Habsburg Empire

Izložba Etnografski muzej-palača s potpisom organizira se povodom završetka obnove Etnografskog muzeja kojom je rekonstruirana dekoracija pročelja ove građevine. Jedina u secesijskom stilu namjenski podignuta muzejska zgrada u Hrvatskoj time je dobila izgled koji joj je podario njezin arhitekt Vjekoslav Bastl početkom 20. stoljeća. Cilj je ove izložbe prikazati, s jedne strane, povijest izgradnje zgrade koja je prvotno udomljavala Trgovačko-obrtnički muzej, a s druge njezinu recentnu obnovu kroz arhivske projekte, stare fotografije, fotografsku i drugu dokumentaciju te artefakte.

La nobleza austriaca (Österreichischer Adel) presenta en su formación similitudes con la nobleza germánica del Sacro Romano Imperio, al que Austria perteneció durante largos siglos (1273/1806). Sin embargo, se diferencia esencialmente de ella en que en Austria solo hubo un ente soberano, el Duque y después Archiduque, en el que durante siglos recayó también la corona imperial. El Archiduque era la máxima autoridad y a él debía lealtad toda la nobleza austriaca, ya que no existieron nunca dentro de sus tierras entes dotados de soberanía propia, como era frecuente en otras partes del Imperio.La antigua nobleza de cuño feudal dependía de él por un pacto de vasallaje, mientras que él tenía la exclusividad de crear nuevos nobles mediante una Adelsbrief (Carta de Nobleza). Así se sucedieron los ennoblecimientos desde 1453 a 1918

This volume studies the evolution of Romanian nationalism in Transylvania from the late 19th century to the 1930s, examining the thought and the action of politicians and intellectuals who first attempted to preserve the Romanian national identity in the context of the Habsburg Empire and then, with the constitution of Greater Romania in 1918, adapted their nationalism to the new institutional situation, at the same time being influenced by the events that were developing in the rest of Europe: the Bolshevik revolution, the post-war socio-economic contradictions, the birth of the fascist movements.
The study of the Transylvanian case allows to deepen some peculiar dynamics of modern nationalism, capable of drastically modifying its own ideological points of reference, despite the persistence of a strong core centered on the idea of ​​the primacy of the nation, and therefore capable of adhere to the most diverse political expressions of modernity: from liberalism to democracy, from ethnic radicalism to ethnocratic totalitarianism.

"Megaleh Temirin (Revealer of Secrets), ed. Jonatan Meir, Three volumes, Mosad Bialik, Jerusalem

Megaleh Temirin (Revealer of Secrets), first published in Vienna in 1819, is one of the sharpest and wittiest pieces of Jewish literature written in the first half of the nineteenth century, and is perhaps the most important piece of Hebrew prose composed before the stories of Mendele Mocher Seforim. A sly and complex story deriding Hasidism and Hasidim, it is told through the correspondence between the beadles of Hasidic courts and contemporary rabbis, and it presents a dark picture of  avaricious frauds and swindlers whose main concern was control over territory and the souls of believers, a goal achieved by beguiling the authorities and attacking all opponents. Perl lends his book a ‘Hasidic’ feel both in its physical design and in its language, presenting a Maskilic version of In Praise of the Ba’al Shem Tov that lays Hasidism bare so that no reader will ever be able to look at that, or any other Hasidic book, in the same way again. In addition to the book’s satiric sting, which would have been enough to bring its readers a dual pleasure, Perl’s hints at contemporary people and places, hidden within anagrams and numerological tricks. With the unraveling of these clues, which also include the use of actual Hasidic sources, the book is a valuable, contemporary view of historical reality. A meticulous reading of the book may therefore open a window on the hidden worlds of Hasidism and the Haskalah at the start of the nineteenth century.


The first volume (Imagined Hasidism) serves as an introduction to the complex satirical writings of Josef Perl of Tarnopol (1773-1839). At the center of the book stands an analysis of the satires, Megaleh Temirin (1819) and Bochen Tzadik (1838), including a systematic treatment of the ‘characters’ in the central works and a discussion of the dozens of manuscripts to be found in the Perl Archive in Jerusalem. Perl’s writings are analyzed here in the fuller context of Hebrew and Yiddish literature in general and Maskilic and Hasidic literature in particular, as well as other polemical writings and governmental records critical of Hasidism. The study thus presents a complex and nuanced picture of the relationship between literature and history, between the anti-Hasidic reports and the more complicated historical reality, and lays the groundwork for further research into the genre of nineteenth-century Maskilic satire.

