Ecuadorian Archeology

" | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: "The Pacific Coast of the Americas linked Pre-Columbian complex societies from Mexico to Peru, facilitating exploration, communication, and transportation in a way that terrestrial routes could not match. Yet West Mexico, the Isthmo-Colombian Area, and Ecuador, with their great stretches of coastline, were marginalized by the definition of the Mesoamerican and Andean culture areas in the 1940s. Waves of Influence seeks to renew the inquiry into Pacific coastal contacts and bring fresh attention to connections between regions often seen as isolated from one another. This volume reassesses the evidence for Pre-Columbian maritime contacts along the Pacific Coast, from western Mexico to northwestern South America. The authors draw upon recent models of globalization, technological style, and ritual commensality alongside methods such as computer simulation, iconographic analysis, skeletal studies, and operational chains. No single model can characterize the coastal network over 4,000 km of coastline and over 4,000 years of interaction, and authors present individual case studies to demonstrate how each region participated in its own distinct networks. Essays address the difficulty of maritime movement, the transfer of crops, technology, and knowledge, the identification of different modalities of contact, and the detection of important nodes and social actors within the coastal network"-Provided by publisher.

This volume contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "John Victor Murra (August 24, 1916 - October 16, 2006): An Interpretative Biography" by Monica Barnes with a "Bibliography of Works by and about John Victor Murra" by David Block and Monica Barnes; "Introduction to John Victor Murra: A Mentor to Women" by Heather Lechtman and Freda Yancy Wolf de Romero; "Anthropology is My Village" by Heather Lechtman; "Mentors as Intellectual Parents" by Freda Yancy Wolf de Romero; "an Extraordinary Teacher Who Taught All the Time" by Patricia Netherly; "Kicking Off a New Perspective in Ethnohistory" by Ana Maria Lorandi; "The Ability to Bestow Confidence and Stimulate New Ideas" by Victoria Castro; "The Green Pachwork Paper" by Rolena Adorno; "Do Anthropology the Way Poets Write Poetry" by Inge Maria Harman; "Eight Thousand Solutions to the Same Problem" by Silvia Palomeque; "Kinsmen Resurrected: John Victor Murra and the History of Anthropology" by Frank Solomon; "Costanza Di Capua Di Capua (December 17, 1912 - May 5, 2008) by Karen Olsen Bruhns; "Reconstruction of the Burial Offering at Punkuri in the Nepena Valley of Peru's North-central Coast" by Victor Falcon Huayta; "An Analysis of the Isabellita Rock Engraving and Its Archaeological Context, Callejon de Huaylas, Peru" by Victor Manuel Ponte R.; "Strange Harvest: A Discussion of Sacrifice and Missing Body Parts on the North Coast of Peru" by Catherine M. Gaither, Jonathan Bethard, Jonathan Kent, Victor Vasquez Sanchez, Teresa Rosales Tham, and Richard Busch; "A Design Analysis of Moche Fineline Sherds from the Archaeological Site of Galindo, Moche Valley, Peru" by Gregory D. Lockard; "More than Meets the Eye: A Study of Signs in Nasca Art" by Ana Nieves; "Early Cotton Network Knotted in Colored Patterns" by Grace Katterman; "Climate, Agricultural Strategies, and Sustainability in the Pre-Columbian Andes" by Charles R. Ortloff and Michael E. Moseley; "Experiences with the Institute of Andean Research 1941-42 and 1946" by Gordon R. Willey with an "Introduction" by Richard Daggett; "Archaeological Investigations at Antumpa (Jujuy): Contributions to the Characterization of the Early Ceramic Period in the Huamahuaca Region" by Juan B. Leoni; "San Pedro de Atacama" by Carolina Aguero, Muricio Uribe, and Carlos Carraso; "Tarapaca Region" by Mauricio Uribe, Leonor Adan, Carolina Aguero, Cora Moragas, and Flora Viches; "New Archaeological and Rock Art Projects in Bolivia" by Matthias Strecker, Freddy Taboada, and Claudia Rivera; "Exchange at Chavin de Huantar: Insights from Shell Data" by Matthew P. Sayre and Luisa Lopez Aldave; "La Forteleza at Ollantaytambo" by J. Lee Hollowell.

