Design of Experiments

More and more factors have an influence on effectiveness and efficiency in logistical processes and systems. An important question of science is to identify the most important factors of control complex logistical processes and systems, to know their levels and influences to control all things in a right manner. To find the optimum in control there are often a lot of experiments to realize – practical and theoretical ones. In this field are used the sensitivity analysis as well as simulation and the Design of Experiments (DoE) too. This is necessary to fast prevent failures and solve problems early. This task is not an easy one, especially in logistical networks where a failure can have a lot of causes. In the following some of the connections between the both sciences Quality Management methods and Logistics are discussed and examples are given to show the synergy and the greater effects which make the synergy effect possible. (Compare [1] [2]) Two special areas of methods are focu...

In this paper, a combined use of dimensional analysis (DA) and modern statistical design of experiment (DOE) methodologies is proposed for a hydrodynamics experiment where there are a large number of variables. While DA is well-known, DOE is still unfamiliar to most ocean engineers although it has been shown to be useful in many engineering and non-engineering applications. To introduce

RESUMEN
La relación interna entre filosofía, literatura y arte permite examinar con propiedad qué significan la pluralidad y complejidad en los usos de la razón. Posibilita la aproximación a esos usos y figuras desde un ángulo privilegiado. El interés por lo literario y artístico no tendría por qué significar un apresurado abandono del modelo discursivo y analítico -que es característico de la filosofía-, sino más bien el acceso a un punto de vista más completo, un nuevo método reflexivo, otro límite crítico. Esta perspectiva facilita la puesta al día de las tesis modernas sobre la filosofía como emancipación, esto es, como su salida de la minoría de edad.
Espacios ficcionales, campos de proyección de la experiencia, métodos y perspectivas trasdisciplinarias constituyen los distintos niveles a través de los cuales se trata de definir un nexo complejo entre discursos. La ficción como conocimiento, subjetividad y texto, así como la relación entre mundo y lenguaje pretenden acotar algunas dimensiones de esa relación.
A través de la literatura llegamos a estar familiarizados con situaciones, sentimientos, formas de vida, obteniendo así una mirada desde dentro -epistemológicamente empática-. Cada nueva visión del mundo constituye un nuevo tipo de conocimiento, un conocimiento que puede incluir aspectos cognitivos y emotivos y que demandará, probablemente, algún tipo de lógica paraconsistente. De modo que a la par que por nuestras narrativas creamos o descubrimos mundos (dependiendo del estatuto ontológico otorgado a la ficción) también establecemos o desentrañamos la legislación lógica, según la cual tal curso de sucesos o tal tipo de entidades son o no admisibles al interior de este particular mundo posible.
Precisamente, es en la constante re-creación de sus objetos, práctica que surge en una comunidad de problemas -un espacio de representación colectiva- el espacio en que se da la ciencia. Es, precisamente, en una particular forma de hablar y de referirse a objetos, creándolos con el habla, el que funda a la medicina -por ejemplo- como cuerpo autónomo de conocimientos, vale decir como ciencia de primer orden. Las disciplinas, pues, en tanto discursos, están, literalmente, constituidas por él. Por ello es necesario estudiar el discurso científico en tanto que discurso, hay que reflexionar sobre sus orígenes y modo de constitución, hay que aceptar que no es sólo un producto sino una fuerza productiva. La realidad es una narrativa exitosa. Es aquello que se hace hablando. Las comunidades científicas son comunidades de problemas y, sobre todo, de retóricas, reconstrucciones de objetos que sólo existen en tanto se habla de ellos de una determinada manera,
Hasta los mundos narrativos más imposibles tienen como fondo lo que es posible en el mundo que concebimos como real. Las entidades y situaciones que no son explícitamente nombradas y descritas como diferentes del mundo real son entendidas a partir de las leyes que aplicamos a la comprensión del mundo real.
Así, pues, la narración de ficción construye un modelo análogo del universo real, una proyección...lo que permite conocer la estructura y los procesos internos de la realidad y manipularla cognitivamente. Se otorga así un valor cognoscitivo a la ficción, de modo tal que todas las posibles connotaciones, no expresadas directamente por el texto, sino -más bien- mostradas implícitamente o implicadas contextualmente en lo allí dicho, iluminan aspectos de la realidad que sin estas extrapolaciones ficcionales permanecerían en penumbras.
La perspectiva crítica -propia de la filosofía- puede hallarse así implícita en escritos de ficción, de la misma manera como las teorías filosóficas pueden aceptar como suyos a los argumentos procedentes del discurso literario. La reflexión filosófica se articula, pues, desde distintos ámbitos y modalidades discursivas.
Dr. Adolfo Vásquez Rocca

