Flood Mitigation

In a historical moment of hurricanes, flooding, and unprecedented weather events, it is becoming increasingly clear that climate change is neither imagined nor distant—and that it is changing the coastline of the United States in irrevocable ways.

In Rising, Elizabeth Rush guides readers through our nation’s disappearing places, from Louisiana to Miami, Staten Island to the Bay Area. The wetlands that define these regions are among the most imperiled ecosystems on the planet—accustomed to periods of change, of ebb and flow, yet overwhelmed by rapidly shifting conditions. For many of the plants and animals who live there, the options are stark: retreat or perish in place.

Is human civilization facing a similar set of limited options? And how do we move forward in a world whose borders are already becoming unsettled and strange? Weaving the firsthand accounts of those who are living through sea level rise today—scientists, activists, and members of the communities both currently at risk and already displaced—with eyewitness reporting from our shoreline’s disappearing places, Rising is at once polyphonic and precise, lyric reportage that privileges the voices of those usually kept at the margins.

A shimmering meditation on vulnerability and on vulnerable communities, both human and more than human, and on how to let go of the places we love.

https://milkweed.org/book/rising

Stretta è la relazione che corre tra lo svolgimento millenario della tecnica di lavoro dell'uomo, e i rapporti con l'ambiente naturale. L'uomo primitivo, come l'animale, raccoglie e consuma frutti spontanei colla semplice operazione prensile, e come l'animale fugge senza controllo davanti al dirompere del fenomeno naturale che ne minacci la vita. Come la produzione artificiale di prodotti pel consumo, e l'accumulazione di riserve di prodotti stessi e di utensili, lo costringe a fissarsi, così lo costringe a difendersi dalle minacce di meteore e sconvolgimento naturali. Una tale difesa, non diversamente da quella contro altri gruppi concorrenti alla sede migliore, o predatori della accumulata riserva, non può che essere collettiva. Da queste esigenze collettive, come tante volte vedemmo, nasce la divisione in classi e lo sfruttamento da parte dei dominatori.

In Marx, "il modo di produzione capitalistico presuppone il dominio dell'uomo sulla natura". Esso presuppone anche la guerra della natura contro l'uomo. Una troppo generosa e prodiga natura non sarebbe ambiente favorevole al sorgere del capitalismo.

Urban flooding is an inevitable problem for many cities around the world. In the present paper, modelling approaches and principles for analyses of urban flooding are outlined. The paper shows how urban flooding can be simulated by one-dimensional hydrodynamic ...

In this brief paper, I look at the UNFCCC's carbon trading, CDM, and JI schemes with a skeptical eye. While these schemes have good intentions to lower GHGs, I claim they are relatively infective. Developing and developed countries have little incentive to build clean carbon emitting projects. It is difficult to argue against building cheap and dirty power plants that supply electricity that quickly improve the quality of life for millions of people.

In addition to the incentive problem, there is plenty of room for state subsidies to be misdirected to CDM projects that have little to do with actually lowering GHGs. For example, financing hydro-electric dams do more damage rivers, habitat, and species in less time than the projected impacts from climate change.

Next, I question existing corporations' intent when they finance CDM/JI projects. To me, it looks like another facet of greenwashing.

Finally, I briefly argue that mitigating GHGs to acceptable levels will not occur in a way that will prevent the impacts from climate change. In this respect, adaptation becomes the more appealing choice. However, the argument against adaptation is that it is not profitable and therefore hard to justify in the market place. I conclude that, unfortunately, adaptation to impacts will most likely occur ad-hoc and post-disaster.


