History of Japan

Ayaz Ishaki is one of the most important founding figures of contemporary Tatar language and literature. Ishaki was born on February 23, 1878 in the village of Yawshirme in the Chistay province of Kazan. He was educated firstly by his father, then he continued his education in Chistay and at Madrasah of Kyul Buyi in the Kazan. He studied at Tatar Teacher School and learned Russian language there. Afterwards, he began to create precious works during this period. He produced many newspapers and magazines throughout his life. He wrote about fifty works such as novels, stories and dramas. He died in Ankara on July 22, 1954. As a writer, politician and journalist he had a tendency to Socializm for a while, but the developments did not seem to be what he wanted, then he changed his way over time. The newspaper titled Tercüman, which he read in his youth, laid the foundations of his nationalist and libertarian ideas. Ayaz İshaki, in his book Bay Uġılı (Son of the Rich Family), discusses the rich Tatar families and their viewpoints of life. The novel consists of events that occur around Kerim who is the child of an ignorant but wealthy family. The ignorance of his family, his scholar Fehri’s fraud, the fact that the old-minded people around him transform the concept of religion into a means of exploitation, and bad conditions of Tatar society are the issues discussed in the novel. Ishaki, in this novel, tried to address what should and should not be done to prevent the Tatars from disappearing. In this study, Ishaki’s novel Bay Uġılı was discussed. The religious and nationality phenomena of the novel was examined.

Religious and Political Reforms of Emperor Mimaki.
Part 3: New High Priest of Miwa and Arrangement of Yamato Cults

Abstract: The religious and political reforms of the early Yamato period remain largely understudied in Russian historical science. This article describes the cult standardization and the changes of the Miwa high priesthood that took place during the reign of Emperor Sūjin, also known as Emperor Mimaki (Sujin, 324–331 AD [corrected chronology]). The High Priestess of the Miwa shrine was substituted by High Priest Ō-tata-neko (ancient Jap. Opo-tata-neko); the High Priestess of the Yamato patron god Yamato-no kunitama was replaced by Ichishi-no Nagaochi (ancient Jap. Nagawochi) in the Yamato-no kunitama-no jinja shrine. The research included detailed genealogical information about the family tree of Ichishi-no Nagaochi and Ō-tata-neko, as well as about the descendants of Ō-tata-neko. Ichishi-no Nagaochi belonged to the Yamato-no kuni-no miyatsuko clan of Yamato governors, who descended from the youngest son of Toyotama-hiko of Toyotama, the Tsushima islands. The name of the latter was Furu-tama-no Mikoto, and he belonged to the Azuma-no muraji clan of priests of the sea god Watatsumi, who were maternal relatives of the founder of the Yamato dynasty, i.e., Emperor Jimmu (301–316 AD [corrected chronology]). Ō-tata-neko was a relative of Jimmu’s second wife Isuzu-hime, who came from a family of Koto-shiro-nushi priestesses (possibly a branch of the family of Ō-mono-nushi priestesses): he was a great-grandson of her older brother Ama-hikata-kushi-hikata. The noble lineage gave Ō-tata-neko the opportunity to compete for supremacy in the Ō-mono-nushi cult with princess Yamato-totohi-momoso-bime, the daughter of Emperor Kōrei. As a result, the Priestess Princess was replaced by a High Priest. The article also described the process of territorial arrangement of Shintō shrines in the newly united Yamato state.
      Keywords: Yamato, Sūjin, Mimaki, Mount Miwa, high priest-ruler, Ō-mono-nushi, Ō-kuni-dama, Ō-tata-neko, Ichishi-no Nagaochi, ancient Japan

The European particle physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland, where many important discoveries were made.
Accelerated baryons generate e^+, e^-, ν and ν ̅.
They absorb photons, which come from them and which make inverse mass (一積十鉅無匱化三 天二三地二三人二三).
The positron and electron make leftwise negative (4) (大三合六生七八九).
The leftwise negative (4) and rightwise positive (3) make the static mass and magnetic fields (運三四成環五七一).
The magnetic fields are generated by the compaction of the inverse mass.
Leftwise positive, leftwise negative, rightwise negative and rightwise positive from ν, ν ̅, e^+ and e^- make genetic material DNA (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine).
The leftwise negative and rightwise positive repair the cancered DNA with newly generated genetic material (運三四成環五七一).
The genetic materials can be generated from the artificial photosynthetic farming (patent No. 10-2268793 South Korea).
The rotational electro-magnetic waves are measured by patent No.10-0631869 South Korea and US 7,286,228 B2.
The elements are supplied from respiration and nature.
This method is efficient in both prevention and curing.
The artificial photosynthetic genetic DNA material is better for the terminal cancer.

