Developed and Developing countries

Savings is known as a major factor in the economic development (Najafi, Ghorbani, 1998, p.48). Economists have always realized the importance of savings in the economic development (Komayjani, Rahmani, 1993, p.3). Each country needs investment to achieve economic growth; the necessary condition for investment is savings. (Mojtahed and Karami, 2003, p. 3). One of the problems in the economy of Iran and developing countries is the low rate of savings, and so the weak growth of investment. Thus, capital is considered as the main scarce factor in these countries. Hence, capital accumulation for economic growth and development of these countries is of great importance (Permeh, 2004,p.170). The purpose of this study, is to study the effect of growth rate of real GDP per capita on the savings rate in twelve (12) developing countries, (Islamic Republic of Iran, Botswana, the Dominican Republic, Zimbabwe, Niger, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Togo, Nepal, Benin) and seven (7) developed countries (United States of America, Iceland, Luxembourg, Norway, Singapore, Greece, United kingdom). Data analysis as panel data with annual data from 1965 to 2010 is expressed in eviews7 and stata11 software. The results show the positive effects of the lags saving rate and the growth rate of real per capita GDP on the savings rate. The results are statistically significant. Also,The results show that the structure between the two groups (developed and developing countries) is different. Effectiveness rate and the growth rate of real GDP per capita on the savings rate in developed countries is lower than in developing countries.

In our short paper, we want to analiyze from a comparative view, through the filter of economic development under conditions of growth and economic liberalization, the situation of some developed countries and developing ones.
Analytical methodology is based on the results of modeling the Human Development Index (IDU) through fuzzy sistems, as part of a much broader research.
The aim of the research is to estabilish the general framework in which developing countries can recover the gap to the developed ones and thus to provide a better standard of living for their population.
Our analyse is focused an the interval 2000-2005, a specific period of growth and economic liberalization in order to extrapolate into the future the results and to test their validity in recesioniste moments.

Drawing on Paul Streeten’s ‘Basic Needs’ and Amartya Sen’s ‘Development as Freedom’, as a critical assessment of the leading theoretical conceptualisations of development, this essay makes an attempt to compare ‘meanings’ of development. That is, to illustrate how development is conceptualised, and to show the significance of such conceptualisations in visualising development. Focus is narrowed on the definition(s) of the concept of development and interpretation(s) of its meaning and their position to weigh development in practice. Central to this comparison and assessment is, whether development is a consequence or a process, whether there is one notion of development or there are notions of development, whether development is specific to a certain area or it is a global occurrence, and finally whether development is a journey between two identified stages, from underdeveloped to developed, or it is rather a journey with no end for both developing and developed countries to a more and a lesser degree.

This paper focused on a review of international experiences on fuel economy standard based on technologies available. It also attempts to identify savings possibilities and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions. It is known that road transport, particularly private cars are responsible for large, and increasing share of transport fuel use and emissions. With the implementation of fuel economy standard and label for motor vehicles, it will reduce the risks of increasing dependency on petroleum-based fuel and will increase the profit to consumers. The GHG emissions, which causing global warming, air pollution, diseases, etc. can be reduced as well. In this regard, advanced technologies such as, engine, transmission, and vehicle technologies may brought significant consumers and social benefits. Studies in developed countries have shown that fuel economy standard is beneficial for the society, government as well as the environment. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110002339

Cichon, M.; Scholz, W.; van de Meerendonk, A.; Hagemejer, K.; Bertranou, F.; Plamondon, P.   

This book is an overarching compendium of issues dealing with economic, fiscal, financing, financial market and financial governance aspects of alternative policy choices for the financing of social protection. Each society develops its own overall concept of social protection, determined by its value system and its economic and fiscal capacities. This book shows how resources can be found and managed to finance transfers that can help to alleviate income insecurity and poverty in the context of a national concept of social protection. It assists the reader to analyse
the economic, fiscal and financial consequences of alternative social protection financing systems.
This books is not only meant for quantitative specialists (actuaries, financial analysts and quantitative economists), but also for a wider audience of social protection policy analysts and planners."""