CITATION: Cote, Michael, Carbon Trading and CDM, Development or Green Washing? (July 2008). Available at: http://umass.academia.edu/MichaelCote/Papers/344813/Carbon_Trading_and_CDM_Development_or_Green_Washing

Nowadays, floods events occur throughout the world and cause many negative impacts including agricultural production, loss of lives and property damage. In Rwanda agricultural activity, occupy around 90% of all economic activities and every year natural disaster like draught and flood affect agricultural production. In heavy rain, people lost their crops due to the destruction of their blocks of lands. The huge number of flood hazards of today has different driving factors. Recently, Rwabashyashya marshland has suffered the high extent-flooding problem did not happened before , probably as a result of heavy rainfall, steep slopes and land use/land cover change. The main aim of this work is to contribute to flood management in Rwabashyashya marshland through the assessment of driving factors of floods from Rwabashyashya sub catchment (26.63724 km2) in Kamonyi district southern Rwanda. Interviewing survey and field visits were used for historical flooding. ARGIS 10.4 used a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to delineate the watershed and to produce watershed slope map. The generated land use maps were used to detect land use/land cover change and also the land cover types were adopted to estimate the runoff coefficient of the sub catchment to calculate a weighted runoff coefficient. The rainfall intensity was determined using the rainfall data obtained from Gacurabwenge meteorological station that is near (5 km) the marshland and considering the time of concentration. The catchment profile and empirical formulae were used to compute the time of concentration. A simple rational formula method with area correction was used to estimate the total discharge from the catchment. Manning formula was adopted to determine the hydraulic discharge of the natural stream channel. The results show that agricultural land use dominates in the sub catchment with about 60.38% in 2016 and the built up area show rapid increase from 0.487 ha to 538.68 ha in 2008 and 2016 respectively. The weighted runoff coefficient was found to be 0.39, the time of concentration was determined to be 0.896 hour for the whole watershed and the hydrological flow rate was estimated to be 204.29m3/s. Hydraulic discharge was found to be 4.83m3/s and which is too less for channel to handle the hydrological discharge. Based on the results obtained, we can draw conclusion that the main contributors to floods in Rwabashyashya marshland are land use/land cover change (increased impervious surfaces), heavy rainfall and the steep slope of the area which is ranging from 1506m to 1904m. Some floods management measures were proposed. To sum up, this research generated should be transferred to other Rwandan marshlands to decide measures of protection floods and as well integrated flood management in order to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development of the-country.

Keywords: Rwabashyashya Marshland, flood management, driving factors, land use/land cover change, sub catchment, measures.

Primer manual de mitigación de riesgos y desastres para Puerto Rico, desarrollado gracias al Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños de Hunter College (CUNY) y el Instituto de Desarrollo Empresarial y Acción Comunitaria (IdeaComún).  Define mitigación de riesgos; vincula los cursos de acción (COAs) del Informe de Recuperación del Gobernador con el área de mitigación; describe los tres programas que financian la mitigación aplicables a la recuperación de Puerto Rico: Mitigación bajo el Programa Community Development Block Grant-Disaster Relief (CDBG-DR) de HUD; Mitigación 406 bajo el Programa de Public Assistance (PA) de FEMA; y el Hazard Mitigation Grants Program (HMGP/404) de FEMA; explica la importancia de los planes de mitigación municipales; y provee una guía y recursos de apoyo para el acceso inicial a los fondos HMGP mediante cartas de intención, entre otros.

Directives and policies increasingly call for more integrated management of land and water. Frameworks such as integrated catchment management may address these calls, and yet their implementation requires decisions to be taken under conditions of extreme complexity and uncertainty. This paper establishes a basis for managing flood hazards through an integrated community based management protocol. It documents and assesses adoption/adaptation methodologies and past indigenous knowledge for coping with floods and droughts. Through earlier SWAT catchment analysis components of the Nile Basin Capacity Building Network (NBCBN) research, results from mapping and zoning of flooding and drought events have been obtained. It is apparent in Nzoia catchment that the areas under forest cover decreased markedly between 1970's and 1986 from 1811.33 Km2 to 936.82 Km2. In contrast, the area under agricultural use is seen to have decreased over the years from 8433.85 Km2 in 1970's to 6542.35 Km2 in 1980's and to 5460.88 Km2 in 2000's. A risk assessment methodology and management plans for hazard prone communities have also been derived. Impacts of floods and drought on the livelihood of the resident were also outlined. The report concludes with a summary of mitigation and intervention strategies for the basins. The significant technical challenges confronted in such an exercise may be overshadowed by the institutional challenges, including the fundamental question as to whether organisations are truly committed. However, the reward for overcoming such challenges is the opportunity to achieve genuine improvements in the social, economic and environmental quality of our catchments.