The article discusses an original Chinese prediction interpretation technique – glyphomancy (拆字, 测字, 相字), which helps to predict the future through manipulations with Chinese characters and their structural elements. This technique is closely related to Chinese character riddles (字谜, 灯谜). As a fortune-telling practice, glyphomancy, which supposedly originated in the Han dynasty, fully developed during the Song dynasty. By that time, it began to be actively used as one of the techniques for interpreting dreams. Glyphomancy techniques have also been applied in the composition of magical fu (符) talismans, certain literary forms, methods of tabooing names, and other practices.

В статье рассматривается оригинальная китайская техника толкования предсказаний – глифомантия (拆字, 测字, 相字), предполагающая определение будущего на основании манипуляций с иероглифами, их структурными элементами, семантикой, и обнаруживающая тесную связь с китайскими иероглифическими загадками (字谜, 灯谜). Как гадательная практика глифомантия, предположительно, появилась в эпоху Хань и приобрела сложившийся вид к династии Сун, стала активно использоваться в качестве одного из приемов толкования сновидений. Лежащий в основе глифомантии принцип работы с иероглифами нашел применение в составлении магических талисманов фу (符), отдельных литературных формах, способах табуирования имен и др.

Este artigo tem por objetivo refletir acerca da relação entre memórias e identidades étnicas partindo de pesquisa empírica realizada pelas autoras entre descendentes de imigrantes italianos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pretende-se salientar o quanto às identidades étnicas e os processos interativos étnicos dialogam com as memórias e seus agenciamentos, conforme observado pelas narrativas dos "italianos" no sul do Brasil. Trata-se, em suma, de processos de negociação e de elaboração de fronteiras adscritivas.

Nagato-kire": fragmentary documents of a different edition of "Heike Monogatari" Author 佐々木, 孝浩(Sasaki, Takahiro) Publisher 慶應義塾大学附属研究所斯道文庫 Publication year 2012 Jtitle 斯道文庫論集 (Bulletin of the Shidô Bunko Institute). No.47 (2012.) ,p.89-110 JaLC DOI Abstract Notes 別タイトルの表記 : A study of "Nagato-kire": fragmentary documents of a different editon of "Heike Monogatari" Genre

The aim of this paper is to elucidate in the Korean peninsula the ways in which climbers began practicing modern technical climbing for the first time and the processes in which such climbing practices turned into a generalized culture. Under the Japanese colonial government, which in the 1920-30s strategically drew a positive posture on hiking and other modern athletic activities, the sport of climbing also became perceived positively and eventually practiced by colonial subjects. A few European, American and Japanese residents, who originally appreciated and/or learned climbing in their own countries, initiated technical climbs in Korea. These pioneers―including American missionary H.H. Underwood, British consul C.H. Archer, Japanese administrator IIyama Datsuo, and social sciences student Izumi Seiich, to name some of the earliest or most influential―identified each of their own agenda of social and cultural identity with some of the previously untrodden, rough mountains and cliffs that form the colonial landscapes deprived of sovereignty. Pioneering climbs by those individuals facilitated the generalization and systemization of climbing destinations in the country; climbing ethics based on the principle of athletic pursuits also began to be founded. While the handful of westerners climbed occasionally and individually, Japanese climbers in Korea ventured their efforts in more organized ways: Joseon Alpine Club was founded by Japanese climbers in Seoul in 1931, and subsequently alpine clubs were founded at several schools, notably the Keijo Imperial University. Pioneering Korean climbers, such as Kim Jeong-Tae and Hwang Wook, at the conundrum of colonial circumstances made choices to join the Japanese climbers’ groups or at least were strongly influenced by them, growing into experienced, competent climbers. Japanese climbers brought in to Korea skills, gears, knowledge, philosophy, and most of the other internal and practical necessities of modern climbing; for Koreans there were virtually no opportunity to experience modern climbing without relating to the organized practices of Japanese climbers in the mainland Japan or the colonial Korea.