Today, energy crisis turn out to be a serious threat towards sustainability for developing countries since their energy demand is growing more rapidly than developed countries. On the other hand, fossil fuels cannot sustain anymore in the near future because of environmental impacts and depletion of the reserves. Malaysia is experiencing drastic growth in population and economy and requires exploring alternative energy sources to support its population and commercial energy demand. Biomass as the fourth largest energy resource in the world is abundant in the country. Malaysia is blessed with tropical and humid climate all year round which is a magnificent opportunity for fully exploiting agriculture and tropical forests potential. Since late 1990, the concept of waste-to-wealth had been promoted and became popular widely. This concept is based on unwanted wastes which are converted into valuable energy while reducing waste generated and increase the economy-efficiency mainly used for cooking, space heating and power generation. Currently, concerted efforts and various biomass energy programs are supporting by the government for development, demonstration and commercialization. This paper intent to present the current state and prospects of biomass utilization and strategies promoted for future developments in Malaysia.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032111001535

What are the similarities and differences between crowdsourcing and sharing economy? What factors influence their use in developing countries? In light of recent developments in the use of IT-mediated technologies, such as crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, this manuscript examines their similarities and differences, and the challenges regarding their effective use in developing countries. We first examine each individually and highlight different forms of each IT-mediated technology. Given that crowdsourcing and sharing economy share aspects such as the use of IT, a reliance on crowds, monetary exchange, and the use of reputation systems, we systematically compare the similarities and differences of different types of crowdsourcing with the sharing economy, thus addressing a gap in the current literature. Using this knowledge, we examine the different challenges faced by developing countries when using crowdsourcing and the sharing economy, and highlight the differences in the applicability of these IT-mediated technologies when faced with specific development issues.

A frequently asked question lately is whether the traditional measures of a country’s level of economic activity and progress, such as gross domestic product or gross national product, fail to account for the environmental issues. While these measures are highly reliable indicators that reflect the economic performance of a country, they largely ignore the depreciation of assets, non-market economy and especially the damages to the environment caused by growth. There is a consensus that these indicators, (especially) according to the concepts of sustainable development and green growth, appear to be poor measurements. Measuring progress on a complex and multi-dimensional scale and identifying relevant indicators are challenging tasks. No agreement exists yet on an analytical framework or a set of indicators to sustainable economic growth. Building the research on the alternative Green GDP measurement our goal is to provide an alternative ranking scheme by comprehensively considering both quantitative (common methodological algorithm) and qualitative (opportunity costs) features of the so-called green growth. The analysis will be demonstrated by calculating the Green GDP indicator for the variety of developing and developed countries for the period 2008 -2016. Namely, our results could serve to improve the level of debate on different green indicators and inform the wider public. We see this paper as a step forward for a growing academic platform on ‘green economy topics’, a step pointed towards improving, amending, evolving and promoting further development of green growth measurements and indicators.
 
Keywords: Green GDP, green growth, sustainable development, environment and ecology, a cross-country analysis

Many community-based tourism (CBT) initiatives around the world have failed to deliver expected benefits because of unfavorable conditions involving a variety of entwined social, cultural, economic, and political factors. Because of different economic, legislative, and political conditions, factors that facilitate and inhibit CBT are believed to be different in developing and developed nations. A directed content analysis of CBT case studies in 48 developing countries and 37 developed countries show that some of these differences vary in being advantageous or disadvantageous for either developing or developed nations. Furthermore, many cases studies do not address factors and themes essential for tourism development because of the lack of a clear CBT framework guiding their research and a lack of integration of external conditions in the analysis. In general, collective land and tourism initiative ownership can provide certain advantages to communities in developing countries when it gives them control over land, tourism and natural resources, independence in decision-making, participative management and wider distribution of benefits.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has implications for coastal planning and management. Rules for isolation and physical distancing, among other measures for human life protection, have led to the closure of most beaches around the world. The present critical situation has raised the following question: How can some recommendations be designed in sun, sea, and sand tourism-dependent-insular countries to face “the COVID-19 new normality?” We used the content analysis technique to analyze representative publications on a global level to ascertain information on best management practices. A survey of 58 experts provided additional information. We used inferential statistics for sample selection and produced a list of 43 practices and beach planning and management actions to face the COVID-19 pandemic. This led to 27 new recommendations designed for beach planning and management within insular contexts, some of which were tested in the Republic of Cuba. Recommendations aim to guarantee a culture of safety and improvement within the field of beach or coastal planning and management. These recommendations should prove useful for other insular countries, during the COVID-19 period, in the new normality that follows, and in other post-pandemic scenarios.