Human CO2 emissions may drive the Earth into a next greenhouse state. They can be mitigated by accelerating weathering of natural rock under the uptake of CO2. We disprove the paradigm that olivine weathering in nature would be a slow process, and show that it is not needed to mill olivine to very fine, 10 μm-size grains in order to arrive at a complete dissolution within 1-2 y. In high-energy shallow marine environments olivine grains and reaction products on the grain surfaces, that otherwise would greatly retard the reaction, are abraded so that the chemical reaction is much accelerated. When kept in motion even large olivine grains rubbing and bumping against each other quickly produce fine clay- and silt-sized olivine particles that show a fast chemical reaction. Spreading of olivine in the world’s 2% most energetic shelf seas can compensate a year’s global CO2 emissions and counteract ocean acidification against a price well below that of carbon credits.

This paper investigates the river flowrate at two branches of bifurcated river. The mathemat ical model fro m the literature is formu lated based on mo mentum principle and mass continuity to cope with river flo wrate at different bifurcation angles. The hydraulic variables, geometric properties of trapezoidal cross-sectional river and other physical characteristics of bifu rcated river are provided, which may be assumed to be given beforehand for practical applications. An examp le of river bifurcation problem is given by UTM Centre fo r Industrial and Applied Mathematics (UTM-CIAM), Universit i Teknologi Malaysia. Maple software is used to implement the proposed model equation and generate the results. The amount of bifurcated river flowrate with different bifurcation angles is determined, resulting in a reasonable discussion. It is shown that for specific bifurcation angles, the river flowrates after the b ifurcated junction are less than the critical flowrate. Finally, the results of applied problem indicate that the right-angled river bifurcat ion would be preferable to mitigate flood.

Global warming mitigation calculations require consistent procedures for handling time in order to compare 'permanent' gains from energy-sector mitigation options with 'impermanent' gains from many forest-sector options. A critical part of carbon accounting methodologies such as those based on 'ton-years' (the product of the number of tons of carbon times the number of years that each ton is held out of the atmosphere) is definition of a time horizon, or the time period over which carbon impacts and benefits are considered. Here a case is made for using a time horizon of 100 years. This choice avoids distortions created by much longer time horizons that would lead to decisions inconsistent with societal behavior in other spheres; it also avoids a rapid increase in the implied value of time if horizons shorter than 100 years are used. Selection of a time horizon affects decisions on financial mechanisms and carbon credit. Simple adaptations can allow a time horizon to be specified and used to calculate mitigation benefits and at the same time reserve a given percentage of weight in decision making for generations beyond the end of the time horizon. The choice of a time horizon will heavily influence whether mitigation options such as avoided deforestation are considered viable.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides convincing evidence of global warming as a result of increased greenhouse gas production. There has been a greater occurrence of extreme climate events in recent decades. We need to ensure that our buildings and infrastructure can cope with such events and possibly more extreme events in the future. A good grounding in unsaturated soil mechanics will be necessary to understand future changes involving the drying and desiccation of soils that will occur in dry seasons and the wetting and infiltration processes that prevail during wet seasons. To predict the impacts of climate change will require the use of robust numerical modelling of climate/soil interactions that can be used to model the effects of future climate regimes. To achieve this we need high quality field observations involving climate/soil interaction that can be used to validate the models. This paper reports on a study in the UK to acquire such data.