Centrifugal casting is one of the advanced casting branches widely used in the metallurgical industry in which the centrifugal force helps strengthen the workpiece material. The present work attempt to study the effect of the horizontal and vertical centrifugal casting parameters included the centrifugal mold rotation speeds and G-factors values on the quality of the product. The work has been completed with design and fabricated of a low cost horizontal and vertical centrifugal casting machine with the main accessories for producing a hypoeutectic aluminum silicone (AlSi) alloy (content 10 % Si) specimens. The experimental results were analyzed and improved by using the statistical computer program "Design Expert 11" and response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that for vertical and horizontal casting processes, the finest surfaces quality was achieved when working at mold rotation speed from 520 to 690 and 950 to 1230 RPM, i.e., with an average value of the G-factor = 69 and 50, respectively. The proof stress values were increased with increasing the mold rotation speed up to (690 RPM) and (1230 RPM) or used the G-factor value of 87.99 and 60.96 gave an increase in proof stress by 6.7 and (20.62% for vertical and horizontal casting experiments compared with gravitational casting, respectively. The obtained tensile strengths values were improved by 38.6 and 45.41 %, compared with the gravitational casting, respectively; while the percentage elongations were reduced to 0.281and 0.291 %; which means decreased by 33.45 and 31.69 % for the vertical and horizontal centrifugal casting compared with the values obtained by gravitational casting experiments, respectively.

Comparative statistical analysis of the infiuence of processing parameters, for electrospinning (ES) and solution blow spinning (SBS) processes, on nanofibrous poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) material morphology and average fiber diameter was conducted in order to identify the key processing parameter for tailoring the product properties. Further, a comparative preliminary biocompatibility evaluation was performed. Based on Design of Experiment (DOE) principles, analysis of standard effects of voltage, air pressure, solution feed rate and concentration, on nanofibers average diameter was performed with the Pareto’s charts and the best fitted surface charts. Nanofibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The preliminary biocompatibility comparative tests were performed based on SEM microphotographs of CP5 cells cultured on materials derived from ES and SBS. Polymer solution concentration was identified as the key parameter infiuencing morphology and dimensions of nanofibr...

This paper proposes a novel methodology for the optimization of Hairpin-Line bandpass filter. The proposed methodology is based on well-known Plackett-Burman Design of Experiment technique. First, a five section hairpin resonator is designed to operate at a center frequency of 2.4GHz with a bandwidth of 300MHz using Genesys software. Plackett-Burman Design of Experiment methodology is then applied to this filter for further optimization. Implementation of proposed approach shows 61% improvement in return loss and 15% improvement in insertion loss of the filter as compared to the filter designed using Genesys software.

Exposure of patients to excessive radiation increases an unnecessary risk of cancer. An X-ray film is considered a reject and is to be repeated if the contrast between the image (picture) of the organ and the film’s background is low. Applying a two stages approach of Design of Experiments (DOE), this paper considers the factors affecting the contrast of the X-ray film, sorts out the most influential factors and identifies the optimum settings for each factor. Furthermore, the contribution of each factor on the optimal contrast is statistically identified.