The second and third volumes (Megaleh Temirin) present for the first time an annotated edition of Megaleh Temirin. It is based on the first edition and the scattered manuscripts and it includes a comparison to its Yiddish translation. The book is accompanied by appendices on its origins and contents, including fundamental treatments of several passages: an explication of the encoded names, the Hasidic sources used by the author, and the variants found in the manuscripts and in the only edition of the book in Yiddish.

The editor of the book, Professor Jonatan Meir, teaches in the Goldstein-Goren Department of Jewish Thought at Ben-Gurion University. He has published several articles on the Haskalah of Eastern Europe, Hasidism, and a number of varied topics in twentieth-century Kabbalah.


Contents

Volume 1  - Critical Edition

Concerning this edition
Key personalities
Sefer Megale Temirin – Critical Edition


Volume 2 - Appendixes:
1. Glossary, Abbreviations, Acronyms
2. Explanation of the Speaking Names
3. Perl’s Hasidic Sources
4. Manuscripts of Sefer Megale Temirin
5. Yiddish Introduction to Sefer Megale Temirin
Bibliographic Abbreviations

-------------------------------
Reviews:
(1) Dan Meron, 2013, ‘Megaleh Temirin’, Kivunim Hadashim 29, 55 pages (Hebrew)
(2) David Assaf, 2014, ‘Hasidim will not Read it but Tear it’, Haaretz, Tarbut ve-Sifrut, p .6 (Hebrew) http://onegshabbat.blogspot.co.il/2014/04/blog-post_18.html
(3) Eliezer Brodt, 2014, 'New book Announcement- Megale Temirin', The Seforim Blog http://seforim.blogspot.co.il/2014/01/new-book-announcement-megale-temirin.html
(4) Matan Hermoni, 2014,  הסבתא המופקרת של הספרות העבריתHaaretz, Sfarim (Hebrew) http://www.haaretz.co.il/.premium-1.2382365
(5) Shinichi Yamamoto, 2015, 山本　伸一, "ヨナタン・メイール編著『想像のハシディズム』", ユダヤ・イスラエル研究　第28号  http://www.waseda.jp/assoc-jsjs/jistudies.html
(6) David Biale and David Assaf,, 2015, 'Revealer Revealed', Jewish Review of Books, pp. 17-21  http://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/1454/revealer-revealed/
(7) Hillel Halkin, 2015, "Sex, Magic, Bigotry, Corruption- and the First Hebrew Novel', Mosaic Magazine,  http://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2015/05/sex-magic-bigotry-corruption-and-the-first-hebrew-novel/
(8) Tomer Persico, 2015, "Interview", Lula'at haEl Blog, http://tomerpersico.com/2015/08/10/meir_perl/

On Sissi in Italian literature. Draft of the article published in Elisabetta d’Austria, Trieste e l’Italia, Monfalcone, Edizioni della Laguna, 2000 [ISBN 88-8345-043-4] (and later published in Elisabetta d’Austria e l’Italia, Monfalcone, Edizioni della Laguna, 2001 [ISBN - 88-8345-055-8])

In the early twentieth century, three provinces of the Austrian half of the Habsburg Empire enacted national compromises in their legislation that had elements of non-territorial autonomy provisions. Czech and German politicians in Moravia reached an agreement in 1905. In the heavily mixed Bukovina, Romanian, Ukrainian, German, Jewish and Polish representatives agreed on a new provincial constitution in 1909. Last but not least, Polish and Ukrainian nationalists compromised in spring 1914, just a few months before the outbreak of the First World War vitiated the new provisions. Even though the provisions of these agreements varied substantially, new electoral laws introducing national registers were at their heart. These were designed to ensure a fairer representation of national groups in the provincial assemblies and to keep national agitation out of electoral campaigns. The earliest compromise in Moravia went furthest in consociational power sharing. However, the national bodies within the provincial assembly had no right to tax their respective national communities, and the provisions of the provincial constitutions kept the non-nationally defined nobility as an important counterbalance. The compromises in Bukovina and Galicia, even if they categorised all inhabitants nationally, contented themselves with even less autonomous agency for the national bodies in the provincial assemblies and rather emphasised the symbolic elements of national autonomy. The non-territorial approach in all three crownlands, however, was an instrument to reorganise multi-ethnic provinces that increasingly became the model for national compromises in other Austrian provinces.