This volume of Andean Past contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "Editor's Preface" by Monica Barnes; "Donald Frederick Sola" by Monica Barnes; Paulina Mercedes Ledergerber-Crespo" by A. Jorge Arellano-Lopez; "Death Notices (Robert Ascher, Bernd Lambert, Daniel W. Gade, and George Bankes) by Monica Barnes and Bill Sillar; "Obsidian Procurement and Cosmopolitanism at the Middle Horizon Settlement of Conchopata, Peru" by Richard L. Burger, Catherine M. Bencic, and Michael D. Glascock; "Characteristics and Significance of Tapia Walls and the Mochica Presence at Santa Rosa de Pucala in the Mid-Lambayeque Valley" by Edgar Bracamonte; "Health at the Edge of the Wari Empire: An Analysis of Skeletal Remains from Hatun Cotuyoc, Huaro, Peru" by Sara L. Juengst and Maeve Skidmore; "Demographic Analysis of a Looted Late Intermediate Period Tomb, Chincha Valley, Peru" by Camille Weinberg, Benjamin T. Nigra, Maria Cecilia Lozada, Charles Stanish, Henry Tantalean, Jacob Bongers, and Terrah Jones; "Macrobotanical Remains from the 2009 Season at Caylan: Preliminary Insights into Early Horizon Plant Use in the Nepena Valley, North-Central Coast of Peru" by David Chicoine, Beverly Clement, and Kyle Stich; "Obsidian Technology at the Wari Site of Conchopata in Ayacucho, Peru" by Catherine M. Bencic; "Incahuasi, Canete" by Alejandro Chu; "Luis Barreda Murillo's Excavations at Huanuco Pampa, 1965" Monica Barnes; "Early Village Formation in Desert Areas of Tarapaca, Northern Chile (Eleventh Century B.C.--Thirteenth Century A.D.)" by Simon Urbina, Leonor Adan, Constanza Pellegrino, and Estefania Vidal; and "Don Mateo-El Cerro, a Newly Rediscovered Late Period Settlement in Yocavil (Catamarca, Argentina) by Alina Alvarez Larrain.

This volume contains the following articles, research reports, and obituaries: "Earl Henry Lubensky (March 31, 1921 - May 1, 2009)" by Deborah M. Pearsall; "Juan (Hans) Santiago Rene Schobinger (February 18, 1928 - July 11, 2009)" by Constanza Ceruti; "A Changing Society? Craft Specialization and Complementarity Systems during the Formative Period in the Cochabamba Valley, Bolivia" by Olga U. Gabelmann; "Moche Architectural Vessels: Small Structures Big Implications" by Juliet Wiersema; "The Well and the Huaca: Ceremony, Chronology, and Culture Change at Huaca Cao Viejo, Chicama Valley, Peru" by Jeffrey Quilter, Regulo Franco J., Cesar Galvez M., William Doonan, Catherine Gaither, Victor F. Vasquez S., Teresa E. Rosales T., Jaime Jimenez S., Hal Starratt, and Michele L. Koons; "Adobe Bricks and Labor Organization on the North Coast of Peru" by Howard I. Tsai; "A Bioarchaeological Study of Coca Use and Coca Leaf Chewing at Puruchuco-Huaquerones, Peru" by Melissa S. Murphy and Maria Fernanda Boza; "The Destruction of the Yurac Rumi Shrine (Vilcabamba, Cusco Department)" by Brian S. Bauer, Miriam Dayde Araoz Silva, and George S. Burr; "Inca Storage and Accounting Facilities at Pachacamac" by Peter Eeckhout; "Regional Associations and a Ceramic Assemblage from the Fourteenth Century Llanos de Mojos" by John H. Walker; "Recent Excavations at the Late Intermediate Period Village of Yanaorco in the Cajamarca Highlands" by Jason L. Toohy; "A Colonial Human Burial Excavated in 1965 between Portals 5 and 6 at Huanuco Pampa" by Monica Barnes, Catherine Gaither, Robert A. Benfer, Jr., and Daniel Shea; "Mitomarca: A Possible Fortification in the Upper Huallaga Basin" by Yuichi Matsumoto, Jason S. Nesbitt, and Denesy Palacio J.; "An Initial Period Domestic Occupation at Huaca Cortada, Caballo Muerto Complex" by Jason S. Nesbitt; "Marine Exploitation and Paleoenvironment as Viewed through Molluscan Resources at the Early Horizon Center of Huambacho, Nepena Valley, Coastal Ancash" by David Chicoine and Carol Rojas; "Architecture in the Coastal Desert" by Simon Urbina A., Leonor Adan A., and Estefania Vidal M.; "La Bolsa 1 Site, Tafi Valley, Tucuman Province: Household Mortuary Practices in a South Andean Village (First Millennium A.D.)" by Julian Salazar.