Infectious diseases, especially smallpox is often assumed to have been the main causes of human death in traditional Japan. However, we know of little statistical evidence regarding the death or recovery of individuals who contracted smallpox.

Este texto busca apresentar um desenvolvimento histórico e cronológico do anarquismo japonês. Para tanto, contextualizaremos brevemente o cenário econômico, cultural e político do Japão interligando esse cenário ao desenvolvimento do anarquismo no país. O texto justifica-se pelo intuito de sistematizar e congregar em um único espaço os principais acontecimentos que sustentaram a introdução e o desenvolvimento dessa ideologia no Japão.

Since the recent identification of the pyramid of Khay, vizier of Ramesses II, on the hills of Sheikh Abd
el-Qurna by the Belgian archaeological mission, this high official has drawn renewed interest. This paper
presents and discusses two fragmentary stelae attributable to Khay, one held in the Kelvingrove Art Gallery
and Museum in Glasgow (1902.116.n.1-4), the other in the Museo Egizio, Turin (Suppl. 6000).

James Howe, L'effetto della scrittura sul sistema politico cuna, in “Latinoamerica”, a. XVIII, n. 64, maggio-agosto 1997, pp. 111-120, nella sezione Culture indigene.
Trad. di Angelo Romagnoli.
In copertina: incisione di Ignacio Aguirre, "Il popolo è sovrano".

The article analyzes information from local legends of the Izumo region (in
western Honshu) about the collective fund of primitive neighboring communities (Jap. murà) in different territorial communities (Jap. sató) that became part of the emerging Izumo complex chiefdom (Jap. kunì) of the Izumo people of Tunguso-Manchurian origin. The time of the creation of the collective fund and its development at later stages, the managers and employees of the collective fund have been determined. The consequences of the development of the process of social differentiation, which began in connection with the emergence of the collective fund, are indicated.

espanolEl presente trabajo trata de mostrar algunas de las formas de dinero que tradicionalmente se han realizado en Africa con anterioridad al uso corriente de la moneda metalica. La aproximacion se realiza desde una vision personal en la que, sin perder de vista los aspectos economicos o historicos, se destaca su contextualizacion en el marco del arte africano. EnglishThis work shows some forms of traditional money used in Africa before the metallic coinage as is known today. The approach is a personal vision that context traditional money is highlighted as a form of African art, without losing the attention to the economic or historical aspects.

The thesis focuses on the analysis of the institutional background of Czechoslovak-Japanese economic relations in the interwar period. It also considers the existence of entry barriers in the context of efforts to remove them. The methodological approach is based on international trade theory and structural and institutional analysis.

O objetivo desse artigo e analisar como o xintoismo influenciou no processo de formacao nacional japones e de que forma ele ainda se encontra presente na politica nacional e internacional japonesa apesar da separacao ocorrida apos a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Para alcancar esse objetivo foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliografica bastante extensa utilizando tanto autores ocidentais, quanto autores japoneses com o intuito de conseguir abordar o objeto de pesquisa a partir de pontos de vista conceituais diferentes. Demonstrou-se que nao so a religiao xintoista foi utilizada como ferramenta estrategica para criar um Japao unido e forte em suas dimensoes internas e externas, quando o xintoismo tornou-se religiao oficial do Imperio japones, mas que mesmo com a separacao entre Estado e Religiao, presente desde sua Constituicao de 1947, o Xintoismo continua vivo na vida do povo japones e no atual governo niponico, influenciando com seus principios religiosos-politicos a conduta nacional e intern...

The aim of this dissertation is to analyse how the samurai, the warrior class of feudal Japan, reacted to the great transformations that took place in Japan from the second half of the 19th century. During the Meiji period (1868-1912), in fact, Japan underwent a long process of transformation of political, economic, social and military institutions, including the abolition of the social classes into which the Japanese population was traditionally divided. Consequently, the samurai lost their privileges, finding themselves in the position of earning a living like most other Japanese.
The question I have tried to answer is whether this transformation culminated in the loss of the identity of the “samurai”, who thus became citizens like any other, or whether they remained a group distinct from the others, albeit losing their characterisation as a warrior class.