Helmholtz Resonator is widely known as the phenomenon of air resonance in the cavity. The intent of this paper is to find out the effects of various geometric parameters of the cavity models. The main objective of this work piece is to investigate the effect of acoustic natural frequency on structural natural frequency for the given cavity model. The design of experiment method is chosen to investigate the relation. It was found that variation in the cavity diameter will not much affect the acoustic performance. The noise cancellation signal which consisting of acoustic and structural frequency, their peaks are apart by quite long span, providing vary broad width of the band of frequencies for noise cancellation or attenuation.

The study focused on three phase induction motor because it is playing a vital role in production development. The motor may get the problem in some parts may effect in the wholeefficiency. Biannually maintenance increases the life of the machine, but many companies, especially in the third nation, do the maintenance as soon as the machine gets fail. The studyapplied two strategies to diagnosis and improve the efficiency of the machine. Design of experiment conducted to extract the main effect and interactions between variables. Three variables current, voltage, and power factor applied to understand the main effect in the exploited power (P). Power factor recorded the most important factor impacts the exploited power. Then, data mining utilized with two algorithms; random forests and linear regression. These algorithms used to predict the power factor-six variables collected for data mining, current, power losses, voltage, apparent power, resistance, and exploited power. These variables used to predict the power factor. From both strategies, we found that there is a strong relationship between exploited power and power factor, and those variables have a positive impact on the efficiency of the machine. Also, power losses and current have a negative impact on the power factor. Voltage did not give significant important whether in the design of experiment or data mining. Therefore, power losses and current must be controlled to keep the efficiency, and this can be done by regular maintenance by professional workers.

It is very difficult to follow and to understand all rheological events in the tool cavity and the influence of
parameters during the process that they have on the properties of components during the injection phase. To
understand the injection phase it is necessary to use numerical simulations. The advantage of using FE
simulation is verification of the fulfillment of construction of components and the tools, and comparison and
adjustment of the various combinations of parameters before the start of the process. A lack of application of
simulation is thet the FE code can't simulate effects such as segregation, accumulation of the metal powder
particles and the appearance of separation of metal powder and binder. The work showed simulation and real
experiment with a review and variation of parameters: the speed of injection, temperature of tools and profile
of pressure with the goal to predict the filling of tool cavity and distribution of pressure.
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Reološka zbivanja unutar alatne šupljine te uticaj parametara procesa na svojstva komponente tokom faze
injektiranja je veoma teško pratiti i razumjeti. Za razumijevanje faze injektiranja neophodno je koristiti
numeričke simulacije. Prednost korištenja FE simulacije je provjera i zadovoljavanje konstrukcije
komponente i alata te usporedba i podešavanje različitih kombinacija parametara prije samog pokretanja
procesa. Nedostatak primjene simulacija je što FE kod ne može simulirati efekte kao što su segregacija,
nagomilavanje čestica metalnog praha te pojave razdvajanja metalnog praha i veziva. U radu je sproveden
simulacijoni i realni eksperiment uz razmatranje i varijaciju parametara: brzine injektiranja, temperature
alata i profila pritiska držanja s ciljem predviđanja popunjavanja alatne šupljine te raspodjele pritisaka.

Drilling thrust force calculations require a large amount of experimental work, which can be greatly reduced, since an extensively validated CAD-based approach, using the DRILL3D software application, has become available. DRILL3D calculates the thrust force of both the cutting areas of the tool (main edges and chisel edge) simultaneously, which means that every simulation can substitute two separate lab experiments. Nevertheless, as the number of parameters involved is increasing, the amount of the necessary simulations becomes substantial. This is the reason that led to the combined use of the DRILL3D and the design of experiments methodology, which reduces the amount of the necessary digital experiments to an impressive degree. The main factors affecting the current analysis are the tool diameter, the web to diameter ratio, the feed rate and the cutting speed used. Using an L16 Taguchi table, a function of the developed thrust force can be calculated using the response surface methodology. This statistical modeling tool employs the regression analysis to establish the relationship between various process parameters and response.► A general purpose CAD system is used to calculate the thrust force during drilling. ► DRILL3D uses 3D solid modeling for tools, work pieces and undeformed chips. ► Increased parameter levels led to the combined use of DRILL3D and design of experiments. ► The proposed combination limits the costs and promotes the results’ accuracy. ► This approach can be of a great assistance for the design and manufacturing industry.