An appreciation of the life and work of Betty Jane Meggers, an archaeologist well known for her theory of the transpacific connections between Japan's Jomon culture and the Valdivia culture of Ecuador as well as her views of the low carrying capacity of Amazonial

Andean Past 3 contains the following articles: "Martha B. Anders 1949-1990" by Daniel H. Sandweiss; "Maritime Foundations and Multilinear Evolution" by Michael E. Moseley; "Early Economies of Coastal Ecuador and the Foundations of Andean Civilization" by Karen E. Stothert; "Widening the Socio-economic Foundations of Andean Civilization: Prototypes of Early Monumental Architecture" by Tom D. Dillehay; "Preceramic Architectural and Subsistence Traditions" by Robert A. Feldman; "Early Occupations and the Emergence of Fishermen on the Pacific Coast of South America" by Agustin Llagostera; "To Fish in the Afternoon: Beyond Subsistence Economies in the Study of Early Andean Civilizations" by Jeffrey Quilter; "Archaeological Occurrences of Andean Land Snails" by Alan K. Craig; "Evidence for Preceramic Houses and Household Organization in Western South America" by Michael A. Malpass and Karen E. Stothert; "Early Stone Bowls and Mortars from Northern Peru" by Thomas Pozorski and Shelia Pozorski; "A Bird Geoglyph near Casma, Peru" by Thomas Pozorski, Shelia Pozorski, and John Rick; "Sican Bottles: Marking Time in the Peruvian Bronze Age--A Five-part Typology and Seriation" by Kathryn M. Cleland and Izumi Shimada".

This article is part of a series intended to analyze the artistic concept and the construction process of the artist's work. The study is divided into two parts: the artist's perspective on her creative process and the vision of the external agents that influenced the development of the work. The creative process that took place over a period of 5 years will be described. The result of this work (20 paintings and drawings), was presented at the Kingman Foundation in Quito, Ecuador. Further the article describes how new events emerged and expanded connections through this exhibition, and resulted in new cultural projects both within and outside the environment. 

Este artículo es parte de una serie destinada a analizar el concepto artístico y el proceso de construcción de la obra del artista. El estudio se divide en dos partes: la perspectiva del artista sobre su proceso creativo y la visión de los agentes externos que influyeron en el desarrollo del trabajo. Se describirá el proceso creativo que tuvo lugar durante un período de 5 años. El resultado de este trabajo (20 pinturas y dibujos) fue presentado en la Fundación Kingman en Quito, Ecuador. Además, el artículo describe cómo surgieron nuevos eventos y expandieron las conexiones a través de esta exposición, y dieron como resultado nuevos proyectos culturales tanto dentro como fuera del medio ambiente.