The paper is based on a vide range of evidence collected by a group of researchers headed by the author in 2006–2010. The nature and scope of the collected evidence allow arriving at veritable conclusions on the specifics of Russia’s image in Africans countries, particularly, on the positive and negative aspects of the influence of the image of the USSR on it. The research shows that, on the one hand, an independent image of post-Soviet Russia in Africa has not formed yet, first of all because of Russia’s very weak information, economic, and political presence on the continent, what is a prerequisite for the formation of its image as non-positive by itself. However, on the other hand, post-Soviet Russia has partially inherited the image of the USSR, up to now associated for many Africans first and foremost with the support of their struggle against colonialism, neocolonialism, apartheid, and economic backwardness. An independent image of present-day Russia in Africa is rather absent than negative, and it has objective opportunities for constructing its image as positive by making African policy more active, mutually beneficial, and taking into account the specific features of African culture, including political and business. In the meantime, it is important to remember that these opportunities are diminishing as the generations of people who remember the Soviet Unionin leave the public scene.

The COVID-19 pandemic has implications for coastal planning and management. Rules for isolation and physical distancing, among other measures for human life protection, have led to the closure of most beaches around the world. The present critical situation has raised the following question: How can some recommendations be designed in sun, sea, and sand tourism-dependent-insular countries to face "the COVID-19 new normality?" We used the content analysis technique to analyze representative publications on a global level to ascertain information on best management practices. A survey of 58 experts provided additional information. We used infer-ential statistics for sample selection and produced a list of 43 practices and beach planning and management actions to face the COVID-19 pandemic. This led to 27 new recommendations designed for beach planning and management within insular contexts, some of which were tested in the Republic of Cuba. Recommendations aim to guarantee a culture of safety and improvement within the field of beach or coastal planning and management. These recommendations should prove useful for other insular countries, during the COVID-19 period, in the new normality that follows, and in other post-pandemic scenarios.

Self-reliance was a cornerstone of Ujamaa socialism – the ideology of Tanzania from 1967 till the mid-1980s. In the post-Cold-War period socialist ideology was actually abandoned, together with the really valuable concept of self-reliance. As most African countries, Tanzania is crucially dependent on foreign aid. We argue that aid can play a positive part for Tanzania and countries like it, but only if it promotes their self-development which, in its turn, is possible only if a nation is or strives to become self-reliant. However, in contemporary Tanzania the culture of self-reliance has almost disappeared since national ideology has changed, and many people rely on foreign aid and national government, not on their own hard work. At the same time, the union of foreign donors and corrupt national bureaucracy results in Tanzania in aid without development that, as in the case of aid for mosquito bed nets, cannot promote self-reliance and, hence, socio-economic progress.
Keywords: Aid, civil society, development, self-reliance, state, Tanzania

The article is based on a vide range of evidence collected by a group of researchers headed by the author in 2006–2008. The nature and scope of the collected evidence can allow arriving at veritable conclusions on the degree of the post-Soviet Russia’s independent image formation in the Africans’ consciousness, and on the positive and negative aspects of the USSR image’s influence on it. The research shows that, on the one hand, an independent image of Russia in Africa has not formed yet, first of all because of its very weak information, economic, and political presence on the continent what is a prerequisite for the formation of its image as non-positive by itself. However, on the other hand, there are grounds for arguing that post-Soviet Russia has partially inherited the image of the USSR, up to now associated for many Africans with the support of their struggle against colonial-ism, neocolonialism, apartheid, economic backwardness and dependence, first and foremost. An independent image of Russia in Africa is rather absent than negative, and it has objective opportuni-ties for constructing its image as positive.

The article addresses a multidimensional influence of globalization on health of individuals and societies (so called public health) and also presents a critical evaluation of the "health global public goods" concept judged from the perspective of the undertaken "health for the poorest" activities .  Moreover, it discusses four probable scenarios of developments in societies' health depending on the direction of changes in the globalization process(es).

Many community-based tourism (CBT) initiatives around the world
have failed to deliver expected benefits because of unfavorable conditions involving a variety of entwined social, cultural, economic, and political factors. Because of different economic, legislative, and political conditions, factors that facilitate and inhibit CBT are believed to be different in developing and developed nations.
A directed content analysis of CBT case studies in 48 developing
countries and 37 developed countries show that some of these
differences vary in being advantageous or disadvantageous for
either developing or developed nations. Furthermore, many cases
studies do not address factors and themes essential for tourism
development because of the lack of a clear CBT framework guiding their research and a lack of integration of external conditions
in the analysis. In general, collective land and tourism initiative
ownership can provide certain advantages to communities in
developing countries when it gives them control over land, tourism and natural resources, independence in decision-making, participative management and wider distribution of benefits.