The Internet provides developers of connected software, including web sites, applications, and devices, an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate innovation by evaluating ideas quickly and accurately using trustworthy controlled experiments (e.g., A/B tests and their generalizations). From front-end user-interface changes to backend recommendation systems and relevance algorithms, from search engines (e.g., Google, Microsoft’s Bing, Yahoo) to retailers (e.g., Amazon, eBay, Netflix, Etsy) to social networking services (e.g., Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter) to Travel services (e.g., Expedia, Airbnb, Booking.com) to many startups, online controlled experiments are now utilized to make data-driven decisions at a wide range of companies. While the theory of a controlled experiment is simple, and dates back to Sir Ronald A. Fisher’s experiments at the Rothamsted Agricultural Experimental Station in England in the 1920s, the deployment and mining of online controlled experiments at scale (e.g., hundreds of experiments run every day at Bing) and deployment of online controlled experiments across dozens of web sites and applications has taught us many lessons.  We provide an introduction, share real examples, key lessons, and cultural challenges.

This user-friendly book provides a step-by-step guide to using the five major approaches to research design: quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, arts-based, and communitybased participatory research. Chapters on each approach follow a unique format—they present a template for a research proposal and explain in detail how to conceptualize and fill in every section. Terminology commonly used within each approach is identified, and key moments of ethical decision making are flagged. Interdisciplinary research examples draw on current events and social justice topics. Unique coverage includes hot topics: replication studies and data sharing, tailoring proposals to different audiences, and more. The book also includes a general introduction to social research; an in-depth, practical discussion of ethics; and a chapter on how to begin a research study, from planning a topic to developing a research question via a literature review.

Includes Pedagogical Features 

A cavallo tra gli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta, gli Stati Uniti conoscono una stagione di grande entusiasmo cul-turale, economico e sociale. Dopo la Grande Depressione e la Seconda Guerra Mondiale, un nuovo mondo di benessere e opportunità sembra davvero e finalmente alla portata di tutti. Sull'isola di Long Island, lontano dai circuiti accademici più prestigiosi, Andrew Geller diventa l'interprete principe di questa nuova modalità suburbana di sperimentare l'ultima versione del sogno americano in cui l'uso del tempo libero, lo svago e il relax (tutti nuovi concetti che vanno affermandosi proprio in quegli anni) danno la misura di una forma di benessere mai sperimentata prima. La creatività di Geller, l'uso stagionale delle case, così come la leggerezza con cui-nelle circostanze non or-dinarie dei fine settimana fuori porta-i suoi committenti accettano di esplorare forme e modalità abitative non convenzionali, sono gli ingredienti alla base di un'esperienza architettonica che, ancora dopo anni, conserva in-tatto tutto il suo fascino. Alastair Gordon architetto, è un pluripremiato autore, curatore e regista. Ha pubblicato articoli e contributi su riviste come il New York Times, Architectural Design, Vanity Fair, Interior Design, Le Monde, New York Observer , Architect's Newspaper, Newsday. È stato collaboratore redazionale di House & Garden e di Atelier Magazine , Tokyo, editore dei Princeton Papers on Architecture. Ha tenuto conferenze in diversi musei e università. Tra i suoi libri si ricordano: Weekend Utopia; Naked Airport; Spaced Out; Romantic Modernist; Convergence e Long Island Modern. Andrea Mammarella, PhD in Composizione architettonica e progettazione urbana, dal 2006 è docente a con-tratto presso l'Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio" di Pescara. Autore di articoli e recensioni su riviste specializzate di settore, ha pubblicato, tra gli altri, International Style? con Paolo Desideri, Lightscape Pescara e Architetture grandi, città piccole con Filippo Raimondo. Gianmichele Panarelli, PhD in Innovazione progettuale e cultura tecnologica, è ricercatore e docente presso l'Università "Gabriele d'Annunzio" di Pescara, docente a contratto presso il Politecnico di Milano e visiting professor presso la FIU (Florida International University) di Miami. Le sue ricerche e pubblicazioni sono incentrate su processo edilizio, sperimentazione e innovazione tecnologica sostenibile.