Flooding is a recurring phenomenon in Kumasi which has caused damage to properties and financial loss over the years. The risk of flooding is projected to increase due to the annual rise in rainfall and conversion of floodplains to settlement. Many kinds of research have been made to assess the risk of flood and map out the vulnerable zones using diverse methodologies. This gives the idea of flood prediction, mitigation, and prevention. To achieve the objective of flood risk assessment in Kumasi, the GIS modeling approach was used to produce a flood risk map with the help of Quantum GIS software. In this research, a digital elevation model which is important data for hydrological modeling was obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Four hydrological factors which include digital elevation, slope, proximity to the river, and topographic wetness index were derived from the depressionless DEM of the study area. The hydrological factors were further reclassified and overlaid to produce the flood risk map. The flood risk map showed five risk zones – very high, high, moderate, low, and very low zones in the study area. The results showed that 30% of the study area lies within the very high and high-risk zones. These areas are considered very highly susceptible to flooding. However, only 2% of the very high and high population density areas fall within the high susceptible flood zones. This is because most of the highly susceptible flood zones fall in the southern and north-eastern parts of the study area. These areas cover the very low and low population density regions. Moreover, floods will be likely to occur during the rainy season. To further demonstrate and visualize the risk of flood in the high susceptible zones, a flood simulation method was adopted. With the aid of Quantum GIS geoalgoritms and a digital elevation model, a resampled DEM was used to produce a flood simulation map showing the areas at risk in a given flood depth along the Susan river at Atonsu-Junction in Kumasi. This was further overlaid on a georeferenced google earth image of the area to aid visualize the affected areas. The flood simulation map showed that areas that have experienced extensive flooding fall within the predicted flood depths. The research has proved that the application of GIS for hydrological modeling and flood risk simulation is important for the assessment of flood risk.

Starting from the importance of innovative solutions for improving the needs of different practitioners as flood risk managers, the purpose of this review was to describe and analyze, evaluates, and prioritizes the various available different innovative solutions that have sufficient potential to be useful and used by practitioners. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the DAREnet knowledge base (an integral feature of the DAREnet online community platform) which identified critical challenges for flood management and the relevant field or source of innovation, as well as the current scientific literature in the field of disaster studies. A fourth stage selection procedure identified candidate original or review papers and evaluated the degree to which papers met predetermined requirements for inclusion extracted from prior systematic reviews. Included in the study were over 100 studies that met the requirements for predetermined inclusion. The findings of this review showed that there is a huge untapped potential for innovative solutions in the field of prevention, preparedness, civil protection, communication, cooperation, etc. The findings of this review contribute to a growing body of knowledge regarding innovative solutions for flood risk management useful for practitioners. Keywords: disasters, floods, risk management, innovative solutions, DAREnet.

It is now well known that the world community must share the risks and hazards deriving from climate change and, more generally, from the environment. The fact that just a few months ago, at the end of summer 2019, the European Bank for reconstruction and development (EBRD), issued the first World's first dedicated climate resilience bond confirms the thesis according to which financial, social and economic instruments are always most necessary for the development of society and to avoid that natural hazards can, as occurred in the past, cause extremely heavy damages with negative repercussions on every single area of a community. Starting from the characteristics of resilience bonds and reinsurance, the paper seeks to highlight the potential advantages that would derive from a systematic application of recursive contractual instruments (smart contracts). The authors focused on the study of the projection of financial and quantitative data of resilience and catastrophe bonds on ...

Floods are among the most destructive natural disasters, which are highly complex to model. The research on the advancement of flood prediction models contributed to risk reduction, policy suggestion, minimization of the loss of human life, and reduction the property damage associated with floods. To mimic the complex mathematical expressions of physical processes of floods, during the past two decades, machine learning (ML) methods contributed highly in the advancement of prediction systems providing better performance and cost-effective solutions. Due to the vast benefits and potential of ML, its popularity dramatically increased among hydrologists. Researchers through introducing novel ML methods and hybridizing of the existing ones aim at discovering more accurate and efficient prediction models. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate the state of the art of ML models in flood prediction and to give insight into the most suitable models. In this paper, the literat...