Tekst govori o povijesti izgradnje i opremanja župne crkve Imena Marijina u osječkom Donjem gradu u 18. stoljeću na temelju arhivskih, kartografskih, grafičkih i drugih izvora. Istraživanjima se pokazalo da je današnja građevina podignuta tijekom dviju građevinskih kampanja na mjestu starije crkve iz 1714. Sjeverni dio, zvonik s korom, podignut je između 1758. i 1763., a potom je 1768. – 1775. uslijedilo podizanje broda i svetišta. Stilsko rješenje arhitekture crkve, ponajprije zvonika i zapadnog pročelja, povezuje se s mogućim uzorima u baroknoj arhitekturi Italije i Srednje Europe, a opremanje s djelokrugom umjetnika-obrtnika koji su sredinom i u drugoj polovini 18. stoljeća radili u Osijeku. U tekstu se donosi niz imena raznih umjetnika koji su radili za donjogradsku crkvu koji se do sada u literaturi nisu vezali uz ovu građevinu (graditelj Joseph Hatzinger, kipari Georg Egger i Joseph Erdt, stolari Heinrich Kessler i Thomas Firtler, slikar Franciscus Antonius Witz).

For the marriage of Francesco I de’ Medici and Johanna of Austria in 1565, Vasari and his assistants decorated the first courtyard of Palazzo Vecchio with frescos depicting cities in the Habsburg Empire. Subsequent uncertainty about the number and identification of the scenes can be resolved with the help of a travel journal by the Governor of the Tyrol, who was present at the wedding.

What is the relationship between ethnic diversity and sovereign territoriality? Central Europe was a bustling laboratory for this question both before and after the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire. The notion of minority rights overseen by an international organization like the League of Nations was one of the most striking innovations of the interwar international order. From the perspective of Central European activists, scholars, and politicians, however, this system emerged as just one possible response to an older problem concerning the form of rights and jurisdiction best suited to a region in which different ethnicities, languages, and religions were densely intermingled. In fact, various thinkers had developed a number of bold proposals that sought to redefine the relationship between rights and territory by forming national jurisdictions and communities on a corporate-and thus non-territorial-basis. This chapter traces the emergence of 'non-territorial autonomy' , as this idea is referred to by scholars today, in the multinational Habsburg state and its translation into the area of interwar minority protection.

Previous research of the Marča-Union in Serbian and Croatian historiography has tried to resolve this issue within the framework of broader macro-Serbo-Croatian relations, often neglecting the local micro-level, ie. personal relations of individuals, but also the religious beliefs of the 17th century. At the same time, previous research mostly focused on the 18th century and incidents during the reign of Maria Theresa. This article is dedicated to the very beginning of the Union of Marča and the motives of Bishop Simeon for its acceptance by analyzing the available archival material. The available archival material shows that the motives of Bishop Simeon were primarily of a personal nature, caused by good personal relations with the representatives of the Zagreb diocese, as well as personal religious beliefs, as evidenced by various archives. Furthermore, it has been shown that the open and systematic pressure on the Diocese of Marča and the Orthodox „Grenzer“ by the Catholic Church begins after the signing of the union, and not before, as some researchers previously suspected.

The satirical writings of Lucian of Samosata had a tremendous influence on the literature of the Eastern European Haskalah, shaping its criticism of the burgeoning Hasidic movement in the nineteenth century as if there were no gap between it and the Roman Empire of the second century. Lucian’s criticism of false prophets, self-proclaimed philosophers, and common fools and frauds, like his satirical dialogues with the world of the dead, provided the perfect model for those Maskilim who opposed the revelations of the Hasidic movement in both theological and social realms. One particularly salient testimony to the classical satirist’s influence is the astounding translation of his story “Alexander the False Prophet” by the Maskilic writer Meir Letteris, the first translation of Lucian’s work into Hebrew. The translation, printed in full below, was based on the German edition of Christoph Martin Wieland and published in the journal Ha-Tsefirah, which Letteris edited in 1823. As with every translation, it is a new product, shaped in and by its own context. This essay discusses the tendencies and apparent goals of the translator, the additions and omissions he made to the text, and the influence of Lucian’s satirical style on the Haskalah.

The figure of the renegade—a European Christian or Jew who had converted to Islam and was now serving the Ottoman sultan—is omnipresent in all genres produced by those early modern Christian Europeans who wrote about the Ottoman Empire. As few contemporaries failed to remark, converts were disproportionately represented among those who governed, administered, and fought for the sultan. Unsurprisingly, therefore, renegades have attracted considerable attention from historians of Europe as well as students of European literature. Until very recently, however, Ottomanists have been surprisingly silent on the presence of Christian-European converts in the Ottoman military-administrative elite.