Esta contribución presenta los recientes hallazgos realizados en el sitio arqueológico OGSE-46 (Samarina) de la cultura Guangala o de Desarrollo Regional (500 a.E.-800) de la península de Santa Elena (Ecuador). Este asentamiento se caracteriza por la presencia de varios concheros con áreas de actividad doméstica. También se intercalan al menos dos suelos preparados de tierra batida con numerosos agujeros de poste que pudieron servir para sostener una cubierta elaborada con materiales perecederos. En estos suelos, interpretados como pisos de ocupación doméstica, se localizaron varias sepulturas en fosa. La novedad de los hallazgos reside en las pocas evidencias conocidas de arquitecturas domésticas en la cultura Guangala, a lo que se une, la ubicación de cuatro sepulturas en su interior. Los gestos funerarios asociados a las sepulturas fueron analizados a partir de la documentación gráfica de los trabajos de campo y de la información generada en laboratorio. Se aplicaron los criterios de la arqueotanatología para la definición de las prácticas funerarias. El material esquelético fue analizado pormenorizadamente con objeto de valorar las principales variables bioantropológicas (edad, sexo, salud dental, patologías, tafonomía, etc.). Los resultados indican la presencia de sepulturas primarias y secundarias con un número mínimo de diez individuos. Algunos de ellos tenían el cráneo artificialmente deformado mediante tabulación erecta. Destaca la presencia de marcas de corte en los restos de un individuo adulto procedente de una sepultura secundaria. Finalmente, se discute la información de estos hallazgos con otros contextos del mismo periodo.

Leaders of the Palmitopamba Archaeology Project in the cloud forest of northwestern Ecuador have worked for years to involve and collaborate with the local mestizo community, but in 2013 the embrace was expanded to include modern-day descendants of the ancient Yumbos. Representatives of the Tsachila and Quichua Quijos indigenous nations were invited back to a portion of their ancestral homeland for public and private events related to the archaeological project. Visits to sacred waterfalls, conversations about local history and other events were coupled with shamanic rituals to consecrate the archaeological sites and to re-bury previously excavated human remains. An overview of this event, which was co-sponsored by the parish government, is given along with some analysis of the process, the results and what the future might hold with regard to the "decolonization" of the archaeological project.

Seven seasons of fieldwork at Palmitopamba have revealed much of interest regarding the indigenous Yumbo chiefdom there and the nature of the Inca presence at this large tropical forest site northwest of Quito. Architectural and other features of the Inca occupation are discussed as we attempt to delineate more precisely the nature and the timing of the “invasion.” Pertinent information recently excavated from neighboring sites also sheds some light on the Inca-Yumbo relationship near the end—temporal as well as geographical—of the Inca Empire.

Este artículo se centra en la potencial aplicación de los SIG (sistemas de información geográfica) a la gestión de las excavaciones arqueológicas. Partiendo de los casos de estudio de los yacimientos de Huataviro y Las Orquídeas (Imbabura, Ecuador), se plantea su utilidad y se estudian los retos y desafíos de la aplicación de estos sistemas para almacenar, gestionar y analizar datos de la excavación. ENGLISH: <em>The Implementation of GIS in Excavation: The Case Study of the Las Orquideas and Huataviro Sites (Imbabura, Ecuador)</em>. This paper focuses on the potential application of GIS (Geographical Information Systems) to the management of archaeological excavations. Based on the case studies of Huataviro and Las Orquideas (Imbabura, Ecuador), its usefulness is discussed and the challenges of the application of these systems to store, manage and analyze excavation data are studied.

En el marco de un proyecto pionero en Ecuador, entre el Museo Casa del Alabado y el Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural, se indagó la temática del color desde una perspectiva analítica, relacionada con las técnicas modernas científicas. Se exploraron las pinturas poscocción de las culturas del Desarrollo Regional de la costa (c. 500 a.C.-500 d.C.), debido a que son las más espectaculares en términos artísticos y de conservación. En este período, sociedades como Bahía, Jama Coaque y La Tolita-Tumaco pintaron sus figuras cerámicas con pigmentos elaborados a partir de materiales que encontraron en sus territorios y algunos que adquirían mediante el intercambio. A continuación, se presentan resultados de esta investigación sobre el origen de los pigmentos, sus formas de fabricación y técnicas de aplicación.