Thermal oxidation is a process done to grow a layer of oxide on the surface of a silicon wafer at elevated temperatures to form silicon dioxide. Usually, it en- counters instability in oxide growth and results in variation in the oxide thickness formed.  This leads to downtime of furnace and wafer scrap.  This study focuses on the factors leading to this phenomenon and finding the optimum settings of these factors. The factors that cause instability to oxide thickness were narrowed down to location of wafer in furnace, oxidation time, gas flow rate and temperature. Characterization and optimization were done using Design of Experiments. Full factorial design was implemented using 4 factors and 2 levels, resulting in 16 runs. Data analysis was done using Multiple Regression Analysis in JMP software. Actual versus predicted plot is examined to determine whether the model fit is significant. Adjusted R2 value was obtained at 99.8% or 0.998 indicating that there is very minimal variatio...

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de caracterizar por medio de estaciones automática
de la red hidrográfica del Ecuador proyectando el comportamiento de diferentes cuenca tomando la iniciativa de mi parte como técnico y exponiendo a mi jefe  los datos de entrega ya en eso momento no había información pertinente a cuadro estadístico y dejando base para tales procesos no considerando en ese tiempo por el INAMHI  En base de la red de drenaje y de los límites alto, medio y bajo de microcuencas  orden de magnitud. recopilando en tabla Excel de datos hasta de 40 años en algunos casos  lo cual proyectaban las características morfométricas dimensionales, de patrón de drenaje y del relieve, fueron determinadas para el estudio del comportamiento hidrológico

This article is a case study of Box-Behnken design application for development and evaluation a new empirical model to predict the performance of wedge disc brake. Box-Behnken design is used to study the applied pressure, rotational speed, wedge inclination angle and quantity of water spraying. A total of 27 experimental tests are conducted using brake dynamometer to estimate the main and interaction effect of these parameters. The results of analysis of variance for the braking forces from the input parameters are obtained to evaluate the goodness of the developed empirical model through F- and P-values. It is found that a strong correlation between the empirical regression model and the actual results. Moreover, in order to confirm the validity of the empirical model, additional 16 experimental tests are carried out using Taguchi method. The results showed a good agreement between the predicted empirical model and experimental results. This indicates that the developed empirical model based on operating parameters can be used successfully to predict the wedge disc brake performance.

This paper attempts to evaluate the application of randomized complete block design (RCBD) model in improving crop production. Data for the study was sourced from an experiment that lasted for three weeks. The data were analyzed using SPSS package. After exploring the concept of the RCBD technique, the response of the soil nutrient to the treatment of the various manure types revealed that, there was a significant difference on crop yield with respect to the type of manure treatment applied at P < 0.05, [F 39.719, P = 0.000]. Post Hoc pairwise comparison using the Tukey HSD test method indicated that, the mean score for poultry waste treatment effect was significantly different from every other manure type, also the mean score for NPK fertilizer was significantly different from the effect of palm waste, cattle dung, green manure and the control effects. Collectively, the findings of the study revealed that poultry waste application is effective in improving soil nutrients on the growing of crops.