Abstrak Punca kejadian banjir di sesebuah lembangan saliran adalah disebabkan oleh ketidakupayaan alur sungai untuk menampung pertambahan input luahan yang berterusan pada satu-satu masa. Kejadian seperti ini terhasil apabila berlaku perubahan guna tanah akibat peningkatan kegiatan pembangunan yang pesat di sesuatu kawasan. Lembangan Sungai Menggatal adalah antara lembangan sungai yang tidak terlepas daripada proses perubahan guna tanah. Aktiviti pembangunan di lembangan tersebut giat dijalankan sejak tahun 2000 hingga kini. Implikasi daripada kegiatan ini boleh mengakibatkan berlakunya peningkatan fenomena banjir kilat. Hal ini disebabkan aktiviti pembangunan telah mengakibatkan perubahan ciri-ciri guna tanah yang secara tidak langsung telah mengganggu sistem hidrologi lembangan tersebut. Oleh itu, dua objektif kajian telah disasarkan, iaitu mengenal pasti kesan aktiviti pembangunan terhadap kejadian banjir di Lembangan Sungai Menggatal dan mengenal pasti langkah mitigasi yang telah dilaksanakan berdasarkan tempoh masa penggunaannya. Bagi mencapai objektif yang telah ditetapkan, beberapa jenis kaedah kajian telah digunakan. Kaedah tersebut merangkumi kerja lapangan, pemerhatian, kaedah tinjauan, analisis GIS dan analisis rational method. Hasil analisis GIS menunjukkan wujudnya perubahan jenis guna tanah hutan kepada jenis guna tanah bukan hutan seperti guna tanah bandar dan kawasan terbuka. Dapatan ini adalah berdasarkan kajian perbandingan dalam tempoh sepuluh tahun (1998 – 2008). Didapati perubahan tersebut telah menyebabkan berlakunya peningkatan pada tepu bina lembangan, penyahutanan, hakisan dan pemendapan. Selain itu, hasil kajian yang diperoleh daripada kaedah tinjauan mendapati terdapat sembilan jenis kaedah mitigasi banjir telah dijalankan. Lima daripadanya adalah pengurusan oleh kerajaan, sementara selebihnya adalah daripada penduduk kampung. Kata kunci: Pembangunan, perubahan guna tanah, mitigasi banjir, banjir.

Workshop booklet for participants at the 2018 Floodplain Management Australia National Conference. The learning outcomes of the workshop were to:
• understand the potential use of community engagement in the floodplain management process
• practise a range of community engagement methods suitable to the floodplain management process
• design a community engagement plan
• communicate flood information in non-technical terms for a community audience

Mumbai city having an area of 437 sq km with a population of 12 million came to a complete halt due to the unprecedented rainfall of 944 mm during the 24 hours starting on 26 th July 2005; with 380 mm falling in just 3 hours between 14:30 to 17:30 and hourly rainfall exceeding 190 mm/hr. The severity of flood was such that it took 447 lives in Mumbai alone. The financial cost of flood was unprecedented and affected the entire commercial, trading, and industrial activity for 3 days. The present study uses the HEC-HMS 3.4 (Hydrologic Engineering Centre's-Hydrologic Modeling System) and HEC-RAS 4.0 (Hydrologic Engineering Centre's-River Analysis System). The flow and water surface depth have been simulated for various flood scenarios using the model HEC-HMS 3.4 and HEC-RAS 4.0 respectively for rainfall intensities varying from 25 mm/hr to 200 mm/hr in increment of 25 mm/hr. Runoff and water surface depth at a key location of Mithi River have been obtained for various combination of overflow of lakes. The simulation result shows maximum peak increases by 25% when both lakes are overflowing. The water depth also increases by 10% in case of both lakes are overflowing. Sensitivity analysis shows 3% increase in peak runoff and 25% decrease in time to peak for each 5% increase in percentage of impervious area. Accordingly this study can be used in flood forecasting for various rainfall scenarios, sustainable development and flood management plans of Mithi River catchment. The Fig 5 shows the distribution of land use cover map of the Mithi River catchment.

Cultural heritage has always been exposed to the risks and threats of natural disasters. Whereas preventive mitigation strategies are predominantly aimed at protecting the population and its material assets, their practical measures have side effects: they pose new risks or may even do harm to the environment and to the often fragile structures and landscapes which constitute our built heritage.
Now, however, the intangible values of cultural heritage are being increasingly recognized by cities and regions, though, defying quantification, they cannot be easily weighed against material values or against the cost of mitigation projects (Quarantelli 2003). In a nationwide comparative study conflicts and compromises
between safety and authenticity, protection and preservation, have been addressed and practical approaches discussed (Lieske, Schmidt and Will 2012). This study is outlined in the following.