Despite constraints like rearing of livestock under sub-optimal conditions (due to low economic status of livestock owners), India has now become the largest producer of milk in the world. The development of Indian dairy sector is an unprecedented success
story as it is based on the efforts of millions of small producers. Government of India is making concerted efforts to raise the per capita availability of milk through increase in productivity of milch animals. In order to achieve this, assistance is being provided
to the State Governments for controlling animal diseases; scientific management and upgrading of genetic resources; increasing availability of nutritious feeds and fodder; improving microbiological quality of milk; and so on. The microbiological quality of
milk is poor owing to inadequate knowledge of clean milk production and lack of post-milking chilling facilities at the village level. Now that production of dairy products has to necessarily match international standards in order to compete in the world market,
steps need to be taken to improve quality of Indian milk products so as to boost export trade of these products in free trade regime and earn valuable foreign exchange. The extent of support by European countries to their dairy industry is 16 billion Euros a year whichis more than US$ 2 per cow per day subsidy. Half of the world’s population lives on less than US$ 2 a day, meaning that the worth of such an individual is less than that of a cow in Europe. It appears cynical, but the policy of dumping subsidised milk products onto the world markets leads to such a conclusion.
The direct beneficiaries of these subsidies are the dairy processing and trading companies, who play with the livelihood of poor farmers in developing countries. In fact, such a situation developed a few years ago when India lowered the tariffs on dairy products. Milk products from EU countries poured into Indian markets, destabilising the domestic dairy sector. The Indian Dairy Association (IDA)
then persuaded the government to enhance the import duty to protect the domestic dairy sector.

We explore the performance implications of location choices Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs) make. Drawing on internalization and organizational learning theories, we find that developing country MNCs entering other developing countries experience a positive effect on their performance in the immediate term that, however, erodes over time because of the decay in their initial internalized advantages. Conversely, MNCs entering developed countries experience a negative effect on their immediate-term performance but a boost in performance over time because of the gradual realization of learning benefits. Our analyses of internationalization and performance of 207 Chinese-listed MNCs between 1992 and 2005 corroborate our key predictions.

The structural transformation across the economic sectors is one of the prominent features that go together with economic development. The paper scrutinizes whether developing and low-income countries follow a similar path and pattern of structural transformation by which the developed countries are following or followed this threshold and are now experiencing a shift from the industrial sector to the service sector. The structural transformation paths of developed countries are almost identical, but the pattern of sectoral output shares varies from that of developing countries. The research reveals a fascinating finding i.e., low-income countries outperform middle-income countries and some major countries in terms of the pace of structural transformation from agriculture to service sector.

In this paper we first review the concepts of Globalization and Inequality, paying special attention to the conclusions reached previously by Simon Kuznets and his followers. Later we carry on with an international comparison between Sweden and the United States for the period 1913-2012. We depict the evolution in inequality levels for both countries, based in two main indicators: the Gini Index and the top 1% income share. Our findings point out that inequality has strongly risen in the United States whilst Sweden’s level of inequality is not far from the one presented immediately after the World War II.  These results may indicate Sweden’s higher ability to deal with the globalization aftermaths.

Reference:
Pérez_Megino, L.P. & Berumen, S.A. [2015]: "Globalization and Inequalities in Developed Economies: Kuznets Was Not Right", Neumann Business Review, 1(2), pp. 23-36.

Since 2009, eighty-one countries subscribed to President Obama’s Open Government program including its dominant Open Data (OD) component. Do Open Data 2.0 plans address the problems detected during the first generation of this program (2010-2012)? If not, how can these plans be improved? The paper is the first-ever review of the main lines of criticism of the original OD program based on lessons learned worldwide. OD1.0 suffered from bad design, flawed execution, and adverse consequences. Open Data 2.0 plans fail to address the critical flaws of the first Open Data program. The analysis of OD1.0 reveals two primary lessons for converting OD2.0 into a more focused and effective openness program: OD2.0 architects must consider agencies’ data release strategies, and avoid creating a transparency “policy bubble”. Numerous countries followed the path of the original American Open Data program; therefore, the future of this program will have an impact on bureaucracies worldwide.