The system study focused on La Estrella Farms, which is one of the few known commercial practitioners of Aquaponics in the Philippines. The scope of the study looks into the performance of the company and their activities or processes, these being production, maintenance, purchasing, and the selling of products. After proper documentation and evaluation of the company’s practices and within the context of the stated objectives that is concerned with the production of the company, it was identified that the most prevalent problem that is being experienced by the company is their lack of productivity in the utilization of their current system. This led to the group’s problem statement of:

“The weekly produce deviates by 74 kilos (75.51%) for lettuce and 24 (24.49%) for kale from the weekly target of 120 kilos for lettuce and 40 for kale.

The Design of Experiments (DOE) tool was used for the analysis of the data gathered for analysis. The analysis of the experiment in Chapter 9 and 10 led to the findings that the deviation from the target production was caused by the underutilization of the tanks and the presence of algae in the system. Alternative set ups for the system were generated in order to address the production’s deviation and various proposed systems were created for the company to select from. The corresponding profitability analyses were computed with regards to the multiple alternative set ups and their resulting yields. To address the underutilization of tanks, the group proposes a fixed level of 75% tank utilization, taking into account approximately 25,000 fishes per tank in order to provide the nutrients needed for the production of lettuce and kale. In order to tackle the issue of algae presence within the Aquaponics system, the group concluded that a change in the media grow beds will minimize the said algae, and benefit the company through reducing costs from the purchasing of fast moving materials by an estimate 25% for expenses. The company has yet to review upon which of the said generated alternative set ups for the system was to be fully implemented to address the problem of the system’s production deviation. The alternative set ups consist of 8 combinations, making use of 25 and 75% tank utilization, systems that contain algae or those that do not, and either a production ratio of 50% lettuce and 50% kale or purely 100% production of lettuce.

Grès Porcelain stoneware is a ceramic with a compact, hard, coloured and non-porous body. It is largely used as building materials, for a quality architecture, offering high resistance to impact, stress, wear, scratching, frost, chemical attach and stains. It is produced in flat tiles, billions of tons per year. A very prominent technology, based on a pyroclastic deformation, permits to obtain bended porcelain tiles as innovative solutions for a modern architecture. This technology is grounded on a proper combination of heavy machining by cutting tools and secondary firing in a kiln. This new element, the bended tile, can be used in several innovative applications (as steps, shelves, benches, radiators...). But, new functions require a better and in-depth knowledge of these materials, especially referring to the mechanical proprieties. This paper investigates the limits of applicability of ISO standards for the quality classification of ceramics and experimental measures of their mechanical proprieties.

"Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Scientific Research Costs details the development of the free and open-source hardware revolution. The combination of open-source 3D printing and open-source microcontrollers running on free software enables scientists, engineers, and lab personnel in every discipline to develop powerful research tools at unprecedented low costs.

After reading Open-Source Lab, you will be able to:

    >Lower equipment costs by making your own hardware
    >Build open-source hardware for scientific research
    >Actively participate in a community in which scientific results are more easily replicated and cited

Due to the inadequate attention given to daylighting in lecture rooms in tropical wet and dry climate, this study, using field measurement, evaluates combined daylighting strategies in three lecture rooms labelled LLH, BMS and ANB with distinct bilateral glass louvre windows, window floor ratio, orientation and shading strategies. It determines the difference in illuminance in varied sky conditions, and the relationship between the strategies. Results revealed that under the clear sky condition, combined strategies in LLH and BMS rooms were effective in illuminance performance except during evening hours while the one in ANB was ineffective. Both rooms recorded poor daylight uniformity. Similar performance was obtained under overcast sky but they produced effective daylight uniformity. An effective daylighting was obtained throughout the process in the intermediate sky condition, however, the strategy in ANB room was ineffective in the evening hours. Only ANB room had an effective daylight uniformity in the intermediate sky. The strategy in LLH room had a strong positive relationship with BMS's. The strategy in LLH had a weak positive correlation with ANB's, but ANB's strategy had strong positive correlation with BMS's. Overall, the study contributes to the performance of combined daylighting strategies in tropical wet and dry climate.