'Chekkodu' signifies the home reborn from the clay.
Cheru in malayalam means Clay and the Koodu means Home.

Both historic and recent natural events continue to reveal weaknesses in the capacity and capability of buildings to respond and cope with natural events such as flooding. The subject of this paper is both topical and significant because the prevailing approach continues to overlook this fundamental factor for resilience, in favour of larger scale technocratic, infrastructure solutions. Recent examples have however shown that levees, dams and dikes do fail, so resilient buildings should be considered as part of a comprehensive climate change and environmental management strategy. Integrated design for resilience is a process that engages design, planning, engineering, social and political solutions to proactively deliver an effective and usable built environment. It offers a coherent framework for the collaborative and holistic design, delivery and management of building-level resilience at both the macro and micro scale. This paper presents the case study and evaluation, the multi-variant components and benefits thereof, of the integrated design approach for resilience. It concludes with a series of practical design recommendations for resilience and scope for further research.

This research represents about the mitigation measures of flood and drought for Ayeyarwady Basin. The objective of this study is to propose the mitigation effect of flood and drought in Ayeyarwady Basin. In this study, flood vulnerable areas for Ayeyarwady Basin are assessed by using Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model, GIS and Remote Sensing technique. Landuse classification map (2014 year) is extracted from Google Earth Engine based on land satellite LANDSAT-7 data and then Curve Number (CN) grid map is developed. Landuse classification in year 2014, the closed forest is found as about 48.9% and deciduous forest is about 26.3% of Ayeyarwady Basin. After delineating the flood plain area in HEC-RAS, the flood map for Ayeyarwady basin is developed by using Arc-GIS. The flood area by using 2014 landuse classification is 10414.18 km 2 and the flooded regions are part of Mandalay, Sagaing, Monywa, Pakokku, Magway, Yaynanchaung and Thayet. According to the landuse classification in 2000 year, closed forest is 62.8% and deciduous forest is 28.05%. The flooded area is about 7081.03 km 2. According to these scenarios, it is found that flooded area can be reduced about 32% due to forestation. For the spatial characterization of drought, Spatial interpolation (Spline) method in Geographic Information System (GIS) is used to generate drought severity maps. According to the drought severity map and severity values, Aunglan, Magway and Nyaungoo are the most severity regions and which are considered as pilot regions in this study. Two scenarios of rainwater harvesting are proposed to mitigate the drought severity area. In the first scenario, rainwater is collected from the roof top and stored in the storage tank. The average maximum monthly collected rainwater per house hold for three types of roofing area are 4.423 m 3 , 13.539 m 3 and 27.214 m 3 respectively. The second scenario is to recharge the rainwater volume directly over the different types of landuse area and soil group. As a result, the recharge volume for Aunglan, Magway and Nyaungoo regions are 530.85 Mm 3 /year, 219.312 Mm 3 /year and 224.863 Mm 3 /year respectively. Finally, these scenarios are proposed to mitigate the effect of flood and drought in Ayeyarwady Basin.