Kore Yarımadası’nda, tarih boyunca sayısız çatışma ve diplomatik gerilim yaşanmış, bu durum her iki ülkenin de uluslararası arenada dikkat çekmesine neden olmuştur. Son olarak, Kuzey Kore’nin Güney Kore’ye çöp dolu balonlar göndermesiyle yeni bir gerilim dalgası başladı. Bu olay, sadece iki ülke arasındaki tansiyonu artırmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda bölgedeki diğer ülkelerin ve uluslararası toplumun da dikkatini çekti.

This article presents a review of the current state of research on the history and culture of the Gaya confederacy, which engaged in centuries-long rivalry with Silla (57 BCE – 935 CE) in the territory of present-day Gyeongsang in the Republic of Korea. The history of the Gaya confederacy was marginalized due to the dominance of Silla, reflect-ed in the “Samguk sagi”, which primarily focuses on the histories of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, largely ignoring the significance of Gaya. In Japanese chronicles such as the “Nihon shoki”, the Gaya con-federacy is depicted as a territory under the control of Yamato state of ancient Japan. These descriptions, based on the accounts of fleeing Baekje aristocrats and colonial prejudices of Japan, do not consider its actual history. After World War II, American military governments in Japan and Ko-rea initiated a review of Japanese and Korean his-tory textbooks, eliminating aggressive and dis-criminatory narratives. However, instead of re-storing historical justice, there was an ignoring of the Gaya confederacy, exacerbated by the lack of information available to Korean historians. The situation began to change in the 1970s with the start of excavations of Gaya tombs by Korean archaeologists. The artifacts discovered, comparable in quality to those found in Silla, laid the foundation for new research on the Gaya confederacy, correcting previous inaccuracies based solely on textual sources. As a result, new in-depth studies of the history and culture of the Gaya confederacy became possible.

В даннои статье представлен обзор современного состояния изученности истории и культуры конфедерации Кая, которая вела многовековое соперничество с Силлои (57 г. до н.э.-935 г. н.э.) на территории нынешнего региона Ке нсан Республики Корея. История конфедерации Кая была маргинализирована вследствие доминирования Силлы, что нашло отражение в тексте «Самгук саги», уделяющем основное внимание историям Когуре , Пэкче This article presents a review of the current state of research on the history and culture of the Gaya confederacy, which engaged in centurieslong rivalry with Silla (57 BCE-935 CE) in the territory of present-day Gyeongsang in the Republic of Korea. The history of the Gaya confederacy was marginalized due to the dominance of Silla, reflected in the "Samguk sagi", which primarily focuses on the histories of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, largely ignoring the significance of Gaya. In Japanese

La presente tesis examina la Gran Guerra del Asia Oriental (1592-1598) a partir del notable corpus documental elaborado por autores occidentales, especialmente pertenecientes a la Compañía de Jesús, durante el marco cronológico comprendido entre los años finales del siglo XVI y las primeras décadas del siglo XVII. Tradicionalmente soslayadas por la historiografía, estas fuentes atesoran un rico mosaico de narrativas, descripciones, observaciones, opiniones y juicios de valor que contribuyen a una comprensión más holística de este conflicto. En particular, los escritos misioneros resultan relevantes para conocer el profundo componente cristiano que permeó esta contienda, el cual estuvo mayormente representado por los daimios conversos, quienes jugaron un rol trascendental en su devenir. Empleando como caso paradigmático este enfrentamiento bélico, el mayor a nivel global de todo el siglo XVI, la tesis que se expone a continuación tiene como fin último la demostración empírica del alto grado de veracidad factual que poseen los escritos misioneros, a través de un proceso de análisis comparativo con los estudios monográficos modernos y las fuentes vernáculas asiáticas. A pesar de su innegable carácter propagandístico y sus múltiples dimensiones retóricas, derivados de la naturaleza espiritual de sus autores, las narraciones contenidas en los textos misioneros poseen un alto grado de fidelidad histórica, por lo que los examinamos y consideramos como fuentes válidas por derecho propio para el estudio de esta guerra en particular, y de la historia de Asia Oriental de manera más extensa.