'The Sultan’s Renegades' inserts these ‘foreign’ converts into the context of Ottoman elite life to reorient the discussion of these individuals away from the present focus on their exceptionality, towards a qualified appreciation of their place in the Ottoman imperial enterprise and the Empire’s relations with its neighbours in Christian Europe. Drawing heavily on Central European sources, this study highlights the deep political, religious, and cultural entanglements between the Ottoman Empire and Christian Europe beyond the Mediterranean Basin as the ‘shared world’ par excellence. The existence of such trans-imperial subjects is not only symptomatic of the Empire’s ability to attract and integrate people of a great diversity of backgrounds, it also illustrates the extent to which the Ottomans participated in processes of religious polarization usually considered typical of Christian Europe in this period. Nevertheless, Christian Europeans remained ambivalent about those they dismissed as apostates and traitors, frequently relying on them for support in the pursuit of familial and political interests.

This work aims to provide an objective portrait of Emperor Karl I and an analysis of his early reign in order to help determine his responsibility in the collapse of AustriaHungary and to fill the gap in a historiography distorted by both hagiography and underestimation. This thesis examines Karl’s character, education, ability, outlook and ambitions prior to his enthronement in November 1916, and his attempts in the following six months to revive political life, implement administrative and constitutional reform and bring about national reconciliation in Cisleithania. The Bohemian lands, and in particular the Czech-German conflict, constitute the main focus of this study, although developments among Poles, Ukrainians and South Slavs are also considered. Since Karl’s chief concern was nevertheless the conclusion of peace, foreign policy – in any case inextricably bound to domestic issues in the Habsburg Monarchy – is also given due attention. The examination of Karl’s pre-war years reveals a not unpromising young man. His short heirship, however, involved only a perfunctory introduction to statecraft, leaving him lacking in preparation and experience. Yet, contrary to popular belief, Karl was not a blank slate; nor was he without his prejudices. Upon his accession to the throne, although he enjoyed a remarkably free hand, he threw in his lot with the German nationalists. After four months, however, he – or rather his foreign minister – retreated under the influence of the Russian Revolution and of the
American entry into the war. Karl then recalled parliament but did not have the resolve, courage, skill or support to build on this initiative. Offered no prospects, the political representatives of the Slav nationalities radicalized behind the scenes. With the reopening of the House, the irreversible extent of their disenchantment and estrangement burst to the fore. Although Karl finally sought to embark on a new course, his resolve again faltered and his half-hearted efforts bore no fruit. Largely as a result of his earlier mistakes and vacillation, the chance had, in any case, already passed.

The earthquake that hit Zagreb on 9th November 1880 was one of the most important breakpoints in the history of architecture and urban planning of the city. It was estimated that in its epicenter, which was northeast of Zagreb, earthquake was of magnitude 6.2 on the Richter scale. Barely any building in the city remained undamaged, and many buildings had to be completely removed due to the danger of collapse. On third day after the tragic event, Zagreb photographers began photographing significantly damaged or destroyed buildings. Otto Dasch made the first photographs and was soon after followed by other esteemed Zagreb photographers: Hinko Krapek, Gjuro Varga, Hermann Fickert and Johann (Ivan) Standl. Photographers played a key role in disseminating visual information about the earthquake, which was the only event that enticed a rather great interest of the world press for the Croatian capital in the second half of the 19th century. Although the earthquake did not have catastrophic effects, early reports of the majority of German, Hungarian, French, Italian, English and Slovenian dailies were rather unreliable, and often replete with exaggeration. The news appearing after the primary fear toned down, was completely contrary to the previous reports in that they minimized the damage. The aforementioned photographers thus tried with their photos to contribute to the objective view of the situation. However, they shot almost only those buildings which were most severely damaged by the earthquake, not so much because they wanted to overemphasize the scale of the destruction but because such scenes were the most interesting for the audiences. That was the same reason illustrated magazines from different parts of the world published images showing the most damaged buildings. During 1881, three albums were made which showed photographs of the earthquake damaged buildings. Two of them contain works of Standl and Fickert respectively, while the third album is a collection of works by four photographers: Standl, Fickert, Varga and Dasch. Standl's album “Photographs of the Zagreb Earthquake“ is characterised by a great quality of photos. It contains 25 works which were mostly commissioned by the Yugoslav (today Croatian) Academy of Sciences and Arts where Standl worked as an official photographer. Academy's Institute for Mathematics and Physics started gathering information about the earthquake in mid-November, at the same time when Standl was commissioned to take photographs of damaged buildings. The aim was to keep memory on the earthquake and to facilitate its scientific research. Standl’s album has been preserved in a rather large number of copies in various public institutions (archives, museums) and in private collections. Contrary to Standl, Fickert created his album “Memories on the Zagreb earthquake on 9th November 1880“ through his personal efforts and initiative. Each buyer of the album could choose 15 photographs from Fickert's collection and thereby create his or her own album, which consequently led to the creation of several different compilations of Fickert's works. The album containing the works of all three photographs bears the title “Photos of the Zagreb Earthquake on 9th November 1888“. It was created most likely due to the efforts of a public institution, probably the Zagreb City Council. Its special value lies in the photographs taken by Gjuro Varga which show damaged buildings on Zagreb's main city square. The aim of this presentation is an analysis of the creation and content of the photos from the albums and an attempt to present the ways in which the photos influenced the formation of the event’s image.