This volume contains the following papers: "Preface" by Daniel H. Sandweiss and D. Peter Kvietok; "General Introduction" by D. Peter Kvietok and Daniel H. Sandweiss; "Wandering Shellfish: New Insights into Intra-Regional Distribution Networks from Southeastern Coastal Ecuador" by Patricia J. Netherly; "Late Prehispanic Terracing at Chijra in the Colca Valley, Peru: Preliminary Report" by Michael A. Malpass; "The Topara Tradition: An Overview" by Dwight T. Wallace; "The Peruvian North Central Coast During the Early Intermediate Period: An Emerging Perspective" by Richard E. Daggett; "A Sequence of Monumental Architecture from Huamachuco" by John R. Topic; "Dualaity in Public Architecture in the Upper Zena Valley, Northern Peru" by Patricia J. Netherly and Tom D. Dillehay; Piruru: A Preliminary Report on the Archaeological Botany of a Highland Andean Site" by Lawrence Kaplan and Elisabeth Bonnier; "Analysis of Organic Remains from Huamachuco Qollqas" by Coreen E. Chiwsell; "Aspects of Casting Practice in Perhispanic Peru" by Stuart V. Arnold; "Representations of the Cosmos: A Comparison of the Church of San Cristobal de Pampachiri with the Coricancha Drawing of Santacruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua" by Monica Barnes.

Resumen: objetivo/contexto: se propone una relectura de algunos elementos iconográficos del periodo de Desarrollo Regional de la costa del Ecuador, a la luz de la propuesta de Engels sobre el origen y consolidación del patriarcado. Las figurillas antropomorfas de las culturas tolita/tumaco, bahía y jama coaque, famosas por su valor estético, presentan evidencias sobre relaciones de género asimétricas que hasta el momento no han sido observadas ni tematizadas en la literatura. Metodología: el artículo parte del análisis iconográfico que la autora viene realizando desde hace más de una década. La iconografía es contrastada con la teoría de Engels desde un enfoque feminista. Incluye una reflexión sobre diferentes episodios históricos y contemporáneos que dejan en evidencia un sistema patriarcal y machista imperante en el Ecuador, sobre el que la autora presenta también una visión introspectiva desde su propia experiencia como académica. Conclusiones: la iconografía temprana de la costa ecuatoriana deja ver un cambio sustancial entre los periodos Formativo y de Desarrollo Regional. El aumento en la estratificación social y la acumulación de riqueza probablemente conllevaron el establecimiento de una ideología patriarcal, justificada a través de la iconografía como medio masivo de transmisión de mensajes. Originalidad: este artículo pone sobre el tapete a profundidad, por primera vez, la discusión sobre la desigualdad en las relaciones de género en el Ecuador prehispánico y la evidencia material sobre un discurso ideológico tendiente a naturalizar dicha desigualdad, a través de un ideal de subordinación de los personajes femeninos frente a los masculinos.

Palabras clave: activismo, arqueología ecuatoriana, arqueología de género, feminismo, iconografía prehispánica, patriarcado

The Rebel Potters: A Vision of Gender Relations, Female Oppression, and Patriarchy Based within Ecuadorian Archaeology

Abstract: Objective/context: In the light of Engels’ proposal on the origin and consolidation of patriarchy, this article proposes a re-reading of some iconographic elements of the period of Regional Development of the coast of Ecuador. The anthropomorphic figurines of the Tolita/Tumaco, Bahia, and Jama Coaque cultures, famous for their aesthetic value, present evidence of asymmetrical gender relations that have so far not been observed or thematized in literature. Methodology: The article is based on the iconographic analysis that the author has been conducting for over a decade. The iconography is contrasted with Engels’ theory from a feminist approach. It includes a reflection on different historical and contemporary episodes that reveal a patriarchal and machista system prevailing in Ecuador, about which the author also presents an introspective vision from her own experience as an academic. Conclusions: The early iconography of the Ecuadorian coast shows a substantial change between the Formative and Regional Development periods. The increase in social stratification and the accumulation of wealth probably led to the establishment of a patriarchal ideology, justified through iconography as a means of mass transmission of messages. Originality: This article provides in-depth coverage, for the first time, of the discussion on inequality in gender relations in pre-Hispanic Ecuador and material evidence of an ideological discourse tending to naturalize such inequality, through an ideal of subordination of female characters to male ones.