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This thesis examines the Great East Asian War (1592-1598) through the extensive documentary corpus produced by Western authors, especially those belonging to the Society of Jesus, during the timeframe spanning the late 16th century and the early decades of the 17th century. Traditionally overlooked by historiography, these European sources offer a rich mosaic of narratives, descriptions, observations, opinions, and value judgments that contribute to a more holistic understanding of this conflict. In particular, the missionary writings are significant for understanding the Christian element that permeated this war, predominantly embodied by the converted daimyos, who played a crucial role in the way it unfolded. Using this war, arguably the largest military conflict of the 16th century world, as a paradigmatic case, this thesis aims to empirically demonstrate the high degree of factual accuracy of Western writings through a process of informational cross-checking with modern studies and native Asian sources. Despite their undeniable propagandistic nature and rhetorical dimensions, fostered by the spiritual nature of their authors, the narratives contained in the missionary writings possess a high degree of historical fidelity. Therefore, I examine them as valid sources in their own right for the study of this particular war and of the history of East Asia more broadly.

Au même titre que la France, le Japon est un État unitaire décentralisé dont le territoire, longtemps désuni, a été divisé en départements 1 au cours de la construction de l'Etat-Nation amorcée depuis la Restauration de Meiji de 1868. Mais derrière cette unité nationale mythifiée, théorisée à travers la notion de kokutai 2 (essence nationale), deux territoires résistent encore et toujours aux sirènes de l'Etat mono-ethnique et de ses politiques d'assimilation. Au risque d'infliger un rappel superflu à celles et ceux qui connaîtraient déjà les deux populations japonaises dont il sera question ici, il n'est pas inutile d'introduire le contexte historique de la modernisation japonaise, sans quoi il nous sera impossible d'appréhender les enjeux de reconnaissance de ces deux unités territoriales. Au cours des années 1860-1880, regardées comme la période des « Lumières 3 » du pays, le Japon s'était engagé sur une voie profondément révolutionnaire au regard de son histoire. Le shogunat, qui ne fut pas autre chose qu'un régime militaire dynastique, dura plus de deux siècles et demi. Ce régime avait pendant longtemps fermé les portes du pays à l'étranger. En dehors des quelques ouvrages occidentaux glanés sur les comptoirs hollandais de Dejima 4 , les Japonais vivaient, avant les années 1850, dans une autarcie rigoureuse et cultivée. Cette époque pris fin lorsque le pays fut acculé par le commodore américain Mathew Perry dans la baie de Tokyo, puis par plusieurs nations européennes 5. Le shogunat dût céder, et ouvrit peu à peu ses portes au monde, quoiqu'il continua les expulsions d'étrangers. Tous les Japonais n'en furent pas également satisfaits, et une guerre civile s'engagea entre les partisans de l'empereur et les partisans du shogun : ce fut la guerre de Boshin. En 1868, à la suite d'une opération de reconquête territoriale de grande ampleur, l'empereur Meiji, jusque-là cantonné à un rôle 1 Le terme français sera préféré à son équivalent anglais, « prefecture », qui a le défaut d'évoquer une institution bien particulière pour les lecteurs français, de pays ayant constituées d'anciennes colonies françaises ou de certains pays d'Amérique Latine. Le terme français caractérise en effet parfaitement les circonscriptions administratives mises en place par le gouvernement Meiji à partir de la loi haihan chiken de 1871. Voir notamment Eddy Dufourmont, Histoire politique du Japon (1853-2011), 2 ème éd., Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, Pessac, 2014, p. 65-67. 2 Tous les termes japonais seront retranscrits avec la méthode Hepburn.

Krótki rys historyczny jako wstęp do pracy "Spotkania międzykulturowe. Japończycy w świecie (do XX wieku)", dotyczącej okresu kiedy Japonia, uznana za nowoczesną monarchię przez mocarstwa zachodnie, zaczynała zupełnie nowy etap kontaktów międzykulturowych.