Il grande stendardo in damasco riporta lo stemma imperiale degli Asburgo e il Cristo Crocefisso. In base al recente restauro, il raro manufatto è da considerare una copia parziale di quello conferito nel 1604 da Rodolfo d'Asburgo al conte Tomaso Caprioli quale governatore della Transilvania. Meritano inoltre attenzione il ritratto equestre e il sontuoso cenotafio realizzato nella chiesa cittadina di Santa Maria delle Grazie, prossima al palazzo della famiglia..

During the 16th century, several European states were regularly engaged in forming an anti-Ottoman alliance. The goal was to cooperate in the elimination of the Ottoman power and expansion in Europe. In addition, traditional European members of the anti-Ottoman league (the Papal State, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, the Venetian Republic) were counting on the help of the Eastern empires such as the Tsardom of Muscovy (Russia) and the Safavid Persia. In connection with this policy, Habsburg-Safavid diplomatic relations continued to develop. In the second half of the 1580s and 1590s, the Tsardom of Muscovy began to play an important mediating role in the context of Habsburg-Persian relations. An illustrative case is the presented study, which deals with the missions of Habsburg envoy Nicholas von Warkostch and the Safavid (Persian) envoy Haji Khosrow to the court of the Russian Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich in 1593. This issue is examined against the background of a broader international politics and diplomacy in the second half of the 1580s and the beginning of 1590s. Regarding their missions to the Russian tsar, both envoys took advantage of their mutual presence at the Muscovite court and through the mediation of Boris Godunov managed to arrange a meeting where they negotiated the possibility of the formation of an anti-Ottoman alliance. The analysis of the preserved archival and published documents concerning the above-mentioned missions reveals the goals and attitudes of all negotiating parties (Habsburgs, Persia, and Muscovy) in relation to the creation of an anti-Ottoman alliance.

After an introduction devoted to the mechanisms of Habsburg administration during the period of restauration, with a focus on but not restricted to Dalmatia, the book offers the critical edition of a major administrative source from the period. In his both vivid and sharp-sightened report to emperor Francis I., Dalmatia's governor Wenzel Vetter Graf von Lilienberg not only described his province and its existing potential on the fringes of the Habsburg Empire, but also intra-adminstrative conflicts between the decision making centers in Vienna and Zadar, and a need for further public investment into the Empire's periphery. -  A Croatian version of the book, put together in co-authorship with Marko Trogrlic (University of Split), was published in the same year 2015 by Leykam International publisher house, Zagreb.

Luigi F. Marsigli (1658-1730) was a descendant of a noble family of Bologna, adventurer and soldier, virtuoso and erudite, who drew much intelligence and versatility. This paper will attempt to present a historical reconstruction and brief presentation of the scientific work of the polymath and also a review of his capital work Danubius Pannonico-Mysicus, which talks about the Danube. The research was inspired first, a meager fund of data in Serbian and Yugoslav historiography. Analysis of historical sources in consultation with the synthesis of existing research of my opinion in the work, will give a new result and a new assessment of the work of Count Marsigli.

The Dutch diplomat Jacobus Colyer is a relatively unknown figure within Dutch historiography, in contrast to the international historiography in which his name often appears. However, no monograph has been written about him. Colyer was appointed ambassador in 1688 with the main diplomatic task of resolving the conflict between the Habsburg Emperor Leopold I and Sultan Mustafa II and reducing French influence at the Turkish court. The general question in this research is: How did Jacobus Colyer successfully fulfill his role as a diplomat in the conclusion of the Treaty of Karlowitz, in collaboration with his English colleagues? In addition to Alexander de Groot's standard work from 1978, which was revised in 2012, Wouter Troost only published a book in 2014 that deals with this aspect of the Dutch history. 1 Cornelis Haga became the first Dutch ambassador to the Sublime Porte in 1612 during the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648). Within all these events, Colyer is completely ignored, as he played a crucial role in the future of the Ottoman Empire and Europe. 2 Jacobus Colyer Colyer was born in 1657 and was baptized in the Waals-Hervormde Kerk on February 18. It is unknown whether he was also born on February 18. He is the second son of Justinus Colyer and Maria Engelbert and has two sisters and four brothers, including Alexander, who is

