mg/dL; effect size [ES] = 0.78; P < 0.001), urea (22 mg/dL; ES = 1.42; P < 0.001), and a decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate (-17 mL/min; ES = 0.85; P < 0.001). The increase of blood uric acid was more remarkable in HCS and KTR (2.3 mg/dL; ES = 1.39; P < 0.001). The KTR showed an increase of microalbuminuria (167.4 mg/L; ES = 1.20; P < 0.001) and proteinuria (175 mg/mL; ES = 0.97; P < 0.001) similar to LTR (microalbuminuria: 176.0 mg/L; ES = 1.26; P < 0.001; proteinuria: 213 mg/mL; ES = 1.18; P < 0.001), with high individual variability. The HCS had a nonsignificant increase of microalbuminuria (4.4 mg/L; ES = 0.03; P = 0.338) and proteinuria (59 mg/mL; ES = 0.33; P = 0.084). Conclusions. Selected and well-trained KTR and LTR patients can participate to an endurance cycling race showing final race times and temporary modifications of kidney function similar to those of HCS group, despite some differences related to baseline clinical conditions and pharmacological therapies. Patients involved in this study represent the upper limit of performance currently available for transplant recipients and cannot be considered representative of the entire transplanted population.

To assess the effect of carbohydrate and caffeine on gross efficiency (GE), 14 cyclists (V̇O2max 57.6 ± 6.3 ml.kg(-1.)min(-1)) completed 4 × 2-hour tests at a submaximal exercise intensity (60% Maximal Minute Power). Using a randomized, counter-balanced crossover design, participants consumed a standardised diet in the 3-days preceding each test and subsequently ingested either caffeine (CAF), carbohydrate (CHO), caffeine+carbohydrate (CAF+CHO) or water (W) during exercise whilst GE and plasma glucose were assessed at regular intervals (~30 mins). GE progressively decreased in the W condition but, whilst caffeine had no effect, this was significantly attenuated in both trials that involved carbohydrate feedings (W = -1.78 ± 0.31%; CHO = -0.70 ± 0.25%, p = 0.008; CAF+CHO = -0.63 ± 0.27%, p = 0.023; CAF = -1.12 ± 0.24%, p = 0.077). Blood glucose levels were significantly higher in carbohydrate ingestion conditions (CHO = 4.79 ± 0.67 mmol·L(-1,) p &lt; 0.001; CAF+CHO = 5.05 ± 0.81 mmol...

Cycling can be performed on the road or indoors on stationary ergometers. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in cycling efficiency, muscle activity and pedal forces during cycling on a stationary turbo trainer compared with a treadmill. 19 male cyclists cycled on a stationary turbo trainer and on a treadmill at 150, 200 and 250 W. Cycling efficiency was determined using the Douglas bags, muscle activity patterns were determined using surface electromyography and pedal forces were recorded with instrumented pedals. Treadmill cycling induced a larger muscular contribution from Gastrocnemius Lateralis, Biceps Femoris and Gluteus Maximus of respectively 14%, 19% and 10% compared with turbo trainer cycling (p&lt;0.05). Conversely, Turbo trainer cycling induced larger muscular contribution from Vastus Lateralis, Rectus Femoris and Tibialis Anterior of respectively 7%, 17% and 14% compared with treadmill cycling (p&lt;0.05). The alterations in muscle activity resulted...

The aim of this study was to identify if an inverse relationship exists between Gross Efficiency (GE) and V˙O2max in trained cyclists. In Experiment 1, 14 trained cyclist&#39;s GE and V˙O2max were recorded at 5 different phases of a cycling &#39;self-coached&#39; season using an incremental laboratory test. In Experiment 2, 29 trained cyclists undertook 12 weeks of training in one of 2 randomly allocated groups (A and B). Over the first 6 weeks Group A was prescribed specific high-intensity training sessions, whilst Group B were restricted in the amount of intensive work they could conduct. In the second 6-week period, both groups were allowed to conduct high intensity training. Results of both experiments in this study demonstrate training related increases in GE, but not V˙O2max. A significant inverse within-subject correlation was evident in experiment 1 between GE and V˙O2max across the training season (r= - 0.32; P&lt;0.05). In experiment 2, a significant inverse within-subject...

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of age, training status, and muscle fiber-type distribution on cycling efficiency. Forty men were recruited into one of four groups: young and old trained cyclists, and young and old untrained individuals. All participants completed an incremental ramp test to measure their peak O2uptake, maximal heart rate, and maximal minute power output; a submaximal test of cycling gross efficiency (GE) at a series of absolute and relative work rates; and, in trained participants only, a 1-h cycling time trial. Finally, all participants underwent a muscle biopsy of their right vastus lateralis muscle. At relative work rates, a general linear model found significant main effects of age and training status on GE ( P &lt; 0.01). The percentage of type I muscle fibers was higher in the trained groups ( P &lt; 0.01), with no difference between age groups. There was no relationship between fiber type and cycling efficiency at any work rate or caden...

Soil CO 2 efflux is an ongoing process of respiration from soil; plant parts/ microbes below the ground to the atmosphere which is known for faster cycling of carbon sources. A large portion of carbon sequestered and fixed by forests is returned to the atmosphere through soil CO 2 efflux and multiple controlling parameters mainly temperature, precipitation, and growth factors interact with the soil CO 2 efflux variation. This study assessed the soil CO 2 efflux every month for consecutive 2-years (August 2015 to July 2017) by using the closed chamber method to determine the role of ecological parameters that govern the soil CO 2 efflux and its temporal modification in a sub-tropical mixed forest of central region in Nepal. The results of this study manifested that soil CO 2 efflux accounted 63.2% (y = 31.96e 0.128x ), 71.3% (y = 44.77e 0.123x ) and 64.5% (y = 44.11e 0.117x ) variations in soil temperature with significantly (p < 0.05) exponential positive relation in the year 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and the two years when merged. And the temperature sensitivity value (Q 10 ) of the soil CO 2 efflux was 3.6, 3.4, and 3.2, respectively. Soil water content also expressed significantly (p < 0.05) positive exponential effect on soil CO 2 efflux and accounted 62.0% (y = 138.3e 0.057x ), 46.1% (y = 88.42e 0.052x ) and 40.5% (y = 133.1e 0.0447x ) in its variability in different years and the merged years. Evident variations of soil CO 2 efflux, soil temperature, soil water content, and litter were observed in the forest seasonally and inter-annually. Two years mean total annual soil CO 2 efflux of the forest was estimated at 904.76 g C•m -2 •y -1 . The study revealed that sub-tropical forests could be more influenced by precipitation regimes in progressing warm climates i.e. vulnerable to climate change, illustrating the comprehensive dynamics of the representative forest carbon cycle in the tropical region.

Mobilität ist ein Sorgenkind der Energie- und Klimapolitik. Der Verkehr wächst und wächst – und mit ihm Energieverbrauch und ­ CO2-Emissionen. Wir werden immer mobiler, heisst es. Aber das stimmt nicht: Was zunimmt, ist nicht die Mobilität, sondern der ­ Mobilitätsaufwand.