The 1930’s atmosphere in Japan was intensely nationalistic because of the strained domestic situation as well as international events leading to numerous assaults and “incidents” (jiken) in the country and eventually, in the next decade, to the Pacific War. In spite of the fact that the government in Japan was not military, the Army enjoyed great autonomy and had a decisive influence on the country’s policy and became the driving force behind all the incidents. However, the Army of this period was not monolith, acting unanimously, in concert. On the contrary, it was composed of numerous elements, which sometimes cooperated and sometimes fought among themselves. These elements were the so-called factions, groups, parties, etc. Their structure, staff and ideology had a fluid character and different roots.
The authoress decided to limit the scope of this study to the figure of General Masaki Jinzaburō (1876–1956), one of the main leaders of the Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha). On the basis of his activities and personal life she decided also to attempt to sketch a picture of the group as well as connections and its attitude towards others in the Army. The starting point for this research revolves around some incidents launched by the above mentioned groups in the early 1930’s. The main aim of the incidents was purportedly “the reconstruction of the Nation” (kokka kaizō). “Reconstruction” virtually meant working for the domination of one’s group within the Army and afterwards establishing military rule, which would decide the politics of the whole country.

The 1930’s atmosphere in Japan was intensely nationalistic because of the strained domestic situation as well as international events leading to numerous assaults and “incidents” (jiken) in the country and eventually, in the next decade, to the Pacific War. In spite of the fact that the government in Japan was not military, the Army enjoyed great autonomy and had a decisive influence on the country’s policy and became the driving force behind all the incidents. However, the Army of this period was not monolith, acting unanimously, in concert. On the contrary, it was composed of numerous elements, which sometimes cooperated and sometimes fought among themselves. These elements were the so-called factions, groups, parties, etc. Their structure, staff and ideology had a fluid character and different roots.
The authoress decided to limit the scope of this study to the figure of General Masaki Jinzaburō (1876–1956), one of the main leaders of the Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha). On the basis of his activities and personal life she decided also to attempt to sketch a picture of the group as well as connections and its attitude towards others in the Army. The starting point for this research revolves around some incidents launched by the above mentioned groups in the early 1930’s. The main aim of the incidents was purportedly “the reconstruction of the Nation” (kokka kaizō). “Reconstruction” virtually meant working for the domination of one’s group within the Army and afterwards es

Historia świata to historia ciągłych kontaktów międzykulturowych. Rodzaj tych kontaktów – wojny lub pokojowa wymiana dóbr kultury – ich częstotliwość i długotrwałość można uznać za podstawowe przyczyny kształtowania się zarówno własnej tożsamości narodowej, jak i stosunku do odmiennej kultury. Dotyczy to także Japonii. Spotkania Japończyków z innymi kulturami i ich skutki, w tym także obraz „obcego” w Japonii interesuje mnie od dawna. Od lat poszukuję odpowiedzi na tak ważne i w dzisiejszym świecie pytania: Dlaczego położona na wyspach Japonia rozpoczynała kontakty z innymi kulturami i jak one przebiegały? Jak i dlaczego właśnie tak Japończycy reagowali na spotkania międzykulturowe? Jakie to niosło za sobą skutki dla Japonii? Czy „obce” kultury wpłynęły na kształtowanie świadomości własnej odrębności, na definiowanie tożsamości narodowej Japończyków? Czy kontakty z „obcym” wywoływały chęć obrony
własnego porządku politycznego, społecznego, moralnego? Czy też były alternatywą dla nieakceptowanych elementów własnej kultury? A może stały się źródłem nowych wartości kulturowych?
W tym rozdziale przedstawiam wybrane oficjalne i nieoficjalne podróże
zamorskie Japończyków do Azji, Europy oraz Ameryki Północnej i zastanawiam się, jaki te podróże miały wpływ na sytuację w Japonii i tożsamość kulturową Japończyków.

Partiendo del análisis de las características de la cultura guerrera que condicionan su interculturalidad, el texto expone algunos ejemplos de la misma tomados de la historia y de diferentes esferas de la cultura samurai: su temprana interacción con la cultura emishi, su interés en el arte de la renga, su influencia en la formación del teatro Nō a partir del rescate y la síntesis de diversas manifestaciones del arte popular y, finalmente, la interacción entre el Nō y el arte del Kendō a través del intercambio cultural entre los actores y los maestros de la esgrima japonesa de la escuela Yagyū.