The article is about the work of Joseph Hatzinger, son of builder Paul (Pál) Hatzinger from Székesfehérvár (Hungary), and Joseph’s sons Heinrich and Paul. Joseph worked in Osijek and in Slavonia in the second half of the 18th century. In the early 19th century, his older son Heinrich spent almost a decade as a professor at the Genie-Akademie (Military Academy of Engineering) in Vienna and designed two important Early Neoclassical churches at Terezin and Josefov fortresses in Bohemia. His younger son Paul, after a brief period as a lecturer at the Genie-Akademie, worked as an engineer in various parts of the Habsburg Monarchy during the first half of the 19th century, from Galicia, across Dalmatia, to Vienna and Lower Austria in the final phase of his career. Finally, his great-great-grandson Gusztáv Kasper, the grandson of Paul Hatzinger Jr, became a Hungarian railway engineer at the turn of the 20th century.

The concept of the civilizing mission has been generally associated with a justification of Western colonialism. The main premise of the civilizing mission lies in the conviction that improving the world depends on including as many non-Europeans as possible in the achievements of the so-called superior “Western civilization.”  My goal is to show how the concept of the civilizing mission – once used in the colonial politics of Western empires – was transferred in various ways to another geographical area, namely in East-Central Europe: both as an intellectual idea and as a tool for legitimizing political power.  I will demonstrate various strategies through which members of the German, Polish, and Ukrainian intelligentsia transferred, appropriated, contested and internalized the civilizing missions directed towards them by other European empires. East-Central European “enlightened” elites developed a hierarchy of inferiority and superiority in relation to the West; accordingly, Eastern Europe became a single unit only in the eyes of Westerners.

The chapel of St Peter and Paul in Zagreb`s central cemetery Mirogoj belongs to a group of the most interesting sacral buildings erected in Croatia`s capital at the end of the 19th century. It is one of the first monumental mausoleums ever built outside the Mirogoj`s arcades and one of the fi nest works by the architect Herman Bollé in his version of the neo-Byzantine style. It was erected in 1891 to serve as lieutenant general Petar Kukulj`s mausoleum by his widow Judita. Petar Kukulj was an Austro Hungarian field-marshal. Since such mausoleums were used by a small number of worshippers, there was no need to make them large. Moreover, the locations where they were going to be built were often very limited in order to leave more space for the cemetery. Therefore, during historicism such cemetery chapels were often erected as centrally planned buildings whether the mausoleums in question were Catholic, Orthodox, Evangelical or Jewish. Hence, Bollé was provided with an opportunity to practice designing centrally planned neo-Byzantine buildings. Since he had been working for the Orthodox Church he was mostly compelled to restore earlier buildings and build new ones of a longitudinal plan which could facilitate a greater number of believers. On those churches he hadn’t had a chance to build domes. The chapel of St Peter and Paul at Mirogoj cemetery is one of the Bollé`s most signifi cant neo-Byzantine centrally planned domed buildings. Looking at his work, we can see that Bollé`s neo-Byzantine style is infl uenced by Byzantine, Romanesque and even Renaissance elements. He also found a great inspiration in late Rundbogenstil (Round-arch style) of Berlin architecture of the 1860s and 1870s. Orthodox bishop Miron Nikolić commended his work in the chapel and it seems that it had convinced him to entrust Bollé with a comprehensive renovation work on his cathedral in Pakrac, as well as some other buildings in Pakrac eparchy (parish church in Bjelovar for example). Thanks to his work on Kukulj chapel and renovation work on parish church of Transfi guration in Zagreb, Bolle was later commissioned to renovate the Orthodox monastery Grgeteg on Fruška Gora, and the Church of Holy Spirit, Ruma, and so on. Immediately after the work in the chapel of St Peter and Paul was fi nished, the walls were painted and the interior was furnished. Zagreb Crafts School professor Josip Bauer is the author of all decorations on the walls and icons on the iconostasis. All the icons were made on a gold background showing Bauer`s relation to the Byzantine art of drawing. The author attended the Academy in Munich. Therefore, compositions of his works are inherently in correlation with the tradition of western painting but there is also a very strong infl uence of the Nazarenes. Bauer was obviously familiar with the orthodox iconography which resulted in numerous commissions by the Orthodox Church in Croatia. The position of icons on the iconostasis follows the usual rules of the Orthodox Church, but still there are some differences. In the bottom line we can see Annunciation in imperial court with icons of enthroned Christ and Virgin by its side. On the side doors we can see Michael the Archangel and Gabriel the Archangel. Saint Peter and Paul, to whom the chapel is dedicated, are painted on the left end of the row and Saint John the Baptist is on the right end. Two central rows of icons on the iconostasis depict the scenes from the life of Christ and Virgin Mary. The top of the iconostasis shows the prophets painted in round medallions and in the central axis we see the crucifixion of the Christ flanked by the Virgin Mary and Saint John the Baptist) painted above the icons showing the Holy Trinity and God the Father. Herman Bolle is the author of the design for the iconostasis as well as the entire chapel project. The estimated cost of the chapel was 14.000 forints (28.000 krones) which was a substantial amount in that time.