Keywords: Activism, Ecuadorian archaeology, feminism, gender archaeology, patriarchy, pre-Hispanic iconography

As oleiras rebeldes: um olhar a partir da arqueologia equatoriana sobre as relações de gênero, a opressão feminina e o patriarcado

Resumo: objetivo/contexto: propõe-se uma releitura de alguns elementos iconográficos do período de Desenvolvimento Regional da costa do Equador, à luz da proposta de Engels sobre a origem e consolidação do patriarcado. As figuras antropomorfas das culturas Tolita/Tumaco, Bahía e Jama Coaque, famosas por seu valor estético, apresentam evidências sobre relações de gênero assimétricas que até o momento não têm sido observadas nem tematizadas na literatura. Metodologia: o artigo parte da análise iconográfica que a autora vem realizando há mais de uma década. A iconografia é contrastada com a teoria de Engels desde um enfoque feminista. Inclui uma reflexão sobre diferentes episódios históricos e contemporâneos que deixam em evidência um sistema patriarcal e machista imperante no Equador, sobre o que a autora apresenta também uma visão introspectiva desde sua própria experiência como acadêmica. Conclusões: a iconografia precoce da costa equatoriana deixa ver uma mudança substancial entre os períodos Formativo e de Desenvolvimento Regional. O aumento na estratificação social e a acumulação de riqueza provavelmente implicaram o estabelecimento de uma ideologia patriarcal, justificada através da iconografia como meio em massa de transmissão de mensagens. Originalidade: este artigo põe sobre a mesa e com profundidade, pela primeira vez, a discussão sobre a desigualdade nas relações de gênero no Equador pré-hispânico e a evidência material sobre um discurso ideológico tendente a naturalizar dita desigualdade, através de um ideal de subordinação das personagens femininos frente às masculinas.

Palavras-chave: ativismo, arqueologia equatoriana, arqueologia de gênero, feminismo, iconografia pré-hispânica, patriarcado

This volume contains the following articles: "John Hyslop 1945-1993" by John V. Murra; "Recent Excavations at Hacha in the Acari Valley, Peru" by Roger W. Robinson; "Early Cotton Textiles from Hacha, Peru" by Grace Katterman; "The Paracas Mummy Bundles of the Great Necropolis of Wari Kayan: A History" by Richard E. Daggett; "Scientific Notes on Paracas Mummy Bundle No. 294" by Rebeca Carrion Cachot de Girard; "The Life from Death Continuum in Nasca Imagery" by Patrick Carmichael; "Stylitic Variation in Proliferous Nasca Pottery" by Donald A. Proulx; "The Cemetery at Tambo Viejo, Acari Valley, Peru" by Jonathan D. Kent and Makoto Kowta; "A Cache of Inca Textiles from Rodadero, Acari Valley, Peru" by Grace Katterman and Francis A. Riddell; "Toward the Definition of Pre- and Early Chavin Art Styles in Peru" by Henning Bischof; "Valdivia Figurines and Puberty Rituals: An Hypothesis" by Costanza Di Capua; "Early Occupations at Gran Pajaten, Peru" by Warren B. Church.

Una resena por Monica Barnes del libro The Oxford Handbook of the Incas editado por Sonia Alconini y R. Alan Covey. Ademas resenas por Matthias Strecker de The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art editado por Bruno David e Ian J. McNiven; Archaeologies of Rock Art: South American Perspectives editado por Andres Troncoso, Felipe Armstrong y George Nash; y Chumbivilcas: Arte rupestre y paisajes del Cusco por Rainer Hostnig.