Although Japan is a highly industrialized country, it still lacks any significant green parties. This apparent Japanese exceptionalism in terms of green parties cannot be clarified by such conventional explanations as its electoral institutions, party competition, and degree of post−materialism. This paper will instead utilize the German−developed framework of social−milieu studies to explain this phenomenon. It focuses on green parties' potential support bases, paying attention to the characteristics of green milieu parties. German milieu studies have found that alternative or techno milieus with high educational and occupational qualifications and left−libertarian value orientations have supported the German Green Party. Our data show that an ironist milieu can be regarded as a potential basis of support for Japanese green parties, as Japanese ironist are more leftist toward political and economic issues and more liberal in their cultural attitudes. However, German alternatives tend to be active, while Japanese ironists tend to be passive and disinclined

Every 5 years there has been a reunion meeting for worldwide Uchinanchu at Naha, Okinawa at October 30th called 'World Uchinanchu Day.' The day is considered as quite significant in that Uchinanchu looks back at one' s past for the future. For immigrants and their descendants on one hand, it is a day when they imagine the Okinawan future, in view point of 'good ancestors 3 .' On the other hand, the day is when the Okinawans track back the past experience of their precedents as immigrants, connecting the past and their present. On this occasion, the Uchinanchu confirms strength of nurturing ties with each other, through activities organized by WUB (Worldwide Uchinanchu Business Network) contributing to forming an 'extended 1 This is an English transcript of my keynote speech delivered at the 25 th year anniversary meeting of WUB (Worldwide Uchinanchu Business Network) held on November 1 st , 2022 at Naha, Okinawa, Japan. I am so honoured to join such a celebrated reunion for Uchinanchu community gathering from worldwide regions. I am also amazed with seeing Mr. Nolan Higa as a participant here, a son of Mr. Thomas Taro Higa who was a hero in a real story "Pigs from the Sea" mentioned below. I own financial support to the Science Research Promotion Fund, Promotion and Mutual Aid Corporation for Private Schools of Japan.

This article highlights the benefits of a “Sandwich Production Method", a production-oriented approach to English instruction at the tertiary level. It is designed to address some of the long-standing issues that have been recognized in the Japanese EFL context, particularly the lack of a holistic approach to English teaching and learning, especially insufficient output opportunities, and students’ passive learning style. This paper discusses the theoretical foundations of the method and describes its practical aspects, which will be followed by an example task example. The benefits of implementing this method in the classroom are presented based on class observations, which suggest a positive effect on cognitive engagement of the part of the learners. While this method is, for now, intended for university classes, it is hoped to reach wider EFL contexts in Japan.

The Kyoto temple Daihøonji, better known as Senbon Shakadø, houses a complete set of life-size wooden sculptures of Six Kannon made by the sculptor Jøkei in 1224. Many of the Six Kannon image sets have been scattered or destroyed over time, making this example all the more significant. The cult of the Six Kannon first appeared in Chinese literature in the sixth century, rose to popularity in Japan during the tenth, and flourished through the sixteenth century. Tracking the movements and changing religious functions of the Daihøonji Kannon sculptures provides an opportunity to consider how religious images "live" and how their circumstances change over time. In this investigation, three prominent themes related to the functions of the Six Kannon cult surface in reference to the Daihøonji images: the role of assisting beings in the six paths, associations with women, and relationships to texts.

Recent studies on the Portuguese empire in Asia during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries have highlighted the role and relationships of resistance and sociability among women, children, and enslaved individuals in that context. Often tied to institutional histories, these themes are traditionally understood through the framework provided by legal restrictions and privileges. The studies gathered here aim to emphasize the stories of women, children, and enslaved individuals, incorporating perspectives that shed light on narratives of resistance, tactics, negotiations, solidarities, and disputes led by these agents in the Portuguese empire in Asia. This text serves as the introduction to the special theme section on Women, Children, and Enslaved People in the Portuguese Empire in Asia, 16th-18th centuries, organized by the authors.