In der vorliegenden Studie werden einige tschechische Literaturfiguren sowie Figuren der deutschsprachigen Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts aus den böhmischen Ländern mit ihrem kultur-und mythenbildenden Potential für das kollektive Gedächtnis des Landes in Bezug auf den Ersten Weltkrieg (1914) und die Figur des Thronfolgers Franz Ferdinand (vor allem bei L. Winder) analysiert. Es wird aufgezeigt, dass eine breitere Resonanz außerhalb der literarischen Narrativik für die 1. Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts der bereits auch weithin international bekannten Švejk-Figur vorbehalten bleibt. Für die 2. Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts scheint der mittlerweile installierte poetoludistisch-ikonoklastische Cimrman-Mythos mit wesentlich geringerem Bekanntheitsgrad im Ausland den national-lokalen Kulturraum zu dominieren. Dieser Mythos überdauerte die sog. Normalisierungszeit nach 1968, die Wende von 1989 und die Teilung der Tschechoslowakei (1993) und prägt in nicht unbeträchtlichem Maß das tschechische Selbstverständnis auch weiterhin in der Ära Tschechiens als Nationalstaat und EU-Mitglied (seit 2004). Er sucht dieses Verständnis als dialektische Vereinigung der " Austria-Nostralgie " mit der emanzipatorischen nationalen Idee und die dialektische Aufhebung derselben zu hinterfragen und zu behaupten. 
Der Beitrag zur Konferenz "Der Große Krieg und seine Mythen im Donauraum von 1914 bis 2014" (IDM, Politische Akademie, Karl-Renner-Institut (Im Vergleich zur gedruckten Fassung erweitert und ergänzt), Abschluss des IDM-Forschungsprojektes "Gemeinsame Geschichte? Österreichische und serbische Mythen von 1914 bis 2014).

This book presents a multi-layered analysis of the situation in Central Europe after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The new geopolitics emerging from the Versailles order, and at the same time ongoing fights for borders, considerable war damage, social and economic problems and replacement of administrative staff as well as leaders, all contributed to the fact that unlike Western Europe, Central Europe faced challenges and dilemmas on an unprecedented scale. The editors of this book have invited authors from over a dozen academic institutions to answer the question of to what extent the solutions applied in the Habsburg Monarchy were still practiced in the newly created nation states, and to what extent these new political organisms went their own ways. It offers a closer look at Central Europe with its multiple problems typical of that region after 1918 (organizing the post-imperial space, a new political discourse and attempts to create new national memories, the role of national minorities, solving social problems, and verbal and physical violence expressed in public space). Particular chapters concern post-1918 Central Europe on the local, state and international levels, providing a comprehensive view of this sub-region between 1918 and 1923.

Simplistic notions of understanding human mobility have long burdened migration studies. Often, such notions relied on categorizations imported from state apparatuses. As a result, migration scholars have treated human movements in a binary and exclusive fashion, dividing between seasonal and permanent, legal and illegal, and most notably between internal and international migration. Building on recent scholarship that has challenged these shortcomings, in her most recent book, Annemarie Steidl draws on the area of the Habsburg Empire to demonstrate the complex and multifaceted character of migrations. Steidl, a distinguished migration scholar and professor at the Department of Social and Economic History at the University of Vienna, has chiefly applied quantitative analysis to explain migration history in her numerous publications. Similarly, On Many Routes relies on quantitative methods. It examines Habsburg population censuses to display the complexity of movements within the Habsburg Empire as well as the relocations to European and transoceanic destinations. Steidl convincingly argues that migration patterns were much more entangled and interdependent than migration scholarship has traditionally believed. Therefore, transatlantic, European, and intra-Habsburg migrations were, in reality, not separate phenomena but, rather, interconnected movements. While transatlantic migrations have long been at the center of attention of migration scholars, they represent only a portion of the diverse mobilities that Central Europeans pursued in the nineteenth century. Steidl argues that it was much more common for a subject of the Habsburg Empire to move shorter distances than to take part in European or transoceanic migrations. The perception of mobility has been distorted, however, mainly due to the naturalization of the nation-state perspective. In line with current scholarship, therefore, Steidl proposes to reframe migrations within regional frameworks. She argues that migrations in the late nineteenth century were regionally rather than state dependent. Regions, such as Voralberg extending to Baden and Württemberg to the north, St. Gallen to the west and Trentino and part of Veneto to the south, represented socioeconomic frameworks catering to humans' needs and expectations. In addition, rather than perceiving migrations as definite departures and arrivals, Steidl proposes to examine movements going back-and-forth, therefore not having a definite end in the point of destination. Movements going back-and-forth are a thread linking diverse mobilities presented in the book. While Steidl devotes the first chapter to the study of migrations within Imperial Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, she approaches inter-European mobilities in the second. In the third, she moves on to explore transatlantic migrations. In the fourth, she juxtaposes and compares all types of movements to find new modes of understanding human mobility. In presenting "internal" migrations,