The main purpose of this paper is to present the differences in the volume of energy consumption in transport in the EU (European Union) countries. The specific objectives aim to determine the directions of changes and the degree of concentration in the volume of energy utilized by the transport sector in EU states, showing various models in this area, to establish the association between energy absorption and the parameters of the economy and in the field of transport. All EU countries were selected for research by the use of the purposeful selection method as of 31 December 2018. The analyzed period covered the years 2004–2018. For the examination of data, grading data analysis was used as one of the methods of multivariate data analysis. Descriptive, tabular and graphic methods were used to present the results. Findings reveal that there is a general tendency to reduce total energy consumption in the EU countries. The same is the case of energy in transport. Only in 2016–2018 was there an increase in energy absorption in transport. The reason was the better economic situation in this period. Road conveyance is the most important factor in energy utilization (over 90%). The share of other modes of transport was very small. Economically developing countries were the fastest in increasing energy absorption in transport per capita. In turn, highly developed states recorded slight growth and were stable in this aspect. There was a close relationship between energy utilization in transport per capita and GDP per capita. The reduction of energy consumption in transport depends on changes in road haulage, e.g., the pace of introducing innovative energy-saving technologies in automotive transport. View Full-Text

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has implications for coastal planning and management. Rules for isolation and physical distancing, among other measures for human life protection, have led to the closure of most beaches around the world. The present critical situation has raised the following question: How can some recommendations be designed in sun, sea, and sand tourism-dependent-insular countries to face “the COVID-19 new normality?” We used the content analysis technique to analyze representative publications on a global level to ascertain information on best management practices. A survey of 58 experts provided additional information. We used inferential statistics for sample selection and produced a list of 43 practices and beach planning and management actions to face the COVID-19 pandemic. This led to 27 new recommendations designed for beach planning and management within insular contexts, some of which were tested in the Republic of Cuba. Recommendations aim to guarantee a culture of safety and improvement within the field of beach or coastal planning and management. These recommendations should prove useful for other insular countries, during the COVID-19 period, in the new normality that follows, and in other post-pandemic scenarios.

Developing members at the WTO are faced with shrinking policy space to support their agricultural sector owing to the restrictive provisions of the Amber Box. Contrastingly, most developed members are able to provide high levels of product-specific support without breaching their commitments, on account of their AMS entitlement. For some of these members, the Blue Box plays a pivotal role in expanding the policy space with respect to domestic support to agricultural products. Though a lot of scholarship has discussed and examined Amber and Green boxes, the Blue Box remains relatively shrouded in mystery. Testimony to this is the fact that although the Blue Box has found use amongst the developed members, no developing Member, except for China in 2016, had ever used the Blue Box to support their producers. Given the impasse in the Doha Round and limited flexibilities available under Amber Box, this paper examines the feasibility and compatibility Blue Box measures with the socio-economic situation of developing members. To this end, the provisions of the Blue Box are demystified based on the Agreement on Agriculture and the practices of members. Further, it traces the genesis of Blue Box and members position on this Box in the agricultural negotiations. Findings of this paper bring to fore the various operational flexibilities available in implementing Blue Box programmes to support agriculture.

Food security is a complex condition strictly linked to a community’s
socio-economic aspects. Being one of the main subjects in the UN agenda,
food security represents a global challenge that every country has
to deal with. In developed regions, despite a more solid economic and
social structure, security in food management is still not achieved, causing
important rifts inside urban communities. This paper presents three
international case studies having different issues, but which show that
communities are already working on food management problems evenly.
Finally, it is described how bottom-up approaches cooperate with
politics and administrations in order to guarantee all urban communities
a future of equal and healthy life style.
Keywords – Food security, Urban food management, Food vulnerability,
Urban agriculture, Bottom-up approach, Sustainable urban planning

Water is used by man for a variety of important purposes, among them irrigation, navigation, hydroelectric power generation, industrial manufacturing, waste disposal, recreation, and wildlife enhancement. The most fundamental use of all, however, is community water supply for immediate and vital needs-drinking, washing, cooking and sanitation.

In this paper we first review the concepts of Globalization and Inequality, paying special attention to the conclusions reached previously by other economists. Later on, we carry on with an international comparison between Sweden and the United States for the period 1913-2012. We depict the evolution in inequality levels for both countries, based in two main indicators: the Gini Index and the top 1% income share. Our findings point out that inequality has strongly risen in the United States whilst Sweden’s level of inequality is not far from the one presented immediately after the World War II. These results may indicate Sweden’s higher ability to deal with the globalization aftermaths.

Key Words: Globalization; Income Distribution; International Comparison.
JEL: F02, N10, O15.

Reference:
P. Pérez-Megino. L. y Berumen, S.A. [2015]: “Globalization and Inequality - An International Comparison Between Sweden and the US”, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Working Paper Series. ISBN. 978-84-695-8923-6.