Tulisan ini berusaha mengupas tentang perubahan daya dukung sumber daya air Kota
Surakarta yang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan bentuk dan struktur Kota Surakarta setelah
mengalami berbagai peristiwa sejarah dari masa ke masa. Metode penelitian dilakukan
dengan pendekatan studi pustaka yang berasal dari penelitan, riset akademisi tentang Kota
Surakarta, dan beberapa sumber sejarah(babad Sala, peta lama, catatan sejarah
perkotaan). Temuan utama dari studi pengaruh perkembangan kota terhadap daya dukung
sumber daya air Kota Surakarta tahun 1500-2017 adalah adanya fenomena urban sprawl
pada perkembangan Kota Surakarta yang berpengaruh terhadap penurunan daya dukung
sumber daya air Kota Surakarta. Parameter daya dukung sumber daya air dari keterbatasan
data yang ada adalah jaringan drainase. Perkembangan Kota Surakarta yang mengarah
pada urban sprawl sebenarnya sudah terjadi sejak awal tahun 1755-1945 yang dipicu oleh
adanya Keraton Kasunanan dan masuknya pegaruh kolonialisme Hindia-Belanda. Urban
sprawl semakin terlihat ketika masa pembangunan pasca kemerdekaan yang dimana
pembangunan Kota Surakarta mengacu kepada pemerintah pusat. Adanya fenomena
tersebut nampaknya tidak disadari oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat Kota Surakarta,
sehingga pada kurun waktu tahun 2000-2017 bencana banjir semakin sering terjadi.
Peningkatan interval banjir Kota Surakarta dewasa ini merupakan salah satu akibat dan
penanda turunnya daya dukung sumber daya air Kota Surakarta. Pada dasarnya banjir
merupakan salah satu masalah Kota Surakarta dalam hal daya dukung lingkungan,
khususnya daya dukung sumber daya air. Pada akhirnya akumulasi permasalahan kota
tersebut menjadikan Kota Surakarta pada masa mendatang akan semmakinn memasuki
masa ke arah decline, sehingga perlu dicarikan grand-design perkotaan yang sustainable.

Urban flooding is an inevitable problem for many cities around the world. In the present paper, modelling approaches and principles for analyses of urban flooding are outlined. The paper shows how urban flooding can be simulated by onedimensional hydrodynamic modelling incorporating the interaction between (i) the buried pipe system, (ii) the streets (with open channel flow) and (iii) the areas flooded with stagnant water. The modelling approach is generic in the sense that it handles both urban flooding with and without flood water entry into houses. In order to visualize flood extent and impact, the modelling results are presented in the form of flood inundation maps produced in GIS. In this paper, only flooding from local rainfall is considered together with the impact in terms of flood extent, flood depth and flood duration. Finally, the paper discusses the data requirement for verification of urban flood models together with an outline of a simple cost function for estimation of the cost of the flood damages.

The Kosi River which is one of the largest tributaries of the river Ganges is infamous for floods, thus causes huge losses in terms of both life and property. India, after Bangladesh, is the second in the world in loss due to floods, thus accounting for one-fifth of the deaths due to floods, globally. The Kosi River is considered as the sorrow of Bihar. It is one of the two major tributaries of the river Ganges(the other river being Gandak) draining the plains of north Bihar. Despite a long history of flood control management in the basin for more than 5 decades, this River continues to bring a lot of misery through extensive flooding. Meandering is another bizarre behaviour of this river which have shifted laterally about 112 km westward in the last 250 years. Due to this, the river which previously flowed near Purnea in the 18th century is now flowing to the west of Saharsa. The meandering behaviour of the Kosi River has wasted an area of about 1,295 Sq. Km of land in Nepal and about 7,770 Sq. Km of land in Bihar, resulting in sand deposition. This wasted land was considered as the garden of Bihar and it was renowned for its rice-field and orchards. In the course of shifting it has wiped out many towns and villages inflicting heavy losses of human, cattle life and property. The present paper presents an overview of the behaviour of River Kosi and its shifting pattern in its total reach with a focus on the structural and non-structural works carried out in this connection so far.

This is conceptual note on the design of roof elements, truss and purlins for Basement + Ground + 4 Apartment Building in the city of Debre Berhan, North Shewa, the Amhara region of Ethiopia. It sheds light on the structural concepts, computations as well as analysis and design of components of roof against wind loads & other major forces under consideration.

River flooding causes several human and financial casualties. It is necessary to perform research studies and implement subsequent actions consistent with the nature of the river. In order to reduce flood damage, floodplain zoning maps and river cross-sectional boundaries are important to nonstructural measures in planning and optimizing utilization of the areas around the river. Due to the complex behavior of the rivers during floods, computer modeling is the most efficient tool with the least possible cost to study and simulate the behavior of the rivers. In this study, one-dimensional model Hydrologic Engineering Centers—River Analysis System and two-dimensional model CCHE2D were used to simulate the flood zoning in the Sungai Maka district in Kelantan state, Malaysia. The results of these two models in most sections approximately match. Most differences in the results were in the shape of the river.