Recent research has questioned the view that that the population of Austria-Hungary consisted of nations, and that conflicts between them were the main cause of its demise. Nationalism was an important basis for group building, but not the only one and not always the most relevant. Wartime developments made it more significant and diminished imperial patriotism. Yet Austria-Hungary did not fall apart because of this. Apart from the Entente decision to dismember it, the crucial cause of its demise was the changed attitude of nationalist politicians, who did not see Austria-Hungary as viable anymore.

The (art) collection of Archduke Ernest of Austria (1553-1595) is widely unknown when it comes to early-modern Habsburg collections. Ernest, younger brother of Emperor Rudolf II (b. 1552) and educated at the Madrid court, was appointed Governor-General of the Netherlands by King Philip II of Spain, his uncle, in summer 1593. Ernest relocated his court from Vienna to Brussels in early 1594 and was welcomed there with lavish festivities: the traditional Blijde Inkomst, Joyous Entry, of the new sovereign. Unfortunately, the archduke died in February 1595 after residing in Brussels for a mere thirteen months. This investigation aims to shed new light on the archduke and his short-lived collecting ambitions in the Low Countries, taking into account that he had the mercantile and artistic metropolis Antwerp in his immediate reach. I argue, that his collecting ambitions can be traced back to one specific occasion: Ernest’s Joyous Entry into Antwerp in June 1594. There the archduke received a series of six paintings of Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525/30-1569) known as The Months (painted in 1565), hanging today in separate locations in Vienna, New York and Prague. These works of art triggered Ernest’s collecting ambitions and prompted him to focus mainly on works of art and artefacts manufactured at or traded within the Netherlands during the last eight months of his lifetime. Additionally, it will be shown that the archduke was inspired by the paintings’ motifs and therefore concentrated on acquiring works of art depicting nature and landscape scenes from the 1560s and 1590s. On the basis of the archduke’s recently published account book (Kassabuch) and of the partially published inventory of his belongings, it becomes clear that Ernest of Austria must be seen in line with the better-known Habsburg collectors and that his specific collection of “the painted Netherlands” can be linked directly to his self-fashioning as a rightful sovereign of the Low Countries.

In the wake of the recent material turn in historical scholarship, the material aspects of early modern diplomacy have begun to receive increasing attention. How was diplomacy funded? What objects were exchanged as part of diplomatic gift giving? Who was deemed important enough to be presented with gifts and at times even with bribes?

The present edition of previously unpublished expenditure accounts from the collection of the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna drawn up by the Imperial ambassadors in Istanbul Joachim von Sinzendorff and Friedrich Preiner provide answers to these and many other questions asked by students of this new diplomatic history. With its extensive index and annotations which focus especially on identifying historical actors—and particularly Ottoman dignitaries—the volume is a helpful resource for historical research as well as teaching.

This article, published in a Festschrift for Professor Elena Mannova, is a new study of the public discourse and vivid imagery that erupted during the Hungarian constitutional crisis of 1905-6. For almost 18 months there was a tense stand-off between the Habsburg monarch, Franz Joseph, and a Coalition of Hungarian parties who presented radical nationalist demands. In exploring what was at stake in this crisis, the article uses new archival sources to focus on the personality and outlook of the prime minister installed by Franz Joseph, Baron Géza Fejérváry. It especially compares the image of Fejérváry pushed in Hungarian satirical journals with the reality behind the scenes.  As such, we uncover the stereotypes which Hungarian nationalists tried to manipulate, and the limits to which they would actually go in 1905-6 in the face of their monarch's opposition. In the end, the article argues, it was Fejérváry who played a key role in partially resolving the crisis, revealing his dual loyalty to both 'Habsburg' and 'Hungary'. Yet the violent rhetoric of this year had a lasting impact on Hungarian political culture, ensuring that there was less space for compromise with socialists or other nationalities in the following decade.